Lógica y Matemática I - FALACIAS

 

TCKRDQ^KGFG NFWÞIKNF I@^ ÆCLDID^ GD NMKJA@WD BFNTIWFG GD NKDCNKF^ N@CWFAID^, BKCFCNKDQF^ [ FGJKCK^WQFW FGJKCK^WQFWKRF^ KRF^ D^NTDIF UQ@BD^K@CFI GD FGJKCK^WQFNKÞC FGJKCK^WQFNKÞC WDJF? N@CNDUWTFQ TCF BFIFNKF [ WKU@^ GD BFIFNKF^ NTQ^@? JFWDJÆWKNF [ IÞLKNF KCWDLQFCWD^?  

MTFJFCWKCN@ Q@OF^, Ofqudiyc [FQ@^ VTK^UD, O`së Iuks

G@NDCWD? IKN. O@QLD AT^WK@^ GKF_

NKNI@? K LQTU@? A F[FNTNM@ - UDQß 156=

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GDGKNFW@QKF? Dstd trfafo` id gdgknfj`s f cudstr`s pfgrds  p`r di fp`y` c`s arkcgfc y f cudstr` qudrkg` pr`bds`r p`r dcsdöfrc`s n`c junmf  pfnkdcnkf y gfrc`s n`c`nkjkdct` y f Gk`s  p`r gfrc`s if vkgf y c`s pdrjktd gêf f gêf sfikr fgdifctd.

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ÊCGKND KCWQ@GTNNKÞC............................................................................................................................................7 IF^ BFIFNKF^................................ .................................... .................................... .................... ....... ...... ...... 4 N@CNDUW@................................. ................................... .................................... .................................. ....... . 4 NIF^KBKNFNKÞC ........................................................................................................................................4 F. BFIFNKF^ B@QJFID^....................................................................................................................4 6. FBKQJFNKÞC GDI N@C^DNTDCWD..............................................................................................2 1. CDLFNKÞC GDI FCWDNDGDCWD...................................................................................................2 >. ^KI@LK^J@ GK^[TCWKR@ BFIF_.................................................................................................2 A. BFIFNKF^ KCB@QJFID^................................................................................................................2 .............. ............... ..................................< ..........................< 6. BFIFNKF FG M@JKCDJ (GKQKLKG@ N@CWQF DI M@JAQD) .......

1. BFIFNKF FG AFNTITJ (^D FUDIF FI AF^WÞC) ....................................................................< >. BFIFNKF FG RDQDNTCGKFJ (^D FUDIF F IF FTW@QKGFG) ....... .............. ............... ................................< ........................< 7. BFIFNKF FG U@UTITJ (GKQKLKG@ FI UTDAI@ UQ@R@NFCG@ DJ@NK@CD^) .............< ............... .............. .............. .....................................= ..............................= 4. BFIFNKF FG KLC@QFCWKFJ (U@Q IF KLC@QFCNKF)........

2. BFIFNKF U@^W M@N... (BFI^F NFT^F) .......................................................................................= N@CNIT^KÞC................................ .................................... .................................... .................... ....... ...... ....... . ; QDBDQDCNKF^ AKAIK@LQÆBKNF^..........................................................................................................65

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KCWQ@GTNNKÞC If pfifarf bfifnkf ds usfgf f vdnds, n`j` dqukvfidctd fi tërjkc` s`bksjf. If sklckbknfnkþc gd bfifnkf ` s`bksjf fiugd f uc frlujdct` fpfrdctd ` f ucf b`rjf gd frlujdctd c` væikgf. If pfifarf bfifnkf tkdcd iêjktds kjprdnks`s dc su sklckbknfg`. Dc filuc`s n`ctdxt`s fpfrdnd di tërjkc` gdc`tfcg` ucf bfisf nrddcnkf ` uc drr`r dxprdsfg` dc uc dcucnkfg`, pdr` ëstd ds uc us` kjpr`pk`. Ufrf qud mfyf ucf bfifnkf ds cdndsfrk` qud dstdj`s dc prdsdcnkf gd uc frlujdct`8 n`cb`rjd f i` qud sd mf gknm` prdndgdctdjdctd, ds jdcdstdr qud sd trftd gd uc ¨frlujdct` fpfrdctd¨. Gdsgd di puct` gd vkstf iþlkn`, c` dxkstd uc frlujdct` ` uc rfz`cfjkdct`8 pdr`, fucqud kcn`rrdnt`s f if iuz gd if iþlknf, sudid iifjfrsd bfifnkfs f i`f rfz`cfjkdct`s qud s`c pskn`iþlknfjdctd pdrsufskv`s. Ds uc j`g` gd frlujdctfr dc qud mfy uc drr`r dc if dstrunturf gdi rfz`cfjkdct`, qud pfsf kcfgvdrtkg`. Gdakg` fi jÿitkpid rdlkstr` gd bfifnkfs qud mfc jdcnk`cfg` dstugk`s`s gurfctd if mkst`rkf, sd pudgd n`cniukr qud c` sd pudgd, ’ck sd gdad*‚ dcucnkfr ucf nifskbknfnkþc tfxftkvf gd ifs jksjfs. Udr` sd t`jfræ n`j` afsd if rdfikzfgf p`r Frkstþtdids*. N`j` `aodtkv` prkcnkpfi gd dstf j`c`lrfbêf, ds qud sd n`c`znfc, y sd n`jprdcgfc bænkijdctd, n`c tërjkc`s nifr`s y dodjpi`s, nfgf ucf gd ifs bfifnkfs qud sd prdsdctfræc prdsdctfræc..

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IF^ BFIFNKF^ N@CNDUW@ If pfifarf bfifnkf sd gdrkvf gdi vdra` BFIIFQD qud sklckbknf DCLFÖFQ8 p`r dstf rfzþc sd djpidf  pfrf gdsklcfr gdsklcfr i`s rfz` rfz`cfjkdct`s cfjkdct`s dclf dclfö`s`s. ö`s`s. Tcf bfifnkf ds uc rfz`cfjkdct` c` væikg` ` kcn`rrdnt`, pdr` n`c fpfrkdcnkf gd rfz`cfjkdct` n`rrdnt`. Ds uc rfz`cfjkdct` dclfö`s` ` drrþcd` (bfifz), pdr` qud prdtdcgd sdr n`cvkcndctd ` pdrsufskv`. Junm`s fut`rds rdsfitfc qud uc rfz`cfjkdct` bfifz c` cdndsfrkfjdctd p`sdd ucf n`cniuskþc bfisf8 fsê n`j` uc rfz`cfjkd rfz`cfjkdct` ct` n`rrdnt` ` væikg` c` cdndsfrkfjdctd tkdcd ucf n`cniuskþc vdrgfgdrf. I`s rfz`cfjkdct`s bfifnds c` s`c "bfifnds" p`r iidlfr f ucf n`cniuskþc bfisf, skc` p`r uc drr`r dc su  pr`ndgkjkdct`.. U`grêf gdnkrsd qud ucf bfifnkf ds uc rfz`cfjkdct` dc qud if n`cniuskþc c` sd gdrkvf  pr`ndgkjkdct` dstrkntfjdctd gd ifs prdjksfs, fucqud pfrdnd mfndri`.

Dodjpi`s? Udgr` dstæ dcfj`rfg`. F Udgr` id lustf ^usfcf. U`r i` tfct`, Udgr` dstæ dcfj`rfg` gd Nfrif. Ouik` bud fi Uskqukftrf. F Ouik` id gudid junm` if nfadzf. U`r i` tfct`, Ouik` dstæ i`n`.

NIF^KBKNFNKÞC F. BFIFNKF^ B@QJFID^ Ifs bfifnkfs b`rjfids s`c rfz`cfjkdct`s c` væikg`s pdr` qud f jdcug` sd fndptfc p`r su sdjdofczf n`c b`rjfs væikgfs gd rfz`cfjkd rfz`cfjkdct` ct` ` kcbdrdcnkf. ^d gf uc drr`r qud pfsf kcfgvdrtkg`.

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6. FBKQJFNKÞC GDI N@C^DNTDCWD Iifjfg` tfjakëc n`j` if n`cbkrjfnkþc skstdjætknf, ds di dqukvfidctd iþlkn` f fsujkr if vdrgfg cdndsfrkf gd qud i` n`ctrfrk` tfjakëc i` ds. Ds iifjfgf fsê p`rqud drrþcdfjdctd sd n`cniuyd qud di sdlucg` tërjkc` gd ucf prdjksf n`csdnudctd dstfaidnd tfjakëc if vdrgfg gd su fctdnds`rf. ^k sd gd gdjud judstr strff qud U dct`cn dct`cnds ds V, dct dct`cn `cnds ds drr drrþcd þcdfjd fjdctd ctd sd pudgd pudgd gd gdgun gunkr kr qud sk V dc dct`c t`cnds nds U iidvæcg`c`s f dstf bfifnkf, qud sd fp`yf dc di sdsl` gd skjdtrêf.

Dodjpi`? sk dst`y g`rjkg` tdcl` i`s `o`s ndrrfg`s, dct`cnds sk tdcl` i`s `o`s ndrrfg`s gda` dstfr  g`rjkg`.

Dodjpi`? ^k iiudvd, n`o` di pfrflufs8 n`o` di pfrflufs. Dct`cnds, iiudvd. 1. CDLFNKÞC GDI FCWDNDGDCWD Ds ucf bfifnkf iþlknf n`c sdjdofczfs n`c di frlujdct` gd if bfifnkf. Dc dstd nfs` sk U dct`cnds V sk ckdl` U dct`cnds tfjp`n` V (sd ckdlf V). Dstf bfifnkf gknd qud sk sd ckdlfc i`s fctdndgdctds dct`cnds sd cdlfræ tfjakëc if n`csdnudcnkf.

Dodjpi`? ^k dst`y g`rjkg` tdcl` i`s `o`s ndrrfg`s, pdr` sk dst`y gdspkdrt` tdcl` qud dstfr n`c i`s `o`s fakdrt`s.

Dodjpi`? ^k iiudvd, n`o` di pfrflufs8 c` iiudvd. Dct`cnds, c` n`o` di pfrflufs >. ^KI@LK^J@ GK^[TCWKR@ BFIF_ Qfz`cfjkdct` qud pfrtkdcg` gd ucf gksyucnkþc y, n`j` sdlucgf prdjksf, sd fbkrjf uc` gd i`s g`s n`jp`cdctdss gd if gksyucnkþc, sd n`cniuyd if cdlfnkþc gdi `tr` n`jp`cdctd. n`jp`cdctd Dodjpi`? Wd lustf if jÿsknf ` td lustf if idnturf8 td lustf if jÿsknf. Dct`cnds c` td lustf if idnturf.

A. BFIFNKF^ KCB@QJFID^ Ifs bfifnkfs c` b`rjfids s`c rfz`cfjkdct`s dc i`s nufids i` qud fp`rtfc ifs prdjksfs c` ds fgdnufg`  pfrf oustkbknfr if n`cniuskþc f if qud sd qukdrd iidlfr. ^d qukdrd n`cvdcndr c` fp`rtfcg` audcfs

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rfz`cds skc` fpdifcg` f didjdct`s c` pdrtkcdctds `, kcnius`, krrfnk`cfids. Nufcg` ifs prdjksfs s`c kcb`rjfnk`cdss fndrtfgfs, i` s`c, dc t`g` nfs`, p`r ucf n`cniuskþc gkbdrdctd f if qud sd prdtdcgd. kcb`rjfnk`cd

6. BFIFNKF FG M@JKCDJ (GKQKLKG@ N@CWQF DI M@JAQD) Qfz`cfjkdct` qud, dc vdz gd prdsdctfr rfz`cds fgdnufgfs pfrf rdaftkr ucf gdtdrjkcfgf p`sknkþc ` n`cniuskþc, sd ftfnf ` gdsfnrdgktf if pdrs`cf qud if gdbkdcgd.ds uc ftfqud fi qud frlujdctf y c` fi frlujdct`. Dodjpi`? "I`s dn`i`lkstfs gkndc qud n`csujkj`s gdjfskfg` dcdrlêf8 pdr` c` mflfs nfs` p`rqud i`s dn`i`lkstfs skdjprd dxfldrfc dxfldrfc". ".

1. BFIFNKF FG AFNTITJ (^D FUDIF FI AF^WÞC) Qfz`cfjkdct` Qfz`cfjkd ct` dc di qud pfrf dstfaidndr ucf n`cniuskþc ` p`sknkþc c` sd fp`rtfc rfz`cds, skc` qud sd rdn`rrd f if fjdcfzf, f if budrzf ` fi jkdg`. Ds uc frlujdct` qud pdrjktd vdcndr, pdr` c` n`cvdcndr.

Dodjpi`? "C` vdclfs f trfafofr f if tkdcgf n`c ëstd pkdrnkcl8 rdnudrgf qud qukëc pflf, jfcgf". >. BFIFNKF FG RDQDNTCGKFJ (^D FUDIF F IF FTW@QKGFG) Qfz`cfjkdct` ` gksnurs` dc i` qud sd gdbkdcgd ucf n`cniuskþc u `pkckþc c` fp`rtfcg` rfz`cds skc` fpdifcg` f filucf fut`rkgfg, f if jfy`rêf ` f filucf n`stujard. Ds prdnks` `asdrvfr qud dc filuc`s nfs`s pudgd sdr idlêtkj` rdn`rrdr f ucf fut`rkgfg rdn`c`nkgf dc di tdjf8 pdr` c` skdjprd ds lfrfctêf.

Dodjpi`? "^dlÿc di finfigd, i` jdo`r pfrf if sfiug gd i`s nkugfgfc`s ds fsbfitfr t`gfs ifs pifzfs gd if nkugfg".

7. BFIFNKF FG U@UTITJ (GKQKLKG@ FI UTDAI@ UQ@R@NFCG@ DJ@NK@CD^) Qfz`cfjkdct` ` gksnurs` dc di qud sd `jktdc ifs rfz`cds fgdnufgfs y sd dxp`cdc rfz`cds c` vkcnu vkc nuifg ifgfs fs n` n`cc if n`c n`cniu niuskþ skþcc pdr` pdr` qud sd sfad sfad sdr sdræc æc fn fndpt dptfgf fgfss p`r p`r di fug fugkt` kt`rk` rk`,, gds gdspd pdrtf rtfcg` cg` sdctkjkdct`s y dj`nk`cds. Ds ucf frlujdctf frlujdctfnkþc nkþc gdjflþlknf ` sdgunt`rf.

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Dodjpi`?  "Wdcdj`s qud pr`mkakr qud vdclf ldctd gd budrf. °Vuë mfræc cudstr`s mko`s sk i`s dxtrfcodr`ss i`s r`afc di trfafo` y di pfc0". dxtrfcodr`

4. BFIFNKF FG KLC@QFCWKFJ (U@Q IF KLC@QFCNKF) Qfz`cfjkdct` dc di qud sd prdtdcgd gdbdcgdr if vdrgfg (bfisdgfg) gd ucf fbkrjfnkþc p`r di mdnm` qud c` sd pudgd gdj`strfr i` n`ctrfrk`.

Dodjpi`? "Cfgkd pudgd pr`afr qud c` mfyf ucf kcbiudcnkf gd i`s fstr`s dc cudstrf vkgf8 p`r i` tfct`, ifs prdgknnk`cds gd if fstr`i`lêf s`c vdrgfgdrfs". "Cfgkd pudgd vdr uc æt`j` f skjpid vkstf, p`r dii`, i`s æt`j`s c` dxkstdc".

2. BFIFNKF U@^W M@N... (BFI^F NFT^F) Qfz`cfjkdct` qud f pfrtkr gd if n`kcnkgdcnkf dctrd g`s bdcþjdc`s sd dstfaidnd, skc subknkdctd afsd, ucf rdifnkþc nfusfi? di prkjdr` ds if nfusf y di sdlucg`, di dbdnt`. Niæsknfjdctd drf n`c`nkgf n`c if dxprdskþc? "U`st m`n, drl` pr`ptdr m`n" (Gdspuës gd dst`, dct`cnds p`r nfusf gd dst`).

Dodjpi`? "Di næcndr gd puijþc sd prdsdctf (brdnudctdjdctd) dc pdrs`cfs qud bujfc nklfrrkii`s8 p`r  i` tfct`, bujfr nklfrrkii`s ds if nfusf gd dstd næcndr".

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N@CNIT^KÞC F jfcdrf gd n`cniuskþc dstugkfrdj`s di gdc`jkcfg` frlujdct` afnuikc` „frlujdctuj fg afnuiujqud n`cskstd dc fpdifr f if budrzf ` f if fjdcfzf gd if budrzf pfrf pr`v`nfr if fndptfnkþc gd ucf n`cniuskþc. °Udr` sdræ ucf bfifnkf, ds gdnkr, uc frlujdct`0 W`g`s i`s tdþrkn`s gd ifs bfifnkfs dstæc gkspudst`s f n`cndgdr qud sþi` sd rdnurrd f if budrzf nufcg` i`s frlujdct`s mfc brfnfsfg` y qud di rdnurs` f diif pr`gund sujkskþc, pdr` c` pdrsufskþc. Wfjakëc if td`rêf gd if frlujdctfnkþc frlujdctfnkþc pkdcsf i` jksj`. jksj`. Dstf td`rêf sþi` dstugkf të tëncknfs ncknfs gksnurskvf gksnurskvfss qud pr`gundc ` fnrdnkdctfc fnrdnkdctfc if fgmdskþc. Ifs fnnk`cds c` gksnurs gksnurskvfs kvfs pudgdc sdr tfc dbknfnd dbknfndss ` jæs qud ifs gksnurskvfs, pdr` diifs gdsa`rgfc di nfjp` gd if frlujdctfnkþc, p`r dodjpi`, if pkst`if dc if cunf, if nfrknkf ` if nfnmdtfgf, nfnmdtfgf, ` if prdgknfnkþc n`c di dodjpi`. If frlujdctfn frlujdctfnkþc kþc sþi` sd kctdrdsf  p`r diifs nufcg`, lrfnkfs fi idclufod sd ids p`cd gd rdikdvd, rdnurrkdcg`, p`r dodjpi`, f pr`jdsfs ` f fjdcfzfs. Udr` °dct`cnds ifs fjdcfzfs s`c frlujdct`s0  C` dxfntfjdctd. If td`rêf frlujdctf frlujdctftkvf tkvf sd kctdrdsf p`r ifs pr`jdsfs, þrgdcds y fjdcfzfs p`rqud  pudgdc sdr didjdct`s n`f n`fgyuvfctds gyuvfctds dc ucf frlujd frlujdctfnkþc, ctfnkþc, c` p`rq p`rqud ud sdfc dc sê frlujdct` frlujdct`s. s. Udr` mfy fil` jæs8 di us` gd if frlujdctfnkþc kjpiknf qud sd mf rdcucnkfg` f rdnurrkr ÿcknfjdctd f if budrzf budrzf y qud sd fprdn fprdnkf kf su fgmd fgmdskþc skþc `atd `atdckgf ckgf p`r di rdnurs rdnurs`` f if pdrsuf pdrsufskþc skþc rfz`cfgf rfz`cfgf.. W`gf frlujdct frlu jdctfnkþc fnkþc sup` sup`cd cd ucf n`juckgf n`juckgfgg gd dspêrktus dspêrktus y jkdc jkdctrfs trfs gurf dxniuyd dxniuyd if vk`idcnkf vk`idcnkf.. W`gf  oustkbknfnkþc, gknd Guprëdi, ds p`r dsdcnkf uc fnt` j`gdrfg`r. If frlujdctfn frlujdctfnkþc, kþc, jkdctrfs sd gdsfrr`iif dxniuyd if vk`idcnkf, pdr` c` klc`rf su dxkstdcnkf dc ifs rdifnk`cds mujfcfs. Dc rdfikgfg, n`j` i` pkdcsf Guprëdi, ifs rdifnk`cds mujfcfs s`c uc trfjfg` gd rdifnk`cds vk`idctfs vk`idctfs,, gd trf trfcsf csfnn nnk`c k`cds ds n`j n`jdrn drnkfi kfids ds y gd pdr pdrsuf sufskþ skþc, c, g`c g`cgd gd n`c brdn brdnudc udcnkf nkf,, prk prkjf jf uc` gd ds dst`s t`s trd trdss didjdct`s. Nufcg` prkjf di didjdct` ppdrsufskv`, drsufskv`, mfaifj`s gd frl frlujdctfnkþc. ujdctfnkþc. Nufcg` prkjf di didjdct` vk`idct` mfaifj`s gd g`jkcfnkþc ` gd fil` p`r di dstki`, n`j` pudgd vdrsd dc dstd kctdrnfjak` nufsk mdldikfc` qud sd gf dc di ’Gkfi`l` pdskjkstf dctrd di fj` y di dsnifv`‚.

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QDBDQDCNKF^ AKAIK@LQÆBKN AKAIK@LQÆBKNF^ F^ 6.- Arfgidy G`wgdc. Bfiifnkds. N`csuitfg` di < gd jfrz` gd 156= gd gd kdp.utj.dgu 1.- \mft ks f bfiifny. N`csuitfg` gd pmki`s`pmy.mhu pmki`s`pmy.mhu.mh  .mh  >.- mttps?//www.ikbdgdr.n`j/bfifnkfs/ 7.- mttps?//www.j`c`lrfbkfs.n`j/trf mttps?//www.j`c`lrfbkfs.n`j/trfafo`s=1/ifs-bfifn afo`s=1/ifs-bfifnkfs/ifs-bfifnkf kfs/ifs-bfifnkfs1.smtji s1.smtji

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