Lógica de Las Ciencias

 

YOFH@H 0 CÛJFK@ HI C@[ KFIOKF@[ FOXRLHYKKFÛO ^`r` uo `hiku`hl istuhfl cûjfk`, isol aioistir klolkir kuàc is suklaioz`r ubfk`kfûoklo hiotrl c` kc`sfefk`kfûo hihic`sc`kfiokf`s, sfo `otis `blrh`r ic klokiptl hi kfiokf` y sus iciaiotls, iccl lbihiki ` qui c` cûjfk` si prisiot` io c` kfiokf` klal uo` hfskfpcfo` `utûola` y uo` mirr`afiot` `uxfcf`r p`r` c`s hiaàs kfiokf`s ixfstiotis. ^lr iccl, is faplrt`oti qui `prioh`als ` riklolkir  kûal si prlhuki ic klolkfafiotl kfiotáefkl hishi uo` pirspiktfv` elra`c, p`r` tla`r klokfiokf` hic p`pic tr`skiohiot`c qui guij` ouistr` a`tirf` hi istuhfl io c` kloelra`kfûo hi æsti.  @c sijufr siju fr klo ic his`r his`rrlccl rlccl hi ist` uofh`h, ols `hiotr`rials io ic istuhfl hi cls prfokf prf okfp`c p`cis is alh alhicl iclss ipfsti ipfstialc alcûjf ûjfkls kls qui si m`o ic` ic`blr` blr`hl hl p`r p`r` ` elr elra`c a`cfz` fz`rr ic klolkfafiotl kfiotáefkl, klo ic prlpûsftl hi klapriohir ic k`ràktir istruktur`c qui prisiot` c` kfiokf`, pirl ol sûcl io uo ofvic jioir`c, is hikfr, hi c` kfiokf` klal uo tlhl, sfol t`abfæo io uo ofvic hi ispikf`cfz`kfûo, io ltr`s p`c`br`s, hi c` faplrt`okf` qui tfioio cls alhicls ipfstialcûjfkls p`r` k`h` uo` hi c`s kfiokf`s ixfstiotis.  @sá, ` p`rtfr hi cls alhicls ipfstialcûjfkls qui q ui ixpcfk`o c` ric`kfûo iotri sugitl y lbgitl hi klolkfafiotl, si m`ki uo` aiokfûo ispikf`c io c` aitlhlcljá` qui utfcfz`o hfkmls alhicls. Istl is, si pritiohi ubfk`r `c istuhf`oti io ic prlkisl aitl ai tlhlc hlcûj ûjfk fkl l kl klok okiro irofi fiot oti i ` k`h k`h` ` uo uo` ` hi c` c`ss pl plsf sfkf kflo lois is ip ipfs fsti tial alcû cûjf jfk` k`ss `o`c `o `cfz fz`h `h`s `s kl klo o ic efefo o hi qui pu puih` ih` hi hiti tira rafo fo`r `r ist isti i prl prlki kisl sl ` p`rt p`rtfr fr hi c` ipfstialcljá` `hlpt`h`. Cl `otirflr si iokuiotr` gustfefk`hl io vfrtuh hi c` hfstfokfûo iotri ipfstialcljá` y aitlhlcljá`, ol sûcl hishi uo puotl hi vfst` efclsûefkl io jioir`c, sfol hi c`s prlpf`s ipfstialcljá` y aitlhlcljá` guráhfk`s. Klo cl ku`c, ivfhiotiaioti, ic `c `cua uaol ol pl plhr hrà à `pr `prikf ikf`r `r ic us usl l hi c` cû cûjf jfk` k` kla klal l pr prly lyikt iktl l ip ipfs fsti tial alcû cûjf jfkl kl l aitlhlcûjfkl.  @ pis`r hi qui hi a`oir` elra`c ol si klotiapc` ic tia` hi c` aitlhlcljá` hiot hi otrl rl hi hicc ti tia` a`rf rfl l hi c` uo uofh fh`h `h qui qui ist` ist`al alss fo fofk fkf` f`oh ohl, l, is pi pire reikt ikt`a `aiot ioti i iotiohfbci y gustfefk`bci `k`hæafk` y `hafofstr`tfv`aioti su fokcusfûo, `c aiols plrr hl pl hlss r`zl r`zlo ois is77 `) Is uo kl klap apci ciai aiot otl l oik ikis is`r `rfl fl p`r` p`r` ic tia ia` ` hi c` ipfstialcljá`4 y, b) ol si iotfiohi klrrikt`aioti c` utfcfz`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` io c`

 

aitlhl aitl hlcl cljá já`, `, hi hipi pioh ohfi fioh ohl l hi c` pl plsf sfkf kfûo ûo ip ipfs fsti tial alcû cûjf jfk` k` hi hicc sugi sugitl tl hi klolkfafiotl. Airiki c` pio` `kc`r`r qui, `c sijufr ic istuhfl hi cls iciaiotls hi c` kfiokf`, si m`ki ivfhioti `uo slair`aioti `blrh`r su aætlhl, is hikfr, ic kfiotáefkl, ol sûcl plrqui `k`hæafk`aioti, sf m`bc`als hi c` kfiokf`, si hibi rikurrfr ` su aætlhl, sfol plrqui ic `cuaol hibi klot`r klo a`ylris `rjuaiotls p`r` hfskirofr iotri tia`s klal kfiokf`, ipfstialcljá`, aitlhlcljá` y aætlhl kfiotáefkl, t`otl io cl efclsûefkl klal io cl guráhfkl. [ftu`kfûo ol ixpris`aioti privfst` io ouistrl prljr`a` hi c` `sfjo`tur`, pirl sá hi fotiræs hlkioti p`r` klaioz`r ` ubfk`r ` c` cûjfk` y su fotir`kkfûo klo istls tia`s. Cl `ot `otir irfl flrr ol olss sf sfrvi rvi kl klal al b` b`s`a s`aio iotl tl p`r` p`r` qu qui i pl plh`a h`als ls `blr `blrh`r h`r ic ti tia` a` klok klokir irof ofio ioti ti ` cls cls tfpl tfplss hi r` r`zl zlo` o`af afio iotl tl qu qui i plhi plhial alss io iokl klot otr` r`rr io c` ipfstialcljá`. Io isti siotfhl is oikis`rfl fhiotfefk`r, ` su viz, cls hfvirsls tfpls hi r`zlo`afiotl, `sá klal cls hfvirsls tfpls hi `rjuaiot`kfûo utfcfz`hls io c` kfiokf`, sið`c`r qui,y`` si` pis`r puihio hiotrll hi c` kfiokf`y tlhl tfpllplrtuo`aioti hi pios`afiotls, iohi ic qui his`rrlccl hiutfcfz`rsi uo` mfpûtisfs io c` ic`blr`kfûo hi uo` tilrá`, t`rhi l tiapr`ol cls `rjuaiotls kfiotáefkls hibio `gust`rsi ` cls prfokfpfls hic r`zlo`afiotl cûjfkl4 istl is, slaitir ` pruib` cl clss `rjua `rjuaiot iotlsa lsaih ihf` f`ot oti i c` `p `pcfcfk`k k`kfû fûo o hi kf kfir irtl tlss krf krfti tirf rfls ls hi fo foei eiri riok okf` f` y hialstr`kfûo. Is `sá klal pritiohials riklolkir c` faplrt`okf` qui tfioi ic usl hi c` cûjfk` io su siotfhl aàs jioærfkl, is hikfr, klal alhicl virfefk`tfvl ipfstialcûjfkl, p`r` qui, uo` viz foairsls io ic klolkfafiotl klolkfafiotl hi su istruktur istruktur` ` elra`c elra`c,, plh`als ioelk`rols lplrtuo`aioti io su istuhfl ispikf`cfz`hl io plstirflris uofh`his hic prisioti kursl.

LBGIXFUL ^@RXFKYC@R  @ cl c`rjl hi ist` uofh`h, ustih7 Riklol Rikl olkir kirà à cl clss icia iciaiot iotls ls aàs aàs fa fapl plrt rt`o `oti tiss qu qui i fo foti tirv rvfi fioi oio o hi hiot otrl rl hi c` kloelra`kfûo hic klokiptl hi kfiokf`, sus k`r`ktirástfk`s y kc`sfefk`kfûo, tlhl iccl klo ic efo hi fhiotfefk`r c` utfcfh`h hi c` cûjfk` hiotrl hi c` `ktfvfh`h kfiotáefk` y c`s tris elra`s hi su `pcfk`kfûo io ic r`zlo`afiotl kfiotáefkl.

KLOKI^XL HI KFIOKF@ V [Y[ ICIAIOXL[

 

Ioklotr`r uo` hiefofkfûo foiquávlk` y klosfstioti hi c` kfiokf` risuct` `ct`aioti klapcfk`hl, tlh` viz qui hiotrl hic prlpfl k`apl kfiotáefkl ol si m` ccij`hl ` uo klosiosl hiefoftfvl slbri quæ hibi y quæ ol hibi sir klapriohfhl hiotrl hi ist` k`tijlrá`. [fo iab`rjl, risuct` fotiris`oti ixpcfk`r briviaioti ic hiviofr qui tuvl ic prlkisl kljolskftfvl kljolskftfvl hic mlabri qui cl ccivû ` kri`r cl qui mly io há` si klolki klal kfiokf`. @c rispiktl, is lplrtuol riaftfrols ` c` tilrá` hi cls tris ist`hfls hi @ujustl Klati (2>>87 2>-;>). CL[ XRI[ I[X@HFL[ HI @YJY[XL KLAXI

 

Yo` viz ixpuistl cl `otirflr, plhials ist`bcikir uo klokiptl hi kfiokf`. H`hl qui qu i c`s c`s hi hiefefof ofkf kflo lois is qu qui i si m` m`o o ic`b ic`blr lr`h `hl l ` tr tr`v `væs æs hi hicc tfia tfiapl pl m`o m`o sfhl sfhl ispikf`caioti hiskrfptfv`s hi su aitlhlcljá`, si m`o ivfhiokf`hl uo` sirfi hi prlbcia`s slbri cls iciaiotls qui slo isiokf`cis p`r` c` kloelra`kfûo hi æst`4 sfo sfo ia iab` b`rj rjl, l, bfio bfio si pu puih ihi i ist` ist`bc bcik ikir ir uo uo` ` hi hiefefof ofkf kfûo ûo hi kfio kfiokf kf` ` qu qui i si kfrkuoskrfb` ` su isiokf` hiotrl hic `ktu`r hic mlabri. Iotlokis, plhials hikfr  qui…

 

 

HIEFOFKFLO KFIOKF@7 C` kfiokf` is c` ixpcfk`kfûo lbgitfv` y r`kflo`c hic uofvirsl.

Ui`als io quæ klosfsti k`h` uol hi h i cls iciaiotls qui kloelra`o hfkm` hiefofkfûo.

Ixpcfk`tfv` ^lrqui busk` ixploir c`s hfvirs`s elra`s io qui si a`ofefist`o cls prlkisls ixfs ixfsti tiot otis is io ic uo uofv fvir irsl sl.. @v @vir irfj fju` u` sus sus io ioc` c`ki kiss foti fotiro rols ls y hi hisk skub ubri ri sus sus kloixflois klo ltrls prlkisls

Lbgitfv` Io t`ot t`otl l bu busk sk` ` qu qui i is` is` ixpl ixplsf sfkf kfûo ûo ol hi hipi pioh oh` ` hi sios sios`k `kfû fûo, o, ia ialk lkfû fûo, o, klokfiokf`, pios`afiotl l p`sfûo `cjuo`, k`r`ktirástfk` qui si cljr` aihf`oti c` virfefk`kfûo y kloefra`kfûo hi mfpûtisfs, io ku`cqufir alaiotl y plr ku`cqufir  pirslo`, p`r` c` kri`kfûo hi tilrá`s, ciyis y plstuc`hls

R`kflo`c H`hl qui c` ixpcfk`kfûo qui si m`ki hic uofvirsl is prlhuktl hic foticiktl mua`ol, tlh` viz qui si ri`cfz` hi a`oir` riecixfv` y b`gl uo sfstia` lrhio`hl y hirfv`tfvl Cuijl hi ist Cuijl ist`bci `bcikir kir ouistr ouistr` ` hiefof hiefofkfûo kfûo hi kfi kfiokf okf`, `, is oik oikis`r is`rfl fl hit hitiraf irafo`r  o`r  c` elra` io qui si prlhuki ic klolkfafiotl kfiotáefkl klo ic efo hi hicfaft`r c` fogiriokf` qui æst` tfioi hiotrl hic his`rrlccl hic pios`afiotl. ^`r` iccl, is fa fapri priskf skfoh ohfb fbci ci kl klol olkir kir cl clss hfvi hfvirsl rslss al alhic hicls ls ip ipfs fsti tial alcû cûjf jfkl klss qu qui i si m` m`o o his`rrlcc`hl `c rispiktl, `sá klal c` aitlhlcljá` qui si m` ist`bcikfhl klal e`ktfbci p`r` kuapcfr klo c`s k`r`ktirástfk`s hi lbgitfvfh`h y r`kflo`cfh`h `otis iouokf`h`s.

ALHICL[ I^F[XIALCÛJFKL[  @ cl c`rjl hi c` mfstlrf`, si m`o ic`blr`h ic`blr`hl l uo` sirfi hi alhicls tiûrfkls qui m`o tr`t`h tr` t`hl l hi ixpcfk ixpcfk`r `r kûal kûal si hib hibi i prl prlhuk hukfr fr y lrf lrfiot iot`r `r ic klolkfa klolkfafio fiotl tl mua mua`ol `ol,, hiotrl hi cl s ku`cis hist`k`o, iotri ltr`s, c` klrrfioti iapfrfst`, r`kflo`cfst` i fhi`cfst`. @ klotfou`kfûo, klaioz`rials klo su ixplsfkfûo p`r` klapriohir c`s p`rtfkuc`rfh`his hi k`h` uo`, cls `plrtis qui

 

lerikio y sus cfaft`kflois, tlhl iccl hfrfjfhl ` klolkir c` elra` io qui si prlhuki ic klolkfafiotl kfiotáefkl.

Alhicls ipfstialcûjfkls.

IA^FRF[AL Io hfkm` klrrfioti ipfstialcûjfk`, hi c` ku`c sus prfokfp`cis ixplsftlris slo Glmo Clkd Cl kdi, i, Xm Xmla la`s `s Ml Mlbb bbis is y H` H`vf vfh h Mu Muai ai,, si `efr `efra` a` qu qui i c` ÷o ÷ofk fk` ` euio euioti ti hi hicc klolkfafiotl mua`ol is c` ixpirfiokf`, (@bb`jo`ol,  06=97 ;6=). Ol m`y fhi`s foo`t`s of qui hivioj`o hi c` r`zûo. Io isti siot otffhl, ic ia iapf pfrrfsal p` p`rrti hi c` lbsirv rv` `kf kfû ûo hi mikml ikmlss y `klot `k lotik ikfa fafi fiot otls ls klo klokri kritl tls, s, hi su ai aihf hf`kf `kfûo ûo y hi su ix ixpi pirf rfai aiot ot`kf `kfûo ûo p` p`r` r` klostrufr ic klolkfafiotl, (Buoji, 06=>7 :99) p`rtfiohl `sá hi c` fhi` klosfstioti hi qui ofoj÷o sugitl plsii klolkfafiotl `cjuol, klal sf euisi uo rikfpfioti v`kál qui si v` ccio`ohl ` p`rtfr hi c` `bstr`kkfûo `bstr`kkfûo qui m`j` klo sus siotfhls hi cls eioûaiols qui si prisiot`o a`tirf`caioti io su iotlrol.

FHI@CF[AL Efo`caiot Efo`ca ioti, i, isti isti alh alhicl icl ipfstia ipfstialcû lcûjfk jfkl l ist`bc ist`bciki iki qui ol m`y kls kls`s `s ri`cis ri`cis fohipiohfiotis hi c` klokfiokf`, y` qui –ic auohl iapárfkl is af fhi`, ic auohl is af suiðl‑ (^lppir, 06607 2;6)4 klal klosikuiokf`, suploi qui ic mlabri kuiot` klo c` k`p`kfh`h hi rikfbfr faprisflois hi c`s kls`s, ic`blr`rc`s y lbtioir  c` fhi` hi cl qui æst`s slo (J`rká`, 06=>7008). [us prfokfp`cis ixplsftlris slo Rioæ Hisk`rtis, Jilrji Birdiciy i Faa`ouic D`ot.  @sá, ic fhi`cfsal ixploi qui c` ri`cfh`h si iokuiotr` ubfk`h` io c` klokfiokf` hic sugitl kljolskioti4 c`s kls`s ol plsiio uo sir fohipiohfioti `c qui cis klokihi ouistr` klokfiokf`, plr cl qui su prlpfih`h klosfsti sûcl io sir pirkfbfh`s plr c` klokfiokf` mua`o` y, t`o prlotl hig`o hi sir pirkfbfh`s, hig`o iotlokis hi ixfs ix fstftfr. r. Is hik hikfr, fr, qui qui k` k`h` h` qu qufi fio o kri kri` ` su kl klol olkf kfaf afio iotl tl hi `ku `kuir irhl hl kl klo o c` c`ss ric`kflois qui ist`bcizk` klo c` ri`cfh`h.

R@KFLO@CF[AL ^`r` isti alhicl, kuyls prfokfp`cis riprisiot`otis slo Mijic, [pfolz` y Cifbofz, c` euioti prfokfp`c hic klolkfafiotl is c` r`zûo y ol c` ixpirfiokf`, h`hl qui hi

 

æst` sûcl si lbtfioi uo s`bir klotfojioti, puis ol si sustiot` of io prfokfpfls of io ciyis uofvirs`cis, plr cl qui si ist`bciki qui uo klolkfafiotl is t`c, sûcl ku`oh ku `ohl l is cû cûjfk jfk`a `aio ioti ti oik oikis is`r `rfl fl y uofv uofvirs irs`c `cai aiot oti i và vàcfcfhl hl44 is hi hikf kfr, r, qui qui c` foeiriokf` hi c`s priafs`s virh`hir`s ` c` klokcusfûo sirà virh`hir`, y ol hi ltrl alhl, y `pcfk`bci io tlhl cuj`r y io tlhl alaiotl. Ist` Is t`ss kloh klohfk fkfl floi ois slo slo cljr cljr`h `h`s `s ÷o ÷ofk fk`a `aio ioti ti ;=5), b` b`gl gl sftu`kfûo uo pr prlk lkis isl lc` ku`c foti fotici cikt fvl fohipiohfioti hi c`s ixpirfiokf` (Rik`sæos, 06:=7 plr siktfv m`l ccij`hl ` klosfhir`r qui c`s virh`his hi c` r`zûo slo foo`t`s `c mlabri, io t`otl si iokuiotr`o pltiokf`caioti io ic foticiktl, his`rrlccàohlsi ÷ofk`aioti sf ic sugitl `sá cl pirafti (J`rká`, 06=>7 098 y 099).

AIXLHLCLJÁ@ H`hls cls hfvirsls alhicls ipfstialcûjfkls aiokflo`hls, si m`o ic`blr`hl uo` sirfi hi aitlhlcljá`s ` sijufr p`r` prlhukfr ic klolkfafiotl. @mlr`, surjio hls kuistflois ` `tiohir, ¼quæ si hibi iotiohir plr aitlhlcljá`< y ¼quæ tfpls hi aitlhlcljá`s ixfstio< ^`r` ri ^`r` risp splo lohi hirr `c pr prfa fair ir kuis kuistftflo lo`a `afi fiot otl, l, hi hibi bial alss ist` ist`bc bcik ikir ir qu qui i c` aitlhlcljá` puihi sir iotiohfh` klal…  

Hiefo`als Aitlhlcljá` C` hiskrfpkfûo, ic `oàcfsfs y c` v`clr`kfûo krátfk` hi cls aætlhls hi fovistfj`kfûo (@stf, 065=705). Ic istu istuhf hfl l sfst sfstia iaàt àtfk fkl l hi cls cls aæ aætl tlhl hlss utfc utfcfz fz`h `hls ls pl plrr uo uo` ` kfio kfiokf kf` ` io su fovistfj`kfûo hi c` ri`cfh`h (Jfair, 06:2726).

Hi ist` ist` el elra ra`, `, ist` ist`bc bciki ikial alss qu qui i c` ai aitl tlhl hlcl cljá já` ` tftfioi ioi pl plrr lbgit lbgitl l fo fost stftftuf ufr  r  ic prlkihi prlkihirr qui si hib hibi i siju sijufr fr p`r p`r` ` c` prl prlhukk hukkfûo fûo hic klol klolkfa kfafio fiotl tl kfi kfiotá otáefk efkl4 l4 utfc utfcfz fz` ` cls cls v`rf v`rf`h `hls ls ai aihf hfls ls hi klol klolki kirr klo klo qu qui i hfsp hfsplo loia ials ls p` p`r` r` ccij ccij`r  `r  ` klokcusflois virh`hir`s.   Risp Ri splo lohf hfio iohl hl `c si sijuo juohl hl kui kuist stfl flo` o`af afiot iotl, l, c` aitl aitlhlc hlcljá ljá` ` si kc`s kc`sfefefk fk` ` io aitlhlcljá` jioir`c y aitlhlcljá` ispikf`c.

 

AIXLHLCLJF@ JIOIR@C ^`rti hi c` cûjfk` qui istuhf` cls tr`b`gls kfiotáefkls… Klapriohi, plr cl t`otl, tlhls cls prlkihfafiotls klauois ` k`h` uo` hi c`s kfiokf`s p`r` `hqufrfr y klauof kla uofk`r k`r klol klolkfa kfafio fiotls tls kfi kfiotá otáefk efkls ls (Jf (Jfair air,, 06:27; 06:27;). ). Io ist` ist` kc`sfef kc`sfefk`kf k`kfûo ûo si iokuiotr`o, iotri ltrls, cls aætlhls hihuktfvl, fohuktfvl, `o`cátfkl, sfstiaàtfkl, hf`cæktfkl y eiolaiolcûjfkl. AIXLHLCLJF@ I[^IKF@C Istuhf` cls aætlhls p`rtfkuc`ris hi cls hfvirsls `p`rt`hls hic s`bir, plr cl qui is vàcfhl ist`bcikir qui m`y t`ot`s aitlhlcljá`s ispikf`cis klal k`apls hi istuhfl.

  Rivfsials io ic sfjufioti isquia` c` kc`sfefk`kfûo hi c` aitlhlcljá`.

AIXLHLCLJF@ Istuhfl hi c`s hfvirs`s elra`s io qui puihi sir prlhukfhl ic s`bir.

JIOIR@C

I[^IKF@C Istuhf` cls aætlhls p`rtfkuc`ris hi cls hfvirsls k`apls hic s`bir.

HIHYKXFU@ ^`rti hi plstuc`hls jioir`cis p`r` foeirfr klokcusflois p`rtfkuc`ris.

FOHYKXFU@ ^`rti hic ^`rti hic `oàc `oàcfs fsfs fs hi ei eioû oûai aiol olss p` p`rt rtfk fkuc uc`ri `riss p` p`r` r` ist ist`b `bci ciki kirr kl klokc okcus usflo flois is jioir`cis.

@O@CFXFK@ [i sip`r`o cls klaplo klaploiotis iotis hi uo lbgitl hi istuhfl p`r` klapriohir c` euokfûo hi sus iciaiotls isiokf`cis.

[F[XIA@XFK@

 

Istuhf` c`s elra`s io qui si lrhio`o cls klolkfafiotls hi uo tlhl, hi a`oir` qui risuctio kc`r`s c`s ric`kflois y hipiohiokf`s hi sus klaploiotis.

HF@CIKXFK@ Kloerlot` fhi`s ` tr`væs hi c` ixplsfkfûo hi tisfs, y c` kri`kfûo hi `otátisfs l tisfs klotr`rf`s, p`r` ic ieiktl hi ccij`r ` uo` sáotisfs.

EIOLAIOLCLJFK@  @o`cfz` y hiskrfbi cls eioûaiols t`c y klal si prisiot`o io ic auohl, klo ic efo hi rivic`r c` isiokf` hi cls lbgitls.

AÆXLHL KFIOXÁEFKL Hirfv`hl hic istuhfl ispikf`cfz`hl qui si m`ki slbri c` kfiokf` io ist` uofh`h, v`ci c` pio` m`kir ispikf`c æoe`sfs io ic aætlhl kfiotáefkl, ic ku`c is…  

Hiefo`als Aætlhl kfiotáefkl Is ic prlkisl sfstiaàtfkl sfstiaàtfkl y r`zlo`h r`zlo`hl l qui ic fovist fovistfj`hlr fj`hlr hi c` kfiokf` sfjui p`r` c` lbtiokfûo hi c` virh`h kfiotáefk` (^loki hi Ciûo, 06657:2), ic ku`c tfioi plr  lbgitl euoh`aiot`c slcukflo`r prlbcia`s (Cûpiz, 06:;7 ;;). C`s prfokfp`cis it`p`s qui si prisiot`o io ic hiolafo`hl aætlhl kfiotáefkl slo7 c` lbsirv`kfûo, ic pc`oti`afiotl hi uo prlbcia`, c` elrauc`kfûo hi uo` mfpûtisfs, c` kl klap aprl rlb`k b`kfû fûo o hi c` mfpût mfpûtis isfs fs y c` kr kri`k i`kfû fûo o hi ci ciyi yis, s, ti tilrá lrá`s `s y al alhi hicl clss kfiotáefkls (^`rhfo`s, 06=>70=-2>). Istuhfials ` klotfou`kfûo hfkml prlkisl.

 

^RLBCIA@ Hfefkuct`h qui si prisiot` p`r` ic iotiohfafiotl l slcukfûo hi uo` hitirafo`h` sftu`kfûo.

KLA^RLB@KFLO [i virfefk` c` vir`kfh`h hi c` mfpûtisfs io t`otl ixpcfk`kfûo y/l slcukfûo hic prlbcia`.

KRI@KFLO HI CIVI[ V ALHICL[ ^`r` prihikfr cl hisklolkfhl, klo b`si io cl klolkfhl, puis klotist`o quæ, hûohi, kuàohl, kûal y plr quæ hi cls eioûaiols y mikmls.

LB[IRU@KFLO Hi cls eioûaiols y mikmls hi c` o`tur`ciz` y hi c` kri`kfûo mua`o`

MF^ÛXI[F[ ^lsfbci slcukfûo `c prlbcia` pc`oti`hl

 

K@R@KXIRÁ[XFK@[ HI C@ KFIOKF@ Yo` viz `o`cfz`hls cls alhicls ipfstialcûjfkls y c` aitlhlcljá` hi c` kfiokf`, tioials c`s b`sis suefkfiotis p`r` risplohir ` uo kuistflo`afiotl surjfhl hishi c` prlpuist` hi hiefofkfûo hi kfiokf` ist`bcikfh` io ic subtia` `otirflr7 ¼quæ m`ki qui uo` ixpcfk`kfûo lbgitfv` y r`kflo`c hic uofvirsl si` klosfhir`h` kfiokf` yc`solk`r`ktirástfk`s ltr` kls`< ^`r` prijuot`,` hibials kuàcis slo hi klotist`r c` kfiokf`hfkm` qui piraftio æst` sir clist`bcikir qui is y ol uo` sfapci ixplsfkfûo sfo euoh`aiotl `cjuol.  @sá, plhials sið`c`r qui c` kfiokf` is (Buoji, 2>>:7 pp. 05-;8)7

K@R@KXIRÁ[XFK@[ HI C@ KFIOKF@

 

Eàktfk`

^`rti io jr`o aihfh` hi mikmls y eioûaiols, kuyls risuct`hls sfiapri foecuyio hi a`oir` a`tirf`c io ic uofvirsl. Xr`skiohioti  

U` aàs `ccà hi cls mikmls, hisk`rt` `cjuols y prlhuki ltrls ouivls.  

@o`cátfk`

Hisfotijr` cls prlbcia`s p`r` tr`t`r hi iotiohir sus klaploiotis, `sá klal ixpcfk`r c`s fotirkloixflois qui si prisiot`o iotri sus iciaiotls.  

Ispikf`cfz`h`

Xr`t` prlbcia`s ispikáefkls, y` si` hi c`s kfiokf`s ix`kt`s, o`tur`cis l slkf`cis. Kc`r` y prikfs`  

 @uo ku`ohl cls prlbcia`s slo hfstfotls io k`h` kc`si hi kfiokf`, sus risuct`hls si hispriohio hi klohfkflois ivfhiotis y ispikáefk`s  

Klauofk`bci

Busk` foelra`r cls risuct`hls hi elra` lbgitfv` p`r` klap`rtfr cls klolkfafiotls lbtiofhls ` tlh` pirslo` suskiptfbci hi iotiohircls.  

Uirfefk`bci

 

C`s mfpûtisfs ist`bcikfh`s io cls hfstfotls aætlhls hibio supir`r ic ix`aio hi c` klaprlb`kfûo l c` hialstr`kfûo, hipiohi hic tfpl hi lbgitl io istuhfl.  

Aitûhfk`

Is istrfkt`aioti pc`oi`h`, `c ist`bcikirsi uo lbgitfvl, cfoi`afiotls y tilrá`s ` sijufr. Ol is irràtfk`.  

[fstiaàtfk`

Ist`bciki uo kloguotl hi klolkfafiotls kloikt`hls cûjfk`aioti iotri sá.  

Yofvirs`c

[u efo`cfh`h is prlhukfr klolkfafiotls qui si`o vàcfhls, fohipiohfiotiaioti hic tfiapl, cuj`r y pirslo` qui tr`ti hi virfefk`r su klotiofhl.  

Cij`c

Klo c` fotiokfûo hi pc`sa`r c` uofvirs`cfh`h kljolskftfv` hi c` kfiokf`, si busk` kri`r ciyis o`tur`cis i fokcusl kuctur`cis p`r` su `pcfk`bfcfh`h eàktfk`.

 

Ixpcfk`tfv`

Fotiot` ixpris`r cls mikmls io tærafols hi ciyis y c`s ciyis io tærafols hi prfokfpfls. ^rlkur` risplohir ` plr quæ lkurrio cls mikmls klal sukihio y plr quæ ol lkurrio hi ltr` a`oir`.

 

^rihfktfv`

 @c ist`bcikir ciyis y prfokfpfls, c` kfiokf` tr`skfiohi ic prisioti, c` `ktu`cfh`h hi cls mikmls y eioûaiols hic uofvirsl p`r` ist`bcikir suplsfkflois vàcfh`s `kirk` hi su p`s`hl y euturl.  

@bfirt`

Ic klotiofhl kljolskftfvl prlhukfhl plr c` kfiokf` g`aàs sirà klosfhir`hl klal pira`oioti i foaut`bci, y` qui æsti, plr sir uo prlhuktl hic mlabri, is io isiokf` e`cfbci.  

×tfc

 

Cls risuct`hls qui `rrlg` ic prlkisl kfiotáefkl busk`o sfiapri e`kfcft`r y h`rci uo sfjofefk`hl ` c` ixfstiokf` hic mlabri io ic auohl.

KC@[FEFK@KFÛO HI C@ KFIOKF@ Yo` viz qui mials fhiotfefk`hl ` c` kfiokf` io jioir`c hiotrl hic prlkisl kljoftfvl kljoft fvl hic mlabri mlabri,, prlkihirials ` rivfs`r qui, h`hl qui ic lbgitl hi istuhf istuhfl l hi c` kfiokf` is ic uofvirsl y tlhl cl qui si a`ofefist` io æsti, ic sir mua`ol m` his`r hi s`rrl rlcccc`h `hl l uo` uo` kc kc`s `sfefefk fk`kf `kfûo ûo ji jioær oærfk fk` ` hi c` kfio kfiokf kf` ` klo b` b`si si io ic lb lbgi gitl tl hi ist istuh uhfl fl.. Hi isti isti al alhl, hl, ti tioi oial alss c` kr kri`k i`kfû fûo o hi c` c`ss kfio kfiokf kf`s `s ix`kt ix`kt`s `s,, c` c`ss kfiokf`s o`tur`cis y c`s kfiokf`s slkf`cis. Ui`als io quæ klosfstio.

I]@KX@[ L ELRA@CI[ Ist` kc`si hi kf kfi iokf kf`s `s si iok oku uio iottr` r`o o ri rip pri rissiot`h `h` `s plr c` cûjf jfkk` y c`s a`tiaàtf a`tiaàtfk`s, k`s, io c`s ku`cis, su lbgitl hi istuhf istuhfl l ol is `cjl a`tirf`c l qui si iokuiotri io ic uofvirsl eàktfkl, sfol qui si tr`t` hi iotis fhi`cis, `bstr`ktls, cls ku`cis sûcl ixfstio io c` aioti mua`o`, sftu`kfûo plr c` ku`c si m` sið`c`hl qui –` cls cûjfkls y a`tiaàtfkls ol si cis h` lbgitls hi istuhfl7 iccls klostruyio sus prlpfls lbgitls‑ (Buoji, 2>>:70>). Hi is ist` t` el elra` ra`,, p` p`r` r` kla klauo uofk fk`r `r su kl klot otio iofh fhl, l, pr prlki lkisl slss y ri risu suctct`hl `hlss kl klo o c` fotiokfûo hi ist`bcikir klot`ktl iotri ist`s kfiokf`s y c` ri`cfh`h, si utfcfz` ic cioju`gi, y` si` o`tur`c (ic lrhfo`rfl b`s`hl io rijc`s jr`a`tfk`cis y sfotàktfk`s) l ic `rtfefkf`c (hi sáablcls io riprisiot`kfûo hi fhi`s) io ic ku`c si puihio virtir  uo fcfaft`hl o÷airl hi klotiofhls. Hfkml hi ltr` elra`, plhials ist`bcikir qui c`s kfiokf`s ix`kt`s l elra`cis, ` pis`r hi sir prlpf`s hi c` `bstr`kkfûo hi lbgi lb gitl tlss el elra ra`c `cis, is, pu puihi ihio o io iokl klot otr`r r`r klr klrris rispl ploh ohio iokf kf` ` kl klo o kls kls`s `s y prlki prlkisls sls pirtioikfiotis ` ku`cqufir ofvic hi c` ri`cfh`h. (Buoji, 2>>:7 0> y 00) [LKF@CI[ C`s kf C`s kfio iokf kf`s `s sl slkf kf`c `cis is tftfio ioio io kl klal al lb lbgi gitl tl hi istuh istuhfl fl cl clss kla klapl plrt rt`a `afi fiot otls ls,, `ktfvfh`his y ric`kflois iotri cls siris mua`ols, y` si`o iotri iccls afsals, klo eioûaiols fhilcûjfkls klal c` ricfjfûo l c` plcátfk`, i fokcusl hi c`s prlpf`s istruk ist ruktu tur` r`ss slk slkf` f`ci ciss qu qui i si m`o m`o kri kri`h `hl, l, hi hiot otrl rl hi c` c`ss ku` ku`ci ciss klo klovf vfvio vio,, si his`rrlcc`o y si hicfaft`o (Z`ccirstifo, 2>>:7;). X`c is ic k`sl hi c` mfstlrf`, c` plcátfk`, c` efclsleá`, c` iklolaá`, c` slkflcljá` y ic hirikml. C` ixfstiokf` hi hfkm`s hfskfpcfo`s si hirfv` hi c` oikisfh`h qui tfioi ic mlabri plr his`rrlcc`r riprisiot`kflois riprisiot`kflois `bstr`kt`s `bstr`kt`s qui hi `cjuo `cjuo` ` a`oir` puih`o foecufr  io su klaplrt`afiotl. ^lr isl, busk` qui su fotir`kkfûo slkf`c isti rijfh` plr 

 

hfvirs`s rijc`s y olra`s lbgitfv`s y r`kflo`cis4 sfo iab`rjl, is `quá hlohi c`s kfiokf`s slkf`cis, plr uo` kuistfûo fotráosik` ` æst`s, iokuiotr`o uo` hibfcfh`h io ku`otl ` su k`tijlrá` kfiotfefkfst`. H`hl qui ol `pcfk`o rfjurls`aioti ic alhicl kfiotáefkl klal euioti ipfstæafk` (puis ol kubrio áotijr`aioti c`s k`r`ktirástfk`s hi c` kfiokf` his`rrlcc`h`s `otirflraioti), puis tr`b`g`o klo lbgitls eàktfkls klost`otiaioti k`abf`otis klal ic mlabri y su klohukt`, c`s kfiokf`s slkf`cis, io jioir`c, ol puihio plstuc`r ciyis uofvirs`cis (Z`ccirstifo, 2>>:7;).

O@XYR@CI[ Cls iou Cls ouok okff`h `hls ls hi is istt`s kfio kfiokf kf`s `s si ri rieefir irio io,, io su a`ylr `ylrá` á`,, ` io ioti tiss ixtr`kfiotáefkls7 sukisls y prlkisls. (Buoji, 2>>:700). Io ltr`s p`c`br`s, c`s kfiokf`s o`tur`cis tfioio klal lbgitl hi istuhfl cls hfstfotls eioûaiols qui si prisiot`o io c` o`tur`ciz`.  @sá, ist` kc`si hi kfiokf`s si vio riprisiot`h`s plr c` eásfk`, c` bflcljá`, c` quáafk` y c` jilcljá`, c`s ku`cis istuhf`o, rispiktfv`aioti, cls eioûaiols y iciaiotls `tûafkls y a`krlskûpfkls hic uofvirsl a`tirf`c, `sá klal cl qui lkurri io iccls4 ic lrfjio, his`rrlccl y ivlcukfûo hi cls siris vfvls qui si a`of a` ofefefis ist` t`o o io ic au auoh ohl4 l4 c` c`ss pr prlpf lpfih ih`h `his is hi cl clss ic icia iaiot iotls ls quáa quáafk fkls ls y cl clss k`abfls qui suerio `c fotir`ktu`r y tr`oselra`rsi y, c` k`p` tirristri hic pc`oit` Xfirr`, io t`otl su klaplsfkfûo, k`abfls y `ctir`kflois (Buoji, 2>>:700)

Hi cl vfstl, m`brà olt`hl qui c` ubfk`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` klal kfiokf` `utûola` si ioku io kuio iotr tr` ` io ic k`ap k`apl l hi c`s c`s kfio kfiokf kf`s `s ix`k ix`kt` t`ss l elra elra`c `cis is,, `sá `sá pl plhi hial alss `viotur`rols ` hist`k`r uo prfair `kirk`afiotl klokiptu`c ` icc`.

C@ HIAL[XR@KFÛO KFIOXÁEFK@ Yo` kuistfûo tr`skiohiot`c io c` kfiokf` is cl ric`kflo`hl klo c` virfefk`bfcfh`h hi sus mfpûtisfs. Hfrials, iotlokis, qui7 ¼c` virfefk`kfûo hi mfpûtisfs k`abf` hi `kuirhl klo c` kc`si hi kfiokf` qui istials tr`t`ohl< Ieiktfv`aioti, hibials hikfr qui hipiohfiohl hic tfpl hi kfiokf` qui `blrhials (ix`kt`, o`tur`c l slkf`c), is qui si m`bc`rà hi hfstfot`s elra`s hi virfefk`bfcfh`h (Buoji, 2>>:7 02 08). Io isti lrhio hi fhi`s, lbsirv`rials c` utfcfz`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` klal kfiokf` `uxfcf`r sij÷o c` kfiokf` qui c` riqufir` i, fokcusl, hic tfpl hi `rjuaiot`kfûo cûjfk` ` his`rrlcc`r.

 

HIAL[XR@KFÛO KFIOXÁEFK@

Kfiokf`s ix`kt`s V` qui c`s kfiokf`s ix`kt`s l elra`cis elra`cis tfioio klal lbgitl hi istuhfl kri`kflois `bstr` `bst r`kt kt`s `s hic hic mla mlabr bri, i, ol si puihi puihi hi hial alst str`r r`r c` v` v`cfcfhiz hiz hi sus mfpût mfpûtis isfs fs (eásfk`aioti) plrqui ol is plsfbci lbsirv`rc`s. [fo iab`rjl, hi `cjuo` a`oir` si puihio klaprlb`r sus mfpûtisfs, virbfjr`kf`7 ic o÷airl 2 ol ixfsti io c` o`tur`ciz` p`r` hialstr`r qui riuofiohl hls o÷airls 2 h`o klal risuct`hl 8, hfkmls elra`cfsals `bstr`ktls puihio sir riprisiot`hls klo isti sfjol –2‑ y sf si cis `pcfk` ` hls hi iccls ic prlkisl a`tiaàtfkl hi c` sua` (riprisiot`h` klo isti sfjol –+‑), si puihi klaprlb`r c` v`cfhiz hi c` lpir`kfûo qui h` klal risuct`hl 8.

Kfiokf`s o`tur`cis C` a`ylrá` hi c`s kfiokf`s o`tur`cis kuiot` a`tirf`caioti klo su lbgitl hi istuhfl, is hikfr, qui cl puihi p`cp`r, l a`ofpuc`r. R`zûo plr c` qui ist` kc`si hi kfiokf`s sá puihio hialstr`r sus mfpûtisfs p`r` virfefk`r su v`cfhiz, plr cl qui aukm`s hi c`s vikis si rikurri ` c` ixpirfaiot`kfûo, qui `rrlg` foelra`kfûo iapárfk` iapárf k` faplr faplrt`oti t`oti p`r` ic klolkf klolkfafiot afiotl l hi cls eioûa eioûaiols iols qui si prisiot`o io c` o`tur`ciz`.

Kfiokf`s [lkf`cis Io ku`otl ` c`s hiolafo`h`s kfiokf`s slkf`cis, c` virfefk`kfûo hi v`cfhiz hi sus mfpûtisfs prisiot` uo prlbcia`. Istl si hibi `c mikml hi qui p`r` pubcfk`r qui uo iou iouokf okf`hl `hl is prlb`bc prlb`bciai iaioti oti virh virh`hi `hirl, rl, hfkm`s hfkm`s kfi kfiokf okf`s `s riq riqufir ufirio io h`t h`tls ls iapárfkls qui auistrio qui uo` mfpûtisfs ric`tfv` ` kfirtl jrupl hi mikmls a`tirf`cis is `hiku`h` l ol. Ol lbst`oti, c` ixpirfiokf` ol j`r`otfz` qui sus mfpûtisfs si`o c`s ÷ofk`s virh`hir`s, y` qui sûcl ist`bciki c` prlb`bfcfh`h hi `hiku `h iku`k `kfû fûo, o, sf sfo o ixkc ixkcuf ufrr c` pl plsf sfbf bfcfcfh` h`h h hi qu qui i pl plst stir irfl flra raio ioti ti si puih` puih`o o h`r  h`r  aiglris `prlxfa`kflois `c prlbcia`. @ hfeiriokf` hi c`s kfiokf`s o`tur`cis, c` ixpirfaiot`kfûo io c`blr`tlrfls ol is auy e`ktfbci.

@^CFK@KFÛO HIC R@WLO@AFIOXL Ol lbst`oti, io c` sfjufioti uofh`h si virà klo a`ylr hit`cci ` quæ ols rieirfals ku`ohl m`bc`als hi r`zlo`afiotl. ^`r` ieiktls hi klapriosfûo hi c` prisioti uofh uo fh`h `h y ispi ispikf kf`c `cai aiot oti i hi c` `p `pcfcfk` k`kf kfûo ûo hi hicc r` r`zl zlo` o`af afio iotl tl io c` kfio kfiokf kf`, `,

 

iotiohirials pricfafo`raioti plr r`zlo`afiotl ` c` ric`kfûo ixfstioti iotri hls l aàs prlplsfkflois cc`a`h`s priafs`s, is hikfr, iouokf`hls cfojóástfkls qui ols prlp prlplo loio io l `efr `efra` a`o o `cjl `cjl ` efo efo hi foei foeirf rfrr uo uo` ` tirk tirkir ir` ` pr prlp lpls lsfk fkfû fûo o cc`a cc`a`h `h` ` klokcusfûo. ^`r` ^` r` klok klokcu cufr fr,, hi hibi bial alss aiok aiokfl flo` o`rr c` a` a`oi oir` r` io qu qui i si pu puih ihi i utfc utfcfz fz`r `r ic kl klolk fafi fiot otl l lbt lbtio iofh fhl lols plr plrfotiris kfiok kfiokf` f`.. ir@ isp pi pis`r s`r ix ixfs fstf uo uo` `i pcur pcsu ur`c `cfh fh`h `hkfûo hio utfcfh utfolkfa cfh`his `his p`r` æst æsti, i, fotc`iris` ` m`kir m`k ispikf ikf`c `chiæoe æoe`sf `sfs stfrr slbr slbri `pc `pcfk` fk`kfû `rjuaiot`tfv`, is hikfr, c` –ixprisfûo ixtiro` hic r`zlo`afiotl‑ (A`os, 06:=702).  @sá, p`s`rials ` ist`bcikir c`s tris jr`ohis k`tijlrá`s qui si m`o ist`bcikfhl p`r` hfeiriokf`r ic alhl io qui si puihi iapci`r ic r`zlo`afiotl io elra` hi `rjuaiotl7 hialstr`tfv`, prlb`bci y slefst`.

@RJYAIOX@KFÛO HIAL[XR@XFU@ Klosfsti io `hukfr c` vir`kfh`h l, io su k`sl, c` e`csih`h hi uo `rjuaiotl p`rtfiohl hi uo` sirfi hi prlplsfkflois privf`aioti `haftfh`s klal virh`hir`s y kfirt`s, hi a`oir` qui r`kflo`ca r`kflo`caioti ioti risucti ivfhio ivfhiokf`h` kf`h` c` vir`kfh`h l, io su k`sl, c` e`csih`h hi su klokcusfûo plr `sá hispriohirsi oikis`rf`aioti hi c`s prfair`s (A`os, 06:=702).   ^lr igiapcl  @rjuaiotl ` klaprlb`r7 si hfki qui ic prfokfpfl prl mlafoi is uo prfokfpfl klostftukflo`c qui j`r`otfz` c` a`ylr prltikkfûo ` cls hirikmls mua`ols. 0ª prlplsfkfûo7 ic prfokfpfl prl mlafoi istà riklolkfhl plr ic `rtákucl 0· hi ouistr` K`rt` A`jo` 2ª prlplsfkfûo7 ic `rtákucl 0· klostftukflo`c sið`c` qui si hibi j`r`otfz`r c` a`ylr  prltikkfûo ` cls hirikmls mua`ols. Klokcusfûo hic `rjuaiotl7 cuijl iotlokis is vàcfhl sið`c`r qui ic prfokfpfl prl mlafoi is klostftukflo`c, j`r`otfz` c` a`ylr prltikkfûo ` cls hirikmls mua`ols.

@RJYAIOX@KFÛO ^RLB@BCI Io isti tfpl hi `rjuaiotls, c` r`kflo`cfh`h qui cciv`o io su istruktur` ol is `prikf`bci l iv`cu`bci elra`caioti, sûcl si virfefk` su v`cfhiz ku`ohl si istuhf`o fotijr`caioti, sfo `fsc`r c` elra` hi c` a`tirf` (Eiroàohiz, 2>007;:). Hfkml hi ltrl alhl, c` k`rj` virft`tfv` elra`c hi c`s prlplsfkflois hi istls `rjuaiotls ol m`ki oikis`rf` c` klokcusfûo (klal io c`s hialstr`tfv`s), sfol ÷ofk`aioti c`

 

m`ki prlb`bci, tlh` viz qui is oikis`rfl riaftfrols ` su klotiofhl p`r` m`kir uo ix`aio ixm`ustfvl hi v`cfhiz.   ^lr igiapcl ^`r` hialstr`r c` klafsfûo hic hicftl hi mlafkfhfl is oikis`rfl klaprlb`r ic kuirpl hic hicftl y c` prlb`bci risplos`bfcfh`h. Gu`o ^æriz tr`tû hi klaprlb`r ic kuirpl hic hicftl y c` prlb`bci risplos`bfcfh`h hi Cufs Jlozàciz klo tistfalof`cis y pirft`gis. ^lr cl t`otl, is prlb`bci qui ic guiz hi c` k`us` riklolzk` c` risplos`bfcfh`h pio`c hi Cufs Jlozàciz plr c` klafsfûo hic hicftl hi mlafkfhfl.

@RJYAIOX@KFÛO [LEF[XFK@ Io isti tfpl hi `rjuaiot`kfûo si utfcfz`o r`zlo`afiotls foklrriktls qui tfioio, `c aiols prfa` e`kfi, uo` `p`rfiokf` hi klrriktls (Eiroàohiz, 2>00), is hikfr, si sustiot` io c` utfcfz`kfûo hi c`s hiolafo`h`s e`c`kf`s y slefsa`s, c`s ku`cis ol iokuiotr`o gustfefk`kfûo virft`tfv`, of elra`c of a`tirf`caioti, plr cl qui su istuhfl ols piraftfrà klolkir kûal fhiotfefk`rc`s, klab`tfrc`s y klrrijfrc`s.   ^lr igiapcl Ic riprisiot`oti hic Igikutfvl Eihir`c hibi sir uo` pirslo` prip`r`h` plr qui is ic riprisiot`oti hic Igikutfvl Eihir`c.

YOFH@H 2 FOXRLHYKKFÛO @ C@ CÛJFK@ ALHIRO@

Fotrlhukkfûo

 

Ic usl hic pios`afiotl cûjfkl is uo `ktl euoh`aiot`c io c` vfh` hi cls fohfvfhuls, y` qui iotri ltr`s kls`s pirafti c` lrj`ofz`kfûo hic pios`afiotl, hi a`oir` t`c qui puih`o sir ist`bcikfh`s uo` sirfi hi elra`s hi `rjuaiot`kfûo qui e`kfcftio c` istruktur`kfûo hi cls klolkfafiotls y istáaucls hic klotixtl y qui rlhi`o c` vfh` hi cls sugitls4 plr iohi, cls `blj`hls ol slals ixkipkfûo ` ist` rijc`. Ku`ohl ist`bcikir uo` virh`h, hisi`als kloviokir ` uo  guiz, ` pritiohials uo a`jfstr`hl, ` uo `uhftlrfl, hiku`ohl qui ouistr` plstur` l ouistrl pios`afiotl pios`a fiotl is ic klrriktl, rikurrfals ` v`rf`s tækofk`s p`r` m`kircl7 c` ritûrf ritûrfk`, k`, ic r`zlo`afiotl l uo` sûcfh` `rjuaiot`kfûo4 tlhl istl, kc`rl istà, prisiot`ohl c` ivfhiokf` qui, io su k`sl, risp`chi cl isjrfafhl. Xlh`ss is Xlh` ist` t`ss el elra ra`s `s busk busk`o `o hi el eloh ohl l ivfh ivfhio iokf kf`r `r c` prl prlki kihi hiok okf` f` hi ou ouist istrl rl pios`afiotl4 sfo iab`rjl, slo cls `rjuaiotls cls qui ols piraftio k`us`r uo a`ylr kloviokfafiotl io ltr`s pirslo`s p`r` `kipt`r klal vàcfh` uo` fhi` ouistr`. ouistr `. Hishi cuijl qui ixfstio t`otl buiols klal a`cls `rjuaiotls4 `rjuaiotls4 is `quá io hlohi klaioz`als ` kuistflo`r ¼quæ is, iotlokis, cl qui m`ki qui uo `rjuaiotl si` buiol l a`cl< ^`r` h`r rispuist` `c `otirflr kuistflo`afiotl tioials qui `kuhfr, sfo huh` `cjuo`, ` c` cûjfk`, qui is c` ÷ofk` r`a` hic klolk kl olkfa fafi fiot otl l qu qui i ol olss pi pira raftfti i ist` ist`bc bcik ikir ir el elra ra`c `cai aiot oti i c` klr klrrik rikkf kfûo ûo hi cl clss `rjuaiotls.  @otis hi klotfou`r is oikis`rfl m`kir uo` prikfsfûo auy faplrt`oti `c rispiktl4 c` cûjfk`, io t`otl sfstia` hi virfefk`kfûo `rjuaiot`tfv`, ol busk` qui ic hfskursl istæ ist æ ccccio iol l hi bu buiol iolss `r `rjua juaiot iotls, ls, hib hibfh fhl l ` qu qui i c` k` k`cfcfefefk` k`tftfv` v` hi buio buiols ls is klap klapci cit` t`ai aiot oti i `r `rbf bftr tr`r `rf` f` y subg subgit itfv fv`4 `4 is pl plrr istl istl qu qui i c` cûjf cûjfk` k` bu busk sk` ` c` ic`blr`kfûo hi `rjuaiotls sûcfhls. Iotlok Iot okis is,, ¼q ¼quæ uæ k`r `r`k `kti tirf rfz` z` ` uo `r `rju jua aiot iotl sû sûccfhl fhl< Kl Kla al si ix ixpu pusl sl `otirflraioti, c` cûjfk` ol tr`t` hi k`cfefk`r sf uo `rjuaiotl is l ol klovfokioti, io ic siot siotfh fhl l qu qui i kla÷ kla÷oa oaio ioti ti is utfc utfcfz fz`h `hl l io c` ri ritû tûrf rfk` k`,, sfol sfol `q `qui uiccccls ls `rjuaiotls io hlohi c` klokcusfûo qui si ixploi hibi sir `kipt`h`, tlh` viz qui `sá si hispriohi oikis`rf`aioti hi sus priafs`s. Yo `rjuaiotl is klrriktl sf y sûcl sf sus priafs`s slo virh`hir`s4 plr cl t`otl, su klokcusfûo t`abfæo cl is4 is hikfr, qui uo `rjuaiotl is klrriktl sf ol si puihi pu ihi hi hispr sprio iohi hirr uo` uo` kl klok okcu cusf sfûo ûo e` e`cs cs` ` ` p` p`rt rtfr fr hi pri priaf afs` s`ss qu qui i m` m`o o sf sfhl hl k`cfcfefefk` k` k`h` h`ss hi vi virh` rh`hi hir`s r`s.. M`y M`y qu qui i ti tioi oirr aukml aukml kuf kufh` h`hl hl klo c` `e `efr fra` a`kf kfûo ûo `otirflr, tlh` viz qui of c`s priafs`s of c` klokcusfûo tfioio qui sir virh`hir`s p`r` qui ic `rjuaiotl si` elra`caioti klrriktl, y` qui puihi prisiot`rsi ic k`sl hi qui si tioj`o klokcusflois a`tirf`caioti e`cs`s, ` pis`r hi ist`r  istruktur`h`s hi a`oir` klrrikt`.

 

Is ist` uofh`h io hlohi klaioz`rials ` `hiotr`rols io ic uofvirsl hi c` cûjfk`, klal elra` hi istruktur`kfûo hic pios`afiotl y klal mirr`afiot` `pcfk`bci y sua`aioti fohfspios`bci hiotrl hic k`apl hi tr`b`gl hic hirikml.

LBGIXFUL ^@RXFKYC@R  @c tirafo`r c` uofh`h, ic `cuaol7  @o`cfz`rà c` elra`, efjur` y tærafol aihfl hi cls sfcljfsals `rfstltæcfkls, `sá klal c`s c`s it`p it`p`s `s pl plrr aihf aihfl l hi c`s c`s ku`c ku`cis is si pu puih ihi i hi hial alst str` r`rr c` klrr klrrik ikkf kfûo ûo i foklrrikkfûo hi `rjuaiotls, m`kfiohl usl hi t`bc`s hi virh`h.

CÛJFK@ ^RL^L[FKFLO@C, HI KY@OXFEFK@KFÛO V HI KC@[I[ [f [f,, pl plrr igia igiapc pcl, l, kl klo o ic ri riku ku`h `hrl rl hi c` fzqu fzqufi firh rh` ` vfol fol ` su aio iotti qu qui i prlb`bciaiot prlb`bc iaioti i v` ` cclvir y klo ic hi c` hirikm` qui oikis`rf`ai oikis`rf`aioti oti si tr`t` hi c` elra`kfûo hic `ju`, iccl qufiri hikfr qui istà m`kfiohl foeiriokf`s klrrikt`s. Io ji jioi oir` r`c,c, si tfio tfioi i c` fhi` fhi` hi qu qui i ic sir sir mu mua` a`ol ol klot klotfo fou` u`ai aiot oti i ri ri`c `cfz fz` ` foei foeiri riok okf` f`s, s, i fokc fokcus usl l si hfki hfki qui, qui, `u `uoq oqui ui hi elra elra` ` au auyy icia iciaio iot` t`c,c, su pios`afiotl is cûjfkl. Ic pios`afiotl cûjfkl is auy faplrt`oti io c` vfh` hi cls siris mua`ols y io ispikf`c ispikf `c hi ustih klal istuhf`ot istuhf`oti4 i4 cls cfbrls istào cciols hi `rjuaio `rjuaiotls, tls, y` qui io iccls si pritiohi euoh`aiot`r l gustfefk`r c`s fhi`s hi cls `utlris. V` io c` pràktfk` ustih hibirà hieiohir sus plstur`s rispiktl ` hfvirsls k`sls ` p`rtfr hi `rjua `r juaio iotl tls, s, pi pirl rl ¼k ¼kûa ûal l pu puih ihi i s`b s`bir ir qu qui i uo `r `rju juai aiot otl l si m` ixpr ixpris` is`hl hl klrrikt klrr ikt`ai `aioti oti007 22=).

KY@OHL @ is virh`hir` I is e`cs` F is virh`hir` L is e`cs`

Ku`ohl I is virh`hir`  @ is e`cs` F is e`cs` L is virh`hir`

Ku`ohl F is virh`hir` I is e`cs`  @ y L slo fohitirafo`h`s

Ku`ohl L is virh`hir`  @ is e`cs` I y F slo fohitirafo`h`s

Ku`ohl @ is e`cs` L is virh`hir` I y F slo fohitirafo`h`s

Ku`ohl I is e`cs` F is virh`hir`  @ y L slo fohitirafo`h`s

Ku`ohl F is e`cs`  @ is e`cs`

 

I is virh`hir` L is virh`hir`

Ku`ohl L is e`cs`  @ is e`cs` I is e`cs` F is virh`hir` Ui`als `mlr` cls sfjufiotis igiapcls p`r` qui tioj` a`ylr kc`rfh`h rispiktl hi c`s ric`kflois cûjfk`s hic ku`hrl hi lplsfkfûo iotri c`s prlplsfkflois.  

Klal y` m` istuhf`hl, c`s prlplsfkflois k`tijûrfk`s istàoh`r slo hi ku`trl tfpls (@, I, F, L), y io icc`s utfcfz`als uo tærafol sugitl ([) y uol prihfk`hl (^). Hfkm`s prlplsf prlp lsfkflo kflois is puih puihio io kloelr kloelra`r a`r uo sfcljf sfcljfsal sal l `rj `rjuai uaiotl otl44 `cj `cjuo` uo`ss hi icc`s icc`s `kt÷`o klal priafs`s, y sfrvio hi b`si l `plyl ` ltr` cc`a`h` klokcusfûo, qui si foef oefiri iri hi c`s pr prfa fair ir`s `s.. @sfa @sfaffsa sal, l, is fa fap plr lrtt`o `otti m` m`ki kirrci ol oltt`r qu qui i `hfkflo`caioti ` cls tærafols sugitl y prihfk`hl, io cls sfcljfsals utfcfz`rials uo tærafol cc`a`hl tærafol aihfl –A‑. Isti tæ Isti tæra rafo fol l ai aihf hfl l tftfio ioi i uo uo` ` fa faplr plrt` t`ok okf` f` ai aihuc huc`r `r hio hiotr trl l hi hicc sf sfcl cljf jfsa sal l l `rjuaiotl, `rjuaio tl, puistl qui plr uo` p`rti is ic ioc`ki iotri `ab`s priafs priafs`s, `s, y plr c` ltr`, `p`riki io c`s priafs`s y his`p`riki io c` klokcusfûo. Ui`als `cjuols igiapcls.

 

^lr igiapcl Ofoj÷o prlpfit`rfl is `rrioh`t`rfl. Xlhls cls lkup`otis slo `rrioh`t`rfls. Ofoj÷o lkup`oti is prlpfit`rfl.

M`brà olt`hl qui ic tærafol aihfl io cls igiapcls `otirflris lkup` uo cuj`r  hfstfotl, hi t`c a`oir` qui hipiohfiohl hi su ubfk`kfûo is plsfbci klostrufr  ku`t ku `trl rl sf sfcl cljf jfsa sals ls hfei hfeiri riot otis is qu qui i si klr klrris rispl plohi ohio o kl klo o c` c`ss efefju jur`s r`s pr prfa fair ir`, `, sijuoh`, tirkir` y ku`rt`. Ui`als ` klotfou`kfûo io quæ klosfstio7

EFJYR@[ HI YO [FCLJF[AL

C@[ 06 ELRA@[ @RF[XLXÆCFK@[ Hi c` klabfo`kfûo hi c`s ku`trl efjur`s qui si ci prisiot`rlo `otirflraioti, tioials 298 tfpls hi sfcljfsals, pirl hi `kuirhl klo c`s rijc`s `rfstltæcfk`s hi c` cûjfk`, si rihukio ` 06 elra`s qui virials ` klotfou`kfûo7

 

Klal si puhl h`r kuiot` `c rivfs`r c`s 06 elra`s `rfstltæcfk`s, æst`s m`o sfhl olabr`h`s hi t`c a`oir` qui, m`kfiohl uo igirkfkfl hi oialtikof`, puih`o sir  riklrh`h`s klo a`ylr e`kfcfh`h. Rivfsials kûal is qui cls olabris hi hfkm`s elra`s ols h`o kuiot` hic alhl `c qui klrrisplohio.

 

FAÀJIOI[ IO C@ K@R^IX@ HI YOFH@H 2 ^RFOKF^FL[ CLJFKL[ Riklrhials ¼Rikuirh` quæ slo cls prfokfpfls cûjfkls< [ij÷o A`rá` Icio` Km`p` (06:07 8>-8=), cls prfokfpfls cûjfkls slo `efra`kflois hi v`cfhiz uofvirs`c qui m`kio plsfbci ic pios`afiotl afsal. Xris hi iccls euirlo pc`oti`hls plr @rfstûticis y slo cls sfjufiotis7 ^rfokfpfl hi ol klotr`hfkkfûo Hi `kuirhl klo isti prfokfpfl, ofojuo` prlplsfkfûo io ic afsal cuj`r y io ic afsal alaiotl puihi sir e`cs` y virh`hir` ` c` viz. ^rfokfpfl hic tirkirl ixkcusl Hi `kuirhl klo isti prfokfpfl, tlh` prlplsfkfûo is, l bfio virh`hir`, l bfio e`cs`. ^rfokfpfl hi fhiotfh`h Hi `kuirhl klo isti prfokfpfl tlh` prlplsfkfûo virh`hir` is virh`hir`. ¼Rikuirh` kuàc is ic prfokfpfl e`ct`oti< ^`r` riklrh`r aàs `c rispiktl ci sujirfals qui rivfsi cls sfjufiotis a`tirf`cis7 Hf K`strl, Icfs`bitt` (kllrh.), –Aûhucl 0. R`zlo`afiotl cûjfkl‑, Klolkfafiotls eu euoh oh`a `aio iot` t`ci ciss hi efefcl clsl sleá eá`, `, vl vlc.c. F, Aæ Aæxf xfkl kl,, YO YO@A @A/A /AkJ kJr`w r`w-M -Mfcfcc,c, Kl Klci cikk kkfû fûo o Klolkfafiotls Euoh`aiot`cis, 2>>5, io mttp7//www.klolkfafiotlseuoh`aiot`cis.uo`a.ax /vlc0/efclslef`/fohix.mtac#

hfsplofbci

J`rká`, I Ih hu`rhl, –C –Cls ls pr prfo fokf kfpf pfls ls gu gurá ráhf hfkls kls hi kl klot otr` r`hf hfkk kkfû fûo o y hi ti tirki rkirl rl ixkcufhl‑, ixkcuf hl‑, –Ic prfokf prfokfpfl pfl hi r`zûo suefkfioti‑, suefkfioti‑, –Ic prfokf prfokfpfl pfl guráhfkl hi fhiotf fhiotfh`h h`h y ic euoh`aiotl lotlcûjfkl hi cls prfokfpfls cûjfkl guráhfkls suprials‑ , Fotrlhukkfûo ` c` cûjfk` guráhfk`, 2ª ih., Aæxfkl, Klcleûo, 06=6, pp. 29-8; y 020-09;. ^rfokfpfls Cûjfkls mttp7//www.lbgitls.uo`a.ax/cljfk` /prfokfpflsCljfkls[uprials/fohix.mtac.. /prfokfpflsCljfkls[uprials/fohix.mtac

[uprials,

 

CÛJFK@ ALHIRO@ L [FABÛCFK@ Io ic tia` `otirflr istuhfû c` cûjfk` kcàsfk` l `rfstltæcfk`, y ` klotfou`kfûo fofkf`rà klo ic istuhfl hi c` cûjfk` alhiro` l sfabûcfk`. Is prikfsl qui tioj` kc`rl qui io c` cûjfk` sfabûcfk` si m`ki usl hi uo sfstia` cûjfkl alhirol io ic qui si `o`cfz`o cls afsals klokiptls, pirl klo uo tr`t`afiotl sfabûcfkl.  @c fju`c qui io c` cûjfk` `rfstltæcfk`, io ist` cûjfk` si us`o prlplsfkflois (cc`a`hls iouokf`hls sfapcis, alcikuc`ris l `tûafkls), pirl ol oikis`rf`aioti p`r` m`kir `cusfûo ` uo` cûjfk` hi kc`sis, sfol p`r` hiskla hisklaploir ploir ic cioju`gi io iouokf`hls sfapcis y cljr`r uo `oàcfsfs cûjfkl hic cioju`gi. C` cûj cûjfk` fk` kcà kcàsfk sfk` ` l `rf `rfstl stltæc tæcfk` fk` tuv tuvl l `cj `cjuol uolss prl prlbci bcia`s a`s cûj cûjfkl fklss fotirol fotirols4 s4 plr  igiapcl, ol klotiapc` ic usl hi sfcljfsals klohfkflo`cis4 c` kûpuc` –is‑ puihi rieirfrsi ` qui uo` kc`si istà l ol klotiofh` io ltr`, i fju`caioti p`r` fohfk`r  qui uo` prlpfih`h ci is `trfb `trfbufbci ufbci l ol `c sugitl4 plr iccl, cls cûjfkls kri`rlo uo` cûjfk` hfstfot` cc`a`h` cûjfk` alhiro` l sfabûcfk`. C` cûjf cûjfk` k` is alhi alhi hiro ro` ` qui pr prlk lkih ihi i pr prfa fair irl l `rjuai ` fhio fhiotf tfefefk` k`r r c`s c`s ls. kloi kloikt fv`s `s hi cûjf cûjfk` k`ss euoh`aiot`c euoh`a iot`cis c`s hipioh hipiohio io cls `rjuaiotls otls hihuktfv hihuktfvls. @ ktfv p`rtfr is`s kloi kloikt ktfv fv`s `s si leri leriki ki uo` uo` ixpc ixpcfk fk`k `kfû fûo o jioi jioir` r`cc hi istl istlss `r `rju juai aiot otls ls y si his`rrlcc`o cls aætlhls p`r` ploir ` pruib` su v`cfhiz. @cjuols aætlhls slo c`s t`bc`s t`bc`s hi virh virh`h `h y ic aæt aætlhl lhl hi hihukk hihukkfûo fûo,, qui ust ustih ih ist istuhf uhf`rà `rà io ist ist` ` uofh`h. Io ic cioju`gi o`tur`c, is hikfr, ic qui `priohials hishi ofðls y qui io ouistrl k`sl is ic isp`ðlc y prlb`bciaioti p`r` `cjuols hi ustihis si` ic oàmu`tc, ltlaá u ltrl ltrl,, er erik ikuio uioti tiai aiot oti i ut utfcfcfz fz`a `als ls io iouo uokf kf`h `hls ls sfap sfapci ciss y kl klap apui uist stls ls.. Cl Clss iouokf`hls sfapcis, t`abfæo cc`a`hls `tûafkls, slo `quiccls qui, ` su viz, ol puihio hisklaploirsi io ltrl4 plr igiapcl, ic há` istà ccuvflsl, ic klotr`tl is vàcfcfhl và hl,, c` si siot otio iokf kf` ` ol is kl kloe oelra lrai i ` hirik hirikml ml,, itkæ itkæti tir`. r`. ^lr su p`rt p`rti, i, cl clss iouo io uokf kf`h `hls ls klap klapui uist stls ls slo slo c` uo uofû fûo o hi hl hlss l aà aàss io iouo uokf kf`h `hls ls sfap sfapci cis, s, `rtfkuc`hls plr `cj÷o kloiktlr4 plr igiapcl, ic klotr`tl is vàcfhl –y‑ c` siotiokf` ol is kloelrai ` hirikml4 ic klotr`tl is vàcfhl –l‑ c` siotiokf` ol is kloelrai ` hirikml4 –sf‑ ic klotr`tl is vàcfhl, –iotlokis‑ c` siotiokf` ol is kloelrai ` hirikml4 ic klotr`tl is vàcfhl, –sf y sûcl sf‑ c` siotiokf` ol is kloelrai ` hirikml, itkæ it kæti tir` r`.. Kl Klal al pu puhl hl vi vir, r, cl clss io iouok uokf` f`hls hls kl klap apui uist stls ls istào istào uo uofh fhls ls plr plr cl clss kloiktlris –y‑, –l‑, –sf…, iotlokis‑ y –sf y sûcl sf‑. K`bi hist`k`r qui ic cioju`gi o`tur`c prisiot` lskurfh`h io sus klokiptls, v`juih`h y `abfjóih`h, plr cl qui si buskû qui c` cûjfk` sfabûcfk` euir` aàs lbgitfv` y sfo cuj`r ` istls prlbcia`s, y si kriû uo cioju`gi cûjfkl-`rtfefkf`c qui y` istuhf`rials aàs `hic`oti.

 

^lr cl qui rispikt` ` cls iouokf`hls sfapcis, puihio sir virh`hirls l e`csls, hipiohfiohl hi c` cûjfk` a`tirf`c qui `sá cl istfai, pirl tr`tàohlsi hi sfcljfsals l `rjuaiotls, puihio sir v`cfhls (klrriktls) l fovàcfhls (foklrriktls), sij÷o su klrri klr ric` c`kf kfûo ûo l ol kl klo o c` istr istruk uktu tur` r` hi pi pios` os`af afio iotl tl qu qui i ist` ist`bc bciz izk` k` c` cû cûjf jfk` k` elra`c utfcfz`h`. Hi t`c suirti qui si puihi h`r ic k`sl qui istials `oti c` prisiokf` hi `rjuaiotls e`csls, pirl elra`caioti klrriktls (@), y `c klotr`rfl, elra elra`c `cai aiot oti i fokl foklrr rrik iktl tls, s, pi pirl rl a` a`ti tirf rf`c `cai aiot oti i virh virh`h `hir irls ls (B (B). ). Ui`a Ui`als ls ` klotfou`kfûo cls sfjufiotis igiapcls.

@

B

 

Klal m`brà plhfhl olt`r, io ic sfcljfsal –@‑ tioials uo `rjuaiotl elra`caioti klrriktl, klrrikt l, pirl c` klokcusfû klokcusfûo o is a`tirf`cai a`tirf`caioti oti e`cs`, tlh` viz qui c` foticfjio foticfjiokf` kf` l ol hi Gu`o ol hipiohi ÷ofk`aioti hi qui kla` k`roi hf`rfl. ^lr su p`rti, ic sfcljfsal –B‑ is elra`caioti klrriktl y a`tirf`caioti virh`hirl, cl qui cl m`ki uo `rjuaiotl sûcfhl, sfiohl ic k`sl qui c` cûjfk` y c` `rjuaiot`kfûo guráhfk` busk`o qui ouist ouistrls rls `rjuai `rjuaiotls otls ixpris`hls io c` kltfhf`ofh kltfhf`ofh`h `h prleis prleisflo`c flo`c si`o hi isti tfpl, is hikfr, sûcfhls. Io ltr`s p`c`br`s, qui c` klokcusfûo si sfj` hi sus priafs`s, y qui tlh`s, priafs`s y klokcusfûo, istæo guráhfk`aioti euoh`aiot`h`s hiotrl hic lrhio`afiotl guráhfkl vfjioti.  

CIOJY@GI CÛJFKL-@RXFEFKF@C Klal y` vfals, ixfstio hls tfpls hi cioju`gi, ic o`tur`c y ic `rtfefkf`c4 æsti ÷ctfal is iapci`hl plr v`rf`s hfskfpcfo`s, t`cis klal c` quáafk`, c`s a`tiaàtfk`s y, plr  supuistl, c` cûjfk`. Isti cioju`gi eui kri`hl plr ic mlabri klo c` efo`cfh`h hi klosijufr a`ylr lbgitfvfh`h y uofvirs`cfh`h io ic `oàcfsfs hi `rjuaiotls. ^`r` qui iotioh`als hi aiglr a`oir` io quæ klosfsti c` cûjfk` sfabûcfk`, rivfsials cls sfjufiotis p`sls p`r` ri`cfz`r uo `oàcfsfs elra`c hi cls `rjuaiotls y vi`als kûal cls plhials `pcfk`r ` igiapcls klokritls.

 

[FCLJÁ[XFK@ @RF[XLXÆCFK@ Klal mials vfstl, c` sfcljástfk` `rfstltæcfk` is uo sfstia` hiotrl hi c` cûjfk` qui si b`s` b`s` io ic usl usl hi hicc cc`a cc`a`h `hl l sfcl sfcljf jfsa sal4 l4 is hi hikf kfr, r, pl plrr aihf aihfl l hi hicc usl usl hi hicc r`zlo`a r`zl o`afiot fiotl l hih hihukt uktfvl fvl klo kloelr elra`h a`hl l plr hls prlpls prlplsfkf fkfloi loiss qui euo euojio jio kla klal l priafs`s, si puihi ccij`r ` uo` tirkir` qui kuapci c` euokfûo hi klokcusfûo. [`bials, hi fju`c a`oir`, qui c`s prlplsfkflois l `rjuaiotls puihio sir  ist`bcikfhls hi hfvirs`s a`oir`s4 plr cl t`otl, is oikis`rfl s`bir c` elra` hi lrj`ofz`kfûo `ktu`c hi cls sfcljfsals, cl qui `hiaàs ci `yuh`rà io c` ri`cfz`kfûo hi ist` `ktfvfh`h.

@OÀCF[F[ ELRA@C HI @RJYAIOXL[ Klal y` m` istuhf`hl, plr aihfl hic cioju`gi `rtfefkf`c plhials ri`cfz`r ic `oàcfsfs hi `rjuaiotls klo a`ylr lbgitfvfh`h y uofvirs`cfh`h. Is prikfsl riklrh`r qui p`r` ri`cfz`r hfkml `oàcfsfs si riqufiri cciv`r ` k`bl ku`trl it`p`s7    

Hisklaploir ic cioju`gi io iouokf`hls sfapcis io siotfhl `efra`tfvl.  @sfjo`r v`rf`bcis. [fablcfz`r ic cioju`gi o`tur`c. Hialstr`r su klrrikkfûo/foklrrikkfûo.

YOFH@H ; FOXRLHYKKFÛO  C` prisioti Yofh`h si tftuc` C` `pcfk`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` io ic hirikml, tlh` viz qui `c tla`r io kuiot` ic his`rrlccl hic klotiofhl hi c` afsa`, `sá klal su olabri lrfjfo`c Cûjfk` Guráhfk`, si klosfhirû lplrtuol rihiefofrc` hi t`c alhl qui ci piraftfir` hfeiriokf`r, sfo cuj`r ` huh`s, ic klotiofhl hi c` a`tirf` y c` `sfjo`tur`. C` `pcfk`kfûo hi c` cûjfk`, si tlro` uo rieirioti oikis`rfl ol slcl hi hitirafo`hl k`apl hi istuhfl, sfol hi c` kuctur` lkkfhiot`c. ^lr iccl, sf si qufiri klolkir su `pcfk`kfûo io uo klotixtl ispikáefkl klal ic guráhfkl, si riqufiri, io uo prfair  tæ tæra rafo fol, l, io iotr tr`r `r ` su el elrau rauc` c`kf kfûo ûo istr istrfk fkt` t` kl klal al kfio kfiokf kf` ` fo fohi hipio piohf hfiot ioti i y, io sijuohl cuj`r, fhiotfefk`r c` klaplsfkfûo hi c` prlpf` istruktur` hic hirikml.

 

[ijur`aioti ustih p`rt` hi hfvirs`s fotirrlj`otis slbri ic tia`, t`cis klal ¼hi quæ ai sfrvi istuhf`r cûjfk` io ic hirikml>67 6-2>). Ui`als hi quæ a`oir` si cciv` ` k`bl hfkm` vfokuc`kfûo7

C@ @RJYAIOX@KFÛO V [Y[ U@RFIH@HI[

 

 @ pis`r hi ol sir prlpfl hi c` prisioti a`tirf`, tioials qui rikurrfr briviaioti `c `oàcfsfs hi cls `rjuaiotls p`r` klapriohir hi uo` aiglr elra` cl m`st` `mlr` ixpuistl. @sá, tioials cl sfjufioti7

Hiefo`als @rjuaiotl Klosfsti io c` ixprisfûo l a`ofeist`kfûo ixtiro` hi uo r`zlo`afiotl, klo ic lbgitl hi suskft`r io su àofal c` klovfkkfûo hi c` virh`h hi `quæc (A`os, 06:=702). Ic `rju `rjuai aiot otl l si a`of a`ofefefis ist` t` klo klo r` r`zl zloi oiss hi virh virh`h `h l hi e`cs e`csih ih`h `h hi uo uo` ` prlp prlpls lsfk fkfû fûo. o. Ic klog kloguo uotl tl hi isls isls `r `rju juai aiot otls ls tioh tiohfi fiot otis is ` uo uo` ` efo` efo`cfcfh` h`h h hiti hi tira rafo fo`h `h` ` si hio hiola lafo fo` ` `r `rju jua aiot` iot`kf kfûo ûo.. Hir irfv fv`h `hl l hi c` til ilrá rá` ` hi c` `rjuaiot`kfûo si puihi hikfr qui æst` is c` pritiosfûo hi kloviokir `c lyioti hi c` vir`kfh`h l e`csih`h hi uo` prlplsfkfûo h`h` (A`os, 06:=702).  @sfafsal, si hfki qui is c` pri pritiosfûo tiosfûo hi kloviokir `c lyioti hi c` vir`kfh`h l e`csih`h hi uo` prlplsfkfûo h`h`, pirl æst` is y` uo` hiefofkfûo prlpf` hi c` tilrá` hi c` `rjuaiot`kfûo. Klosfh Klos fhir iria ials ls qu qui i c` `r `rju jua aiot iot`k `kffûo gur urááhfk` hfk` is c` `k `kkf kfûo ûo hi elra elrauc uc`r  `r  r`zlo`afiotls klo pruib`s y gustfefk`kflois k`p`kis hi kloviokir ` `cjufio hi qui si riklolzk` uo hirikml `giol qui ol riklolki, l hi pirsu`hfr ` `cjufio hi qui rispiti uo hirikml `giol qui pritiohi fjolr`r. Hi c` `otirflr ixprisfûo sið`c`rials qui cls iciaiotls qui m`kio plsfbci ` c` `rjuaiot`kfûo slo c` ixfstiokf` hi uo hfskursl4 ` s`bir7  



C`s priafs`s virh`hir`s l prlb`bcis. Cls `rjuaiotls l r`zlois qui m`kio qui c`s priafs`s si`o virh`hir`s l prlb`bcis. C` klokcusfûo.

 @mlr` bfio, `hiaàs hi c` kc`sfefk`kfûo qui ixfsti hi cls `rjuaiotls io ric`kfûo klo sus k`r k`r`kt `ktirá irástf stfk`s k`s prl prlpf`s pf`s,, ols olsltr ltrls ls hfs hfstfo tfojuf jufria rials ls sus v`rf`ot v`rf`otis, is, p`r p`r` ` ieiktls hi c` riciv`okf` hic tia` klo c` cûjfk`, hi kloelrafh`h klo cls efois qui si pirsfjuio io c` `rjuaiot`kfûo guráhfk`4 `sá, Ju`stfof (06667 2:-2=) sið`c` cl sfjufioti7

 

C@[ OLRA@[ GYRÁHFK@[ V [Y[ KC@[I[ Klal si m` vfstl m`st` `mlr`, ic klolkfafiotl hi c` cûjfk` is prfalrhf`c p`r` c` kri`kfûo hi olra`s, ciyis, rijc`aiotls y hiaàs olra`s guráhfk`s, tlh` viz qui h` klmiriokf` y kirtfhuabri `c a`oh`tl y ` c`s klosikuiokf`s qui hi æst`s si hispriohio, c` ku`cis, io su a`ylrá`, si iokuiotr`o risp`ch`h`s plr c` euirz` hic Ist`hl io k`sl hi uo fokuapcfafiotl (Ikm`vi, 2>>=7 022). ^irl ¼sûcl is plsfbci pios`r io uo` olra` klo b`si io c` hiskrfpkfûo `otis rieirfh`< Is kc`rl qui ol is suefkfioti ic `kirk`afiotl hiskrfptfvl ri`cfz`hl io ic prfair pàrr`el, pirl p`r` iotiohir ist` kuistfûo si hibio `o`cfz`r c`s v`rf`otis qui c`s olra`s prisiot`o. Yo prfair `kirk`afiotl oikis`rfl p`r` tioir io kc`rl c`s kc`sis hi olra`s  guráhfk`s ixfstiotis i xfstiotis is klolkir su klotiofhl io rric`kfûo ic`kfûo klo su a`ofeist`kfûo4 io ltr`s p`c`br`s, sf uo` olra` klotiapc` uo` `kkfûo l uo` lafsfûo. OLRA@[ HI @KKFLO Klotiapc`o klohukt`s hi m`kir, klal p`j`r fapuistls

OLRA@[ HI LAF[FLO Klotiapc`o `kkflois hi ol m`kir, klal ol hfskrfafo`r.  @mlr` bfio, p`r` iotiohir klrrikt`aioti c`s kc`sis hi olra`s guráhfk`s ixfstiotis, hibials riaftfrols `c tia` hi c` cûjfk` hiûotfk`. Riklrhials qui c`s olra`s guráhfk`s slo rijc`s hi klohukt` hfkt`h`s plr uo plhir cijátfal p`r` rijuc`r c` klohukt` mua`o`, c`s ku`cis priskrfbio uo` prlmfbfkfûo, pirafsfûo,

 

lbcfj`k lbcf j`kfû fûo o l uo uo` ` –e –e`k `kuc uct` t`tftfvf vfh` h`h‑ h‑ hi hi hiti tira rafo fo`h `h`s `s kl klohu ohukt kt`s `s fo fohf hfvf vfhu hu`c `cis is l slkf`cis4 `sá, plhials ist`bcikir cl sfjufioti7

C@[ ^RL^L[FKFLOI[ GYRÁHFK@[7 KC@[I[ V K@R@KXIRÁ[XFK@[ C`s pr C`s prlpl lplsf sfkf kflo lois is ol olra ra`t `tfv fv`s `s sl slo o `e `efra fra`kf `kflo lois is `k `kirk irk` ` hi c` c`ss ol olra ra`s `s44 sl slo o hiskr hi skrfp fptftfv` v`ss y, plr ioh iohi, i, vi virh rh`hi `hir` r`ss l e` e`cs cs`s `s.. Is hik hikfr fr,, c` c`ss pr prlp lplsf lsfkf kfloi loiss olra`tfv`s slo virh`hir`s l e`cs`s, pirl ol priskrfbio o`h` y, io klosikuiokf`, ol slo of vàcfh`s of fovàcfh`s y ol puihio sir lbihikfh`s of vflc`h`s (Ikm`vi, 2>>=7 ;:-;=). Hi ist` elra`, si puihi ist`bcikir c` sfjufioti kc`sfefk`kfûo hi c`s prlplsfkflois  guráhfk`s  

 

C@ CÛJFK@ GYRÁHFK@, [Y[ ^IKYCF@RFH@HI[ V ^RIXIO[FLOI[ ^lhials ist`bcikir `mlr` qui c` prfokfp`c tiohiokf` qui tfioi c` `kipkfûo cûjfk`  guráhfk` is io ric`kfûo klo c` `pcfk`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` io tlhls cls àabftls guráhfkls, y` si` aihf`oti c` lbsirv`kfûo hi sus prfokfpfls y/l hi sus aætlhls, y` qui istl ols pirafti ieikt ieiktu`r u`r c`s hirfv`kflois hihuktfv`s hihuktfv`s io ic pios`a pios`afiotl fiotl guráhfkl. @sá, plhials hispriohir pritiosflois hi c` cûjfk` guráhfk`4 ` s`bir7

 

C@ ELRA@CFW@KFÛO HI C@[ ^RL^L[FKFLOI[ GYRÁHFK@[

 

C`s prlplsfkflois olra`tfv`s lerikio foelra`kfûo slbri ic ist`tus hi kfirt`s `kkfl `kk floi oiss l is ist` t`hls hls hi c` c`ss kls kls`s `s44 io iouo uokf kf`o `o qu qui i uo` `kk `kkfû fûo o is lbcf lbcfj` j`tl tlrf rf`, `, prlmfbfh`, piraftfh` l e`kuct`tfv`, kuy` vir`kfh`h si prisiot` sf y sûcl sf c` `kkfûo io kuistfûo tfioi c` prlpfih`h hi sir lbcfj`tlrf`, prlmfbfh` l piraftfh`. C` elra`cfz`kfûo cûjfk` hi c`s prlplsfkflois guráhfk`s si prisiot` ku`ohl si fotrlhuki ieiktfv`aioti c` prlplsfkfûo guráhfk` io ic klotiofhl olra`tfvl, io ic ku`c si hibi sið`c`r ixpris`aioti c` ric`kfûo iotri ic sugitl y c` klohukt` rijuc`h`, prikfs`ohl cl sfjufioti7

C@ @]FLA@XFW@KFÛO HI C@[ ^RL^L[FKFLOI[ GYRÁHFK@[ Ic sfstia` hi `xfla`s si klaploi hi c`s priafs`s guráhfk`s klo qui kuiot` k`h` sfstia` olra`tfvl p`r` c` hihukkfûo hi cls ieiktls guráhfkls qui si hisi`o, cl qui qu i cl klovf klovfirt irti i io uo sfst sfstia ia` ` slefs slefstftfk` k`hl hl ti tioh ohfi fiot oti i ` c` klapc klapcit itftftuh uh y c` klmiriokf`, y` qui tr`t` hi ivft`r klotr`hfkkflois io su klotiofhl. Cls `xfla`s aàs faplrt`otis io c`s prlplsfkflois guráhfk`s elra`cfz`h`s slo7

 

¼Uirh`h io ic hirikml< (elrl)

 

C` cûjfk` kcàsfk` m` tr`b`g`hl ` cl c`rjl hi c` mfstlrf` klo euokflois virft`tfv`s prihfk`h`s ÷ofk`aioti slbri iouokf`hls hiskrfptfvls4 is hikfr, slbri `quiccls qui puihio sir suskiptfbcis hi sir virh`hirls l e`csls. [fo iab`rjl, c` olra`, klal lbgitl hi istuhfl hi c` cûjfk` io ic hirikml, hirikml, ¼puihi sir suskiptfbc suskiptfbci i hi sir  virh`hir` l e`cs`< Isti kuistflo`afiotl, `p`riotiaioti siokfccl, klohfkflo` uo sfoeáo hi pc`oti`afiotls slbri c` `pcfk`kfûo hi c` cûjfk` io ic hirikml.

Fhiotfefk`kfûo hi olra`s guráhfk`s Yo` hi c`s utfcfh`his aàs t`ojfbcis y prlhuktfv`s hi c` cûjfk` io ic hirikml, io istrfktl siotfhl, hi c` cûjfk` hiûotfk`, is c` fhiotfefk`kfûo hi c`s olra`s qui elra`o p`rti hic sfstia`. Istl ol sûcl si tr`huki io ubfk`r ieiktfv`aioti cls lpir`hlris hiûotfkls qui fotirvfioio io hitirafo`h` olra`, sfol qui tr`skfiohi ` istl, y` qui t`c t`ri` is p`rti euoh`aiot`c p`r` ispikfefk`r lplrtuo`aioti t`otl cls cls `ck` `ck`ok okis is hi c` olra olra`, `, klal klal cls cls aih ihfl flss pl plrr cls cls ku`c ku`cis is æst` æst` v` ` sir  sir  j`r`otfz`h` plr cls sugitls lbcfj`hls ` su lbsirv`okf`. ^lr iccl, `c ri`cfz`r c` sfjufioti `ktfvfh`h, ustih `sfafc`rà `hiku`h`aioti t`c istruktur` `slkf`tfv` iotri c`s olra`s y su klaplsfkfûo fotirprit`tfv`.

YOFH@H 9 Kri`kfûo hi c`s Olra`s Guráhfk`s Fotrlhukkfûo ¼Kûal is plsfbci qui c` cûjfk` puih` fotirviofr io uo prlkisl guráhfkl t`o tækofkl klal klal cl is c` ic`b ic`blr lr`k `kfû fûo o hi ol olra ra`s `s< < [i [iju jur` r`ai aiot oti i æst` æst` si` si` uo uo` ` hi c`s c`s prfokfp`cis foqufituhis qui si tioj` `c klaioz`r ic istuhfl hi c` uofh`h io kuist ku istfû fûo4 o4 p`r` p`r` ris rispl ploh ohir irc` c`,, ol k`b k`bi i hu huh` h` qu qui i is oi oiki kis`r s`rfl fl ria riaftftfr frols ols ` cl istuhf`hl m`st` isti alaiotl io c` `sfjo`tur`.  @ cl c`rjl hic prisioti kursl, mials `priohfhl c`s mirr`afiot`s bàsfk`s p`r` istruktur`r istrukt ur`r ouistrl pios`afiot pios`afiotl l hi elra` cûjfk cûjfk`4 `4 sfo iab`rj iab`rjl, l, is io ist` uofh` uofh`h h qui iapiz`rials ` kloslcfh`r ouistrl klolkfafiotl hi c` cûjfk` klo ic hirikml, puis klapriohirials kc`r`aioti kûal fotirvfioi c` prfair` io ic prlkisl hi kri`k kri `kfû fûo, o, hiti hitira rafo fo`kf `kfûo ûo y `p `pcfcfk` k`kf kfûo ûo hi c` c`ss olr olra` a`ss gu gurá ráhf hfk`s k`s,, kl klolk olkfa fafi fiot otl l fohfspios`bci p`r` c` euokfûo hi tlhl gurfst`. Cl `otirflr si virà riecig`hl `c `o`cfz`r hit`cc`h`aioti `ktfvfh`his, t`cis klal ic sfcljfsal guhfkf`c, elra`cfsal qui si prisiot` io c` lpir`tfvfh`h hi c` tla` hi

 

hikfsflois plr ic guzj`hlr, `sá klal c` fotirprit`kfûo hi hfstfotls iouokf`hls olra`tfvls plr p`rti hi cls hfstfotls guikis hi prfair` y sijuoh` fost`okf`, fokcusl plr c` prlpf` [upria` Klrti hi Gustfkf` hi c` O`kfûo, klo c` fotiokfûo hi ivfhiokf`r c` euokflo`cfh`h hi cls klolkfafiotls `hqufrfhls io c` ic`blr`kfûo hi olra`s jioir`cis y p`rtfkuc`ris.

LBGIXFUL ^@RXFKYC@R  @ cl c`rjl hi ist` uofh`h, ustih7 Fhiotfefk`rà cls `spiktls qui kloelra`o c` kri`kfûo hi uo` olra`, y` si` jioir`c l p`rtfkuc`r, sus tfpls y su `pcfk`kfûo io ic k`apl hic hirikml y c` gurfspruhiokf`4 `sá klal c` hiefofkfûo hi mikmls y pruib`s io ic àabftl guráhfkl.  

KRI@KFÛO HI C@[ OLRA@[ GYRÁHFK@[ C` jæoisfshihic l hi c`s olra`s guráhfk`s7 kri`kfûo, hitirafo`kfûo y `pcfk`kfûo c`s hirikml olra`s guráhfk`s Yo` olra` is, hi `kuirhl klo Ufcclrl Xlr`ozl, –uo` lrhio jioir`c, h`h` plr  qufio tfioi uo` `utlrfh`h p`r` rijuc`r c` klohukt` hi ltrls‑ (Ufcclrl, 06:=7 =9:), y si klaploi hi tris p`rtis isiokf`cis7  

 

C` r`zûo hi sir hi tlh`s c`s olra`s guráhfk`s is, hi `kuirhl klo Ufcclrl, lrhio`r  c` klovfviokf` io uo` slkfih`h. Ic hirikml is uo sfstia` r`kflo`c hi olra`s  guráhfk`s qui ic cijfsc`hlr m` klosfhir`hl gust`s p`r` rislcvir cls prlbcia`s hi c` ri`cfh`h ri`cfh `h mfstûrfk`. Is, plr cl t`otl, ic ^lhir Cijfsc`tfvl Cijfsc`tfvl ic iok`rj`hl iok`rj`hl hi m`kir c`s ciyis, hi cijfsc`r4 plr su p`rti, ic Igikutfvl si iok`rj`rà hi m`kir kuapcfr c`s ciyis, hi `hafofstr`r4 y ic Guhfkf`c hi hfaftfr klotrlvirsf`s. Io k`h` k`sl cls mikmls tfioio uo` r`zûo4 sfo isi klotiofhl ol si ioklotr`rá` sustiotl io c` olra` guráhfk` of c` alr`c y ol si plhrá` cciv`r ` k`bl ic prlpûsftl aáofal hi supirvfviokf`, busk`ohl io c` `slkf`kfûo hic mlabri io slkfih`h. C`s olra`s slo, plr cl t`otl, uo aætlhl hi klotrlc slkf`c, sfiohl foticfjfbcis, suskiptfbcis hi sir lbihikfh`s y ol klotr`viofr klo ic prlpfl bfioist`r hi c` afsa` slkfih`h. ^`r` iccl, rikurrfr rikurrfrials ials ` c` kc`sf kc`sfefk`k efk`kfûo fûo ic`blr`h` plr ic efcûs efcûslel lel ist`hluofhi ist`hluofhiosi osi qui plsfkfloû y pireikkfloû, hi ouiv` kuiot`, `c plsftfvfsal7 M. C. @. M`rt, qufio lrj`ofz` c`s olra`s aihf`oti c` sfjufioti gir`rquá`7

IC HIRIKML IOXIOHFHL KLAL GYRF[^RYHIOKF@ L FOXIR^RIX@KFÛO V @^CFK@KFÛO HI C@ OLRA@[

 

Olra`caioti, c` fotirprit`kfûo hic hirikml si prlhuki klo iouokf`hls l klo sfjols olra`tfvls4 sfo iab`rjl, is plsfbci hist`k`r ltr` fhi` qui v` aàs `ccà hi c`s olra`s7 si tr`t` hi c` fotirprit`kfûo hi cls mikmls. Ic istuhfl hi isti tfpl hi fotirprit`kfûo suici ri`cfz`rsi `c fofkfl hic istuhfl hi c` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c4 b`st` io tlhl k`sl klo sið`c`r kûal c` fotirprit`kfûo hi cls mikmls is uo` t`ri` qui si cciv` ` k`bl klo a`tirf`cis t`otl guráhfkls klal ixtr`guráhfkls, y` si`, io ic prfair k`sl, klo c` t`s`kfûo hi c`s pruib`s sij÷o ic Kûhfjl hi ^rlkihfafiotls hi c` a`tirf` l, io ic sijuohl, klo ic `uxfcfl hi ltr`s hf hfsk skfp fpcfcfo` o`s, s, kl klal al c` psfk psfklc lclj ljá` á` l c` krf krfaf afolc olclj ljá` á`,, p` p`r` r` hi hiti tira rafo fo`r `r ic v`c v`clr  lr  prlb`tlrfl hi c`s pruib`s. Is `sá klal plhials hiefof hiefofrr qui c` `pcfk` `pcfk`kfûo kfûo hi c` olra` is `quicc `quicc` ` `kkfûo qui klosfsti io utfcfz`r uo iouokf`hl olra`tfvl p`r` c` rislcukfûo hi uo prlbcia`  guráhfkl. Io isti k`sl su ric`kfûo klo c` fotirprit`kfûo i iss kc`r`, y` qui c` olra`, p`r` su usl, hibirà sir `otis fotirprit`h`. @sá, plhials hikfr qui c` `pcfk`kfûo hi c` olra` si h` ku`ohl æst` is fotirprit fotirprit`h` `h` p`r` c` rislcu rislcukfûo kfûo hi uo prlbci prlbcia` a`  guráhfkl.  @mlr` bfio, cl `otirflr ol qufiri hikfr qui c` `pcfk`kfûo `b`rqui c` kri`kfûo hi olra`s vàcfh`s4 p`r` iccl si hibirào tla`r io kuiot` cls krftirfls hi v`cfhiz olra`tfv` hic sfstia`. C`s olra`s mikm`s plr ltrls, qui ol si` ic ûrj`ol cijfsc`tfvl, puihi qui ol si`o klosfhir`h`s klal vàcfh`s, `c ol tioir riklolkfh` prikfs`aioti c` e`kuct`h l plsfbfcfh`h p`r` prlhukfr olra`s vàcfh`s. Ui`als ` klotfou`kfûo ic sfjufioti hf`jr`a`, qui ols piraftfrà pirk`t`rols slbri kuàc is ic kfkcl plr ic qui p`s` c` olra` m`st` plhir sir `pcfk`h` ` uo k`sl io klokritl.

 

IC [FCLJF[AL GYHFKF@C7 KLOECYIOKF@ HI CL[ MIKML[ V C@ OLRA@ GYRÁHFK@ Riklrhials...

 

^`r` ic k`sl hic sfcljfsal guráhfkl si ric`kflo`o c`s olra`s klohfkflo`h`s klo mikmls klohfkflo`cis p`r` foeirfr hi `má uo` klosikuiokf` hi hirikml oikis`rf`. Ic r`kflkfofl guráhfkl guráhfkl `pcfk`hlr plsii c` istruktur` istruktur` hi cls sfcljfsal sfcljfsalss hi c` prfair` efjur`, alhus bàrb`r`, cl qui io ic k`apl hi c` cûjfk` `rfstltæcfk` si ixpris`rá` hi c` sfjufioti elra`7

 

 @c isquia` hi euoh`aiot`kfûo `otis `o tis hiskrftl cl hiolafo`rials sfapci, hibfhl ` qui si klrric`kflo` uo k`sl klo uo` ÷ofk` olra`. @ isti tfpl hi k`sls, Rlbirt  @cixy cls hfeiriokf` hi cls k`sls klapcigls, qui si prisiot`o ku`ohl7 



 

Yo` olra` klotfioi hfvirs`s prlpfih`his `ctiro`tfv`s io ic supuistl hi mikml. [u `p `pcfcfk` k`kf kfûo ûo ixfj ixfji i uo klap klapci ciai aiot otl l ` tr tr`v `væs æs hi ol olra ra`s `s gurá guráhf hfk` k`ss `kc`r`tfv`s, cfaft`tfv`s l ixtiosfv`s. [lo plsfbcis hfvirs`s klosikuiokf`s guráhfk`s. Io c` elrauc`kfûo hi c` olra` si us`o ixprisflois qui `haftio hfvirs`s fotirprit`kflois.

Io klokcusfûo, ic sfcljfsal si k`r`ktirfz` plr klrrlblr`r io uo prlkisl guhfkf`c mikmls qui si hig`o subsuafr b`gl uo klokiptl guráhfkl, y isl hi uo` elra` io qui ` p`rtfr hi uo` priafs` aiolr, io kloguokfûo klo uo` priafs` a`ylr, si puihi foeirfr uo` klosikuiokf` guráhfk`. [f, io k`abfl, hi `kuirhl klo Mlrtiosfus Mlrtiosfus hi [`fot @cbf @cbfo, o, ic gufkfl qui rik`i p`r` c` priafs` aiolr ol puihi sir klrrlblr`hl io ic prlkisl prlb`tlrfl, ic sfcljfsal si erustr`. ^`r` riklaploir isti k`sl si riqufiri fotrlhukfr ltr` olra` hfvirs` l sustftufr c`s pruib`s `plrt`h`s p`r` klaprlb`r ic mikml utfcfz`hl klal priafs` aiolr.

MIKML[ V ^RYIB@[ C`s p`rtis io ic cftfjfl tfioio ic hirikml hi `hukfr cls mikmls qui euoh`aiotio sus pritiosflois. Io siotfhl `apcfl, cls mikmls slo cls h`tls ri`cis qui fokcuyio cls `ktls y mikmls guráhfkls, `hiaàs hi tlh`s c`s kfrkuost`okf`s qui cls rlhi`o. C` pruib` io ic àabftl hic hirikml puihi sir klosfhir`h` klal ic `ktl io qui c`s p`rtis fovlcukr`h`s io uo gufkfl fotiot`o `krihft`r l oij`r cls mikmls ist`bcikfhls io uo` hia`oh`, klo ic lbgitfvl hi kloviokir `c guiz slbri c` vir`kfh`h hi æstls. Io isi klotixtl, cls riqufsftls jioir`cis p`r` c` `hafsfûo hi c`s pruib`s puihio risuafrsi io ku`trl `spiktls prfokfp`cis.

CFKFXYH Pui c` pruib` ol si` klotr`rf` ` c` alr`c l `c hirikml.

 

^irtfoiokf`7 Pui c` pruib` ju`rhi ric`kfûo klo cls puotls klotrlvirtfhls.

Lbgitl7 Klosfsti io ic mikml l mikmls qui tr`t`o hi hialstr`r.

Lplrtuofh`h7 Pui c` pruib` ol si m`y` lerikfhl hi a`oir` ixtiaplràoi`.

C@ ^RYIB@ GYRÁHFK@ C` pruib` klostftuyi c` b`si hi p`rtfh` hic r`zlo`afiotl. B`gl ic prfokfpfl hi qui c` pruib`, klo ic prlpûsftl hi ioklotr`r c` virh`h, ol si` klotr`rf` ` c` alr`c of `t`qui hi a`oir` hfrikt` ic hirikml, l si` qui ol istæ prlmfbfh` hi a`oir` ixpris`, is `kipt`h` io uo prlkisl guhfkf`c hi ku`cqufir áohlci. ^`s`rials `mlr` ` kl klai aiot ot`r `r ku kuàc àcis is slo cl clss `xf `xfla la`s `s qu qui i si hi hisp sprio riohi hio o hi k` k`h` h` pru pruib` ib`.. Riku Ri kuir irhi hi qu qui i uo `xfl `xfla` a` is uo uo` ` pr prlp lplsf lsfkf kfûo ûo ku kuy` y` vi virh rh`h `h ol oiki oikisf sft` t` sir  hialstr`h`.

^ruib` kloeisflo`c 0. [i is plsiihlr hi uo` virh`h hfrikt` i foaihf`t`. 2. Pufio hiauistri c` vir`kfh`h hi cls mikmls hibi sir uo ixpirtl io c` a`tirf`. ;. Fotiræs plr klolkir c` virh`h. 8. X`c virh`h `ply` c` hialstr`kfûo hi c` pritiosfûo.

^ruib` tistfalof`c 0. [i is plsiihlr hi uo` virh`h tiaplr`c, hfrikt`, aihf`t`. 2. Fotiræs plr kloefra`r c` ixfstiokf` hi uo` virh`h. ;. Is` virh`h rieuirz` c` hialstr`kfûo hi af pritiosfûo.

^ruib` pirfkf`c 0. [i busk` uo` virh`h fotiaplr`c, fohfrikt` i foaihf`t`. 2. Fotiræs plr ist`bcikir su prlb`bci ixfstiokf`. ;. Pui is` virh`h `p`riki io uo prlkisl. 8. @plyl ` c` prlb`bci hialstr`kfûo hi af pritiosfûo.

^ruib` hlkuaiot`c

 

0. Ixfsti uo` virh`h ivfhioti, pc`sa`h` io fhi`s l kls`s qui istào io ic prlkisl. 2. Hialstr`kfûo eim`kfioti hi is` virh`h. ;. C` virh`h foeirfh` hi ist` pruib` h` kirtiz` ` c` hialstr`kfûo hi af pritiosfûo.

^ruib` hi fospikkfûo 0. Ixfsti uo` virh`h ixtiro` pirl qui fokfhi io ic prlkisl. 2. Ic guzj`hlr is qufio k`cfefk` c` virh`h. ;. C` virh`h y` k`cfefk`h` hibi sir tr`áh` `c prlkisl. 8. Hfkm` virh`h `ply` af pritiosfûo.

C@[ KRÁXFK@[ @C [FCLJF[AL GYHFKF@C G YHFKF@C C` tilrá` hic sfcljfsal guhfkf`c m` sfhl lbgitl hi hfvirs`s krátfk`s. Io prfair cuj`r, si `efra` qui ic sfcljfsal ol `jlt` ic r`zlo`afiotl guhfkf`c plrqui riprisiot` sûcl sûcl ic ftir ftir l aæ aætl tlhl hl qu qui i ic guiz guiz sfju sfjui i p` p`r` r` `ck` `ck`oz oz`r `r c` hikf hikfsf sfûo ûo,, pi pirl rl ol klapriohi c` `ktfvfh`h isiokf`c hic guiz ` tr`væs hi c` qui æsti ccij` ` efg`r c`s priafs`s. Xmilhlr Ufimwij Ufimwij (06587 028) slstfioi io su lbr` Xûpfk` y gurfspruhiokf`, gurfspruhiokf`, qui ic r`zlo`afiotl r`zlo`a fiotl guráhfkl guráhfkl,, aàs qui sfsti sfstiaàtfk aàtfkl l y hihukt hihuktfvl, fvl, is uo pios`afiot pios`afiotl l qui, aihf`oti aihf` oti v`clris y krftirf krftirfls ls `hiku`hls, hibi `blrh`r c` slcukf slcukfûo ûo hi prlbci prlbcia`s a`s y kloecfktls. ^lr su p`rti, Km`fa ^irica`o (06:;7 06) rikm`z` ic pios`afiotl sfcljástfkl y a`tiaàtfkl io ic àabftl guráhfkl y `blj` plr `hlpt`r cls `spiktls riciv`otis hi c` ritûrf rit ûrfk` k` kcàs kcàsfk` fk`,, is hik hikfr, fr, ic hfà hfàcljl cljl qui klo klohuzk huzk` ` ` klo klohfk hfkflo flois is pc` pc`usf usfbci bcis, s, `hiku`h`s y gust`s. Isti `utlr, `suai klal klokcusfûo qui si puihi ccij`r ` `cjuo`s rislcukflois  guhfkf`cis plr aihfl hi hihukkflois cûjfk`s, pirl qui ouok` puihio sir  air`aioti hihuktfv`s.

IC [FCLJF[AL GYHFKF@C (ELRL) Mials `priohfhl ic r`zlo`afiotl hihuktfvl qui ols leriki c` cûjfk` elra`c4 sfo iab`rjl, ¼isti r`zlo`afiotl si `pcfk` ieiktfv`aioti io ic r`zlo`afiotl guhfkf`c< Xr`s ic his`rrlccl hi c` prisioti uofh`h ols pirk`t`als qui ixfsti uo` efjur` hiolafo`h` –sfcljfsal guhfkf`c‑, plr aihfl hi c` ku`c ic guiz puihi rislcvir uo `suotl io klokritl hi elra` oikis`rf`, pirl is `quá io hlohi surji c` huh`, ¼is ist` elra` hi r`zlo`afiotl sfcljástfkl suefkfioti p`r` c` euokfûo qui ri`cfz` ic  guzj`hlr<

 

YOFH@H 5 C` Fotirprit`kfûo Guráhfk`   Fotrlhukkfûo   Ic hirikml is uo lbgitl hi istuhfl qui puihi sir `o`cfz`hl hi v`st`s a`oir`s. M`st` `mlr`, mials ix`afo`hl c`s kuistflois elra`cis hi c`s prlplsfkflois y hi c`s olra`s guráhfk`s, cl ku`c ols ltlrj` y` uo faplrt`oti `v`oki p`r` c` klrrikt` klapriosfûo hic eioûaiol guráhfkl4 sfo iab`rjl, quih` `÷o io ic `fri uo` prijuot` plr klotist`r7 ¼Puæ p`s` klo ic klotiofhl hic hirikml< Ist` afsa` fotirrlj`oti `bri aukm`s ltr`s, plr igiapcl ¼quæ hibl iotiohir plr  –k`p`kf –k`p `kfh`h h`h‑>6. A`tirf`(s)7 Kfvfc. Xisfs7 F.;l.K.:08 K. ^àjfo`7 2=2;. RIJC@[ HI C@ CÛJFK@ V C@ I]^IRFIOKF@. C@ E@CX@ HI HIEFOFKFÛO CIJ@C ^@R@ IEIKXL HI C@ U@CLR@KFÛO HI ^RYIB@[ IO C@ HIKF[FÛO GYHF GY HFKF KF@ @C, OL FOE OERF RFOJ OJI I C@ J@R @R@O @OXÁ XÁ@ @ HI [I [IJ JYRF YRFH@ H@H H GY GYRÁ RÁHF HFK@ K@ KLOXIOFH@ IO CL[ @RXÁKYCL[ 08 V 05 KLO[XFXYKFLO@CI[. Ic `rtákucl 8>2 hic Kûhfjl hi ^rlkihfafiotls Kfvfcis hic Hfstrftl Eihir`c prikfs` qui cls aihfls hi pruib` `plrt`hls y `haftfhls, sirào v`clr`hls io su kloguotl plr ic  guzj`hlr, `tiohfiohl ` c`s rijc`s hi c` cûjfk` y hi c` ixpirfiokf`, y ol hiefoi ic klotiofhl hi cls prfokfpfls hi is` kfiokf`, of hi c` hi c` ixpirfiokf`4 pirl ol si tr`t` hi uo` c`juo` cij`c qui prlpfkfi c` fosijurfh`h guráhfk` io klotr`viokfûo ` c` j`r`o r`otá` hi sij iju urfh`h gurá ráh hfk` kl klo os`jr` r`h h` plr cls `rt rtáákuc kucls 08 y 05 klostftukflo`cis. Io ic prikiptl hi qui si tr`t`, si rijuc` klal sfstia` hi v`clr`kfûo ic `rbftrfl guhfkf`c pirl ol is `bslcutl, sfol ristrfojfhl plr hitirafo`h`s rijc`s b`s`h`s io cls prfokfpfls hi c` cûjfk` y c` ixpirfiokf` hi cls ku`cis ol hibi `p`rt`rsi. Itfalcûjfk`aioti c` p`c`br` cûjfk` prlvfioi hic jrfijl cljfdæ, eiaiofol hi cûjfkls, cûjfk`, y qui sfjofefk` kfiokf` qui ixploi c`s ciyis, alhls y elra`s hic klolkfafiotl kfiotáefkl. @ su viz, ic tærafol cljfdûs prlvfioi hi cljls, qui is

 

r`zûo, hfskursl. Ic vlk`bcl ixpirfiokf` hirfv` hic c`táo ixpirfiotf`a, qui sfjofefk`7 "Klolkfafiotl qui si `hqufiri klo c` pràktfk`". Iotlokis, c` cûjfk` is uo` hfskfpcfo` hic s`bir l kfiokf` qui tfioi rijc`s l prfokfpfls qui slo p`rti hi c` kuctur` jioir`c hi c` mua`ofh`h y qui si prisuai istà `c `ck`oki hi uo` elra`k elr a`kfûo fûo prle prleisf isflo` lo`cc kla klal l c` hic guz guzj`h j`hlr, lr, kuy kuy` ` eu euokfû okfûo o isi isiokf` okf`cc hi guzj`r  guzj`r  fapcfk` uo klolkfafiotl aáofalhi lrhfo`rfl, plr sf cl is ku`cuoiciciaiotl cijfsc`hlrhi riafti ` is` kfiokf` l hfskfpcfo` hic s`bir4 alhl qui c` kuctur` uofvirs`c c` ku`c hibi elra`r p`rti hi qufio tfioi c` euokfûo p÷bcfk` hi `hafofstr`r   gustfkf` klal uo` `ktfvfh`h prleisflo`c, ol quih` fohitirafo`h` c` rieiriokf` ` kuàcis rijc`s hibio rijfr c` v`clr`kfûo hi pruib`s y io jioir`c c` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c. C` ixpirfiokf`, is t`abfæo uo klolkfafiotl qui `t`ði t`otl `c fohfvfhul klal `c jrupl slkf`c, qui `kuauc` klolkfafiotls lrhfo`rfls hic quim`kir kltfhf`ol io c`s `ktfvfh`his jioærfk`s hic sir mua`ol aihf`oti c` lbsirv`kfûo hi cls eioûaiols slkf`cis, kuctur`cis, plcátfkls y hi c` o`tur`ciz`, cl qui hibi klrrisplohir ` uo siotfhl kla÷o qui is fomirioti ` ku`cqufir ltrl mua`ol4 hi alhl qui ol m`y faprikfsfûo of fokirtfhuabri guráhfk` io ic prikiptl fapujo`hl, y` qui hfsploi c` elra` io qui ic guiz hibirà v`clr`r pruib`s klo kirtiz` guráhfk`.  @ap`rl hfriktl 99;/2>>=. Hfijl Cilplchl Rfv`s Fb`rr`. ; hi lktubri hi 2>>=. Yo`ofafh`h hi vltls. ^loioti7 Oiûeftl Cûpiz R`als. [ikrit`rfl7 A`rf`ol [uàriz Riyis (Xisfs7 @fsc`h`7 2=2;).

CFBIRX@H V @RBFXR@RFIH@H IO C@[ HIKF[FLOI[ GYHFKF@CI[ Xlhl Ist`hl hi hirikml qui ju`rhi ic prfokfpfl hi sip`r`kfûo hi plhiris, m` hi tioir ic lrfjio hi æstls kfaiot`hl slbri c` b`si hi c` slbir`o slbir`oá` á` i fohipi fohipiohi ohiokf` okf` hi sus ûrj` ûrj`ols ols ripr riprisi isiot` ot`tfv tfvls. ls. X`c slbir`o slbir`oá` á` puihi hispriohir uo kfirtl a`tfz hi faplsfkfûo hibfhl `c kuistflo`afiotl itirol qui si m`ki slbri ic euoh`aiotl hic Ist`hl4 plr isl qui isti klokiptl iotr`ð` io sá, sá, t`c t`c viz, viz, c` pr prfa fair ir` ` hi hikf kfsf sfûo ûo `r `rbf bftr tr`c `c hi qu qufi fioi oiss klos klostftftu tuyi yirl rlo o sus sus fostftukflois bàsfk`s. Cls klokiptls hi cfbirt`h y `rbftr`rfih`h puihio ` aiouhl kloeuohfrsi, `abls `hvfirtio c` ixfstiokf` hi cáaftis `tiou`hls `c `ktu`r hi uo` pirslo`. Xr`tàohlsi hi `utlrfh`his, istls cáaftis m`o hi ist`r pcio`aioti hitirafo`hls io `r`s hi kuapcfr klo ic prfokfpfl hi cij`cfh`h7

Hiefo`als... Ic prfokfpfl hi cij`cfh`h ols hfki qui tlh` `utlrfh`h m` hi b`s`r su `ktu`r io c` Ciy.

 

Ku`ohl istls cáaftis ist`bcikfhls io c` Ciy si vio rib`s`hls plr ic `ktu`r hi uo` `utlrfh`h, ist`als erioti ` uo` klohukt` `rbftr`c. ^lr cl qui plhials `efra`r  qui qu i c` `rbft `rbftr`r r`rfi fih` h`h h is uo `k `ktl tl l pr prlk lkihi ihirr kl klot otr`r r`rfl fl ` cl ist` ist`bc bcik ikfh fhl l io c` olra`tfvfh`h ist`bcikfh`, `cjl ol prikfs`aioti gustfefk`bci b`gl ofoj÷o `spiktl y, plr iohi, ol puihi tioirsi prisioti of io uo Ist`hl hi hirikml of klostftukflo`c hi hirikml. hikfsflois `rbftr`cis iaftfh`sguráhfk` plr ku`cqufir `utlrfh`h, `tiot`o, hishi cuijl,C`s klotr` c` j`r`otá` hi sijurfh`h qui tfioio cls fohfvfhuls er eriot ioti i `c Is Ist` t`hl hl.. Is Ist` t` j`r`o j`r`otá tá` ` istà istà klo kloki kibf bfh` h` io c` a` a`ylr ylrá` á` hi c` c`ss ci ciyi yiss euoh`aiot`cis hi k`h` Ist`hl, plr cl qui su vucoir`kfûo tr`irá` `p`rig`h` c` e`kuct`h hic fohfvfhul hi `kuhfr ` uo gufkfl hi j`r`otá`s.   ^lr igiapcl...  @cjuols igiapcls hi klohukt`s `rbftr`rf`s slo7 Yo` rislcukfûo euir` hi c` olra`tfvfh`h `pcfk`bci. Yo` auct` hisprlplrkflo`h`. Yo` vflc`kfûo ` cls hirikmls mua`ols. C` cfcfbir birt` t`h, h, io k`a k`abf bfl, l, si io iotftfio iohi hi p` p`r` r` c` c`ss `u `utl tlrf rfh` h`his his (io ispiká ispikáefefkl kl c` c`ss  guhfkf`cis) klal cl qui c` hlktrfo` hiolafo` c` tilrá` hi c` s`o` krátfk`.  

Hiefo`als... Xilrá` hi c` s`o` krátfk` –@rti hi guzj`r `tiohfiohl ` c` bloh`h y virh`h hi cls mikmls, sfo vfkfls of irrlr4 aihf`oti c` cûjfk`, c` hf`cæktfk`, c` ixpirfiokf`, c` iqufh`h y c`s kfiokf`s y `rtis `efois y `uxfcf`ris y c` alr`c, p`r` `ck`oz`r y ist`bcikir, klo ixprisfûo altfv`h`, c` kirtiz` slbri c` pruib` qui si prlhuki io ic prlkisl‑ (B`rrfls, s. e.7 =).

Ku`ohl istls cáaftis ist`bcikfhls io c` Ciy si vio rib`s`hls plr ic `ktu`r hi uo` `utlrfh`h, ist`als erioti ` uo` klohukt` `rbftr`c. ^lr cl qui plhials `efra`r  qui qu i c` `rbft `rbftr`r r`rfi fih` h`h h is uo `k `ktl tl l pr prlk lkihi ihirr kl klot otr`r r`rfl fl ` cl ist` ist`bc bcik ikfh fhl l io c` olra`tfvfh`h ist`bcikfh`, `cjl ol prikfs`aioti gustfefk`bci b`gl ofoj÷o `spiktl y, plr iohi, ol C`s puihi tioirsi prisioti io uo Ist`hl hi hirikml of klostftukflo`c hi hirikml. hikfsflois `rbftr`cisofiaftfh`s plr ku`cqufir `utlrfh`h, `tiot`o,

 

hishi cuijl, klotr` c` j`r`otá` hi sijurfh`h guráhfk` qui tfioio cls fohfvfhuls er eriot ioti i `c Is Ist` t`hl hl.. Is Ist` t` j`r`o j`r`otá tá` ` istà istà klo kloki kibf bfh` h` io c` a` a`ylr ylrá` á` hi c` c`ss ci ciyi yiss euoh`aiot`cis hi k`h` Ist`hl, plr cl qui su vucoir`kfûo tr`irá` `p`rig`h` c` e`kuct`h hic fohfvfhul hi `kuhfr ` uo gufkfl hi j`r`otá`s. Is hikfr, ic guiz plhrà pirai`r io sus rislcukflois uo t`otl hi su fotufkfûo y ixpirfiokf` prlpf` ` c` cuz hi c`s ku`cis tfioi r`zûo hi sir ic siotfhl hi su rislcukfûo. Istl hi ofojuo` a`oir` puihi iotiohirsi klal uo` plsfbfcfh`h hi fap`rkf`cfh`h l subgitfvfsal plr p`rti hic guzj`hlr, sfol qui c` gustfkf` ol puihi tioir su prfokfpfl y efo io c` sfapci `pcfk`kfûo hi c` olra` a`tirf`c l elra`c, iccl sirá` oij`r c` klokurriokf` hi prfokfpfls y v`clris io c` ri`cfz`kfûo hi c` gustfkf` fotijr`c. Lbvf`aioti, aiokflo`r qui p`r` ivft`r is` plsfbfcfh`h hi fap`rkf`cfh`h l subgitfvfsal, c` cûjfk` t`abfæo is riciv`oti hishi su a`tfz elra`c. Ic hirikml prlkis`c aixfk`ol si `hmfiri ` c` tilrá` hi s`o` krátfk`, io ispikáefkl, io cl qui m`ki ` c` v`clr`kfûo hi c`s pruib`s. @c ieiktl, ic `rtákucl 8>2 hic Kûhfjl hi ^rlkihfafiotls Kfvfcis p`r` ic Hfstrftl Eihir`c, hfsploi7 C` ciy ist`bciki... –Cls aihfls hi pruib` `plrt`hls y `haftfhls, sirào v`clr`hls io su kloguotl plr ic guzj`hlr, `tiohfiohl ` c`s rijc`s hi c` cûjfk` y hi c` ixpirfiokf`. Io tlhl k`sl, ic trfbuo`c hibirà ixploir kufh`hls`aioti cls euoh`aiotls hi c` v`clr`kfûo  guráhfk` ri`cfz`h` y hi su hikfsfûo‑(K^KHE, `rt. 8>2).

@YXLRFH@H V CIJFXFAFH@H HI C@ @YXLRFH@H GYHFKF@C ^`r` `blrh`r isti tia`, iapiz`rials plr hiefofr cls klokiptls hi `utlrfh`h y cijftfafh`h.   Hiefo`als...

@utlrfh`h –E`kuct`h l hirikml hi a`oh`r, is hikfr, c` pltist`h `trfbufh` ` cls `jiotis hic plhir p÷bcfkl io r`zûo hi su prlpf` fovistfhur`‑. –C` pirslo` l sugitl qui tfioi c` e`kuct`h aiokflo`h`‑.  @mlr` bfio, p`r` qui c` `utlrfh`h (riefrfæohlols `c sugitl) igirz` is` e`kuct`h, æst` tfioi qui sir cijátfa`. Ols v`cials hic klokiptl hi cijftfafh`hp`r` rieirfrols `…

Hiefo`als...

 

Cijftfafh`h –Gustfefk`kfûo qui isjrfai uo plhir plcátfkl klo vfst`s ` sir lbihikfhl y `kipt`hl, c` cijftfafh`h is ic tátucl qui ci h` ic hirikml `c jlbiro`oti ` igirkir ic plhir y sir lbihikfhl. Klal uo plhirhfeákfcaioti cljr` lbihfiokf` sûcl plr c` euirz`, tlh` hlafo`kfûo busk` cijftfa`rsi p`r` m`kir aàs ieiktfvl y hur`hirl su plhir‑.

Rispiktl hi c` `utlrfh`h guhfkf`c, hibi ixfstfr uo` hlafo`kfûo hi k`ràktir r`kflo`c, kuy` cijftfafh`h, c` gustfefk`kfûo p`r` lstiot`r ic plhir, hisk`s` io c` `utlrfh`h hi c` cij`cfh`h hi lrhio`afiotls fostftufhls y hi hirikmls hi a`ohl hi cls cc`a`hls plr isls lrhio`afiotls ` igirkir c` `utlrfh`h. Is hikfr, c` cijftfafh`h hic plhir   guhfkf`c ci vfioi h`h` hi c`s rislcukflois qui hfkti, l si`, qui cljri io `siotfafiotl y riklolkfafiotl slkf`c4 iccl io `tiokfûo ` qui cls guikis ol slo icijfhls hialkràtfk`aioti, klal sukihi klo cls ltrls hls plhiris, sfol aàs bfio, jioir`caioti, slo hisfjo`hls plr ic cijfsc`hlr y, plr iohi, hibi j`o`rsi su cijftfafh` cijft fafh`h h klo sus rislcukflo rislcukflois is euoh`aiot` euoh`aiot`h`s h`s hishi ic hirikml y c` cûjfk` cûjfk`.. Is hikfr… Io ic Ist` Ist`hl hl al alhi hiro rol l c` c`ss ric ric`k `kfl floi oiss io iotr tri i ci cij`c j`cfh fh`h `h y ci cijf jftftfaf afh`h h`h slo au auyy istrikm`s, `c puotl hi ccij`r ` kloeuohfrsi. Ol lbst`oti, si tr`t` hi hls klokiptls hfeirio hfeiriotis tis,, afiot afiotr`s r`s c` cij cijftf ftfafh afh`h `h si rie riefir firi i `c tátucl tátucl hic plh plhir4 ir4 c` cij cij`cf `cfh`h h`h,, `c igirkfkfl hic plhir.

 

 @sá, c` `hafofstr`kfûo hi gustfkf` is hi c` gustfkf` cij`c, puistl qui c` Ciy is v`clr`h` klal c` euioti guráhfk` hi aàxfa` r`kflo`cfh`h. Yol hi cls e`ktlris isiok is iokf` f`ci ciss qu qui i ci cijf jftftfa` a` `c ^l ^lhir hir Guhfk Guhfkf` f`c,c, is is,, kf kfir irt` t`ai aiot oti, i, c` l c` c`ss r` r`zlo zlois is l `rjuaiotls qui isjrfai p`r` slcukflo`r cls kloecfktls gurfshfkkflo`cis y ic alhl hi ixploir isls `rjuaiotls. Io isti lrhio hi fhi`s, sf io ic Ist`hl alhirol si iotfiohi klal euokfûo guhfkf`c c` hi guzj`r, æst` si hiefoi klal…

  Hiefo`als... Guzj`r  –@ktfvfh`h qui klosfsti io aihf`r io sftu`kflois cftfjfls`s, p`r` rislcvirc`s sij÷o olra`s hi hirikml priist`bcikfh`s, klo c` `spfr`kfûo hi h`r c` r`zûo ` qufio `krihfti qui c` tfioi hi su p`rti‑ (@ohræs, s. e.7 2).

 

GY[XFEFK@KFÛO FOXIRO@ V I]XIRO@ HI C@[ HIKF[FLOI[ GYHFKF@CI[ C` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c qui ploi efo ` uo prlkisl pr lkisl guhfkf`c y qui klosfsti io ic hfkt`hl hi uo` olra` fohfvfhu`c tfioi qui ist`r gustfefk`h`. Cls istuhflsls hic hirikml lerikio hfeiriotis riklostrukkflois hi `quiccl io cl qui klosfsti gustfefk`r uo` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c y icc`s, ` su viz, istào vfokuc`h`s klo hfvirs`s priafs`s hi b`si.  @c rispiktl, uo` hi c`s priafs`s hi b`si qui mly kuiot` klo `apcfl klosiosl io c` tilrá` guráhfk` is c` tisfs hi qui ic prlkisl guhfkf`c io su kloguotl istà prfokfp`caioti lrfiot`hl ` c` b÷squih` hi c` virh`h. [i tr`t` hi uo` klokipkfûo qui si puihi k`cfefk`r klal kljoftfvfst` y r`kflo`cfst` hic prlkisl guhfkf`c, io jioir`c, y hi c` altfv`kfûo hi c` priafs` eàktfk`, io p`rtfkuc`r (is hikfr, hi c` slcukfûo, ` c` `sá cc`a`h` qu`istfl e`ktf). Ku`ohl si m`bc` hi c` gustfefk`kfûo hi c` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c, si suici m`kir rieiriokf` sûcl ` c` hikfsfûo efo`c l hfsplsftfvl klo qui si kfirr` ic prlkisl guhfkf`c. Ol lbst`oti, cls guikis, `c rislcvir cls k`sls qui si cis prisiot`o, tla`o a÷ctfpcis hikfsflois y, kfirt`aioti, hishi uo puotl hi vfst` fhi`c, tlh`s icc`s hibirá`o sir gustfefk`h`s. Ic `oàcfsfs aàs usu`c hi c` hikfsfûo efo`c hi uo guiz ploi hi ricfivi qui icc` klaplrt` `c aiols ltr`s hls hikfsflois qui slo euoh`aiot`cis7  

PY@I[XFL FYRF[ Istào klapriohfh`s hikfsflois rieirfh`s ` c` fhiotfefk`kfûo hi c`s euiotis riciv`otis, hi c`s olra`s `trfbufbcis ` hfkm`s euiotis (prlbcia`s hi fotirprit`kfûo), ` c` v`cfhiz sust`okf`c hi c`s olra`s, `sá klal t`abfæo c`s rieirfh`s ` c` rislcukfûo hi prlbcia`s jioir`hls plr c` prisiokf` hi `otfolaf`s, rihuoh`okf`s y c`juo`s.

PY@I[XFL E@KXF Io c` hikfsfûo hi c` qu`istfl e`ktf si iokuiotr`o c`s rieirfh`s ` c` `hafsfûo hi iciaiotls hi pruib` l ` cls gufkfls qui m`o hi klosfhir`rsi prlb`hls.  @sá afsal, io c` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c suici hfstfojufrsi iotri c` gustfefk`kfûo fotiro` y ixtiro` hi c` hikfsfûo guhfkf`c.

 

Io ic k`apl hi c` tilrá` hi c` `rjuaiot`kfûo guráhfk` hi Rlbirt @cixy ic `oàcfsfs elra`c hi cls `rjuai `rjuaiotls otls si virfef virfefk` k` io cl qui æc hiolafo` –gustfe –gustfefk`kfû fk`kfûo o fotiro`‑.  @sá, hi `kuirhl klo ic `utlr io kft` –io cls hfskursls guráhfkls si tr`t` hi c`  gustfefk`kfûo hi uo k`sl ispikf`c hi prlplsfkflois olra`tfv`s, c`s hikfsflois  guráhfk`s‑ (Kfsoirls, 2>>;7 20;) y prikfs`aioti io is` gustfefk`kfûo puihio hfstfo hfs tfojuf jufrsi rsi ixtiro`(ixtiro`c hls `sp `spikt iktls7 ls7 gustfefk`tflo)‑. –c` gustfe gustfefk` fk`kfû kfûo o fotiro` fotiro` 2>>;7 (fo (fotir tiro`c o`c gust gustfef fefk`t k`tflo flo)) y c`  gustfefk`kfûo (Kfsoirls, 0>;). Ispikáefk`aioti, io c` gustfefk`kfûo fotiro` –si tr`t` hi vir sf c` hikfsfûo si sfjui cûjfk`aioti hi c`s priafs`s qui si `hukio klal euoh`aiot`kfûo…‑ ^lr su p`rti ic lbgitl hi c` gustfefk`kfûo ixtiro` –is c` klrrikkfûo hi ist`s priafs`s‑ (Kfsoirls, 2>>;7 208). Is hikfr, ic aætlhl cûjfkl hi c` hihukkfûo `pcfk`hl `c sfcljfsal guráhfkl. ^`r` t`c ieiktl ic `utlr ixploi c` sfjufioti istruktur` klal c` elra` aàs sfapci hi  gustfefk`kfûo fotiro` (Kfsoirls, 2>>;7208).  

Io tlhl k`sl, gustfefk`r `quá sfjofefk` qui c` foeiriokf` io kuistfûo, istl is, ic p`sl hi c`s priafs`s ` c` klokcusfûo is cûjfk`aioti (hi a`oir` hihuktfv`) vàcfhl7

 

qufio `kipti c`s priafs`s, hibi `kipt`r t`abfæo c` klokcusfûo4 l, hfkml hi ltr` a`oir`, p`r` qufio `kipti c`s priafs`s, c` klokcusfûo io kuistfûo istà gustfefk`h`. Is hikfr, sf `kipt`als qui c` `hafofstr`kfûo istà lbcfj`h` ` vic`r plr c` vfh` hi cls prisls y qui c` muicj` hi m`abri ploi io picfjrl su vfh`, iotlokis hibials `kipt`r c` klokcusfûo hi `cfaiot`rcls plr c` euirz`.  @mlr` bfio, ispikf`caioti io c` gustfefk`kfûo fotiro`, fokcusl ic isquia` hi  gustfefk`kfûo hi Rlbirt @cixy sûcl is suefkfioti ku`ohl of c` olra` l olra`s `pcfk`bcis of c` klaprlb`kfûo hi cls mikmls suskft`o huh`s r`zlo`bcis. Hfkml hi ltr` a`oir`, c` cûjfk` hihuktfv` risuct` oikis`rf` y suefkfioti klal aik`ofsal hi gustfefk`kfûo p`r` cls k`sls guráhfkls eàkfcis l rutfo`rfls. ^irl, ^ir l, o` o`tu tur` r`ca caio ioti ti,, io c` vf vfh` h` gu gurá ráhf hfk` k` ol si h`o ÷o ÷ofk fk`a `aio ioti ti ist isti i tftfpl pl hi supuistls, supuist ls, sfol qui, klo kfirt kfirt` ` erikui erikuiokf`, okf`, surjio t`abfæo k`sls hfeá hfeákfcis(q kfcis(qui ui is hi cls qui si lkup` ispikf`caioti c` tilrá` hi c` `rjuaiot`kfûo guráhfk`), istl is, supuistls io qui ic ist`bcikfafiotl hi c` priafs` olra`tfv` y/l hi c` priafs` eàktfk` eàktf k` risuct` risuct` uo` kuistfûo prlbciaàtf prlbciaàtfk`. k`. Io t`cis k`sls, is oikis`rfl oikis`rfl prisiot`r  `rjuaiotls `hfkflo`cis, r`zlois io e`vlr hi c`s priafs`s, r`zlo`afiotls p`r` euoh euoh`a `aio iot` t`rr ic pl plrq rquæ uæ hi c`s c`s pr pria iafs fs`s `s,, qu qui i pr prlb lb`b `bci ciai aiot oti i ol sirà sirào o y` `rjuaiotls pur`aioti hihuktfvls, `uoqui isl ol qufir` hikfr t`aplkl qui c` hihukkfûo ol guijui `quá ofoj÷o p`pic. @ isti tfpl hi gustfefk`kfûo qui klosfsti io alstr`r ic k`ràktir aàs l aiols euoh`aiot`hl hi c`s priafs`s is ` cl qui si suici cc`a`r gustfefk`kfûo ixtiro`, ic prlpûsftl hi æst` is c` gustfefk`kfûo hi c` r`kflo`cfh`h guráhfk` hic klotiofhl hi k`h` uo` hi c`s priafs`s qui si utfcfz`o io c` gustfe gustfefk` fk`kfû kfûo o fotiro` fotiro`,, pria priafs` fs`ss ric ric`kf `kflo` lo`h`s h`s iot iotri ri sá plr uo r`z r`zlo`a lo`afio fiotl tl sfcljástfkl. ^lr supuistl, io cls k`sls hfeákfcis c` t`ri` hi `rjuaiot`r io e`vlr hi uo` hikfsfûo si kiotr` prikfs`aioti io c` gustfefk`kfûo ixtiro`. C` gustfefk`kfûo fotiro` fotiro ` sfjui sfiohl oikis`rf`, pirl ol is y` suefk suefkfioti fioti y p`s`, plr `sá hikfrcl, ` uo sijuohl pc`ol hi faplrt`okf`.  

 

Klo c` efo`c efo`cfh`h fh`h hi qui ustih his`rrlcci su krftirfl guráhfkl slbri kûal si ritla` ic p`pic hi c` cûjfk` io c` gurfspruhiokf` hi c` [upria` Klrti, ri`cfki cl sfjufioti7 [fstia`tfz` `tfz`kfûo kfûo hi Xisfs y Igikut Igikutlrf`s lrf`s,, hic [ia`o`rfl Guhfkf`c Rivfsi c` sikkfûo [fstia hi c` Eihir ir` `kfûo, y ri`cfki uo` b÷sq squi uih h` hi tisfs qui klot oti ioj` oj`o c` p`c`br` cûjfk`. Hi c`s tisfs hispcij`h`s, icfg` kfokl y klaæotic`s io uo `rkmfvl io elra`tl .hlk. @plrti uo` lpfofûo krátfk`.

  @^CFK@KFÛO HIC HIRIKML V C@ CÛJFK@

 

C` prisioti `ktfvfh`h tfioi c` efo`cfh`h hi qui ustih si elrai uo krftirfl aàs `apcfl hi c` ric`kfûo ixfstioti iotri cls tia`s hi `pcfk`kfûo hic hirikml y cûjfk`.