Llibre Macmillan

October 14, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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@mcgdgstr`jgú g hfstgú

Jicpt`kgbgt`t g ngsj`bgt`t [email protected]/1.0=

JNHZ - @mcgdgstr`jgú g ngd`djfs

Jicpt`kgbgt`t g Ngsj`bgt`t

C`rã` mfb Qgb`r @jfkrúd @jfkrúd Ou`d J`rbis Efrdàdmfz C`rh`rgt` Qçrfz Oisfn` [icàd

ÃDMFU

JICQ]@KGBG]@ JICQ] @KGBG]@] ] NGD@DJF[@, N GD@DJF[@, NGZJ@BG]@ NGZJ@BG]@] ] G @VMG]I[G@ @VMG ]I[G@ Vdgt`t 0 ‚ Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ 0 44 Gdtrimujj Gdtrimujjgú gú ` bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr` jicpr`vfdm` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ; 44 ]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf bfs jicprfs fd fb QHJ

5 7 00

;.0 4 Jicptfs (>11)/(>10)/(>1;)/(>1 (>11)/(>10)/(>1;)/(>18) 8) Jicprfs mf...

00

;.; 4 Gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt

0:

;.: 4 Jicptf (>1>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t

06

;.= 4 Jicptf (>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

06

;.6 4 Jicptf (>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs

08

: 44 ]r ]r`jt`cfdt `jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

07

:.0 4 Jicptfs (811)/(810)/(81;)/(81 (811)/(810)/(81;)/(81:)/(81=)/(816) :)/(81=)/(816) ^fdmfs mf...

07

:.; 4 Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt fd bfs vfdmfs

;0

:.: 4 Gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt

;;

:.= 4 Jicptf (81>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf vfdmfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t

;=

:.6 4 Jicptf (815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

;6

:.> 4 Jicptf (817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs

= 44 Bgqugm` Bgqugm`jgú jgú mf b‗G^@ fd bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm`

Vdgt`t ; ‚ Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú 0 44 Bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ ; 44 Bfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ

;8

;7

:5 :7 =0

;.0 4 Zukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs

=0

;.; 4 Zukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b

=>

: 44 Fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ

6=

Vdgt`t : ‚ Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs 0 44 Gdtrimujj Gdtrimujjgú gú `bs jrfmgtir jrfmgtirss g mfutir mfutirss pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 44 Fbs privf privfémirs émirs g jbgfdts fd fb QHJ ;.0 4 Jicptfs (=11) Qrivfémirs g (=:1) Jbgfdts

>; >: >= >=

;.; 4 Jicptfs (=10) Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r, g (=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

>6

;.: 4 Jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

>8

;.= 4 Jicptfs (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs g (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts

>8

;.6 4 Jicptfs (=18) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs g (=:5) @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts

: 44 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtf fnfjtfss jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

81

8>

:.0 4 Mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs

8>

:.; 4 Hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt

50

ÃDMFU

= 44 Fbs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs fd fb QHJ =.0 4 Jicptfs (=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs g (==1) Mfutirs

56 56

=.; 4 Jicptfs (=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r g (==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

5>

=.: 4 Jicptf (==>) Mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt

55

6 44 ]r ]r`jt`cfdt `jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfb sukhrup => Qfrsid`b

70

6.0 4 Jicptf (=>1) @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids

70

6.; 4 Jicptf (=>6) [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt

7;

> 44 Fbs òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú

76

>.0 4 Jicptf (=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs

76

>.; 4 Jicptf (=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts

7>

8 44 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs jbgfdts g mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt

Vdgt`t = ‚ B‗gccikgbg ‗gccikgbgtz`t tz`t

75

001

0 44 Gdtrimuj Gdtrimujjgú jgú

000

; 44 Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t : 44 B‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

00; 00:

:.0 4 ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

00=

:.; 4 @mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

00>

:.: 4 N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

007

:.= 4 Qårmufs mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

0;:

:.6 4 @bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

0:>

= 44 Bfs gdvfr gdvfrsgids sgids gccikgbgárgfs

Vdgt`t 6 ‚ B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs 0 44 B‗gccik ‗gccikgbgtz`t gbgtz`t gdt`dhgkb gdt`dhgkbff

0=0

0=> 0=8

0.0 4 Dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0=8

0.; 4 Mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt

0=7

0.: 4 [fst` mf jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

06>

0.= 4 @mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

068

0.6 4 N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

067

0.> 4 Qårmufs mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0>0

0.8 4 @bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0>6

; 44 @rrfdm`cfdt @rrfdm`cfdtss g `btrfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bf d`tur`bfs` s` sgcgb`r

0>8

;.0 4 @rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr ;.; 4 @rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu

0>8 08:

;.: 4 ^fdm` `ck `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pistfrgir (bf`sf k`jl)

08=

ÃDMFU

Vdgt`t > ‚ Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

051

0 44 Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

050

; 44 Bfs `pirt`jgids gdgjg`bs mf b‗fcp b‗fcprfs`rg rfs`rg i fbs sijgs

05:

;.0 4 Fb j`pgt`b fd bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs

05:

;.; 4 Fb j`pgt`b fd bfs sijgft`ts cfrj`dtgbs

058

: 44 @cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b

07;

= 44 Qrivgsgids

07:

=.0 4 Qrivgsgú pfr ` gcpistis

07:

=.; 4 Qrivgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts g pfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs

07=

=.: 4 Qrivgsgú pfr mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

6 44 Qrçstfjs rfkuts

07>

077

6.0 4 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs prçstfjs fd fb QHJ

;11

6.; 4 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs prçstfjs fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs

;1:

> 44 Jicptfs mf jråmgt

;16

8 44 Fcpråstgts 5 44 Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs

;18 ;01

7 44 Ng`djfs g mgpûsgts rfkuts

Vdgt`t 8 ‚ Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fx m‗fxfrjgjg. frjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs 0 44 Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗f m‗fxfrjgjg xfrjgjg

;00

;0> ;08

0.0 4 Ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt

;08

0.; 4 Jábjub mfb rfsubt`t

;;0

0.: 4 @ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt

;;0

; 44 Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

;;8

;.0 4 Dircfs m‗fb`kir`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs ;.; 4 Mgpûsgt g pukbgj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs

;;8 ;;5

;.: 4 Fb`kir`jgú mfb K`b`dè

;;5

;.= 4 Fb`kir`jgú mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys

;:;

: 44 @pbgj` @pbgj`jgú jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

Vdgt`t 5 ‚ @umgtirg` mf jicptfs 0 44 Jidjfptf, jb`ssgn jb`ssgngj`jgú gj`jgú g rfhub`jgú bfh`b mf b‗ùmgtirg` ` Fsp`dy`

;:=

;=; ;=:

0.0 4 Jidjfptf m‗ùmgtirg`

;=:

0.; 4 Jb`ssfs m‗ùmgtirg`

;=:

0.: 4 [fhub`jgú bfh`b ` Fsp`dy` 0.= 4 Ikofjtf mf b‗ùmgtirg`

;== ;==

0.6 4 Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J)

;=6

ÃDMFU

; 44 Ikbgh` Ikbgh`tirgft`t tirgft`t mf b‗ùmgtirg`

;=>

;.0 4 Jimg mf jicfrè

;=>

;.; 4 ]fxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs

;=>

;.: 4 Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b

;=>

;.= 4 @btrfs supûsgts

;=8

: 44 Fbs ùmgtirs

;=5

:.0 4 Gdsjrgpjgú fd fb rfhgstrf

;=5

:.; 4 @utirgtz`jgú mf b‗GJ@J

;=7

:.: 4 Gdmfpfdmådjg` mf b‗ùmgtir

;=7

:.= 4 Ng`dè`

;61

:.6 4 [fspids`kgbgt`t

;61

:.> 4 Dicfd`cfdt mfbs ùmgtirs

;60

= 44 N`sfs mf b‗ùmgtirg` 6 44 Gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`

;6; ;6:

6.0 4 Jidtgdhut mf b‗gdnircf

;6:

6.; 4 ]gpus m‗ipgdgú

;6=

6.: 4 @oustis g rfjb`ssgngj`jgids jicpt`kbfs

;6=

Vdgt`t 7 ‚ B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

;8= ;8 =

0 44 B‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqufs

;86

; 44 B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

;88

;.0 4 D`tur`bfs` g áckgt m‗`pbgj`jgú mf b‗gcpist

;88

;.; 4 Nft gcpis`kbf

;88

;.: 4 Zukofjtf p`ssgu

;88

;.= 4 Fxfcpjgids

;85

;.6 4 Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist

;85

;.> 4 Cimfbs mf mfjb`r`jgú ;.8 4 ]frcgdgs mf prfsfdt`jgú

;85 ;85

: 44 Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist

;87

:.0 4 B` k`sf gcpis`kbf

;87

:.; 4 @oustis mfb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf

;87

:.: 4 Jicpfds`jgú mf k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs

;5>

:.= 4 Mfutf trgkut`rg

;5>

:.6 4 Puit` ãdtfhr`

;5>

:.> 4 Puit` bãqugm`

;57

:.8 4 Gdjfdtgus ngsj`bs pfr ` fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`

;70

= 44 Jicpt`kgbgtz Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú `jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

;7>

=.0 4 @jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist jirrfdt

;7>

=.; 4 @jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt

;77

ÃDMFU

Vdgt`t 01 ‚ B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

:0;

0 44 Jidjfptfs hfdfr`bs

:0:

0.0 4 Nft gcpis`kbf

:0:

0.; 4 [fdmfs fxfcptfs

:0:

0.: 4 Jidtrgkufdts

:0=

0.= 4 Jic g qu`d j`b prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú

:06

0.6 4 Q`h`cfdts ` jicptf

:0>

0.> 4 Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú

:0>

0.8 4 Cim`bgt`ts mf trgkut`jgú

:08

0.5 4 Cåtimfs mf mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf

:08

; 44 [fdmgcfdt [fdmgcfdtss mfb trfk`bb

:05

;.0 4 [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb trfk`bb

:05

;.; 4 [fmujjgids fspfjg`bs

:;1

;.: 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

:;1

;.= 4 [fmujjgids sikrf fb rfdmgcfdt dft

:;1

: 44 [fdmgcfd [fdmgcfdts ts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg

:;;

:.0 4 Jûcput mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs

:;;

:.; 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

:;;

:.: 4 [fmujjgids

:;:

= 44 [fdmgcfd [fdmgcfdts ts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg

:;= :; =

=.0 4 Jûcput mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs

:;6

=.; 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

:;6

6 44 [fdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs

:;>

6.0 4 Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` dirc`b

:;>

6.; 4 Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` sgcpbgngj`m`

:;8

6.: 4 Fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`

:;7

> 44 Hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs

::1

>.0 4 Gcpirt mfbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs >.; 4 Jirrfjjgú pfr mfprfjg`jgú cidftárg`

::1 ::1

>.: 4 Dircfs fspfjg`bs mf v`bir`jgú

::0

>.= 4 [fgdvfrsgú fd j`s mf tr`dscgssgú m‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b

::0

>.6 4 Hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs di oustgngj`ts

::0

8 44 [åhgcs fspfjg`bs 5 44 Jb`ssfs mf rfdm` 7 44 K`sf gcpis`kbf 01 44 K`sf bgqugm`kbf 00 44 Cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r 0; 44 Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr ãdtfhr` `

::; ::: ::= ::> ::8 ::7

0: 44 Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` bãqugm` 0= 44 Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b 06 44 [fsubt [fsubt`t `t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú

:=: :=> :=8

ÃDMFU

JICQ]@KGBG]@] MF JIZ]IZ Vdgt`t 00 ‚ B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis

:6;

0 44 Mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b g b` jicpt`kgb jicpt`kgbgt`t gt`t mf jistis

:6:

; 44 Fb jidjfptf mf jist

:6=

;.0 4 [fb`jgú fdtrf jistis, jicprfs g gdvfrsgú

:66

;.; 4 B` jb`ssgngj`jgú mfbs jistis

:6>

: 44 Fbs sgstfcfs m'gcput`jg m'gcput`jgú ú mf jistis

:>1

:.0 4 Mgrfjt jist (MJ)

:>1

:.; 4 Nubb jist gdmustrg`b (NJG)

:>:

:.: 4 Gcput`jgú r`jgid`b (G[)

:>>

:.= 4 Nubb jist tit`b (NJ])

:>5

:.6 4 Jicp`r`tgv` mf rfsubt`ts

:>7

= 44 Fb sgstfc` @KJ m'gcput`jg m'gcput`jgú ú mf jistis

:80

@DÁBGZG FJIDÛCGJ@, Q@][GCIDG@B G NGD@DJF[@ Vdgt`t 0; ‚ @dábgsg fjidûcgj` g ngd`djfr`

:5;

0 44 Gdtrimuj Gdtrimujjgú jgú

:5:

; 44 @dábgsg p`trgcidg`b

:5=

;.0 4 Nids mf c`dgikr` i rit`jgú

:5=

;.; 4 [átgis p`trgcidg`bs

:5>

;.: 4 Fqugbgkrgs p`trgcidg`bs

:5>

: 44 @dábgsg ngd`djfr ngd`djfr` `

:55

:.0 4 [átgis mf trfsirfrg`

:55

:.; 4 [átgis mf sibvådjg`

:55

:.: 4 [átgis m‗fdmfut`cfdt

:57

= 44 @dábgsg fjidûcgj`

:71

=.0 4 J`se nbiw

:71

=.; 4 [fdmgkgbgt`t

:71

6 44 Qfrãimf cgtoá mf c`mur`jgú mf b‗fcpr b‗fcprfs` fs`

:70

> 44 Qudt cirt i bbgdm`r mf rfdmgkgbgt`t

:7:

8 44 Q`b`dqufo`cfd Q`b`dqufo`cfdtt ipfr`tgu g ngd`djfr

:7=

8.0 4 Q`b`dqufo`cfdt ipfr`tgu

:7=

8.; 4 Q`b`dqufo`cfdt ngd`djfr

:76

u

d

g

t

`

t

0

Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ ZVC@[G 󰁤

Gdtrimujjgú ` bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs

󰁤

]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf bfs jicprfs g vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

󰁤

Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ fd bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm`

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf fb mfshbiss`cfdt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g fbs sfus prgdjgp`bs jicptfs.

¸¸ @d`bgtz`r fbs jicptfs cçs rfprfsfdt`tgus mfbs hrups > g 8 rfnfrfdts ` jicprfs g vfdmfs.

¸¸ @pbgj`r fbs jicptfs `dtfrgirs pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs mgnfrfdts nfts jicpt`kbfs quf fs hfdfrfd ` bfs fcprfsfs fd fb trángj e`kgtu`b mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs.

¸¸ Jicprfdmrf g `pbgj`r jirrfjt`cfdt bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú `pbgj`kbfs `b rfhgstrf jicpt`kbf mf bfs jicprfs g vfdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs.

¸¸ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗G^@ mfrgv`t mf bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm` fd titfs bfs sgtu`jgids quf fs pimfd prfsfdt`r.

7

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

0 44 Gdtrimujjgú ` bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs Jic o` s`kfc, fbs jicptfs m‗fxgstådjgfs fst`d rfjibbgts `b Qb` Hfdfr`b Jicpt`kbf (QHJ) `b hrup : Fxgstådjgfs Fxgstådjgfs,, id fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs `jtgus pissféts pfr sfr vfduts fd fb jurs dirc`b mf b‗fxpbit`jgú, fd prijçs mf primujjgú i fd nirc` mf c`tfrg`bs i sukcgdgstr`cfdts pfr sfr jidsucgts fd fb prijçs mf primujjgú i fd b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs. [fjirmfc quf fb hrup fb hrup : Fxgstådjgfs gdjbiu fbs sfhòfdts sukhrups, quf nghur`r`d fd b‗ @jtgu @jtgu jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n m‗Fxgstådjgfs?

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Zukhrup :1 Cfrj`mfrgfs. Zukhrup :0 C`tårgfs prgcfrfs. Zukhrup :; @btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts. Zukhrup :: Qrimujtfs fd jurs. Zukhrup := Qrimujtfs sfcg`j`k`ts. Zukhrup :6 Qrimujtfs `j`k`ts. Zukhrup :> Zukprimujtfs, rfsgmus g c`tfrg`bs rfjupfr`ts.

@qufsts jicptfs dicçs nudjgid`r`d `ck citgu mfb t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg g `ck b` ngd`bgt`t mf rfhub`rgtz`r bfs fxgstådjgfs m‗`jirm `ck b‗gdvfdt`rg jirrfspidfdt. Qfr rfhgstr`r fbs civgcfdts mf bfs fxgstådjgfs `b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg, s‗utgbgtz`r`d fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1 Jicprfs g mfb sukhrup 81 ^fdmfs. ^fdmfs. Fb tr`jt`cfdt quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr `b rfhgstrf mf bfs fxgstådjgfs, `gxã jic pfr ` bfs sfvfs jicprfs g vfdmfs, fb prfsfdtfc mf nirc` rfsucgm` ` b` tùb` sfhòfdt?

[fhgstrf mf bfs fxgstådjgfs g mf bfs sfvfs jicprfs g vfdmfs

Fxgstådjgfs

@b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg di fs rfnbfjtgr`d fd j`p jicptf, o` quf `bs jicptfs mfb hrup : `p`rfgxfr`d bfs fxgstådjgfs gdgjg`bs, çs ` mgr, bfs quf tfdg` b‗fcprfs` ` b‗gdgjg mf b‗fxfrjgjg g quf e`d fst`t rfhgstr`mfs fd b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`, oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs m‗@jtgu.

Jicprfs

Fs jidsgmfrfd ud` mfspfs` pfr ` b‗fcprfs` g fs rfhgstr`r`d `b sukhrup >1, fd jicptfs fspfjãngjs mf Jicprfs.

^fdmfs

Fs jidsgmfrfd ud gdhrçs pfr ` b‗fcprfs` g fs rfhgstr`r`d `b sukhrup 81, fd jicptfs fspfjãngjs mf ^fdmfs.

Fxgstådjgfs

Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs fs mftfrcgd`r`d cgto`dè`dt ud gdvfdt`rg, quf eùrá mf jigdjgmgr `ck bfs m`mfs m‗fxgstådjgfs pripirjgid`mfs pfb rfspids`kbf mf b` hfstgú mfb c`h`tzfc g s‗`jtu`bgtz`rá fb s`bmi jicpt`kbf mfbs sfus jicptfs pfr t`b quf rfnbfjtfgxgd fb v`bir ngd`b rf`b mf bfs fxgstådjgfs. Qfr Qfr `gxû, s‗eùr`d m‗`dub󰂸b`r bfs fxgstådjgfs fxgstådjgfs gdgjg`bs g mid`r m‗`bt` bfs ngd`bs. B` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fb s`bmi gdgjg`b g fb s`bmi ngd`b fs pirt` `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg pfrû, sfhids pripis` fb QHJ, ` tr`vçs m‗ud jicptf pidt mf ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs (sukhrups >0 g 80). Fb v`bir mf bfs fxgstådjgf fxgstådjgfss ngd`bs, oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs m‗@jtgu, `p`rfgxfrá fd b‗`ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Fbs jicptfs mf jicprfs g mf vfdmfs

Fs j`djfb󰂸b`r`d pirt`dt fb sfu s`bmi `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj

@b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj fs prijfmfgx ` rfhub`rgtz`r b` sgtu`jgú mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt?

01

Zg fds prfhudtfc qugdfs ipfr`jgids efc mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fbs civgcfdts mf bfs fxgstådjgfs mgds m‗ud` fcprfs`, b` rfspist` çs jb`r`? dicçs fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs ipfr`jgids quf supisgd ud` v`rg`jgú sghdgngj`tgv` mfb p`trgcidg mf b‗fcprfs`.

Qrgdjgpg mf cfrgt`jgú Fbs fnfjtfs mf bfs tr`ds`jjgids i fbs nfts fjidûcgjs fs rfhgstr`r`d qu`d ijirrgd, gcput`dt-sf ` b‗fxfrjgjg ` quå fs rfnfrfgxgd fbs jicptfs `du`bs, bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf b‗`nfjtfd, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mf b` m`t` mfb sfu p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt.

Qfr pimfr rfhgstr`r `qufsts nfts jicpt`kbfs, j`bmrá mijucfdts oustgngj`dts mfbs qu`bs iktfdgr b` gdnirc`jgú mf bfs mgvfrsfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` jicpr`vfdm` m‗fxgstådjgfs. @qufsts mijucfdts súd b` jic`dm`, b‗`bk`rá g b` n`jtur`. B` jic`dm` g b‗`bk`rá tfdfd jic ` ikofjtgu jicpriv`r b` rfjfpjgú i fb bbgur`cfdt mf b` cfrj`mfrg`, cfdtrf quf b` n`jtur` h`r`dtfgx bfh`bcfdt b‗ipfr`jgú mf jicpr`vfdm`, pfr b` qu`b jis` çs b‗ÿdgj mijucfdt quf tç `pbgj`jgú jicpt`kbf. Qfb quf n` `b cicfdt mfb sfu rfhgstrf g fd `pbgj`jgú mfb prgdjgpg mf b` cfrgt`jgú, `qufstfs ipfr`jgids fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd qu`d ijirrgd, gcput`dt ` j`m` fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf b‗`nfjtgd, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå fs primufgxg fb sfu p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg súd vfrt`mfrfs i n`bsfs bfs sfhòfdts `ngrc`jgids, rìd`dt b` tfv` rfspist`? `) Bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs s‗eùr`d s‗eù r`d mf rfhgstr`r qu`d fs primufgxg fb sfu p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt. k) Bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fbs civgcfdts mf bfs fxgstådjgfs quf s‗e`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r súd bfs quf supisgd ud` v`rg`jgú sghdgngj`tgv` mf b‗@jtgu m‗ud` fcprfs`. j) Fbs jicptfs m‗fxgstådjgfs fs trikfd rfjibbgts `b QHJ fd fbs sukhrups >1 g 81. m) Qfr pimfr rfhgstr`r fbs civgcfdts mf cfrj`mfrgfs, dicçs çs dfjfss`rg quf sf‗d primufgxg b‗fdtr`m` i sirtgm` `b c`h`tzfc, sfdsf dfjfssgt`t mf j`p mijucfdt`jgú. f) @bs jicptfs mfb hrup : fs rfhgstrfd fbs civgcfdts mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg. n) Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1 dicçs nudjgidfd `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg g `ck b` ngd`bgt`t mf rfhub`rgtz`r bfs fxgstådjgfs m‗`jirm `ck b‗gdvfdt`rg jirrfspidfdt. h) Qfr rfhgstr`r fbs civgcfdts mf bfs fxgstådjgfs `b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg, s‗utgbgtz`r`d fbs jicptfs mfbs sukhrups >1 g 81. e) Bfs jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd qu`d ijirrfd, gcput`dt-sf ` b‗fxfrjgjg b‗fxf rjgjg bfs mfspfsfs quf b‗`nfjtgd.

00

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

; 44 ]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf bfs jicprfs fd fb QHJ Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx quf bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs jicprfs s‗e`d mf rfhgstr`r `b hrup `b hrup > Jicprfs g mfspfsfs mfspfsfs,, g cçs jidjrft`cfdt `b sukhrup >1 Jicprfs. Jicprfs. Fd b` mfngdgjgú mfb hrup >, fds mgu quf jicprfdmrá, fdtrf `btrfs, ‒fbs `privgsgid`cfdts mf cfrj`mfrgfs g `btrfs kçds `mqugrgts pfr b‗fcprfs` pfr rfvfdmrf‗bs, o` sghug sfdsf `btfr`r-df b` nirc` g b` sukstádjg`, i pråvg` sukofjjgú ` prijfssis gdmustrg`bs m‗`m`pt`jgú, tr`dsnirc`jgú i jidstrujjgú–. Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1 Jicprfs s‗`m`pt`r`d pfr bfs fcprfsfs ` bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf bfs ipfr`jgids quf rf`bgtzfd, `ck b` mfdicgd`jgú fspfjãngj` quf fbs jirrfspidhug.

;.0 4 Jicptfs (>11)/(>10)/(>1;)/(>18) Jicprfs mf...

Jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1 ‚ (>11) Jicpr Jicprfs fs mf cfrj`mf cfrj`mfrgfs. rgfs. ‚ (>10) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf mf c`tårgfs c`tårgfs prgcfrfs. prgcfrfs. ‚ (>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgi `privgsgid`d`cfdts. ‚ (>1>) Mfsjic Mfsjicptfs ptfs sikrf sikrf jicprfs jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. ‚ (>18) ]rfk`bbs ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `btrfs `btrfs fcprfsfs. ‚ (>15) Mfvibu Mfvibujgids jgids mf mf jicprfs jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs. ‚ (>17) [ápfb [ápfbss pfr jicp jicprfs. rfs.

Fd fbs jicptfs (>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (>10) Jicprfs mf c`tårgfs prgcfrfs g (>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts fs rfjubbfd fbs `privgsgid`cfdts mf b‗fcprfs` mf kçds gdjbisis fd fbs sukhrups :1 Jicfrjg`bs, :0 C`tårgfs prgcfrfs g :; @btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts. `privgsgid`cfdts . ]`ckç jicprfdfd fbs trfk`bbs quf, nirc`dt p`rt mfb prijçs mf primujjgú pripg, s‗fdj`rrfhufd s‗fdj`rrfhuf d ` `btrfs fcprfsfs, quf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (>18) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `btrfs fcprfsfs. fcprfsfs. B` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mf bfs jicprfs fs rf`bgtz`rá pfb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú. Fd `qufsts jicptfs, s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r?

‚ B‗gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs mfsprçs mf mfmugr-df qu`bsfvib mfsjicptf, rfk`gx` fd fb prfu i `btrfs p`rtgmfs sgcgb`rs, `gxã jic fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs måkgts, g s‗eg `nfhgr`d titfs bfs mfspfsfs `mmgjgid`bs quf fs primufgxgd ngds quf fbs kçds fs trikgd ukgj`ts pfr ` b` sfv` vfdm`< pfr fxfcpbf, gcpistis gdmgrfjtfs (bbfv`t quf sghugd mfmuékbfs), pirts, `r`dzfbs mf mu`dfs, `ssfhur`djfs, ftj., g `btrfs mf mgrfjt`cfdt `trgkuékbfs ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf bfs fxgstådjgfs. ]it g `gxû, s‗eg pimr`d gdjbiurf fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `bs måkgts `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy quf di tgdhugd ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, qu`d b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di sghug sghdgngj`tgu. ‚ B‗G^@ supirt`t di mfmuékbf. Qfr jidtr`, fd `qufsts jicptfs di fs rfjubbfd? rfjubbfd?

‚ B‗G^@ supirt`t mfmuékbf, quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptf (=8;) E.Q. G^@ supirt`t. pirt`t. ‚ Fbs mfsjicptfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t quf jidjfmfgxgd ` b‗fcprfs` fbs sfus privfémirs g quf di fs trikgd gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`, quf fs rfhgstr`r`d `b jicptf (>1>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t.

‚

Fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs pistfrgirs ` b` rfjfpjgú mf b` n`jtur` irghgd`ts pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t, gdjicpbgcfdts i jùsfs `dábihufs, quf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs.. sgcgb`rs

@btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts Zúd mgnfrfdts fbfcfdts, `mqugrgts dirc`bcfdt ` tfrjfrs, quf súd utgbgtz`ts i jidsucgts pfr b‗fcprfs`, gdjirpir`ts `b sfu prijçs primujtgu i dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` jicfrjg`bgtz`jgú g vfdm` mfbs sfus primujtfs (fdv`sis, jickustgkbfs, c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd`, ftj.). Fbs pimfc trik`r `b sukhrup :; @btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts mfb QHJ.

0;

‚ Fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs quf fs k`sgd fd e`vfr `ssibgt ud mftfrcgd`t vibuc mf jic`dmfs quf fs rfhgstr`r`d `b jicptf (>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs.. jicprfs ‚ Fbs fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, quf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs. privfémirs. B` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs `ck n`jubt`t mf mf vibujgú s‗`d`bgtz`rá ` b` udgt`t mfmgj`m` `bs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs. @qufsts jicptfs fs j`rrfh`r`d pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs jicprfs, ` b` rfjfpjgú mf bfs rfcfsfs mfbs privfémirs i ` b` sfv` pis`m` fd j`cã sg bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g fbs kçds fs tr`dspirtfssgd pfr jicptf mf b‗fcprfs`, `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup =1 Qrivfémirs i 68 ]rfsirfrg`. ]rfsirfrg`. Fd p`rtgjub`r, fb jicptf (>18) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `btrfs fcprfsfs fs j`rrfh`rá ` b` rfjfpjgú mfbs trfk`bbs fdj`rrfh`ts ` `btrfs fcprfsfs. Fbs jicptfs mf jicprfs prfsfdt`r`d s`bmi mfutir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, `qufst s`bmi s‗ eùrá m‗`kid`r `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfr b‗fx frjgjg. jgjg. Qfr `cpbg`r b‗fstumg mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck jicprfs, fs pit jidsubt`r fb sukhrup >1 Jicprfs, ` b` jgdqufd` jg dqufd` p`rt mfb QHJ, ‒Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs–, g bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú dÿcfri 01 mfb QHJ i b` dÿcfri 0; mfb QHJ mf Qgcfs, titfs mufs rfb`tgvfs ` bfs fxgstådjgfs. Fd nudjgú mfb cicfdt fd quå fs rf`bgtz` fb p`h`cfdt mf bfs jicprfs g mf b` nirc` mf rf`bgtz`r-bi, fds pimfc trik`r `ck bfs sgtu`jgids sfhòfdts?

‚ Q`h`cfdt fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg. ‚ Q`h`cfdt òird`t. ‚ Q`h`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg. Zfhids b` Bbfg 8/;10;, mf ;7 m‗ijtukrf, jic ` cfsur` mf bbugt` jidtr` fb nrù, fstá priegkgt fb p`h`cfdt fd fnfjtgu supfrgir ` ; 611  fdtrf fcprfsfs g prinfssgid`bs.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf jicprfs Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :=11  `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur` mfb 6%. Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 011 . G^@ mf ;0%. x

: ::1,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (: =11,11 ” 6% s/ : =11,11

>77,:1

+

011,11)

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ : ::1,11)

`

x

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

= 1;7,: 1;7,:1 1

0:

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 01 111 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs prfsfdtfd mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb privfémir jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf ;11  quf s‗gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur`. B` n`jtur` t`ckç jidtç udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` :11 . Z‗`jjfpt` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfr b‗gcpirt tit`b mfb mfutf. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

01 011,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (01 111,11 ” ;11,11

; 0;0,11

+

:11,11)

(=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 01011,11)

`

(=10) Qrivfémirs, Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

0; ;;0,11

x

;.; 4 Gdtfrfs Gdtfrfssis sis pfr òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt Fb QHJ, fd b` sfv` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 01, 01, rfb`tgv` ` Fxgstådjgfs Fxgstådjgfs,, fds fspfjgngj` quf b` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mfbs måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs (dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 7`). @ cçs, b‗`p`rt`t b‗`p`rt`t 00 Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`qufst` dirc` mf v`bir`jgú fds gdmgj` quf fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs måkgts, jic ` dirc` hfdfr`b, di nirc`r`d p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú, m‗`mqugsgjg ú, fdj`r` quf fs pimr`d gdjbiurf fd `qufst prfu qu`d fs tr`jtg mf mfutfs jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg` bs `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy, sfcprf quf fb mfutf di tgdhug ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g quf b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di sghug sghdgngj`tgu. Fd b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 7`, 7` , fs mgu quf b` v`bir`jgú mfbs måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs fs rf`bgtz` mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt?

Måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs Zúd fbs p`ssgus ngd`djfrs quf s‗irghgdfd fd b` jicpr` mf kçds g sfrvfgs pfr ipfr`jgids mf trángj mf b‗fcprfs`.

îj`kub`rg Jist `cirtgtz`t?

çs b‗gcpirt `jtu`bgtz`t mfb jråmgt i måkgt.

^`bir`jgú mfbs måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ^fdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy

‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b? v`bir rìd`kbf, quf sfrá fb fb prfu mf b` tr`ds`jjgú (v`bir rìd`kbf rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`prfst`jgú rfkum`). ‚ ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? b‗fxfrjgjg)? jist jist `cirtgtz`t.

^fdjgcfdt ghu`b i cfdir ` ud `dy

Zg di tfdfd ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di çs sghdgngj`tgu, b‗fcprfs` pimrá fbfhgr fdtrf mufs ipjgids? ‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b gdgjg`b g pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? b‗fxfrjgjg)? v`bir dicgd`b. ‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b? v`bir rìd`kbf. rìd`kbf. ^`bir`jgú ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? b‗fxfrjgjg)? jist `cirtgtz`t. Fd j`s jidtr`rg, b` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b fs n`rá pfb v`bir rìd`kbf g b` pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg), pfb jist `cirtgtz`t.

Dit`? fd titfs mufs sgtu`jgids, fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, jidjrft`cfdt `b jicptf (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs jic ` mfspfs` ngd`djfr`. Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu çs fb tgpus m‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú quf ghu`b` fb v`bir fd bbgkrfs m‗ud gdstrucfdt ngd`djfr ngd`djfr `ck fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu fstgc`ts `b bb`rh mf b` vgm` fspfr`m` mf b‗gdstrucfdt, sfdsf jidsgmfr`r jidsgmfr`r bfs pårmufs nuturfs pfr rgsj mf jråmgt. Fd mfngdgtgv`, fs tr`jt` m‗ud` núrcub` ngd`djfr` mf j`pgt`bgtz`jgú jicpist`.

0=

Fxfcpbfs Gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mf p`h`cfdt sfdsf tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g vfdjgcfdt gdnfrgir ` ud `dy B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1UU fs jicprfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Z‗`jirm` `ck fb privfémir p`h`r 6 011  cçs b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt m‗`quã ` mis cfsis, jirrfspidfdt b` mgnfrådjg` ` gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt. Fd `qufst j`s, pimfc fbfhgr fdtrf gcput`r i di fbs gdtfrfssis `b prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú. Qfr t`dt, fxgstfgxfd mufs ipjgids pfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufst` ipfr`jgú? `) Jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis jic ` p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú. B` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ di gdjbiu b‗gcpirt mfbs gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt pfrquå jirrfspidfd ` ud pfrãimf pistfrgir `b bbgur`cfdt mf b` cfrj`mfrg` g ffhurfd mf nirc` sfp`r`m` fd b` n`jtur`. 10/16/;1UU

6 011,11 0 161,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (s‗eg gdjbiufd fbs gdtfrfssis) (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 111,1 111,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

> 061,1 061,11 1

10/18/;1UU

> 061,1 061,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(68;) K`djs j/j

> 061,1 061,11 1

x

k) Jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis jic ` mfspfs` ffd`djfr`, fssfdt b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ b‗gcpirt mf b` jicpr`. 10/16/;1UU

6 111,11 0 161,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (di s‗eg gdjbiufd fbs gdtfrfssis) (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 111,1 111,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

> 161,1 161,11 1

10/18/;1UU

011,11 > 161,1 161,11 1

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs (=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(68;) K`djs j/j

> 061,1 061,11 1

x

B‗fbfjjgú m‗ud` ipjgú di `nfjt` b‗G^@ supirt`t dg b‗gcpirt ` p`h`r pfr b` jicpr` rf`bgtz`m`, o` quf fb ﬋ux mf trfsirfrg` jigdjgmfgx. B` mgnfrådjg` `p`rfgx `bs jicptfs utgbgtz`ts pfr rfhgstr`r bfs mgnfrfdts mfspfsfs. Zg fb vfdjgcfdt mfb mfutf çs gdnfrgir ` ud `dy g fs p`jt` `ck fb privfémir ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, b‗ipfr`jgú s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `pbgj`dt b` sfhid` ipjgú. Fbs gdtfrfssis sfcprf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d jic ` mfspfs` ffd`djfr` g di nirc`r`d p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú. Fd b` m`t` mf p`h`cfdt, fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts fs j`bjub`r`d `pbgj`dt fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b sikrf fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú.

06

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

;.: 4 Jicptf (>1>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Fd `qufst jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs mfsjicptfs g `ssgcgb`ts quf jidjfmfgxgd ` b‗fcprfs` fbs sfus privfémirs, pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t, di gdjbisis fd n`jtur`. Z‗`kid`rá Z‗`kid`rá pfbs mfsjicptfs g `ssgcgb`ts jidjfmgts, `ck járrfj, hfdfr`bcfdt, ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup =1 Qrivfémirs. Zg fbs mfsjicptfs v`d gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`, di di fs rfhgstr`r`d fd `qufst jicptf, sgdú quf mgscgdugr`d fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf bfs fxgstådjgfs. Fb jicptf (>1>) prfsfdt`rá s`bmi jrfmgtir. jrfmgtir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufst jicptf fs j`rrfh`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr > 111 G^@ mfb ;0%.

,

`ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b fd n`jtur` mfb 6%.

x

6 811,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (> 111,11 ” 6% s/ > 111,11)

0 078,11

(=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 811,1 811,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

> 578,1 578,11 1

x

Fb privfémir mfb pudt `dtfrgir pripis` ` b‗fcprfs` ud mfsjicptf mf 011  sg s`bm` fb sfu mfutf `k`ds mfb vfdjgcfdt. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` ei `jjfpt` g bg fdvg` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` pfr b‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt. x

> 578,1 578,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>1>) (>1 >) Mfsjic Mfsjicptf ptfss s/ j/ pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

011,11 ;0,11

(;0% s/ 011,11)

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j x

;.= 4 Jicptf (>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs Fd `qufst jicptf, fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs rfcfsfs rftird`mfs ` privfémirs, privfém irs, dirc`bcfdt pfr gdjicpbgcfdt mf bfs jidmgjgids mf b` jic`dm`. ]`ckç fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs irghgd`ts pfr b` c`tfgx` jùs`, quf sghugd pistfrgirs ` b` rfjfpjgú mf b` n`jtur`< pfr fxfcpbf, gdjicpbgcfdt mfbs tfrcgdgs mf bbgur`cfdt.

> 88>,1 88>,11 1

0>

Z‗`kid`rá pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs jicprfs quf fs rftirdgd g, sg çs prijfmfdt, Z‗`kid`rá pfbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs iktgdhuts, `ck járrfj ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup =1 Qrivfémirs i 68 ]rfsirfrg`. Zg `qufsts mfsjicptfs jidjfmgts pfbs privfémirs v`d gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`, di fs rfhgstr`r`d fd `qufst jicptf, sgdú quf mgscgdugr`d fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`mqugsgj gú mf bfs fxgstådjgfs.

Gdjgmådjg` mfb jicptf (>15) fd b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf Fb jicptf Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs prfsfdt`rá s`bmi jrfmgtir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufst jicptf fs j`rrfh`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (0;7) ( 0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfvibujgids mf jicprfs Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 05 111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

05 111,1 111,11 1 : 851,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 05 111,11) `

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

;0851,1 ;0 851,11 1

x

Mfhut ` ud frrir fd b‗fdvg`cfdt, fs rftirdfd bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;0 851,1 851,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr` ipfr`jgid jgidss sgcg sgcgb`rs b`rs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 05 111,11)

x

05 111,11 05111,1 1 : 851,11

08

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

;.6 4 Jicptf (>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs @qufst jicptf rfjubb fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs quf fs k`sgd fd e`vfr `ssibgt ud mftfrcgd`t vibuc mf jic`dmfs. Dirc`bcfdt, fbs rápfbs sf sibfd bgqugm`r pfr pfrãimfs mf tfcps (`du`bs, sfcfstr`bs, trgcfstr`bs, ftj.)< pfr `gxû, fb dirc`b çs di trik`r-bis fd n`jtur`. Zg nis `gxã g `nfjtfssgd ud` jic`dm` jidjrft`, fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d jic qu`bsfvib `btrf mfsjicptf gdjbûs fd n`jtur`, çs ` mgr, jic ud cfdir gcpirt mf b` jicpr`. Zg fb mfsjicptf quf `p`rfgx fd ud` n`jtur` mf jicpr` di `nfjt` `qufst` jic`dm` fd jidjrft, sgdú ud pfrãimf mf tfcps, i sg vf fd ud` n`jtur` mgnfrfdt ` b` n`jtur` mf jicprfs, s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs. jicprfs.

Gdjgmådjg` mfb jicptf (>17) fd b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf Fb jicptf [ápfbs pfr jicprfs prfsfdt`rá s`bmi jrfmgtir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufst jicptf fs j`rrfh`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

@ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, s‗`kid`rá s‗`kid`rá pfbs rápfbs quf jirrfspidhugd ` b‗fcprfs`, jidjfmgts pfbs privfémirs, `ck járrfj ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup =1 Qrivfémirs i 68 ]rfsirfrg`. ]rfsirfrg`.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf rápfbs fd jicprfs Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 61 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%. x

61 111,11 61111,1 1 01 611,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 61 111,1 111,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

>1 611,1 611,11 1

x

Qfb vibuc `mqugrgt, fb distrf privfémir fds jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf : 111 ? x

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>17) [ápfbs [ápfbs pfr jicpr jicprfs fs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

: 111,1 111,11 1 >:1,11

(;0% s/ :111,11)

x

@bs :1 mgfs, fs p`h` b` n`jtur` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, jicpfds`dt b` qu`dtgt`t mfsjicpt`m`? x

6> 581,11

(=11) Qriv Qrivfémirs fémirs (>1 611,1 611,11 1 ” : >:1,11 >:1,11))

` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

6> 581,1 581,11 1

05

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;6 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb =% g bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr`, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` :11 . Fb p`h`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá `bs >1 mgfs. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. ;. [fkum` b` cfrj`mfrg`, s‗eg iksfrvfd mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t. Fs jicudgj` jicudgj` `bs privfémirs `qufst nft g pripisfd ud mfsjicptf mf 0 111  cçs G^@. B‗fcprfs` ei `jjfpt`. :. Qfr `rrgk`r `b vibuc mf jic`dm` ngx`t, fbs privfémirs jidjfmfgxfd ud mfsjicptf mf 611 . G^@ mfb ;0%. =. ]r`dsjirrfhut :1 mgfs, b‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt g d‗iktç ud mfsjicptf mf ;11  cçs G^@. Fdvg` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` `b privfémir privfémir.. G^@ mfb ;0%.

:󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @BJV_@, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗0 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 0= 111 . @jirm` `ck fb privfémir fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis g p`jt` ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b mfb =%. ;. B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 05 111 . Fb privfémir gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b pfr òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt ` ; cfsis. :. B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1 p`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt ; cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;1 111 . 6. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs súd rftird`mfs `b privfémir. privfémir. >. Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 5 111 . 8. Qistfrgircfdt, iksfrv` quf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs rfkumfs `rrgkfd `ck mfnfjtfs mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` `rrgk` ` ud `jirm `ck fb privfémir pfr qufm`r-sf-bfs, qufm `r-sf-bfs, pfrû `b prfu mf 8 111 . 5. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt > cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 7. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;; 111 . 01. Qfb vibuc m‗ipfr`jgú m‗ipfr`jgú `ssibgt, fb sfu privfémir privfémir bg jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mfsjicptf mf 0111 0 111 . 00. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt 7 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0;. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;6 111 . 0:. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb privfémir `dtfrgir `dtgjgp`m`cfdt `dtgjgp`m`cfdt pfr k`dj, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb privfémir bg jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf 511 . 0=. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111  `ck ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur`. 

06. mfdts [fp b`mf n`jtur` mf bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` =11 g qufmfd pfdp`h`cfdt. 0>. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 08. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;> 111 . Fb privfémir gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t fd bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. ]`ckç ]`ckç gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` 611  pfb tr`dspirt jirrfspidfdt. 05. B‗0 mf oudy mf ;1U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;8 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ;11  pfr òird`r fb p`h`cfdt mis cfsis, sfdsf e`vfr-sf fspfjgngj`t ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b. Mfjgmfgx jicpt`kgbgtz`r fb mfutf pfb sfu v`bir dicgd`b. 07. B‗0 m‗`hist mf ;1U1 p`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. ;1. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;5 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. ;0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ;7 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%, ud `btrf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;% g udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf =11 . Fs p`h` pfr k`dj. ;;. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :1 111  g p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb privfémir bg jidjfmfgx, ` b` n`jtur`, ud mfsjicptf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb 6% mf b‗gcpirt mf b` jicpr`. ;:. @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, rfjb`ssgngj` fb mfutf g gcput` ` rfsubt`ts fbs gdtfrfssis mf b‗ipfr`jgú mfb pudt 0.

07

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

: 44 ]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx quf bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs vfdmfs s‗e`d mf rfhgstr`r `b hrup `b hrup 8 ^fdmfs ^fdmfs g gdhrfssis gdhrfssis,, g cçs jidjrft`cfdt `b sukhrup 81 ^fdmfss mf ^fdmf mf cfrj`mf cfrj`mfrgfs, rgfs, mf primujj primujjgú gú prûpg`, prûpg`, mf sfrvfg sfrvfgs, s, ftj ftj.. B` mfngdgjgú mfb hrup 8 fspfjgngj` quf s‗eg gdjbiurá, fdtrf `btrfs, ‒b‗`bgfd`jgú mf kçds g b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs quf súd ikofjtf mfb trángj mf b‗fcprfs`–. Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup 81 ^fdmfs s‗`m`pt`r`d s‗`m` pt`r`d pfr p`rt mf bfs fcprfsfs ` bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf bfs ipfr`jgids quf rf`bgtzfd, `ck b` mfdicgd`jgú fspfjãngj` quf fbs jirrfspidhug.

:.0 4 Jicptfs (811)/(810)/(81;)/(81:)/(81=)/(816) ^fdmfs mf... @bs jicptfs (811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs, (810) ^fdmfs mf primujtfs `j`k`ts, (81;) ^fdmfs mf primujtfs sfcg`j`k`ts, (81:) ^fdmfs mf sukprimujtfs g rfsgmus g (81=) ^fdmfs m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs fs rfjubbfd bfs tr`ds`jjgids, `ck sirtgm` i bbgur`cfdt mfbs kçds i sfrvfgs ikofjtf mf

Mfshbiss`cfdt mfbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup 81 Fb sukhrup 81 fstá gdtfhr`t pfbs jicptfs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf mf cfrj`mfrg cfrj`mfrgfs. fs. (810) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf primujtf primujtfss `j`k`ts. `j`k`ts. (81;) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf primujtf primujtfss sfcg`j`k`ts. sfcg`j`k`ts. (81:) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf sukprimu sukprimujtfs jtfs g rfsgmus. rfsgmus. (81=) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs m‗fdv`si m‗fdv`siss g fck`b`thfs. fck`b`thfs. (816) Qrfst` Qrfst`jgids jgids mf sfrvfgs. sfrvfgs. (81>) Mfsjicp Mfsjicptfs tfs sikrf sikrf vfdmfs vfdmfs pfr pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. ‚ (815) Mfvibu Mfvibujgids jgids mf mf vfdmfs g ipfrìpfr`jgids sgcgb`rs. ‚ (817) [ápfb [ápfbss sikrf sikrf vfdmfs. vfdmfs.

trángj mf b‗fcprfs` cgto`dè`dt prfu. Pu`d fbs gdhrfssis iktgdhuts pfr b‗fcprfs` prijfmfgxfd mf b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs, fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b, fbs eùrfc mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (816) Qrfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs. sfrvfgs. B` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mf bfs vfdmfs fs rf`bgtz`rá `pbgj`dt fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`p`rtgm` rfkum` i pfr rfkrf. Fd `qufsts jicptfs, s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r? rfhgstr`r?

‚ Fb prfu `jirm`t pfr `bs kçds i sfrvfgs mfsprçs mf mfmugr qu`bsfvib mfsjicptf, rfk`gx` fd fb prfu i `btrfs p`rtgmfs sgcgb`rs quf b‗fcprfs` puhug jidjfmgr, `gxã jic fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs jråmgts. ]it g `gxû, s‗eg pimr`d gdjbiurf fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `bs jråmgts jicfrjg`bs `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy quf di tgdhugd ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, qu`d b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis nb uxis m‗fnfjtgu di sghug sghdgngj`tgu.

Gdjgmådjg` mfbs jicptfs mf vfdmfs fd b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf Fbs jicptfs mf vfdmfs prfsfdt`r`d s`bmi jrfmgtir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, `qufst s`bmi fs j`rrfh`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Qfr jidtr`, fd `qufsts jicptfs di s‗eg rfjubbfd? rfjubbfd?

‚ Bfs mfspfsfs rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs vfdmfs< pfr fxfcpbf, tr`dspirts, `ssfhur`djfs, mu`dfs, ftj., quf sghugd ` járrfj mfb vfdfmir, quf fs rfhgstr`r`d `bs jicptfs mfb hrup > quf jirrfspidhugd, fd nudjgú mf b` d`tur`bfs` mf b` mfspfs`.

‚ Bfs qu`dtgt`ts rfkumfs pfr jicptf mf tfrjfrs quf di nirc`r`d p`rt mfbs gdhrfssis pfr vfdmfs g prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs. Fs rfhgstr`r`d `bs jicptfs mfb hrup 8 quf jirrfspidhugd, fd nudjgú mf b` d`tur`bfs` mf b‗gdhrçs.

‚

B‗G^@ cfrgt`t, quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptf (=88) E.Q. G^@ rfpfrjutgt. rfpfrjutgt.

‚ Fbs mfsjicptfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t quf jidjfmfgxg b‗fcprfs` `bs sfus jbgfdts `ck pistfrgirgt`t ` b‗fcgssgú mf b` n`jtur`, quf fs rfhgstr`r`d `b jicptf (81>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf vfdmfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. gccfmg`t .

Dircfs jicpt`kbfs rfb`tgvfs ` bfs vfdmfs Qfr `cpbg`r b‗fstumg mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck vfdmfs, fs pit jidsubt`r fb sukhrup 81 ^fdmfs, ` b` 6` p`rt mfb pb`, ‒Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs–, `gxã jic bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú dÿcfri 0= mfb QHJ g dÿcfri 0> mfb QHJ mf Qgcfs, titfs mufs rfb`tgvfs ` gdhrfssis pfr vfdmfs g prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs.

;1

‚ Fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs pistfrgirs ` b‗fcgssgú mf b` n`jtur` irghgd`ts

Nircfs mf rf`bgtz`r fb jikr`cfdt fd bfs vfdmfs Fd nudjgú mfb cicfdt fd quå fs jikr` b` vfdm` g mf b` nirc` mf p`h`cfdt, pimfd fxgstgr bfs sgtu`jgids sfhòfdts? ‚ Jikr`cfdt Jikr`cfdt fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg. ‚ Jik Jikr`c r`cfdt fdt òird` òird`t. t. ‚ Jikr Jikr`cfdt `cfdt òird`t òird`t mijucf mijucfdt`t dt`t cgtcgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg.

pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t, gdjicpbgcfdts i jùsfs `dábihufs, quf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (815) Mfvibujgú mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs.. sgcgb`rs ‚ Fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs jidjfmgts pfr e`vfr `ssibgt ud mftfrcgd`t vibuc mf vfdmfs, quf s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs. vfdmfs.

‚ Fbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs j`rrfh`ts ` b` n`jtur` `bs jbgfdts `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, quf fs rfhgstr`r`d `b jicptf (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts. jbgfdts.

@qufsts jicptfs s‗`kid`r`d pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs vfdmfs `ck járrfj `bs jicptfs mfb sukhrup =: Jbgfdts i 68 ]rfsirfrg`.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf vfdmfs Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 6 111 Pufm` pfdmfdt mf jikr`cfdt. G^@ G^@ mfb ;0%.

,

`ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur` mfb 6%.

x

6 8=8 8=8,61 ,61

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts `

(811) ^fdmf (811) fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs

= 861,1 861,11 1

(6 111,11 ” 6% s/ 6 111,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

778,61

(;0% s/ = 861,11)

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, fs jikr` b` n`jtur` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

6 8=8,6 8=8,61 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts

6 8=8 8=8,61 ,61

x

^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 06 111 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs súd m‗ud` qu`bgt`t gdnfrgir ` b` p`jt`m`, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf :11  ` b` n`jtur`. Fb jbgfdt `jjfpt` ud` bbftr` pfr b‗gcpirt b ‗gcpirt mfb mfutf. x

08 858,1 858,11 1

(=:0) Jbgfdts, Jbgfdts, fnfjt fnfjtfs fs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r `

(811) ^fdmf fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs

0=811,1 0= 811,11 1

(06111,11 ” :11,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

(;0% s/ 0= 811,11)

x

: 158,11

;0

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

:.; 4 Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt fd bfs vfdmfs Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf vfdmfs s`tgsnftfs pfr b‗fcprfs` vfdfmir` s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (>;=) ]r`dspirts. ]r`dspirts. Fb QHJ, ` b` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, fds gdmgj` quf ‒fd `qufst jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, fbs tr`dspirts mf vfdmfs–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf vfdmfs Fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr = 111

,

`ck ud mfsjicptf mf sjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur` mfb 6%. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

= 675,1 675,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (= 111,11 ” 6% s/ = 111,11) (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ :511,11)

: 511,11 875,11

x

Fs jidtr`jt` fb tr`dspirt m‗`qufstfs cfrj`mfrgfs `ck ud` fcprfs` mf tr`dspirts pfr ;11

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

;11,11 ;11,11 =;,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;11,11) `

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

;=;,11

x

Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr : 111 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs súd m‗ud` qu`bgt`t gdnfrgir ` b` p`jt`m`, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf 011 . @ cçs, fs j`rrfhufd `b jbgfdt ;61  ` b` n`jtur` pfb tr`dspirt mfbs `rtgjbfs vfduts. v fduts. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

: 500,6 500,61 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmf fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs

; 711,1 711,11 1

(:111,11 ” 011,11)

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

;61,11 >>0,61

(;0% s/ :061,11)

x

Pu`d b‗fcprfs` vfdfmir` fs n`jg járrfj mfbs tr`dspirts mf bfs vfdmfs g fbs eg j`rrfhug `b jbgfdt ` b` n`jtur`, s‗`kid`r`d `b jicptf (867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis.

;;

:.: 4 Gdtfrfs Gdtfrfssis sis pfr òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt

Jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs Zúd fbs `jtgus ngd`djfrs quf s‗irghgdfd fd b` vfdm` mf kçds g b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs pfr ipfr`jgids mf trángj mf b‗fcprfs`.

Fb QHJ, fd b` sfv` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú dÿcfri 0=, 0=, rfb`tgv` ` gdhrfssis pfr vfdmfs g prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs, sfrvfgs , fds fspfjgngj` quf b` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mfbs jråmgts jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs fs rf`bgtz`rá rf`bgtz`rá m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs (dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 7`). @ cçs, ` b‗`p`rt b‗`p`rt`t `t 0 @spfjtfs @spfjtfs jicuds jicuds m‗`qufst` dirc`, fds gdmgj` quf fbs gdhrfssis prijfmfdts mf b` vfdm` mf kçds g mf b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs fs v`bir`r`d pfb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`p`rtgm`, jidtr`p`rtgm `, rfkum` i pfr rfkrf, quf q uf sf‗d mfrgvg g quf, bbfv`t m‗fvgmådjg` fd jidtr`, sfrá fb prfu `jirm`t pfr ` `qufsts kçds i sfrvfgs g quf fbs gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs jråmgts, jic ` dirc` hfdfr`b, di nirc`r`d p`rt mfb prfu mf vfdm`. ]it g `gxû, fs pimr`d gdjbiurf `b prfu mf vfdm` qu`d fs tr`jtg mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs `ck ud vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy, sfcprf quf?

‚ Fb jråmgt di tgdhug ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b. ‚ B‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di sghug sghdgngj`tgu. Zg kusqufc ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 7`, 7`, rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs, ` b‗`p`rt`t dÿcfri ;, @jtgus ngd`djfrs, t`ckç eg pimfc trik`r quf b` v`bir`jgú mfbs måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs fs rf`bgtz`rá `pbgj`dt fbs jrgtfrgs sfhòfdts?

^`bir`jgú mfbs jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ^fdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy

‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b? v`bir rìd`kbf rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`p`rtgm` quf, quf, bbfv`t m‗fvgmådjg` fd jidtr`, jidtr`, sfrá fb prfu `jirm`t pfr ` `qufsts kçds i sfrvfgs. ‚ ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? jist `cirtgtz`t.

^fdjgcfdt ghu`b i cfdir ` ud `dy

Zg di tfdfd ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis nb uxis m‗fnfjtgu di çs sghdgngj`tgu, b‗fcprfs` pimrá fbfhgr fdtrf `qufstfs mufs ipjgids? ‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b g pistfrgir pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? b‗fxfrjgjg)? v`bir dicgd`b, bbfv`t quf s‗e`hufssgd s‗e`hufssgd mftfrgir`t. ‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b? v`bir rìd`kbf. rìd`kbf. ^`bir`jgú ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? jist `cirtgtz`t. Fd j`s jidtr`rg? ‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b? v`bir rìd`kbf. rìd`kbf. ^`bir`jgú ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir (`b t`dj`cfdt t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg)? jist `cirtgtz`t.

Dit`? fd titfs mufs sgtu`jgids, fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, jidjrft`cfdt `b jicptf (8>;) Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts, jic ud gdhrçs ngd`djfr.

;:

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

Fxfcpbfs Gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt sfdsf tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g `ck vfdjgcfdt gdnfrgir ` ud `dy B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1UU fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . Z‗`jirm` `ck fb jbgfdt gdjbiurf ` b` n`jtur` 011  pfr òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt ` ; cfsis. G^@ mfb ;0%. Fd `qufst j`s, pimfc fbfhgr fdtrf gcput`r i di fbs gdtfrfssis `b prfu mf vfdm`. Qfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufst` ipfr`jgú, tfdgc mufs ipjgids? `) Jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis jic ` p`rt mfb prfu mf vfdm`. B` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^@ di gdjbiu b‗gcpirt mfbs gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt pfrquå jirrfspidfd ` ud pfrãimf pistfrgir `b bbgur`cfdt mf b` cfrj`mfrg` g ffhurfd mf nirc` sfp`r`m` ` b` n`jtur`. 10/16/;1UU

> 061,1 061,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

6 011,11

(s‗eg gdjbiufd fbs gdtfrfssis)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 161,11

(;0% s/ 6 111,11)

10/18/;1UU

> 061,1 061,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

> 061,1 061,11 1

x

k) Jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis jic ` gdhrçs ffd`djfr. ffd`djfr. B` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^@ sfrá b‗gcpirt mf b` vfdm`. 10/16/;1UU

> 161 161,11 ,11

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

6 111,11

(di s‗eg gdjbiufd fbs gdtfrfssis)

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 161,11

(;0% s/ 6 111,11)

10/18/;1UU

> 061,1 061,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(8>;) Gdhr Gdhrfssi fssiss mf jråm jråmgts gts (=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

011,11 011,11 > 161,1 161,11 1

x

Jic vfgfc, b‗fbfjjgú m‗ud` ipjgú i ud` `btr` di `nfjt` b‗G^@ cfrgt`t, o` quf çs fb c`tfgx fd tits mis j`sis, dg ` b‗gcpirt ` jikr`r pfr b` vfdm` vfd m` rf`bgtz`m`, `tås quf fd `ckmús j`sis fb ﬋ux mf trfsirfrg` jigdjgmfgx. B` mgnfrådjg` `p`rfgx `bs jicptfs utgbgtz`ts pfr rfhgstr`r fbs mgnfrfdts m gnfrfdts gdhrfssis. Zg fb vfdjgcfdt mfb jråmgt çs gdnfrgir ` ud `dy g fs p`jt` `ck fb jbgfdt ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, b‗ipfr`jgú s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `pbgj`dt b` sfhid` ipjgú. J`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf fbs gdtfrfssis sfcprf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r jic ` gdhrçs ffd`djfr, di jic ` gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b sikrf fb prfu mf vfdm`.

;=

Fxfcpbfs Gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mf jikr`cfdt `ck tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy B‗0 mf nfkrfr mf ;1UU fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr gcpirt mf 01 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Z‗`jirm` `ck fb jbgfdt fnfjtu`r-df fb jikr`cfdt m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis, g fs p`jt` ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b mfb 6% `du`b. Fd `qufst j`s, fd hfdfr`r-sf ud jråmgt pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir ` b‗`dy, b‗`dy, fbs gdtfrfssis sfcprf s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r jic ` gdhrçs ffd`djfr ffd`djfr,, di jic ` p`rt mfb prfu mf vfdm`. B` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^@ sfrá b‗gcpirt mf b` vfdm`, sfdsf gdjbiurf-eg fbs gdtfrfssis. @ cçs, usfc fb sukhrup =6 pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids mf tráffj `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir supf rgir ` b‗`dy. b‗`dy. 10/1;/;1UU

0; 011,1 011,11 1

(=61) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts ` bb/t `

(811) ^fdmf fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs

01111,1 01 111,11 1

(di s‗eg gdjbiufd fbs gdtfrfssis)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

; 011,11

(;0% s/ 01111,11)

:0/0;/;1UU

0; 011,1 011,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(=61) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts ` bb/t

0; 011,1 011,11 1

x

=68,=1 =68,= 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(8>;) Gdhr Gdhrfssi fssiss mf jråmg jråmgts ts

=68,=1 =68,= 1

10/1=/;1U0

0; >56,8 >56,8= =

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(8>;) Gdhr Gdhrfssi fssiss mf jråmg jråmgts ts (=:1) Jbgfdts

0;5,:= 0;5,:= 0; 668,=1

(0;011,11 + =68,=1)

x

@ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1UU, fs rf`bgtz`rá b` jirrfspidfdt rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mfb jråmgt g b` pfrgimgffj`jgú, tfdgdt fd jicptf b‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu mfb jråmgt. Fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts fs j`bjub`r`d `pbgj`dt fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b sikrf fb prfu prfu mf vfdm`? vfdm`? 01111,1 01 111,11 1 󰂸 \(0 + 1,16)00/0; ” 0S 3 =68,=1 . B‗`dy ;1U0, fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts sfr`d? (01 111,11 + =68 =68,=1 ,=1)) \(0 + 1,16):/0; ” 0S 3 0;5,:= .

:.= 4 Jicptf (81>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf vfdmfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Fd `qufst jicptf, fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs mfsjicptfs g `ssgcgb`ts quf jidjfmfgxg b‗fcprfs` `bs sfus jbgfdts, pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t, di gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`. Fb jicptf (81>) fs j`rrfh`rá pfbs mfsjicptfs g `ssgcgb`ts jidjfmgts, hfdfr`bcfdt `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup =: Jbgfdts. Z‗`kid`rá Z‗ `kid`rá pfb s`bmi `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

;6

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfsjicptfs sikrf vfdmfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 6 111  `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur` mfb 6%. G^ G^@ @ ;0%. Qistfrgircfdt, fs pripis` `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf 011  sg s`bm` fb sfu mfutf `k`ds mfb vfdjgcfdt. Fb jbgfdt ei `jjfpt` g b‗`kid` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

6 8=8 8=8,61 ,61

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

= 861,11

(6 111,11 ” 6% s/ 6 111,11)

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

778,61

(;0% s/ =861,11)

x

011,11 ;0,11

(81>) Mfsjicptfs s/ v/ p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 011,1 011,11) 1)

6 >;>,6 >;>,61 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

6 8=8,6 8=8,61 1

x

:.6 4 Jicptf (815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs Fd `qufst jicptf, fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs rfcfsfs rftird`mfs pfr jbgfdts, dirc`bcfdt pfr gdjicpbgcfdt mf bfs jidmgjgids mf b` jic`dm`, `gxã jic fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs irghgd`ts pfr b` c`tfgx` jùs`, quf sghugd pistfrgirs ` b‗fcgssgú mf b` n`jtur` (sg s‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur`, di fs rfhgstr`r`d fd `qufst jicptf, sgdú quf mgscgdugr`d fb prfu mf vfdm`). Fs j`rrfh`rá pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs vfdmfs rftird`mfs pfr jbgfdts g, sg çs prijfmfdt, pfbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs jidjfmgts, `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfbs sukhrups =: Jbgfdts i 68 ]rfsirfrg` quf jirrfspidhugd.

Gdjgmådjg` mfb jicptf (815) fd b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufst jicptf s‗`kid`rá `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfvibujgú mf vfdmfs Fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 01 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0; 011,1 011,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 01 01 111,11)

x

01 111,11 ; 011,11

;>

Mfhut ` ud frrir fd b` jic`dm`, fb jbgfdt rftird` bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. x

01 111,11

; 011,11

(815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 01111,11) `

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

0; 011,1 011,11 1

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfsjicptfs fd vfdmfs pfr gdjicpbgcfdts Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 5 111 mfb 6%. G^@ mfb ;0%.

,

`ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b, gdjbûs fd b` n`jtur`

x

7 07>,1 07>,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^f ^fdmfs dmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

8 >11,11

(5 111,11 ” 6% s/ 5 111,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 67>,11

(;0% s/ 8 >11,11)

x

Qistfrgircfdt, fb jbgfdt iksfrv` quf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `rrgkfd `ck mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` `rrgk` ` ud `jirm `ck b‗fcprfs` vfdfmir` pfr qufm`r-sf-bfs, pfrû `ck ud mfsjicptf mf 0 111 ? x

0 111,11

;01,11

(815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 0 111,11) 111,11)

`

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, fs jikr` fb mfutf cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

8 75>,1 75>,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts (7 07>,11 07>,11 ” 0 ;01,11) ;01,11)

x

8 75> 75>,11 ,11

;8

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

:.> 4 Jicptf (817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs @qufst jicptf rfjubb fbs mfsjicptfs g sgcgb`rs quf fs k`sgd fd e`vfr `ssibgt ud mftfrcgd`t vibuc mf jic`dmfs. Fs j`rrfh`rá pfbs rápfbs quf jirrfspidhugd i sghugd jidjfmgts `bs jbgfdts, `ck `kid`cfdt `bs jicptfs mfbs sukhrups =: i 68 jirrfspidfdts. Z‗`kid`rá pfb s`bmi `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7). @ b‗ghu`b quf ijirrg` fd bfs jicprfs, `qufsts rápfbs dirc`bcfdt fs bgqugmfd pfr pfrãimfs mf tfcps. B‗e`kgtu`b çs quf di nghurgd ` b` n`jtur`< sg `gxã nis g `nfjtfssgd ud` jic`dm` jidjrft`, fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d jic qu`bsfvib `btrf mfsjicptf gdjbûs ` b` n`jtur`, çs ` mgr, jic ud cfdir gcpirt mf b` vfdm`. Fd j`dvg, sg fb mfsjicptf quf `p`rfgx fd ud` n`jtur` mf vfdm` di `nfjt` `qufst` jic`dm` fd jidjrft, sgdú ud pfrãimf mf tfcps i sg vf fd ud` n`jtur` mgnfrfdt ` b` n`jtur` mf vfdmfs, s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs. vfdmfs.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf rápfbs sikrf vfdmfs Fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 011 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0;0 111,1 111,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

011 111,11 ;0 111,11

(;0% s/ 011 111,11)

x

Qfb vibuc `mqugrgt, fs jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf 6 111

?

x

6 111,11 0 161,11

(817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 6 111,11) 111,11)

`

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

> 161,1 161,11 1

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, fs jikr` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

00= 761,1 761,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts (0;0 111,11 ” > 161,11) 161,11)

x

00= 761,1 761,11 1

;5

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@? 0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr v`bir mf 01 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá `bs >1 mgfs. G^@ mfb ;0%. ;. Jidtr`jt` fb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `ck ud` fcprfs`, quf bg prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf ;11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. :. [fkum` b` cfrj`mfrg`, fb jbgfdt iksfrv` ud frrir fd b` jic`dm`, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` mfvibujgú mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, v`bir`mfs fd 611 , cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@. =. Qfr e`vfr `rrgk`t `b vibuc mf jic`dm` jic`dm` ngx`m` pfr ` b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` jidjfmfgx `bs sfus jbgfdts ud rápfb mf ;11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. 6. ]r`dsjirrfhuts :1 mgfs, fbs jbgfdts mfjgmfgxfd fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` bg jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf 011  cçs G^@. G^@. Fb jbgfdt fdvg` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` ` b‗fcprfs`. G^@ mfb ;0%.

6󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @BJV_@, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗0 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 01 111 . @jirm` `ck fb jbgfdt quf fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtzg m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis g p`jt` ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b mfb =%. ;. B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 0; 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b pfr òird`cfdt mf jikr`cfdt ` ; cfsis. :. B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1, jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt ; cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 0= 111 . 6. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs súd rftird`mfs pfb jbgfdt. >. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111 . 8. Jidjfmfgx `bs jbgfdts `dtfrgirs `dtfrgirs ud mfsjicptf mf 511  pfr gdjicpbgcfdt mf bfs jidmgjgids mf b` jic`dm`. 5. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt > cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 7. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 05 111 . 01. Qfb vibuc m‗ipfr`jgú `ssibgt, `ssibgt, fs jidjfmfgx `b sfu jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf 711 . 00. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 7 cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 08 111 . 0:. Jikr` `dtgjgp`m`cfdt fb mfutf mfb jbgfdt `dtfrgir pfr k`dj, pfr b` qu`b jis` jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf 611 . 

0=. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 05 111 . Jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% fd b` n`jtur` pfr rfjidågxfr quf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs súd m‗gdnfrgir qu`bgt`t quf b` p`jt`m`. Fs j`rrfhufd ` b` n`jtur` =11  pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 06. B‗0 mf oudy mf ;1U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;1 111 . Z‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur` ;11  pfr b‗òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt ` mis cfsis, sfdsf fspfjgngj`r ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b. Mfjgmfgx jicpt`kgbgtz`r fb jråmgt pfb sfu v`bir dicgd`b. 0>. B‗0 m‗`hist mf ;1U1, jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 0= cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 08. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;; 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. 05. [fp b` n`jtur` mf bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt pfr b` vfdm` `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. @qufstfs mfspfsfs `sjfdmfgxfd ` :11  g qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. 07. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;5 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% g udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf =11 , `ckmús gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`. ;1. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ;7 111  g jikr` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, pfr b` qu`b jis` jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb 6% mf b‗gcpirt mf b` vfdm`. ;0. @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, rfjb`ssgngj` fb jråmgt g gcput` ` rfsubt`ts fbs gdtfrfssis mf b‗ipfr`jgú mfb pudt 0.

;7

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

= 44 Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ fd bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm` Jic o` s`kfc, fbs fcprfs`rgs g prinfssgid`bs quf fnfjtuéd bbgur`cfdts mf kçds i prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs sukofjtfs ` b‗G^@ fst`d ikbgh`ts ` `pbgj`r-bi. ]it g `gxû, qug supirt` rf`bcfdt `qufst gcpist çs fb jidsucgmir ngd`b, o` quf b‗fcprfs`rg i prinfssgid`b?

‚ M‗ud` k`dm`, p`h` b‗G^@ fd bfs `mqugsgjgids mf tits fbs kçds g sfrvfgs quf rf`bgtzg (çs ` mgr, supirt` G^@), o` sghug pfr vfdmrf‗bs sfdsf `btfr`r-df b` nirc` i kç pfr gdjirpir`r-bis fd b‗fb`kir`jgú mfbs kçds i sfrvfgs quf primufgx. @qufst G^@ s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`, G^@ supirt`t. supirt`t. ‚ M‗`btr` k`dm`, rfjupfr` b‗G^@ fd bfs vfdmfs mfbs sfus primujtfs i fd b` prfst`jgú mfbs sfus sfrvfgs (çs ` mgr, rfpfrjutfgx G^@ `bs sfus jbgfdts). Fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptf (=88) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`, G^@ rfpfrjutgt.

Dirc`tgv` sikrf b‗Gcpist mfb ^`bir @nfhgt B` dirc`tgv` kásgj` m‗`qufst gcpist fs rfjubb ` bfs mgspisgjgids sfhòfdts? ‚ Bbfg :8/077; :8/077;,, mf ;5 mf mfsfck mfsfckrf, rf, mf b‗Gcpist sikrf fb ^`b ^`bir ir @nfhgt. ‚ [fg [fg`b `b Mfjrft Mfjrft 0>;=/077; 0>;=/077;,, mf ;7 mf mfmfsfckrf (KIF mf :0 mf mfsfckrf mf 077;), pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf fb ^`bir @nfhgt.

Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus mf b‗G^@ tfdfd b‗ikbgh`jgú mf prfsfdt`r bfs mfjb`r`jgids-bgqugm`jgids jirrfspidfdts g gdhrfss`r b‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt. Qfr `gxû, e`d mf mftfrcgd`r qugd e` fst`t b‗G^@ cfrgt`t i rfpfrjutgt `bs sfus jbgfdts g mfmugr `qufst G^@ supirt`t mfmuékbf pfr bfs sfvfs `mqugsgjgids mf kçds i sfrvfgs. Zg b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf tits mis çs pisgtgv`, sirhfgx ud mfutf `ck b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`, g sg b` mgnfrådjg` çs dfh`tgv`, fs hfdfr` ud mrft mf jikr`cfdt sikrf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`. Fd jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` bgqugm`jgú, fxgstfgxfd mgvfrsis supûsgts?

G^@ rfpfrjutgt còir quf fb supirt`t mfmuékbf? G^@ ` gdhrfss`r B` mgnfrådjg` fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá `b jicptf (=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^@, rf`bgtz`dt b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt?

Cimfbs mf mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú B` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú s‗fnfjtu`, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, fd fb cimfb :1:, cfdsu`bcfdt i trgcfstr`bcfdt. @ cçs mf bfs mfjb`r`jgids cfdsu`bs i trgcfstr`bs, s‗eùrá mf nircub`r ud` mfjb`r`jgú rfsuc `du`b fd fb cimfb :71, quf fs prfsfdt`rá oudt`cfdt `ck b` mfjb`r`jgúbgqugm`jgú trgcfstr`b jirrfspidfdt ` b‗ÿbtgc pfrãimf mf b‗`dy b‗`dy..

x

(=88 (= 88))

E.Q E. Q. G^ G^@ @ rf rfpf pfrj rjut utgt gt `

(=8;) (=861)

x

G^@ supirt`t mfmuékbf còir quf fb rfpfrjutgt Fd `qufst j`s, fb rfsubt`t mfpfdmrá mf sg fb sukofjtf p`ssgu prfsfdt` bfs sfvfs mfjb`r`jgids-bgqugm`jgids cfdsu`bcfdt i trgcfstr`bcfdt?

‚ Pu`d b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú çs cfdsu`b, fb sukofjtf p`ssgu pimrá ipt`r fdtrf jicpfds`r fb rfsubt`t iktgdhut fd fbs pfrãimfs mf bgqugm`jgú pistfrgirs i sib¸bgjgt`r-df b` mfvibujgú. ‚ Zg b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú çs trgcfstr`b, fd fbs trfs prgcfrs trgcfstrfs, fb sukofjtf p`ssgu jicpfds`rá b` quit` rfsubt`dt `b sfu n`vir `ck fbs rfsubt`ts mfbs trgcfstrfs sfhòfdts. @b qu`rt trgcfstrf, fb sukofjtf p`ssgu pimrá fbfhgr fdtrf jicpfds`r b‗G^@ fd pfrãimfs pistfrgirs i kç sib¸bgjgt`r-df b` mfvibujgú.

E.Q. G^ E.Q. G^@ @ supirt`t E.Q.. jrfmgt. pfr G^ E.Q G^@ @

:1

Fd qu`bsfvib j`s, b` mgnfrådjg` fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá `b jicptf (=811) E.Q. mfutir` pfr G^@, G^@, ` tr`vçs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

(=88)) (=88 (=81 (= 811) 1)

E.Q. G^@ E.Q G^@ rf rfpf pfrj rjut utgt gt E.Q E. Q. mfu mfuti tir` r` pf pfrr G^ G^@ `

(=8;)

E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supi supirt`t rt`t

x

J`sis prájtgjs

0

Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, Z@? 0. ;. :. =.

6. >. 8. 5.

Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr : 111 , cçs ;0% m‗G^@ quf p`h` pfr k`dj. ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr > 111 , cçs ;0% m‗G^ m‗G^@ @ quf jikr` pfr k`dj. Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr > 611 , `ck ud mfsjicptf mf sjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` b ` n`jtur`. G^@ mfb ;0%. ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 01 111 . Qfr ud rft`rm fd fb bbgur`cfdt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf b‗0% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm`, ` járrfj mfb vfdfmir vfdfmir,, `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Jikr` 0 111  fd fnfjtgu g b` rfst` qufm` pfdmfdt mf jikr`cfdt. Fb rfkut mf b` bbuc `sjfdmfgx ` 001 , cçs ;0% m‗G^@, quf p`h` pfr k`dj. Jikr` pfr k`dj 0 611 , cçs ;0% m‗G^@, pfr uds sfrvfgs prfst`ts mf nirc` fvfdtu`b. Fb rfkut mfb tfbånid `sjfdmfgx `sjfdmfgx ` 011  cçs ;0% m‗G^@. Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. Bgqugm` b‗G^ b‗G^@. @.

Zibujgú 󰂸󰂸 0

: 111,1 111,11 1 >:1,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ : 111,11) 111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

> 111,11 0 ;>1,11

;

8 ;>1,1 ;>1,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(;0% s/ > 111,11)

:

> 086,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (> 611,11 ” 6% s/ > 611,11)

0 ;7>,86

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ > 086,11) 086,11)

` U

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

8 =80,8 =80,86 6

:0

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

0 =

0 111,1 111,11 1 01 787,1 787,11 1

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `,  (=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmf (811) fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs

7 711,1 711,11 1

(01 111,11 111,11 ” 0% s/ 01 111,11) 111,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

; 187,11

(;0% s/ 7 711,11)

x

;11,11 ;11,11 =;,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

(;0% s/ ;11,11)

`

(=01) Jrfmgt. prfst. sfrv sfrv..

;=;,11

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0::,01 0::,0 1

6

001,11 ;:,01

(>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cf Zukcgdgstr`cfdts dts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 001,11)

` >

0 506,1 506,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 611,11 :06,11

(;0% s/ 0 611,11)

8

011,11 ;0,11

(>;7) @btrfs sfrvfgs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 011,11) `

(=01) Jrfm. prfst. sfrv sfrv..

0;0,11

5

: >6=,11

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt `

(=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @

; 10;,56 0 >=0,06

x

M

(=8;) E.Q. G^@ supirt`t (0) >:1,11 (:) 0 ;7>,86 (=) =;,11 (6) ;:,01 (8) ;0,11 ””””””””””””” ; 10;,56

E

M

(=88) E.Q. G^@ rfpfrjutgt

(5) : >6=,11 ””””””””””””” ; 10;,56 (5) ””””””””””””” ; 10;,56

: >6=,11

0 ;>1,11 (;) ; 187,11 (=) :06,11 (>) ””””””””””””” : >6=,11

E

:;

J`sis prájtgjs

;

Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ `ck m`mfs trgcfstr`bs 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mfbs qu`trf trgcfstrfs mf b‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, tfdgdt fd jicptf b` sfhòfdt sfhò fdt gdnirc`jgú (G^@ (G^ @ mfb ;0% `pbgj`kbf fd titfs bfs b fs ipfr`jgids)? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Qrgcfr trgcfstrf? Qrgcfr trgcfstrf? vfdmfs vfdmfs mf 011 111  g jicprfs pfr >1 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? 05 m‗`krgb mf ;1U1. Zfhid trgcfst trgcfstrf? rf? vfdmfs mf mf =1 111  g jicprfs pfr 61 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? 07 mf oubgib mf ;1U1. ]frjfr trgcfstr trgcfstrf? f? vfdmfs mf =6 111  g jicprfs pfr :5 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? 07 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U1. Pu`rt trgcfst trgcfstrf? rf? vfdmfs mf :6 111  g jicprfs pfr ;6 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? ;6 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0.

Zg bfs mfjb`r`jgids-bgqugm`jgids midfd jic ` rfsubt`t ud` qu`dtgt`t ` gdhrfss`r, fbs p`h`cfdts fs rf`bgtz`r`d cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg.

Zibujgú 󰂸󰂸 Qrgcfr trgcfstrf. Qfr b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú rf`bgtz`m` fd ngd`bgtz`r fb prgcfr trgcfstrf? :0/1:/;1U1

;0 111,11

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

`

(=8;) E.Q. E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (=861) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @

0; >11,11 5 =11,11

x

G^@ rfpfrjutgt 4 G^@ supirt`t mfmuékbf

3

G^@ ` gdhrfss`r.

Fd fb cicfdt mf b` prfsfdt`jgú, g pfb p`h`cfdt mfb mfutf? 05/1=/;1U1

5 =11,11

(=861) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @ `

(68;) K`djs j/j

5 =11,1 =11,11 1

x

Zfhid trgcfstrf. Qfr b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú rf`bgtz`m` fd ngd`bgtz`r fb sfhid trgcfstrf? :1/1>/;1U1

5 =11,11 ; 011,11

(=88) E.Q. E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (=811) E.Q E.Q.. mfutir` pfr G^ G^@ @

`

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

01 611,11

x

G^@ rfpfrjutgt 2 G^@ supirt`t mfmuékbf

3

G^@ ` jicpfds`r.

Jic quf fds trikfc fd fb sfhid trgcfstrf mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fxf rjgjg, b‗G^@ b‗G^@ supirt`t fd fxjçs pimrá sfr mfmuét fd bfs mfjb`r`jgids-bgqugm`jgids quf fs prfsfdt`r`d fd f d trgcfstrfs pistfrgirs. Di prijfmgrá rf`bgtz`r j`p `pudt `pu dt jicpt`kbf fd fb cicfdt mf prfsfdt`jgú mf b` mfjb`r`jgú.

::

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

; ]frjfr trgcfstrf. Qfr b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú rf`bgtz`m` fd ngd`bgtz`r fb tfrjfr trgcfstrf? :1/17/;1U1

7 =61,11

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt `

(=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @

8 751,11 0 =81,11

x

@ b` mfjb`r`jgú mfb tfrjfr trgcfstrf, b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt çs còir quf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ supirt`t mfmuékbf, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb rfsubt`t sfrg` ud G^ G^@ @ ` gdhrfss`r pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 =81 . Qfrû b‗fcprfs` pissffgx ud mrft sikrf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 011 011 , `ck irghfd fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf jb`r`jgú prfsfdt`m` `b ngd`b mfb sfhid trgcfstrf. Qfr `qufst citgu, jicpfds`rfc b‗G^@ quf jirrfspidmrg` gdhrfss`r qu`d fs prfsfdtg b` mfjb`r`jgú mfb tfrjfr trgcfstrf `ck fb mrft sirhgt fd fb trgcfstrf `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, qufm`dt pfr jicpfds`r >:1  (; 011  ∛ 0=81 ) pfr ` trgcfstrfs pistfrgirs. B‗`ssfdt`cfdt ` rf`bgtz`r sfrg`? 07/01/;1U1

0 =81,11

(=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @ ` (=811) E.Q. mfutir` pfr G^ G^@ @

0 =81,11

x

Pu`rt trgcfstrf. Qfr b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú rf`bgtz`m` fd ngd`bgtz`r fb qu`rt trgcfstrf? :0/0;/;1U1

8 :61,11

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt `

(=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @

6 ;61,11 ; 011,11

x

@b qu`rt trgcfstrf, b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt çs còir quf b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ supirt`t mfmuékbf. Fb rfsubt`t rf subt`t sfrg`, mf diu, ud G^ G^@ @ ` gdhrfss`r pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 011 . Jic quf mgspis` m‗ud mrft sikrf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` pfr ud gcpirt mf >:1  prijfmfdt mf bfs mfjb`r`jgids `dtfrgirs, jicpfds`rfc p`rt mf b‗G^@ quf jirrfspidmrg` gdhrfss`r qu`d fs prfsfdtg b` mfjb`r`jgú mfb qu`rt trgcfstrf `ck fb mrft `dtfrgir, g b` mgnfrådjg` s‗eùrá m‗gdhrfss`r fd fb cicfdt mf prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú. Qfr t`dt, pfr ` `qufst m`rrfr trgcfstrf mf b‗`dy, b‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf s‗eùrg` mf rf`bgtz`r sfrg` fb quf s‗gdmgj` ` jidtgdu`jgú? ;6/10/;1U0

; 011,11

(=861) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @ ` (=811) E.Q. mfutir` pfr G^ G^@ @

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j x

>:1,11 0 =81,1 =81,11 1

:=

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t, fd qugds jicptfs fs rfhgstrfd bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs fxgstådjgfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg9

;󰂸󰂸 Jic fs rfhub`rgtzfd bfs fxgstådjgfs `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg9 :󰂸󰂸 Jgt` fbs mijucfdts oustgngj`dts rfb`jgid`ts `ck b` jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. Pugd çs b‗ÿdgj mijucfdt quf qu f tç `pbgj`jgú jicpt`kbf9

=󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb prgdjgpg mf b` cfrgt`jgú, qu`d s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs9

6󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs trfk`bbs quf, nirc`dt p`rt mfb prijçs mf primujjgú, s‗fdj`rrfhugd ` `btrfs fcprfsfs9 >󰂸󰂸 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` fd quå `p`rfhugd rfnbfjtgts fbs jrgtfrgs mf v`bir`jgú mf bfs jicprfs. 8󰂸󰂸 Fd ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs, s‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur` gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt. p`h`cfd t. Zg fs p`jt` `ck fbs privfémirs fb p`h`cfdt pfr m‗`quã ` mis cfsis, fb mfutf di tç ngx`t ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b g b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di çs sghdgngj`tgu. Pugd` sfrá b` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b m‗`qufst mfutf9 G b` v`bir`jgú pistfrgir9

5󰂸󰂸 Pugds jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1 Jicprfs fs j`rrfh`r`d fd rf`bgtz`r b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf9 7󰂸󰂸 Jic fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fbs rápfbs pfr jicprfs sg `p`rfgxfd gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur`9 G sg di ei fst`d9 01󰂸󰂸 Pu`d s‗utgbgtz` fb jicptf (816) Qrfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs9 00󰂸󰂸 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` id `p`rfhugd rfnbfjtgts fbs jrgtfrgs mf v`bir`jgú mf bfs vfdmfs. 0;󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt fxfcpbfs, b` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mf bfs mfspfsfs rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs vfdmfs. 0:󰂸󰂸 Fd ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs, s‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur` gdtfrfssis pfr òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt. Zg fs p`jt` `ck fbs jbgfdts fb jikr`cfdt m‗`quã ` ; cfsis g fb jråmgt tç ngx`t ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, qugd` sfrá b` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mfb jråmgt9 G b` v`bir`jgú pistfrgir9

0=󰂸󰂸 Pugds jicptfs mfb sukhrup 81 ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs, mf primujjgú prûpg`, mf sfrvfgs, ftj. s‗`kid`r`d fd b` rfhub`rgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf9 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` 06󰂸󰂸 bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist.

id fs rfnbfjtfgxgd bfs sgtu`jgids quf fs pimfd prfsfdt`r fd b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b`

.? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr OOQC, Z@, mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1 (G^ ( G^@ @ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111  g p`h` fd fnfjtgu. ;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 ;11  g jikr` fd fnfjtgu. :. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111 , `ck ud =% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b fd n`jtur`< p`h` 6 111  cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` qufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. =. [fp n`jtur` pfr bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` :11  g qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. 6. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 , `ck ud =% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur`< jikr` > 111  cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` qufm` pfdmfdt mf jikr`cfdt. >. Fb 10/1:/U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 0; 111 . @jirm` `ck fb privfémir fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis g p`jt` ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b mfb =%.

Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

8. 5. 7. 01.

:6

Fb :0/1:/U1 rf`bgtz` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt fb prgcfr trgcfstrf. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. Qfr frrir fd b‗fdvg`cfdt mf b` jic`dm`, bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs `dtfrgirs súd rftird`mfs pfb jbgfdt. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 0= 0= 111 . Fb privfémir gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% pfr

gdjicpbgcfdt mf bfs jidmgjgids mf b` jic`dm` g ud `btrf mf 611  pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 00. Fb 10/1>/U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 06 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b pfr òird`cfdt mf jikr`cfdt ` ; cfsis. 0;. Fb 1;/1>/U1 rfp b` n`jtur` mf bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. 0:. Fb :1/1>/U1 rf`bgtz` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf. 0=. Jicpfds` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mfb sfhid trgcfstrf. 06. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 , `ck ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur`, quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. 0>. Qfr ud rft`rm fd b‗fdvg`cfdt, fb privfémir `dtfrgir jidjfmfgx jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf =11 . 08. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt 06 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 05. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf 0: 111 . Jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur` pfr rfjidågxfr quf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs súd mf qu`bgt`t gdnfrgir quf b` p`jt`m`. J`rrfh` ` b` n`jtur` =11  pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 07. Fb 10/15/U1 jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 00 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. ;1. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. ;0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 05 111 . Z‗`jirm` `ck fb jbgfdt fb jikr`cfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, pfr b` qu`b jis` bg jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. ;;. Fb 10/17/U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 08 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ;11  pfr òird`cfdt mf p`h`cfdt ` mis cfsis, sfdsf e`vfr-sf fspfjgngj`t ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b. Mfjgmfgx jicpt`kgbgtz`r fb mfutf pfb sfu v`bir dicgd`b. ;:. Z`bm` `dtgjgp`m`cfdt fb mfutf mfb pudt ;1 pfr k`dj. Fb privfémir bg jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mf 611 . ;=. Fb :1/17/U1 rf`bgtz` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt fb tfrjfr trgcfstrf. ;6. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 5 111 . @ b` prûpg` n`jtur` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b g udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt pfr ud v`bir mf 51 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. ;>. Fb 10/00/U1 p`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt ;; cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. ;8. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 . @ b` n`jtur` gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb =% g ud `btrf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;%. Jikr` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. ;5. Jidjfmfgxfd ` b‗fcprfs` ud mfsjicptf mf =11  pfb vibuc m‗ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg. ;7. Fb :0/0;/U1 fs rf`bgtz` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt fb qu`rt trgcfstrf. :1. Fb :0/0;/U1 rfjb`ssgngj` fb mfutf g gcput` ` rfsubt`ts fbs gdtfrfssis mf b‗ipfr`jgú mfb pudt >. :0. Jicpfds` b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mfb qu`rt trgcfstrf. trgcfstrf. :;. [fp tr`dsnfrådjg` mf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` pfr b‗G^@ pfdmfdt mf rftird`r. rftird`r.

;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗G^@ b‗G^@ mfbs qu`trf trgcfstrfs mf b‗fcprfs` FMV[@, Z@, tfdgdt fd jicptf b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú (G^@ `pbgj`kbf mfb ;0% fd titfs bfs ipfr`jgids)? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Qrgcfr trgcfstrf Qrgcfr trgcfstrf?? vfdmfs mf :6 111  g jicprfs pfr 05 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? ;1 m‗`krgb mf ;1U1. Zfhid trgcfst trgcfstrf? rf? vfdmfs mf mf ;5 111  g jicprfs pfr 6= 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? 0= mf oubgib mf ;1U1. ]frjfr trgcfstr trgcfstrf? f? vfdmfs mf =5 111  g jicprfs pfr =1 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? 0> m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U1. Pu`rt trgcfst trgcfstrf? rf? vfdmfs mf =; 111  g jicprfs pfr ;1 111 111 . M`t` mf prfsfdt`jgú? ;8 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0.

Zg bfs mfjb`r`jgids ikbghufd ` rf`bgtz`r `bhud gdhrçs, s‗fnfjtu`rá ` tr`vçs mfb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg.

:>

J`s ngd`b

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J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` ` 0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U1, fbs sfhòfdts jicptfs `b sfu K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú? ‚ ]frrfdy frrfdyss g kçds d`tur` d`tur`bs? bs? 51111 ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

.

Jidstrujj Jidstr ujjgid gids? s? 061111 . Cikg Ci kgbg bg`r `rg? g? 6 11 111 1 . C`qug C` qugdá dárg rg`? `? 61111 . Jbgf Jb gfdt dts? s? 5111 5111 . Cfrj` Cfr j`mf mfrg rgfs fs?? 0 61 611 1 . J`gx J` gx` `, ? ;1111 . K`dj K` dj j/ j/j? j? =1111 . Qri rivf vfém émir irs? s? 6 11 111 1 . J`pgt` J`p gt`bb sijg`b sijg`b?? b` rfst`. rfst`.

Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf > 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% g ud mfsjicptf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mf b‗0%. Fs p`h` pfr k`dj. ;. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfbs jbgfdts mfb k`b`dè. :. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfbs privfémirs mfb k`b`dè. =. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 5 111 . Jikr` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` ; 111 . Jidjfmfgx, ` b` n`jtur`, ud mfsjicptf mf b‗0% pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. 6. [fp b` n`jtur` mfbs pirts mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` 011 , quf fs p`hufd fd fnfjtgu. >. Fb 10/1=/U1 jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 6 111 . @jirm` `ck fb privfémir fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis g p`jt` ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b mfb =%. 8. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt m‗00 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb :% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs mfsmf spfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0;1 . 5. Fd mfsfck`b`r bfs jicprfs mfb pudt `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, jicpriv` b‗fxgstådjg` m‗ud` p`rtgm` mf 61 udgt`ts v`bir`mfs fd =11  quf fs trikfd fd c`b fst`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` mfvibujgú. 7. Fb 10/1>/U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 8 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b pfr òird`cfdt mf jikr`cfdt ` ; cfsis. 01. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb jbgfdt mfb pudt = cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. Qfr Qfr `v`dè`r fb p`h`cfdt, fs jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mfb ;% sikrf b‗gcpirt mfb mfutf. 00. Fb 10/15/U1 jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 7 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud u d gcpirt mf 0= 111 . Jidjfmfgx ` b` n`jtur` ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. J`rrfh` ` b` n`jtur` 011  pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 0:. Q`h` `b privfémir mfb pudt 8 cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. Qfr `v`dè`r-sf `b p`h`cfdt, bg jidjfmfgxfd ud mfsjicptf mfb ;% sikrf b‗gcpirt mfb mfutf. 0=. Fb jbgfdt mfb pudt 0; jicudgj` quf fbs hådfrfs rfkuts di s‗òustfd `b sib󰂸bgjgt`t g quf, fd j`s mf di nfr-bg ud mfsjicptf mfb 01% sikrf fb prfu irghgd`b, rftird`rá b` p`rtgm`. Qfr `qufst citgu, s‗`jjfmfgx ` nfr-bg `qufst mfsjicptf. 06. [ápfbs pfr vibuc mf vfdmfs mf b‗0% sikrf b‗gcpirt mf bfs vfdmfs krutfs. 0>. Bgqugm` b‗G^@. 08. Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs mf cfrj`mfrgfs `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0 111 . 05. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy, b‗`dy, rfjb`ssgngj` fb mfutf g gcput` ` rfsubt`ts fbs gdtfrfssis mf b‗ipfr`jgú mfb pudt >. [f`bgtz` fb bbgkrf Mg`rg g fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b mf OOQC, Z@.

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Vdgt`t 0 - Bfs jicprfs g bfs vfdmfs fd fb QHJ

Gmffs jbù @ b‗gdgjg/ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg? hrup : Fxgstådjgfs

Hrups/sukhrups quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg? sukhrup >1 Jicprfs g sukhrup 81 ^fdmfs

M‗id s‗iktç b` gdnirc`jgú ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r9

B` n`jtur` h`r`dtfgx bfh`bcfdt b‗ipfr`jgú mf jicpr`vfdm`, pfr b` qu`b jis` çs b‗ÿdgj mijucfdt quf tç `pbgj`jgú jicpt`kbf

Cicfdt mfb sfu rfhgstrf

Pu`d ijirrgd bfs ipfr`jgids, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå sf‗d primufgx fb p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt

Z‗eg gdjbiu?

BFZ JICQ[FZ G BFZ ^FDMFZ FD FB QHJ

‚ B‗gcpi ‗gcpirt rt n`jtur`t n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir vfdfmir cfdys cfdys mfsjicptfs g cfdys gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs måkgts cçs mfspfsfs `mmgjgid`bs ngds quf fbs kçds fs trikgd ukgj`ts pfr ` b` sfv` vfdm` ‚ B‗G^ ‗G^@ @ supirt`t di mfmuékbf mfmuékbf

^`bir`jgú mf bfs jicprfs

Di s‗eg gdjbiu? ‚ B‗G^ ‗G^@ @ supirt`t supirt`t mfmuékbf mfmuékbf ‚ Fbs mfsjicptf mfsjicptfss pfr p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt gccfmg gccfmg`t `t di gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs mfsjicptf mfsjicptfss pistfrgir pistfrgirss ` b` rfjfpjgú rfjfpjgú mf b` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs rápfbs rápfbs di di gdjbisis gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs fdv`sis fdv`sis `ck `ck n`jubt`t n`jubt`t mf mfvibuj mfvibujgú gú

Z‗eg gdjbiu? ‚ B‗gcpi ‗gcpirt rt n`jtur`t n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir vfdfmir cfdys cfdys mfsjicptfs cfdys gdtfrfssis gdjirpir`ts `b dicgd`b mfbs jråmgts

^`bir`jgú mf bfs vfdmfs

Di s‗eg gdjbiu? ‚ Bfs mfspfsfs mfspfsfs rfb`jgi rfb`jgid`mf d`mfss `ck bfs vfdmfs vfdmfs ‚ Bfs qu`dtgt qu`dtgt`ts `ts rfkumfs rfkumfs pfr pfr jicptf jicptf mf tfrjfr ‚ B‗G^ ‗G^@ @ cfrg cfrgt`t t`t ‚ Fbs mfsjicptf mfsjicptfss pfr p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt gccfmg gccfmg`t `t di gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs mfsjicptf mfsjicptfss pistfrgir pistfrgirss ` b` rfjfpjgú rfjfpjgú mf b` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs rápfbs rápfbs di di gdjbisis gdjbisis ` b` n`jtur` n`jtur` ‚ Fbs fd fdv`sis v`sis `ck `ck n`jubt`t n`jubt`t mf mfvibuj mfvibujgú gú

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Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú ZVC@[G 󰁤

Bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ

󰁤

Bfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ

󰁤

Fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf b` gcpirtádjg` mf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú mgds mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr bfs fcprfsfs. ¸¸ Mgnfrfdjg`r jirrfjt`cfdt fbs jidjfptfs mf mfspfs` g p`h`cfdt g m‗gdhrçs g jikr`cfdt. ¸¸ Gmfdtgngj`r fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf mfspfsfs g gdhrfssiss m‗fxpbit`jgú quf fs pimfd irghgd`r gdhrfssi irg hgd`r fd b‗`jtgvgt`t dirc`b mf bfs fcprfsfs. ¸¸ Jidågxfr fbs prgdjgp`bs jicptfs mf mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú quf `p`rfgxfd fd fb QHJ g fb sfu civgcfdt jicpt`kbf. ¸¸ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r jirrfjt`cfdt bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú, utgbgtz`dt fbs jicptfs quf pripis` fb QHJ.

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Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

0 44 Bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ ]itfs bfs fcprfsfs, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b‗`jtgvgt`t quf mfsfdvibupgd (jicfrjg`b, gdmustrg`b i mf prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs), dfjfssgtfd `mqugrgr ud` sårgf mf kçds g sfrvfgs, jic bbuc, `ghu`, cá m‗ikr`, c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd`, ftj., quf fbs rfsubtfd dfjfss`rgs pfr `b dirc`b mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf bfs sfvfs `jtgvgt`ts. Bfs fcprfsfs rf`bgtzfd ud` mfspfs` qu`d `mqugrfgxfd i utgbgtzfd `bhud kç i sfrvfg quf iktfdfd mf b‗fxtfrgir ` j`dvg m‗ud` jidtr`prfst`jgú g quf di s‗gdtfhr` fd fb p`trgcidg fcprfs`rg`b. @gxû ijirrf qu`d utgbgtzfd b` cá m‗ikr` mfbs sfus trfk`bb`mirs, qu`d jidsucfgxfd `bhud sukcgdgstr`cfdt, ftj. @ fnfjtfs jicpt`kbfs, ud` mfspfs` supis` ud` mgscgdujgú fd fb Q`trgcidg dft mf b‗fcprfs`, o` sghug fd nirc` mf sirtgm` i mf mgscgdujgú fd fb v`bir mfbs `jtgus, i kç mf rfjidfgxfcfdt i ùhcfdt mfb v`bir mfbs p`ssgus, sfcprf quf di tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd mgstrgkujgids, cidftárgfs i di, `bs sijgs i pripgft`rgs, pfr b` sfv` c`tfgx` jidmgjgú. @ j`dvg m‗`qufstfs `mqugsgjgids mf kçds i prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs, bfs fcprfsfs e`d mf p`h`r ud` qu`dtgt`t mf mgdfrs, o` sghug fd fb cicfdt fd quå fs rfkg fb kç i sfrvfg i kç fd cicfdts pistfrgirs. Di s‗e` mf jidnidmrf ud` mfspfs` `ck ud p`h`cfdt? ud` mfspfs` supis` b‗`mqugsgjgú i fb jidsuc m‗`bhuds kçds i sfrvfgs, cfdtrf quf ud p`h`cfdt sghdgngj` quf fxgstfgx ud` sirtgm` mf mgdfrs mf trfsirfrg`. M‗`btr` k`dm`, ` cçs mf bfs ipfr`jgids quf rf`bgtzfd `ck j`rájtfr e`kgtu`b, fd fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t, bfs fcprfsfs t`ckç prfstfd i vfdfd `btrfs kçds g sfrvfgs quf tfdfd j`rájtfr `jjfssirg i di e`kgtu`b, g quf s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t jirrfspidfdt, o` quf pimfd supis`r ud vibuc gcpirt`dt fd b` sfv` xgnr` `du`b m‗gdhrfssis. Qfb quf n` `bs gdhrfssis, fd tfrcfs hfdfr`bs, s‗iktfdfd qu`d bfs fcprfsfs prfstfd i vfdfd `bhud kç i sfrvfg quf di fstghug gdtfhr`t fd fb p`trgcidg fcprfs`rg`b, ` j`dvg m‗ud` jidtr`prfst`jgú. @gxû sujjffgx qu`d rf`bgtzfd sfrvfgs mf tr`dspirt, fstumgs mf cfrj`t, ftj., sfcprf quf `qufstfs `jtgvgt`ts di jidstgtufgxgd b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b. Vd gdhrçs supis` ud gdjrfcfdt fd fb Q`trgcidg dft mf b‗fcprfs`, o` sghug fd nirc` m‗fdtr`mfs i ùhcfdts fd fb v`bir mfbs `jtgus, i kç mf mgscgdujgú mfbs p`ssgus, sfcprf quf di tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd `pirt`jgids, cidftárgfs i di, mfbs sijgs i pripgft`rgs. Ghu`b quf ijirrf fd fb j`s mf bfs mfspfsfs, bfs fcprfsfs jikrfd pfr b` prfst`jgú i b` vfdm` m‗`qufsts m‗`q ufsts kçds i sfrvfgs. @qufst jikr`cfdt fs pit primugr mf nirc` sgcubtádg` ` b` vfdm` i b` prfst`jgú mfb kç i sfrvfg, i kç fd cicfdts pistfrgirs. Di s‗e` mf jidnidmrf ud gdhrçs `ck ud jikr`cfdt? fs primufgx ud gdhrçs qu`d fs vfdfd kçds i fs prfstfd sfrvfgs, cfdtrf quf fs primufgx ud jikr`cfdt qu`d fxgstfgx ud` fdtr`m` mf mgdfrs ` b` trfsirfrg` mf b‗fcprfs`.

Bgcgt`jgú mf p`h`cfdts fd fnfjtgu Zfhids b` Bbfg 8/;10;, mf ;7 m‗ijtukrf, mf cimgngj`jgú mf b` dirc`tgv` trgkutárg` g prfssupistárg` g m‗`mfqu`jgú mf b` dirc`tgv` ngd`djfr` pfr ` b` gdtfdsgngj`jgú mf bfs `jtu`jgids fd b` prfvfdjgú g b` bbugt` jidtr` fb nrù, fstá priegkgt fb p`h`cfdt fd fnfjtgu supfrgir ` ;611  fdtrf fcprfsfs g prinfssgid`bs.

=1

Qfr ÿbtgc, çs cibt gcpirt`dt mgstgdhgr fdtrf mfspfsfs g pårmufs g fdtrf gdhrfssis g kfdfngjgs. Fbs kfdfngjgs i bfs pårmufs m‗ud fxfrjgjg fs mftfrcgdfd pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf tits fbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs hfdfr`mfs mur`dt `qufst fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú `p`rfgxfd rfjibbgts `b QHJ `b hrup > Jicprfs g mfspfsfs g `b Hrup 8 . Mgds mfb hrup >, fs trikfd fb sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs ^fdmfs g gdhrfssis fxtfrgirs g fb sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b g, mgds mfb hrup 8, fb sukhrup 86 @btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú. Fd `qufsts sukhrups, trik`rfc fbs jicptfs dfjfss`rgs pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`. @ b‗ghu`b quf ijirrg` ` b‗eir` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fbs civgcfdts mf bfs fxgstådjgfs mgds m‗ud` fcprfs`, dicçs fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf supisgd ud` v`rg`jgú sghdgngj`tgv` mfb p`trgcidg mf b‗fcprfs`. @ cçs, pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufstfs ipfr`jgids, sfr`d dfjfss`rgs mijucfdts oustgngj`dts, jic bfs mgnfrfdts n`jturfs mf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú, bfs dûcgdfs quf rfnbfjtfgxfd bfs mgnfrfdts qu`dtgt`ts quf jidnircfd bfs mfspfsfs mfb pfrsid`b, fb rfkut mf bgqugm`jgú mf jitgtz`jgids id fs rfjubbfd bfs quitfs jirrfspidfdts ` b‗fcprfs` g `bs trfk`bb`mirs g fb ]J;, quf jidstgtufgx fb mijucfdt mf jitgtz`jgú ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b id fs rfjubb b` rfb`jgú dicgd`b mf trfk`bb`mirs trfk `bb`mirs oudt`cfdt `ck bfs sfvfs k`sfs mf jitgtz`jgú. @qufsts mijucfdts pfrcftr`d iktfdgr b` gdnirc`jgú dfjfssárg` pfr pimfr rfhgstr`r `qufstfs ipfr`jgids g pirt`rdf ` tfrcf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú. Qfb quf n` `b cicfdt mfb sfu rfhgstrf, fd `pbgj`jgú mfb prgdjgpg mf b` cfrgt`jgú g ` b‗ghu`b quf ijirrg` fd fb j`s mf b` jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs, `qufstfs ipfr`jgids fs rfhgstr`r`d qu`d ijirrgd, çs ` mgr, fd b` m`t` quf `p`rfhug fd fbs mgnfrfdts mijucfdts rfb`jgid`ts `ck `qufstfs ipfr`jgids, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå sf‗d primufgxg fb p`h`cfdt i fb jikr`cfdt.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg súd vfrt`mfrfs i n`bsfs bfs `ngrc`jgids sfhòfdts, rìd`dt b` sfv` rfspist`? `) Çs fb c`tfgx p`rb`r mf mfspfs` g p`h`cfdt g m‗gdhrçs g jikr`cfdt. k) Bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r qu`d sf‗d primufgxg fb p`h`cfdt i fb jikr`cfdt. j) Bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú quf j`b jicpt`kgbgtz`r súd bfs b fs quf supisfd ud` v`rg`jgú sghdgngj`tgv` mfb Q`ssgu m‗ud` fcprfs`. m) Bfs fcprfsfs rf`bgtzfd ud` mfspfs` qu`d `mqugrfgxfd i utgbgtzfd `bhud kç i sfrvfg quf iktfdfd mf b‗fxtfrgir ` j`dvg m‗ud` jidtr`prfst`jgú g quf s‗gdtfhr` fd fb p`trgcidg fcprfs`rg`b. f) Fbs jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fs trikfd rfjibbgts `b QHJ fd fbs sukhrups >1 g 81. n) Fbs kfdfngjgs i bfs pårmufs m‗ud fxfrjgjg fs mftfrcgdfd pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf tits fbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs quf fs hfdfrgd mur`dt `qufst fxfrjgjg.

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

=0

; 44 Bfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx quf fd fb hrup > Jicprfs g mfspfsfs fs rfhgstr`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, ‒bfs mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg, gdjbisfs bfs `mqugsgjgids mf sfrvfgs g mf c`tfrg`bs jidsucgkbfs–. Qfr rfjibbgr jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufst` sgtu`jgú mfmfsfdvibup`, fdtrf `btrfs, fb sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs g fb sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b.

;.0 4 Zukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs Zfhids fb QHJ, fd fb sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs, eùrfc mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs sfrvfgs sfhòfdts?

Fbs sfrvfgs mf d`tur`bfs` mgvfrs` `mqugrgts pfr b‗fcprfs`, di gdjbisis fd fb sukhrup >1 i quf di nircgd p`rt mfb prfu gdjbisis m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t i mf bfs gdvfrsgids ffd`djfrfs ` m‗`mqugsgjgú jurt tfrcgdg. Fb QHJ, ` b` sfv` jgdqufd` p`rt, infrfgx fb jidtgdhut g bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs cçs mfst`j`mfs mf bfs ipfr`jgids g fbs nfts fjidûcgjs quf fs rfjubbfd `bs jicptfs quf nircfd fb sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs. @qufsts jicptfs súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs mfb sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs (>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg? mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt pfr sfrvfgs fdj`rrfh`ts ` `btrfs fcprfsfs, pfrû dicçs sg fs jidsgmfrfd mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg. (>;0) @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids. @rrfdm`cfdts? fbs cfrgt`ts pfb bbihufr i b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu mf kçds cikbfs g gccikbfs fd ÿs i ` mgspisgjgú mf b‗fcprfs`. Jádids? qu`dtgt`ts ngxfs i v`rg`kbfs quf sf s`tgsn`d pfb mrft ` b‗ÿs i ` b` jidjfssgú m‗ÿs mf bfs mgnfrfdts c`dgnfst`jgids mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b. (>;;) [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú? mfspfsfs mf sistfdgcfdt mfbs kçds jicprfsis fd fb hrup ; @jtgu di jirrfdt. Z‗gdjbiur`d fd `qufst jicptf bfs mfspfsfs mf c`dtfdgcfdt mf bfs cáqugdfs, mf bfs gdst`b󰂸b`jgids, mfbs vfegjbfs, ftj. (>;:) Zfrvfgs mf prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfdts? gcpirt quf sf s`tgsná `bs prinfssgid`bs pfbs sfrvfgs prfst`ts ` b‗fcprfs`. Jicpråd fbs eidir`rgs m‗fjidicgstfs, `mvij`ts, ùmgtirs, dit`rgs, ftj., `gxã jic bfs jicgssgids m‗`hfdts cfmg`mirs gdmfpfdmfdts (di nircfd p`rt mf b` pb`dtgbb` mf b‗fcprfs`). Di s‗gdjbiur`d fd `qufst jicptf bfs qu`dtgt`ts p`h`mfs `bs prinfssgid`bs quf s‗irghgdgd pfr b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t, o` quf nirc`r`d p`rt mfb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú. (>;=) ]r`dspirts? tr`dspirts ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` rf`bgtz`ts pfr tfrjfrs, qu`d di prijfmfgxg gdjbiurf‗bs fd fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t i mf bfs fxgstådjgfs. Fd `qufst jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, fbs tr`dspirts mf vfdmfs. vfdmfs. (>;6) Qrgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs? qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs fd jidjfptf mf prgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs, fxjfptf bfs quf fs rfnfrfgxgd `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs` g bfs mf d`tur`bfs` ngd`djfr`. (>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs? qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs fd jidjfptf mf sfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs, quf di tgdhugd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs. Fd `qufst jicptf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs jicgssgids pfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf tr`dsnfrådjgfs, b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt m‗fnfjtfs, rfkuts g n`jturfs, ftj. Fd j`dvg, di s‗eg jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fbs gdtfrfssis pfr prçstfjs, o` quf fs jidsgmfrfd mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs. (>;8) Qukbgjgt`t, prip`h`dm` g rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs? gcpirt mf bfs mfspfsfs s`tgsnftfs pfbs jidjfptfs quf gdmgj` b` mfdicgd`jgú m‗`qufst jicptf. (>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfdts? fbfjtrgjgt`t g qu`bsfvib `btrf `k`stgcfdt quf di tgdhuçs b` qu`bgt`t m‗fcc`h`tzfc`kbf m‗fcc`h`tzfc`kbf.. Zg fb sukcgdgstr`cfdt çs fcc`h`tzfc`kbf, tgdmrá b` jidmgjgú m‗fxgstådjgfs g s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r fd jicptfs mfb sukhrup >1. (>;7) @btrfs sfrvfgs? fbs di jicprfsis `bs jicptfs `dtfrgirs. Fd `qufst jicptf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs mfspfsfs mf vg`thf mfb pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`, gdjbisfs bfs mf tr`dspirt, g bfs mfspfsfs m‗ingjgd` di gdjbisfs fd `btrfs jicptfs. ]`ckç ]`ckç s‗eg jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d bfs mfspfsfs mf tfbånid g fb c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd`, qu`d s‗`mqugrfgxg pfr sfr jidsucgt fd fb c`tfgx fxfrjgjg. Zg s‗`mqugrfgx pfr sfr jidsucgt fd mgvfrsis fxfrjgjgs, fxfrjgjgs, fs jidsgmfr`rá jic ` fxgstådjgf fxgstådjgfss g s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts. `privgsgid`cfdts.

=;

@qufsts jicptfs fs j`rrfh`r`d dirc`bcfdt `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs i ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup 68 ]rfsirfrg` i, sg çs prijfmfdt, `b jicptf (=86) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`, jrfmgtir` pfr jidjfptfs ngsj`bs. @bhudfs mf bfs mfspfsfs quf fs rfhgstrfd `bs jicptfs mfb sukhrup >; fst`d sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú?

Gdjgmådjg` mfbs jicptfs mf sfrvfgs fxtfrgirs `b jicptf mf rfsubt`ts Fbs jicptfs mf sfrvfgs fxtfrgirs prfsfdt`r`d s`bmi mfutir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufsts jicptfs s‗`kid`rá `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

‚ @rrfdm`cfdts? fbs fcprfs`rgs g prinfssgid`bs fst`d ikbgh`ts ` rftfdgr fb ;0%, qu`d s`tgsn`jgd rfdmfs pfr b‗`rrfdm`cfdt mf kçds gccikbfs urk`ds. Di s‗eùrá mf pr`jtgj`r rftfdjgú i gdhrçs ` jicptf qu`d fs tr`jtg m‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗e`kgt`thfs pfr p`rt m‗fcprfsfs pfr `bs sfus fcpbf`ts g qu`d bfs rfdmfs s`tgsnftfs pfr b‗`rrfdm`t`rg ` ud c`tfgx `rrfdm`mir di supfrgd fbs 711  cfdsu`bs. ‚ Zfrvfgs mf prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfdts? ` cçs, fst`d ikbgh`ts ` p`h`r g gdhrfss`r rftfdjgids i, sg çs prijfmfdt, gdhrfssis ` jicptf, fbs fcprfs`rgs g prinfssgid`bs quf s`tgsn`jgd rftrgkujgids mgdfrárgfs jirrfspidfdts ` rfdmgcfdts quf sghugd jidtr`prfst`jgú m‗`jtgvgt`ts prinfssgid`bs. J`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, fs rftgdmrá fb ;0%, cfdtrf quf fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu m‗gdgjg mf b‗`jtgvgt`t g fd fbs mis sfhòfdts fb pfrjfdt`thf sfrá mfb 7%. ]itfs mufs rftfdjgids s‗`pbgj`r`d sikrf b` rftrgkujgú rftrgkujg ú ãdtfhr`, fxjbûs b‗Gcpist sikrf fb ^`bir @nfhgt. Z‗eùr`d m‗gdhrfss`r mf nirc` cfdsu`b i trgcfstr`b ` n`vir mf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`. Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis quf fs puhugd hfdfr`r pfr b‗òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt mfbs sfrvfgs fxtfrgirs, s‗`pbgj`r`d bfs dircfs `d`bgtz`mfs ` b` udgt`t `dtfrgir. Fd nudjgú mfb cicfdt fd quå fs rf`bgtz` fb p`h`cfdt m‗`qufsts sfrvfgs g mf b` nirc` mf rf`bgtz`r-bi, fds pimfc trik`r `ck bfs sgtu`jgids sfhòfdts?

‚ @ck p`h`cfdt fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg. ‚ @ck p`h`cfdt òird`t. ‚ @ck p`h`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` mfspfs` `ck p`h`cfdt pfr k`dj Qfb bbihufr mfb cfs mf mfsfckrf mfb bij`b id fstá ukgj`t fb dfhijg, b‗`rrfdm`t`rg jikr` pfr k`dj 0111 fb ;0% m‗G^@. B` rftfdjgú çs mfb ;0%.



x

0 111,1 111,111 ;01,11

(>;0) @rrfdm`c @rrfdm`cfdts fdts g jádi jádids ds (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 111,11) 111,11)

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (;0% s/ 0 111,11) (68;) K`djs j/j x

;01,11 0 111,11

cçs

=:

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` mfspfs` `ck p`h`cfdt òird`t Qfr rf`bgtz`r b` bgqugm`jgú m‗gcpistis, ud prinfssgid`b n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf 061 . G^@ mfb ;0%. B` rftfdjgú çs mfb ;0%. x

061,111 061,1

:0,61

(>;:) Zfrvfgs Zfrvfgs mf prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfd gdmfpfdmfdts ts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 061,11)

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs

:0,61

(;0% s/ 061,11)

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

061,11

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` n`jtur` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

061,11

(=01) Jrfmgt. prfst. sfrv sfrv.. `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

061,111 061,1

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` mfspfs` `jjfpt`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mf b` j`cp`dy` pukbgjgtárg` `sjfdmfgx ` :11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Z‗`jjfpt` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfr b‗gcpirt mfb mfutf. x

:11,11

>:,11

(>;8) Qukbgjgt`t, prip`h`dm` g rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ :11,11)

`

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, F.J.Q F.J.Q..

:>:,11

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

:>:,11

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r ` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:>:,111 :>:,1

==

J`sis prájtgjs

0

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs fxtfrgirs 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg M g`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` QG[I, Q G[I, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mfb tfbånid `sjfdmfgx `sjfdmfgx ` 011 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. ;. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. :. Qfr uds trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú fdj`rrfh`ts fdj`rrfh`ts ` ud` fcprfs` prgv`m`, fs bbgurfd 0 111  cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Qfr rf`bgtz`r fb tr`dspirt m‗udfs cfrj`mfrgfs vfdumfs, b‗fcprfs` mf tr`dspirt prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf =11 . Z‗`jjfpt` bbftr` mf j`dvg. 6. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. >. Q`h` pfr k`dj ` ud` jicp`dyg` jicp`dyg` `ssfhur`mir` b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb bij`b, quf `sjfdmfgx `sjfdmfgx ` >11 . 8. [f`bgtz` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` k`djá rg` ` ud privfém privfémir ir.. Fb k`dj jikr` 01  pfr `qufst` tr`dsnfrådjg`. 5. Jicpr` mgvfrs c`tfrg`b pfr ` b‗iffjgd` pfr 61 . Fs p`h` fd fnfjtgu.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸

011,11 ;0,11

(>;7) @btrfs sfrvfgs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

0

(;0% s/ 011,11 011,11))

`

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

0;0,11

(68;) K`djs j/j

0;0,111 0;0,1

(>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jg gdvfstgh`jgú úg mfsfdvibup`cfdt mfsfdvibup`cf dt mf b‗fxfrjgjg (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0111,11) ` (68;) K`djs j/j

0 ;01,1 ;01,111

;

0;0,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs sfrvfgs ` :

0 111,11

;01,11

=

=11,11 =11,11 5=,11

(>;=) ]r`dsp r`dspirts irts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ =11,11 =11,11))

`

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, F.J.Q F.J.Q..

=5=,11

(68;) K`djs j/j

=5=,111 =5=,1

6

=5=,11

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, F.J.Q F.J.Q.. ` x

=6

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

0 >

>11,11

(>;6) Qrgcf Qrgcfss m‗`ssfhur`djfs `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

>11,111 >11,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

01,11

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `, 

>1,61

8

01,11

(>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs

` 5

61,11 01,61

(>;7) @btrfs @btrfs sfrv sfrvfgs fgs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ 61,11)

` x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Qfbs sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt m‗`ssfssir`cfdt prfst`ts, ud fjidicgst` prfsfdt` n`jtur` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf >11 , `ck ud` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN mfb ;0%. ;. Q`h` cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg >1 >1  (G^@ 01%) pfb sukcgdgstr`cfdt m‗`ghu`. :. Q`h` fd fnfjtgu 011  pfr mgvfrsfs rfp`r`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs ` b‗fmgngjg. =. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mfb pudt 0. 6. Qfb tr`sbb`t mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs quf e` vfdut b‗fcprfs`, b‗fcprfs`, ud` fcprfs` mf tr`dspirts bg prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;;1 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` :1 mgfs. >. Q`h` cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 8. Qfb tr`sbb`t mfb pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`, b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` @JFI[, Z@, Z@, prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;61 . Fs p`h`rá pfr k`dj. 5. Q`h` pfr k`dj ` ud` jicp`dyg` jicp`dyg` `ssfhur`mir` b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb bij`b, quf `sjfdmfgx `sjfdmfgx ` :61 . 7. B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mf tfbånid `sjfdmfgx ` >1 . Zfrá p`h`m` prûxgc`cfdt. 01. @rrgk` b` n`jtur` mfb bbihufr mfb bij`b id b‗fcprfs` tç gdst`b󰂸b`mfs bfs ingjgdfs. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt `sjfdmfgx ` 711 . B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. 00. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mfb pudt 7. 0;. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mfb pudt 01. 0:. Fs jicpr` mgvfrs c`tfrg`b jidsucgkbf pfr ` b‗ingjgd` b‗ingjgd` pfr 061 . Fb p`h` fd fnfjtgu. 0=. [f`bgtz` ud` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` k`djárg` pfr ud gcpirt mf 611  ` ud privfémir. Fb k`dj jikr` 6  pfr `qufst` tr`dsnfrådjg`. 06. B` pukbgjgt`t rf`bgtz`m` pfr b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` e` `sjfdmgt ` =11 . Z‗`jjfpt` bbftr` `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. 0>. Q`h` b` bbftr` mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 08. B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mf b` bbuc, quf p`h`rá prûxgc`cfdt, `sjfdmfgx ` 0:1 . 05. Q`h` pfr k`dj k`dj b` n`jtur` mf b` bbuc mfb pudt 08.

=>

;.; 4 Zukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b

[ftrgkujgids `b pfrsid`b quf di nirc` p`rt mf b` pb`dtgbb` Zg fb pfrsid`b `b qu`b fs rftrgkufgx di nirc` p`rt mf b` pb`dtgbb` mf b‗fcprfs`, bfs sfvfs rfcudfr`jgids fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf (>;:) Zfrvfgs mf prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfdts.

Bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b supisfd pfr ` bfs fcprfsfs fb p`h`cfdt mfbs s`b`rgs mfbs trfk`bb`mirs, `gxã jic `btrfs jidjfptfs, jic súd fb p`h`cfdt mf bfs jirrfspidfdts quitfs ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b. @ b‗eir` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs rfcudfr`jgid rfcudfr`jgidss pfrjfkumfs pfbs trfk`bb`mirs, j`bmrá rfst`r mf b‗gcpirt tit`b cfrgt`t (siu krut) bfs jirrfspidfdts rftfdjgids ` jicptf mf b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs, `gxã jic bfs jitgtz`jgids ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b quf e`d mf p`h`r fbs trfk`bb`mirs. Jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs mfmujjgids `dtfrgirs, bfs fcprfsfs e`d mf rf`bgtz`r ud` sårgf mf p`h`cfdts pfrgûmgjs ` bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs, quf fs pimfd rfsucgr fd fbs sfhòfdts? Jitgtz`jgids ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b Bfs fcprfsfs tfdfd b‗ikbgh`jgú mf rf`bgtz`r ud` sårgf mf p`h`cfdts ` b` ZfZ fhurft`t Zijg`b. @qufsts p`h`cfdts fst`d nirc`ts pfr bfs mfmujjgids quf, `dtfrgircfdt, s‗e`d pr`jtgj`t `bs trfk`bb`mirs pfr `qufst jidjfptf g mf bfs quitfs quf jirrfspid `kid`r ` bfs fcprfsfs. Fs rf`bgtzfd sfcprf pfr cfsis vfdèuts. [ftfdjgids pfr G[QN Bfs fcprfsfs e`d mf rftfdgr `bs sfus fcpbf`ts ud pfrjfdt`thf ` jicptf mf b‗G[QN, quf eùr`d m‗gdhrfss`r ` b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`. @qufstfs rftfdjgids fs pr`jtgqufd fd titfs bfs dûcgdfs g, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, s‗eùr`d mf bgbg qugm`r pfr trgcfstrfs vfdèuts. Z‗eùr`d mf prfsfdt`r `b prgdjgpg mfb cfs pistfrgir ` j`m` trgcfstrf.

B‗G^@ B‗G^ @ fd bfs mfspfsfs mfs pfsfs mf pfrsid`b Bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b súd ipfr`jgids di sukofjtfs ` b‗G^@, çs ` mgr, súd ipfr`jgids fd quå dimf çs b` `pbgj`kbf `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` sgtu`jgúb‗G^@, fd quå fs primufgxgd.

Qfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufstfs sgtu`jgids, fb QHJ e` jrf`t fb sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b. Fd `qufst sukhrup fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d bfs ‒rftrgkujgids `b pfrsid`b, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` nirc` i fb jidjfptf pfb qu`b sf s`tgsn`d< quitfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` g b` rfst` mf mfspfsfs mf j`rájtfr sijg`b–. Fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t, ` b` sfv` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, fds infrfgx fb jidtgdhut g bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs cçs mfst`j`mfs mf bfs ipfr`jgids g fbs nfts fjidûcgjs quf fs rfjibbgr`d `bs jicptfs quf nircfd fb sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b. @qufsts jicptfs súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs mfb sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b (>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs? rfcudfr`jg rfcudfr`jgids, ids, ngxfs g fvfdtu`bs, `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`. Fs j`rrfh`rá pfr b‗gcpirt ãdtfhrf mf bfs rfcudfr`jgids rfcudfr`jg ids cfrgt`mfs. (>=0) Gdmfcdgtz`jgids? qu`dtgt`ts quf fs bbgurfd `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs` pfr rfsj`k`b`r-bi m‗ud m`dy i pfroumgjg. Z‗gdjbiufd fspfjãngj`cfdt fd `qufst jicptf bfs gdmfcdgtz`jg gdmfcdgtz`jgids ids pfr `jicg`m`cfdt g pfr oukgb`jgú `dtgjgp`m`. (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? quitfs mf b‗fcprfs` ` n`vir mfbs irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b pfr bfs mgvfrsfs prfst`jgids quf rf`bgtzfd. (>=7) @btrfs mfspfsfs sijg`bs? mfspfsfs mf d`tur`bfs` sijg`b rf`bgtz`mfs fd jicpbgcfdt m‗ud` mgspisgjgú bfh`b i vibudtárg`cfdt pfr b‗fcprfs`. Zf jgtfd, ` tãtib gdmgj`tgu, bfs sukvfdjgids ` fjidic`ts g cfdo`mirs< sistfdgcfdt m‗fsjibfs g gdstgtujgids mf nirc`jgú prinfssgid`b< kfqufs pfr ` fstumg< prgcfs pfr jidtr`jtfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs sikrf b` vgm`, `jjgmfdts, c`b`btg`, ftj., fxjfptf bfs quitfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b.

=8

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

Bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b g fbs jicptfs fd quå fs rfhgstrfd fs pimfd rfsucgr ` b` nghur` sfhòfdt?

Zius g s`b`rgs (>=1)

Bãqugm ` pfrjfkrf

Pu`dtgt`ts ` pfrjfkrf pfbs trfk`bb`mirs 68 ]rfsirfrg`

[ftfdjgids pfr G[QN

Pu`dtgt`ts ` gdhrfss`r ` b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` (=860) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs

Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mfb trfk`bb`mir

MFZQFZFZ MF QF[ZID@B Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf

Pu`dtgt`ts ` gdhrfss`r ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b (=8>) Irh`dgscfs

b‗fcprfs` (>=;)

mf b` ZZ jrfmgtirs

;.0. Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b.

Fbs jicptfs quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr rfhgstr`r bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt ` n`vir mf bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs mfrgv`mfs mf bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt ` n`vir mf bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs (=860) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs? gcpirt mf bfs rftfdjgids trgkutárgfs fnfjtu`mfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt ` b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`. (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b, jrfmgtirs? mfutfs pfdmfdts `ck irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs prfst`jgids quf rf`bgtzfd. @ cçs, fxgstfgxfd `btrfs jicptfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck fb p`h`cfdt mf bfs rfcudfr`jgids `bs trfk`bb`mirs, quf fs rfsucfgxfd `b qu`mrf sfhòfdt?

@btrfs jicptfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck fb p`h`cfdt mf rfcudfr`jgids `bs trfk`bb`mirs (=>1) @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids? bbgur`cfdts ` jicptf mf rfcudfr`jgids `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`. Pu`bsfvib `btr` kfstrft` quf tgdhug b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf prçstfjs `b pfrsid`b s‗gdjbiurá `b jicptf (6==) Jråmgts ` j/t `b pfrsid`b i `b jicptf (;6=) Jråmgts ` bb/t `b pfrsid`b, sfhids fb tfrcgdg mf vfdjgcfdt. Nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt. (6==) Jråmgts ` j/t `b pfrsid`b? jråmgts jidjfmgts `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs` quf di tgdhug b` qu`bgngj`jgú mf p`rt vgdjub`m` `ck ud vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy. Nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè. (;6=) Jråmgts ` bb/t `b pfrsid`b? jråmgts jidjfmgts `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs` quf di tgdhug b` qu`bgngj`jgú mf p`rt vgdjub`m`, `ck ud vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy. Nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè. (=>6) [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt? måkgts mf b‗fcprfs` `b pfrsid`b pfbs jidjfptfs fscfdt`ts `bs jicptfs (>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs g (>=0) Gdmfcdgtz`jgids. Nghur`r`d Nghur`r`d `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè. Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup >= prfsfdt`r`d s`bmi mfutir. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf prfsfdtgd `qufsts jicptfs s‗`kid`rá `ck járrfj `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

=5

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt rfsuc mf jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` dûcgd` sfrg` fb sfhòfdt?

x

(>=1)

Zius g s`b`rgs (pfr b‗gcpirt ãdtfhrf)

(>=; (> =;))

Zfhurf Zfhu rft` t`tt Zi Zijg jg`b `b ` já járr rrfj fj mf b‗fcp b‗fcprfs` rfs` `

(=860)

E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr E.Q. rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (pfr bfs rftfdjgids pfr G[QN pfdmfdts m‗gdhrfss`r ` b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`)

(=8>)

Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs (pfr bfs jitgtz`jgids ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b, t`dt mf b‗fcprfs` jic mfb trfk`bb`mir)

(=>1)

@v`dè`cfdts @v`d è`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids (pfr b` rfcudfr`jgú mf kfstrftfs `dtfrgircfdt fnfjtu`mfs)

(6==)

Jråmgts ` j/t `b pfrsid`b (pfr b` rfjupfr`jgú mf jråmgts ` j/t `dtfrgircfdt jidjfmgts)

(;6=)

Jråmgts ` bb/t `b pfrsid`b (pfr b` rfjupfr`jgú mf jråmgts ` bb/t `dtfrgircfdt jidjfmgts)

(=>6)

[fcudfr`jgids [fcud fr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt (pfbs s`b`rgs cfrgt`ts quf di s‗e`d pihut nfr fnfjtgus)

(68;) (681) x

K`djs j/j J`gx`, 

=7

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b Bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b mfb cfs mf sftfckrf mf b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdtfd fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? ‚ Ziu Ziuss kruts?01 kruts?01 111 . ‚ Zfhurft` Zfhurft`tt Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? : >16 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft` rft`tt Zijg`b ` járrfj mfbs mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? trfk`bb`mirs? 8=1,5: 8=1,5: . ‚ [f [ftfd tfdjgi jgids ds pfr pfr G[QN? G[QN? 0 111 . Fs p`hufd pfr k`dj. x

01 111,111 01111,1 : >16,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

0 111,11 = :=6,5:

(: >16,11 + 8=1,5:)

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

5 ;67,0 ;67,088

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb p`h`cfdt mfbs mfutfs pfdmfdts `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs Fs p`hufd pfr k`dj fbs mfutfs pfdmfdts `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs mfb pudt `dtfrgir? x

0 111,11

= :=6,5 :=6,5::

(=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh` Irh`dgsc dgscfs fs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

6 :=6,5 :=6,5::

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b `ck `v`dè`cfdts Fb 06 mf m f hfdfr, hfdfr, b‗`mcgdgstr`tgu mf b‗fcprfs` [IZ@C@[, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud `v`dè`cfdt pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 , quf bg çs jidjfmgm`. B‗fcprfs` gdhrfss` `b j/j mfb trfk`bb`mir b‗gcpirt sib󰂸bgjgt`t? x

611,11

(=>1) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids ` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

611,111 611,1

61

@ ffd`bs mf hfdfr, hfdfr, b‗fcprfs` [IZ@C@[, Z@, prfsfdt` b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú rfb`tgv` ` bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b? ‚ Zi Ziuu kru krut? t? 0 ;1 ;111 . ‚ Zfhur Zfhurft`t ft`t Zijg` Zijg`b? b? =:;,>1 =:;,>1  ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` g 55,71  ` járrfj mfbs trfk`bb`mirs. 

‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? 0;1 . [fjupfr` b` kfstrft` g b` rfst` fs p`h` pfr k`dj. x

0 ;11,11 =:;,>1

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

0;1,11 6;0,61

(=>1) @v`d @v`dè`cfdts è`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids

611,11

(68;) K`djs j/j

=70,011 =70,0

(=:;,>1 + 55,71)

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗gdmfcdgtz`jgids B‗0 mf oudy, b‗fcprfs` BFI^GJ, Z@, p`h` gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfr `jicg`m`cfdt, pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 , cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg? x

6 111,1 111,111

(>=0) Gdmfc Gdmfcdgtz dgtz`jgid `jgidss `

(68;) K`djs j/j

6 111,1 111,111

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b `ck jråmgts `b pfrsid`b B‗0 m‗`krgb, ud trfk`bb`mir mf b‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud prçstfj pfr ud gcpirt mf : 111 , ` rftird`r fd fbs pripfrs > cfsis, quf bg çs jidjfmgt. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` gdhrfss` `b j/j mfb trfk`bb`mir b‗gcpirt sib󰂸bgjgt`t. x

: 111,1 111,111

(6==) Jråmg Jråmgts ts ` j/t `b pfrsi pfrsid`b d`b `

(68;) K`djs j/j

: 111,1 111,111

x

@ ffd`bs m‗`krgb, b‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, prfsfdt` b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú rfb`tgv` ` bfs mfspfsfs mf m f pfrsid`b? ‚ Zius Zius kruts? kruts? 0; 111 . ‚ Zfhur Zfhurft`t ft`t Zijg`b? Zijg`b? = :;>, :;>,11 11 , ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`, g 557,11 , ` járrfj mfbs trfk`bb`mirs. ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? 0 ;11 .

60

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

[fjupfr` [fjupf r` jråmgts ` j/t pfr ud gcpirt mf 611  g b` rfst` fs p`h` pfr k`dj? x

0; 111,1 111,111 = :;>,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` ` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mf pr`jt gj`mfss (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

0 ;11,1 ;11,111 6 ;06,11

(=:;>,11 + 557,11)

(6==) Jråmgts ` j/t `b pfrsid`b (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

611,11 7 =00,1 =00,111

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b `ck p`h`cfdt òird`t Bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs` O@^GC@[, O@^GC@[, Z@, prfsfdtfd fb mfshbiss`cfdt sfhòfdt? ‚ Ziu krut krut?? 06 111 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft` rft`tt Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? 6 =18,6 =18,611 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft` rft`tt Zijg`b ` járrf járrfjj mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? trfk`bb`mirs? 0 000,; 000,;66 . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? 0 611 . Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. x

06 111,111 06111,1 6 =18,6 =18,611

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfhu Zfhurft`t rft`t Zijg` Zijg`bb ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` ` (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mf pr`jt gj`mfss (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs (6=18,61 + 0 000,; 000,;6) 6) (=>6) [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`c p`h`cfdt fdt

0 611,1 611,111 > 605,86

0;:55,8 0; :55,866

x

Fs p`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

0;:55,86 0; :55,86

(=>6) [fcudfr`jgids [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt ` x

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js j/j

0;:55,866 0;:55,8

6;

J`sis prájtgjs

;

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs ` bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` J[GZJ@[, Z@? 0. Bfs dûcgdfs cfrgt`mfs cfrgt`mfs mur`dt fb cfs mf sftfckrf prfsfdtfd prfsfdtfd fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it` it`bb cfrgt` cfrgt`t? t? 7111 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft`t rft`t Zijg` Zijg`bb ` járrfj mf b‗fcp b‗fcprfs`? rfs`? :;==,61 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft`t rft`t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mfbs mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? trfk`bb`mirs? >>>,86 >>>,86 . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? 711 . Fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, fxjfptf fxjfptf fb siu m‗ud trfk`bb`mir quf di çs prfsfdt fd fb cicfdt mfb p`h`cfdt g quf `sjfdmfgx ` 0 111 . ;. Q`h` b` p`rt mf b` dûcgd` pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mfb cfs mf sftfckrf cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. :. Q`h` fb mfutf jidtrft `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs fd fb cfs mf sftfckrf cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Q`h` pfr k`dj 511  pfr òum` `b cfdo`mir. 6. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg, = 111  pfr gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfr oukgb`jgids `dtgjgp`mfs.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0

7 111,1 111,111 : ;==,61

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

711,11 : 700,;6

(:;==,61 + >>>,86)

(=>6) [fcudfr`jgids [fcudf r`jgids mf p`h`c p`h`cfdt fdt pfdmfdts (68;) K`djs j/j

0 111,1 111,111 > =::,; =::,;66

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 111,1 111,111

(68;) K`djs j/j

= 500,; 500,;66

;

0 111,11

(=>6) [fcudfr`jgidfs [fcudfr`jgidfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt

` :

711,11

: 700,;6

(=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs ` x

6:

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

; =

511,11

(>=7) @btrfs mfspfsfs sijg`bs `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

511,111 511,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

= 111,1 111,111

6

= 111,11

(>=0) Gdmfcdgtz`jgi Gdmfcdgtz`jgids ds ` x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs :󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs ` bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b rf`bgtz`mfs pfr mgvfrsfs fcprfsfs? 0. Fs p`h`, cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, k`djárg`, b` dûcgd` mfb pfrsid`b, quf prfsfdt` fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it`b cfrgt`t? cfrgt`t? > 611 . ‚ Bãqugm mf tit`bs mfb mfb rfkut mf bgqugm`jgú bgqugm`jgú mf jitgtz`jgids? jitgtz`jgids? ; 5;=,87 . ‚ ]it`b `pirt`jgids `pirt`jgids ` b` ZZ mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? =50,6= =50,6= . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? >61 . ;. Fs p`hufd pfr k`dj fbs mfutfs `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. :. Fs p`hufd pfr pfr k`dj ;11  pfr mgftfs `b mgrfjtir hfdfr`b mf b` sijgft`t. =. Fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` b` dûcgd` mfb cfs, quf prfsfdt` fb mfshbiss`cfdt sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it` it`bb cfrgt` cfrgt`t? t? 5611 . ‚ Bãqugm mf tit`bs mfb rfkut rfkut mf bgqugm`jgú mf jitgtz`jgids? jitgtz`jgids? : >7:,7> . ‚ ]it`b `pirt`jgids `pirt`jgids ` b` ZZ mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? >;7,80 >;7,80 . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? 561 . Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt fb siu m‗ud trfk`bb`mir quf di çs prfsfdt fd fb cicfdt mfb p`h`cfdt g quf `sjfdmfgx ` 511 . 6. Fs p`h` b` p`rt mf b` dûcgd` pfdmfdt mfb cfs `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. >. Fs p`hufd pfr k`dj fbs mfutfs `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 8. Fs p`hufd, cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg, = 111  pfr oukgb`jgids `dtgjgp`mfs. 5. Fs p`hufd, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg, k`dj`rg, >11  ` ud mfbs fcpbf`ts jic ` kfj` m‗fstumgs. 7. Fb 01 m‗ijtukrf, ud trfk`bb`mir sib󰂸bgjgt` sib󰂸bgjgt` ud `v`dè`cfdt mf :11 , quf bg çs jidjfmgt. B‗fcprfs` gdhrfss` `b j/j mfb trfk`bb`mir b‗gcpirt sib󰂸bgjgt`t. 01. Fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` b` dûcgd` mfb cfs, quf prfsfdt` fb mfshbiss`cfdt sfhòfdt? sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it` it`bb cfrgt` cfrgt`t? t? 7611 . ‚ Bãqugm mf tit`bs mfb [fkut mf Bgqugm`jgú Bgqugm`jgú mf Jitgtz`jgids? Jitgtz`jgids? = 0;5,6= . ‚ ]it`b `pirt`jgids `pirt`jgids ` b` ZZ mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? 81:,87 81:,87 . ‚ [ft [ftfdjg fdjgids ids pfr pfr G[QN? G[QN? 761 761 . Fs rfjupfr` b‗`v`dè`cfdt jidjfmgt ` b‗`p`rt`t `dtfrgir. 00. @ b‗`krgb, ud` fcprfs` jidjfmfgx jidjfmfgx `bs sfus trfk`bb`mirs, cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, ud prçstfj prçstfj ` rftird`r fd sgs cfsis pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 111  g ud `btrf ` rftird`r fd mis `dys pfr ud gcpirt mf > 111 .

6=

: 44 Fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fd fb QHJ Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx quf fb hrup 8 ^fdmfs ^fdmfs g gdhrfssis gdhrfssis ‒jicpråd t`ckç `btrfs gdhrfssis–. Qfr rfjibbgr jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufst` sgtu`jgú mfsfdvibup`, fdtrf `btrfs, fb sukhrup 86 @btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú . Fd `qufst sukhrup fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fbs ‒gdhrfssis mfrgv`ts mf b` hfstgú di jicprfsis fd `btrfs sukhrups–. Fbs jicptfs quf nircfd `qufst sukhrup súd?

Jicptfs mfb sukhrup 86 @btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú (86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts? fbs cfrgt`ts pfb bbihufr i b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu mf kçds cikbfs i gccikbfs jfmgts pfr ` b‗ÿs i b` mgspisgjgú pfr tfrjfrs. (86:) Gdhrfssis mf pripgft`t gdmustrg`b jfmgm` fd fxpbit`jgú? qu`dtgt`ts ngxfs g v`rg`kbfs quf fs pfrjfkfd pfr b` jfssgú m‗fxpbit`jgú, mfb mrft ` b‗ÿs, i jidjfssgú mf b‗ÿs mf bfs mgnfrfdts c`dgnfst`jgids c`dgnfst`jgids mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b. (86=) Gdhrfssis pfr jicgssgids? qu`dtgt`ts ngxfs i v`rg`kbfs pfrjfkumfs jic ` jidtr`prfst`jgú ` sfrvfgs mf cfmg`jgú rf`bgtz`ts mf c`dfr` `jjgmfdt`b. Zg b` cfmg`jgú nis b‗ikofjtf prgdjgp`b mf b‗`jtgvgt`t mf b‗fcprfs`, fbs gdhrfssis pfr `qufst jidjfptf fs rfhgstr`rgfd `b jicptf (816) Qrfst` Qrfst`jgids jgids mf sfrvfgs. (866) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs `b pfrsid`b? gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis, jic `r` fjidic`ts, cfdo`mirs, tr`dspirts, e`kgt`thfs, ftj., n`jgbgt`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` `b sfu pfrsid`b. (867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis? fbs irghgd`ts pfr b` prfst`jgú fvfdtu`b mf jfrts sfrvfgs ` `btrfs pfrsidfs i p`rtgjub`rs< pfr fxfcpbf, fbs mf tr`dspirt, rfp`r`jgids, `ssfssirgfs, `ssfssirgfs, gdnircfs, ftj. @qufsts jicptfs s‗`kid`r`d pfr b‗gcpirt mfbs gdhrfssis dirc`bcfdt `ck járrfj `b jicptf (==1) Mfutirs i ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup 68 ]rfsirfrg` i, sg çs prijfmfdt, `b jicptf (=8:) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj`, rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf.

Gdjgmådjg` mfb sukhrup 86 `b jicptf mf rfsubt`ts Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubbfd `btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú prfsfdt`r`d s`bmi jrfmgtir jrfmgtir.. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi quf rfsubtg fd `qufsts jicptfs fs j`rrfh`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

@ b‗ghu`b quf fd fb j`s mf bfs mfspfsfs, `bhuds mfbs gdhrfssis quf fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd `bs jicptfs m‗`qufst sukhrup, jic fbs gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts i fbs gdhrfssis pfr jicgssgids, fst`d sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú. @qufstfs rftfdjgids s‗`pbgj`r`d sikrf b` rftrgkujgú ãdtfhr` g s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (=8:) E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud gdhrçs `ck jikr`cfdt pfr k`dj Qfb bbihufr mfb cfs mf hfdfr m‗ud bij`b pfr ` iffjgdfs, fs jikrfd pfr k`dj 0 ;11 ;11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. B` rftfdjgú çs mfb ;0%. x

;6;,11

(=8:) E.Q E.Q.. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (;0% s/ 0 ;11,11)

0 ;11,1 ;11,111

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 0 ;11,11)

x

0 ;11,11 ;6;,11

66

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud gdhrçs `ck jikr`cfdt òird`t Qfr b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs mf cfmg`jgú fd ipfr`jgids mf jicpr`vfdm`, ud prinfssgid`b prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 . Di jidstgtufgx b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b. G^@ G^@ mfb ;0%. B` rftfdjgú çs mfb ;0%. x

;01,11

(=8:) E.Q. E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (;0% s/ 0111,11)

0 111,1 111,111

(==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs `

(86=) Gdhrfssi Gdhrfssiss pfr jicgs jicgssgid sgidss (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ rfpfrjutgt

0 111,1 111,111 ;01,11

(;0% s/ 0 111,11)

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb jikr`cfdt mf b` n`jtur` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

0 111,1 111,111

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs

0 111,1 111,111

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud gdhrçs `jjfpt`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg Qfb tr`sbb`t m‗udfs cfrj`mfrgfs vfdumfs, fs prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` pfr 061 b‗fcprfs`. G^@ mfb ;0%.

. Di çs b‗`jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b mf



Fb mfutir `jjfpt` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. x

050,61

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

`

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

061,11 :0,61

(;0% s/ 061,11)

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb jikr`cfdt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

050,611 050,6

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j ` x

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

050,61

6>

J`sis prájtgjs

:

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗`btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg M g`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr mgnfrfdts fcprfsfs (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Vd` fcprfs` jikr` fd fd fnfjtgu 711 711  pfr sfrvfgs mf cfdo`mir prfst`ts `bs sfus fcpbf`ts. ;. Qfr ud fstumg rf`bgtz`t pfr ` ud` `btr` fcprfs`, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b, prgdjgp`b, ud` fcprfs` n`jtur` 0 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá cgto`dè`dt ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. :. Jikr` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Vd` fcprfs` n`jtur` >11  pfb bbihufr m‗ud mfbs c`h`tzfcs mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá, rf`bgtz`rá , jic j`m` cfs, fb mg` 5, uds mgfs mfsprçs mf prfsfdt`r b` n`jtur`. B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. 6. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. >. Qfr uds sfrvfgs sfrvfgs mf cfmg`jgú, rf`bgtz`ts mf nirc` di e`kgtu`b, e`kgtu`b, ud` fcprfs` jikr` 611  pfb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg. 8. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs mf tr`dspirt, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b, e`kgtu`b, ud` fcprfs` n`jtur` 811 . Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt `bs :1 mgfs. 5. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 7. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt, m‗`ssfssir`cfdt, di fssfdt `qufst` b‗`jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b e`kgtu`b mf b‗fcprfs`, prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . Fs jikr` pfr k`dj.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0

711,111 711,1

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `,  `

(866) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs `b pfrsid`b

711,11

;

0 ;01,11

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

`

0 111,11 ;01,11

(;0% s/ 0 111,11)

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

: 0 ;01,1 ;01,111

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jik jikr`r r`r

0 ;01 ;01,11 ,11

(86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

>11,11 0;>,11

=

0;>,11

(=8:) E.Q. E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (;0% s/ >11,11 >11,11))

>11,111 >11,1

(==1) Mfuti Mfutirs rs `

(;0% s/ >11,11)

x

68

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

: 6

>11,111 >11,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(==1) (== 1) Mfu Mfutir tirss

>11,11 >11 ,11

(86=) Gdhrfssis pfr jicgssgids (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

611,11 016,11

>

>16,111 >16,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(;0% s/ 611,11)

8

5=8,11

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

`

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

811,11 0=8,11

(;0% s/ 811,11)

5

5=8,111 5=8,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

5=8,11

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q., ., G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

611,11 016, 11 016,11

7

>16,111 >16,1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(;0% s / 611,11)

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr mgnfrfdts fcprfsfs (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Vd` fcprfs` n`jtur` 0 :11  pfb bbihufr m‗ud pgs pfr ` iffjgdfs. B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá `bs :1 mgfs. ;. Jikr` cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè` dt xfj k`dj`rg fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. :. Qfr sfrvfgs mf cfmg`jgú, ud prinfssgid`b prinfssgid`b prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf :61 . B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. =. Jikr` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 6. Jikr` fd fnfjtgu fnfjtgu ;61  pfr sfrvfgs mf tr`dspirt prfst`ts `bs fcpbf`ts mf b‗fcprfs`. >. Qfr ud gdnircf rf`bgtz`t rf`bgtz` t pfr ` ud` `btr` fcprfs` fs n`jturfd ;;1 . Di çs b‗`jtgvgt`t b ‗`jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b mf b‗fcprfs`. Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá `ck ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. 8. Jikr` b` bbftr` mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. k`djárg`.

65

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf, ud` sgtu`jgú fd quå ud` fcprfs` rf`bgtz` ud` mfspfs`. ;󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf, ud` sgtu`jgú fd quå ud` fcprfs` rf`bgtz` ud gdhrçs. :󰂸󰂸 Pugd` mgnfrådjg` fxgstfgx fdtrf ud` mfspfs` g ud p`h`cfdt9 G fdtrf ud gdhrçs g ud jikr`cfdt9 =󰂸󰂸 Çs fb c`tfgx pårmu` quf mfspfs`9 G kfdfngjg quf gdhrçs9 [ìd` b` tfv` rfspist`. 6󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb QHJ, fd qugds sukhrups fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú9 >󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb prgdjgpg mf b` cfrgt`jgú, qu`d s‗eùrgfd mf rfhgstr`r bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú9

8󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb QHJ, quå s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b sukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs9 5󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r bfs b fs jicgssgids k`djárgfs9 G b` jicpr` mf c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd`9 7󰂸󰂸 @bhuds mfbs nfts jicpt`kbfs quf rfprfsfdtfd mfspfsfs fst`d sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN. G[QN. Qis`‗d mis fxfcpbfs g gdmgj` fb tgpus mf rftfdjgú quf jirrfspid `pbgj`r.

01󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs rftfdjgids pfr G[QN quf `jicp`dyfd bfs mfspfsfs9 00󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb QHJ, quå s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b9 0;󰂸󰂸 Puå s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (>=7) @btrfs mfspfsfs sijg`bs9 0:󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb QHJ, quå s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b sukhrup 86 @btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú9 0=󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r fbs gdhrfssis prijfmfdts mfb bbihufr m‗ud` p`tfdt9 G fbs gdhrfssis pfr rfp`r`jgids, sg çs ud sfrvfg prfst`t mf c`dfr` di e`kgtu`b9

06󰂸󰂸 Vd` fcprfs` mfmgj`m` `b tr`dspirt, fd qugd jicptf eùrá mf rfhgstr`r bfs qu`dtgt`ts n`jtur`mfs pfr `qufst jidjfptf9 G sg `qufsts sfrvfgs fs prfstfd mf c`dfr` `jjgmfdt`b9

0>󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs rftfdjgids pfr G[QN quf `jicp`dyfd fbs gdhrfssis9 .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` FMV[@, Z@, mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1 (s‗`pbgj` ud G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Qfr mfspfsfs mf pukbgjgt`t pukbgjgt`t pfr mgvfrsis `dudjgs pukbgj`ts ` b` prfcs` n`jturfd ` b‗fcprfs` ud tit`b tit`b mf =51 . Z‗`jjfpt` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. ;. Q`h` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir pfr k`dj. :. Jikr` fd fnfjtgu 051  pfr sfrvfgs mf cfdo`mir prfst`ts `bs fcpbf`ts mf b‗fcprfs`. =. Jicpr` c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd` m‗ingjgd` mgvfrs pfr ud gcpirt mf 61 , pfr `b sfu jidsuc fd fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf bfs t`squfs `mcgdgstr`tgvfs mf b‗fcprfs`. Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz` fd fnfjtgu. 6. Q`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg` b` prgc` mf b‗`ssfhur`dè` mf rik`tirg mf b‗fcprfs`, quf `sjfdmfgx ` 611 . >. N`jtur` 0 611  pfb bbihufr m‗ud mfbs c`h`tzfcs mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN pr`jtgj`m` çs mfb ;0%. Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` 01 mgfs. 8. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 5. B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mfb tfbånid `sjfdmfgx `sjfdmfgx ` >1 . Fs p`h`rá m‗`quã ` 01 mgfs.

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

67

7. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg, k`dj`r g, fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 01. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` dûcgd` mfb mfb pfrsid`b, quf prfsfdt` fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it`b cfrgt`t cfrgt`t?? > 511 . ‚ Bãqugm mf tit`bs mfb mfb rfkut mf bgqugm`jgú bgqugm`jgú mf jitgtz`jgids? ; 766,08 . ‚ ]it`b `pirt`jgids `pirt`jgids ` b` ZZ mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? trfk`bb`mirs? 61:,88 . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgids gids pfr G[QN? G[QN? >51 . Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt fb siu m‗ud trfk`bb`mir, quf `sjfdmfgx ` 711 , o` quf di çs prfsfdt fd fb cicfdt mfb p`h`cfdt. 00. Mgfs cçs t`rm, p`h` cgto`dè`dt xfj b` dûcgd` pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 0;. Q`h` pfr k`dj fbs mfutfs `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs jirrfspidfdts ` b` dûcgd` mfb pfrsid`b. 0:. @rrgk` b` n`jtur` mfb m fb bbihufr mf b‗fmgngjg id fst`d gdst`b󰂸b`mfs bfs ingjgdfs. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt `sjfdmfgx ` 0 111 . B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. 0=. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`.

;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1 (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr`, pfr `b jidsuc, mgvfrs c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd` m‗ingjgd` pfr gcpirt mf 56 . Q`h` fd fnfjtgu. ;. N`jtur` 0 =11  pfb bbihufr m‗ud` ingjgd` mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN pr`jtgj`m` çs mfb ;0%. Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` 01 mgfs. :. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. =. @ prgdjgpgs prgdjgpgs mf c`rè, jidjfmfgx `bs sfus trfk`bb`mirs ud prçstfj ` rftird`r fd > cfsis pfr ud gcpirt mf ; =11  g ud `btrf ` rftird`r fd mis `dys pfr ud gcpirt mf 5 111 , tits mis cgto`dè`dt ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 6. @ ngd`bs mf c`rè, b‗fcprfs` prfsfdt` b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú gdnirc`jgú rfb`tgv` ` bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b? ‚ Zi Zius us kru kruts ts?? 05;11 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft` rft`tt Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mf mf b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? >6>0,01 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft` rft`tt Zijg`b ` járrfj járrfj mfbs trfk`bb`m trfk`bb`mirs? irs? 0:=5,: 0 :=5,:;; . ‚ [f [ftfd tfdjgi jgids ds pfr G[QN?05;1 G[QN?05;1 . [fjupfr` [fjupf r` jråmgts ` j/t pfr ud gcpirt mf =11 , jråmgts ` bb/t pfr ud gcpirt mf :11  g b` rfst` fs p`h` pfr k`dj. >. 8. 5. 7. 01. 00. 0;. 0:. 0=. 06. 0>. 08.

Q`h` pfr k`dj fbs mfutfs `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Q`h` pfr pfr k`dj 611  pfr mgftfs mfb mgrfjtir hfdfr`b mf b` sijgft`t. Jikr` fd fnfjtgu fnfjtgu >;1  pfr sfrvfgs mf cfdo`mir prfst`ts `bs fcpbf`ts mf b‗fcprfs`. Qfr ud `dudjg pukbgj`t pukbgj`t ` b` prfcs` bij`b, n`jturfd ` b‗fcprfs` ud tit`b mf >11 . Z‗`jjfpt` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg, fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt, m‗`ssfssir`cfdt, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b, prfsfdt` prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf =:1 . Jikr`, cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg, fb rfkut mf b` bbuc, quf `sjfdmfgx ` ;81 . Qfr b` rfp`r`jgú m‗ud m‗ud jitxf pripgft`t mf b‗fcprfs`, b‗fcprfs`, fb t`bbfr prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf ;>1 . Fs p`hufd fd fnfjtgu. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs mf tr`dspirt, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b, prfsfdt` n`jtur` mf :=1 . Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` :1 mgfs. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Q`h` >1  (G^ (G^@ @ mfb 01%) pfb sukcgdgstr`cfdt m‗`ghu` cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg.

>1

J`s ngd`b

=

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt`, p rfsfdt`, ` 0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U1, ; 1U1, fbs sfhòfdts jicptfs jic ptfs `b sfu K`b`dè K`b` dè mf sgtu`jgú? ]frrfdys ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? d`tur `bs? 0;1 111 < Jidstrujjgids? Jidstrujjgi ds? ;11 111 < Cikgbg`rg? Cikgb g`rg? = 111 < C`qugdárg`? C`qugdár g`? ;1 111 < Jbgfdts? : 111 < Cfrj`mfrgfs? 6 111 < @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids? rfc udfr`jgids? =11 < K`dj j/j? 061 111 < Qrivfémirs? ; 111 < J`pgt`b sijg`b? b` rfst`. Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b jicfrjg`b mfb =% g ud `btrf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;%. Fs p`h` pfr k`dj. ;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111 . Jikr` pfr k`dj 6 111 , pfr b` qu`b jis` jidjfmfgx, ` b` n`jtur`, ud mfsjicptf mfb ;% pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. :. Qfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs p`h` pfr k`dj ;11 . =. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg, fb mfutf `ck fbs privfémirs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`. 6. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 , `ck ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur` g udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt pfr v`bir mf 611 . >. Fd mfsfck`b`r bfs jicprfs mfb pudt `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, jicpriv` b‗fxgstådjg` m‗ud` p`rtgm` mf 011 udgt`ts, v`bir`mfs fd 611 , quf fs trikfd fd c`b fst`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` mfvibujgú. 8. Qfbs sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt m‗`ssfssir`cfdt prfst`ts, ud `mvij`t prfsfdt` n`jtur` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf :61 . B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN çs mfb ;0%. 5. Bg j`rrfhufd `b jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg k`dj`rg 0;1  (G^@ 01%) pfb sukcgdgstr`cfdt m‗`ghu`. 7. Qfr b` pukbgjgt`t rf`bgtz`m` mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj n`jturfd ` b‗fcprfs` 711 . 01. Fb 10/16/U1 vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b pfr òird`cfdt mf jikr`cfdt ` ; cfsis. 00. Fd jidjfptf mf tfbånid tfbånid p`h` pfb j/j k`dj`rg 7>,51  (G^ (G^@ @ gdjbûs). gdjbûs ). 0;. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj, ;11  pfb sukcgdgstr`cfdt mf mgvfrs c`tfrg`b jidsucgkbf pfr ` b‗ingjgd`. 0:. Fb 10/18/U1 jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 7 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0=. B‗fcprfs` bbgur` ud fstumg mf cfrj`t fdj`rrfh`t pfr ud` `btr` sijgft`t, pfb qu`b bg n`jtur` :11 . 06. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 7 111 . Jidjfmfgx ` b` n`jtur` ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% g eg gdjbiu :11  pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 0>. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfb jbgfdt quf `p`rfgx fd b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`. Qfr `v`dè`r fb p`h`cfdt, jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% sikrf b‗gcpirt mfb mfutf. 08. Q`h` pfr k`dj 611  pfr b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb bij`b mf b‗fcprfs`. 05. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` dûcgd` dûcgd` mfb pfrsid`b, quf prfsfdt` fbs mft`bbs sfhòfdts? sfhòfdts? ‚ Ziu Ziuss g s`b`rgs? s`b`rgs? 6 111 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft`t rft`t Zijg` Zijg`bb ` járrfj mf b‗fcp b‗fcprfs`? rfs`? 051;,61 . ‚ Zfhu Zfhurft`t rft`t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mfb trfk`bb`mi trfk`bb`mir? r? :81,=; . ‚ [f [ftfdj tfdjgú gú pfr pfr G[QN? G[QN? 611 . [fjupfr` [fjupf r` b` kfstrft`. 07. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt 8. ;1. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt 7. ;0. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfutf pfdmfdt mfb mfb pudt 0=. ;;. [ápfbs pfr vibuc mf vfdmfs mf b‗0% sikrf b‗gcpirt mf bfs vfdmfs krutfs. krutfs. ;:. Bgqugm` b‗G^@. ;=. Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs mf cfrj`mfrgfs `sjfdmfgxfd `sjfdmfgxfd ` 6 =11 . [f`bgtz` fb bbgkrf Mg`rg g fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b mf OOQC, Z@.

>0

Vdgt`t ; - Mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú

Gmffs jbù Zukhrup >; Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs

Hrup > Mfspfsfs

Hrups g sukhrups quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Zukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b Zukhrup 86 @btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú

Hrup 8 Gdhrfssis

MFZQFZFZ G GDH[FZZIZ M‗FUQBI]@JGÚ

Id s‗iktç b` gdnirc`jgú ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r9

Zfr`d dfjfss`rgs mijucfdts oustgngj`dts pfr iktfdgr titfs bfs m`mfs rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú? n`jturfs, dûcgdfs...

Cicfdt mf rfhgstrf

Pu`d ijirrgd bfs ipfr`jgids, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå sf‗d primufgxg fb p`h`cfdt i fb jikr`cfdt

Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs

‚ Zfrvfgs mf d`tur`bfs` d`tur`bfs` mgvfrs` mgvfrs` `mqugrgts `mqugrgts pfr b‗fcprfs` ‚ Zúd mfspfsfs mfspfsfs rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fb mfsfdvibup`cf mfsfdvibup`cfdt dt dirc`b mf b‗`jtgvgt`t mf bfs fcprfsfs ‚ @bhudfs m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs fst`d sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú (pfr fxfcpbf, `rrfdm`cfdts, prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfdts,, ftj.) gdmfpfdmfdts

Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b

‚ [ftrgkujgids [ftrgkujgids `b `b pfrsid`b, pfrsid`b, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` nirc` g fb jidjfptf pfb qu`b sf s`tgsn`jgd Fs j`rrfh`r`d pfr b‗gcpirt ãdtfhrf ‚ Puitfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` ‚ Mfspf Mfspfsfs sfs mf mf j`rájtf j`rájtfrr sijg`b sijg`b ‚ Zúd ipfr`jgi ipfr`jgids ds di sukofjtf sukofjtfss ` b‗G^@ b‗G^@

@btrfs gdhrfssis mf hfstgú

‚ Zúd gdhrfssis gdhrfssis mfrgv`ts mfrgv`ts mf b` hfstgú hfstgú di jicprfsis fd fd ud `btrf sukhrup ‚ Z‗iktfdfd pfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú m‗`jtgvgt`ts mf c`dfr` c`dfr` fvfdtu`b ‚ Zg b‗irghfd b‗irghfd m‗`qufsts gdhrfssis nis b‗`jtgvgt`t b‗`jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b mf b‗fcprfs`, fs rfhgstr`rgfd `b jicptf (816) Qrfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs ‚ @bhuds m‗`qufsts gdhrfssis gdhrfssis fst`d sukofjtfs sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú (pfr fxfcpbf, `rrfdm`cfdts, prinfssgid`bs gdmfpfdmfdts,, ftj.) gdmfpfdmfdts

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Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ZVC@[G 󰁤

Qrivfémirs g jbgfdts fd fb QHJ

󰁤

Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

󰁤

Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs fd fb QHJ

󰁤

]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfb sukhrup => Qfrsid`b

󰁤

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú

󰁤

Jbgfdts g mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Gmfdtgngj`r fbs prgdjgp`bs jicptfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck fbs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs quf `p`rfgxfd fd fb QHJ. ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r fbs jicptfs cçs rfprfsfdt`tgus rfb`jgid`ts `ck fbs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs jicfrjg`bs g rf`bgtz`r bfs jirrfspidfdts `dit`jgidss `b bbgkrf Mg`rg. `dit`jgid ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf fb jidjfptf mf pfrgimgngj`jgú jicpt`kbf g b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú.

>:

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

0 44 Gdtrimujjgú `bs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs O` efc fstumg`t fd udgt`ts `dtfrgirs quf, fd `pbgj`jgú mfb prgdjgpg mf b` b` cfrgt`jgú, fbs nfts jicpt`kbfs mfrgv`ts mf bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` jicpr`vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs g `ck bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú dfjfss`rgs pfr `b mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf quå b‗`jtgvgt`t mgárg` mf bfs fcprfsfs s‗eùr`d mfdirc`b rfhgstr`r fd fb cicfdt fd ijirrgd, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå sf‗d primufgxg fb p`h`cfdt i fb jikr`cfdt. @ cçs, s`kfc quf, fd nudjgú mfb cicfdt fd quå fs rf`bgtzg r f`bgtzg fb p`h`cfdt mf bfs jicprfs g mf bfs mfspfsfs i fb jikr`cfdt mf bfs vfdmfs g mfbs gdhrfssis, fds pimfc trik`r `ck mgvfrsfs sgtu`jgids, mgnfrfdjg`dt sg fb jirrfdt cidft`rg mfrgv`t m‗`qufstfs ipfr`jgids (fb sfu p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt) fs primufgx fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` rf`bgtz`jgú i fd cicfdts pistfrgirs, i sg `qufst òird`cfdt fstá `jicp`dy`t i di mf b‗fcgssgú m‗ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg. Qfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufstfs sgtu`jgids, fb QHJ fds prfsfdt` fb hrup = Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs, jicfrjg`bs, quf rfjubb ‒fbs gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs g fbs jicptfs quf tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd fb trángj mf b‗fcprfs`, `gxã jic jicptfs `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs–. M‗`btr` k`dm`, sfr`d dfjfss`rgs mijucfdts oustgngj`dts mfbs qu`bs iktfdgr b` gdnirc`jgú dfjfssárg` pfr pimfr rfhgstr`r `qufstfs ipfr`jgids. @qufsts mijucfdts súd?

[fhub`jgú bfh`b mfb xfj g b` bbftr` mf j`dvg B` bbftr` mf j`dvg g fb xfj fst`d rfhub`ts pfr b` Bbfg 07/0756, mf 0> mf oubgib, J`dvgárg` g mfb Ufj.

0. [fkut? mijucfdt quf oustgngj` fb p`h`cfdt mf kçds i sfrvfgs. [f`bcfdt, di çs ud mijucfdt nirc`b mf p`h`cfdt sgdú ud oustgngj`dt mf b‗`kid`cfdt mf b‗ipfr`jgú. ;. Bbftr` mf j`dvg? mijucfdt cfrj`dtgb pfb qu`b ud` pfrsid`, mfdicgd`m` bbgur`mir, irmfd` ` ud` `btr`, mfdicgd`m` bbgur`t, fb p`h`cfdt m‗ud` mftfrcgd`m` qu`dtgt`t mf mgdfrs, `b sfu vfdjgcfdt, `b kfdfngjg`rg jirrfspidfdt, mfdicgd`t prfdfmir. :. Ufj? mijucfdt cfrj`dtgb pfb qu`b ud k`dj i ud` fdtgt`t ngd`djfr` s‗ikbgh` ` p`h`r ud` qu`dtgt`t mftfrcgd`m` ` ud` tfrjfr` pfrsid` `ck járrfj `b jicptf k`dj`rg mfb jbgfdt quf múd` b‗irmrf mf p`h`cfdt. =. ]r`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? mijucfdt quf oustgngj` fb civgcfdt mf mgdfrs fdtrf jicptfs k`dj`rgs. @b bb`rh m‗`qufst` udgt`t, `d`bgtz`rfc fbs jicptfs quf s‗utgbgtzfd pfr rfhgstr`r sgtu`jgids quf fs pimfd prfsfdt`r g b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Jicfdt` b‗`ngrc`jgú sfhòfdt? ‒Fbs nfts jicpt`kbfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck bfs ipfr`jgids mfrgv`mfs mfb trángj e`kgtu`b mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs fs rfhgstr`r`d fd fb f b c`tfgx cicfdt fd quå sf‗d rf`bgtz` fb p`h`cfdt i fb jikr`cfdt–.

;󰂸󰂸

Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt fxfcpbfs, bfs mgnfrfdts nircfs mf rf`bgtz`r fb p`h`cfdt fd ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs

g fb jikr`cfdt fd ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. :󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt fxfcpbfs, bfs mgnfrfdts c`dfrfs mf rf`bgtz`r fb p`h`cfdt m‗ud` mfspfs` m‗fxpbit`jgú g fb jikr`cfdt m‗ud gdhrçs mf hfstgú.

>=

; 44 Fbs priv privfémirs fémirs g jbgfdts fd fb QHJ Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx `b hrup `b hrup = Jrfmgtir Jrfmgtirss g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jg ipfr`jgids ids jicfrjg jicfrjg`bs `bs ud` sårgf mf jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt g fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt quf fs pimfd hfdfr`r fd fb trángj e`kgtu`b mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, `gxã jic bfs mgvfrsfs sgtu`jgids quf fs pimfd prfsfdt`r rfb`jgid`mfs `ck

Ipfr`jgids ` bb`rh tfrcgdg `ck privfémirs g jbgfdts Fdj`r` quf fd fb qu`mrf mf jicptfs mfb QHJ di `p`rfgxfd fbs privfémirs g jbgfdts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg, j`bmrá gdjbiurf‗bs, o` quf fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú e`d mf nghur`r pfr sfp`r`t bfs ipfr`jgids ` jurt g bb`rh tfrcgdg. Qfr `gxû, j`bmrá jrf`r jicptfs mf qu`trf mãhgts i ikrgr fb sukhrup =; pfr `bs privfémirs g jrfmgtirs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg g fb sukhrup =6 pfr `bs jbgfdts g mfutirs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

fb jirrfdt cidft`rg quf sf‗d @qufsts jicptfs `p`rfgxfd rfjibbgts `b sukhrup =1 Qrivfémirs g `bmfrgv`. sukhrup =: Jbgfdts. Jbgfdts . @ jidtgdu`jgú, `d`bgtz`rfc fbs mgvfrsis tgpus mf jicptfs quf nircfd p`rt m‗`qufsts sukhrups, `pringt`dt fb p`r`b¸bfbgscf quf prfsfdtfd, çs ` mgr, d‗fstumg`rfc fb jidtgdhut g fb civgcfdt jicpt`kbf mfs mf b` pfrspfjtgv` mf bfs fcprfsfs jicpr`mirfs g mf bfs b fs fcprfsfs vfdfmirfs.

;.0 4 Jicptfs (=11) Qrivfémirs g (=:1) Jbgfdts @b jicptf (=11) Qrivfémirs s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒fbs mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf cfrj`mfrgfs g mf b` rfst` mf kçds mfngdgts `b hrup : Fxgstådjgfs. Fd `qufst jicptf s‗gdjbiur`d fbs mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf sfrvfgs utgbgtz`ts fd fb prijçs primujtgu. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fbs gdtfrfssis `b dicgd`b mfbsgdjirpir`ts jråmgts g måkgts jicfrjg`bs Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis quf fs puhugd hfdfr`r pfr b‗òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt i mfb jikr`cfdt, s‗`pbgj`r`d bfs dircfs `d`bgtz`mfs fd udgt`ts `dtfrgirs.

M‗`btr` k`dm`, `b jicptf (=:1) Jbgfdts `p`rfgxfr`d rfhgstr`ts ‒fbs jråmgts `ck jicpr`mirs mf cfrj`mfrgfs g `btrfs kçds mfngdgts `b hrup : Fxgstådjgfs, `gxã jic `ck fbs usu`rgs mfbs sfrvfgs prfst`ts pfr b‗fcprfs`, sfcprf quf jidstgtufgxgd ud` `jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf jicprfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 0 ;11 , `ck ud mfsjicptf m fsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0 0=1,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (0 ;11,11 ∛ 6% s/ 0 ;11,1 ;11,11) 1)

;:7,=1

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 0=1,11) 0=1,11)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb p`h`cfdt mfb mfutf `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. x

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs ` x

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

>6

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf vfdmfs pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 0 ;11 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

0 0=1,11

(0 ;11,11 ∛ 6% s/ 0 ;11,11)

(=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

;:7,=1

(;0% s/ 0 0=1,11)

x

Q`ss`ts, :1 mgfs s‗fnfjtu` fb jikr`cfdt mfb mfutf `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg? x

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

0 :87,= :87,=1 1

x

;.; 4 Jicptfs (=10) Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r, g (=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r @b jicptf (=10) Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒fbs mfutfs `ck privfémirs, nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–. @b jicptf (=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r fs rfhgstr`r`d ‒fbs jråmgts `ck jbgfdts, nirc`bgtz`ts `ck fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts, o` sghugd fnfjtfs fd j`rtfr`, mfsjicpt`ts, bbgur`ts fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt i gcp`h`ts fd `qufst ÿbtgc j`s, dicçs qu`d di s‗e`hgd mf rfnbfjtgr `b jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt. jikr`cfdt. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Ipfr`jgids `ck p`rts vgdjub`mfs Pu`d bfs ipfr`jgids fs rf`bgtzgd `ck fcprfsfs mfb hrup, `ssijg`mfs `ck `btrfs p`rts vgdjub`mfs s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r `bs jicptfs fspfjãngjs quf jirrfspidhugd, fd nudjgú mf b` rfb`jgú fxgstfdt fdtrf bfs fcprfsfs quf rf`bgtzfd bfs ipfr`jgids.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú Jicpt`kgbg tz`jgú mf jicprfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt mijucfdt`mfs cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

; 111,11 =;1,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ; 111,11)

` x

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

>>

Fb privfémir `dtfrgir hgr` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`? x

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(=10) Qrivf Qrivfémirs, émirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

; =;1,11

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

; =;1,11

(=10) Qrivfémirs, Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs jicfr jg`bs ` p`h`r `

(68;) K`djs j/j

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf vfdmfs pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt mijucfdt`mfs cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ;111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

; 111,11 =;1,11

(;0% s/ ; 111,11)

x

Fs hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mf b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir? x

; =;1,11

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r `

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

x

Q`ss`ts :1 mgfs, s‗fnfjtu` fb jikr`cfdt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

x

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr` jikr`rr

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

>8

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

;.: 4 Jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt Fd `qufst jicptf fspfjãngj, s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r ‒fbs s`bmis mf jbgfdts, gdjbisis fbs nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr i fbs jfmgts fd ipfr`jgids mf n`jtirgdh fd quå b‗fcprfs` rftç sukst`djg`bcfdt fbs rgsjis g kfdfngjgs mf mrfts mf jikr`cfdt, fd quå jidjirrgd jgrjucstádjgfs quf pfrcftgd rìd`kbfcfdt b` sfv` qu`bgngj`jgú jic mf muktús jikr`cfdt. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu

Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs sfdsf n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú Pu`d fbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs di súd `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, nudjgid`r`d jic ` `jicptfs m‗fxgstådjgfs, jicpt`kgbgtz`dt-sf bfs jicprfs `b jicptf (>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts g bfs vfdmfs `b jicptf (81=) ^fdmfs

jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

;.= 4 Jicptfs (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs g (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts

m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs.

@b jicptf (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá ‒b‗gcpirt mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs j`rrfh`ts ` b` n`jtur` pfbs privfémirs, `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú `bs pripgs privfémirs. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè cgdir`dt fb jicptf (=11) Qrivfémirs–. Qrivfémirs–. @b jicptf (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts `p`rfgxfrá rfhgstr`t ‒b‗gcpirt mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs j`rrfh`ts ` b` n`jtur` `bs jbgfdts, `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr p`rt mfbs pripgs jbgfdts. Nghur`rá `

Zg di fs pimfd sfp`r`r mf b` cfrj`mfrg` quf jidtfdfd, s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs, `b jicptf (811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs i `b jicptf quf jirrfspidhug fd nudjgú mf b‗fxgstådjg` ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r. jicpt`kgbgtz`r.

b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè cgdir`dt fb jicptf (=:1) Jbgfdts–. Jbgfdts–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :111 . B` n`jtur` gdjbiu fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr 011 . G^@ mfb ;0%. x

: 111,1 111,11 1 011,11

>60,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ : 011,11) 011,11)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

: 860,1 860,11 1

x

Fd fb j`s mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, b‗G^@ fs cfrgt` fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` rfjfpjgú g fd `qufst cicfdt fs jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗G^@ b‗G^@ supirt`t. ]r`dsjirrfhut ]r`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, fbs fdv`sis súd rftird`ts `b privfémir. x

0;0,11 0;0,1 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 011,11)

x

011,11 ;0,11

>5

Pu`d fs primufgx b` mfvibujgú mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs, eùrfc mf mgscgdugr b‗G^@ supirt`t quf fs v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r qu`d fs v`d rfkrf. Fs p`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

: >:1,11

(=11) Qrivf Qrivfémirs émirs (: 860,11 ∛ 0;0,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :111

.

B` n`jtur` gdjbiu fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 011 . x

: 860,1 860,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

: 111,11 011,11 >60,11

(;0% s/ : 011,11)

x

]r`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, fbs fdv`sis súd rftird`ts pfb jbgfdt. x

011,11 ;0,11

(=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 011,11 011,11))

`

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

0;0,11 0;0,1 1

x

Pu`d fs primufgx b` mfvibujgú mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs, eùrfc mf mgscgdugr b‗G^@ rfpfrjutgt quf fs v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r qu`d fs v`d bbgur`r. bbgur`r. Fs jikr` fb mfutf pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts (: 860,11 ∛ 0;0,11)

x

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

>7

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs qu`d pistfrgircfdt fs jicprfd i fs n`d c`bkç Fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf :111



g fbs privfémirs fds `pbgqufd ud mfsjicptf

jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `rrgkfd fd fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 061 . B‗G^@ `pbgj`kbf ` b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb ;0%. x

; 561,11

(: 111,11 ∛ 6% s/ : 111,1 111,11) 1)

061,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

>:1,11

(=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ : 111,11) 111,11)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

x

B‗fcprfs` jicudgj` `b privfémir quf s‗e`d nft c`bkç fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf 61 rfst`.



g quf mfjgmfgx jicpr`r b`

x

061,11

(>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts

`

(=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs

061,11

x

Fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t fst`kbfgx quf b‗gcpirt mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú quf b‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx qufm`r-sf pfr `b sfu ÿs, `gxã jic fb mf tits fbs quf s‗e`hgd pihut fxtr`vg`r, fxtr`vg`r, mftfrgir`r i pfrmrf pfr qu`bsfvib jùs`, s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r utgbgtz`dt fb jicptf (>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cfdts. ]`dt fd fb supûsgt `dtfrgir jic qu`d b‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgxg di rftird`r fbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs pfrquå mfsgthg `mqugrgr-bis, fd b‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rf﬋fjtfgxg b` jicpr` mfbs fdv`sis, di j`bmrá jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗G^@ supirt`t pfrquå o` fs v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r qu`d fs v`d rfkrf. Fs p`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

: >:1,11

(=11) Qriv Qrivfémirs fémirs ` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

81

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts qu`d pistfrgircfdt fs jicprfd i fs n`d c`bkç Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf : 111

,

`pbgj`dt `bs jbgfdts ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b

mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d jib󰂸bij`mfs fd fdv`sis fd v`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 061 . B‗G^@ B‗G^@ `pbgj`kbf `pbgj`k bf ` b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb ;0%. x

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^f ^fdmfs dmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (: 111,11 ∛ 6% s/ : 111,11) (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird rft ird`r `r pfr jbg jbgfd fdts ts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

; 561,11

061,11 061,11 >:1,11

(;0% s/ : 111,11)

x

Fb jbgfdt jicudgj` ` b‗fcprfs` quf s‗e`d nft c`bkç fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf 61  g quf mfjgmfgx jicpr`r b` rfst`. x

061,11

(=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts jbgfdts `

(81=) ^f ^fdmfs dmfs m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs

061,11

x

Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx quf, sg tr`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg mf mfvibujgú mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs, `qufst` mfvibujgú di s‗e`huçs fnfjtu`t, s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (81=) ^fdmfs m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs. Zg fbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs di súd rftird`ts mgds mfb tfrcgdg fst`kbfrt g s‗`j`kfd vfdfdt, di j`bmrá jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗G^@ rfpfrjutgt pfrquå fs v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r qu`d fs v`d bbgur`r. Fs jikr` fb mfutf pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

: >:1,1 >:1,11 1

x

;.6 4 Jicptfs (=18) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs g (=:5) @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts @b jicptf (=18) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒fbs bbgur`cfdts ` privfémirs, dirc`bcfdt fd fnfjtgu, fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n Fxgstådjgfs Fxgstådjgfs–. –.

80

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

@b jicptf (=:5) @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts fs rfhgstrfd ‒fbs bbgur`cfdts mf jbgfdts, dirc`bcfdt fd fnfjtgu, fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n Jrfmgtirs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` p`h`r p`h`r–. –. Pu`d fbs `v`dè`cfdts bbgur`ts ` privfémirs s‗fnfjtuéd ` fcprfsfs mfb hrup, cubtghrup, `ssijg`mfs i `btrfs p`rts vgdjub`mfs, s‗eùr`d mf mfsfdvibup`r fbs jicptfs mf qu`trf xgnrfs jirrfspidfdts. Qfr fxfcpbf, fs pimrá utgbgtz`r fb jicptf (=18:) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs, fcprfsfs mfb hrup, fb (=18=) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs, fcprfsfs `ssijg`mfs g fb (=186) @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs, `btrfs p`rts vgdjub`mfs. B` c`tfgx` sibujgú s‗eùrá m‗`pbgj`r pfr `bs `v`dè`cfdts rfkuts m‗fcprfsfs mfb hrup, cubtghrup, `ssijg`mfs i `btrfs p`rts vgdjub`mfs.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗`v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs Fs bbgur` ud `v`dè`cfdt fd fnfjtgu pfr ud gcpirt mf >11



cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@, ` jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs.

x

>11,11 0;>,11

(=18) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ >11,11)

`

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `,



8;>,11

x

Fbs bbgur`cfdts ` privfémirs ` jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs súd ud nft gcpisgtgu mf b‗G^@. B‗G^@ fs cfrgt`rá fd fb cicfdt mfb bbgur`cfdt m‗`qufsts sukcgdgstr`cfdts. sukcgdgstr`cfdts. Fd fb distrf fxfcpbf, fd sfr ud `v`dè`cfdt ` jicptf mf nuturfs jicprfs, supirt`r`d G^@. G^@. Q`ss`ts 06 mgfs, fs rf`bgtz` ud` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf = 111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

= 111,1 111,11 1 80=,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t \;0% s/ (= 111,11 ∛ >11,11)S

`

(=18) @v`d @v`dè`cfdts è`cfdts ` privfémirs (=11) Qriv Qrivfémirs fémirs

>11,11 = 00=,11

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

= 00=,1 00=,11 1

x

Fs p`h` fb mfutf cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

= 00=,1 00=,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

` x

8;

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗`v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts Fs rfp ud `v`dè`cfdt fd fnfjtgu pfr ud gcpirt mf >11



cçs fb ;0% m‗G^ m‗ G^@ @ ` jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs? nu turs?

x

8;>,11 8;>,1 1

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `,



`

(=:5) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

>11,11 0;>,11

(;0% s/ >11,11)

x

Q`ss`ts 06 mgfs, fs vfdfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud gcpirt mf = 111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

>11,11 = 00=,1 00=,11 1

(=:5) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts (=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

= 111,11 80=,11

\;0% s/ (= 111,11 ∛ >11,11)S

x

Fs jikr` fb mfutf cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

= 00=,1 00=,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j ` x

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

= 00=,1 00=,11 1

8:

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

J`sis prájtgjs

0

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ipfr`jgids `ck privfémirs g jbgfdts 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ;. :. =. 6. >. 8. 5. 7. 01.

Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf 0111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg, fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. Jikr` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiufd fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . B‗fcprfs` jicudgj` `b privfémir quf s‗e`d nft c`bkç fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf ;11  g quf mfjgmfgx jicpr`r b` rfst`. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt dÿcfri > cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiufd fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf :11 . ]r`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, fbs fdv`sis súd rftird`ts pfbs jbgfdts.

00. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb jbgfdt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0;. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 811  cçs G^@ ` jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs. 0:. Q`ss`ts 06 mgfs, jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf = 111 , quf fs p`hufd cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. Z‗gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` ud mfsjicptf mfb 6% pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0 0 111,1 111,11 1 ;01,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 111,11) 111,11)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

6 111,11 0 161,11

;

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs ` :

> 161,1 161,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(;0% s/ 6 111,11)

=

> 161,11

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r ` x

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

> 161,1 161,11 1

8=

0 6

> 161,1 161,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

> 161,11

>

01 111,1 111,11 1 611,11 ; ;16,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 01 611,1 611,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

0; 816,1 816,11 1

8

611,11

(>1;) Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgi `priv gsgid`cf d`cfdts dts

`

(=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs

611,11

5

0; 816,1 816,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(68;) K`djs j/j

0; 816,1 816,11 1

7

> =0:,1 =0:,11 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^fdmfs ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ rfpfrjutgt

6 111,11 :11,11 0 00:,11

(;0% s/ 6 :11,11)

01

:11,11

>:,11

(=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ :11,11)

`

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

:>:,11 :>:,1 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

> 161,1 161,11 1

00

> 161,1 161,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(> =0:,11 ∛ :>:,11)

x

86

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

0 0;

811,11 811,11 0=8,11

(=18) @v`dè v`dè`cfd `cfdts ts ` priv privfémi fémirs rs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 811,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

5=8,11

0:

: 511,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=111,11 ∛ 6% s/ =111,11)

>60,11

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t \;0% s/ (: 511,11 ∛ 811,11)S

`

(=18) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs (68;) K`djs j/j

811,11 : 860,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg `qufstfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 5111 5 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. Qfb tr`dspirt, fs j`rrfhufd ` b` n`jtur` =11 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. ;. Jikr`, cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg, fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. :. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0;111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb :% ` b` n`jtur`. Z‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur` =11  pfb tr`dspirt, quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. =. Fb privfémir mfb pudt `dtfrgir hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`. 6. Q`h` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. >. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0=111 0= 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb =% g fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . 8. Fb jbgfdt `dtfrgir rftird` fdv`sis pfr ud gcpirt mf =61  g jicudgj` ` b‗fcprfs` quf b` rfst` s‗e`d nft c`bkç. 5. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt dÿcfri > cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 7. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 611 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb :% g fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . 01. ]r`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, fbs fdv`sis súd rftird`ts. 00. Q`h` fb mfutf mfbs pudts `dtfrgirs cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 0;. [fp ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111  cçs G^@ ` jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs. 0:. Q`ss`ts 06 mgfs, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf 06111 06 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb =% g ud `btrf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;%. Fs jikr` cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. 0=. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 611  cçs G^@, ` jicptf mf nuturs sukcgdgstr`cfdts. 06. Q`ss`ts 01 mgfs, jicpr` jicp r` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf > 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% g ud `btrf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;%. Fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. 0>. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 7 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiufd fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú, pfr ud gcpirt mf 511 . ]r`dsjirrfhut ]r`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, fb jbgfdt rftird` fdv`sis pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . 08. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`.

8>

: 44 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r B‗G^@ fd bfs mfspfsfs B‗G^@ mfspfs fs irghgd`mfs fd fb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs Zfhids b` Bbfg :8/077;, mf ;5 mf mfsfckrf, mf b‗Gcpist sikrf fb ^`bir @nfhgt, bfs mfspfsfs irghgd`mfs fd b‗ipfr`jgú mf mfsjicptf mf bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg súd ipfr`jgids fxfcptfs m‗G^ m‗G^@. @.

Fdtrf bfs dickrisfs ipfr`jgids quf fs pimfd rf`bgtz`r `ck fbs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r, fd `qufst `p`rt`t `d`bgtz`rfc mis mfbs sfrvfgs prfst`ts pfr gdtfrcfmg`rgs ngd`djfrs cçs gcpirt`dts? b` dfhijg`jgú i fb mfsjicptf mfbs fnfjtfs g b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt.

:.0 4 Mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs Fb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs fs tr`jt` jicpt`kbfcfdt jic ud prçstfj. Jidsgstfgx fd b` prfsfdt`jgú mf b` bbftr` mf j`dvg m`v`dt m‗ud gdtfrcfmg`rg ngd`djfr, dirc`bcfdt ud` fdtgt`t k`djárg`, `ck b` ngd`bgt`t mf rfkrf‗d b‗gcpirt `k`ds mf b` sfv` m`t` mf vfdjgcfdt (m`t` mf jikr`cfdt). B‗fdtgt`t ngd`djfr` `kid`rá ` b‗fcprfs` b‗gcpirt bãqugm mf b` bbftr` mfsprçs mf mfmugr bfs mfspfsfs mf dfhijg`jgú, ` cçs mf b‗gcpirt mfbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts mfs mf b` m`t` mf dfhijg`jgú ngds ` b` m`t` mf vfdjgcfdt. Zg fb bbgur`t mf b` bbftr` (b‗ikbgh`t `b sfu p`h`cfdt) di d‗`kid` b‗gcpirt ` b` m`t` mf vfdjgcfdt vfdj gcfdt,, sfrá sfrá fb bbgur` bbgur`mir mir jirrf jirrfspidf spidfdt dt (b‗fc (b‗fcprfs` prfs` quf mfsji mfsjicpt` cpt` b‗fnf b‗fnfjtf) jtf) qug eùrá mf rfgdtfhr`r ` b‗fdtgt`t k`djárg` fb dicgd`b mf b` bbftr` cçs bfs mfspfsfs mf mfvibujgú. Jicptfs Jicptf s quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

[fhgstrfs ùxgbg`rs m‗fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs Fd fcprfsfs `ck hr`d civgcfdt m‗fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs, çs jidvfdgfdt fb`kir`r rfhgstrfs ùxgbg`rs m‗fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs, id s‗`dit`r`d titfs bfs m`mfs rfb`jgid`mfs `ck `qufsts fnfjtfs, mfs mf b` sfv` fcgssgú ngds `b sfu jikr`cfdt.

Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs, fs mfshbiss` fb jicptf (=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r fd jicptfs mf = mãhgts, quf pripirjgid`r`d gdnirc`jgú ` b‗fcprfs` sikrf b` sgtu`jgú fd quå fs trikfd `qufsts fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs. ]it g `gxû, fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú, `qufst` gdnirc`jgú fs prfsfdt`rá mf nirc` hbik`b, `b jicptf (=:0) mgds mf b‗fpãhr`n GG. Mfutirs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` jikr`r, `p`rt`t 0. Jbgfdts pfr vfdmfs g prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs. Fb ngd`dè`cfdt iktgdhut pfb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs jidstgtufgx ud mfutf quf s‗eùrá mf rfjibbgr, hfdfr`bcfdt, fd fbs jicptfs jirrfspidfdts mfb sukhrup 6; Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr prçstfjs rfkuts g `btrfs jidjfptfs< jidjrft`cfdt, fd fb sukjicptf (6;15) Mfutfs pfr fnfjtfs mfsjicpt`ts.. mfsjicpt`ts Fbs sukjicptfs quf s‗utgbgtzfd súd, fspfjg`bcfdt, fbs sfhòfdts?

Mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r? rfjubb fbs jråmgts `ck jbgfdts, nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts. (=:00) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs mfsjicpt`ts? fds gdmgj` bfs bbftrfs quf e`d fst`t fdvg`mfs ` b‗gdtfrcfmg`rg ngd`djfr pfr `b sfu mfsjicptf.

(6:06) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs gcp`h`ts? id `dit`rfc bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg di `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. (6;15) Mfutfs pfr fnfjtfs mfsjicpt`ts? id fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt jidsfqòådjg` mfb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs.

(>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs? fd `qufst jicptf, `dit`rfc bfs qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs fd jidjfptf mf sfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs, quf di tgdhugd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs, çs ` mgr, bfs mfspfsfs mf dfhijg`jgú. (>>6) Gdtfrfssis pfr mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs g ipfr`jgids mf n`jtirgdh? id jicpt`kgbgtz`rfc fbs gdtfrfssis fd bfs ipfr`jgids mf mfsjicptf mf bbftrfs.

@ jidtgdu`jgú, `d`bgtz`rfc fb nudjgid`cfdt m‗`qufsts jicptfs ` tr`vçs

m `bhuds fxfcpbfs.

88

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfsjicptf mf bbftrfs mf j`dvg `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt Fs rf`bgtz` ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrg` ` jråmgt pfr 5 111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

5 111,11 0 >51,11

(;0% s/ 5 111,11)

x

Fs hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ç s ` >1 mgfs. x

7 >51,11

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

x

Z‗fdvg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg, pfr `b sfu mfsjicptf, `b k`dj, quf jikr` ud =% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,=% mf jicgssgids? x

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

(=:00)) Fn. jic. mfsj (=:00 mfsjicpt. icpt. `

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr` jikr`rr

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

` (6;15 (6;15)) Mfut Mfutfs fs pfr fn. mfsj mfsjicpt` icpt`ts ts

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

x

7 68>,8 68>,86 6 :5,8;

(68;) K`djs K`djs j/j (>;>) Zfrv Zfrv.. k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs (1,=% s/ 7 >51,11) >51,11)

>=,6:

(>>6) Gdt. pfr mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs g ip. mf n`jtirgdh (G 3 7 >51,11 󰂸 1,1= 󰂸 >1 /:>1)

x

@rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt? x

7 >51,11

(6;15) Mfutfs pfr fn. mfsjicpt`ts ` (=:00 (=:00)) Fn. jic. mfsj mfsjicpt` icpt`ts ts x

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

85

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfsjicptf mf bbftrfs mf j`dvg di `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt Zupisfc fb c`tfgx j`s mf b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir pfrû `r`, qu`d fb k`dj prfsfdt` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfr `b sfu jikr`cfdt, `qufst` bbftr` di rfsubt` `tfs` `b sfu vfdjgcfdt pfb bbgur`t (jbgfdt), pfr b` qu`b jis` b‗fdtgt`t k`djárg` rftird` b` bbftr` gcp`h`m`, jikr`dt ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb sfu v`bir dicgd`b? x

7 >51,11 =5=,11

(6;15) Mfutfs pfr fnfjtfs mfsjicpt`ts (>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs (6% s/ 7 >51,11)

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js j/j

010>=,11 010>=,1 1

x

Fd j`s m‗gcp`h`cfdt mf b` bbftr`, fb k`dj `h`n`rá mfb jicptf jirrfdt mfb vfdfmir b‗gcpirt mf b` bbftr` cçs bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b‗gcp`h`cfdt. Qfr b` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mf b` bbftr` jic ` gcp`h`m`? x

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

(=:06)) Fn. jic. gcp`h (=:06 gcp`h.. ` (=:00 (=:00)) Fn. jic. mfsji mfsjicpt. cpt.

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

x

@ cçs, fb k`dj rfcft ` b‗fcprfs` b‗fnfjtf gcp`h`t, pfr t`b quf puhug prijfmgr jidtr` fb jbgfdt. @ p`rtgr m‗`qufst cicfdt, b‗fcprfs` pit gdtfdt`r fb jikr`cfdt mf b` bbftr`, tird`r ` hgr`r ud` div` bbftr`, qu`bgffj`rb` jic ` gcp`h`m` g jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` jirrfspidfdt pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt i jidsgmfr`r-b` jic ` mfffdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf g pirt`r-b` ` pårmufs.

J`sis prájtgjs

;

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` QGC@[OV, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 01111 01 111 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d fd uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd ;11 . ;. [fp n`jtur` mf b‗fcprfs` quf e` rf`bgtz`t fb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir g quf `sjfdmfgx ` 011 . :. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Mfbs fdv`sis `dtfrgirs, fbs jbgfdts fd rftirdfd ud` jfrt` qu`dtgt`t, qu`dtgt`t, pfr ud gcpirt mf 061 , jicudgj`dt quf fs qufmfd `ck b` rfst` pfr `b sfu ÿs. 6. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b `b jbgfdt mfb pudt 0 pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. >. Dfhijg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `dtfrgir `b k`dj, quf jikr` ud =% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,=% mf jicgssgids. 8. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt.

87

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

; Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0

0; :=;,1 :=;,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=:8) Fdv Fdv.. g fck. ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

01 111,11 ;11,11 ; 0=;,11

(;0% s/ 01 ;11,11)

;

011,11 011,11 ;0,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 011,11) 011,11)

`

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

0;0,11

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0;0,11 0;0,1 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

050,61 050,6 1

:

0;0,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

`

=

061,11 :0,61

(=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 061,11) 061,11)

`

61,11

(=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts

x

`

(81=) ^fdmfs m‗fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs

61,11

6

0; 0>1,61

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

`

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

0; 0>1,6 0>1,61 1

(0; :=;,11 ∛ 050,61)

>

0; 0>1,61

(=:00) Fn. jic. mfsjicpt. ` x

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

0; 0>1,61

51

; x

0; 1:1,8 1:1,87 7 =5,>=

(68;) K`djs j/j (>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs

(1,=% s/ 0; 0>1,61)

50,18

(>>6) Gdtfrfssis pfr mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs g ipfr`jgids mf n`jtirgdh (G3 0; 0>1,61 󰂸 1,1= 󰂸 >1/:>1)

` (6;15 (6;15)) Mfutfs Mfutfs pfr fnfjtfs mfsjicpt`ts

0; 0>1,61

8

0; 0>1,6 0>1,61 1

(6;15)) Mfutfs (6;15 Mfutfs pfr fnfjtfs mfsjicpt`ts

` (=:00) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs mfsjicpt`ts mfsji cpt`ts

0; 0>1,6 0>1,61 1

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸

Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` OIZNF[, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)?

0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf > 111 . Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d fd uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd ;61 . ;. [fp b` n`jtur` mf b‗fcprfs` quf e` rf`bgtz`t fb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir g quf `sjfdmfgx ` 061 . Fs p`h` fd fnfjtgu. :. Fbs fdv`sis `dtfrgirs súd rftird`ts pfbs jbgfdts mgds mfb tfrcgdg jidvgdhut. jidvgdhut. =. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt 0 pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. 6. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf :111 . @ b` n`jtur` fs j`rrfhufd mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt, quf fs rfpfrjutfgxfd `b jbgfdt, pfr ud gcpirt mf 61 . >. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt 6 pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. 8. Dfhijg` bfs mufs bbftrfs mf j`dvg `dtfrgirs `b k`dj, quf jikr` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,=% mf jicgssgids. 5. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` prgcfr` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt, cfdtrf quf b` sfhid` rfsubt` gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj rftird` b` bbftr` gcp`h`m`, jikr`dt ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb dicgd`b jirrfspidfdt. 7. [fdiv` b` bbftr` gcp`h`m`, hgr`dt ud` div` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfb dicgd`b dicgd`b mf b` bbftr` gcp`h`m` cçs titfs bfs mfspfsfs ij`sgid`mfs pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. 01. Dfhijg` b` div` bbftr` `b k`dj, fb qu`b bg jikr` ud >% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,6% mf jicgssgids. 00. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt mf b` div` bbftr`, `qufst` bbftr` rfsubt` mf diu gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj b` rftird`, jikr`dt ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb dicgd`b jirrfspidfdt. 0;. Fb jbgfdt `kid` b‗gcpirt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cçs bfs mfspfsfs mf mfvibujgú pfr tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`.

50

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

:.; 4 Hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt Fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt mijucfdt`ts `ck bbftrfs mf j`dvg fs pimfd fdvg`r `bs gdtfrcfmg`rgs ngd`djfrs fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt. Fd `qufst j`s, b‗gdtfrcfmg`rg `jtu` ÿdgj`cfdt jic ` jikr`mir g bfs sfvfs hfstgids fs bgcgtfd ` rfkrf b` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfr jikr`r-b` `b jbgfdt `b sfu vfdjgcfdt g `kid`r mfsprçs fb v`bir bãqugm mf b` bbftr` bb ftr` `b j/j mf b‗fcprfs`. Fd `qufst` ipfr`jgú, b‗gdtfrcfmg`rg ngd`djfr di `ssucfgx j`p rgsj, o` quf sg fb jbgfdt di `kid` b` bbftr` `b sfu vfdjgcfdt, fs bgcgt`rá ` rftird`r-b` ` b‗fcprfs`. Fd tits mis j`sis, b‗gdtfrcfmg`rg ngd`djfr jikr` ud` jicgssgú pfbs sfrvfgs prfst`ts g b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt ` `qufst` jicgssgú.

B‗G^@ fd bfs mfspfsfs B‗G^@ mfspfs fs irghgd`mfs fd b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt Zfhids b` Bbfg :8/077;, mf ;5 mf mfsfckrf, mf b‗Gcpist sikrf fb ^`bir @nfhgt, bfs mfspfsfs irghgd`mfs fd b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt mf bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg súd ipfr`jgids sukofjtfs ` b‗G^ b‗G^@. @.

Jicptfs Jicptf s quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Fbs sukjicptfs quf s‗utgbgtzfd súd, fspfjg`bcfdt, fbs quf fs mft`bbfd ` jidtgdu`jgú?

Hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r? jråmgts `ck jbgfdts, nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts. (=:0;) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt? fds gdmgj` bfs bbftrfs quf e`d fst`t fdvg`mfs ` b‗gdtfrcfmg`rg ngd`djfr pfr ` b` sfv` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt. (=:06) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs gcp`h`ts? id `dit`rfc bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg di `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. (>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs? fd `qufst jicptf `dit`rfc bfs qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs fd jidjfptf mf sfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs quf di tgdhugd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs< çs ` mgr, bfs mfspfsfs hfdfr`mfs pfr b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt mfbs fnfjtfs. (=8;) E.Q. G^@ supirt`t? id `dit`rfc b‗G^@ supirt`t jirrfspidfdt ` bfs mfspfsfs hfdfr`mfs pfr b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt mfbs fnfjtfs.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt mf bbftrfs mf j`dvg j`dv g `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr 5 111 111

.

G^@ mfb ;0%. x

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

5 111,11 0 >51,11

(;0% s/ 5 111,11)

x

Fs hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ç s ` >1 mgfs. x

7 >51,11

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

` x

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

5;

Z‗fdvg` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b k`dj pfr t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt? x

7 >51,11

(=:0;) Fn. jic. fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt ` (=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr` jikr`rr

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

x

@rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt. Fb k`dj gdhrfss` fb bãqugm mf b` bbftr` jikr`m` `b jicptf jirrfdt g jikr` ud 1,=% mf jicgssgú pfr b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt. x

7 >::,0 >::,06 6 :5,8;

(68;) K`djs j/j (>;>) Zfrv Zfrv.. k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs (1,=% s/ 7 >51,11)

5,0:

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ :5,8;)

` (=:0; (=:0;)) Fn. jic. fd hfst hfstgú gú mf jikr`c jikr`cfdt fdt 7 >51,1 >51,11 1 x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt mf bbftrfs mf j`dvg di `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt Zupisfc fb c`tfgx fxfcpbf `dtfrgir `dtfrgir,, pfrû qu`d fb k`dj prfsfdt` pr fsfdt` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfr p fr `b sfu jikr`cfdt `qufst` `qufs t` bbftr` di rfsubt` `tfs` pfb bbgur`t `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. Fb k`dj jikr` ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb v`bir dicgd`b. Qfr b` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mf b` bbftr` jic ` gcp`h`m`? x

7 >51,11

(=:06) Fn. jicfrjg`bs gcp`h`ts

` (=:0; (=:0;)) Fn. jic. fd hfst hfstgú gú mf jikr`c jikr`cfdt fdt 7 >51,1 >51,11 1 x

Qfr bfs mfspfsfs irghgd`mfs pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt? x

=5=,11

(6% s/ 7 >51,11)

010,>=

(>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ =5=,11 =5=,11))

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

656,>= 656,> =

x

Ghu`b quf fd fb j`s mf mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs, fb k`dj rfcft ` b‗fcprfs` b‗fnfjtf gcp`h`t pfr t`b quf puhug prijfmgr jidtr` fb jbgfdt.

5:

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

J`sis prájtgjs

:

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt m‗fnfjtfs 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ;. :. =.

^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 . [fp n`jtur` mf b‗fcprfs` quf e` rf`bgtz`t fb tr`dspirt tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir g quf `sjfdmfgx ` ;11 . Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. Hgr` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. 6. Fdvg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `dtfrgir `b k`dj pfr t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt. >. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt. Fb k`dj gdhrfss` fb bãqugm mf b` bbftr` jikr`m` `b jicptf jirrfdt mf JB@VMG@Z@, jikr`dt ud 1,=% mf jicgssgú pfr b` hfstgú mfb jikr`cfdt.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0 0; 011,1 011,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

01 111,11 ; 011,11

(;0% s/ 01 111,11)

;

;11,11 ;11,11 =;,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;11,11) `

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

;=;,11

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

:

;=;,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

` =

0; 011,11

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

0; 011,1 011,11 1

(=:0) Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

0; 011,11

6

0; 011,11

(=:0;) Fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt ` x

5=

: >

0; 1=0,= 1=0,== = =5,=1

(68;) K`djs j/j (>;>) Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs (1,=% s/ 0; 011,1 011,11) 1)

01,0>

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ =5,=1) =5,=1)

` (=:0; (=:0;)) Fnfjtfs Fnfjtfs jicfr jicfrjg`bs jg`bs fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt

0; 011,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs >󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` OIZNF[, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 , `ck ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur`. ;. [fp b` n`jtur` mf b‗fcprfs` quf e` rf`bgtz`t fb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir g quf `sjfdmfgx ` 0>1 . Fs p`h` fd fnfjtgu. :. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt 0 pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. =. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;111 ; 111 . @ b` n`jtur` fs j`rrfhufd mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt, pfr ud gcpirt mf 011 , quf fs rfpfrjutfgxfd `b jbgfdt. 6. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt = pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. >. Fdvg` bfs mufs bbftrfs mf j`dvg `dtfrgirs `b k`dj pfr t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt. jikr`cfdt. 8. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` prgcfr` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt, cfdtrf quf b` sfhid` rfsubt` gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj gdhrfss` fb bãqugm mf b` bbftr` jikr`m` `b jicptf jirrfdt mf OIZNF[, Z@, jikr`dt ud 1,=% mf jicgssgú pfr b` hfstgú mfb jikr`cfdt. @gxã c`tfgx, rftird` b` bbftr` gcp`h`m`, jikr`dt ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb dicgd`b jirrfspidfdt. 5. OIZNF[, Z@, hgr` ud` div` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b `b sfu jbgfdt pfb dicgd`b mf b` bbftr` gcp`h`m` cçs bfs mfspfsfs ij`sgid`mfs pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt jirrfspidfdt. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` >1 mgfs. 7. Dfhijg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `dtfrgir `b k`dj, quf jikr` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,=% mf jicgssgids. 01. B` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. 00. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf > 111 , `ck ud 6% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs fs bbgurfd fd fdv`sis, v`bir`ts fd 611 , `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú. 0;. Mgds mfb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, p`jt`t, fbs jbgfdts rftirdfd fdv`sis v`bir`ts fd :11 . 0:. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `ck vfdjgcfdt ` >1 mgfs, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt 00, pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. 0=. Fdvg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b k`dj pfr t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt. jikr`cfdt. 06. @rrgk`t fb sfu vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` rfsubt` gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj b` rftird` jikr`dt ud 6% mf jicgssgú sikrf fb dicgd`b jirrfspidfdt. 0>. Hgr` ud` div` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfb dicgd`b mf b` bbftr` gcp`h`m` gcp`h`m` cçs bfs mfspfsfs ij`sgid`mfs pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt. 08. Jikr` b‗gcpirt mf b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`.

56

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

= 44 Fbs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs fd fb QHJ @ b‗ghu`b quf ijirrf `ck fbs privfémirs g jbgfdts, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx `b hrup `b hrup = Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ud` sårgf mf jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt g fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt quf fs pimfd hfdfr`r jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú, `gxã jic bfs mgvfrsfs sgtu`jgids quf fs pimfd prfsfdt`r rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fb jirrfdt cidft`rg quf sf‗d mfrgv`. @qufsts jicptfs `p`rfgxfd rfnbfjtgts `b sukhrup =0 Jrfmgtirs mgvfrsis g `b sukhrup == Mfutirs mgvfrsis. mgvfrsis. @ jidtgdu`jgú, `d`bgtz`rfc fbs jicptfs quf nircfd `qufsts sukhrups `pringt`dt fb p`r`b¸bfbgscf quf prfsfdtfd, çs ` mgr, d‗fstumg`rfc fb jidtgdhut g fb civgcfdt jicpt`kbf mfs mf b` pfrspfjtgv` mf bfs fcprfsfs quf supirtfd b` mfspfs` g mf bfs quf fs kfdfngjgfd mf b‗gdhrçs.

=.0 4 Jicptfs (=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs g (==1) Mfutirs

Zukhrup =0 Jrfmgtirs mgvfrsis Fbs jicptfs dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mgvfrsfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck fbs jrfmgtirs quf rfjubb fb sukhrup =0 Jrfmgtirs mgvfrsis súd? ‚ (=01) Jrfmgtirs Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs. ‚ (=00) Jrfmgti Jrfmgtirs, rs, fnfjtfs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r.

Zukhrup == Mfutirs mgvfrsis

@b jicptf (=01) Jrfmgtirs Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒fbs mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf sfrvfgs quf di tfdfd b` jidmgjgú fstrgjt` mf privfémirs. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fbs jicptfs dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mgvfrsfs ipfr`jgids rf-

M‗`btr` k`dm`, `b jicptf (==1) Mfutirs `p`rfgxfr`d rfhgstr`ts ‒fbs jråmgts `ck jicpr`mirs mf sfrvfgs quf di tfdfd b` jidmgjgú fstrgjt` mf jbgfdts g `ck `btrfs mfutirs mf trángj di gdjbisis fd `btrfs jicptfs m‗`qufst hrup. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

‚ (==1) (==1) Mfu Mfutir tirs. s. ‚ (==0) Mfutirs, Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrj jicfrjg`bs g`bs ` jikr`r. ‚ (==>) Mfutir Mfutirss mf muktús muktús jikr`cfdt jikr`cfdt..

b`jgid`mfs `ck fbs mfutirs quf rfjubb fb sukhrup == Mfutirs mgvfrsis súd?

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt Fs rfp b` n`jtur` mfb tfbånid, `ck ud gcpirt quf `sjfdmfgx ` 001

.

G^@ mfb ;0%. Fs p`h` `b j`p mf 01 mgfs.

x

001,11 ;:,01

(>;7) @btrfs sfrvfgs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 001,11) 001,11)

`

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

0::,01

x

Fs p`h` b` n`jtur` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

0::,01

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0::,01 0::,0 1

5>

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗gdhrfssis pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt Qfb tr`dspirt m‗ud` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs, ud` fcprfs` n`jtur` `b sfu jbgfdt 061

050,61 050,6 1

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

(==1) Mfuti Mfutirs rs

`

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

061,11 :0,61

(;0% s/ 061,11)

x

Jikr` fb mfutf `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. x

050,61 050,6 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(==1) (== 1) Mfu Mfutir tirss

050,61 050 ,61

x

=.; 4 Jicptfs (=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r g (==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r @b jicptf (=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒fbs mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf sfrvfgs quf di tfdfd b` jidmgjgú fstrgjt` mf privfémirs, nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtfs ` jikr`r mfbs mfutirs Fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r prijfmfdts mfbs mfutirs çs sgcgb`r `b tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r prijfmfdts mfbs jbgfdts fstumg`t fd fb pudt `dtfrgir.

M‗`btr` k`dm`, `b jicptf (==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r `p`rfgxfr`d rfhgstr`ts ‒fbs jråmgts `ck mfutirs, nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts. Z‗gdjbiur`d fd `qufst jicptf fbs fnfjtfs fd j`rtfr`, fbs mfsjicpt`ts, fbs bbgur`ts fd hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt g fbs gcp`h`cfdts< fd `qufst ÿbtgc j`s, dicçs qu`d di s‗e`hgd mf rfnbfjtgr `b jicptf (==>) Mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt. jikr`cfdt. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt mijucfdt`mfs cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg B` pukbgjgt`t rf`bgtz`m` pfr b‗fcprfs` fd b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj `sjfdmfgx ` :11

.

G^@ mfb ;0%.

x

:11,11 >:,11

(>;8) Qukb., prip. g [fb. Qÿk. (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ :11,11 :11,11))

` x

(=01) Jrfmgt. prfst. sfrv sfrv..

:>:,11

58

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

B‗fcprfs` `dtfrgir hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`? x

:>:,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

`

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

:>:,11

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:>:,11 :>:,1 1

x

Fs p`h` b` bbftr` `dtfrgir pfr k`dj? x

:>:,11

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

` x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗gdhrfssis pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt mijucfdt`ts cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú m‗fstumgs mf cfrj`t, ud` fcprfs` n`jtur` 611 , di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

>16,11 >16,1 1

(==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs `

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrv sfrv.. mgvfrsis (=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

611,11 016,11

(;0% s/ 611,11)

x

Fs hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b mfutir mf b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir? x

>16,11

(==0) Mfut. fn. jic. ` jikr`r `

(==1) (== 1) Mfu Mfutir tirss

>16,11 >16 ,11

x

Fs jikr` b` bbftr` `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

>16,11 >16,1 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j ` x

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

>16,11

55

=.: 4 Jicptf (==>) Mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt Fd `qufst jicptf, s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r ‒fbs s`bmis mf mfutirs jicprfsis fd `qufst sukhrup, gdjbisis fbs nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtf mf hgr, fd quå jidjirrgd jgrjucstádjgfs quf pfrcftgd rìd`kbfcfdt b` sfv` qu`bgngj`jgú jic mf muktús jikr`cfdt. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–. @d`bgtz`rfc b` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mf jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt cçs fdm`v`dt.

J`sis prájtgjs

=

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ipfr`jgids `ck jrfmgtirs g mfutirs 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ;. :. =. 6.

B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` mf b` bbuc `sjfdmfgx ` 0;1 . Fs p`h`rá m‗`quã ` 01 mgfs. Q`h`, cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg, fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú rf`bgtz`jgú mf sfrvfgs mf tr`dspirt, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b, e`kgtu`b, n`jtur` ;11 . Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b mfutir mfb pudt `dtfrgir. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir.

>. N`jtur` 0511  pfb bbihufr m‗ud mfbs c`h`tzfcs mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. B` rftfdjgú pfr G[QN pr`jtgj`m` çs mfb ;0%. Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá `b j`p mf 01 mgfs. 8. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 5. Qfr mfspfsfs mf pukbgjgt`t, pfr mgvfrsis mgvfrsis `dudjgs pukbgj`ts ` b` prfcs`, n`jturfd ` b‗fcprfs` ud tit`b mf 611 . 7. B‗fcprfs` mfb pudt `dtfrgir hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`. 01. Q`h` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir pfr k`dj.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0 0;1,11

(>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfd Zukcgdgstr`cfdts ts

;6,;1

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0;1,11)

`

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

0=6,;1

(68;) K`djs j/j

0=6,;1 0=6,; 1

(867) Gdhrfssis pfr sfrvfgs mgvfrsis

;11,11

;

0=6,;1

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

` :

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

(==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs `

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ ;11,11) x

=;,11

57

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

= =

;=;,11

(==0) Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

`

(==1) (== 1) Mfu Mfutir tirss

;=;,11 ;=; ,11

(==0) Mfutirs, Mfutirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr` jikr`rr

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

6

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j `

>

:85,11

0 511,1 511,11 1

(=8:) E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (;0% s/ 0 511,11) (==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs `

(86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 0 511,11)

0 511,11 :85,11

(==1) Mfut Mfutirs irs

0 511,1 511,11 1

8 0 511,1 511,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j ` x

71

= 5

611,11

(>;8) Qukbgjgt`t, prip`h`dm` g rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs

016,11

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 611,11)

`

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

>16,11

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

>16,11

(68;) K`djs j/j

>16,11 >16,1 1

7

>16,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs

`

01

>16,11

(=00) Jrfmgtirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

` x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 8󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` BFI^GJ, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Qfr ud gdnircf rf`bgtz`t pfr ` ud` `btr` fcprfs` n`jtur` ;61 . @qufst` di çs b‗`jtgvgt`t prgdjgp`b mf b‗fcprfs`. ;. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b mfutir mf b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, quf çs `jjfpt`m`. :. Jikr` b` bbftr` mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Qfbs sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt prfst`ts, ud `mvij`t prfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf :=1 . [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. 6. B‗`mvij`t mfb pudt `dtfrgir hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`. >. Q`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. 8. Qfr sfrvfgs mf cfmg`jgú prfsfdt` n`jtur` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf =11 . @qufst` di çs b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b. 5. Jikr` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 7. [fp b` n`jtur` mf b` rfp`r`jgú fnfjtu`m` fd ud` mf bfs cáqugdfs mf b‗fcprfs`. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt mf b` n`jtur` `sjfdmfgx ` :51 . 01. Q`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 00. Qfr b` rf`bgtz`jgú m‗ud fstumg mf cfrj`t fdj`rrfh`t pfr ud` `btr` sijgft`t, di fssfdt `qufst` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b, n`jtur` 511 . 0;. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b mfutir mf b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir `dtfrgir.. 0:. Fdvg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b k`dj pfr t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt. jikr`cfdt. 0=. @rrgk`t fb sfu vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb mfutir. Fb k`dj gdhrfss` fb bãqugm mf b‗fnfjtf jikr`t `b jicptf jirrfdt mf b‗fcprfs`, jikr`dt ud 1,=% mf jicgssgú pfr b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt.

70

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

6 44 ]r`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfb sukhrup => Qfrsid`b Fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t fst`kbfgx fb sukhrup => Qfrsid`b pfr rfhgstr`r ‒fbs s`bmis `ck pfrsidfs quf prfstfd fbs sfus sfrvfgs ` b‗fcprfs` `ck udfs rfcudfr`jgids quf fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd `b sukhrup >= Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b–. pfr sid`b–.

Qrçstfjs `b pfrsid`b Zfhids fb QHJ, qu`bsfvib `btrf `v`dè`cfdt quf tgdhug b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf prçstfjs `b pfrsid`b s‗gdjbiurá `b jicptf (66=) Jråmgts ` j/t `b pfrsid`b i `b jicptf (;6=) Jråmgts ` bb/t `b pfrsid`b, sfhids fb tfrcgdg mf vfdjgcfdt.

@ jidtgdu`jgú, jicpbft`rfc fbs jidtgdhuts fstumg`ts ` b` Vdgt`t ;, sikrf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú rfb`jgid`ts `ck bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b.

6.0 4 Jicptf (=>1) @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids Fb QHJ gdjbiu fb jicptf (=>1) @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids pfr rfhgstr`r ‒fbs bbgur`cfdts ` jicptf mf rfcudfr`jgids `b pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf `v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids Fb trfk`bb`mir mf b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud `v`dè`cfdt mf :11 xfj k`dj`rg `b trfk`bb`mir pfr b‗gcpirt mfb `v`dè`cfdt sib󰂸bgjgt`m`.



fb ;0 mf c`rè. B‗fcprfs` bbgur` ud

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt mf jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú çs fb sfhòfdt? x

:11,11

(=>1) @v` @v`dè`cfdts dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids rfcudfr`jgids ` (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:11,11 :11,1 1

x

Fb mg` :0 mf c`rè, OOQC, Z@, bgqugm` b` dûcgd` mfb sfu trfk`bb`mir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, rfjupfr`dt b` kfstrft`. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` mur`dt `qufst cfs prfsfdt` fbs mft`bbs sfhòfdts? siu krut? 0 511 , Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? >;1 < Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? 0;1 < rftfdjgids pfr G[QN? 071 . Fs p`h` pfr k`dj. x

0 511,11 >;1,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` ` (=860) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscf Irh`dgscfss mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

071,11 8=1,11

(>;1,11 + 0;1,11)

(=>1) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j x

:11,11 0 071,1 071,11 1

7;

6.; 4 Jicptf (=>6) [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt @b jicptf (=>6) [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r ‒fbs måkgts mf b‗fcprfs` `b pfrsid`b pfbs jidjfptfs fscfdt`ts `bs jicptfs (>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs g (>=0) Gdmfcdgtz`jgids. Gdmfcdgtz`jgids. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf rfcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` fd fb cfs m‗`krgb mfb trfk`bb`mir mf OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` bfs bf s c`tfgxfs m`mfs quf b` mfb cfs `dtfrgir.. Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt ffds `b : mf c`gh. `dtfrgir B‗`ssfdt`cfdt mf jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú çs fb sfhòfdt? sfhò fdt? x

0 511,1 511,11 1 >;1,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs (=>6) [fcud [fcudfr`jgids fr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`c p`h`cfdt fdt

071,11

8=1,11 0 =71,1 =71,11 1

x

Fb mg` : mf c`gh, fs n` fnfjtgv` b` dûcgd` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`? x

0 =71,11

(=>6) [fcudfr`jgids [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 =71,1 =71,11 1

x

Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck bfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs hfdfr`t ` jidsfqòådjg` mfb p`h`cfdt mf b` dûcgd`. x

071,11

8=1,11

(=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

` x

(68;) K`djs j/j

7:1,11 7:1,1 1

7:

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

J`sis prájtgjs

6

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf jicptfs `ck pfrsid`b 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@. 0. B` trfk`bb`mir` C`rtgd` Cibgds, `mcgdgstr`tgv` `mcgdgstr`tgv` mf b‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud` kfstrft` mf =11  fb mg` ;= mf sftfckrf mf ;1U1. B‗fcprfs` bbgur` ud xfj k`dj`rg ` b` trfk`bb`mir` pfr b‗gcpirt mf b` kfstrft` sib󰂸bgjgt`m`. ;. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` mur`dt fb cfs mf sftfckrf prfsfdt` fbs mft`bbs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Ziu krut? krut? 0 811 . Zfhurft`t Zfhurft `t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? >0;,56 >0;,56 . Zfhurft`t Zfhurft `t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrf járrfjj mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? trfk`bb`mirs? 0;6,7= 0;6,7= [ftfdjgi [ft fdjgids ds pfr G[QN? 081 .

.

Fs rfjupfr` b` kfstrft` g b` rfst` fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. :. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfb cfs mf sftfckrf. =. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` mur`dt fb cfs m‗ijtukrf prfsfdt` bfs c`tfgxfs m`mfs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt dÿcfri ;. Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. 6. Q`h` b` dûcgd` pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. >. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfb cfs m‗ijtukrf. 8. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` mfbs cfsis `dtfrgirs.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0 =11,11

(=>1) @v` @v`dè`cfdts dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids rfcudfr`jgids ` (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

=11,11 =11,1 1

;

0 811,11 >0;,56

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs (>=;) Zfh. Zij. ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` ` (=860) E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscf Irh`dgscfss mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs (>0;,56 + 0;6,7=) (=>1) @v` @v`dè`cfdts dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

081,11 8:5,87 =11,11 0 11=,1 11=,1> >

:

8:5,87

(=8>) Irh`dgscf Irh`dgscfss mf b` Zfh. Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

8:5,87 8:5,8 7

7=

6 =

0 811,1 811,11 1 >0;,56

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>=;) Zfh. Zij. ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`

` (=860) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs (=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b jrfmgtirs (=>6) [fcud [fcud.. pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt

081,11 8:5,87 0 =1=,1>

6

0 =1=,1>

(=>6) [fcudfr`jgids [fcudfr`jgids pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 =1=,1 =1=,1> >

(68;) K`djs j/j

8:5,87 8:5,8 7

(68;) K`djs j/j

:=1,11 :=1,1 1

>

8:5,87

(=8>) Irh`dgscfs mf b` Zfh. Zijg`b jrfmgtirs

` 8

:=1,11

(=860) E.Q. E.Q. `j. pfr rft. pr`jtgj`mfs

(081,11 + 081,11)

` x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 5󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs ` bfs mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@? 0. B` trfk`bb`mir` Fstfb Ics ^`bbs, ^`bbs, `mcgdgstr`tgv` mf b‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud` kfstrft` mf 611  fb mg` 06 m‗`hist mf ;1U1. B` sijgft`t bg bbgur` ud xfj k`dj`rg pfr b‗gcpirt mf b` kfstrft` sib󰂸bgjgt`m`. ;. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` cfrgt`m` mur`dt fb cfs m‗`hist prfsfdt` prfsfdt` fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? tit`b cfrgt`t? cfrgt`t? 0611 0 611 < bãqugm mf tit`bs mfb rfkut mf bgqugm`jgú mf jitgtz`jgids? >60,55 < tit`b `pirt`jgids ` b` ZZ mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? 000,0: < rftfdjgids pfr G[QN? 061 . rftfdjgids :. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Zfhurft`t Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfb cfs m‗`hist. =. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` mur`dt fb cfs mf sftfckrf prfsfdt` bfs c`tfgxfs m`mfs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt dÿcfri ;. Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. 6. Q`h` b` dûcgd` pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. >. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Zfhurft`t Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfb cfs mf sftfckrf. 8. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Egsfdm` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` mfbs cfsis `dtfrgirs.

76

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

> 44 Fbs òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú Fd fb trángj e`kgtu`b mf bfs fcprfsfs, fxgstfgxfd ud` sårgf mf mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis quf, tit g sfr jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd ud fxfrjgjg jicpt`kbf, jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt i `bs sfhòfdts. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, sfrá dfjfss`rg òust`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis, gcput`dt-sf ` b‗fxfrjgjg `b qu`b fbs jicptfs `du`bs fs rfnfrfgxgd fbs quf b‗`nfjtgd, g tr`sbb`m`dt `bs sfhòfdts fxfrjgjgs b` p`rt mf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf fbs jirrfspidhugd. @qufst` ipfr`jgú fs rf`bgtz` ` tr`vçs mfbs `dicfd`ts òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú g çs ud` `pbgj`jgú cfrgt`jgú.. mfb prgdjgpg mf b` cfrgt`jgú ]it sfhugt, `d`bgtz`rfc `bhuds mfbs jicptfs ikfrts pfb QHJ `ck fb pripûsgt m‗òust`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis. J`b jicfdt`r quf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf, tit g jirrfspidmrf ` ud fxfrjgjg, fs p`hufd i fs jikrfd fd fb sfhòfdt, di e`d mf sfr ikofjtf m‗òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú, o` quf fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd fd `qufst, qufm`dt rfjibbgm` b‗ikbgh`jgú mf p`h`cfdt i fb mrft mf jikr`cfdt `bs jirrfspidfdts jicptfs jrfmgtirs i mfutirs.

>.0 4 Jicptf (=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs Fb QHJ fds gdmgj` quf, fd `qufst jicptf, s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r ‒bfs mfspfsfs jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs fd b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt. Eùrá mf nghur`r ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs Fb mg` 0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1, ud` fcprfs` f cprfs` p`h` pfr k`dj mgnfrfdts prgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs m‗`ssfhur`d jfs mf kçds m‗gccikgbgtz`t pfr ud gcpirt mf 0611 , quf jirrfspidfd ` 0 `dy. `dy. x

0 611,11

(>;6) Qrg Qrgcfs cfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 611,1 611,11 1

x

B‗ipfr`jgú fs rf`bgtz` fb mg` 0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1, quf çs b` m`t` fd quå s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r. ]it g `gxû, `qufstfs mfspfsfs pfrt`dyfd ` mis fxfrjgjgs fjidûcgjs, jidjrft`cfdt `bs fxfrjgjgs ;1U1 g ;1U0, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1 s‗eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r fb jirrfspidfdt òust pfr pfrgimgffj`jgú p frgimgffj`jgú pfr b` p`rt mf bfs prgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs p`h`mfs fd `qufst `dy, quf jirrfspidfd ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0. x

611,11

(=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs `

(>;6) Qr Qrgcfs gcfs m‗`ss m‗`ssfhu fhur`djf r`djfss

611,11 611,1 1

x

@ tr`vçs m‗`qufst `ssfdt`cfdt, s‗e` gcput`t ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, b` p`rt mf b` prgc` m‗`ssfhur`djfs quf, qu f, e`vfdt fst`t jicpt`kgbgtz`m` g p`h`m` b‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1, jikrgrg` p`rt mf b‗`dy ;1U0.

7>

B` qu`dtgt`t ikofjtf m‗òust pfr pfrgimgffj`jgú sfrá b` p`rt pripirjgid`b quf jirrfspidhug `bs cfsis quf pfrt`dyfd ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0? Zg pfr ` 0; cfsis (0 `dy)

0 611,11

Qfr ` = cfsis (hfdfr/`krgb mf ;1U0) U 3 0 611,11





U

󰂸 = cfsis / 0; cfsis 3 611,11 

@ prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, g mfsprçs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

611,11

(>;6) Qrgcf Qrgcfss m‗`ssfhur`djf m‗`ssfhur`djfss `

(=51) Mfspf Mfspfsfs sfs `dtgj `dtgjgp`mf gp`mfss

611,11 611,1 1

x

@ck `qufst `ssfdt`cfdt, tr`sbb`mfc ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0 b` p`rt mf bfs prgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs quf j`b gcput`r ` `qufst fxfrjgjg g quf v`d sfr jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs ` b‗`dy ;1U1, `dy fd quå fs v` irghgd`r b‗ipfr`jgú.

>.; 4 Jicptf (=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts Fd `qufst jicptf eùrfc mf rfjibbgr ‒fbs gdhrfssis jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt. Eùr`d mf nghur`r `b b‗fxfrjgjg Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts B‗0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, ud` fcprfs` jikr` pfr k`dj 0 ;11  pfb bbihufr m‗ud c`h`tzfc mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. @qufst bbihufr jirrfspid `bs cfsis mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1 g hfdfr mf ;1U0. G^@ mfb ;0%. [ftfdjgú [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. x

;6;,11

(=8:) E.Q. E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (;0% s/ 0 ;11,11)

0 ;11,1 ;11,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 0 ;11,11)

0 ;11,11 ;6;,11

x

Jic fd fb j`s `dtfrgir `dtfrgir, fs rf`bgtz` fb mg` 0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, quf çs b` m`t` fd quå s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r. ]it, b‗ipfr`jgú g `gxû, `qufsts gdhrfssis pfrt`dyfd ` mis fxfrjgjgs fjidûcgjs, jidjrft`cfdt `bs fxfrjgjgs ;1U1 g ;1U0, pfr b` qu`b jis` `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg s‗eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r fb jirrfspidfdt òust pfr

pfrgimgngj`jgú.

78

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` rf`bgtz` b‗òust pfr pfrgimgffj`jgú pfr b` p`rt mfbs gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts jikr`ts b‗`dy ;1U1, quf jirrfspidfd ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0. x

>11,11

(86;) Gdhr Gdhr.. pfr `rr `rr.. `

(=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts

>11,11

x

@ tr`vçs m‗`qufst `ssfdt`cfdt, s‗e` gcput`t ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, b` p`rt mfbs gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts quf, e`vfdt fst`t jicpt`kgbgtz`ts g jikr`ts b‗0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, pfrt`dyfd ` b‗`dy ;1U0. B` qu`dtgt`t ikofjtf m‗òust pfr pfrgimgffj`jgú sfrá b` p`rt pripirjgid`b quf jirrfspid `b cfs mf hfdfr mf ;1U0? Zg pfr ` ; cfsis (mfsfckrf ;1U1/hfdfr ;1U0) 0 ;11,11 Qfr ` 0 cfs (hfdfr ;1U0) U U 3 0 ;11,11  󰂸 0 cfs / ; cfsis 3 >11,11 



@ prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, g mfsprçs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r `qufst `ssfdt`cfdt? x

>11,11

(=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts `

(86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts

>11,11

x

@ck `qufst `ssfdt`cfdt, tr`sbb`mfc ` b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0 b` p`rt mfbs mfb s gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts quf j`b gcput`r ` `qufst fxfrjgjg g quf v`d sfr jicpt`kgbgtz`ts ` b‗`dy ;1U1, `dy fd quå fs v` irghgd`r b‗ipfr`jgú.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 7󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. B‗0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, fs p`h` pfr `v`dè`t fb bbihufr jirrfspidfdt ` mis cfsis m‗ud mfbs bij`bs quf b‗fcprfs` us` jic ` c`h`tzfc, ` r`ú mf 0=11  `b cfs. G^@ mfb ;0%. [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. ;. Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` prijfmfgx ` rfhub`rgtz`r rfhub`rgtz`r `qufstfs mfspfsfs. :. Fs rf`bgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf eùrá mf nfr b‗fcprfs` ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0. =. B‗0 mf divfckrf mf ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` pfrjfp pfr k`dj = 611  pfb bbihufr m‗ud` dù gdmustrg`b mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. Fb jikr`cfdt jirrfspid `b trgcfstrf quf `kr`è` fbs cfsis mf divfckrf g mfsfckrf mf ;1U1 g hfdfr mf ;1U0. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. 6. Fs rf`bgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf eùrá mf nfr nfr b‗fcprfs` `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fd rfb`jgú `ck b‗ipfr`jgú fxpis`m` `b pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. >. Fs rf`bgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf eùrá mf nfr b‗fcprfs` ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0. 8. B‗0 mf oudy mf ;1U1, sf s`tgsn`d pfr k`dj 06 111  pfr ud` j`cp`dy` mf pukbgjgt`t quf mur`rá ud `dy `dy.. G^@ mfb ;0%. 5. Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` prijfmfgx ` rfhub`rgtz`r `qufstfs mfspfsfs. 7. Pugd` `dit`jgú jicpt`kbf eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r b‗fcprfs` ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U09

75

8 44 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf jicpt`kbf mfbs jbgfdts g mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt Jic o` efc vgst, fb QHJ rfjubb mgds mfb sukhrup sukhrup =: Jbgfdts fb jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt pfr `dit`r fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt prijfmfdts mf jbgfdts, gdjbisis fbs mijucfdt` mijucfdt`ts ts cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg, quf di e`d fst`t `kid`mfs pfbs jbgfdts fd b` m`t` mfb sfu vfdjgcfdt g quf fs pimfd qu`bgngj`r, pfr b` sgtu`jgú fd quå fs trikfd `qufsts mrfts mf jikr`cfdt gcp`h`ts, jic mf muktús jikr`cfdt.

Qrgdjgpg mf prumådjg` J`bmrá sfr prumfdt fd bfs fstgc`jgids g bfs v`bir`jgids ` rf`bgtz`r fd jidmgjgids m‗gdjfrtfs`. B` prumådjg` di oustgngj` quf b` v`bir`jgú mfbs fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs di rfspidhug ` b` gc`thf ngmfb quf e`d mf rfnbfjtgr fbs jicptfs `du`bs. @gxã c`tfgx, fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fbs kfdfngjgs iktgdhuts ngds ` b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg. Qfr jidtr`, j`bmrá tfdgr fd jicptf tits fbs rgsjis, `ck irghfd fd fb c`tfgx fxfrjgjg i fd ud `btrf m‗`dtfrgir, t`d kid pudt sghug jidfhuts, ngds g tit sg dicçs fs jidfhufssgd fdtrf b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mfbs jicptfs `du`bs g b` m`t` fd quå `qufsts jicptfs fs nircubgd. J`bmrá tfdgr fd jicptf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids g bfs jirrfjjgids mf v`bir pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs `jtgus, t`dt sg b‗fxfrjgjg sf s`bm` `ck kfdfngjg jic sg sf s`bm` `ck pårmu`.

@gxã c`tfgx, mgds mfb sukhrup == Mfutirs, fb jicptf (==>) Mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt fds sfrvgrá pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt prijfmfdts mfbs mfutirs (t`ckç fbs mijucfdt`ts cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg) quf e`d rfsubt`t gcp`h`ts pfbs mfutirs g quf fs pimfd qu`bgngj`r jic mf muktús jikr`cfdt. Pu`d ud mrft mf jikr`cfdt prijfmfdt m‗ud jbgfdt i m‗ud mfutir rfsubt` gcp`h`t, sfrá dfjfss`rg rfjb`ssgngj`r-bi jic ud jråmgt mf muktús jikr`cfdt, çs ` mgr, eùrfc mf tr`sp`ss`r fb sfu s`bmi `bs jicptfs (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt i (==>) Mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt. Fd rfb`jgú `ck `qufst` sgtu`jgú, b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú dÿc. 7 rfb`tgv` `bs gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs fds gdmgj` quf, `bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fxfrjgj g, s‗eùr`d m‗fnfjtu`r bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs dfjfssárgfs, sfcprf quf fxgstfgxg fvgmådjg` ikofjtgv` quf fb v`bir m‗ud jråmgt, i m‗ud hrup mf jråmgts `ck sgcgb`rs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf rgsj v`bir`ts jib¸bfjtgv`cfdt, s‗e` mftfrgir`t jic ` rfsubt`t m‗ud i cçs fsmfvfdgcfdts quf e`hgd ijirrfhut mfsprçs mfb sfu rfjidfgxfcfdt gdgjg`b g quf ij`sgidgd ud` rfmujjgú i ud rft`rm fd fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu fstgc`ts nuturs, quf pimfd vfdgr citgv`ts pfr b` gdsibvådjg` mfb mfutir. @qufst` ipfr`jgú di çs cçs quf ud` `pbgj`jgú mfb prgdjgpg mf prumådjg`. Qfr rfnbfjtgr jicpt`kbfcfdt `qufst` sgtu`jgú, sgtu`jgú, fb QHJ fds infrfgx fb jicptf (=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs, jicfrjg`bs, fd quå fs rfhgstr`rá ‒b‗gcpirt mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts gdjikr`kbfs, `ck irghfd fd ipfr`jgids mf trángj–. @qufst jicptf nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n GG. Mfutirs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` jikr`r, cgdir`dt b` p`rtgm` fd quå nghurg fb jirrfspidfdt fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b (Jbgfdts i Mfutirs). M‗`btr` k`dm`, ` b` Jgdqufd` p`rt mfb QHJ, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs,, pimfc jidsubt`r fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf m‗`qufst` sgtu`jgú. Fb t`kbfs Qb` fds cistr` mufs pissgkbfs ipjgids, sfhids b‗`btfrd`tgv` `mipt`m` pfr b‗fcprfs`? 0. Pu`d b‗fcprfs` xgnrg b‗gcpirt mfb mftfrgir`cfdt `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg cgto`dè`dt ud` fstgc`jgú hbik`b mfb rgsj m‗gdjikr`ts fxgstfdts fd fbs s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs, sfcprf g qu`d fb sfu gcpirt, gdmgvgmu`bcfdt gdmgvgmu`bcfdt jidsgmfr`t, di sghug sghdgngj`tgu?

‚ Fd prgcfr bbij, g sfcprf `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg b‗fxfrjgjg,, fs j`rrfh`rá, pfr b` jirrfjjgú rf`bgtz`m` `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir (sg

fxgstãs), `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (87=) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir` cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs. jicfrjg`bs.

77

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

x

(=71 (= 71))

Mftfrg Mftf rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf v` v`bi birr mf jr jråm åmgt gtss pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=)

[fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf [fvfrsgú jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

x

‚ Fd sfhid bbij, `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fxfrjgjg, s‗`kid`rá pfr b‗fstgc`jgú rf`bgtz`m` pfr ` b‗`dy sfhòfdt, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mftfrgir`c fdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs. jicfrjg`bs. x

(>7= (> 7=))

Qårmuf Qårm ufss pf pfrr mf mftf tfrg rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71)

Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts Mftfrgir`cfdt pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

x

Fxfcpbfs Fstgc`jgú hbik`b mf pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt B‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@ fstgc`, `b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, quf fb rgsj hbik`b m‗gdjikr`ts fd fbs sfus s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs `sjfdmfgx ` ;111 . Mit`rá b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` quf jikrfgxg `qufst` pårmu` pitfdjg`b? x

; 111,11

(>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 111,11

x

Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, fs primufgxfd gdsibvådjgfs mfffdgtgvfs mf jbgfdts pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 . x

0 111,11

(>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

0 111,1 111,11 1

x

@ tr`vçs m‗`qufst `ssfdt`cfdt fs jicpt`kgbgtz` jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗gcpirt mf b` pårmu` rf`b primuém` (0111 (0 111 ), mid`dt mf k`gx` fbs jbgfdts quf di p`h`r`d fbs sfus mfutfs mf utfs g rf﬋fjtgdt b` pårmu` `b jicptf (>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs

gdjikr`kbfs.

011

@ ffd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` fstgc` fb rgsj hbik`b m‗gdjikr`ts fd 0;61

.

Fd prgcfr bbij, mid`rfc mf k`gx` b` jirrfjjgú jicpt`kgbgtz`m` ` ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U1? x

; 111,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 111,11

x

@ck `qufst `ssfdt`cfdt, fb jicptf (87=) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs, jicptf m‗gdhrfssis, fs jicpfds`rá pfr b` sfv` `pbgj`jgú `b jicptf (>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs, jicptf mf mfspfsfs, utgbgtz`t `b ffd`b mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir, g qufm`rá rf﬋fjtgm` b` pårmu` rf`b pfr gdsibvådjgfs nfrcfs mf jbgfdts `b jicptf (>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs. Fd sfhid bbij, jicpt`kgbgtz`rfc b‗fstgc`jgú rf`bgtz`m` pfr ` b‗`dy ;1U0? x

0 ;61,11

(>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs 0 ;61,11

x

;. Pu`d b‗fcprfs` xgnrg b‗gcpirt mfb mftfrgir`cfdt cgto`dè`dt ud sgstfc` gdmgvgmu`bgtz`t mf sfhugcfdt mf s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs s‗`kid`rá, `b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fxfrjgjg, pfr b‗gcpirt mf b` pårmu` quf fs v`hg fstgc`dt, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs.. x

(>7= (> 7=))

Qårmuf Qårm ufss pf pfrr mf mftf tfrg rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf jr jråm åmgt gtss pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs `

(=71)

Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts Mftfrgir`cfdt pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

x

G fs j`rrfh`rá ` cfsur` quf fs v`hgd mid`dt mf k`gx` fbs s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs pfr `bs qu`bs fs v` mit`r fb jicptf jirrfjtir mf nirc` gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m` i qu`d b` pårmu` fstgc`m` mgscgdufgxg jic ` jidsf-

qòådjg` m ud fsmfvfdgcfdt pistfrgir, `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (87=) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs. jicfrjg`bs .

010

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

x

(=71 (= 71))

Mftfrg Mftf rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf v` v`bi birr mf jr jråm åmgt gtss pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=)

[fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf [fvfrsgú jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

x

Fxfcpbfs Fstgc`jgú gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m` mf pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt B‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@ fstgc`, mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, quf ud jbgfdt `ck ud s`bmi quf `sjfdmfgx ` 0 611 tgdmrá hrfus mgffjubt`ts pfr nfr nridt `b p`h`cfdt mfb sfu mfutf.



Fd prgcfr bbij, j`bmrá rfjb`ssgffj`r fb jbgfdt cirús mgds mfb sukhrup =: Jbgfdts, utgbgtz`dt pfr nfr-ei fb jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt. x

0 611,11

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

0 611,1 611,11 1

x

Fd sfhid bbij, j`bmrá jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr jikrgr b‗fcprfs` mf b` pissgkbf pårmu` quf fs pimrg` hfdfr`r sg fs primufgx b` gdsibvådjg` mfffdgtgv` mfb jbgfdt? x

0 611,11

(>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs 0 611,11

x

@ p`rtgr m‗`qufst cicfdt, b‗fcprfs` fs pit trik`r `ck mgvfrsfs mgvfrs fs sgtu`jgids, titfs fxjbifdts, fd nudjgú mf b‗fvibujgú mf b` sgtu`jgú m‗gdsibvådjg` mfb jbgfdt. Qimfd sfr bfs sfhòfdts?

Puf fb jbgfdt p`hug b` tit`bgt`t mfb mfutf Fd `qufst j`s, b‗fcprfs` j`djfb󰂸b`rá fb mrft mf jikr`cfdt rfhgstr`t `b jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt. x

0 611 611,11 ,11

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js j/j `

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

0 611,11

x

G, `b sfu tird, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf mid`r mf k`gx` jicpt`kbf fb jicptf jirrfjtir, jirrfjtir, o` quf b` sfv` sfv ` nudjgú fr` `d-

tgjgp`r ud` pissgkbf pårmu` g `qufst rgsj e` mfs`p`rfhut.

01;

x

0 611,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs 0 611,11

x

Puf fb jbgfdt p`hug p`hug 0 111 ₢, rfsubt`dt b` rfst` mfffdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf Fd `qufst j`s, b‗fcprfs` t`ckç eùrá mf j`djfb󰂸b`r fb mrft mf jikr`cfdt rfhgstr`t `b jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt, fdj`r` quf b` jidtr`p`rtgm` eùrá mf rf﬋fjtgr quf fs primufgx ud` ud ` pårmu` mfffdgtgv` mf 611 . x

0 111,1 111,11 1 611,11

(68;) K`djs j/j (>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs

`

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

0 611,11

x

Fd mfs`p`rågxfr p`rt mfb rgsj (b` p`rt mfb mfutf quf fb jbgfdt p`h`), g jidffrc`r-sf b` rfst` jic ` pårmu` mfffdgtgv`, b‗fcprfs` mid`rá mf k`gx` fb jicptf jirrfjtir pfr b‗gcpirt tit`b? x

0 611,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrs [fvfrsgú gú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

0 611,11

x

Fd j`djfb󰂸b`r b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt `ck ud jicptf m‗gdhrfssis (fb ( fb jicptf 87=), b` pårmu` rf`b primuém` qufm`rá rf﬋fjtgm` `b jicptf (>61) Qårmu` mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs.

Puf b` tit`bgt`t mfb mfutf mfb jbgfdt rfsubtg mfffdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf Fd `qufst j`s, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf jidsgmfr`r b` tit`bgt`t mfb rgsj jic ` pårmu` mfffdgtgv`, j`djfb󰂸b`dt, `b sfu tird, fb mrft mf jikr`cfdt? x

0 611,11

(>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs

`

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

0 611,11

x

01:

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

@ cçs, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf j`djfb󰂸b`r fb jicptf jirrfjtir `ck `kid`cfdt ` ud jicptf m‗gdhrfssis (fb jicptf 87=) pfr t`b quf b` pårmu` qufmg supirt`m` pfb jicptf (>61) Qårmu` mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs. x

0 611,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs 0 611,11

x

J`sis prájtgjs

>

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt (G^@ @ mfb ;0%)? 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr mgnfrfdts fcprfsfs (G^ 0. Fb mg` 0 mf b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, ud` fcprfs` fcprfs` tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m` ud` jirrfjjgú jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr ` pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs mf jbgfdts fstgc`m` mf nirc` hbik`b pfr ud gcpirt mf :111 . @qufst` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` v` sfr jicpt`kgbgtz`m` ` ngd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir. ;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf >1 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. :. Vd jbgfdt quf mfu ` b‗fcprfs` b‗ fcprfs` = 111  jicudgj` quf tgdmrá mgngjubt`ts pfr nfr nridt `b p`h`cfdt mfb sfu mfutf. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` fb qu`bgngj` mf muktús jikr`cfdt. =. Fs primufgx b` gdsibvådjg` mfngdgtgv` mfb jbgfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. 6. @b ngd`b mf b‗`dy, b‗`dy, b‗fcprfs` fstgc` fb rgsj hbik`b pfr gdjikr`ts fd = 611 . >. Vd` `btr` sijgft`t fstgc`, fstgc`, fd ud cicfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, quf ud jbgfdt `ck ud s`bmi quf `sjfdmfgx ` ; 111  tgdmrá prikbfcfs pfr rf`bgtz`r fb p`h`cfdt mfb sfu mfutf. B` sijgft`t jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`. 8. Vds cfsis cçs t`rm, fb jbgfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir? `) Jicudgj` quf fb tit`b mfb mfutf fs jidsgmfr` mfngdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf. k) Gdhrfss` pfr k`dj >11  g jicudgj` ` b‗fcprfs` quf jidsgmfrg b` rfst` jic ` gdjikr`kbf.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 0 M`m` gdnirc`tgv`. Di çs dfjfss`rg rf`bgtz`r `dit`jgú jicpt`kbf. ;

8; >11,1 >11,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

>1 111,11

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ >1 111,11)

0; >11,11

x

01=

> :

= 111,11

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt `

(=:1) Jbgfdts

= 111,11

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

= 111,11

=

= 111,11

(>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs

` 6

: 111,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs : 111,11

x

= 611,11

(>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs = 611,11

>

; 111,11

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt `

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

; 111,1 111,11 1

x

; 111,11

(>7=) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 111,11

8`

; 111,11

(>61) Qårmufs mf jråmgts jicfrjg`bs gdjikr`kbfs

`

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

; 111,11

x

; 111,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs `

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 111,11

x

016

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

> 8k

>11,11 >11,11 0 =11,11

(68;) K`d (68;) K`djs js j/j (>61) Qårmufs mf jråm. jic. gdjikr`kbfs

`

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

; 111,11

x

; 111,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

`

(87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ; 111,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 01󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf bfs sfhòfdts sfhò fdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr mgnfrfdts fcprfsfs (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m` fb mg` 10-10-;1U0 ud` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr ` pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs mf jbgfdts, fstgc`m` mf nirc` hbik`b g jicpt`kgbgtz`m` ` ngd`bs mf ;1U1, pfr 0 611 . gdsibvådjgfs ;. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. :. Vd jbgfdt quf mfvg` ` b‗fcprfs` 0 511  fs mfjb`r` fd n`bbgm`. B‗fcprfs` fb qu`bgngj` jic mf muktús jikr`cfdt. =. Fs primufgx b` gdsibvådjg` mfngdgtgv` mfb jbgfdt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir. 6. @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U0, s‗fstgc` ud rgsj hbik`b m‗gdjikr`ts v`bir`t fd 0511 0 511 . >. B‗fcprfs` J@[[@JVJ@Z, Z@, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . 8. Fb jbgfdt `dtfrgir jicudgj` ` b‗fcprfs` quf tgdmrá prikbfcfs prikbfcfs pfr nfr nridt `b p`h`cfdt mfb sfu mfutf. 5. 7. 01. 00. 0;. 0:. 0=. 06. 0>. 08.

Fs primufgx b` gdsibvådjg` mfngdgtgv` mfb jbgfdt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir. B‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf = 111 , quf qufmfd pfdmfdts mf jikr`cfdt. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b jbgfdt mf b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, quf rfsubt` `jjfpt`m`. Mfsjicpt` `b k`dj b` bbftr` `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Gdtfrås? :%. Jicgssgú? 1,0%. @b vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` `dtfrgir rfsubt` gcp`h`m` pfb bbgur`t. B‗fcprfs` qu`bgngj` b‗fnfjtf `dtfrgir mf muktús jikr`cfdt g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`. Q`ss`ts uds cfsis, fb jbgfdt `kid` b` tit`bgt`t tit`bgt`t mfb mfutf pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. k`djárg`. B‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, prfst` ` ud jbgfdt ud sfrvfg m‗`ssfssir`cfdt, pfb qu`b bg n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf =11 . @qufst` di çs b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`kgtu`b. Fb mfutir `dtfrgir fs mfjb`r` fd n`bbgm`. B‗fcprfs` fb qu`bgngj` mf muktús jikr`cfdt g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`. Qistfrgircfdt, fb mfutir `kid` :11  pfr k`dj g jicudgj` quf b` rfst` sfrá mfngdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf.

05. B‗fcprfs` BFI^GJ, Z@, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` jråmgt pfr ud u d gcpirt mf 5 111 . 07. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, fb jbgfdt di `kid` fb sfu mfutf `b󰂸bfh`dt prikbfcfs mf bgqugmgt`t. B‗fcprfs` fb qu`bgngj` mf muktús jikr`cfdt g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`.

;1. Qistfrgircfdt, fb jbgfdt `kid` `kid` b` tit`bgt`t mfb mfutf cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`.

01>

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb QHJ, qugds jidjfptfs fs rfjubbfd `b hrup =9 ;󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` fbs mijucfdts rfb`jgid`ts `ck fbs jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs. :󰂸󰂸 Puå s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (=11) Qrivfémirs9 G `b jicptf (=:1) Jbgfdts9 G id nghur`r`d fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú9

=󰂸󰂸 Fd qugd jicptf s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg gcp`h`mfs9 6󰂸󰂸 Puå j`bmrá rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt9 >󰂸󰂸 Puå j`bmrá rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (=1>) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r ` privfémirs9 G `b jicptf (=:8) Fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs ` rftird`r pfr jbgfdts9 Id nghur`r`d `qufsts jicptfs fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú9

8󰂸󰂸 Fd fb mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs, sg fb bbgur`t di p`h` b` bbftr` `b sfu vfdjgcfdt, quå eùrá mf nfr fb k`dj9 G b‗fcprfs` quf mfsjicpt` b‗fnfjtf9

5󰂸󰂸 Fd qugds sukhrups j`bmrá rfhgstr`r bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdts g fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt quf fs hfdfrfd jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú9

7󰂸󰂸

Puå j`bmrá rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs9 G `b jicptf (==1) Mfutirs9 G id nghur`r`d fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú9

01󰂸󰂸 Pugds jidjfptfs j`bmrá rfhgstr`r fd fb sukhrup => Qfrsid`b9 G fd fbs jicptfs quf fb nircfd9 00󰂸󰂸 Puå `jidsfhufgxfd bfs fcprfsfs ` tr`vçs mfbs `dicfd`ts òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú9 0;󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` fbs jicptfs quf gdtfrvfdfd fd fb prijçs m‗òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú g fb sfu jidtgdhut. 0:󰂸󰂸 J`bmrá rf`bgtz`r òustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú pfr bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf, jirrfspidfdt ` ud fxfrjgjg, fs p`hugd i fs jikrgd fd fb sfhòfdt9 [ìd` b` tfv` rfspist`.

0=󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` bfs mufs `btfrd`tgvfs quf infrfgx fb QHJ pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs.

.? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr gcpirt mf 5111 5 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% ` b` n`jtur`. @ cçs, s‗gdjbiufd ` b` n`jtur` udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt pfr ud gcpirt mf 011 . ;. Fd jicpriv`r bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs, iksfrv` quf ud bit v`bir`t fd 0 111 111  fs trik` fd c`b fst`t g prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` mfvibujgú. :. Q`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt 0 cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. =. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 7 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d fd uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd 611 . 6. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0;1  g fs p`hufd fd fnfjtgu. >. Fbs fdv`sis `dtfrgirs súd rftird`ts rftird`ts pfb jbgfdt mgds mfb tfrcgdg jidvgdhut. 8. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg ` :1 mgfs, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt jbgfdt mfb pudt = pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. 5. bbftr` mf j`dvg `dtfrgir `b k`dj, quf jikr` ud 6% m‗gdtfrås `du`b g ud 1,=% mf jicgssgids. 7. Dfhijg` @rrgk`t fbb`vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt. 01. [fp ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 611  cçs G^@ fd jicptf m‗`jicptf m‗ `jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs.

00. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs `b jbgfdt jbgfdt `dtfrgir pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf =111 = 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;%.

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

018

0;. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. 0:. B` trfk`bb`mir` Fstfb Ics ^`bbs, ^`bbs, `mcgdgstr`tgv` mf b‗fcprfs`, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud` kfstrft` mf :11  fb mg` ;6 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U1. B‗fcprfs` bg bbgur` ud xfj k`dj`rg pfr b‗gcpirt mf b‗`v`dè`cfdt sib󰂸bgjgt`t. 0=. B` dûcgd` cfrgt`m` cfrgt`m` mur`dt fb cfs m‗ijtukrf prfsfdt` fb mft`bb sfhòfdt? ‚ ]it`b cfrgt`t cfrgt`t?? 0 ;11 . ‚ Bãqug Bãqugm m mf tit`bs mfb rfkut mf bgqugm`jg bgqugm`jgú ú mf jitgtz`jgids? jitgtz`jgids? 6;0,61 6;0,61 . ‚ ]it`b `pirt`jgids ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfbs trfk`bb`mirs? 55,71 . ‚ [ftf ftfdjg djgids ids pfr pfr G[QN? G[QN? 0;1 . Fs rfjupfr` b` kfstrft` g b` rfst` fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 06. 0>. 08. 08.

Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf `ck b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mfb cfs m‗ijtukrf. B‗0 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U1 s`tgsná pfr k`dj 6111  pfr ud` j`cp`dy` mf pukbgjgt`t quf mur`rá ud `dy `dy.. Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` prijfmfgx ` rfhub`rgtz`r `qufstfs mfspfsfs. B‗0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, pfrjfp pfr k`dj :111 : 111  pfb bbihufr m‗udfs ingjgdfs mf b` sfv` s fv` pripgft`t. Fb jikr`cfdt jirrfspid `b trgcfstrf quf `kr`è` fbs cfsis mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1 g mf hfdfr hfd fr g nfkrfr mf ;1U0. [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. 07. [f`bgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt b‗`ssfdt`cfd t quf eùrá mf nfr b‗fcprfs` `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fd rfb`jgú `ck b‗ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir.

;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` BFI^GJ, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf 6 111 , `ck ud` n`jtur` quf gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% g uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd :11 . ;. Fbs fdv`sis `dtfrgirs súd rftird`ts `b privfémir mgds mfbs tfrcgdgs fst`kbfrts. :. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb privfémir mfb pudt dÿcfri 0 cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. B‗fcprfs` tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m` fb mg` 0 mf hfdfr mf b‗`dy ;1U1 ud` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr ` pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs mf jbgfdts, fstgc`m` mf nirc` hbik`b g jicpt`kgbgtz`m` ` ngd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 111 . 6. Fs primufgx b` gdsibvådjg` mfngdgtgv` m‗ud jbgfdt quf mfu ` b‗fcprfs` 0611  g quf e`vg` fst`t qu`bgngj`t mf muktús jikr`cfdt. >. @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U0, s‗fstgc` ud rgsj hbik`b m‗gdjikr`ts v`bir`t fd 0 511 . 8. Qfbs sfrvfgs m‗`ssfssir`cfdt prfst`ts, ud `mvij`t prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` n`jtur` ` b‗fcprfs` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;;1 . [ftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%. 5. Q`h` pfr k`dj fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir. 7. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0;111 0; 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% g s‗eg j`rrfhufd udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt quf fs rfpfrjutfgxfd `b jbgfdt pfr ud gcpirt mf =11 . 01. Hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg, quf çs `jjfpt`m`, `b jbgfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir pfr b‗gcpirt mfb sfu mfutf. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` :1 mgfs. 00. Fdvg` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg `dtfrgir `b k`dj pfr t`b t`b quf fd hfstgidg fb jikr`cfdt. 0;. @rrgk`t fb vfdjgcfdt, b` bbftr` çs `tfs` pfb jbgfdt. Fb k`dj gdhrfss` fb bãqugm mf b` bbftr` jikr`m` `b jicptf jirrfdt mf b‗fcprfs`, jikr`dt ud 1,=% mf jicgssgú pfr b` hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt. 0:. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf > 611 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% ` b` n`jtur`. 0=. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` n`jtur`mfs pfb tr`dspirtgst` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 011 011 . 06. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb tr`dspirtgst` tr`dspirtgst` mfb pudt `dtfrgir fd fnfjtgu. 0>. Jikr` fb mfutf mfb pudt 0: cgto`dè`dt ud xfj k`dj`rg. Qfr Qfr `v`dè`r fb p`h`cfdt, jidjfmfgx jidjfmfgx `b jbgfdt ud mfsjicptf mf ;11 . 08. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf =11  cçs G^@ fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts nuturs. 05. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 6>11  `b privfémir `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud u d mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;%.

07. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb pudt `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg.

015

J`s ngd`b

8

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸

B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` `b sfu K`b`dè, ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, fbs sfhòfdts jicptfs g s`bmis? ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? 0;1 111 < Jidstrujjgids, ;;1 111 < C`qugdárg`? >1 111 111 < Cikgbg`rg? 6111 < Jbgfdts? 01 111 < @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs? 6111 < @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids? 0111 < Cfrj`mfrgfs? Cfrj`mfrgfs? 5 111 < K`dj j/j? 011 111 < [fsfrv` bfh`b? bfh `b? =1 111 < Qrivfémirs? ;1 111 < Qrivfémirs, FJQ? 6111 < @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts? 01 111 < J`pgt`b sijg`b? ` mftfrcgd`r mftfrcgd`r.. Mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U0, rf`bgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids (G^ (G^@ @ mfb ;0%)? 0. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ;1 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% ` b` n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d fd uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd =111 = 111 . Z‗eg `pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. ;. Fb tr`dspirtgst` prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` mf ;11  pfb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Fs p`h` pfr k`dj. :. Q`h` b` bbftr` mf j`dvg pfdmfdt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. =. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 05 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗gdjbiu ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Z‗eg `pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 611 . 6. Mgds mfb tfrcgdg fst`kbfrt, fbs jbgfdts rftirdfd fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf ; 611 . >. Jikr` pfr k`dj fb mfutf mfb jbgfdt mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`. 8. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :1 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb =% ` b` n`jtur`. Fs jikrfd 01 111  pfr k`dj g b` rfst` qufm` pfdmfdt mf jikr`cfdt. 5. Fs hgr` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `b jbgfdt mf b‗ipfr`jgú b‗ ipfr`jgú `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Fb vfdjgcfdt çs ` :1 mgfs. 7. Dfhijg` fd ud k`dj bbftrfs mf j`dvg pfr v`bir mf ;1 111 . Fb k`dj jikr` fb ;% m‗gdtfrås g fb 1,0% mf jicgssgú. B` rfst` mf bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg `dtfrgirs fs hfstgidfd `b c`tfgx k`dj. 01. Q`h` `bs privfémirs mfb pudt = g mfb K`b`dè cgto`dè`dt xfj. Qfr `v`dè`r fb p`h`cfdt jidjfmfgxfd ` b‗fcprfs` ud mfsjicptf mf 611 . 00. @b vfdjgcfdt mf bfs bbftrfs mfb pudt 7, titfs bfs bbftrfs mfsjicpt`mfs súd `tfsfs pfbs jbgfdts, fxjfptf ud` pfr ud gcpirt mf :111 , quf rfsubt` gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj rftird` b` gcp`h`m`, jikr`dt 061  mf jicgssgids jicgssgids.. Bfs bbftrfs hfstgid`mfs rfsubtfd `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. Jicgssgú? 1,0%. 0;. Qfr b` pukbgjgt`t rf`bgtz`m` mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, b‗fcprfs` mfu :>:1  (G^@ gdjbûs). 0:. B` bbftr` gcp`h`m` çs jidsgmfr`m` mf muktús jikr`cfdt g b‗fcprfs` mit` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`. 0=. [fp ud xfj mf :1 111  mfb jbgfdt mfb pudt 0 pfr s`bm`r fb sfu mfutf. mfu tf. B` mgnfrådjg` jirrfspid ` ud `v`dè`cfdt ` jicptf mf nuturfs vfdmfs (G^@ gdjbûs). gdjbûs). 06. Fb jbgfdt mfb pudt 0: jicudgj` quf fs jidsgmfrg fb mfutf jic jic ` mfngdgtgv`cfdt gdjikr`kbf. 0>. Qrfsfdt` n`jtur` pfr v`bir mf :111  pfr uds sfrvfgs prfst`ts mf c`dfr` fvfdtu`b. Fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt m‗`qufsts sfrvfgs fs rf`bgtz`rá mur`dt fbs cfsis mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0 g mf hfdfr g nfkrfr mf ;1U;. 08. B` dûcgd` gdjbiu fbs jidjfptfs jidjfptfs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Zius kruts? Zius kruts? ;6 111 . Zfhurft`t Zfhurf t`t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? 7 10;,6 10;,61 1 . Zfhurft`t Zfhurf t`t Zijg`b Zijg`b ` járrfj mfb trfk`bb`mir? trfk`bb`mir? 0 56;,1 56;,15 5 . [ftfd [f tfdjgi jgids ds G[QN? = ;11 .

Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. B` rfst` fs p`h` pfb j/j k`dj`rg. 05. Jicpt`kgbgtz` b` pfrgimgngj`jgú jicpt`kbf. 07. Bgqugm` b‗G^@. ;1. Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs mf cfrj`mfrgfs `sjfdmfgxfd ` 6111

.

[f`bgtz` fb bbgkrf Mg`rg g fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b mf OOQC, Z@.

017

Vdgt`t : - Jrfmgtirs g mfutirs pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs

Gmffs jbù

]rángj e`kgtu`b mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs

Mfutfs g jråmgts `ck sukcgdgstr`mir sukcgdgstr`mirss mf cfrj`mfrgfs, gdjbisis fbs nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts Gcpirt mfbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú Bbgur`cfdts fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cf sukcgdgstr`cfdts dts nuturs

@btrfs sfrvfgs mf hfstgú

Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

J[FMG]I[Z G MFV]I[Z QF[ IQF[@JGIDZ JICF[JG@BZ

Mfutfs g jråmgts `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf sfrvfgs, gdjbisis fbs nirc`bgtz`ts fd fnfjtfs mf hgr `jjfpt`ts

Mfsjicptf m‗fnfjtfs

Jidsgstfgx fd prfsfdt`r b` bbftr` `b k`dj `ck b` ngd`bgt`t mf rfkrf‗d b‗gcpirt `k`ds mf b` sfv` m`t` mf vfdjgcfdt

Hfstgú mf jikr`cfdt

Jidsgstfgx fd prfsfdt`r b` bbftr` `b k`dj pfr t`b quf sf d‗fdj`rrfhug mfb jikr`cfdt fd b` m`t` mfb sfu vfdjgcfdt

Fs rf`bgtz` `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg g fs tr`jt` m‗òust`r bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis quf, jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd ud fxfrjgjg, jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt i `bs sfhòfdts

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú

Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs? rfjubb bfs mfspfsfs jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs fd b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt Jicptfs quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs? jbgfdts g mfutirs mf muktús jikr`cfdt

Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts? rfjubb fbs gdhrfssis jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt

@bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg g sfcprf quf fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs, citgv`ts pfr b` gdsibvådjg` mfb mfutir, sikrf fb jikr`cfdt m‗`qufsts mrfts, b` sfv` m`t` mf jikr`cfdt i b` rfmujjgú mf b‗gcpirt ` jikr`r

@btfrd`tgvfs pfrcfsfs pfb QHJ

Fstgc`jgú hbik`b mfb rgsj m‗gdjikr`ts fxgstfdts fd fbs s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg Fstgc`jgú gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m` gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m` mfb rgsj m‗gdjikr`ts cgto`dè`dt fb sfhugcfdt mf

s`bmis mf jbgfdts g mfutirs mur`dt b fxfrjgjg

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B‗gccikgbgtz`t ZVC@[G 󰁤

Gdtrimujjgú

󰁤

Jb`ssgngj`jgú Jb`ssgngj`j gú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

󰁤

B‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

󰁤

Bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Mgnfrfdjg`r ud` mfspfs` m‗ud` gdvfrsgú. ¸¸ Jidågxfr fbs prgdjgp`bs jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r bfs mgnfrfdts nircfs m‗`mqugsgjgú g `bgfd`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. ¸¸ Fdtfdmrf fb jidjfptf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. ¸¸ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r jirrfjt`cfdt bfs pårmufs mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. ¸¸ Fdtfdmrf g `pbgj`r jirrfjt`cfdt bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú rfb`tgvfs rfb`tgv fs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. ¸¸ [fhgstr`r qu`bsfvib ipfr`jgú rfb`tgv` ` ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b.

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

000

0 44 Gdtrimujjgú ]itfs bfs fcprfsfs dfjfssgtfd privfgr-sf m‗ud` sårgf mf kçds g mrfts quf eg ric`dhugd mf nirc` gdmfngdgm` pfr mur ` tfrcf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. Qfr fxfcpbf, ud` fcprfs` mfmgj`m` ` b‗`ssfssirg` jicpt`kbf g ngsj`b dfjfssgt`rá fxfcpbf, ud bij`b id fxfrjgr b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t, cikgbg`rg m‗ingjgd`, irmgd`mirs, `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs pfr prfst`r fbs sfus sfrvfgs, ftj. B‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`qufsts fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs quf nirc`r`d p`rt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t m‗ud` fcprfs` fs mfdicgd` gdvfrsgú. Vd` gdvfrsgú supis` ud` sirtgm` mf mgdfrs mf trfsirfrg` i ud ùhcfdt mf bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt, pfr `mqugrgr kçds i mrfts mur`mirs, quf nirc`r`d p`rt mf b` gdnr`fstrujtur` mf b‗fcprfs` mur`dt mgvfrsis fxfrjgjgs fjidûcgjs, `ck b‗ikofjtgu m‗iktfdgr ud kfdfngjg mftfrcgd`t jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b` sfv` utgbgtz`jgú. Di efc mf jidnidmrf ud` gdvfrsgú `ck ud` mfspfs` pfrquå, fdj`r`

quf tits mis jidjfptfs supisgd ud` sirtgm` mf mgdfrs mf trfsirfrg` i ud ùhcfdt mf bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt mf b‗fcprfs`, qu`d fs rf`bgtz` ud` gdvfrsgú ùhcfdt` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mf b‗fcprfs` b ‗fcprfs` g qu`d fs primufgx ud` mfspfs` s‗`mqugrfgxfd kçds i fs jidsucfgxfd sfrvfgs pfr `b mfsfdvibup`cfdt quitgmgá mf b‗`jtgvgt`t fcprfs`rg`b quf di s‗`rrgkfd ` gdjirpir`r `b p`trgcidg.

B‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bfs fcprfsfs Fb quf pfrcft jb`ssgngj`r ud fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b jic ` gccikgbgtz`t di çs b‗fbfcfdt fd sg sgdú b` nudjgú quf jicpbfgx mgds mf b‗fcprfs`.

Qfr fxfcpbf, sg b‗`ssfssirg` `mqugrfgx ud diu irmgd`mir, `qufst irmgd`mir nirc`rá p`rt mf b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mf b‗fcprfs`, çs ` mgr, b‗fcprfs` eùrá rf`bgtz`t ud` gdvfrsgú. ]it g `gxû, qu`d jidsucfgx bbuc, di s‗gdjrfcfdt`rá b‗@jtgu mf b‗fcprfs`, sgdú quf sgcpbfcfdt fs hfdfr`rá ud` mfspfs` pfr b` utgbgtz`jgú m‗ud sfrvfg dfjfss`rg pfr `b mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. ]its `qufsts fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs quf rfprfsfdtfd gdvfrsgids pfr ` bfs fcprfsfs nirc`r`d p`rt mf b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb p`trgcidg mf b‗fcprfs`. Fb QHJ mfngdfgx fb hrup ; @jtgu di jirrfdt jirrfdt jic fb quf jicpråd fbs `jtgus mfstgd`ts ` sfrvgr mf nirc` mur`mir` fd bfs `jtgvgt`ts mf b‗fcprfs`, b ‗fcprfs`, gdjbisfs bfs gdvfrsgids ngd`djfrfs `ck ud vfdjgcfdt, `bgfd`jgú i rf`bgtz`jgú quf s‗fspfr` quf s‗eùrá mf primugr fd ud tfrcgdg supfrgir ` ud `dy. B` j`r`jtfrãstgj` nid`cfdt`b m‗`qufst tgpus m‗fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs çs b` pfrc`dådjg` ` b‗fcprfs`, çs ` mgr, tfdgr ud jgjbf mf vgm` supfrgir ` ud fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr ud` fcprfs` supisfd ud` mfspfs` i ud` gdvfrsgú, rìd`dt bfs rfspistfs? `) mf ; gcprfssirfs pfrsupis` ud gcpirt mf =11 mf . ;11 . k) @mqugsgjgú [fp`r`jgú m‗ud` cáqugd` quf fb p`h`cfdt j) Jicpr` m‗ud vfegjbf v`bir`t fd 05 111 .

m) Jidsuc mf tfbånid mfb cfs mf c`rè, quf `sjfdmfgx ` >1 .

00;

; 44 Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t Jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs Qfr rfjibbgr jicpt`kbfcfdt bfs v`rg`jgids p`trgcidg`bs quf fs primufgxfd fd fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b quf pfrt`dyfd ` ud` fcprfs`, j`bmrá utgbgtz`r fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs. Fd fb j`s mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, s‗utgbgtz`rá fb sukhrup ;; Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs.

Jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf Qfr rfjibbgr jicpt`kbfcfdt bfs v`rg`jgids p`trgcidg`bs quf fs primufgxfd fd fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf quf pfrt`dyfd ` ud` fcprfs`, s‗eùr`d m‗utgbgtz`r fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;1 Gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs.

Fxgstfgxfd mgnfrfdts kçds g mrfts quf pimfd nirc`r p`rt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t m‗ud` fcprfs` g, jic efc jicfdt`t `ck `dtfrgirgt`t, b` j`r`jtfrãstgj` jicud` mf tits çs b` sfv` pfrc`dådjg` ` b‗fcprfs` cçs fdbbá m‗ud fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, jidtrgkugdt m‗`qufst` c`dfr` ` b` sfv` nudjgú jicfrjg`b, gdmustrg`b i mf prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs, pfr b` qu`b jis` çs jidvfdgfdt rf`bgtz`rdf ud` jb`ssgngj`jgú. B‗gccikgbgtz`t fs jb`ssgngj` fd? ‚ Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? fst`rg` nirc`t pfbs fbfcfdts t`dhgkbfs mf b‗@jtgu,

mf d`tur`bfs` mur`mir`, rfprfsfdt`ts kásgj`cfdt pfr kçds cikbfs g gccikbfs, quf p`rtgjgpfd fd b‗`jtgvgt`t mf b‗fcprfs`. @gxã, pfr pis`r-df ud fxfcpbf, fd ud` `ssfssirg` jicpt`kbf g ngsj`b, t`dt fb bij`b jic fb cikgbg`rg g fbs irmgd`mirs, ` cçs mf p`rtgjgp`r fd b‗`jtgvgt`t mf b‗fcprfs` mf c`dfr` mur`mir`, súd t`dhgkbfs g nirc`r`d p`rt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b jirrfspidfdt. ‚ Gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf? súd `jtgus di cidft`rgs sfdsf `p`rfdè` nãsgj` susjfptgkbfs mf v`bir`jgú fjidûcgj`. Zfhugdt `ck b‗fxfcpbf mf b‗`ssfsb ‗`ssfssirg` jicpt`kbf g ngsj`b, bfs `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs fs c`dtgdmr`d ` b‗fcprfs` mf c`dfr` mur`mir` g, fdj`r` quf nãsgj`cfdt di eg sghugd, sfr`d dfjfssárgfs pfr pimfr mfsfdvibup`r b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. ‚ Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs? súd gccikbfs (g, pfr t`dt, @jtgus di jirrfdts) quf fs pissffgxfd `ck b` ngd`bgt`t m‗iktfdgr rfdmfs g/i pbusvábufs. Di fs jidsgmfr`rgfd gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs fbs kçds quf fs pissffgxfd pfr `b sfu ÿs fd b` primujjgú mf kçds i sfrvfgs, i pfr ` ngd`bgt`ts `mcgdgstr`tgvfs (ingjgdfs mf b‗fcprfs`). ]`cpij fbs kçds mfstgd`ts ` sfr vfduts fd fb tr`dsjurs irmgd`rg mf bfs ipfr`jgids mf b‗fcprfs`. Fd `qufst` udgt`t, fstumg`rfc b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, cfdtrf quf pfr ` b` udgt`t sfhòfdt mfgx`rfc b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 Jb`ssgngj` fbs sfhòfdts fbfcfdts fd gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, gdt`dhgkbf i gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs? `) Vd jitxf quf sfrvfgx pfr `b tr`dspirt mfbs trfk`bb`mirs mgds mf b` nákrgj`. k) Fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj quf b‗fcprfs` utgbgtz` pfr rfhgstr`r bfs sfvfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kbfs. j) Vd c`h`tzfc kugt pfdmfdt mf bbih`r. m) B` gcprfssir` mfb mfp`rt`cfdt jicfrjg`b. f) Vd` p`tfdt pripgft`t mf b‗fcprfs`. n) Fb cikgbg`rg mf b‗ingjgd` mf b‗fcprfs`. h) Fb jitxf quf utgbgtz` fb jicfrjg`b mf b‗fcprfs`. e) B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt s`tgsnft pfb mrft mf bbih`r udfs ingjgdfs ` b‗`dtgj `rrfdm`t`rg. g) Bfs mfspfsfs fnfjtu`mfs pfr iktfdgr fb mrft m‗fxpbit`jgú m‗ud` ùtipgst` jidjfmgt pfr b` Hfdfr`bgt`t mf J`t`budy`. o) Fb bij`b fd quå b‗fcprfs` tç micgjgbg`m` b` sfu sijg`b.

l) Fb bij`b jidtghu quf fstá kugt, pfdmfdt mf sfr bbih`t.

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

00:

: 44 B‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Zfhids fb QHJ, fd fb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs ‒fbfcfdts mf b‗@jtgu t`dhgkbfs rfprfsfdt`ts pfr kçds, cikbfs i gccikbfs, fxjfptf fbs quf s‗e`hgd mf jb`ssgngj`r fd `btrfs sukhrups, fd p`rtgjub`r `b sukhrup ;; Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. Fbs jicptfs m‗`qufst sukhrup nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè–. @ b` sfv` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, fds infrfgx fb jidtgdhut g bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs cçs mfst`j`mfs mf bfs ipfr`jgids g fbs nfts fjidûcgjs quf fs rfprfsfdtfd fd `qufsts jicptfs. Zúd bfs sfhòfdts?

Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (;01) ]frrfdys ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? sib`rs mf d`tur`bfs` urk`d`, ngdqufs rÿstgqufs, `btrfs tfrrfdys di urk`ds, cgdfs g pfmrfrfs. (;00) Jidstrujjgids? fmgngj`jgids fd hfdfr`b, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` mfstgd`jgú mgds mf b‗`jtgvgt`t primujtgv` mf b‗fcprfs`. (;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgids tåjdgqufs? udgt`ts jicpbfxfs m‗ÿs fspfjg`bgtz`t fd fb prijçs primujtgu, quf jicprfdfd fmgngj`jgids, c`qugdárg`, c`tfrg`b, pfjfs i fbfcfdts, gdjbisis fbs sgstfcfs gdnircátgjs quf, tit g sfr rfp`r`kbfs pfr d`tur`bfs`, fst`d

bbgh`ts mf nirc` mfngdgtgv` pfr `b sfu nudjgid`cfdt g sitcfsis `b c`tfgx rgtcf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú< `gxã c`tfgx, s‗eg gdjbiur`d fbs rfj`dvgs vábgms fxjbusgv`cfdt pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgids. (;0:) C`qugdárg`? jidoudt mf cáqugdfs i kçds m‗fqugp `ck quå fs rf`bgtz` b‗fxtr`jjgú i b‗fb`kir`jgú mfbs primujtfs. Fd `qufst jicptf nghur`r`d tits fbs fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt gdtfrd quf fs mfstgdgd `b tr`sbb`t mf pfrsid`b, `dgc`bs, c`tfrg`bs g cfrj`mfrgfs mgds mf n`jtirgfs, t`bbfrs, ftj., sfdsf sirtgr ` b‗fxtfrgir. (;0=) Vtgbb`thf? jidoudt m‗utfdsgbgs i fgdfs quf fs pimfd utgbgtz`r ùticátgj`cfdt i jidoudt`cfdt `ck b` c`qugdárg`, gdjbifdt-eg fbs citbbfs g bfs pb`dtgbbfs. B` rfhub`rgtz`jg rfhub`rgtz`jgúú `du`b (pfr rfjicptf nãsgj) ` b` qu`b fs rfnfrfgxf rfnfrfgxfdd bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú fxghgrá b‗`kid`cfdt m‗`qufst jicptf, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (>67) @btrfs pårmufs fd hfstgú jirrfdt. (;06) @btrfs gdst`b󰂸b`jgids? jidoudt m‗fbfcfdts bbgh`ts mf nirc` mfngdgtgv` pfr `b sfu nudjgid`cfdt, mgnfrfdts mfbs gdmgj`ts `b jicptf (;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgids tåjdgqufs< `gxã c`tfgx, gdjbiurá fbs rfj`dvgs `ck ud` v`bgmfs` fxjbusgv` pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgids. (;0>) Cikgbg`rg? cikgbg`rg, c`tfrg`b g fqugps m‗ingjgd`, `ck fxjfpjgú mfbs quf e`d mf nghur`r `b jicptf (;08) Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú. (;08) Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú? irmgd`mirs g `btrfs fqugps fbfjtrûdgjs. (;05) Fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt? vfegjbfs mf titfs jb`ssfs utgbgtz`kbfs pfr `b tr`dspirt tfrrfstrf, c`rãtgc i `frg mf pfrsidfs, `dgc`bs i cfrj`mfrgfs, fxjfptf fbs quf s‗e`hgd mf rfhgstr`r `b jicptf (;0:) C`qugdárg`. (;07) @btrf gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? qu`bsfvib `btr` gccikgbgtz`jgú c`tfrg`b di gdjbis` fd b` rfst` mf jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs. Z‗gdjbiur`d fd `qufst jicptf fbs fdv`sis g fck`b`thfs quf, pfr bfs sfvfs j`r`j-

tfrãstgqufs, s‗e`hgd mf jidsgmfr`r jic ` gccikgbgtz`t g fbs rfj`dvgs pfr ` gccikgbgtz`t `ck ud jgjbf m‗fcc`h`tzfc`thf supfrgir ` ud `dy.

00=

:.0 4 ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Qfr v`bir`r b‗`mqugsgjgú i b` primujjgú m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` jicpt`kbf, sf sfhugr`d fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` mfb QHJ . @qufst` dirc`, `b sfu `p`rt`t 0. ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b, mgu quf fbs kçds jicprfsis ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs v`bir`r`d pfb sfu jist, o` sghug fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i fb jist mf primujjgú.

Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú Gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir (∛)

Pu`b Pu `bsf sfvi vibb mfs mfsji jicp cptf tf i rfk rfk`g `gx` x` fd fb pr prfu fu..

(+)

Mfspfsfs `mmgjgid`bs g mgrfjt`cfdt rfb`jgid`mfs quf fs primufgxgd ngds ` b` sfv` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt (mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt, `ssfhur`djfs, gdst`b󰂸b`jgids, cudt`thf g `btrfs mf sgcgb`rs).

(+)

Gcpistis gdmgrfjtfs qu`d di sghugd rfjupfr`kbfs mgrfjt`cfdt mf b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` (jic b‗G^@ supirt`t di mfmuékbf). mfmuékbf).

(+)

Fstgc`jgú gdgjg`b mfb v`bir `jtu`b mf bfs ikbgh`jgids `ssucgmfs mfrgv`mfs mfb mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt i b` rftgr`m`, g `btrfs m‗`ssijg`mfs ` b‗fscfdt`t @jtgu, jic `r` fbs jistis mf rfe`kgbgt`jgú mfb bbij sikrf fb qu`b s‗`ssfdt`.

(+)

Mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs quf s‗e`hgd cfrgt`t `k`ds mf b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt (fd fbs gccikgbgtz`ts quf dfjfssgtgd ud pfrãimf mf tfcps supfrgir ` ud `dy pfr fst`r fd jidmgjgids m‗ÿs).

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, jicpr` ud` cáqugd` mf 01 111  `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Fb tr`dspirt g b‗`ssfhur`dè` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11  g 061 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt, cfdtrf quf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú súd mf :11 . Gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir ∛

( ) (+)

Mfsjicptfs fd n`jtur` (6 (6% s/ s/ 01 01 111,11) Mfspfsfs ngds ` b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt? tr`dspirt + `ssfhur`dè` + gdst`b󰂸b`jgú 3 ;11,11 + 061,11 + :11,11 3 >61,11 

(3)

]it`b prfu `mqugsgjgú

01 111,11  ∛



611,11 >61,11 

01 061,11 ₢

B‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, jicpr` ud` cáqugd` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú jirrfspidfdts `sjfdmfgxfd ` :61 . @b ffd`b mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb, s‗fstgc` quf fbs jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfd mfsc`dtfbb`cfdtt `sjfdmgr`d ` ; 111 . Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu ` tfdgr fd jicptf çs mfb 6% g b` vgm` ÿtgb mf b` cáqugd` s‗fstgc` fd 01 `dys. Gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir (∛)

Mfspfsfs ngds ` b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt? (gdst`b󰂸b`jgú) 3 :61,11

(+)

^ `bir `jtu`b jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt? ”01 ^`bir `jtu`b?mfbs 3 ; 111,11 󰂸 (0 + 1,16) 3 0 ;;8,5: 

0; 111,11  :61,11  0 ;;8,5: 

(3)

]it`b prfu `mqugsgjgú

0: 688,5: ₢

006

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Jistis mf primujjgú Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf bfs c`tårgfs prgcfrfs g `btrfs c`tårgfs jidsucgkbfs (+)

Jistis mgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs ` `qufsts kçds.

(+)

Q`rt, quf rìd`kbfcfdt jirrfspidhug, mfbs jistis gdmgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs `bs kçds mf quå fs tr`jtg (fd b` cfsur` fd quå `qufsts jistis jirrfspidhu jirrfspidhugd gd `b pfrãimf mf n`krgj`jgú i jidstrujjgú g quf sghugd dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` pis`m` mf b‗`jtgu fd jidmgjgids ipfr`tgvfs).

(+)

Fstgc`jgú gdgjg`b mfb v`bir `jtu`b mf bfs ikbgh`jgids `ssucgmfs mfrgv`mfs mfb mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt i b` rftgr`m`, g `btrfs m‗`ssijg`mfs ` b‗fscfdt`t `jtgu, jic `r` fbs jistis mf rfe`kgbgt`jgú mfb bbij sikrf fb qu`b s‗`ssfdt`.

(+)

Mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs quf s‗e`hgd cfrgt`t `k`ds mf b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (fd fbs gccikgbgtz`ts quf dfjfssgtgd ud pfrãimf mf tfcps supfrgir ` ud `dy pfr fst`r fd jidmgjgids m‗ÿs).

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mfb jist mf primujjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, e` rf`bgtz`t, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds g c`tfrg`bs, b` jidstrujjgú m‗udfs iffjgdfs. Bfs ikrfs fs v`d jicfdè`r `b hfdfr mf ;1U0, e`d mur`t mfu cfsis g, ` p`rtgr m‗`qufst mg`, bfs iffjgdfs e`d fst`t fd jidmgjgids m‗ÿs. B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf mf b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF sikrf bfs mfspfsfs quf s‗e`d ij`sgid`t pfr b` jidstrujjgú mf bfs iffjgdfs çs b` sfhòfdt? ‚ C`tfrg C`tfrg`bs `bs?? :; 111 . ‚ Zi Zius us?? =5 11 1111 , mfbs qu`bs ud tit`b mf :5 111  jirrfspidfd ` cá m‗ikr` mgrfjt` g b` rfst`, ` cá m‗ikr` gdmgrfjt`. ‚ Zukcg Zukcgdgstr dgstr`cfd `cfdts? ts? > 111 , mfbs qu`bs fbs jistis mgrfjtfs `sjfdmfgxfd ` = 511  g b` rfst` ` jistis gdmgrfjtfs. ‚ @btrf @btrfss mfspfsfs mfspfsfs mf hfstgú? hfstgú? 7 111 , mfbs qu`bs 5 111  fs jidsgmfrfd jistis mgrfjtfs g b` rfst` s‗gcputfd ` `mcgdgstr`jgú. Pu`trf cfsis `k`ds mf jidjbiurf bfs ikrfs, b‗fcprfs` v` sib󰂸bgjgt`r ud prçstfj `b K`dj Vrhfbb pfr ffd`dè`r-bfs, pfr v`bir mf 61 111 111 , ` ud gdtfrås mfb >% `du`b, quf eùrá mf rftird`r m‗`quã ` mis `dys. Fbs p`h`cfdts m‗gdtfrfssis s‗eùr`d mf rf`bgtz`r `du`bcfdt. Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mfbs c`tfrg`bs

:; 111,11 

(+)

Jistis mgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs? cá m‗ikr` mgrfjt` + sukcgdgstr`cfdts + `btrfs mfspfsfs mf hfstgú Jistis mgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs 3 :5 111,11 + = 511,11 + 5 111,11 3 61 511,11 

61 511,11 

(+)

Jistis gdmgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs? cá m‗ikr` gdmgrfjt` + sukcgdgstr`cfdts Jistis gdmgrfjt`cfdt gcput`kbfs 3 01 111,11 + 0 ;11,11 3 00 ;11,11 

00 ;11,11 

(3)

]it`b prfu `mqugsgjgú

7= 111,11 ₢

Bfs ffd`djfrfs di s‗gdjirpirfd `b jist primujjgú o` c`tfrg`b quf, fdj`r` quf ud` p`rt s‗e`d cfrgt`t`bgå `k`ds mf b`mfspfsfs pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt mfmf b‗gccikgbgtz`t g jirrfspidfd ` ffd`dè`cfdt mgrfjt`cfdt `trgkuékbf ` b` sfv` jidstrujjgú, `qufst gccikgbgtz`t dfjfssgt` ud tfrcgdg mf tfcps gdnfrgir ` ud

`dy pfr fst`r fd jidmgjgids m‗ÿs.

00>

:.; 4 @mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Qfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, efc mf jidågxfr bfs mgnfrfdts nircfs mf p`h`cfdt fxgstfdts. Zfhids b` nirc` mf p`h`cfdt quf `jirmgd jicpr`mir g vfdfmir, b` jicpr` m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs pit rf`bgtz`r mf bfs c`dfrfs sfhòfdts?

Núrcubfs mf p`h`cfdt

Jidsgstfgx fd...

Jicptfs quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg

Pu`d fb p`h`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t fs n` fd fb cicfdt mfb bbgur`cfdt< çs ` mgr, b` gdvfrsgú g fb p`h`cfdt fs primufgxfd fd fb c`tfgx cicfdt.

‚ (681 (681)) J`gx J`gx`, `, . ‚ (68 (68;) ;) K`d K`djs js j/j j/j..

@ck p`h`cfdt òird`t

Pu`d fb jicpr`mir g fb vfdfmir p`jtfd fb p`h`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t `ck pistfrgirgt`t `b bbgur`cfdt mfb kç. B` rfcgssgú mfb p`h`cfdt pit sfr ` jurt i ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

‚ (6;:) Qri Qrivfém vfémirs irs m‗gcci m‗gccikgkgbgtz`t ` jurt tfrcgdg. ‚ (08:) Qri Qrivfém vfémirs irs m‗gcci m‗gccikgkgbgtz`t ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

@ck p`h`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftr` mf j`dvg

Fb p`h`cfdt çs òird`t, pfrû fd `qufst j`s qufm` mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt ud` i mgvfrsfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg.

‚ (6;6) Fnfj Fnfjtfs tfs ` p`h` p`h`rr ` jurt jurt tfrcgdg. ‚ (086) Fnfjt Fnfjtfs fs ` p`h`r ` bb`rh bb`rh tfrcgdg.

B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` gdmgj` quf fbs mfutfs pfr jicpr` m‗gccikgbgtz`t fs v`bir`r`d m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs. Fbs jicptfs (6;:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` j/t (6;6) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` j/t nghur`r`d `b Q`ssgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè. Fbs jicptfs (08:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bb/t g (086) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` bb/t nghur`r`d `b Q`ssgu di jirrfdt. Fxgstfgx ud` qu`rt` nirc` mf p`h`cfdt, jidfhum` jic ` p`h`cfdt `dtgjgp`t, quf jidsgstfgx fd p`h`r ud` p`rt mf b‗gcpirt `k`ds mfb bbgur`cfdt mf b‗fbfcfdt. Fd `qufst j`s, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf fd `qufst cicfdt di fs pit mid`r m‗`bt` fd jicpt`kgbgt`t fb kç quf fs prftçd `mqugrgr, o` quf b‗fcprfs` fdj`r` di b‗e` rfkut, s‗utgbgtz`rá fb jicptf (;:7) @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgt gccikgbgtz`jgids z`jgids c`tfrg`bs. Fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t, ` b` sfv` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, fds gdmgj` fbs jicptfs quf j`bmrá utgbgtz`r pfr `b rfhgstrf mf b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. @qufsts jicptfs súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs pfr rfhgstr`r fb p`h`cfdt fd b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (6;:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` jurt tfrcgdg? mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf kçds mfngdgts `b hrup ; Gccikgbgtz`jgi Gccikgbgtz`jgids ds c`tfrg`bs `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy. (08:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bb`rh tfrcgdg? mfutfs `ck sukcgdgstr`mirs mf kçds mfngdgts `b hrup ; Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy. (6;6) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` jurt tfrcgdg? mfutfs jidtrfts pfr prçstfjs rfkuts g `btrfs måkgts `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy, gdstrucfdt`ts cgto`dè`dt fnfjtfs mf hgr, gdjbisis fbs quf tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd sukcgdgstr`cfdts mf kçds m‗gccikgbgtz`t. (086) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg? mfutfs jidtrfts pfr prçstfjs rfkuts g `btrfs måkgts `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir supfrgir ` ud `dy, gdstrucfdt`ts cgto`dè`dt fnfjtfs mf hgr, gdjbisis fbs quf tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd sukcgdgstr`cfdts mf kçds m‗gccikgbgtz`t.

(;:7) @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs? bbgur`cfdts ` privfémirs g `btrfs sukcgdgstr`mirs m‗fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, dirc`bcfdt fd fnfjtgu, fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts i mf trfk`bbs nuturs.

008

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Fxfcpbfs @mqugsgjgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Fs jicpr` ud` cáqugd` pfr ud gcpirt mf 06 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Fb tr`dspirt ffds ` b‗fcprfs` g b‗`ssfhur`dè` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;;1  g 081 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú `sjfdmfgxfd ` 611 . Z‗`jirm` `ck fb privfémir fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt m‗`quã ` > cfsis. G^@ mfb ;0%. Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú 3 06 111,11 ” 6% s/ 06 111,11 + ;;1,11 + 081,11 + 611,11 3 06 0=1,11 . x

06 0=1,11 : 087,=1

(;0:) C`qugdárg` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 06 0=1,11)

`

(6;:) Qrivfémirs Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` jurt tfrcgdg

05 :07,=1

x

Fbs bbgur`cfdts ` privfémirs sukcgdgstr`mirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b jicptf mfmf sukcgdgstr`cfdts i trfk`bbs nuturs súdg `btrfs nft gcpis`kbf mf b‗G^@.m‗fbfcfdts B‗G^@ fs cfrgt`rá fd fb cicfdt mfb` bbgur`cfdt b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Fd `qufst fxfcpbf, fd sfr ud `v`dè`cfdt ` jicptf mf nuturfs jicprfs, supirt`r`d G^@, quf s‗eùrá mf mfsjicpt`r qu`d fs rf`bgtzg b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗fbfcfdt m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g s‗`pbgqug b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Fs bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 111  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^ m‗G^@ @ ` ud` kitgh` m‗irmgd`mirs jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗uds fqugps gdnircátgjs? x

; 111,11

=;1,11

(;:7) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgidss c`tfrg`bs gccikgbgtz`jgid (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ; 111,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

; =;1,1 =;1,111

x

Pugdzf mgfs cçs t`rm, fs rfkfd fbs fqugps gdnircátgjs? 01 udgt`ts ` 511  udgt`t cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@. Qfr fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt, s‗`jjfpt` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` ; cfsis. x

5 111,11

(;08) Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú (01 uts. 󰂸 511,11 /uts.)

0 ;>1,11

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t \;0% s/ (5 111,11 ” ; 111,11)S

`

(;:7) @v`d @v`dè`cfdts è`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgt gcci kgbgtz`jg z`jgids ids c`tfrg c`tfrg`bs `bs (6;6) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` j/t

; 111,1 111,111 8 ;>1,11

x

005

Fs jicprfd fgdfs pfr :11 , quf s‗`kidfd fd fnfjtgu. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

:11,11 :11,11 >:,11

(;0=) Vtgbb`thf Vtgbb`thf (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ :11,11 )

`

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `, 

:>:,11

x

@ ffd`bs m‗`dy, fs n` fb rfjicptf nãsgj mf bfs fgdfs g d‗e`d mfs`p`rfhut `bhudfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;6

.



x

;6,11

(>67) @btrfs pårmufs fd hfstgú jirrfdt

`

(;0=) Vtgbb Vtgbb`thf `thf

;6,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs :󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr p`rt mf mgnfrfdts fcprfsfs (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗fcprfs` HICÁ G I[]FV, Z@, jicpr` ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` tåjdgj` pfr `b cudt`thf mfbs primujtfs pfr gcpirt mf :6 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt ngds ` b` nákrgj` g b‗`ssfhur`dè` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0 111  g :11 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú supis` pfr ` b‗fcprfs` ud jist mf 6 111 . Fs p`h`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf ; 111  j`m` ud` `ck ud vfdjgcfdt j`m` ; cfsis. ;. :. :. =. 6. >.

8. 5.

Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr fgdfs bbftr` ` mfs j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. B‗fcprfs` mfb pudt 0 jicpr` fgdf pfr v`bir mf >11 , quf p`h` fd fnfjtgu. @b ngd`b mf b‗`dy, b‗`dy, sf‗d n` fb rfjicptf nãsgj g s‗iksfrv` quf eg n`btfd fgdfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 81 . B‗fcprfs` D@^@, D@^@, Z@, `mqugrfgx ud irmgd`mir irm gd`mir pfr 0 611 , p`h`dt fd fnfjtgu fb :1% cçs b` tit`bgt`t mf b‗G^@. Mf b‗gcpirt pfdmfdt fd p`h`rá ud :1% fd > cfsis g b` b ` rfst` fd mis `dys. B‗fcprfs` @B@CFM@, Z@, bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111  cçs G^@ G^@ jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf c`qugdárg`. B‗fcprfs` `dtfrgir jicpr` b` cáqugd` pfr ` b` primujjgú mfbs sfus primujtfs pfr ud gcpirt mf :1 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt jirrfspidfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt 61 bbftrfs mf j`dvg mfb c`tfgx gcpirt, quf vfdjfd j`m` mis cfsis. Fs p`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir. B‗fcprfs` mfb pudt `dtfrgir jicpr` ud tfrrfdy pfr ud gcpirt mf ;1 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpb`d`jgú `sjfdmfgxfd ` ; 111 `sjfdmfgxfd 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis.

. Fb tr`dspirt jirrfspidfdt ngds ` b‗fcprfs` supis` 01. udfs B‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, jicpr` 0; 111 s‗fnfjtu` mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf cikgbg`rg ;11 . Fb pfr p`h`cfdt mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? fb tr`dspirt (cçs b‗G^@ b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt) pfr k`dj g pfr b` rfst` s‗`jjfptfd bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf =11  j`m` ud`, `ck vfdjgcfdt

cfdsu`b. cfdsu`b.

007

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

:.: 4 N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Fd b` n`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fds pimfc trik`r `ck mufs sgtu`jgids mgnfrfdts? ‚ Puf b‗fcprfs` jidstrufgxg b‗fbfcfdt `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds. ‚ Puf d‗fdj`rrfhug b` jidstrujjgú ` tfrjfrs.

Fbs kçds n`krgj`ts fs v`bir`r`d pfb jist mf primujjgú. N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t b‗ gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs`

Fd `qufst supûsgt, b‗fcprfs` jidstrufgx, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds g pfrsid`b, fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b quf cçs t`rm s‗gdjirpir`r`d ` b‗fstrujtur` m‗`qufst` fcprfs`. Bfs mfspfsfs rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg `ck citgu mf bfs ikrfs g fbs trfk`bbs quf b‗fcprfs` muu ` tfrcf pfr ` sg c`tfgx`, jic cá m‗ikr`, c`tfrg`bs, ftj. fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d mf nirc` irmgdárg` fd fbs jicptfs mfb hrup > quf jirrfspidhugd, fd nudjgú mf b` d`tur`bfs` mf b` mfspfs` g, pistfrgircfdt, s‗`jtgv`r`d `qufstfs mfspfsfs, o` sghug ` tr`vçs mf jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;: Gccikgbgtz`jgids Gccikgbgtz`j gids c`tfrg`bs fd jurs (`b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg g cfdtrf murg

îj`kub`rg @jtgv`jgú mf mfspfsfs? gdjirpir`jgú ` b‗@jtgu mf bfs mfspfsfs mf primujjgú prûpg` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b.

b` jidstrujjgú i b` n`krgj`jgú mf b‗fbfcfdt) i kç cgto`dè`dt jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz` Gccikgbgtz`jgids jgids c`tfrg`bs, sg b` jidstrujjgú i b` n`krgj`jgú mf b‗fbfcfdt e` ngd`bgtz`t. Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;: Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs fd jurs quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr rfhgstr`r bfs mfspfsfs gcput`mfs ` b‗fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t quf s‗fstá n`krgj`dt súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

(;:1) @m`pt`jgú mf tfrrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs. (;:0) Jidstrujjgids fd jurs. (;:;) Gdst`b¸b`jgids tåjdgqufs fd cudt`thf. (;::) C`qugdárg` fd cudt`thf. (;:8) Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú fd cudt`thf.

G fb QHJ fds fspfjgngj` quf s‗eg `dit`r`d fbs trfk`bbs m‗`m`pt`j m‗`m`pt`jgú, gú, jidstrujjgú i cudt`thf `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg rf`bgtz`ts `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt mfbs mgnfrfdts fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, gdjbisis fbs rf`bgtz`ts fd gccikbfs. Fbs jicptfs m‗`qufst sukhrup nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n GG Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. Jidvç `nfhgr-eg quf súd jicptfs ‒mf p`s–, o` quf b` mfstgd`jgú ngd`b mfbs sfus s`bmis sfr`d fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs qu`d b` jidstrujjgú i b` n`krgj`jgú mf b‗fbfcfdt e`hg ngd`bgtz`t. Fbs jicptfs m‗gdhrfssis quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr ` b‗`jtgv`jgú m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs súd fbs sfhòfdts?

]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗fcprfs`

(8:0) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? jidstrujjgú i `cpbg`jgú mfbs kçds g fbfcfdts jicprfsis fd fb

sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs. (8::) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fd jurs? trfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg g di `j`k`ts `b sfu t`dj`cfdt, gdjbisis fbs rf`bgtz`ts fd gccikbfs.

0;1

Fxfcpbfs N`krgj`jgú `ck cgto`ds pripgs m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, jicfdè` ` jidstrugr ud` cáqugd` `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds. Mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy, `dy, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` n`krgj`jgú? sius g s`b`rgs? 05 111 < c`tfrg`bs? ;1 111  g sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 6 111 . B‗G^@ çs mfb ;0%. @b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b` n`krgj`jgú mf b` cáqugd` fdj`r` di e` ffd`bgtz`t. Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg g pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

05 111,111 05111,1 ;1 111,11 6 111,1 111,111 6 ;61,11

(>=1) (>1;) (>;5) (=8;)

Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cf `privgsgid`cfdts dts Zukcgdgstr Zukcg dgstr`cfd `cfdts ts E.Q.. G^ E.Q G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;6111,11)

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js j/j

=5;61,111 =5;61,1

x

Fd ffd`bgtz`r b‗fxfrjgjg, pfr b` gdjirpir`jgú ` b‗`jtgu mf bfs mfspfsfs gdvfrtgmfs fd b` n`krgj`jgú mf b` cáqugd`? x

=:111,1 =: 111,111

(;::) C`qug C`qugdárg dárg`` fd cudt cudt`thf `thf `

(8::) ]rfk. ]rfk. rf`b. pfr ` b‗GC fd jurs

=: 111,11

(05111,11 + ;1 111,1 111,111 + 6 111,1 111,11) 1)

x

B‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt, QGJ@[OI, Z@, p`h` pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? 0= 111 < c`tfrg`bs? 0; 111  g sukcgdgstr`cfdts? : 111 , ffd`bgtz`dt b` sfv` n`krgj`jgú. G^@ mfb ;0%. Fd b‗fxfrjgjg g pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

0= 111,111 0=111,1 0; 111,11 : 111,1 111,111 : 061,11

(>=1) (>1;) (>;5) (=8;)

Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs Jicprfs m‗`btrfs `privgsgid`cf `privgsgid`cfdts dts Zukcgdgstr Zukcg dgstr`cfd `cfdts ts E.Q.. G^ E.Q G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 06111,11)

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js j/j

:;061,111 :;061,1

(;::) C`qugdárg` fd cudt`thf

=: 111,11

x

Fd ffd`bgtz`r b` n`krgj`jgú mf b` cáqugd`? x

8;111,1 8; 111,111

(;0:) C`qug C`qugdárg dárg`` `

(8:0) ]rfk. rf`b. pfr ` b‗GC

(0=111,11 + 0; 111,1 111,111 + : 111,1 111,11) 1)

;7111,11

x

0;0

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfr fcprfsfs `bgfdfs

Fd `qufsts j`sis, b‗gcpirt n`jtur`t pfr bfs ikrfs g fbs trfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg (jfrtgngj`jgids) pfr bfs fcprfsfs quf fst`d jidstrugdt b‗gccikgbgtz`t, fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá fd jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;: Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs fd jurs. Fd `j`k`r bfs ikrfs g trfk`bbs, fs tr`sbb`m`rá fb s`bmi m‗`qufsts jicptfs `bs quf jirrfspidhugd mfb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs, fd nudjgú mf b‗fbfcfdt jidstruét.

Fxfcpbfs N`krgj`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t pfr fcprfsfs `bgfdfs B‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@, Z@, gdgjg`rá b` jidstrujjgú m‗ud` nákrgj` fd ud tfrrfdy mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. Mur`dt fb prgcfr fxfrjgjg, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` prgcfr` jfrtgffj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr gcpirt mf ;6 111 , quf p`h` cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

;6 111,11 6 ;61,11

(;:0) Jidstrujjgid Jidstrujjgidss fd jurs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

(;0% s / ;6 111,11) 111,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:1 ;61,1 ;61,111

x

Bbgur` ud xfj mf 6 111 jidtr`jtgst`? jidtr`jtgst`?



cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@ ` jicptf m‗ud` sfhid` jfrtgffj`jgú m‗ikr` quf bg prfsfdt`rá fb x

6 111,11

0 161,11

(;:7) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgids c`tfrg`bs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 111,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

> 161,1 161,111

x

Fb jidtr`jtgst` prfsfdt` b` sfhid` jfrtgffj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr ud gcpirt mf 05 111 , quf p`h`rá cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

05 111,11 ; 8:1,11

(;:0) Jidstrujjgid Jidstrujjgidss fd jurs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t \;0% s/ (05 111,11 ” 6 111,11)S

`

(;:7) @v`d @v`dè`cfdts è`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgidss c`tfrg`bs gccikgbgtz`jgid (68;) K`djs K`djs j/j

6 111,11 06 8:1,1 8:1,111

x

0;;

Mur`dt fb sfhid fxfrjgjg, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` tfrjfr` g ÿbtgc` jfrtgffj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;1 111 , mid`dt pfr ffd`bgtz`mfs bfs ikrfs. Fs p`h`rá m‗`quã ` ; cfsis. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. x

;1 111,11 = ;11,11

(;:0) Jidstrujjgids fd jurs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

(;0% s/ ;1 111,11)

`

(6;:) Qriv Qriv.. gcc. ` j/t

;= ;11,11

(;:0) Jidst Jidstrujj rujjgids gids fd jurs

>: 111,1 111,111

x

>: 111,11

(;00) Jidstrujjgids `

(;6 111,11 + 05 111,11 + ;1 111,11)

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids. Bbfv`t quf s‗gdmgqug fb jidtr`rg, tits fbs p`h`cfdts fs rf`bgtz`r`d pfr k`dj (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗fcprfs` @ jicpr` ud tfrrfdy pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 , quf fs p`h`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. ;. Fdj`rrfh` ` ud` fcprfs` jidstrujtir` jidstrujtir` b` jidstrujjgú m‗ud bij`b pfr ` ingjgdfs. Fb jidtr`jtgst` jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` prgcfr` jfrtgngj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0> 111 . :. Q`ss`ts mis cfsis, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` sfhid` jfrtgngj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr ud gcpirt mf :1 111 . =. ]rfs cfsis cçs t`rm, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` tfrjfr` g ÿbtgc` jfrtgngj`jgú pfr ud gcpirt mf := 111 . 6. Vd cfs mfsprçs, fb jidtr`jtgst` jidtr`jtgst` bbgur` b‗ingjgd` `j`k`m`. >. B‗fcprfs` K jicfdè` ` jidstrugr, jidstrugr, `ck fbs sfus pripgs pr ipgs cgto`ds, ud` cáqugd`. Mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy, s`tgsná bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` n`krgj`jgú? sius? 0: 111 , c`tfrg`bs? 07 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? s ukcgdgstr`cfdts? = 111 . 8. Mur`dt fb sfhid fxfrjgjg, s`tgsná bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sius? 06 111 , c`tfrg`bs? ;0 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? > 111 . 5. @ ngd`bs ngd`bs mfb sfhid fxfrjgjg, b` cáqugd` fstá `j`k`m`. 7. B‗fcprfs` J mfjgmfgx jidstrugr, `ck fb sfu fqugp g c`tfrg`b, ud` cáqugd`. Mur`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf, s`tgsná bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` n`krgj`jgú? sius? 7 111 , c`tfrg`bs? 0> 111 . 01. Z`tgsná, mur`dt fb tfrjfr trgcfstrf, bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` n`krgj`jgú mf b` cáqugd`? siu? = 111 , c`tfrg`bs? 00 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? : 111 . 00. Fb 6 m‗ijtukrf fs múd` pfr ngd`bgtz`m` b` n`krgj`jgú n`krgj`jgú mf b` cáqugd`. 0;. B‗fcprfs` M, fd ud sib`r mf b` sfv` pripgft`t, mfjgmfgx jidstrugr ud` nákrgj`. Fdj`rrfh` b` sfv` jidstrujjgú ` ud` fcprfs` quf gdgjg` bfs ikrfs fb cfs mf c`rè. B‗fcprfs` jidstrujtir` prfsfdt` bfs sfhòfdts jfrtgngj`jgids m‗ikr`? ‚ C` C`rè rè?? :;111 :;111 . 

‚‚ @krg @k rgb? ;6111 7 11 1111 .. C`gh C` gh?b?? :6111 :;7 ‚ Ou Oudy dy?? ;;;; 11 1111 .

@b cfs mf oudy fs midfd bfs ikrfs pfr ngd`bgtz`mfs. Jicpt`kgbgtz` fbs `ssfdt`cfdts `ssfdt`cfdts mf tit fb prijçs.

0;:

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

:.= 4 Qårmufs mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Fbs fbfcfdts quf nircfd p`rt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pimfd p`tgr mfprfjg`jgids i pårmufs mf v`bir mf mgnfrfdt tgpus? ‚ Zgstfcátgqufs Zgstfcátgqufs g grrfvfrsgkb grrfvfrsgkbfs? fs? `cirtgtz`jgids. ‚ [fvfrsgkbfs g jidoudtur`bs? mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir. ‚ Fxtrìrmgdárgfs.

Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx, ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, `b sfu `p`rt`t ;. ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir, quf ‒`ck pistfrgirgt`t `b sfu rfjidfgxfcfdt gdgjg`b, fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs v`bir`r`d pfb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i mf jist mf primujjgú cfdys b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗gcpirt `jucub`t mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt rfjidfhumfs–. @cirtgtz`jgids

H`grfkç tits fbs fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t mf quå mgspis` ud` fcprfs` p`tfgxfd ud` mfprfjg`jgú mf v`bir prihrfssgv` g grrfvfrsgkbf `b bb`rh mfb tfcps. @qufst` pårmu` mf v`bir fs pit primugr pfr bfs jùsfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Qfb p`s mfb tfcps. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs fmgngjgs fs mftfrgirfd mgrfjt`cfdt

pfr `qufst` jùs`, bfs j`did`mfs s‗ixgmfd, bfs n`è`dfs s‗frisgidfd... ‚ Qfr b‗ÿs mfb kç. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt pfrmfd nudjgid`bgt`t ` cfsur` quf v`d rfjirrfdt qugbûcftrfs. ‚ Jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mfb mfsfdvibup`cfdt tfjdibûhgj. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs irmgd`mirs, fd pij tfcps, pfrmfd v`bir pfrquå fd fb cfrj`t `p`rfgxfd dius cimfbs cçs pitfdts g vfrsátgbs.

îj`kub`rg ^gm` ÿtgb m‗ud kç? çs fb pfrãimf mf tfcps mur`dt fb qu`b s‗fspfr` utgbgtz`r fb kç pfr p`rt mf b‗fcprfs`.

^`bir rfsgmu`b m‗ud @jtgu? çs b‗gcpirt quf s‗iktgdmrg` pfr b` vfdm` mf b‗@jtgu sg s‗e`huçs `rrgk`t ` bfs jidmgjgids quf s‗fspfrfd `b ngd`b mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb.

]fdgdt fd jicptf quf ud mfbs ikofjtgus mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t çs cistr`r b` gc`thf ngmfb mfb p`trgcidg, fb bûhgj sfrg`, `bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, rfhgstr`r `qufstfs pårmufs mf v`bir ` cfsur` quf fs v`d primugdt. B‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` pårmu` mf v`bir grrfvfrsgkbf `b ngd`b mf j`m` fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj. B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` Gccikgbgtz`t mf c`tfrg`b, `b sfu `p`rt`t ;.0, fds gdmgj` quf ‒bfs `cirtgtz`jgids s‗eùr`d m‗fst`kbgr m‗fst`kbgr mf c`dfr` sgstfcátgj` g r`jgid`b fd nudjgú mf b` vgm` ÿtgb mfbs kçds g mfb sfu v`bir rfsgmu`b, `tfdfdt ` b` mfprfjg`jgú quf quf dirc`bcfdt p`tfgxgd pfb sfu nudjgid`cfdt, ÿs g hùmg, sfdsf pfroumgjg mf jidsgmfr`r t`ckç b‗iksibfsjådjg` tåjdgj` i jicfrjg`b quf fbs pihuçs `nfjt`r–. Jidtgdu` b` dirc` mgfdt quf ‒s‗`cirtgtz`rá mf nirc` gdmfpfdmfdt j`m` p`rt m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b quf tgdhug ud jist sghdgngj`tgu fd rfb`jgú `ck fb jist tit`b mf b‗fbfcfdt g ud` vgm` ÿtgb mgnfrfdt mf b` rfst` m‗fbfcfdts–. Fbs j`dvgs quf, sg çs prijfmfdt, fs pihufssgd irghgd`r fd fb v`bir rfsgmu`b, b` vgm` ÿtgb g fb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud `jtgu fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d jic ` j`dvgs fd bfs fstgc`jgids jicpt`kbfs, bbfv`t quf fs tr`jtçs m‗ud frrir.

Jicptf (;50) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B` ngd`bgt`t mfb jicptf (;50) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b çs infrgr, fd qu`bsfvib cicfdt, b` gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb tit`b `cirtgtz`t ngds ` `qufst cicfdt, o` quf fbs jicptfs mf mfspfsfs mfs`p`rfgxfd `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg `ck fb jábjub mfb rfsubt`t jirrfspidfdt g fds pimrgfd mid`r `qufst` gdnirc`jgú.

]it g `gxû, sfhids b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú :`, `p`rt`t `), eg e` mf tfrcgd`ts kçds mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t quf, dirc`bcfdt, di s‗`cirtgtzfd, jic súd fbs tfrrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs, fd tfdgr ud` vgm` ÿtgb gb¸bgcgt`m`.

0;=

Qfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt bfs `cirtgtz`jgids, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf mfspfsfs g, jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm`, ud jicptf jirrfjtir mfb hrup ; @jtgu di jirrfdt. @qufsts jicptfs súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs quf rfhgstrfd b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t (>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? fxprfssgú mf b` mfprfjg`jgú sgstfcátgj` `du`b fnfjtgv` p`tgm` pfr b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, pfr b` sfv` `pbgj`jgú `b prijçs primujtgu. (;50) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? jirrfjjgú mf v`bir pfr b` mfprfjg`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b rf`bgtz`m` m‗`jirm `ck ud pb` sgstfcátgj.

G b‗`ssfdt`cfdt jicpt`kbf quf rfjubb `qufst` sgtu`jgú sfrg`? x

(>50)

@cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b `

(;50)

@cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz` jgú `jucub `jucub`m` `m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

x

Fs rfhgstr` ud` mfspfs`, pfrû di fs jicpt`kgbgtz` ud` sirtgm` mf mgdfrs mf trfsirfrg`, b` qu`b jis` sghdgngj` quf b‗fcprfs`, cgto`dè`dt b‗`cirtgtz`jgú, fstá fst`bvg`dt pfr ` qu`d fb kç mfgxg mf sfr nudjgid`b pfr ` b‗fcprfs` pfr pimfr `mqugrgr-df ud `btrf mf bfs c`tfgxfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs sfdsf b` dfjfssgt`t m‗`jumgr ` nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgfdfs. @ b` qu`rt` p`rt mfb QHJ `p`rfgx mfshbiss`t fb jicptf (;50) @cirtgtz`jg @cirtgtz`jgú ú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fd 7 sukjicptfs mgnfrfdts, ud pfr ` j`m` ud mfbs fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs quf nircfd fb sukhrup ;0 Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fxjfptf pfr `bs tfrrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs, quf di s‗`cirtgtzfd. Bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `jucub`mfs nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè cgdir`dt b` p`rtgm` fd quå fs jicpt`kgbgtzg fb jirrfspidfdt fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b. @b bbgkrf Mg`rg, ` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur`, nghur`r`d ` b‗E`vfr, oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs jicptfs mf Q`ssgu.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Vd` fcprfs` e` `mqugrgt cikgbg`rg pfr ud v`bir mf 01 111 . B‗`cirtgtz`jgú `du`b çs m‗ud 01%. x

0 111,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (01% s/ 01111,11)

` (;50>) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg

0 111,11

x

0;6

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgids `jucub`mfs fd fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` [IZ@BG@ G CGPVFB, Z@, prfsfdt` b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú rfb`tgv` `b sfu gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Z`bmi mfb jicptf (;01) ]frrfdys ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? ;1 111 . Z`bmi mfb jicptf jicptf (;00) Jidstrujj Jidstrujjgids? gids? >1 111 . Z`bmi mfb jicptf (;500) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` mf jidstrujjgids? ;1 111 . Z`bmi mfb jicptf jicptf (;0>) (;0>) Cikgbg`rg? Cikgbg`rg? 01 111 . Z`bmi mfb jicptf (;50>) (;50>) @cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg? ; 111 .

Fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ffd`b prfsfdt`rá b` gdnirc`jgú sfhòfdt?

@jtgu @jtgu di jirrfdt Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs Jidstrujjgids @.@. mf jidstrujjgids Cikgbg`rg @.@. mf cikgbg`rg

;1 111,11 >1 111,11 (;1 111,11) 01 111,11 (; 111,11)

Fb cicfdt m‗gdgjg mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá `qufbb fd quå fb kç fstghug fd jidmgjgids mf primugr gdhrfssis `ck dirc`bgt`t, ud jip ngd`bgtz`ts fbs pfrãimfs mf priv`. Fb cicfdt mf ngd`bgtz`jgú mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs fb ngd`b mf b` vgm` ÿtgb mfb kç, i kç b` sfv` `bgfd`jgú i k`gx` fd b‗gdvfdt`rg sg fs primufgx `ck `dtfrgirgt`t.

Fxfcpbfs Cicfdt m‗gdgjg mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U0, ud` fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr c`qugdárg` pfr v`bir v `bir mf 06 111 . B‗`cirtgtz`jgú `du`b çs m‗ud 01%. Qfr t`dt, b` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `du`b sfrá b` sfhòfdt? 01% s/ 06 111,11 3 0 611,11 . Jic quf b‗gccikgbgtz`t fs v` `mqugrgr b‗0 mf c`rè, `qufst` sfrá b` m`t` m‗gdgjg mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú. Jic quf b` c`qugdárg` dicçs e` fst`t 01 cfsis ` b‗fcprfs`, j`bmrá j`bjub`r b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf nirc` pripirjgid`b ` `qufst tfcps. Qfr t`dt? quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `dy ;1U0 3 0 611, 611,11 11 󰂸 01 / 0; 3 0 ;61,11 . x

0 ;61,1 ;61,111

(>50) @cirtgtz @cirtgtz`jgú `jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg``

0 ;61,1 ;61,111

x

0;>

Cåtimfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Qfr `cirtgtz`r b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fs pimrá utgbgtz`r qu`bsfvib cåtimf quf, utgbgtz`dt ud jrgtfrg fjidûcgj, mgstrgkufgxg fb v`bir gdgjg`b mfb kç `b bb`rh mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb, sfdsf tfdgr fd jicptf jidsgmfr`jgids ngsj`bs i mf rfdmgkgbgt`t mf b‗fcprfs`. Fxgstfgxfd mgnfrfdts cåtimfs pfr j`bjub`r b` quit`

Ngsj`bgt`t mf bfs quitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú Bfs quitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfr`d ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbfs sg b` vgm` ÿtgb mfb kç fs trik` mgds mfbs pfrãimfs cáxgcs g cãdgcs quf c`rqufd bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs quf nghurfd ` b‗`ddfx mfb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts quf fstumg`rfc fd ud` udgt`t pistfrgir.

`du`b m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud kç. @ jidtgdu`jgú, fstumg`rfc fbs cçs e`kgtu`bs? Cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b i jidst`dt

Fd `qufst cåtimf, b` pårmu` mf v`bir fs j`bjub` fd nudjgú mfb tfcps quf b‗fcprfs` fspfr` utgbgtz`r b‗@jtgu, çs ` mgr, fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb. Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú 3

^`bir gdgjg`b  ^`bir rfsgmu`b ^gm` ÿtgb

Fd fb cåtimf bgdf`b, s‗`cirtgtz` tits fbs `dys b` c`tfgx` qu`dtgt`t. Çs fb cçs sgcpbf g, pfr `gxû, fb cçs utgbgtz`t.

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfb cåtimf bgdf`b B‗fcprfs` [FGD@, Z@, `mqugrfgx fb mg` 10/10/;1U0 ud fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt mf ;6 111 , quf `cirtgtz` mf nirc` jidst`dt mur`dt jgdj `dys. Jic quf `cirtgtz` fb kç tit`bcfdt, fb v`bir rfsgmu`b sfrá ghu`b ` 1. Qfr t`dt, b` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `du`b sfrá b` b ` sfhòfdt? Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú 3

;6111,11 6

3

6111,11 ₢

Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá fb sfhòfdt?

@dys

Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf (Qrfu `mqugs. ‚ @cirt. `j.)

10/10/U0 :0/0;/U0

””” 6 111,11

””” 6 111,11

;6 111,11 ;1 111,11

:0/0;/U;

6 111,11

01 111,11

06 111,11

:0/0;/U:

6 111,11

06 111,11

01 111,11

:0/0;/U=

6 111,11

;1 111,11

6 111,11

:0/0;/U6

6 111,11

;6 111,11

1,11

]it`b

;6 111,11

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rfhgstr` `qufst nft jicpt`kbf fd qu`bsfvib mfbs m fbs `dys çs? x

6 111,11

(>50) @c. mf b‗gcc. c`tfrg`b

` (;505 (;505)) @.@. fbfc fbfc.. mf tr`d tr`dspirt spirt

6 111,1 111,111

x

0;8

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf dÿcfris mãhgts

Bfs quitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf j`m` `dy fs j`bjubfd prfdfdt jic ` k`sf b` sårgf mf dÿcfris d`tur`bs 0, ;, :, =... B` pripirjgú quf s‗iktç s‗`pbgj`rá sikrf b‗`dicfd`m` k`sf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, quf fs j`bjub` pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i jist mf primujjgú g b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`. J`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf d‗fxgstfgxfd mufs vfrsgids? dÿcfris mãhgts jrfgxfdts g mfjrfgxfdts. @qufstfs quitfs sfr`d ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbfs sg fb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú fs trik` jicprås mgds mfbs pfrãimfs cáxgcs g cãdgcs quf c`rqufd bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs quf nghurfd ` b‗`ddfx mfb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts quf fstumg`rfc fd ud` udgt`t mgmájtgj` pistfrgir.

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts Z‗`mqugrfgx ud irmgd`mir fb 10/10/;1U0 pfr 0 111 , `ck ud v`bir rfsgmu`b quf s‗fstgc` dub. Z‗`cirtgtz` pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts fd = `dys. Zuc` mf mãhgts 3 = + : + ; + 0 3 01 Puit` pfr mãhgt 3

K`sf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú Zuc` mf mãhgts

3

0111,11 01

3

011,11 ₢

Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá?

@dys

Mãhgt

10/10/U0

Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf (Qrfu `mqugs. ‚ @c. `j.)

”””

”””

0 111,11

:0/0;/U0

=

= 󰂸 011,11 3 =11,11

=11,11

>11,11

:0/0;/U;

:

: 󰂸 011,11 3 :11,11

811,11

:11,11

:0/0;/U:

;

; 󰂸 011,11 3 ;11,11

711,11

011,11

:0/0;/U=

0

0 󰂸 011,11 3 011,11

0 111,11

1,11

]it`b

01

0 111,11

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rf﬋fjtfgx b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy çs? x

=11,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gcc ikgbgtz`t tz`t c`tfrg`b c`tfrg`b ` (;508) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú

=11,11

x

0;5

@cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts jrfgxfdts Vtgbgtz`dt fb c`tfgx supûsgt quf fd b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir, `r` j`bjub`rfc fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfhugdt fb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts jrfgxfdts.

@dys

Mãhgt

10/10/U0

Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf (Qrfu `mqugs. ‚ @c. `j.)

”””

”””

0 111,11

:0/0;/U0

0

0 󰂸 011,11 3 011,11

011,11

711,11

:0/0;/U;

;

; 󰂸 011,11 3 ;11,11

:11,11

811,11

:0/0;/U:

:

: 󰂸 011,11 3 :11,11

>11,11

=11,11

:0/0;/U=

=

= 󰂸 011,11 3 =11,11

0 111,11

1,11

]it`b

01

0 111,11

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy çs? x

011,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gcc ikgbgtz`t tz`t c`tfrg`b c`tfrg`b ` (;508 (;508)) @c. `j. fqug fqugp. p. prij. gdn.

011,111 011,1

x

@cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck `ck pfrjfdt`thf pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt

@qufst cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú jidsgstfgx fd `pbgj`r ud pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt sikrf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mfb pfrãimf `dtfrgir, pfr b` qu`b jis` j`m` `dy rfsubt`rá ud` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú @qufstfs quitfsp`rtgc sfr`d ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbfs sg pfr mftfrcgd`r fbcfdir. pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt m‗ud` vgm` ÿtgb quf fs trik` mgds mfbs pfrãimfs cáxgcs g cãdgcs quf c`rqufd bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs quf nghurfd ` b‗`ddfx mfb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pfb cåtimf mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt Z‗`mqugrfgx ud irmgd`mir fb 10/10/;1U0 pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 111 . Fb sfu pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, sfhids bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú iffjg`bcfdt iffjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs, çs mf 6 `dys g s‗fstgc` ud v`bir rfsgmu`b dub. B` quit` jidst`dt quf jirrfspid ` `qufsts 6 `dys sfrá?

Puit` jidst`dt 3

011% 6

3

;1% `du`b

0;7

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Qfr j`bjub`r fb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt, cubtgpbgj`rfc b` quit` `dtfrgir pfr ud mfbs sfhòfdts jifffjgfdts? ‚ Zg b` vgm` vgm` ÿtgb ÿtgb çs gdnfrgir gdnfrgir ` 6 `dys? `dys? 0,6. ‚ Zg b` vgm` ÿtgb çs ghu`b ghu`b i supfrgir ` 6 `dys g gdnfrgir ` 5 `dys? ;. ‚ Zg b` vgm` ÿtgb ÿtgb çs ghu`b ghu`b i supfrgir supfrgir ` 5 `dys? `dys? ;,6. Fd `qufst j`s, jic quf fb pfrãimf pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs 6 `dys, fb pfrjfdt`thf pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt jidst`dt ` `pbgj`r sfrá? ; 󰂸 ;1% 3 =1%. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá fb sfhòfdt?

@dys

Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf (Qrfu `mqugs. ‚ @cirt. `j.)

10/10/U0

”””

”””

; 111,11

:0/0;/U0

=1% s/ ; 111,11 3 511,11

511,11

0 ;11,11

:0/0;/U;

=1% s/ 0 ;11,11 3 =51,11

0 ;51,11

8;1,11

:0/0;/U:

=1% s/ 8;1,11 3 ;55,11

0 6>5,11

=:;,11

:0/0;/U=

=1% s/ =:;,11 3 08;,51

0 8=1,51

;67,;1

:0/0;/U6

;67,;1

; 111,11

1,11

]it`b

; 111,11

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rf﬋fjtfgx b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy çs? x

511,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ` (;508) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗fqugps pfr ` prij. gdn. x

Cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú fd nudjgú mfb dÿcfri m‗udgt`ts primuémfs

Fd `qufst sgstfc`, b‗`cirtgtz`jgú s‗`dgrá fnfjtu`dt sfhids fb dÿcfri m‗udgt`ts quf fs primufgxgd utgbgtz`dt b‗fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t. B` quit` fs j`bjub`rá `pbgj`dt b` núrcub` sfhòfdt? Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú 3

( ^. gdgjg`b  ^. rfsgmu`b )  Vdgt`ts primuémfs ` b‗`dy ]it`b uts. primujjgú fstgc`mfs fd b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb

Cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú fd nudjgú mfb dÿcfri m‗eirfs mf trfk`bb

Fd `qufst sgstfc`, b‗`cirtgtz`jgú s‗`dgrá fnfjtu`dt sfhids fb dÿcfri m‗eirfs quf nudjgid` ` b‗`dy b‗fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t. B` quit` fs j`bjub`rá `pbgj`dt b` núrcub` sfhòfdt?

511,11

Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú 3

( ^. gdgjg`b  ^. rfsgmu`b )  Eirfs mf trfk`bb ` b‗`dy ]it`b eirfs fstgc`mfs fd b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb

0:1

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fd nudjgú mfb dÿcfri m‗udgt`ts primuémfs B‗fcprfs` CIB@, Z@, mgspis` m‗ud` cáqugd` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf ;6 111  g ud v`bir rfsgmu`b mf 6 111 , quf s‗`cirtgtz` fd nudjgú m‗udgt`ts primuémfs. Fb tit`b m‗udgt`ts mf primujjgú fstgc`mfs fd b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb `sjfdmfgx ` 011 111. Mur`dt `qufst `dy, `dy, e` primuét 6 111 udgt`ts. B` quit` jidst`dt quf jirrfspid ` `qufst `dy sfrá? Puit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú 3

(;6111,11

6111,11)  6111 3 0111,11 ₢ 011111 

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt quf rfhgstr` `qufst nft jicpt`kbf sfrg` fb sfhòfdt? x

0 111,1 111,111

(>50) @c. gcc. c`t. ` (;5 (;50:) 0:) @c. `j. mf c`q c`qugd ugdárg árg``

0 111 111,11 ,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸 Z‗`mqugrfgx ud irmgd`mir fb 10/10/;1U0 pfr ud gcpirt mf : 111 . Fb sfu pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, sfhids bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs, çs mf > `dys g s‗fstgc` ud v`bir rfsgmu`b dub. Fb`kir` fbs qu`mrfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú utgbgtz`dt fbs cåtimfs sfhòfdts? bgdf`b i jidst`dt, dÿcfris mãhgts (jrfgxfdts g mfjrfgxfdts) g pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. Jicpt`kgbgtz`, fd j`m` j`s, b` quit` `du`b jirrfspidfdt `b prgcfr `dy. `dy.

>󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids mf b‗fcprfs` N[[, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` c`qugdárg` c`q ugdárg` pfr 0; 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g cudt`thf `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0 111 p`h`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá m‗`quã ` mis cfsis.



g fb

;. Q`h` fb mfutf mfb mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. :. @cirtgtz` b` c`qugdárg` c`qugdárg` pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. mfjrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. =. Jicpr` utgbb`thf pfr 0 111 , quf p`h` cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg. 6. @cirtgtz` b‗utgbb`thf pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris dÿcfris mãhgts jrfgxfdts. ^gm` ^gm` ÿtgb? = `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. >. @mqugrfgx ud fqugp gdmustrg`b v`bir`t fd 71 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt ngds ` b` nákrgj` g b‗`ssfhur`dè` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ; 111 111  g 611 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá `ck bfs jidmgjgids sfhòfdts? fb ;1% pfr k`dj, cfdtrf quf pfr ` b` rfst` s‗`jjfptfd bbftrfs mf j`dvg pfr 0 111  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. 8. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` bbftr ` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. 5. @cirtgtz` b‗fqugp gdmustrg`b pfb cåtimf mfb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. . Bfs mfspfsfs mf cudt`thf `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 . 7. Fb B‗0p`h`cfdt mf nfkrfr s‗fnfjtu` mf b‗`dy ;1U0 jicprùd` cikgbg`rg > 111`ck cgto`dè`dt bbftr` pfr mf j`dvg vfdjgcfdt m‗`quã ` mis cfsis.

01. Q`h` fb mfutf pfdmfdt mfb pudt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 00. @ ngd`bs m‗`dy `cirtgtz` fb cikgbg`rg fd ud 01%. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy.

0:0

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Mftfrgir`cfdts Mftfrgir`cfdt s mfb v`bir

Fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, ` cçs mf p`tgr ud` pårmu` prihrfssgv` g grrfvfrsgkbf mf v`bir, quf fs rfhgstr` `b ngd`b mf j`m` fxfrjgjg, pimfd p`tgr ud` pårmu` mf v`bir rfvfrsgkbf quf, sfhugdt fb prgdjgpg mf prumådjg`, t`ckç s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r. Fb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir çs b` pårmu` rfvfrsgkbf m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, çs ` mgr, di fs tr`jt` m‗ud` mfprfjg`jgú mfngdgtgv`, sgdú quf pit sfr quf b‗gccikgbgtz`t rfjupfrg fb sfu v`bir. J`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, ` b‗`p`rt`t ;.;. Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir, mgu quf ‒fs primugrá ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfb v`bir m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b qu`d fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf supfrg fb sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf, fdtås jic fb còir gcpirt fdtrf fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fbs jistis mf vfdm` g fb sfu v`bir v`bir fd ÿs–.

îj`kub`rg ^`bir rìd`kbf? çs b‗gcpirt pfb qu`b pit sfr gdtfrj`dvg`t ud @jtgu i bgqugm`t ud Q`ssgu, fdtrf p`rts gdtfrfss`mfs g mfhum`cfdt gdnirc`mfs quf rf`bgtzgd ud` tr`ds`jjgú fd jidmgjgids m‗gdmfpfdmådjg` cÿtu`. Jic ` rfhb` hfdfr`b, fs pit gmfdtgngj`r jic fb ‒v`bir mf cfrj`t–. gmfdtgngj`r

^`bir fd ÿs? çs fb v`bir `jtu`b mfbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu nuturs fspfr`ts, ` tr`vçs mf b` sfv` utgbgtz`jgú fd fb jurs dirc`b mfb dfhijg, tfdgdt fd jicptf fb sfu fst`t `jtu`b g `jtu`bgtz`ts ` ud tgpus mf fst`t mfsjicptf `mfqu`t.

Jidtgdu` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú mgfdt quf ‒`bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` `v`bu`rá sg fxgstfgxfd gdmgjgs quf `bhud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b pit fst`r mftfrgir`t, j`s fd fb qu`b eùrá m‗fstgc`r fbs sfus gcpirts rfjupfr`kbfs fnfjtu`dt bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs quf prijfmfgxgd–. Fbs jábjubs mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b s‗fnfjtu`r`d fbfcfdt ` fbfcfdt mf nirc` gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m`.

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir m‗ud tfrrfdy Bfs m`mfs quf pissffgx b‗fcprfs` ]ICW, ]ICW, Z@, sikrf ud tfrrfdy mf b` sfv` pripgft`t, `b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, súd bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ ^`bir jicpt jicpt`kbf? `kbf? 71 71111,1 111,111  ‚ ^`bi `birr rìd rìd`kb `kbff ∛ Jist mf vfdm` 3 86111,11 . ‚ ^`bi `birr fd ÿs? ÿs? 81111,11 81111,11 . @bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf jicp`r`r fb v`bir jicpt`kbf `ck b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf mfb tfrrfdy. B‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf sfrá fb còir gcpirt fdtrf fb v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fb jist mf vfdm` (86 111,11 ) g fb v`bir fd ÿs (81 111,11 111,11 )< pfr t`dt, b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf çs 86 111,11 . Jic quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf (71 111,11 ) çs còir quf b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf (86 111,11 fdtrf fbs mis v`birs (06 111,11 ) s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r jic ud` pårmu` mf v`bir rfvfrsgkbf.

), b` mgnfrådjg`



Jábjub mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir m‗ud fqugp gdmustrg`b Vd` fcprfs` mgspis` m‗ud fqugp gdmustrg`b v`bir`t fd =1 111 . Z‗fstgc` quf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb sfrá mf 6 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ffd`bs mfb prgcfr `dy, fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` :1 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0 111 . B‗fqugp gd-

mustrg`b pripirjgid` ud ﬋ux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf 5 111 `du`b.

. Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb =%



0:;

@b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, jicpriv`rfc sg fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf çs còir quf q uf fb sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf? ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 =1 111,11 ∛ 5 111,11 3 :; 111,11 . 

•• ^`bir gdgjg`b? =1=1111,11 @cirtgtz`jgú? 111,11 /. 6 3 5 111,11 . ‚ Gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf? çs fb còir gcpirt fdtrf fb v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fb jist mf vfdm` g fb v`bir m‗ÿs. • ^`bir rìd`kbf ‚ Jist mf vfdm`? vfdm `? :1 111,11 ∛ 0 111,11 3 ;7 111,11 . • Fb v`bir fd ÿs fs j`bjub` mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? =



^@ 3 J  `

= 1,1=

3

5 111,11 

0 (0+ 1,1= ) 1,1=

3

;7 1:7,0> ₢

Qfr t`dt, b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf sfrá ;7 1:7,0> , quf çs b` còir m‗`qufstfs mufs qu`dtgt`ts. ‚ Jirrfjjgú mf v`bir? jic quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf (:; 111,11 ) çs supfrgir `b sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf (;7 1:7,0> ), fs primufgx ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 7>1,5=  (:; 111,11  ∛ ;7 1:7,0> ). Qfr ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗`qufsts m‗`qufsts mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir, b` dirc` mgu quf ‒bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, `gxã jic b` sfv` rfvfrsgú qu`d bfs jgrjucstádjgfs quf bfs v`d citgv`r e`hufssgd mfgx`t m‗fxgstgr, fs rfjidfgxfr`d jic ud` mfspfs` i ud gdhrçs, rfspfjtgv`cfdt, `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys–. Qfr rfhgstr`r b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf mfspfsfs g, jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm`, ud jicptf mfb hrup ;.

Jicptfs quf rfhgstrfd fb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (>70) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf j`rájtfr rfvfrsgkbf fd b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. (;70) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? gcpirt mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfb v`bir quf jirrfspidhug ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b.

G b‗`ssfdt`cfdt jicpt`kbf quf rfjubb `qufst` sgtu`jgú sfrg`? x

(>70 (> 70))

Qårmuf Qårm ufss pf pfrr mf mftf tfrg rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b `

(;70)

Mftfrgir`cfd Mftfrgir `cfdtt mf v`bi v`birr mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

x

Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubbfd bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir nghur`r`d nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè cgdir`dt cgdir`dt b` p`rtgm` fd quå nghurg fb jirrfspidfdt fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b g, fd sfr ud` pårmu` rfvfrsgkbf,

s‗`dgrá òust`dt j`m` fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj sfhids fvibujgidg fb v`bir rfjupfr`kbf mfb kç. @b bbgkrf Mg`rg, ` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur` nghur`r`d ` b‗ E`vfr , oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs jicptfs mf Q`ssgu.

0::

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Qfr `b j`s fd quå `qufst` pårmu` mf v`bir mgscgdufgxg i mfs`p`rfhug pfrquå bfs jgrjucstádjgfs quf fd v`d citgv`r b‗`p`rgjgú mfgxfssgd m‗fxgstgr, s‗fst`kbfgx jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm` pfr `b jicptf (;70) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ud jicptf m‗gdhrfssis, fb jicptf (870) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, mfstgd`t ` rfjibbgr b` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`, pfr b` rfjupfr`jgú mf v`bir, mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, ngds `b bãcgt mf bfs pårmufs jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs `ck `dtfrgirgt`t. `dtfrgirgt`t. Fd `qufst j`s, b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfrg`? x

(;70 (; 70))

Mftfrg Mftf rgir ir`c `cfd fdtt mf v` v`bi birr mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

`

(870)

[fvv. mft. gcc. c`t. [f

x

Ngd`bcfdt, j`b mfst`j`r quf `qufst` rfvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt tgdmrá jic ` bãcgt fb v`bir jicpt`kbf quf tgdmrg` b‗gccikgbgtz`t sg di s‗e`huçs jicpt`kgbgtz`t fb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir. Pu`d s‗e`hgd mf rfjidågxfr jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt, s‗` oust`r`d bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `cirtgtz`jgids mfbs fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts mf mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t mftfmftfrgir`t, tfdgdt fd jicptf fb diu v`bir jicpt`kbf. Fb c`tfgx prijfmgcfdt jirrfspidmrá fd j`s mf rfvfrsgú mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrgir`cfdt g rfvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` @JFI[, Z@, mgspis` m‗ud tfrrfdy `ck ud v`bir rfhgstr`t `bs bbgkrfs fd 71 111 111 . @b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg b ‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, sf bg fstgc` ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir v `bir mf 01 111 . Vd `dy cçs t`rm, mfs`p`rfgxfd bfs jùsfs quf v`d irghgd`r `qufst mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir. @ ffd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r fb sfhòfdt `pudt jicpt`kbf? x

01 111,11

(>70) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

` (;701) Mft. v`bir tfrr tfrr.. g k. d`t.

01 111,11

x

G, ` ffd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, pfr b` rfvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mfb tfrrfdy? x

01 111,11

(;701) Mft. v`bir tfrr tfrr.. g k. d`t. `

(870) [fv [fv.. mftfr mftfr.. gcc. c`t.

01 111,11

x

0:=

Fxfcpbfs @oustis fd bfs `cirtgtz`jgids fd b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Vd` fcprfs` mgspis` m‗ud` c`qugdárg` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m ‗`mqugsgjgú quf v` `sjfdmgr ` ;1 111  g s‗fstgc` quf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb çs mf 01 `dys. Z‗`cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy 0, fb sfu s fu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` 05 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` =61 . Qripirjgid` ud ﬋ux m‗fnfjtgu `du`b mf ; 111 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb =% `du`b. @ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy 0, jicpriv`rfc sg fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf çs còir quf fb sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf? ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 ;1 111,11 ∛ ; 111,11 3 05 111,11 . • ^`bir gdgjg`b? gdgjg` b? ;1 111,11 . • @cirtgtz` @cirtgtz`jgú? jgú? ;1 111,11 / 01 3 ; 111,11 . ‚ Gcp Gcpirt irt rfj rfjupf upfr` r`kbf kbf?? çs fb còir gcpirt fdtrf fb v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fb jist mf vfdm` g fb v`bir fd ÿs. • ^`bir rìd`kbf rìd `kbf ‚ Jist mf vfdm`? vfdm` ? 05 111,11 ∛ =61,11 3 08 661,11 . • ^`bir fd ÿs? 7



^@ 3 J  `

7 1,1=

3

0  (0 + 1,1= )

; 111,11



1,1=

3

₢

0= 581,>>

Qfr t`dt, b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf sfrá 08 661,11 , quf çs b` còir m‗`qufstfs mufs qu`dtgt`ts. ‚ Jirrfjjgú mf v`bir? jic quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf (05 111,11 ) çs supfrgir `b sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf (08 661,11 ), fs primufgx ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir pfr ud gcpirt mf =61,11 . Qfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids, fs murá ` tfrcf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? (05 111,11  ∛ 08 661,11 ). x

; 111,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gcc ikgbgtz`t tz`t c`tfrg`b c`tfrg`b ` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qugdárg`

; 111,11

x

G pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir? x

=61,11

(>70) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdtt mf mftfrgir`cfd b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ` (;70:) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg``

=61,111 =61,1

x

@ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;, s‗fstgc` quf fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` c`qugdárg` `sjfdmfgx ` 08 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` =61 . Fb sfu v`bir v `bir fd ÿs `sjfdmfgx ` 0> 065,67 .

@ ffd`bs m‗`qufst sfhid `dy, s‗eùr`d m‗òust`r bfs `cirtgtz`jgids, `cirtgtz`jgi ds, o` quf fd b‗`dy 0 s‗e`d rfjidfhut jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr ud gcpirt mf =61 .

0:6

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 ;1111,11 ∛ ; 111,11 ∛ =61,11 3 08 661,11 . • ^`bir gdgjg`b? ;1 111,11 . ^gm` ÿtgb rfst`dt? 7 `dys (o` s‗eg e` `pbgj`t b‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud `dy). • @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`? ; 111,11 . • Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir jicpt`kgbgtz`t? jicpt`kgbgtz`t? =61,11 . ‚ Div` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú? 08 661,11 / 7 3 0 761,11 . • ^gm` ÿtgb rfst`dt? 7 `dys (o` s‗eg e` `pbgj`t b‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud `dy). B‗`ssfdt`cfdt ` rf`bgtz`r sfrg`? x

0 761,1 761,111

(>50) @c. gcc. c`t. ` (;50: (;50:)) @c. `juc. c`q.

0 761,1 761,111

x

@ cçs, s‗eùrá mf jicpriv`r sg fb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir fs c`dtç i sg e` mfs`p`rfhut? ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 ;1 111,11 ∛ ; 111,11 ∛ 0 761,11 ∛ =61,11 3 06 >11,11 . • ^`bir gdgjg`b? ;1 111,11 . • @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`? ; 111,11 + 0 761,11 3 : 761,11 . • Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir jicpt`kgbgtz`t? jicpt`kgbgtz`t? =61,11 . ‚ Gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf? b‗gcpirt còir fdtrf fb v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fb jist mf vfdm` g fb v`bir fd ÿs. • ^`bir rìd`kbf ‚ Jist mf vfdm`? 08 111,11 ∛ =61,11 3 0> 661,11 . • ^`bir fd ÿs? 0> 065,67 . Qfr t`dt, b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf sfrá 0> 661,11 , quf çs b` còir m‗`qufstfs mufs qu`dtgt`ts. ‚ [fjupfr`jgú mf v`bir? jic quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf (06 >11,11 ) çs gdnfrgir ` b‗gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf (0> 661,11 ), fs primufgx ud` rfjupfr`jgú mf v`bir. J`b rfvfrtgr tit` b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt jicpt`kgbgtz`t `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir. B‗`ssfdt`cfdt ` rf`bgtz`r sfrg`?

=61,111 =61,1

(;70:)) Mft. v`bir c`q. (;70:

x `

(870) [f [fvv. mft. gcc. c`t.

=61,111 =61,1

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 8󰂸󰂸 Vd` fcprfs` mgspis` m‗ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf v` `sjfdmgr ` >1 111  g s‗fstgc` quf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb çs mf 01 `dys. Z‗`cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ngd`bs ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;, fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` =5 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0 111 . B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu `du`b mf > 611 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t mfb =% `du`b. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy =,111 fs primufgx ud` rfjupfr`jgú Fd `qufst cicfdt, s‗fstgc` quf çs fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` =1  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0mfb 111sfjtir. . B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú

pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu `du`b mf 8 111 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb =% `du`b. Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jirrfspidfdts `bs = `dys.

0:>

Qårmufs fxtrìrmgdárgfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

Fxgstfgxfd ud` sårgf mf nfts fxtrìrmgd`rgs (gdudm`jgids, gdjfdmgs, ftj.) quf pimfd `nfjt`r mf c`dfr` mgrfjt` `bhuds fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, nfdt-bis pfrmrf tit`bcfdt fb sfu v`bir. Fs primufgx ud` pårmu` pfb c`tfgx gcpirt quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mfb kç. Jic ` jidsfqòådjg`, sfrá dfjfss`rg mid`r mf k`gx` fb kç fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t. Qfr ` `qufsts nfts, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú mfb jicptf (>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs.

Jicptfs quf rfhgstrfd bfs pårmufs fxtrìrmgdárgfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs? pårmufs g mfspfsfs mf j`rájtfr fxjfpjgid`b g qu`dtg` sghdgngj`tgv` quf, `tfdfdt ` b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`, di s‗e`hgd mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r fd `btrfs jicptfs mfb hrup >. @ tãtib gdmgj`tgu, s‗gdmgqufd bfs sfhòfdts? bfs primuémfs pfr gdudm`jgids, s`djgids g cubtfs, gdjfdmgs, ftj.

Fxfcpbfs Qårmu` fxtrìrmgdárg` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` @BK@JGBI, Z@, p`tfgx ud gdjfdmg ` b‗iffjgd` mf b‗fcprfs`, ` jidsfqòådjg` mfb qu`b fs mfstrufgx fb cikgbg`rg. B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf rfb`tgv` ` `qufst cikgbg`rg çs b` sfhòfdt? s fhòfdt? ‚ (;0>) Cikgbg Cikgbg`rg? `rg? 5 111,1 111,111 . ‚ (;50>) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg? 6 111,11 . ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf jicpt`kbf?? 5 111, 111,11 11  ∛ 6 111,11  3 : 111,11 . Qfr t`dt, b` pårmu` sfrá ghu`b ` : 111,11 , quf çs fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mfb kç. B` pårmu` fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá ` tr`vçs mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

6 111,11

: 111,11

(;50>) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg (>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs ` x

(;0>) Cikgb Cikgbg`rg g`rg

5 111,1 111,111

:.6 4 @bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, ` b‗`p`rt`t b‗`p` rt`t :. K`gx`, fspfjgngj` quf ‒fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs mid`r`d mf k`gx` fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` `bgfd`jgú i mgspisgjgú pfr ud` `btr` vg` i qu`d di s‗fspfrg iktfdgr-df kfdfngjgs i rfdmgcfdts fjidûcgjs nuturs–. Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗`bgfd`jgú m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, j`bmrá sfhugr fbs p`ssis sfhòfdts?

0. J`bjub`r fb v`bir jicpt`kbf. jicpt`kbf. ;. J`bjub`r fb kfdfngjg i b` pårmu` (sg çs prijfmfdt). prijfmfdt). :. Jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗ipfr`jgú b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`.

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

0:8

Jábjub mfb v`bir jicpt`kbf

Qfr vfdmrf ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, çs dfjfss`rg jidågxfr fb v`bir jicpt`kbf m‗`qufst kç. Fb v`bir jicpt`kbf sfrá ghu`b `b s`bmi quf prfsfdt` fb jicptf jirrfspidfdt ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t mf quå fs tr`jtg cfdys fb s`bmi mfbs jicptfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` g mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir, rfb`tgus ` `qufst gccikgbgtz`t.

Fxfcpbfs ^`bir jicpt`kbf m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf m‗ud jitxf mf quå mgspis` b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, çs b` sfhòfdt? ‚ (;05) (;05) Fbfcfdts Fbfcfdts mf tr`ds tr`dspirt? pirt? ;1 111, 111,11 11 . ‚ (;505) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` m‗fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt? 06 111,11 . Çs ` mgr, mgr, fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mfb jitxf sfrá fb sfhòfdt? ;1 111,11  ∛ 06 111,11  3 6 111,11 . Jábjub mfb kfdfngjg i b` pårmu`

Fb p`s sfhòfdt jidsgstfgx fd jicp`r`r fb v`bir jicpt`kbf `ck fb prfu mf vfdm`. B` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b‗gcpirt quf, sg çs prijfmfdt, s‗iktgdhug m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, mfsjicpt`ts fbs jistis mf vfdm`, g fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf mftfrcgd`rá fb kfdfngjg i b` pårmu` quf sirhfgxfd fd mid`r mf k`gx` `qufst fbfcfdt. @qufst rfsubt`t s‗gcput`rá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs primufgxg. Zfhids fb prfu mf vfdm`, fs pimfd mid`r fbs supûsgts sfhòfdts? ‚ Fb prfu mf vfdm` çs còir quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf? s‗iktgdmrá ud kf-

dfngjg ghu`b ` b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fbs mis v`birs, quf fs rfhgstr`rá fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf b‗fcprfs`, `b jicptf (880) Kfdfngjgs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. ‚ Fb prfu mf vfdm` çs cfdir quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf? fs primugrá ud` pårmu` pfr b` mgnfrådjg` mfbs mis v`birs, quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptf (>80) Qårmufs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgt b‗gccikgbgtz`t z`t c`tfrg`b. ‚ Fb prfu mf vfdm` çs ghu`b `b v`bir jicpt`kbf? di fxgstgrá dg kfdfngjg

dg pårmu`.

Fxfcpbfs @bgfd`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b `ck kfdfngjgs B‗fcprfs` @JFI[, Z@, vfd ud` c`qugdárg` pfr ; 111 . Fb s`bmi mfb jicptf (;0:) C`qugdárg` çs mf 01 111  g fb mfb jicptf (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qugdárg` çs mf 7 111 111 . Qfr t`dt? ^`bir jicpt`kbf mf b` c`qugdárg` 3 01 111,11  ∛ 7 111,11  3 0 111,11 .

Jic quf fb prfu mf vfdm` (; 111 ) çs còir quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf (0 111 ), eg eùrá ud kfdfffjg ghu`b ` b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf bfs mufs qu`dtgt`ts (0 111 ).

0:5

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú Jicpt`kgbgtz `jgú mf b‗ipfr b‗ipfr`jgú `jgú mf vfdm`

B‗ÿbtgc p`s jidsgstfgx fd rfhgstr`r b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`. Fd `qufst cicfdt, j`b mid`r mf k`gx` t`dt b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b vfdut jic fbs jicptfs jirrfjtirs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` g mf mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir. @ b‗ghu`b quf fd b‗`mqugsgjgú b ‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t, sfhids b` nirc` mf jikr`cfdt quf `jirmgd vfdfmir g jicpr`mir, b‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs pit rf`bgtz`r mf bfs nircfs sfhòfdts?

Núrcubfs mf jikr`cfdt

Jidsgstfgx fd...

Jicptfs quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg

Pu`d fb jikr`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t fs n` fd fb cicfdt mfb bbgur`cfdt, çs ` mgr, b` vfdm` g fb jikr`cfdt fs primufgxfd fd fb c`tfgx cicfdt.

‚ (687 (687)) J`gx J`gx`, `, . ‚ (6 (68; 8;)) K`dj K`djss j/j j/j

@ck jikr`cfdt òird`t

Pu`d fb vfdfmir g fb jicpr`mir p`jtfd fb jikr`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t `ck pistfrgirgt`t ` b` vfdm` mfb kç. B` rfcgssgú mfb jikr`cfdt pit sfr ` jurt i bb`rh tfrcgdg.

‚ (6=:) Jråmg Jråmgts ts ` jurt jurt tfrcg tfrcgdg dg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. ‚ (;6:) Jråmg Jråmgts ts ` bb`rh bb`rh tfrcgd tfrcgdgg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t.

@ck jikr`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftr` mf j`dvg

Fb jikr`cfdt çs òird`t, pfrû fd `qufst j`s qufm` mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt ud` i mgvfrsfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg.

‚ (6=:0) (6=:0) Fnfjtf Fnfjtfss ` jikr`r jikr`r ` jurt tfrcgdg. ‚ (;6: (;6:0) 0) Fnfjtf Fnfjtfss ` jik jikr`r r`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

Fb QHJ di fst`kbfgx j`p jicptf fspfjãngj pfr rfhgstr`r fb jikr`cfdt ` jurt i ` bb`rh tfrcgdg mijucfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg. Fb bûhgj sfrg` jrf`r ud sukjicptf mgds mfb jicptf (6=:) Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t pfr `bs fnfjtfs mf jikr`r ` jurt tfrcgdg, g ud sukjicptf mgds mfb jicptf (;6:) Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg pfr `bgdf`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t pfr `bs fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. Fb QHJ, ` b` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, fds gdmgj` fbs jidjfptfs quf `p`rfgxfr`d fd `qufsts jicptfs. Zúd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs quf rfhgstrfd fb jikr`cfdt fd b‗`bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (6=:) Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t? jråmgts ` tfrjfrs `ck ud vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy, `ck irghfd fd ipfr`jgids m‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. (;6:) Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t? jråmgts ` tfrjfrs `ck vfdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy, `ck irghfd fd ipfr`jgids m‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. (6=:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` jurt tfrcgdg? jråmgts ` tfrjfrs nirc`bgtz`ts cgto`dè`dt fnfjtfs mf hgr `ck ud vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy, `ck irghfd fd ipfr`jgids m‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. (;6:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg? jråmgts ` tfrjfrs nirc`bgtz`ts cgto`dè`dt fnfjtfs mf hgr `ck ud vfdjgcfdt supfrgir ` ud `dy, `ck irghfd fd ipfr`jgids m‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t.

Fbs jråmgts pfr vfdm` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t b‗gccikgbgt z`t fs v`bir`r`d m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs. Fbs jicptfs (6=:) Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t g (6=:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` jurt tfrcgdg nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb

K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n ^. Fbs jicptfs (;6:) Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t g (;6:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n ^.

0:7

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Fxfcpbfs ^fdm` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, vfd cikgbg`rg pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 611 . Fb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú v` sfr mf 6 111 111  g b` sfv` 

`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `sjfdmfgx ` = 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` ; cfsis. G^@ mfb ;0%. ^`bir jicpt`kbf mfb kç 3 Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú ‚ @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`. ^`bir jicpt`kbf mfb cikgbg`rg 3 6 111,11 ∛ = 111,11 3 0 111,11 . Fd `qufst j`s, fb prfu mf vfdm` çs supfrgir `b v`bir jicpt`kbf mfb kç. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` tgdmrá ud kfdfffjg jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`. Kfdfffjg 3 Qrfu mf vfdm` ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 0 611,11 ∛ 0 111,11 3 611,11 . x

= 111,1 111,111 0 506,11

(;50>) @.@. mf cik. (;50>) (6=:) Jråmgts ` j/t pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t

`

(;0>) Cikgbg`rg Cikgbg`rg (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

6 111,1 111,111 :06,11

(;0% s / 0 611,11)

(880) Kfdfffjgs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

611,11

x

B` c`tfgx` fcprfs` vfd ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` pfr ;6 111 . Fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú v` `sjfdmgr ` 61 111 , b` sfv` `cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` çs mf ;1 111  g tç rfhgstr`m` ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt pfr v`bir mf : 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu` cgto`dè`dt mufs bbftrfs mf j`dvg, ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt ` sgs cfsis g b‗`btr` b‗`b tr` `ck vfdjgcfdt ` mis `dys. G^@ mfb ;0%. ^`bir jicpt`kbf mfb kç 3 Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú ‚ @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` ‚ Mftfrgir`cfdt mfb v`bir ^`bir jicpt`kbf mf b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` 3 61 111,11 ∛ ;1 111,11 ∛ : 111,11 3 ;8 111,11 . Fd `qufst j`s, fb prfu mf vfdm` v fdm` çs gdnfrgir `b v`bir mfb kç. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` tgdmrá ud` pårmu` jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`. Qårmu` 3 Qrfu mf vfdm` ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 ;6 111,11 ∛ ;8 111,11 3 ”; 111,11 . x

;1 111,11 : 111,1 111,111 06 0;6,11 06 0;6,11 ; 111,11

(;50;) (;70;)) (;70; (6=:0) (;6:0) (>80)

@.@. m‗gdst. tåjdgqufs Mft. v`b. gds. tåj. Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` j/t Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb/t Qfrm. prij. mf b‗gcc. c`t. `

(;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgids tåjdgqufs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

61 111,11 6 ;61,11

(;0% s/ ;6 111,11)

x

0=1

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 5󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` KF[B@DH@, Z@. G^@ mfb mfb ;0%? 0. ^fd ud irmgd`mir pfr 611 . Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf mf 

;. :.

=.

6. >. 8. 5. 7. 01. 00. 0;. 0:. 0=. 06.

0>.

b‗irmgd`mir çs? s`bmi mfb jicptf (;08) Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis p rijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú? (;508) @cirtgtz`j @cirtgtz`jgú gú `jucub`m` m‗fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú? 511 . 0 ;11 < s`bmi mfb jicptf Fs jikr` b` vfdm` mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. Fb jitxf m‗fcprfs` jicfdè` ` tfdgr tfdgr prikbfcfs g mfjgmfgxfd vfdmrf‗b. Fb prfu mf vfdm` vfdm` p`jt`t `sjfdmfgx ` : 111 . Fb jicpr`mir p`h` b‗G^ b‗G^@ @ fd fnfjtgu fnfjtgu g sghd` mufs bbftrfs bb ftrfs m‗ghu`b qu`dtg` `ck vfdjgcfdts ` > g 0= cfsis, rfspfjtgv`cfdt. Fb jitxf v` jist`r ;6 111  ` b‗fcprfs`, b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `sjfdmg` ` ;1 111  g tç rfhgstr`m` ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . Fb mg` 0 mf hfdfr vfd fb cikgbg`rg mf b‗fcprfs` pfr 01 111 . Jikr` cgto`dè`dt ;= bbftrfs mf j`dvg m‗ghu`b qu`dtg` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf mfb cikgbg`rg çs? s`bmi mfb jicptf (;0>) Cikgbg`rg? ;1 111 < s`bmi mfb jicptf (;50>) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg? 0; 111 . Jikr` b` prgcfr` bbftr` mfb pudt pudt :. Jikr` b` prgcfr` bbftr` mfb pudt pudt =. Fb 10/10/;1U0 jicpr` ud fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt pfr v`bir mf 06 111 . @jirm` fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf 0 111  j`m` ud`, `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @cirtgtz` b‗fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt pfb cåtimf mfb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, vfd b‗fbfcfdt b ‗fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt pfr 01 111 . Fb jikr`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U0, jicpr` cikgbg`rg pfr 01 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf cudt`thf `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 . Pufm` pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt ` > cfsis. @cirtgtz` fb cikgbg`rg pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U8 vfd fb cikgbg`rg pfr ; 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá `ck ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` : cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U0 jicpr` ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` pfr =1 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg m‗ghu`b qu`dtg` mur`dt fbs pripfrs = `dys, `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @ :0 mf mfsfckrf `cirtgtz` b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. bgdf`b. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. Fb :0 mf c`rè mf ;1U7 vfd b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` pfr 6 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg pfr ud gcpirt mf ;11 , `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` bbftr`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. Fs primufgx ud gdjfdmg ` b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` quf `j`k` `ck ud` cáqugd` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`mqugsgjgú quf v` sfr mf >1 111 . Fb s`bmi mfb jicptf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` fd `qufst cicfdt fr` mf :1 111 .

0=0

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

= 44 Bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs @b sukhrup ;; mfb QHJ, Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, fs rfhgstr`r`d fbs `jtgus di jirrfdts quf sghugd gccikbfs g quf fs mgspisgd pfr iktfdgr rfdmfs, pbusvábufs i titfs mufs fd jicptfs mf pfr `b sfu ÿs fd b` primujjgú i fb sukcgdgstr`cfdt mf kçds i sfrvfgs, i kç pfr ` ngd`bgt`ts `mcgdgstr`tgvfs< i kç pfr ` b` sfv` vfdm` fd fb jurs irmgd`rg mf bfs ipfr`jgids. Fbs jicptfs m‗`qufst sukhrup nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n GGG Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. Fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup ;; Gdvfrsgids cikgbgárgfs quf pripis` fb QHJ súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ (;;1) Gdvfrsgids fd tfrrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs. ‚ (;;0) Gdvfrsgids fd jidstrujjgids.

Fb QHJ fspfjgngj` ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú =` Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs quf fbs jrgtfrgs rfb`tgus ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b s‗`pbgj`r`d t`ckç ` bfs gdvfrsgids cikgbgárgfs. Qfr t`dt, tit b‗fstumg`t fd pudts `dtfrgirs pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b çs `pbgj`kbf ` bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, utgbgtz`dt fbs jicptfs fspfjãngjs pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

(;5;) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (;7;) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (>8;) Qårmufs prijfmfdts m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (>5;) @cirtgtz`jgú m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárg gccikgbgárgfs. fs. (>7;) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (8:;) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (88;) Kfdfngjgs prijfmfdts m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. (87;) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`c mftfrgir`cfdt fdt m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgár gccikgbgárgfs. gfs.

Qfr ÿbtgc, j`b `nfhgr quf, sg fs primufgx ud j`dvg m‗ÿs m‗`qufstfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs g p`ssfd ` utgbgtz`r-sf fd b` primujjgú i fb sukcgdgstr`cfdt mf kçds i sfrvfgs, i pfr ` ngd`bgt`ts `mcgdgstr`tgvfs, b‗`pudt jicpt`kbf quf j`bmrá rf`bgtz`r sfrá fb sfhòfdt? x

(;01)) (;01 (;00) (; (;5; (; 5;))

]fr frrf rfdy dyss g kç kçds ds d` d`tu tur` r`bs bs Jidstrujjgids @cir @c irtg tgtz tz`j `jgú gú `j `juc ucub ub`m `m`` m‗gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs `

(;;1) (;;0) (;50)

x

Gdvfrsgids Gdvfrsgi ds fd tfrrf tfrrfdys dys g kçds d`tur`bs Gdvfrsgids fd jidstrujjgids @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

G, sg fs primufgx ud j`dvg m‗ÿs m‗ÿs mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g p`ssfd ` jidsgmfr`r-sf gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, b‗`pudt jicpt`kbf quf s‗eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r sfrá b‗ipis`t ` b‗`dtfrgir.

0=;

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Puå çs ud` gdvfrsgú9 ;󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf, b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf ud` mfspfs` g ud` gdvfrsgú. :󰂸󰂸 Mfngdfgx b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. =󰂸󰂸 Jic fs v`bir`r`d gdgjg`bcfdt fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b9 6󰂸󰂸 Jic fs j`bjub` fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b9 G fb jist mf primujjgú9 >󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs núrcubfs tç ud fcprfs`rg sg vib òird`r fb p`h`cfdt mf b` jicpr` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b9 8󰂸󰂸 Pu`d ud` fcprfs` jidstrufgx b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds, id fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d bfs mfspfsfs rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg9 Id s‗`jtgv`r`d `qufstfs mfspfsfs pistfrgircfdt9

5󰂸󰂸 Jic fs v`bir`r`d fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b `ck pistfrgirgt`t ` b` sfv` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b9 7󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf pårmufs mf v`bir quf p`tfgxfd fbs gccikgbgtz`ts. Puå çs b‗`cirtgtz`jgú9

01󰂸󰂸 00󰂸󰂸 Fducfr` fbs cåtimfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. 0;󰂸󰂸 Pu`d fs primufgx ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b9 0:󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs núrcubfs fxgstfgxfd pfr òird`r fb jikr`cfdt mf b` vfdm` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b9 0=󰂸󰂸 Puå súd bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs9 .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf : 111  cçs G^@ jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` c`qugdárg`. ;. Jicpr` b` c`qugdárg` ` b` qu`b fs n` rfnfrådjg` fd fb supûsgt `dtfrgir pfr ud gcpirt mf ;5 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf

:. =. 6. >.

8. 5.

tr`dspirt ngds ` b` nákrgj` g b‗`ssfhur`dè` `sjfdmfgxfd ` 511  g :11 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú supis` pfr ` b‗fcprfs` ud jist mf 0 111 . Fs p`h`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf 0 111 , `ck vfdjgcfdt j`m` ; cfsis, j`m` ud`. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. @cirtgtz` b` c`qugdárg` pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. mfjrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. Q`ss`ts 6 `dys, vfd b` c`qugdárg` pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . Jikr` cgto`dè`dt ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` > cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗ipfr`jgú, b ‗ipfr`jgú, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. jirrfspidfdt. Jicpr` cikgbg`rg pfr 0= 111 . Fb tr`dspirt jirrfspidfdt ngds ` b‗fcprfs` supis` udfs mfspfsfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;11 . Fb p`h`cfdt s‗fnfjtu` s ‗fnfjtu` mf b` c`dfr` sfhòfdt? fb tr`dspirt (cçs b‗G^@ b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt) jirrfspidfdt) pfr k`dj g pfr b` rfst` s‗`jjfptfd bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf =11  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @cirtgtz` fb cikgbg`rg pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts jrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. Q`ss`ts 6 `dys, vfd fb cikgbg`rg pfr pfr 0 111 . Jikr` m‗`quã ` mis cfsis. @k`ds @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt `b 6å `dy.

7. Zikrf ud tfrrfdy mf b` sfv` pripgft`t fdj`rrfh` ` ud` fcprfs` jidstrujtir` b` jidstrujjgú m ud bij`b pfr ` ingjgdfs. Fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` prgcfr` jfrtgngj`jgú m‗ikr` pfr ud gcpirt mf 05 111 . 01. Q`ss`ts mis cfsis, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` sfhid` jfrtgngj`jgú m‗ikr`, pfr ud gcpirt mf :; 111 .

0=:

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

00. 0;. 0:. 0=.

]rfs cfsis cçs t`rm, fb jidtr`jtgst` bg prfsfdt` b` tfrjfr` g ÿbtgc` jfrtgngj`jgú, pfr ud gcpirt mf :5 111 . Vd cfs mfsprçs, b‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U0, fb fb jidtr`jtgst` bbgur` b‗ingjgd` `j`k`m`. `j`k`m`. @ ngd`bs m‗`dy, `cirtgtz` b‗ingjgd` fd ud ;%. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` jicpt`k gbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr prg cfr `dy. `dy. Mgspis` m‗ud tfrrfdy v`bir`t fd 6; 111 . Fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf r` id`kbf cfdys fbs jistis jis tis mf vfdm` `sjfdmfgxfd `sjfdmfgx fd ` =7 111 , g fb v`bir `jtu`b mfbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu fspfr`ts `sjfdmfgx ` =8 111 . 06. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy sfhòfdt, e`d mfs`p`rfhut mfs`p`rfhut bfs jùsfs quf v`d citgv`r b‗`p`rgjgú mf b` pårmu` p årmu` mf v`bir. v`bir.

;󰂸󰂸 Vd` fcprfs` `mqugrfgx ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;11> pfr v`bir mf 51 111 , b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb fs v` fstgc`r fd 01 `dys g fb sfu v`bir rfsgmu`b fs v` jidsgmfr`r dub. Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;100, b‗fcprfs` v` fstgc`r quf b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` e`vg` p`tgt ud` pårmu` p årmu` rfvfrsgkbf mf v`bir v`b ir pfr ud gcpirt mf ; 111  g v` prijfmgr ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` jirrfspidfdt pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;10;, fb v`bir rìd`kbf jirrfspidfdt çs mf ;; 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ; 111 111 . @qufst` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf > 111 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗ipfr`jgids çs mfb =% `du`b. Jicpt`kgbgtz` ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs ` b‗`dy ;10;.

:󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr DFC@MF, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` fgdfs pfr v`bir mf 511 , quf p`h` fd fnfjtgu. ;. @ ngd`bs m‗`dy m‗`dy,, fs rf`bgtz` fb rfjicptf nãsgj jirrfspidfdt, iksfrv`dt quf eg n`btfd fgdfs pfr ud gcpirt mf >1 . :. Jicpr` ud` cáqugd` pfr ` b` primujjgú mfbs sfus primujtfs primuj tfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;1 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú jirrfspidfdts `sjfdmfgxfd ` 611 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt 61 bbftrfs mf j`dvg mfb c`tfgx gcpirt, `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. =. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` bbftr ` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. 6. @cirtgtz` b` cáqugd` pfb cåtimf mfb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. ^gm` ^gm` ÿtgb? 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. >. Q`ss`ts 8 `dys, vfd b` c`qugdárg` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 . Jikr` m‗`quã ` mis cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt `b 8å `dy `dy.. 8. Jicfdè` ` jidstrugr, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds, ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj`. Mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy, s`tgsná bfs 

5. 7. 01. 00. 0;. 0:. 0=.





sfhòfdts pfr ` b`s`tgsná sfv` n`krgj`jgú? 06 sfhòfdts? 111 < c`tfrg`bs? 111 < sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 6 111 . Mur`dt fbmfspfsfs sfhid fxfrjgjg, bfs mfspfsfs sius? 05;; 111 , c`tfrg`bs? ;6 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 5 111 . @ ngd`bs ngd`bs mfb sfhid fxfrjgjg, b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` tåjdgj` fstá `j`k`m`. Fd fb tfrjfr `dy `cirtgtz` b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` tåjdgj` pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. B` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb çs mf 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. B‗0 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0 ;1U 0 jicpr` ud j`cgú pfr :6 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? 01 111  m‗`quã ` ; cfsis g pfr b` rfst` s‗`jjfptfd ;11 bbftrfs mf j`dvg m‗ghu`b qu`dtg` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt fb j`cgú mur`dt 5 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. Fb ;5 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U8 vfd fb j`cgú pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111 . Jikr` m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. Mgspis` m‗ud fqugp gdmustrg`b v`bir`t fd 6; 111 . Z‗fstgc` quf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb sfrá mf 01 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` s ‗`cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ngd`bs mfb prgcfr `dy, `dy, fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` =6 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0 111 . B‗fqugp gdmustrg`b pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf > 111 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb

=% `du`b. Mftfrcgd` sg b‗fqugp gdmustrg`b e` p`tgt ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir g, sg çs prijfmfdt, jicpt`kgbgtz`‗b.

0==

J`s ngd`b

0

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` ` 0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:, fbs jicptfs sfhòfdts? ]frrfdys ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? 61 111 < 





Jidstrujjgids? 011 111 < C`qugdárg`? ;1 111 < Cikgbg`rg? 5 111 < Fqugps pfr ` prijfss`cfdt m‗gdnirc`jgú? ; 111 < @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfd ts ` privfémirs? : 111 < @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdt s mf rfcudfr`jgids? rfcudfr`jgid s? 0 111 < Cfrj`mfrgfs? 01 111 < K`dj j/j? 0=1 111 < Qrivfémirs? > 111 < @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts? ; 111 < J`pgt`b sijg`b? ` mftfrcgd`r. @cirtgtz`jgids? ‚ Jidstrujjgids? ;% mfb mfb sfu v`bir. v`bir. Fs v`d `mqugrgr fb fb 10/10/0777. ^`bir ^`bir rfsgmu`b dub. ‚ C`qugdárg`? 01% mfb sfu sfu v`bir. v`bir. Fs v` `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;117. 10/10/;117. ^`bir ^`bir rfsgmu`b dub. ‚ Cikgbg`rg? fs v` `mqugrgr `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;101. Z‗`cirtgtz` pfb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. Z‗fstgc` ud` vgm` ÿtgb mf > `dys. Fb`kir` fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. ‚ Fqugps pfr ` prijfss`cfdt m‗gdnirc`jgú? fs v`d `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;10;. 10/10/;10;. Z‗`cirtgtzfd pfb pfb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts fd = `dys. Z‗fstgc` ud v`bir rfsgmu`b dub. Fb`kir` fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. Mur`dt b‗`dy ;10:, rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;1 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗e` gdjbûs ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d fd uds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú pfr ; 111 . Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 . ;. B` dûcgd` gdjbiu fbs jidjfptfs sfhòfdts? sius kruts? 06 111 < Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? = ;11 < Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mfb trfk`bb`mir? ; 011 < rftfdjgids G[QN? G[ QN? ; 111 . Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. B` rfst` fs p`h` pfb j/j k`dj`rg. :. ^fd cfrj`mfr cfrj`mfrgfs gfs pfr :1 111  `ck ud mfsjicptf fd n`jtur` pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb 6%. Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Fs jikrfd 06 111  pfr k`dj g b` rfst` fs mijucfdt` fd bbftrfs mf j`dvg, quf súd `jjfpt`mfs pfbs jbgfdts. =. Dfhijg` fd ud k`dj bbftrfs mf j`dvg pfr v`bir mf 5 111 . Fb k`dj jikr` fb ;% m‗gdtfrås g 1,0% mf jicgssgú. B` rfst` mf bfs bbftrfs mf j`dvg `dtfrgirs súd hfstgid`mfs `b c`tfgx k`dj. 6. Fb 10/17/;10: vfd fb cikgbg`rg pfr : 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu` `ck bfs jidmgjgids sfhòfdts? 611  cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf ;11  j`m` ud` `ck ud vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. Qråvg`cfdt Qråvg`cfdt ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt ` b‗`dy ;10:. >. [ftird [ftird`` fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf 0 ;11 ;11 , sf‗d n`d c`bkç pfr v`bir mf =11  g b` rfst` fs jicprfd. 8. Q`h` `bs privfémirs mfb pudt 0 g mfb K`b`dè cgto`dè`dt xfj mf =1 111 , jirrfspidfdt b` mgnfrådjg` ` ud `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` nuturfs jicprfs (G^@ gdjbûs). 5. @b vfdjgcfdt mf bfs bbftrfs mfb pudt =, titfs bfs bbftrfs mfsjicpt`mfs súd `tfsfs pfbs jbgfdts, fxjfptf fxjfptf ud` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 , quf rfsubt` gcp`h`m`. Fb k`dj rftird` b` gcp`h`m`, jikr`dt ;11  mf jicgssgids. Bfs bbftrfs hfstgid`mfs rfsubtfd `tfsfs `b sfu vfdjgcfdt. Jicgssgú mfb 1,0%. 7. B` bbftr` gcp`h`m` çs jidsgmfr`m` mf muktús jikr`cfdt g b‗fcprfs` jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú pfr mftfrgir`cfdt. 01. Fb jbgfdt mfb pudt 7 jicudgj` quf fs jidsgmfrg fb mfutf jic ` mfngdgtgv`cfdt pfrmut. 00. Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs bfs `cirtgtz`jgids. `cirtgtz`jgids. 0;. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;10:, fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` c`qugdárg` çs mf 8 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` (gcpistis sikrf b` vfdm`) `sjfdmfgxfd ` =11 . @qufst` c`qugdárg` pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf 

0 511 .b‗G^@. Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗ipfr`jgids çs mfb =% `du`b. 0:. Bgqugm`

0=. Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs mf cfrj`mfrgfs `sjfdmfgxfd `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0: 111 . [f`bgtz` bfs `dit`jgids jirrfspidfdts `b bbgkrf Mg`rg g fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b mf OOQC, Z@.

0=6

Vdgt`t = - B‗gccikgbgtz`t

Gmffs jbù Fbfcfdts mf b‗@jtgu t`dhgkbfs rfprfsfdt`ts pfr kçds, cikbfs i gccikbfs

Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b Jist mf primujjgú

@mqugsgjgú ` tfrjfrs Gdjirpir`jgú ` b‗@jtgu

N`krgj`jgú (pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs` i pfr fcprfsfs `bgfdfs)

Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

@cirtgtz`jgids? sgstfcátgqufs g @cirtgtz`jgids? grrfvfrsgkbfs Qårmufs mf v`bir

Mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir? rfvfrsgkbfs g Mftfrgir`cfdts jidoudtur`bs Fxtrìrmgdárgfs

B‗GCCIKGBG]_@] Jábjub mfb v`bir jicpt`kbf @bgfd`jgú

Jábjub mfb kfdfngjg i b` pårmu` [fhgstrf mf b‗ipfr`jgú

@jtgus di jirrfdts quf sghugd gccikbfs g quf fs mgspisgd pfr iktfdgr-df rfdmfs, pbusvábufs i titfs mufs

Gdvfrsgids

gccikgbgárgfs

Z‗eg `pbgj`r`d fbs jrgtfrgs gdjbisis ` bfs dircfs rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

u

d

g

t

`

t

6

B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs ZVC@[G 󰁤

B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

󰁤

@rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jidågxfr fbs prgdjgp`bs jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf g fbs `rrfdm`cfdts ngd`djfrs. ¸¸ Fdtfdmrf g `pbgj`r jirrfjt`cfdt bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf g `bs `rrfdm`cf `rrfdm`cfdts dts ngd`djfrs g bfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r. ¸¸ [fhgstr`r bfs mgnfrfdts ipfr`jgids quf fs pimfd rf`bgtz`r `ck b‗gccikgbgtz`t

gdt`dhgkbf g fbs `rrfdm`cfdts ngd`djfrs.

0=8

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

0 44 B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf Bfs gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs `p`rfgxfd mfsfdvibup`mfs fd fb sukhrup ;1 mfb QHJ, quf bfs mfngdfgx jic ` ‒`jtgus di cidft`rgs sfdsf `p`rfdè` nãsgj` susjfptgkbfs mf v`bir`jgú fjidûcgj`, `gxã jic fbs `v`dè`cfdts ` jicptf bbgur`ts ` privfémirs m‗`qufsts gccikgbgtz`ts–. Fbs jicptfs quf nircfd `qufst sukhrup súd fbs quf fducfrfc ` jidtgdu`jgú? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

(;11) Gdvfstgh`jgú. (;10) Mfsfdvibup`cfdt. (;1;) Jidjfssgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs. (;1:) Qripgft`t gdmustrg`b. (;16) Mrft mf tr`spás. (;1>) @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs. (;17) @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs.

Fb QHJ `cpbg` `qufst` mfngdgjgú jicfdt`dt quf, ` cçs mfbs fbfcfdts gdt`dhgkbfs fscfdt`ts, fxgstfgxfd `btrfs fbfcfdts m‗`qufst` d`tur`bfs` quf gdt`dhgkbfs sfr`d rfjidfhuts jic ` t`bs fd fb K`b`dè, sfcprf g qu`d jicpbfgxgd bfs jidmgjgids gdmgj`mfs `b C`rj Jidjfptu`b mf b` Jicpt`kgbgt`t, `gxã jic fbs rfqugsgts fspfjgngj`ts ` bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú< fdtrf `btrfs, fbs sfhòfdts? mrfts jicfrjg`bs, pripgft`t gdtfb¸bfjtu`b i bbgjådjgfs. Qfr `b sfu rfhgstrf, s‗ikrgrá ud jicptf fd `qufst sukhrup `ck ud civgcfdt sgcgb`r `b mfsjrgt ` jidtgdu`jgú pfr ` b` rfst` mf jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. gdt`dhgkbf. Qfr ÿbtgc, fb QHJ t`ckç fds rfjirm` quf ‒fbs jicptfs m‗`qufst sukhrup nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n G Gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf–. 0.0 4 Dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Qfr v`bir`r, mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` jicpt`kbf, b‗`mqugsgjgú i primujjgú m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, sf sfhugr`d fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 6` mfb QHJ. @qufst` dirc` fds mgu quf fbs jrgtfrgs jidtgdhuts fd bfs dircfs rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b s‗`pbgj`r`d `bs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, sfdsf pfroumgjg mfb mgspis`t ` jidtgdu`jgú g mfb prfvgst ` bfs dircfs p`rtgjub`rs sikrf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. ^fgfc, midjs, quf fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, ` b‗ghu`b quf fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, t`ckç fs v`bir`r`d gdgjg`bcfdt jic ` dirc` hfdfr`b pfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i fb jist mf primujjgú, jicpbft`dt `qufst` v`bir`jgú `ck bfs dircfs p`rtgjub`rs quf fs mfsfdvibupf mfsfdvibupfd d ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >` mfb QHJ. Jidtgdu` mgfdt b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 6`, ` b‗`p`rt`t 0. [fjidfg-

[fjidfgxfcfdt m‗`jtgus fd fb K`b`dè Fbs `jtgus s‗e`d mf rfjidågxfr fd fb K`b`dè qu`d sghug prik`kbf iktfdgr-df kfdfngjgs i rfdmgcfdts fjidûcgjs pfr ` b‗fcprfs` fd fb nutur, g sfcprf quf fs puhugd v`bir`r `ck ng`kgbgt`t. Fb rfjidfgxfcfdt jicpt`kbf m‗ud @jtgu gcpbgj` quf sgcubtádg`cfdt fs rfjidfhug ud u d Q`ssgu, mgscgdufgxg ud `btrf @jtgu i fs rfjidfhugd ud gdhrçs i `btrfs gdjrfcfdts fd fb Q`trgcidg dft.

xfcfdt, quf pfr `b rfjidfgxfcfdt gdgjg`b m ud gccikgbgtz`t mf d`tur`bfs` gdt`dhgkbf j`b quf, ` cçs mf jicpbgr b` mfngdgjgú m‗`jtgu g fbs jrgtfrgs mf rfhgstrf i rfjidfgxfcfdt jicpt`kbf jidtgdhuts `b C`rj Jidjfptu`b mf b` Jicpt`kgbgt`t, jicpbfgxg fb jrgtfrg m‗ gmfdtgngj`kgbgt`t.

0=5

B‗fscfdt`t jrgtfrg m‗gmfdtgngj`kgbgt`t gcpbgj` quf b‗gccikgbgtz`t jicpbfgxg `bhud mfbs mis rfqugsgts sfhòfdts? ‚ Zfrá sfp`r`kbf, çs ` mgr, susjfptgkbf mf sfr sfp`r`t mf b‗fcprfs` g vfdut,

jfmgt, bbgur`t pfr ` b` sfv` fxpbit`jgú, `rrfdm`t i gdtfrj`dvg`t, o` sghug gdmgvgmu`bcfdt i oudt`cfdt `ck `btrfs `jtgus i p`ssgus `ck quå c`dtgdhug rfb`jgú.

‚ Zirhgrá mf mrfts bfh`bs i jidtr`jtu`bs, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` quf sghugd

tr`dsnfrgkbfs i sfp`r`kbfs mf b‗fcprfs` i m‗`btrfs mrfts i ikbgh`jgids. J`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf, fd j`p j`s, fs rfjidfgxfr`d jic ` gccikgbgtz`ts gdt`dhgkbfs bfs mfspfsfs ij`sgid`mfs `ck citgu mf b‗fst`kbgcfdt, bfs c`rqufs, bfs j`pè`bfrfs mf mg`rgs i rfvgstfs, fbs sfhfbbs i bfs mfdicgd`jgids fmgtirg`bs, bfs bbgstfs mf jbgfdts i `btrfs p`rtgmfs p`rt gmfs sgcgb`rs, quf s‗e`hgd hfdfr`t gdtfrd`cfdt. Qfr ` b` sfv` v`bir`jgú pistfrgir pistfrgir, di efc m‗ikbgm`r quf t`ckç j`b `pbgj`r fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. @ b‗`p`rt`t ; mf b‗fscfdt`m` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 6`, fb QHJ fds gdmgj` quf b‗fcprfs` `prfjg`rá sg b` vgm` ÿtgb m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf çs mfngdgm` i gdmfngdgm`< pfr t`dt, fb sfu tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mfpfdmrá m‗`qufst` jgrjucstádjg`? ‚ Zg b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf tç ud` vgm` ÿtgb mfngdgm` mfngdgm`, b` v`bir`jgú pis-

tfrgir m‗`qufsts fbfcfdts sfrá b` c`tfgx` quf pfr `bs gccikgbgtz`ts c`tfrg`bs< çs ` mgr, fb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i jist mf primujjgú cfdys b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗gcpirt `jucub`t mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt rfjidfhumfs. ‚ Vd gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf tgdmrá ud` vgm` ÿtgb gdmfngdgm` qu`d, sikrf b` k`sf m‗ud` `dábgsg mf tits fbs n`jtirs rfbbfv`dts, di eg e`hg ud bãcgt prfvgsgkbf mfb pfrãimf `b bb`rh mfb qu`b s‗fspfr` quf b‗`jtgu hfdfrg fdtr`mfs mf nbuxis dfts m‗fnfjtgu pfr ` b‗fcprfs`. Vd fbfcfdt m‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `ck ud` vgm` ÿtgb gdmfngdgm` di s‗`cirtgtz`rá, fdj`r` quf j`bmrá `d`bgtz`r-df b‗fvfdtu`b mftfrgir`cfdt sfcprf quf d‗fxgstfgxgd gdmgjgs g `bcfdys `du`bcfdt. B` vgm` ÿtgb m‗`qufst tgpus m‗gccikgbgtz`t s‗eùrá mf rfvgs`r j`m` `dy pfr mftfrcgd`r sg fxgstfgxfd nfts g jgrjucsjgrjucstádjgfs quf pfrcftfd sfhugr c`dtfdgdt ud` vgm` ÿtgb gdmfngdgm` pfr ` `qufst `jtgu. Fd j`s jidtr`rg, fs j`dvg`rá b` vgm` ÿtgb m‗gdmfngdgm` ` mfngdgm`, prijfmgdt-sf sfhids fb mgspis`t fd rfb`jgú `ck fbs j`dvgs fd b‗fstgc`jgú jicpt`kbf, jicpt`kbf, bbfv`t quf fs tr`jtçs m‗ud frrir< çs ` mgr, sf‗d cimgngj`rá fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf p`ss`dt ` sfr `cirtgtz`t fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb fstgc`m`. fstgc`m`. Fbs j`dvgs fd bfs fstgc`jgids jicpt`kbfs s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r sfhugdt fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;;`. J`dvgs fd jrgtfrgs jicpt`kbfs, frrirs g fstgc`jgids jicpt`kbfs. Fb QHJ, fd b` jgdqufd` p`rt, Mfngdgjgids g rfb`jgids jicpt`kbfs, mfsfdvibup` fb jidtgdhut g bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs cçs mfst`j`mfs mf bfs ipfr`jgids g

fbs nfts fjidûcgjs quf fs rfprfsfdtfd fd `qufsts jicptfs. Bfs `d`bgtz`rfc mft`bb`m`cfdt, jicpbft`dt jicpbft`dt `qufst` gdnirc`jgú `ck b` quf fds infrfgx b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >` rfb`tgv` ` bfs ‒Dircfs p`rtgjub`rs sikrf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf–.

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

0.; 4 Mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt

@ jidtgdu`jgú, `d`bgtz`rfc `qufsts jicptfs mf c`dfr` jidoudt`, o` quf tits mis sfrvfgxfd pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r ud c`tfgx prijçs. Fb QHJ fds gdmgj` fbs jidjfptfs quf j`b rfhgstr`r-eg. Jicptf (;11) Gdvfstgh`jgú

Çs b` gdm`h`jgú irghgd`b g pb`dgngj`m` quf pfrsfhufgx mfsjikrgr dius jidfgxfcfdts g ud` jicprfdsgú supfrgir mfbs fxgstfdts fd fbs tfrrfdys jgfdtãngj i tåjdgj. Jidtç b` tit`bgt`t mf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú `jtgv`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`, m‗`jirm `ck b‗fst`kbfrt ` bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú. Zfhids b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >`, bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú sfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs rf`bgtzgd. ]it g `gxû, fs pimr`d `jtgv`r jic ` gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf mfs mfb cicfdt fd quå jicpbfgxgd bfs jidmgjgids sfhòfdts? ‚ Fst`r fspfjãngj`cfdt gdmgvgmu`bgtz`ts pfr priofjtfs g fb sfu jist jb`r`cfdt

fst`kbfrt pfr t`b quf puhug sfr mgstrgkuét fd fb tfcps. ‚ ]fdgr citgus nid`cfdt`ts mf b‗åxgt tåjdgj g mf b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` g jicfrjg`b mfb priofjtf i fbs priofjtfs mf quå fs tr`jtg. Fb jicptf m‗gdhrfssis quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr ` b‗`jtgv`jgú b ‗`jtgv`jgú m‗`qufstfs m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs çs fb (8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, fd quå fs rfhgstr`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt rf`bgtz`mfs pfr ` b` jrf`jgú mfbs kçds jicprfsis fd fb sukhrup ;1. Fb sfu nudjgid`cfdt jicpt`kbf jicpt`kbf çs sgcgb`r ` b‗`d`bgtz`t ` b` udgt`t mfmgj`m` ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b c`tfrg`b pfr `bs jicptfs mfb sukhrup (8:) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗fcprfs`. Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú quf nghurgd ` b‗@jtgu s‗eùr`d m‗`cirtgtz`r mur`dt b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb, g sfcprf mgds mfb tfrcgdg mf jgdj `dys. @qufstfs mfspfsfs fs jicfdè`r`d ` `cirtgtz`r ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt mf b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufstfs `cirtgtz`jgids, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgt@cirtgtz`jgú z`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf mfspfsfs, fb jicptf (>51) kgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf g, jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm`, ud jicptf jirrfjtirmfmfbb‗gccihrup ; @jtgu di jirrfdt, fb jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. Fb sfu nudjgid`cfdt jicpt`kbf jicpt`kbf çs sgcgb`r ` b‗`d`bgtz`t

` b` udgt`t mfmgj`m` ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t b ‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. Fd j`s quf fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs sikrf b‗åxgt tåjdgj i b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` g jicfrjg`b mfb priofjtf, fbs gcpirts rfhgstr`ts ` b‗@jtgu s‗eùr`d m‗gcput`r mgrfjt`cfdt ` pårmufs mf b‗fxfrjgjg g s‗us`rá fb jicptf (>81) Qårmufs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gccikgbgtz`t tz`t gdt`dhgkbf. Fstá priegkgm` b` mgstrgkujgú mf kfdfngjgs `bs sijgs i `jjgidgstfs ngds quf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt di e`hgd fst`t jicpbft`cfdt `cirtgtz`mfs, bbfv`t quf b‗gcpirt mf bfs rfsfrvfs mgspidgkbfs sghug jic ` cãdgc ghu`b ` b‗gcpirt m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs quf nghurfd `b K`b`dè.

0=7

B` gdvfstgh`jgú b` pimrá rf`bgtz`r b fcprfs`, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds, i kç fdj`rrfh`r-b` ` `btrfs fcprfsfs i ` udgvfrsgt`ts i `btrfs gdstgtujgids mfmgj`mfs ` b` gdvfstgh`jgú jgfdtãngj` i tfjdibûhgj`, pfrû fd tits mis j`sis fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf çs cibt sgcgb`r.

061

Fxfcpbfs Gdvfstgh`jgú fdj`rrfh`m` ` ud` fcprfs` fxtfrd` `ck åxgt fd fb priofjtf B‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, jidtr`jt` ` ud` udgvfrsgt`t b` gdvfstgh`jgú m‗ud diu priofjtf priof jtf mf n`krgj`jgú 

p`h`dt ;1111

pfr k`dj. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

;1 111,11

= ;11,11

(>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jg gdvfstgh`jgú ú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;1 111,1 111,11) 1)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

;= ;11,1 ;11,11 1

x

Zfhids b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >`, bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú sfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs rf`bgtzgd. @b ffd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ffrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfb priofjtf< ` cçs, fb sfu jist fstá jb`r`cfdt fst`kbfrt pfr t`b quf puhug sfr mgstrgkuét fd fb tfcps, mf nirc` quf prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. x

;1 111,11

(;11) Gdvfstgh`jgú `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

;1 111,11

x

B‗`dy ;1U1, p`h` pfr k`dj 0; 111  pfr jidtgdu`r `ck fbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0; 111,11 ; 6;1,11

(>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jg gdvfstgh`jgú ú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0; 111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

0= 6;1,1 6;1,11 1

x

@ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, múd` pfr `j`k`m` b` gdvfstgh`jgú g fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs fd 6 `dys. Qfr b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs jirrfspidfdts ` b‗`dy ;1U;? x

0; 111,11

(;11) Gdvfstgh`jgú `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `

b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0; 111,11

x

060

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfr ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy ;1U0? x

= 111,11

(>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf (;1 111,11 / 6)

` (;511) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfstgh`jgú m‗gdvfstgh`jg ú

= 111,11

x

Jic quf `qufstfs mfspfsfs fs jicfdè`r`d ` `cirtgtz`r ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt mf b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú, dicçs rfhgstr`rfc b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs ` ffd`bs mf ;1U0. @ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

> =11,11

(>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf \(;1 111,11 + 0; 111,11) / 6S ` (;511) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfstgh`jgú m‗gdvfstgh`jg ú

> =11,11

x

B‗`dy ;1U:, `cirtgtz`rfc titfs bfs mfspfsfs, mfspf sfs, bfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy b‗ `dy ;1U0 g b‗`dy ;1U;.

Gdvfstgh`jgú fdj`rrfh`m` ` ud` fcprfs` fxtfrd` `ck nr`jás fd fb priofjtf @ck bfs c`tfgxfs m`mfs mf b‗fxfcpbf b‗fx fcpbf `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, `r` supis`rfc quf, ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mfbs rfsubt`ts dfh`tgus quf fs v`d iktfdgdt, fs rfdudjg` ` sfhugr `ck fbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. Fd `qufst j`s, fd fbs fb s `dys ;1U0 g ;1U;, fs rf`bgtz`r`d bfs c`tfgxfs `dit`jgids quf fd b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. B‗`dy B‗`dy ;1U:, g m`v`dt mfb nr`jás mf b` gdvfstgh`jgú, fs mid`r`d mf k`gx` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t `jtgv`t g b` sfv` `cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`. x

= 111,11 ;5 111,11

(;511) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfstgh`jgú (>81) Qårmufs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `

(;11) Gdvf Gdvfstgh stgh`jgú `jgú (;1 111,11 + 0; 111,11)

x

:; 111,1 111,11 1

Fd `qufst j`s, b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú v `bir`jgú >` mgu quf, qu`d fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs sikrf b‗åxgt tåjdgj i b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` g jicfrjg`b mfb priofjtf, fbs gcpirts rfhgstr`ts fd b‗@jtgu s‗eùr`d mf pirt`r mgrfjt`cfdt ` pårmufs mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

06;

Gdvfstgh`jgú rf`bgtz`m` `ck cgto`ds pripgs g åxgt fd fb priofjtf B‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, gdgjg` ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, uds trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú utgbgtz`dt fbs sfus pripgs 

cgto`ds g c`tfrg`bs. Mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sius? > 111 cfdts? 0 111 . G^@ mfb ;0%.

, sukcgdgstr`-

x

> 111,11 0 111,11 ;01,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs (>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfd Zukcgdgstr`cfdts ts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 111,11) 111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

8 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

x

@b ffd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ffrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfb priofjtf, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú? x

8 111,1 111,11 1

(;11) Gdvf Gdvfstgh stgh`jgú `jgú `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

8 111,11

x

B‗`dy ;1U;, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs mfspfs fs pfr jidtgdu`r `ck b` gdvfstgh`jgú? sius? 8 611 tr`cfdts? 0 ;11 ;11 . G^@ mfb ;0%.

,

sukcgdgs-

x

8 611,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs

0 ;11,11 ;6;,11

(>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfd Zukcgdgstr`cfdts ts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

(;0% s/ 0 ;11,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

5 76;,1 76;,11 1

x

@ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, múd` pfr `j`k`m` b` gdvfstgh`jgú g fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy ;1U0 fd 6 `dys. Qfr b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs jirrfspidfdts ` b‗`dy ;1U;? x

5 811,1 811,11 1

(;11) Gdvf Gdvfstgh stgh`jgú `jgú `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `

b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

5 811,11

x

06:

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy b‗`d y ;1U0? x

0 =11,11

(>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf (8 111,11 / 6) ` (;511) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfstgh`jgú m‗gdvfstgh`jg ú

0 =11,11

x

@ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

: 0=1,11

(>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf \(8 111,1 111,11 1 + 5 811,1 811,11) 1) / 6S

` (;511) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗gdvfstgh`jgú m‗gdvfstgh`jg ú

: 0=1,11

x

Jicptf (;10) Mfsfdvibup`cfdt

Fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt çs b‗`pbgj`jgú jidjrft` mfbs åxgts iktgdhuts ` p`rtgr mf b` gdvfstgh`jgú i mf qu`bsfvib `btrf tgpus mf jidfgxfcfdt jgfdtãngj ` ud pb` i mgssfdy fd p`rtgjub`r pfr ` b` primujjgú pr imujjgú mf c`tfrg`bs, primujtfs, cåtimfs, prijfssis i sgstfcfs dius, i sukst`djg`bcfdt cgbbir`ts, ngds quf s‗gdgjg` b` primujjgú jicfrjg`b. Jidtç bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt `jtgv`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` m‗`qufst tfxt. m‗`jirm `ck b‗fst`kbfrt ` bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú Zfhugdt `ck b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >`, bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt, qu`d fs jicpbfgxgd bfs jidmgjgids gdmgj`mfs pfr ` b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú, fs rfjidfgxfr`d ` b‗@jtgu, çs ` mgr, s‗eùr`d m‗`jtgv`r ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt. Z‗eùr`d m‗`cirtgtz`r mur`dt b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb, quf, fd prgdjgpg, fs prfsucfgx, bbfv`t mf priv` fd jidtr`, quf di çs supfrgir ` jgdj `dys. @qufstfs mfspfsfs di fs jicfdè`r`d ` `cirtgtz`r ngds quf di ngd`bgtzg fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt. Fd j`s quf fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs sikrf b‗åxgt tåjdgj i b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` g jicfrjg`b mfb priofjtf, fbs gcpirts rfhgstr`ts ` b‗@jtgu s‗eùr`d m‗gcput`r mgrfjt`cfdt ` pårmufs mf b‗fxfrjgjg. Fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt mfsfdvibup`cfdt fb pimrá rf`bgtz`r b‗fcprfs` `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds

Gdsjrgpjgú mfb mfsfdvibup`cfdt fd fb rfhgstrf Vd jip ngd`bgtz`t fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt, sg fs prijfmfgx ` gdsjrgurf fb priofjtf fd fb jirrfspidfdt rfhgstrf, s‗`dit`rá pfr b` p`rt di `cirtgtz`m` mf bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt cçs fbs jistis m‗gdsjrgpjgú fd fb rfhgstrf.

i fdj`rrfh`r-sf ` `btrfs fcprfsfs, i kç ` udgvfrsgt`ts i `btrfs gdstgtujgids mfmgj`mfs ` b` gdvfstgh`jgú jgfdtãngj` i tfjdibûhgj`, pfrû fd tits mis j`sis fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf çs cibt sgcgb`r. Fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs çs sgcgb`r `b quf s‗`pbgj` pfr ` bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú.

06=

Fxfcpbfs Qriofjtfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt fdj`rrfh`ts ` ud` fcprfs` fxtfrd` `ck åxgt B‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, jidtr`jt` ` ud` udgvfrsgt`t fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt m‗ud prijfmgcfdt mf nn`krgj`jgú, `krgj`jgú, p`h`dt 0= 111  pfr k`dj, pfr nfr nridt ` bfs mfspfsfs mfbs pripfrs cfsis, `b ffd`b mfbs qu`bs, g fd nudjgú mfbs rfsubt`ts, mfjgmgrá sg jidtgdu` `ck fb priofjtf. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. x

0= 111,11 ; 7=1,11

(>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jg gdvfstgh`jgú ú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0= 111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

0> 7=1,1 7=1,11 1

x

Mf b` c`tfgx` c`dfr`, bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt sfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs rf`bgtzgd. @b ffd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ffrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfb prijfmgcfdt mf n`krgj`jgú, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú? x

0= 111,1 111,11 1

(;10) Mfsf Mfsfdvib dvibup`cf up`cfdt dt `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0= 111,11

x

B‗`dy ;1U;, p`h` pfr k`dj 5 111

,

pfr jidtgdu`r `ck fbs trfk`bbs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

5 111,11

(>;1) Mfspfsfs fd gdvfstgh`jg gdvfstgh`jgú ú

0 >51,11

g mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 5 111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

7 >51,1 >51,11 1

x

@ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, s‗`j`k` fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt `ck rfsubt`t pisgtgu. Z‗gdsjrgu `b rfhgstrf jirrfspidfdt, p`h`dt pfr `qufst jidjfptf 611  pfr k`dj. G^@ mfb ;0%. p`h`dt Qfr b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs jirrfspidfdts ` b‗`dy ;1U;? x

5 111,1 111,11 1

(;10) Mfsf Mfsfdvib dvibup`cf up`cfdt dt `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr `

b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

5 111,11

x

066

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfr b` gdsjrgpjgú `b rfhgstrf (tfdgdt fd jicptf quf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdsjrgpjgú `b rfhgstrf ùhcfdtfd fb v`bir mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b)? x

;; 611,1 611,11 1 016,11

(;1:) Qripgf Qripgft`t t`t gdmu gdmustrg strg`b `b (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 611,11) 611,11)

`

(;10) Mfsfdvibup`cf Mfsfdvibup`cfdt dt

;; 111,11

(0= 111,11 + 5 111,11)

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

>16,11 >16,1 1

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸

B‗fcprfs` BFI^GJ, Z@, gdgjg`, ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, uds trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú, utgbgtz`dt cgto`ds pripgs. [f`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U0, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sius? :; 111 < c`tfrg`bs? 08 111  g sukcgdgstr`cfdts? = =11 . ;. @ ngd`bs mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r quf fb priofjtf tgdmrá åxgt tåjdgj g rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj`, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. :. Mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U;, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sius? 05 111 < c`tfrg`bs? 0; 111  g sukcgdgstr`cfdts? : 511 . =. @ ngd`bs mf ;1U;, fs múd` pfr nr`j`ss`t fb priofjtf.

;󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, Z@, fdj`rrfh` ` ud` fcprfs` b` gdvfstgh`jgú g fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf sfdvibup`cfdt m‗ud diu primujtf. [f`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ ;0%)? 0. @b divfckrf mf ;1U1, p`h` 05 111  pfr k`dj pfr ` b‗gdgjg mfbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. ;. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, Z@, di tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj tåjdgj mfb priofjtf. :. Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, p`h` ;; 111  pfr k`dj pfr ` b` jidtgdu`jgú mfbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. =. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `dtfrgirs. 6. Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U;, p`h` 0= 111  pfr k`dj pfr ` b` ngd`bgtz`jgú mfbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. >. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, b` gdvfstgh`jgú `j`k` `ck åxgt. 8. @ prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, b‗fcprfs` jicfdè` b‗`jtgvgt`t mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt. Mur`dt `qufst `dy, `dy, p`h` pfb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg ;6 111 . 5. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfbs trfk`bbs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b‗`jtgv`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `dtfrgirs. 7. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U=, `j`k` fb prijçs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt `ck åxgt g b‗fcprfs` gdsjrgu fb diu prijçs mf primujjgú fd fb rfhgstrf mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b. Bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdsjrgpjgú `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0 111  g fs p`-

hufd cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg. 01. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U6, fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd jicpt`kgbgtzfd bfs `cirtgtz`jgids jirrfspidfdts. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` prfvfu pfr ` b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b ud` vgm` ÿtgb mf 01 `dys. @cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b.

06>

0.: 4 [fst` mf jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

B` rfst` mfbs jicptfs mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf quf nircfd fb sukhrup ;1 súd fbs sfhòfdts? Jicptf (;1;) Jidjfssgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs

B‗G^@ fd bfs jidjfssgids B‗G^@ jidjfs sgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs Zfhids b‗`rtgjbf 8.7 mf b` Bbfg mf b‗G^@, di fst`r`d sukofjtfs ` b‗gcpist bfs jidjfssgids g ùtirgtz`jgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs.

Fd `qufst jicptf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d bfs ‒mfspfsfs fnfjtu`mfs pfr ` b‗iktfdjgú mf mrfts m‗gdvfstgh`jgú i m‗fxpbit`jgú `tirh`ts pfr b‗Fst`t i `btrfs @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs, i kç fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf bfs jidjfssgids susjfptgkbfs mf tr`dscgssgú–. Jic ` fxfcpbfs mf jidjfssgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs, pimfc fscfdt`r fb mrft ` fxpbit`r ud` cgd`, ud` ùtipgst`, b` j`nftfrg` mfb Zfd`t, ftj. B` v`bir`jgú gdgjg`b m‗`qufstfs jidjfssgids sfrá b‗gcpirt tit`b mf bfs mfspfsfs dfjfssárgfs pfr ` b` sfv` iktfdjgú. Bfs jidjfssgids `mcgdgstr`tgvfs s‗`cirtgtz`r`d fd ud tfrcgdg di supfrgir `b pfrãimf jidjfssgid`b. Zg s‗`nfjtfd gccikgbgtz`ts c`tfrg`bs ` ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` quf e`d mf rfvfrtgr ` b‗fdtgt`t pÿkbgj` qu`d s‗`j`kg fb pfrãimf jidjfssgid`b, `qufsts `jtgus s‗`cirtgtz`r`d fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb i mf b` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf jidtr`jtf mf jidjfssgú, jidjfssgú, sg çs cfdir. cfdir. Jicptf (;1:) Qripgft`t gdmustrg`b

Q`h`cfdts mf quitfs pfrgûmgqufs Fd fbs j`sis mf p`h`cfdts pfb mrft ` b‗ÿs i b` jidjfssgú mf b‗ÿs, dicçs s‗eùr`d m‗gdvfdt`rg`r sg mfb jidtr`jtf fs mfspråd `qufst` jgrjucstádjg`. Fd j`s jidtr`rg, g sikrftit qu`d fs tr`jtg mfb p`h`cfdt mf quitfs pfrgûmgqufs, `qufsts gcpirts s‗eùr`d mf pirt`r `b jicptf (>;0) @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids.

Fd `qufst jicptf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá ‒b‗gcpirt s`tgsnft pfr b` pripgft`t i pfb mrft ` b‗ÿs i ` b` jidjfssgú mf b‗ÿs mf bfs mgnfrfdts c`dgnfst`jgids mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b, fd fbs j`sis fd quå, pfr bfs fstgpub`jgids fst gpub`jgids mfb jidtr`jtf, s‗e`hgd m‗gdvfdt`rg`r pfr p`rt b‗fcprfs` `mqugrfdt. @qufst jidjfptf gdjbiu, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs p`tfdts m‗gdvfdjgú, fbs jfrtgngj`ts mf pritfjjgú mf cimfbs m‗utgbgt`t pÿkbgj` g bfs p`tfdts m‗gdtrimujjgú–. ]`ckç gdjbiurá bfs mfspfsfs rf`bgtz`mfs fd mfsfdvibup`cfdt qu`d fbs rfsubt`ts mfbs rfspfjtgus priofjtfs fdmfh`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` sghugd pisgtgus g, jicpbgdt fbs dfjfss`rgs rfqugsgts bfh`bs, s‗gdsjrghugd `b rfhgstrf jirrfspidfdt. B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú >`, t`ckç gdmgj` quf fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fd `qufst jidjfptf bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt j`pgt`bgtz`mfs qu`d s‗iktgdhug b` jirrfspidfdt p`tfdt i sgcgb`r, gdjbûs fb jist mf rfhgstrf g nirc`bgtz`jgú mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b, sfdsf pfroumgjg mfbs gcpirts quf t`ckç fs pihufssgd jicpt`kgbgtz`r pfr r`ú m‗`mqugsgjgú ` tfrjfrs mfbs mrfts jirrfspidfdts. Eùr`d mf sfr ikofjtf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú g jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt. B` mur`m` mfb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá fb tfcps quf s‗fspfr` quf primugr`d rfdmgcfdts. Jicptf (;16) Mrfts mf tr`spás

Fd `qufst jicptf, s‗`dit`rá ‒b‗gcpirt s`tgsnft pfbs mrfts m‗`rrfdm`cfdt mf bij`bs, fd quå b‗`mqugrfdt g diu `rrfdm`t`rg sf sukrih` fd fbs mrfts g bfs ikbgh`jgids mfb tr`dscgtfdt g `dtgj `rrfdm`t`rg mfrgv`ts m‗ud jidtr`jtf `d-

tfrgir–. Dicçs pimr`d nghur`r ` b‗@jtgu qu`d fb sfu v`bir fs pisg mf c`dgnfst fd vgrtut m‗ud` `mqugsgjgú idfris`, e`vfdt mf sfr ikofjtf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú g jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt.

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Fb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá b` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt, m‗`rrfdm`cfdt, gdjbifdt bfs prûrrihufs, sg s‗e` prfvgst fxfrjgr-bfs, i b` vgm` ÿtgb mfbs `jtgus, sg nis dfjfss`rg. @b jicptf (;16) Mrfts mf tr`spás, ÿdgj`cfdt nghur`r`d fbs gcpirts s`tgsnfts pfb mrft ` bbih`r ud bij`b< b ij`b< fbs bbihufrs fd sg fs pirt`r`d `b jicptf (>;0) @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids. Jicptf (;1>) @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs

Fd `qufst jicptf, jicpt`kgbgtz`rfc ‒b‗gcpirt s`tgsnft pfr b` pripgft`t i pfb mrft ` b‗ÿs mf prihr`cfs gdnircátgjs t`dt `mqugrgts ` tfrjfrs jic fb`kir`ts pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs`. ]`ckç gdjbiu bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf bfs páhgdfs wfk, sfcprf quf b` sfv` utgbgtz`jgú fstghug prfvgst` mur`dt mgvfrsis fxfrjgjgs–. Fbs prihr`cfs m‗irmgd`mir quf jicpbfgxgd fbs jrgtfrgs mf rfjidfgxfcfdt mf b‗`p`rt`t 0 mf b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf s‗gdjbiur`d ` b‗@jtgu, t`dt fbs `mqugrgts ` tfrjfrs jic fbs fb`kir`ts pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs` pfr ` sg c`tfgx`, utgbgtz`dt fbs cgto`ds pripgs mf quå mgspis`, fdtfdfdt-sf gdjbisfs fdtrf fbs `dtfrgirs bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf bfs páhgdfs wfk. Fd j`p j`s pimr`d nghur`r ` b‗@jtgu bfs mfspfsfs mf c`dtfdgcfdt mf b‗`pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj`, dg t`cpij fbs jursis mf nirc`jgú mfb pfrsid`b. Z‗`pbgj`r`d fbs c`tfgxis jrgtfrgs mf rfhgstrf g `cirtgtz`jgú quf fbs fst`kbfrts pfr ` bfs mfspfsfs mf mfsfdvibup`cfdt, `pbgj`dt-sf rfspfjtf mf b` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt fbs jrgtfrgs fspfjgngj`ts `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b pfr `bs gccikgbgtz`ts gdt`dhgkbfs. 0.= 4 @mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Qfr `b sfu rfhgstrf jicpt`kbf, fds trik`rfc `ck bfs c`tfgxfs nircfs mf p`h`cfdt quf pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. Zúd bfs sfhòfdts? Núrcubfs mf p`h`cfdt

Jicptfs quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg

(681) J`gx`, . (68;) K`djs j/j.

@ck p`h`cfdt òird`t

(6;:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` jurt tfrcgdg. (08:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

@ck p`h`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t miju cfdt`t cgto`dè`dt bbftr` mf j`dvg

(6;6) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` jurt tfrcgdg. (086) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

]`ckç fxgstfgx ud` qu`rt` nirc` mf p`h`cfdt, jidfhum` jic ` p`h`cfdt `dtgjgp`t quf, jic o` s`kfc, jidsgstfgx fd p`h`r ud` p`rt mf b‗gcpirt `k`ds mfb bbgur`cfdt mf b‗fbfcfdt. Fd `qufst j`s, s‗utgbgtz`rá fb jicptf

068

(;17) @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs, fd quå fs rfhgs-

tr`r`d ‒fbs bbgur`cfdts ` privfémirs g `btrfs sukcgdgstr`mirs m‗fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, dirc`bcfdt fd fnfjtgu, fd jidjfptf m‗`jicptf mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts i mf trfk`bbs nuturs–.

065

Fxfcpbfs @mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf B‗fcprfs` @JFI[, Z@, `mqugrfgx ud` p`tfdt v`bir`m` fd 6 111

.

@jirm` `ck fb privfémir fnfjtu`r-df fb

p`h`cfdt `b j`p mf : cfsis. G^@ mfb ;0%. p`h`cfdt x

6 111,11 0 161,11

(;1:) Qripgft`t Qripgft`t gdmustrg`b (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 111,11)

`

(6;:) Qrivfémirs Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` j/t

> 161,11

x

Q`h` ` b` Mgput`jgú mf ]`rr`hid`, cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, 061 111 j`nftfrg` mf b` Vdgvfrsgt`t mf ]`rr`hid`? j`nftfrg` ]`rr`hid`?



pfb mrft m‗fxpbit`jgú mf b`

x

061 111,11

(;1;) Jidjfssgids `mcgdgstr`tgvf `mcgdgstr`tgvfss `

(68;) K`djs j/j

061 111,1 111,11 1

x

Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 gdnircátgj?

,

cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@, jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud prihr`c`

x

611,11

016,11

(;17) @v`dè`cfdts @v`dè`cfdts pfr ` gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 611,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

>16,11 >16,1 1

x

Jgdj mgfs cçs t`rm, rfp fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj. gdnircátgj. Fb sfu prfu ffd`b `sjfdmfgx ` 0 =11 . Qfr fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt, `jjfpt` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` ; cfsis. G^@ mfb ;0%. x

0 =11,11 057,11

(;1>) @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t \;0% s/ (0 =11,11

∛

611,11)S

`

(;17) @v`d @v`dè`cfdts è`cfdts pfr `

gccikgbgtz`jgids gdt`dhgkbfs (6;6) Fnfjtfs ` p`h`r ` j/t

611,11 0 157,11

x

067

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

@h`n` fd tr`spás ud bij`b, pfr utgbgtz`r-bi jic ` iffjgdfs. Fb prfu mfb tr`spás `sjfdmfgx ` =1 111 . Z‗`jirm` fnfjtu`r-df fb p`h`cfdt cgto`dè`dt mufs quitfs mf b` c`tfgx` qu`dtg` `ck vfdjgcfdt ` > g 0= cfsis, rfspfjtgv`cfdt. x

=1 111,11 5 =11,11

(;16) Mrfts mf tr`spás (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ =1 111,1 111,11) 1)

`

(6;:) Qrivfémirs Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` j/t (08:) Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bb/t

;= ;11,11 ;= ;11,11

x

0.6 4 N`krgj`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Fd `qufst j`s, b‗fcprfs` jidstrufgx, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds g pfrsid`b, fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf quf cçs t`rm s‗gdjirpir`r`d ` b‗fstrujtur` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t ` b‗fcprfs`. Fds fstfc rfnfrgdt kásgj`cfdt ` bfs `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs. Fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d mf c`dfr` irmgdárg` bfs mfspfsfs rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg, jic cá m‗ikr`, c`tfrg`bs, ftj., `bs jicptfs mfb hrup > quf jirrfspidhugd, pfr pistfrgircfdt `rxgv`r `qufstfs mfspfsfs. Fb jicptf m‗gdhrfssis quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr ` b‗`jtgv`jgú m‗`qufstfs mfspfsfs çs fb (8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, fd quå fs rfhgstr`r`d, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs mfspfsfs rf`bgtz`mfs pfr ` b` jrf`jgú mfbs kçds jicprfsis `b sukhrup ;1.

Fxfcpbfs N`krgj`jgú `ck cgto`ds pripgs m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf Fbs sfrvfgs gdnircátgjs m‗ud` fcprfs` trfk`bbfd pfr ` b` jidsfjujgú m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfr ` b` hfstgú m‗fstijs. Mur`dt fb prgcfr trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` fb`kir`jgú? sius? ; 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 611 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Mur`dt fb prgcfr trgcfstrf g pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

; 111,11 611,11 016,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`rgs (>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cf Zukcgdgstr`cfdts dts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t

(;0% s/ 611,11) 611,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

; >16,1 >16,11 1

x

0>1

B‗fcprfs` mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir mur`dt mu r`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr jidtgdu`r `ck b‗fb`kir`jgú mfb prihr`c` gdnircátgj? sius? 0 611 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? =11 . G^@ mfb ;0%. Fs jidjbiu fb prihr`c` `ck åxgt, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. Mur`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf g pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs? x

0 611,1 611,11 1 =11,11 5=,11

(>=1) Zius g s`b`r s`b`rgs gs (>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfd Zukcgdgstr`cfdts ts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t

(;0% s/ =11,11 =11,11))

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 75=,1 75=,11 1

x

Qfr b` gdjirpir`jgú ` b‗@jtgu mf bfs mfspfsfs gdvfrtgmfs fd b‗fb`kir`jgú mf b‗`pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj`? x

= =11,11

(;1>) @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs `

(8:1) ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

= =11,11

(; 111,11 + 611,11 + 0 611,11 + =11,11)

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs :󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` J[GZJ@[, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. @mqugrfgx ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` pfr ` b‗fxpbit`jgú m‗ud` ùtipgst` pfr ud gcpirt mf 71 111 . Q`h` ;1 111  cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` ei p`h`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. ;. @mqugrfgx ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj gdnircátgj pfr pirt`r b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t pfr 0 ;11 . Q`h` cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg fb ;1% cçs b` tit`bgt`t mf b‗G^@. Qfr ` b` rfst` `jjfpt` ud` bbftr` mf j`dvg `ck vfdjgcfdt ` : cfsis. :. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 6 111  cçs G^@ jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` p`tfdt. =. Jicpr` b` p`tfdt pfr ` b` primujjgú m‗ud` div` bãdg` mf primujtfs pfr ud gcpirt mf :1 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt 61 bbftrfs mf j`dvg mfb c`tfgx gcpirt `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. 6. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. >. Mfjgmfgx bbih`r ud` dù jic ` c`h`tzfc. @mqugrfgx fb mrft mf tr`spás mfb bij`b `ck ud gcpirt quf `sjfdmfgx ` :1 111 , quf p`h`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf 0 111  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. 8. Q`h` pfr k`dj 0 111  pfb prgcfr cfs mf bbihufr (rftfdjgú pfr G[QN? ;0%). 5. Fbs sfrvfgs gdnircátgjs mf b‗fcprfs` fd b‗fb`kir`jgú m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj gdnircátgj pfr `b jidtrib mfb c`h`tzfc. Mur`dt fb prgcfr trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` fb`kir`jgú? sius? : 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? >11

.

7. Mur`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts pfr jidtgdu`r `ck b‗fb`kir`jgú mfb prihr`c` gdnircátgj? sius? s ius? 0 511 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? =61 . Fs jidjbiu fb prihr`c` `ck åxgt, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú.

0>0

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

0.> 4 Qårmufs mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

@ b‗ghu`b quf ijirrg` `ck b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fbs fbfcfdts fbf cfdts quf nircfd p`rt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf pimfd p`tgr mfprfjg`jgids i pårmufs mf v`bir mf mgnfrfdt tgpus. tgpus. @qufstfs pårmufs g mfprfjg`jgids pimfd sfr? ‚ Zgstfcátgqufs g grrfvfrsgkbfs? `cirtgtz`jgids. ‚ [fvfrsgkbfs g jidoudtur`bs? mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir. ‚ Qfr iksibfsjådjg`.

Jic o` s`kfc, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 6`, rfb`tgv` ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, quf fbs jrgtfrgs gdjbisis ` bfs dircfs rfb`tgvfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b s‗`pbgj`r`d `bs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. Qfr t`dt, `ck pistfrgirgt`t `b sfu rfjidfgxfcfdt gdgjg`b, fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf fs v`bir`r`d pfb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i jist mf primujjgú cfdys b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `jucub`m` g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗gcpirt `jucub`t mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt rfjidfhumfs. @cirtgtz`jgids

Jic o` s`kfc, h`grfkç tits fbs fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t mf quå mgspis` ud` fcprfs` p`tfgxfd ud` mfprfjg`jgú prihrfssgv` g grrfvfrsgkbf mf v`bir `b bb`rh mfb tfcps. B‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` pårmu` mf v`bir grrfvfrsgkbf `b ngd`b ngd`b mf j`m` fxfrjgjg fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj.

Jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Jidvç rfjirm`r quf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids s‗eùr`d m‗fst`kbgr mf c`dfr` sgstfcátgj` g r`jgid`b fd nudjgú mf b` vgm` ÿtgb mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t b‗gccikgb gtz`t gdt`dhgkbf ikofjtf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú g mfb sfu v`bir rfsgmu`b, `tfdfdt ` b` mfprfjg`jgú quf dirc`bcfdt p`tfgxgd. Jic o` ijirrg` `ck fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, pfr rfhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt bfs `cirtgtz`jgids mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf mfspfsfs pfr ` `qufst fnfjtf, fb jicptf (>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf g, jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm`, ud jicptf jirrfjtir mfb hrup ; @jtgu di jirrfdt, fb jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgb b‗gccikgbgtz`t gtz`t gdt`dhgkbf.

B` ngd`bgt`t mfb jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf çs infrgr, fd qu`bsfvib cicfdt, b` gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb tit`b `cirtgtz`t ngds ` `qufst cicfdt, o` quf fbs jicptfs mf mfspfsfs mfs`p`rfgxfd `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg `ck fb jábjub jirrfspidfdt g di fds pimrgfd mid`r `qufst` gdnirc`jgú.

G b‗`ssfdt`cfdt jicpt`kbf quf rfjubb `qufst` sgtu`jgú sfrg` fb sfhòfdt? x

(>51)

@cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `

x

(;51)

@cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz` jgú `jucub `jucub`m` `m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Fs rfhgstr` ud` mfspfs`, pfrû di fs jicpt`kgbgtz` ud` sirtgm` mf mgdfrs mf trfsirfrg`. @gxû sghdgngj` quf b‗fcprfs`, cgto`dè`dt b‗`cirtgtz`jgú, fstá fst`bvg`dt pfr pimfr-df `mqugrgr ud `btrf mf bfs c`tfgxfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs, qu`d b‗@jtgu mfgxg mf sfr nudjgid`b pfr ` b‗fcprfs`, g sfdsf b` dfjfssgt`t m‗`jumgr ` nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgfdfs.

0>;

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf Fs v` `mqugrgr ud` `pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj` pfr ud v`bir mf 0 611

.

B‗`cirtgtz`jgú `du`b çs m‗ud ;6%. B‗`cirtgtz`jgú

x

:86,11

(>51) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

(;6% s/ 0611,11)

` (;51>) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗`pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs

:86,11

x

Mfshbiss`cfdt mfb jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf @ b` qu`rt` p`rt mfb QHJ `p`rfgx mfshbiss`t fb jicptf (;51) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf fd > sukjicptfs mgnfrfdts.

Bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `jucub`mfs nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, ` b‗fpãhr`n G Gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, cgdir`dt b` p`rtgm` fd quå fs jicpt`kgbgtzg fb jirrfspidfdt fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b. @b bbgkrf Mg`rg, ` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur` nghur`r`d ` b‗E`vfr, oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs mf Q`ssgu. Fb cicfdt m‗gdgjg mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs ` p`rtgr quf fb mrft fstá fd jidmgjgids mf primugr gdhrfssis `ck dirc`bgt`t. Fb cicfdt mf ngd`bgtz`jgú mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs fb ngd`b mf b` vgm` ÿtgb mf b‗fbfcfdt, i b` sfv` `bgfd`jgú i k`gx` fd b‗gdvfdt`rg, sg fs primufgx `ck `dtfrgirgt`t. Qfb quf n` `bs cåtimfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, g ` b‗ghu`b quf ijirrg` `ck fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, sfrá vábgm qu`bsfvib quf, utgbgtz`dt ud jrgtfrg fjidûcgj, mgstrgkufgxg fb v`bir gdgjg`b mfb mrft `b bb`rh mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb, sfdsf tfdgr fd jicptf jidsgmfr`jgids jidsgmfr`jgids ngsj`bs i mf rfdmgkgbgt`t mf b‗fcprfs`. Fs pimrá utgbgtz`r fb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b i jidst`dt, fb mf dÿcfris mãhgts (jrfgxfdts i mfjrfgxfdts) i b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt, cåtimfs o` `d`bgtz`ts ` b` udgt`t `dtfrgir. Mftfrgir`cfdts Mftfrgir`cfdt s mfb v`bir

@cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `ck vgm` ÿtgb gdmfngdgm` Vd fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `ck ud` vgm` ÿtgb gdmfngdgm` di s‗`cirtgtz`rá, fdj`r` quf sf d‗eùrá m‗`d`bgtz`r b‗fvfdtu`b mftfrgir`cfdt sfcprf quf d‗fxgstfgxgd gdmgjgs g `bcfdys `du`b-

Zfhugdt fbs jrgtfrgs `d`bgtz`ts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, ` cçs mf p`tgr ud` pårmu` mf v`bir prihrfssgv` g grrfvfrsgkbf, quf fs rfhgstr` `b ngd`b mf j`m` fxfrjgjg, t`ckç pimfd p`tgr ud` pårmu` mf v`bir rfvfrsgkbf quf, sfhugdt fb prgdjgpg mf prumådjg`, t`ckç s‗eùrá mf rfhgstr`r. Fb mftfrgir`c mftfrgir`cfdt fdt mf v`bir çs b` pårmu` rfvfrsgkbf m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg< çs ` mgr, di fs tr`jt` m‗ud` mfprfjg`jgú mfngdgtgv`, sgdú quf pit sfr quf b‗gccikgbgtz`t rfjupfrg fb sfu v`bir.

Zfhugdt fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts pfr b` b ` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;` pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, fs primugrá ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfb v`bir m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf qu`d fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf supfrg fb sfu gcpirt rfjupfr`kbf, fdtås jic fb còir gcpirt fdtrf fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys fbs jistis mf vfdm` g fb sfu v`bir fd ÿs.

cfdt.

0>:

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

@bcfdys `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` `v`bu`rá sg fxgstfgxfd gdmgjgs quf `bhud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf pit fst`r mftfrgir`t, j`s fd fb qu`b j`bmrá fstgc`r-df fbs gcpirts rfjupfr`kbfs fnfjtu`dt bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs quf prijfmfgxgd. Qfr rfhgstr`r b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf mfspfsfs, fb jicptf (>71) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t b‗gccikgbgt z`t gdt`dhgkbf g, jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm`, ud jicptf mfb hrup ;, fb jicptf (;71) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf . Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubbfd `qufstfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs nghur`r`d ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè, cgdir`dt b` p`rtgm` fd quå nghurg fb jirrfspidfdt fbfcfdt p`trgcidg`b g, fd sfr ud` pårmu` rfvfrsgkbf, s‗`dgrá òust`dt j`m` fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj sfhids fvibujgidg fb v`bir rfjupfr`kbf mf b‗fbfcfdt. b‗fb fcfdt. @b bbgkrf Mg`rg, ` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt m‗ikfrtur` nghur`r`d ` b‗E`vfr, oudt`cfdt `ck b` rfst` mfbs jicptfs mf Q`ssgu. Qfr `b j`s fd quå `qufst` pårmu` mf v`bir mgscgdufgxg i mfs`p`rfhug pfrquå bfs jgrjucstádjgfs quf v`d citgv`r b` sfv` `p`rgjgú mfgxfssgd m‗fxgstgr, s‗fst`kbfgx jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm` pfr `b jicptf (;71) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf ud jicptf m‗gdhrfssis, fb jicptf (871) [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`c mftfrgir`cfdt fdt mf b‗gccikgbgt b‗gccikgbgtz`t z`t gdt`dhgkbf.

J`b mfst`j`r quf `qufst` rfvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt tgdmrá jic ` bãcgt fb v`bir jicpt`kbf quf tgdmrg` b‗gccikgbgtz`t sg di s‗e`huçs jicpt`kgbgtz`t fb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir.

Mfshbiss`cfdt mfb jicptf (;71) @ b` qu`rt` p`rt mfb QHJ `p`rfgx mfshbiss`t fb jicptf (;71) Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf fd sgs sukjicptfs mgnfrfdts.

@oust`cfdt mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids Pu`d prijfmfgxg rfjidågxfr jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt, s‗òust`r`d bfs `cirtgtz`jgids mfbs fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t mftfrgir`t, tfdgdt fd jicptf fb diu v`bir jicpt`kbf. Fb c`tfgx fs n`rá fd j`s mf rfvfrsgú mf bfs jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrgir`cfdt g rfvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf B‗fcprfs` @JFI[, Z@, mgspis` m‗ud` p`tfdt `ck ud v`bir fd bbgkrfs mf ;1 111 . @b ffd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, sf bg fstgc` ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf 0 111 . Vd `dy cçs t`rm, mfs`p`rfgxfd bfs jùsfs quf v`d irghgd`r `qufst mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir. @ ffd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r fb sfhòfdt `pudt jicpt`kbf? x

0 111,11

(>71) Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfd mftfrgir`cfdtt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf ` (;71:) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf pripgft`t gdmustrg`b x

G, ` ffd`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg ;1U0, pfr b` rfvgsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf b` p`tfdt? x

0 111,11

(;71:) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf pripgft`t pripgft`t gdmustrg`b gdmustrg`b

0 111,11

`

(871) [fvf [fvfrsgú rsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

0 111,11

x

0>=

Qårmufs pfr iksibfsjådjg` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf pit p`tgr ud` pårmu` tit`b mfb sfu v`bir mfhut ` b` sfv` iksibfsjådjg` `ksibut` qu`d, jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mfbs `vfdèis tfjdibûhgjs i m‗ud `btrf tgpus, mfgxg mf sfr ÿtgb pfr ` b‗fcprfs`. Qfr fxfcpbf, sg ud` fcprfs` mgspis` m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfr pirt`r b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t g `p`rfgx ud` rfnirc` jicpt`kbf, `qufst prihr`c` qufm`rá iksibft. Jic ` jidsfqòådjg`, j`bmrá mid`r mf k`gx` fb kç fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t. Qfr ` `qufsts nfts, fb QHJ fst`kbfgx b` utgbgtz`jgú mfb jicptf (>81) Qårmufs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gccikgbgtz`t tz`t gdt`dhgkbf.

Fxfcpbfs Qårmu` pfr iksibfsjådjg` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf B‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, mgspis` m‗ud` p`tfdt quf, jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b‗`p`rgjgú m‗ud` mf div` pfrm tit`bcfdt fb sfu v`bir. v`bir. B` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf çs b` sfhòfdt? jicptf (;1:) Qripgft`t gdmustrg`b? :1 111,11 < jicptf (;51:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf pripgft`t gdmustrg`b? ;1 111,11 111,11 . ^`bir ^` bir jicpt`kbf? :1 111,11  ∛ ;1 111,11  3 01 111,11

.

Qårmu` 3 ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 01 111,11

.

x

;1 111,1 111,11 1 01 111,11

(;51:) @.@. mf prip. gdm. (;51:) (>81) Qårmufs prij. mf b‗GG `

(;1:) Qripgf Qripgft`t t`t gdmustrg`b

:1 111,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` N[[, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` ud` p`tfdt pfr =6 111 . Fs p`h` cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf ; 111  j`m` ud` `ck ud vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. cfdsu`b. ;. Z‗fspfr` quf b` p`tfdt `dtfrgir iktgdhug iktgdhug rfdmgcfdts mur`dt ;1 `dys. Z‗`cirtgtz` Z‗`cirtgtz` pfb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy `dy.. :. Bbgur` ud xfj mf 611  cçs G^@ G^@ jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú b‗ `mqugsgjgú m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj. =. @mqugrfgx fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj. Fb sfu gcpirt tit`b `sjfdmfgx ` ; 111  g b‗gcpirt pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt sfrá `kid`t m‗`quã ` : cfsis. 6. @cirtgtz` fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? = `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. >. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U0, bbih` ud bij`b pfr utgbgtz`r-bi jic jic ` c`h`tzfc. Fb mrft mf tr`spás `sjfdmfgx ` :; 111 . Q`h` fb ;1% `ck xfj k`dj`rg fd nirc`bgtz`r fb jidtr`jtf g b` rfst` sfrá `kid`m` m‗`quã ` ud `dy `dy.. 8. @ ngd`bs m‗`dy, m‗`dy, `cirtgtz` fb mrft fd ud ;1% `du`b. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. 5. Mgspis` m‗ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` v`bir`m` fd 61 111 . Fb pfrãimf jidjfssgid`b çs mf ;1 `dys g s‗`-

cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ngd`bs mfb prgcfr `dy, `dy, fb sfu sf u v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` == 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0 111 . B` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf 6 711 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb =% `du`b. Mftfrcgd` sg b` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` e` p`tgt ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir g, sg çs prijfmfdt, jicpt`kgbgtz`‗b.

0>6

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

0.8 4 @bgfd`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Qfr rfhgstr`r b` k`gx` mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, s‗`pbgj`r`d fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, pfr b` qu`b jis` `qufsts fbfcfdts fs mid`r`d mf k`gx` fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` `bgfd`jgú i mgspisgjgú pfr ud` `btr` vg`, i kç qu`d di s‗fspfrg iktfdgr-df kfdfngjgs i rfdmgcfdts fjidûcgjs nuturs. Qfr rfhgstr`r b` vfdm`, j`bmrá sfhugr fbs c`tfgxis p`ssis quf pfr `bs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b?

^`bir`jgú mfbs jråmgts pfr vfdm` m‗gccikgbgtz`t Fbs jråmgts pfr vfdm` m‗gccikgbgtz`t fs v`bir`r`d m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` dirc` rfb`tgv` ` gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs.

0. J`bjub`r fb v`bir jicpt`kbf. jicpt`kbf. ;. J`bjub`r fb kfdfngjg kfdfngjg i b` pårmu` (sg çs prijfmfdt). prijfmfdt). :. Jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗ipfr`jgú b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`. Qfr rfhgstr`r b‗ipfr`jgú mf vfdm`, eùrfc mf mid`r mf k`gx` t`dt b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf vfdut jic fbs jicptfs jirrfjtirs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` g mf mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir. Zg fb prfu mf vfdm` çs còir quf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mf b‗fbfcfdt, s‗iktgdmrá ud kfdfngjg quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptf (881) Kfdfngjgs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. Zg fb prfu mf vfdm` çs cfdir fb Qårmufs v`bir jicpt`kbf, fs primugrá ud` pårmu`gdt`dhgkbf quf fs rfhgstr`rá `b jicptfquf (>81) prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t . @ b‗ghu`b quf efc vgst fd fb supûsgt mf b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t, sfhids b` nirc` mf jikr`cfdt quf `jirmgd vfdfmir g jicpr`mir, b‗`bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf fs pit rf`bgtz`r mf mgnfrfdts nircfs, t`b jic cistr` fb qu`mrf sfhòfdt? Núrcubfs mf jikr`cfdt

Jicptfs quf eg gdtfrvfdfd

Fd fnfjtgu i cgto`dè`dt fb jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg

(681) J`gx`, . (68;) K`djs j/j.

@ck jikr`cfdt òird`t

(6=:) Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. (;6:) ` bb`rh tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú Jråmgts m‗gccikgbgtz`t.

@ck jikr`cfdt òird`t mijucfdt`t mijucfd t`t cgto`dè`dt bbftr` mf j`dvg

(6=:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` jurt tfrcgdg. (;6:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb`rh tfrcgdg.

Fxfcpbfs ^fdm` m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf Vd` fcprfs` vfd ud` p`tfdt pfr 6 111 . Fb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú v` sfr mf 61 111 111 , b‗`cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `sjfdmfgx ` =1 111 111  g tç rfhgstr`m` ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt pfr v`bir mf : 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu` cgto`dè`dt mufs bbftrfs mf j`dvg mfb c`tfgx gcpirt, ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt ` sgs cfsis g b‗`btr` `ck vfdjgcfdt `

mis `dys. G^@ mfb ;0%. ^`bir jicpt`kbf 3 Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú ‚ @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` ‚ Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir ^`birr jicpt`kbf mf b` p`tfdt ^`bi

3

61 111,11

∛

=1 111,11

∛

: 111,11

3

8 111,11

.

0>>

Jic quf fb prfu mf vfdm` çs gdnfrgir `b v`bir mfb kç, b‗fcprfs` tgdmrá ud` pårmu`? Qårmu`

3

Qrfu mf vfdm` ‚ ^`bir jicpt`kbf3 6 111,11

∛

8 111,11

3

”; 111,11

.

x

=1 111,11

: 111,11

: 1;6,11 : 1;6,11 ; 111,11

(;51:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf pripgft`t gdmustrg`b (;71:) Mftfrgir`cfd Mftfrgir`cfdtt mf v`bir mf pripgft`t gdmustrg`b (6=:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` j/t (;6:0) Fnfjtfs ` jikr`r ` bb/t (>81) Qårmufs prijfmfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf `

(;1:) Qripgft`t Qripgft`t gdmustrg`b (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

61 111,11 0 161,11

(;0% s/ 6 111,11)

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs sfhòfdts sfh òfdts ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` OIFBIW OIFBIW,, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. ^fd ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` tr`dscgssgkbf pfr ;1 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. Fb sfu prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú v` `sjfdmgr ` 71 111 111  g fst`v` `cirtgtz`m` fd ud >1%. ;. Jikr` b` vfdm` mfb pudt `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. :. B‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0 jicpr` ud` p`tfdt `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf `sjfdmfgx ` 61 111 . @jirm` fnfjtu`r-df fb p`h`cfdt cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf 0 111  j`m` ud`, `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. =. @cirtgtz` b‗fbfcfdt `dtfrgir pfb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. jidst`dt. ^gm` ÿtgb? ;1 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. 6. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U; vfd b` p`tfdt pfr =1 111 . Jikr`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. >. B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U0, `mqugrfgx fb mrft mf tr`spás m‗ud m‗u d bij`b `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf `sjfdmfgx ` == 111 . Q`h` fb ;1% cçs b` tit`bgt`t mf b‗G^@ cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` fs p`h`rá m‗`quã ` ; `dys. 8. @cirtgtz` fb mrft mf tr`spás pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. B` B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt çs mf 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. 5. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U8 rfsjgdmfgx fb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` k`gx` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. 7. B‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0 jicpr` ud` `pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj` pfr ;1 111 . Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg m‗ghu`b qu`dtg` mur`dt fbs pripfrs ; `dys. 01. @cirtgtz` fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? = `dys. J`bjub` g

jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. 00. Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U: vfd b‗`pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj` pfr 6 111 . Fb jikr`cfdt s‗fnfjtu`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf ;11  j`m` ud`, `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt.

0>8

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

; 44 @rrfdm`cfdts @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r Fb QHJ, ` b` sfv` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 5`, @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r, fds múd` b` sfhòfdt mfngdgjgú m‗`rrfdm`cfdt? pfr `rrfdm`cfdt, ` fnfjtfs m‗`qufst` ourãmgj`, dirc`, qu`bsfvib `jirm, ‒Z‗fdtçd `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mf b` sfv` gdstrucfdt`jgú pfb qu`b b‗`rrfdm`mir jfmfgx ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg, ` j`dvg mf pfrjfkrf ud` suc` ÿdgj` mf mgdfrs i ud` sårgf mf p`h`cfdts i quitfs, fb mrft ` utgbgtz`r ud `jtgu mur`dt ud pfrãimf mf tfcps mftfrcgd`t, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` quf b‗`rrfdm`mir qufmg ikbgh`t ` prfst`r sfrvfgs fd rfb`jgú `ck b‗fxpbit`jgú i fb c`dtfdgcfdt m‗`qufst `jtgu–.

Fbs `rrfdm`cfdts fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs Fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs, fbs `rrfdm`cfdts `p`rfgxfd mfsfdvibup`ts ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 8` @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r. sgcgb`r.

Jb`ssgngj` fbs `rrfdm`cfdts fd ngd`djfrs g fd ipfr`tgus. Jidvç c`tgs`r quf b` qu`bgngj`jgú mfbs jidtr`jtfs jic ud tgpus i ud `btrf mfpåd nid`cfdt`bcfdt mf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs mf j`m` ud` mf bfs p`rts mfb jidtr`jtf, pfr b` qu`b jis` pimr`d sfr qu`bgngj`ts mf nirc` mgnfrfdt pfr b‗`rrfdm`t`rg g b‗`rrfdm`mir. ;.0 4 @rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr

@ b‗`p`rt`t 0. @rrfdm`cfdts ngd`djfrs, b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú fds múd` bfs pùtfs pfr jidsgmfr`r ud `rrfdm`cfdt jic ` ngd`djfr. Zfhids `qufst `p`rt`t, ‒qu`d mf bfs jidmgjgids fjidûcgqufs m‗ud `jirm m‗`rrfdm`cfdt fs mfmufgxg quf fs tr`dsnfrfgxfd sukst`djg`bcfdt tits fbs rgsjis g kfdfngjgs gdefrfdts ` b` pripgft`t mf b‗`jtgu ikofjtf mfb jidtr`jtf, `qufst `jirm s‗eùrá mf qu`bgngj`r jic ` `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr–. M‗`qufst` mfngdgjgú fs mfmufgx quf, pfr jb`ssgngj`r ud `rrfdm`cfdt jic ` ngd`djfr, j`b tr`dsnfrgr sukst`djg`bcfdt tits fbs rgsjis g kfdfngjgs gdefrfdts ` b` pripgft`t mf b‗`jtgu. Fxgstfgxfd mis j`sis mgnfrfdts? ‚ Pu`d b‗`jirm m‗`rrfdm`cfdt gdjbiu ipjgú mf jicpr`? fs prfsucgrá

quf fs tr`dsnfrfgxfd sukst`djg`bcfdt tits fbs rgsjis g kfdfngjgs gdefrfdts ` b` pripgft`t qu`d di fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs quf s‗fxfrjgt`rá `qufst` ipjgú (pfr fxfcpbf, qu`d fb v`bir rfsgmu`b pfb qu`b fs pit fxfrjgr `qufst` ipjgú çs gdnfrgir `b sfu v`bir mf cfrj`t fd fb cicfdt mf b` jicpr` mfb kç). ‚ Zg b‗`jirm m‗`rrfdm`cfdt di gdjbiu ipjgú mf jicpr`? `qufst` tr`dsnfrådjg` fs prfsucgrá, bbfv`t mf priv` fd jidtr`, fdtrf `btrfs, fd fbs j`sis sfhòfdts? • Pu`d b` pripgft`t mf b‗`jtgu fs tr`dsnfrfgxg ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg fd ngd`bgtz`r fb tfrcgdg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt. • Zg fb pfrãimf mf bbihufr jigdjgmfgx jigdjgmfgx i jikrfgx b` còir còir p`rt mf b` vgm` fjidûcgj` mf b‗`jtgu.

îj`kub`rg ]frcgdg m‗`rrfdm`cfdt?

çs fb pfrãimf di rfvij`kbf pfr `b qu`b b‗`rrfdm`t`rg e` jidtr`jt`t b‗`rrfdm`cfdt mf b‗@jtgu, oudt`cfdt `ck qu`bsfvib pfrãimf `mmgjgid`b fd quå tgdhug mrft ` jidtgdu`r `ck b‗`rrfdm`cfdt, `ck i sfdsf p`h`cfdt `mmgjgid`b, sfcprf quf ` b‗gdgjg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt fs tgdhug b` jfrtfs` rìd`kbf quf b‗`rrfdm`t`rg fxfrjgt`rá `qufst` ipjgú.

• Pu`d, ` b gdgjg mf b `rrfdm`cfdt, `rrfdm`cfdt, fb v`bir `jtu`b `jtu`b mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts quf j`b p`h`r supisg b` prájtgj` tit`bgt`t mfb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b‗`jtgu `rrfdm`t. • Zg bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs fspfjg`bs mfbs `jtgus `jtgus ikofjtf mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt b‗`rrfdm`cfdt n`d quf b` sfv` utgbgt`t qufmg rfstrgdhgm` ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg.

0>5

B‗G^@ B‗G^ @ fd b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr Fd bfs ipfr`jgids m‗`rrfdm`cfdts ngd`djfrs, b‗G^@ di fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá fd rfhgstr`r b` sghd`tur` mfb jidtr`jtf, sgdú `ck fb p`h`cfdt mf j`m` quit`.

B‗`rrfdm`mir jikr`rá ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg udfs quitfs pfrgûmgqufs, `ck uds gcpirts g vfdjgcfdts quf s‗gdjbiufd fd ud `ddfx `b jidtr`jtf mf bãsgdh. @ cçs, j`b tfdgr fd jicptf quf b` sijgft`t mf bãsgdh fstá ikbgh`m` ` mfshbiss`r qugd` p`rt mf b` quit` jirrfspid ` b` rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist mfb kç `mqugrgt g qugd` p`rt jirrfspid `bs gdtfrfssis i b` b ` járrfh` ngd`djfr` quf fs rfpfrjutfgx ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg. Vd jip qu`bgngj`t b‗`rrfdm`cfdt jic ` ngd`djfr m‗`jirm `ck fbs jrgtfrgs `d`bgtz`ts `ck `dtfrgirgt`t, b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 5`, ` b‗`p`rt`t 0.;, pripis` fb sfhòfdt tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf? B‗`rrfdm`t`rg, fd fb cicfdt gdgjg`b, rfhgstr`rá ud @jtgu m‗`jirm `ck b` sfv` d`tur`bfs` (gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b i gdt`dhgkbf) g, `b c`tfgx tfcps, rfhgstr`rá ud Q`ssgu ngd`djfr pfb c`tfgx gcpirt. Fbs gdtfrfssis di fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d fd fb cicfdt gdgjg`b, sgdú quf s‗`dgr`d jicpt`kgbgtz`dt jic ` mfspfs` ` cfsur` quf fs v`hgd cfrgt`dt.

Puitfs mf j`rájtfr jidtgdhfdt fd fbs jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr Z‗fdtfdfd pfr quitfs mf j`rájtfr jidtgdhfdt fbs p`h`cfdts pfr `rrfdm`cfdts `ck ud gcpirt quf di çs ngx sgdú quf mfpåd mf b‗fvibujgú nutur` m‗ud` v`rg`kbf? mfspfsfs pfr `ssfhur`djfs, rfp`r`jgids, ftj. Zfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå s‗eg gdjirrg.

B‗gcpirt pfb qu`b fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d b‗@jtgu g fb Q`ssgu ngd`djfr sfrá fb cfdir fdtrf fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b‗`jtgu `rrfdm`t g fb v`bir `jtu`b ` b‗gdgjg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt mfbs p`h`cfdts cãdgcs `jirm`ts, fdtrf fbs qu`bs s‗gdjbiu fb p`h`cfdt pfr b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` qu`d die`hg fxgstfgxgd muktfs rìd`kbfs sikrf fb sfu fxfrjgjg g qu`bsfvib gcpirt quf h`r`dtgt, mgrfjt`cfdt i gdmgrfjt`cfdt, g sf d‗fxjbiufd bfs quitfs mf j`rájtfr jidtgdhfdt, fb jist mfbs sfrvfgs g fbs gcpistis rfpfrjutgkbfs pfr b‗`rrfdm`mir. Bfs mfspfsfs mgrfjtfs gdgjg`bs gdefrfdts ` b‗ipfr`jgú fd quå gdjirrg b‗`rrfdm`t`rg s‗eùr`d mf jidsgmfr`r jic ` còir v`bir mf b‗`jtgu (jistis mf nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jidtr`jtf i jistis mf pis`m` ` pudt mfb kç). B` járrfh` ngd`djfr` tit`b fs mgstrgkugrá `b bb`rh mfb tfrcgdg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt g s‗gcput`rá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs cfrgtg, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr B` sijgft`t BFI^GJ, Z@, sghd` ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` c`qugdárg` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0. Fb v`bir mfb kç çs mf ;6 111 , b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` `sjfdmfgx ` 0 111  g s‗fxfjut`rá fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U:. B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf çs mf : `dys, fs p`h`r`d quitfs mf 5 511  `b ffd`b mf j`m` `dy g fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu mf b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb 6% `du`b. B` vgm` ÿtgb mf b` c`qugdárg` s‗fstgc` fd 01 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. Fbs jistis mf nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jidtr`jtf `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11

.

Fs p`h`r`d pfr k`dj.

Fd prgcfr bbij, jicp`r`rfc fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` c`qugdárg` `ck fb v`bir `jtu`b mfbs p`h`cfdts cãdgcs `jirm`ts ` b‗gdgjg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt, gdjbis` b‗ipjgú mf jicpr`, utgbgtz`dt fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås mfb jidtr`jtf? ‚ ^`bir rìd`kb rìd`kbf f mf b` c`qugd c`qugdárg`? árg`? ;6 111,1 111,11 1

.

‚ ^`bir `jtu`b `jtu`b mfbs mfbs p`h`cfdts p`h`cfdts cãdgcs? cãdgcs? ;=5;5,=; . :



^`bir `jtu`b 3 5 511 511,11 ,11 

0  (0 + 1,16) 1,16

+

0111,11  0 ( + 1,16)

:



;= 5;5,=; 5;5,=;

3

₢

0>7

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Jic quf fb v`bir v`b ir `jtu`b mfbs p`h`cfdts cãdgcs çs gdnfrgir, gdnfrgir, b` c`qugdárg` s‗eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r pfr `qufst v`bir.. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr sfrá fb sfhòfdt? v`bir

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

Mfutf pfdmfdt

10/10/;1U0

;= 5;5,=;

:0/0;/;1U0

5 511,11

0 ;=0,=;

8 665,65

08 ;>7,5=

:0/0;/;1U;

5 511,11

5>:,=7

8 7:>,60

7 :::,::

:0/0;/;1U:

5 511,11

=>>,>8

5 :::,::

0 111,11

B‗fcprfs`, fd fb cicfdt gdgjg`b (10/10/;1U0) rfhgstr`rá ud @jtgu m‗`jirm `ck b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`, ud` c`qugdárg` g ud Q`ssgu ffd`djfr pfb c`tfgx gcpirt, quf sfrá fb v`bir `jtu`b mfbs p`h`cfdts cãdgcs `jirm`ts? 10/10/;1U0

;= 5;5,=;

(;0:) C`qugdárg`

`

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t

8 665,65

(Puitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ` p`h`r fb prgcfr `dy)

(08=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` bb/t

08 ;>7,5=

(Puitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ` p`h`r b` rfst` mfbs `dys

+

ipjgú mf jicpr`)

x

Bfs mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jidtr`jtf fs jidsgmfr`r`d còir gcpirt mf b` c`qugdárg`? 10/10/;1U0

;11,11 ;11,1 1

(;0:) C`qu C`qugdár gdárg` g`

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

;11,11 ;11,1 1

x

@ ffd`bs m‗`dy, b‗fcprfs` rf`bgtz`rá fb p`h`cfdt mf b` prgcfr` quit`, quf jicprfdmrá fbs gdtfrfssis mf b‗ipfr`jgú g b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgdjgp`b. B` járrfh` ffd`djfr` fs mgstrgkugrá `b bb`rh mfb tfrcgdg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt g s‗gcput`rá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs cfrgtg, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu. B‗`ssfdt`cfdt ` rf`bgtz`r sfrá fb sfhòfdt? :0/0;/;1U0

8 665,65 0 ;=0,=;

(6;=) Jrfm. `rrfdm. ffd`djfr ` j/t (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs

0 5=5,11

(=8;) E.Q. E.Q . G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 5 511,11) `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

01 >=5,1 >=5,11 1

x

081

Fd b` c`tfgx` m`t`, fs rfjb`ssgffj`rá fb mfutf quf eùrá mf nfr fnfjtgu b‗fcprfs` b‗`dy ;1U; mf bb`rh tfrcgdg ` jurt tfrcgdg?

8 7:>,60

:0/0;/;1U0 (08=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` bb/t ` (6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t

8 7:>,60

x

G s‗`cirtgtz`rá b` c`qugdárg` fd nudjgú mf b` vgm` ÿtgb? :0/0;/;1U0

; 61;,5=

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b \(;= 5;5,=; + ;11) / 01S

` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg` `

; 61;,5 61;,5= =

x

B‗`rrfdm`t`rg `pbgj`rá `bs `jtgus quf e`hg mf rfjidågxfr fd fb K`b`dè jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt (fd ( fd `qufst j`s, b` c`qugdárg`) fbs jrgtfrgs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, mftfrgir`cfdt g k`gx` quf fbs jirrfspidhugd, sfhids b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`. Qfb p`h`cfdt mf b` sfhid` `du`bgt`t? :0/0;/;1U;

8 7:>,60

(6;=) Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt

5>:,=7 0 5=5,11

ffd`djfr ` j/t (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 5 511,11) 511,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

x

Qfr b` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mfb mfutf ` bb`rh tfrcgdg fd mfutf ` jurt tfrcgdg? :0/0;/;1U;

7 :::,::

(08=) Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` bb/t (5 :::,:: + 0 111,11) 111,11)

01 >=5,1 >=5,11 1

`

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t

7 :::,::

x

080

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? :0/0;/;1U;

; 61;,5=

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b \(;= 5;5,=; + ;11) / 01S

` (;50:) @.@. mf c`qugdárg`

; 61;,5=

x

Qfb p`h`cfdt mf b` tfrjfr` `du`bgt`t? :0/0;/;1U:

5 :::,::

=>>,>8

0 5=5,11

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs (=8;) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 5 511,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

01 >=5,1 >=5,11 1

x

Qfb p`h`cfdt mf b‗ipjgú mf jicpr`? :0/0;/;1U;

0 111,11

;01,11

(6;=) Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 111,11)

` x

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

G, ffd`bcfdt, pfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? :0/0;/;1U;

; 61;,5=

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b \(;= 5;5,=; + ;11) / 01S

` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg` ` x

; 61;,5 61;,5= =

@b ffd`b mf b‗`dy :, ffd`bgtz`rg` fb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr. B` suc` tit`b mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts p`h`mfs jikrgrá fb v`bir mf b` c`qugdárg` cçs fbs f bs gdtfrfssis mfb ffd`dè`cfdt g b‗G^@ mf b‗ipfr`jgú. Jic quf BFI^GJ, Z@, fxfrjfgx fb mrft mf b‗ipjgú mf jicpr`, `mqugrgrá b` c`qugdárg` fd pripgft`t.

08;

Fd fb j`s m‗fcprfsfs quf `pbgqugd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs, b‗`rrfdm`t`rg, fd fb cicfdt gdgjg`b, rfhgstr`rá ud @jtgu m‗`jirm `ck b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`, sfhids sg fs tr`jt` m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b i mf b‗gdt`dhgkbf, g ud Q`ssgu ngd`djfr pfb c`tfgx gcpirt, quf sfrá fb v`bir rìd`kbf mf b‗`jtgu `rrfdm`t, j`bjub`t ` b‗gdgjg, sfdsf gdjbiurf-eg fbs gcpistis rfpfrjutgkbfs pfr b‗`rrfdm`mir. @mmgjgid`bcfdt, bfs mfspfsfs mgrfjtfs gdgjg`bs gdefrfdts ` b‗ipfr`jgú fd quå gdjirrg b‗`rrfdm`t`rg s‗eùr`d mf jidsgmfr`r jic ` còir v`bir mf b‗`jtgu. B` járrfh` ngd`djfr` tit`b fs mgstrgkugrá `b bb`rh mfb tfrcgdg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfd b‗`rrfdm`cfdt t g s‗gcput`rá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs cfrgtg, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu. Bfs quitfs mf j`rájtfr jidtgdhfdt, fdtfsfs jic fbs p`h`cfdts pfr `rrfdm`cfdt `ck ud gcpirt di ngx sgdú quf mfpåd mf b‗fvibujgú nutur` m‗ud` v`rg`kbf sfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå s‗eg gdjirrg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr sfhids fb QHJ mf Qgcfs

B` sijgft`t @DGIB, Z@, sghd` ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` c`qugdárg` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0. Fb v`bir mfb kç çs mf 06 111 , b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` `sjfdmfgx ` 0 111  g s‗fxfjut`rá fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U:. B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf çs mf : `dys, fs p`hufd quitfs `du`bs `b ffd`b mf j`m` `dy g fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu mf b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb 6% `du`b. B` vgm` ÿtgb mf b` c`qugdárg` s‗fstgc` fd 01 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt. G^ G^@ @ mfb ;0%. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr sfrá fb sfhòfdt?

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

10/10/;1U0

Mfutf pfdmfdt 06 111,11

:0/0;/;1U0

6 071,7;

861,11

= ==1,7;

01 667,15

:0/0;/;1U;

6 071,7;

6;8,76

= >>;,78

6 57>,00

:0/0;/;1U:

6 071,7;

;7=,50

= 57>,00

0 111,11

Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufst` ipfr`jgú, j`b fnfjtu`r fbs `ssfdt`cfdts sfhòfdts. Fd fb cicfdt mf b` sghd`tur` mfb jidtr`jtf? 10/10/;1U0

06 111,11

(;0:) C`qugdárg` (^`birr rìd`kbf) (^`bi

`

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t (08=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt

= ==1,7;

ffd`djfr ` bb/t

01 667,15

(= >>;,78 + = 57>,00 + 0 111,11)

x

08:

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfb p`h`cfdt mf b` prgcfr` `du`bgt`t, j`bmrá rf`bgtz`r b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? :0/0;/;1U0

= ==1,7;

861,11 0 171,17

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 6 071,7;) 071,7;)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

> ;50,1 ;50,10 0

x

Qfr b` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mfb mfutf ` bb`rh tfrcgdg fd mfutf ` jurt tfrcgdg? :0/0;/;1U0

= >>;,78

(08=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` bb/t

`

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t

= >>;,78

x

Qfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf c`qugdárg`, fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb? :0/0;/;1U0

0 611,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú m‗G.C. (06 111,11 / 01)

` (;50:) @.@. mf c`qugdárg`

0 611,11

x

@ p`rtgr m‗`quã, fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf quf pripis` fb QHJ mf Qgcfs pfr `bs `rrfdm`cfdts ffd`djfrs çs fb c`tfgx quf fb mfffdgt pfb p fb QHJ, mfsfdvibup`t ` b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir.

;.; 4 @rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu

B‗`rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu çs ud `jirm cgto`dè`dt fb qu`b b‗`rrfdm`mir jfmfgx ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg fb mrft ` us`r ud `jtgu mur`dt ud pfrãimf mf tfcps mftfrcgd`t, ` j`dvg mf pfrjfkrf ud gcpirt ÿdgj i ud` sårgf mf p`h`cfdts i quitfs, sfdsf quf fs tr`jtg m‗ud `rrfdm`cfdt mf j`rájtfr ngd`djfr. Fd rfsuc, fbs `rrfdm`cfdts ipfr`tgus súd tits `qufbbs quf di fs pimfd jb`ssgngj`r jic ` `rrfdm`cfdts ngd`djfrs.

Fbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs, jirrfspidfdts ` b‗`rrfdm`mir g b‗`rrfdm`t`rg, mfrgv`ts mfbs `jirms m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ipfr`tgu sfr`d jidsgmfr`ts, rfspfjtgv`cfdt, jic ` gdhrçs g mfspfs` mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs cfrgtgd, gcput`dt-sf `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys. Fb sfu tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf v` sfr `d`bgtz`t ` b` udgt`t ;.

08=

;.: 4 ^fdm` `ck `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pistfrgir (bf`sf k`jl)

B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 5`, ` b‗`p`rt`t ;, mgu quf qu`d, pfr bfs jidmgjgids fjidûcgqufs m‗ud` `bgfd`jgú, jiddfjt`m` `b pistfrgir `rrfdm`cfdt mfbs `jtgus `bgfd`ts, fs mfsprfdhug quf fs tr`jt` m‗ud cåtimf mf ngd`dè`cfdt g, fd jidsfqòådjg`, fs tr`jtg m‗ud `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr, b‗`rrfdm`t`rg di v`rg`rá b` qu`bgngj`jgú mf b‗`jtgu, dg rfjidfgxfrá kfdfngjgs dg pårmufs mfrgv`mfs m‗`qufst` tr`ds`jjgú. @mmgjgid`bcfdt, @mmgjgid`bcfdt, rfhgstr`rá b‗gcpirt rfkut `ck `kid`cfdt ` ud` p`rtgm` quf pisg mf c`dgnfst fb jirrfspidfdt Q`ssgu ngd`djfr. B` járrfh` ngd`djfr` tit`b fs mgstrgkugrá `b bb`rh mfb tfrcgdg mf b‗`rrfdm`cfd b‗`rrfdm`cfdt t g s‗gcput`rá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs cfrgtg, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu. Bfs quitfs mf j`rájtfr jidtgdhfdt sfr`d mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå s‗eg gdjirrg. Fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf mf b‗ipfr`jgú sfrá ghu`b `b mfb `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr, bbfv`t fd fb cicfdt mf b` nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jidtr`jtf.

Fxfcpbfs ^fdm` `ck `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pistfrgir B` sijgft`t QGJ@[OI, Z@, sghd` ud jidtr`jtf mf vfdm` `ck pistfrgir `rrfdm`cfdt m‗ud` c`qugdárg` mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. Fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` c`qugdárg` çs mf ;1 111 , b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb çs mf 01 `dys g b` sfv` `cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` `sjfdmfgx ` ; 111 111 . Bfs m`mfs mfb jidtr`jtf ffd`djfr súd? prfu mf vfdm`? vf dm`? :1 111  (G^@ mfb ;0%)< mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf? ; `dys< tgpus m‗gdtfrås? >%< quitfs `du`bs p`h`mirfs `b ffd`b mf j`m` `dy< ipjgú mf jicpr`? 0 111  (s‗fxfjut`rá fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;)< m`t` mf b‗ipfr`jgú? 0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗ipfr`jgú ffd`djfr` sfrá fb sfhòfdt?

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

10/10/;1U0

Mfutf pfdmfdt :1 111,11

:0/0;/;1U0

06 588,>8

0 511,11

0= 188,>8

06 7;;,::

:0/0;/;1U;

06 588,>8

766,:=

0= 7;;,::

0 111,11

Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufst` ipfr`jgú, j`b fnfjtu`r fbs `ssfdt`cfdts sfhòfdts. @ b` sghd`tur` mfb jidtr`jtf? 10/10/;1U0

:> :11,1 :11,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j `

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr @.N @.N.. ` j/t (08=) Jrfm. pfr @.N @.N.. ` bb/t (0= 7;;,:: + 0 111,11)

0= 188,>8 06 7;;,::

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

> :11,11

(;0% s/ :1 111,11)

x

086

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Qfb p`h`cfdt mf b` prgcfr` `du`bgt`t, j`bmrá rf`bgtz`r b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? :0/0;/;1U0

0= 188,>8

0 511,11 : ::=,:0

(6;=) Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 06 588,>8)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

07 ;00,7 ;00,75 5

x

Qfr b` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú mfb mfutf ` bb`rh tfrcgdg fd mfutf ` jurt tfrcgdg? :0/0;/;1U0

06 7;;,::

(08=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` bb/t

`

(6;=) Jrfm. pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr ` j/t

06 7;;,::

x

Qfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`, fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb? :0/0;/;1U0

; 111,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (;1 111,11 / 01) ` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg` `

; 111,1 111,11 1

x

@ p`rtgr m‗`quã, fb tr`jt`cfdt jicpt`kbf çs gmådtgj ` b‗fst`kbfrt pfr ` b‗`rrfdm`cfdt b ‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr. ffd`djfr.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs >󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t [IZ@C@[, Z@, sghd` ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` c`qugdárg` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0. Fb v`bir mfb kç çs mf =5 111 , b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` `sjfdmfgx ` ; 111  g s‗fxfjut`rá fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U=. B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf çs mf = `dys, fs p`hufd quitfs `du`bs pfr ud gcpirt mf

0: 18;,6=  `b ngd`b mf j`m` `dy g fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu mf b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb 6% `du`b. B` vgm` ÿtgb mf b` c`qugdárg` s‗fstgc` fd 01 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt. G^@ mfb ;0%. Fb`kir` fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr g rf`bgtz` fbs `ssfdt`cfdts jicpt`kbfs quf prijfmfgxgd `pbgj`dt fbs jrgtfrgs mfb QHJ mf Qgcfs.

08>

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Puå çs b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf9 ;󰂸󰂸 Jic fs v`bir`r`d gdgjg`bcfdt fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf9 :󰂸󰂸 Pu`d fs jidsgmfr` quf ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf jicpbfgx `ck fb jrgtfrg m‗gmfdtgngj`kgbgt`t9 =󰂸󰂸 Pugd` sfrá b` v`bir`jgú pistfrgir m‗ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf mf vgm` ÿtgb mfngdgm`9 6󰂸󰂸 Puå s‗fdtçd pfr gdvfstgh`jgú9 G pfr mfsfdvibup`cfdt9 >󰂸󰂸 Pu`d fs pimr`d `jtgv`r jic ` gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú9 8󰂸󰂸 Puå çs ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv`9 G ud mrft mf tr`spás9 5󰂸󰂸 Pu`d fs primufgx ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir

fd ud fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf9 G ud`

pårmu` pfr iksibfsjådjg`9

7󰂸󰂸 Puå s‗fdtçd pfr `rrfdm`cfdts ` fnfjtfs mf jicpt`kgbgt`t9 01󰂸󰂸 Pu`d fs pit jidsgmfr`r ud `rrfdm`cfdt jic ` ngd`djfr9 00󰂸󰂸 Puå çs fb bf`sf k`jl9 .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr @DGIB, Z@ (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. B‗`dy ;1U0 jidtr`jt` ` ud` fcprfs` b` gdvfstgh`jgú m‗ud diu prijçs mf n`krgj`jgú p`h`dt ;= 111  pfr k`dj. ;. @b ngd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfb priofjtf, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. :. B‗`dy ;1U; p`h` pfr k`dj 06 111  pfr jidtgdu`r `ck fbs trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. =. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U; múd` pfr `j`k`m` b` gdvfstgh`jgú g fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy ;1U0 fd 6 `dys. 6. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U: fs prijfmfgx prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf titfs bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú. >. B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U0 `mqugrfgx ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` pfr ` b‗fxpbit`jgú m‗ud` ùtipgst` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0;1 111 . Q`h` ;1 111  cgto`dè`dt xfj k`dj`rg g b` rfst` ei p`h`rá m‗`quã ` 0= cfsis. 8. @cirtgtz` b` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. B` mur`m` mfb pfrãimf jidjfssgid`b çs mf ;1 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. 5. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U: vfd b` jidjfssgú pfr ;1 111 . Jikr` cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf 0 111  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. 7. B‗0 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0 bbih` ud` dù pfr us`r-b` jic ` c`h`tzfc. @mqugrfgx fb mrft mf tr`spás mfb bij`b, `ck ud gcpirt quf `sjfdmfgx ` ;1 111 , quf p`h`rá cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf j`dvg mf 0 111  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. 01. @cirtgtz` fb mrft mf tr`spás pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt çs mf 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. 00. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U7 rfsjgdmfgx fb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` k`gx` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t,

rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. 0;. Bbgur` ud xfj pfr ud gcpirt mf 511  cçs G^@ jic ` `v`dè`cfdt pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj. 0:. @mqugrfgx fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj. Fb sfu gcpirt tit`b `sjfdmfgx ` 01 111  g b‗gcpirt pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt sfrá `kid`t m‗`quã ` : cfsis.

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

088

0=. @cirtgtz` fb prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfb cåtimf cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. ^gm` ÿtgb? = `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` mfb prgcfr `dy. 06. @ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds mfsfdvibup` ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfr mur ` tfrcf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t. Fd Fd jidjbiurf fb prihr`c` `ck åxgt e` gdvfrtgt fd fb sfu mfsfdvibup`cfdt : >11  jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd jicptfs mf mfspfsfs, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. 0>. Q`ss`ts mis `dys, ud` rfnirc` jicpt`kbf mfgx` fb prihr`c` sfdsf v`bir. v`bir. B` sfv` `cirtgtz`jgú `sjfdmg` `b 61%.

;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr DFC@MF, Z@ (G^@ (G^@ mf ;0%)? 0. Gdgjg`, ` prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, uds trfk`bbs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú `ck cgto`ds pripgs. Mur`dt b‗`dy s`tgsná s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sfhòfd ts? sius? 01 111 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 0 511 . ;. @b ngd`b mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç citgus nid`cfdt`ts pfr `ngrc`r b‗åxgt tåjdgj g b` rfdmgkgbgt`t rfdmgkgbgt`t fjidûcgj` mfb priofjtf, pfr b` qu`b jis` prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú. :. B‗`dy ;1U;, s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr jidtgdu`r `ck b` gdvfstgh`jgú? sius? 7 ;11 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? 0 :11 . @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U;, múd` pfr `j`k`m` b` gdvfstgh`jgú g fs prijfmfgx ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf bfs mfspfsfs `jtgv`mfs b‗`dy ;1U0. @ prgdjgpgs mf b‗`dy ;1U:, fs múd` fb priofjtf pfr nr`j`ss`t. =. Fbs sfrvfgs gdnircátgjs mf b‗fcprfs` trfk`bbfd pfr ` b` jidsfjujgú m‗ud prihr`c` gdnircátgj pfr ` b` hfstgú

6.

>. 8. 5. 7.

01. 00. 0;. 0:.

:󰂸󰂸

m‗fstijs. Mur`dt fb prgcfr trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr ` b` sfv` fb`kir`jgú? sius? ; 511 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? sukcgdgstr` cfdts? 511 . Mur`dt fb sfhid trgcfstrf s`tgsná pfr k`dj bfs sfhòfdts mfspfsfs pfr jidtgdu`r `ck b‗fb`kir`jgú mfb prihr`c` gdnircátgj? sius? ; 011 , sukcgdgstr`cfdts? >61 . Fs jidjbiu fb prihr`c` `ck åxgt, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prijfmfgx ` b` sfv` `jtgv`jgú fb mg` :1 mf oudy mf ;1U0. @ ngd`b m‗`dy `cirtgtz` b‗`pbgj`jgú gdnircátgj` pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. ^gm` ÿtgb? = `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy. B‗0 mf c`rè mf b‗`dy ;1U0 bbih` ud bij`b pfr utgbgtz`r-bi jic ` c`h`tzfc. c`h`tzfc. Fb mrft mf tr`spás `sjfdmfgx ` :6 111 . Q`h` fb ;1% `ck xfj k`dj`rg fd nirc`bgtz`r fb jidtr`jtf g b` rfst` s‗`kid`rá m‗`quã ` ud `dy. @ ngd`bs m‗`dy `cirtgtz` fb mrft mf tr`spás pfb cåtimf bgdf`b. Fb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt mfb bij`b çs pfr 01 `dys. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy. `dy. B‗0 mf sftfckrf mf ;1U8 tr`sp`ss` fb bij`b ` ud tfrjfr pfr ud gcpirt mf =1 111 . @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r fb tr`spás, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt. Mgspis` m‗ud` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` v`bir`m` fd 51 111 . Fb pfrãimf jidjfssgid`b çs mf ;1 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` mf nirc` bgdf`b. @ ngd`bs mfb tfrjfr `dy, fb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf `sjfdmfgx ` >= 111  g fbs jistis mf vfdm` ` 0 111 . B` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` `mcgdgstr`tgv` pripirjgid` ud nbux m‗fnfjtgu jidst`dt `du`b mf 6 111 . Fb tgpus mf mfsjicptf `pbgj`t çs mfb =% `du`b. Mftfrcgd` sg b` jidjfssgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` e` p`tgt ud mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir g, sg çs prijfmfdt, jicpt`kgbgtz`‗b. B‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0 jicpr` pfr :6 111  ud` p`tfdt pfr ` b` primujjgú m‗ud` div` bãdf` mf primujtfs. Fb p`h`cfdt fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt 61 bbftrfs mf j`dvg mfb c`tfgx gcpirt `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. Q`h` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` bbftr` mf j`dvg mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Z‗fspfr` quf b` p`tfdt `dtfrgir iktgdhug rfdmgcfdts mur`dt ;1 `dys. Z‗`cirtgtz` pfb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfjrfgxfdt `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt. J`bjub` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prgcfr `dy. @ ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U6 vfd b` p`tfdt pfr ;1 111 . Jikr`rá m‗`quã ` > cfsis. @k`ds mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` vfdm`, rfhgstr` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jirrfspidfdt.

B` Zijgft`t OIFBIW, Z@, sghd` ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud` c`qugdárg` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U0. Fb v`bir mfb kç çs mf =1 111 , b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` `sjfdmfgx ` 6 111  g s‗fxfjut`rá fb :0 mf mfsfckrf

mf b‗`dy ;1U=. B` mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf çs mf = `dys, fs p`h`r`d quitfs mf 01 011 011  `b ngd`b mf j`m` `dy g fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu mf b‗ipfr`jgú çs mfb 6% `du`b. B` vgm` ÿtgb mf b` c`qugdárg` s‗fstgc` fd 01 `dys g s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt. G^@ G^ @ mfb ;0%. Fbs jistis mf nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jidtr`jtf `sjfdmfgxfd ` :11 . Fs p`h`r`d pfr k`dj. [f`bgtz` fbs `ssfdt`cfdts jicpt`kbfs quf prijfmfgxgd `pbgj`dt fbs jrgtfrgs mfb QHJ.

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J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;10; fbs jicptfs sfhòfdts? ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs? 0;1111 0 ;1111 < Jidstrujjgids? 051 111 < Cikgbg`rg? ;; 111 < Fqugps pfr ` prijfss`cfdt m‗gdnirc`jgú? : 111 < @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs? 0 =11 < @v`dè`cfdts ` privfémirs? = 111 < @v`dè`cfdts mf rfcudfr`jgids? ; 111 < Cfrj`mfrgfs? 6 111 < K`djs j/j? 0;1 111 111 < @v`dè`cfdts mf jbgfdts? ; 111 < J`pgt`b sijg`b? ` mftfrcgd`r. @cirtgtz` fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t `pbgj`dt fbs jrgtfrgs sfhòfdts. Jidstrujjgids? ;% mfb sfu v`bir< fs v`d `mqugrgr fb 10/10/077>. Cikgbg`rg? fs v` sghd`r fb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr fb mg` 10/10/;10;< s‗`cirtgtz` pfb cåtimf bgdf`b, fstgc`dt-sf ud v`bir rfsgmu`b mf ; 111  g ud` vgm` ÿtgb mf 01 `dys. Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú? fs v`d `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;100< s‗`cirtgtzfd pfb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts fd = `dys< fstgc`dt-sf ud v`bir rfsgmu`b dub. @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs? fs v`d `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;100. Z‗`cirtgtzfd pfb cåtimf mf dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts, fstgc`dt-sf ud v`bir rfsgmu`b dub g ud` vgm` ÿtgb mf = `dys. Fb`kir` fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb cikgbg`rg, fbs fqugps g bfs `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs. M`mfs mfb jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr? b‗ipjgú mf jicpr` çs mf 0 111  g sfrá `kid`m` fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;10=. Mur`m` mf b‗ipfr`jgú? trfs `dys. ]gpus m‗gdtfrås `du`b? >%. Fb p`h`cfdt mf bfs quitfs tgdmrá bbij fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf j`m` `dy, m‗`jirm `ck fb qu`mrf mf ngd`dè`cfdt sfhòfdt?

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Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

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Mur`dt b‗`dy ;10:, rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^ ( G^@ @ mfb ;0%)? 0. Jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs pfr ud gcpirt mf ;1 111 . @ b` n`jtur` s‗e` gdjbûs ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6%. Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf b` jicpr` `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;11 . ;. B` dûcgd` gdjbiu fbs jidjfptfs sfhòfdts? sius kruts? 06 111 , Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs`? = ;11 , Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ` járrfj mfb trfk`bb`mir? 0 ;11 , rftfdjgids G[QN? 0 611 . Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. B` rfst` fs p`h` pfb k`dj. :. ^fd cfrj`mfrgfs pfr :1 111 , `ck ud mfsjicptf ` b` n`jtur` mfb 6% pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t. Z‗`pbgj` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. Fs jikrfd 6 111 111  pfr k`dj g b` rfst` fs mijucfdt` fd bbftrfs mf j`dvg, quf súd `jjfpt`mfs pfbs jbgfdts. Gdjbiu ` b` n`jtur` =11  pfr mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt. =. Mfsjicpt` fd ud k`dj bfs bbftrfs mfb pudt `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. Fb k`dj jikr` fb ;% m‗gdtfrås g fb 1,0% mf jicgssgú. 6. @b vfdjgcfdt mf bfs bbftrfs mfb pudt =, titfs bfs bbftrfs mfsjicpt`mfs súd `tfsfs pfbs jbgfdts, fxjfptf ud` mf ; 111 . Fb k`dj b` rftird` jikr`dt 011  mf jicgssgids. >. B` bbftr` gcp`h`m` çs jidsgmfr`m` mf muktús jikr`cfdt g sf‗d jicpt`kgbgtz` b` jirrfjjgú pfr mftfrgir`cfdt. 8. Fb 10/0;/;10: jicpr` ud` p`tfdt `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf `sjfdmfgx ` :1 111 . Fs p`h` fb 01% cçs b‗G^@ b‗G^ @ mf b‗ipfr`jgú cgto`dè`dt xfj g b` rfst` cgto`dè`dt bbftrfs mf ;11  j`m` ud` `ck vfdjgcfdt cfdsu`b. Z‗fstgc` quf b` p`tfdt iktgdmrá rfdmgcfdts mur`dt ;1 `dys. Z‗`cirtgtz`rá pfb cåtimf bgdf`b.

5. Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs `b jidtr`jtf jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr jirrfspidfdts ` b‗`dy ;10:. 7. Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `cirtgtz`jgids g bgqugm` b‗G^@. b‗G^@. 01. Bfs fxgstådjgfs ngd`bs mf cfrj`mfrgfs `sjfdmfgxfd ` 5 111 . [f`bgtz` fb bbgkrf Mg`rg g fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b mf OOQC, Z@.

087

Vdgt`t 6 - B‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. @rrfdm`cfdts g `btrfs ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

Gmffs jbù @jtgus di cidft`rgs sfdsf `p`rfdè` nãsgj` susjfptgkbfs mf v`bir`jgú fjidûcgj` Dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú

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Mfspfsfs m‗gdvfstgh`jgú g mfsfdvibup`cfdt

Z‗eg `pbgj`r`d fbs c`tfgxis jrgtfrgs quf pfr ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b jicpbft`ts `ck bfs dircfs p`rtgjub`rs sikrf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

[f`bgtz`mfss `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds [f`bgtz`mf

Fdj`rrfh`mfs ` tfrjfrs

@mqugsgjgú ` tfrjfrs Gdjirpir`jgú ` b‗@jtgu

N`krgj`jgú pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs` @cirtgtz`jgids? sgstfcátgqufs g grrfvfrsgkbf grrfvfrsgkbfss

[fst` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Qårmufs mf v`bir

Mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir? Mftfrgir`cfdts rfvfrsgkbfs g jidoudtur`bs Qfr iksibfsjådjg`

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Pu`bsfvib `jirm pfb qu`b ud `rrfdm`mir jfmfgx ` b‗`rrfdm`t`rg, ` j`dvg mf pfrjfkrf ud` sårgf mf quitfs, fb mrft ` utgbgtz`r ud `jtgu mur`dt ud pfrãimf mf tfcps mftfrcgd`t

@rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr

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Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

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@pirt`jgids gdgjg`bs mf b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs sijgs

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@cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b

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Qrivgsgids

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Qrçstfjs g jråmgts

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Fcpråstgts

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Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs

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Ng`djfs g mgpûsgts rfkuts

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jidågxfr b` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf fdtird mfbs jicptfs mf j`pgt`b. ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf privgsgids. ¸¸ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs prçstfjs g fbs jicptfs mf jråmgt. ¸¸ [fhgstr`r jicpt`kbfcfdt ud fcpråstgt.

¸¸ Fdtfdmrf fbs tgpus mf sukvfdjgids. ¸¸ Mgnfrfdjg`r bfs ng`djfs mfbs mgpûsgts.

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

0 44 Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt Bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt fs pimfd jb`ssgngj`r mf cibtfs c`dfrfs mfpfdfdt mf b‗`spfjtf quf fs tgdhug fd jicptf. Vd` mf bfs jb`ssgngj`jgids cçs e`kgtu`bs çs b` quf utgbgtz` jic ` jrgtfrg b‗irghfd mfbs rfjursis. Zfhids `qufst jrgtfrg, bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt cfdt pripg g ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå. fs mgvgmfgxfd fd mis hr`ds hrups? ngd`dè`Ngd`dè`cfdt pripg

]ç fb sfu irghfd fd fbs pripgs nids iktgdhuts pfr b‗fcprfs` fd mur ` tfrcf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t i fd bfs qu`dtgt`ts bbgur`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`rg i pfbs sijgs. Fstá nirc`m` pfr? ‚ Bfs `pirt`jgids gdgjg`bs? súd bfs rf`bgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs sijgs

qu`d fs jidstgtufgx b‗fcprfs`. B` qu`dtg` cãdgc` m‗`qufstfs `pirt`jgids mfpåd mf b` nirc` ourãmgj` fbfhgm`. ‚ Bfs pistfrgirs `cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b. ‚ Bfs rfsfrvfs? çs b` p`rt mfb kfdfngjg fcprfs`rg`b quf fs qufm` ` b‗fdtgt`t g di fs rfp`rtfgx ` b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs sijgs. Z‗fstumg`r`d ` b` udgt`t sfhòfdt. m‗`cirtgtz`jgú jgú? qu`d fst`r`d ` mgspisgjgú mf b‗fcprfs` mur`dt ‚ Fbs nids m‗`cirtgtz`

ud pfrãimf bb`rh mf tfcps. Bfs `cirtgtz`jgids súd fb rfhgstrf jicpt`kbf mfbs mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir sinfrts pfr b‗gccikgbgtz`t pripgft`t mf b‗fcprfs`. Bfs `cirtgtz`jgids s‗e`d `d`bgtz`t ` bfs udgt`ts mfmgj`mfs ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t. ‚ Bfs privgsgids? súd ikbgh`jgids fxprfssfs i tájgtfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg, jb`r`cfdt fspfjgngj`mfs pfb quf n` ` b` sfv` d`tur`bfs`, pfrû quf, fd b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, súd gdmftfrcgd`mfs pfb quf n` `b sfu gcpirt fx`jtf i ` b` m`t` fd quå fs primugr`d. Zúd, fdtrf `btrfs jisfs, bfs qu`dtgt`ts mfstgd`mfs ` prfvfdgr i rfp`r`r m`dys cfmg`ckgfdt`bs i ` jikrgr mfutfs nuturs `ck Egsfdm`, ikbgh`jgids prijfmfdts mf bgtghgs fd jurs, jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt i rftgr`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t b‗gccikgbgt z`t i qu`bsfvib ikbgh`jgú mf d`tur`bfs` sgcgb`r. Ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå

Zúd mfutfs jidtrfts pfr b‗fcprfs` `ck tfrjfrs `bgfds ` b` prûpg` fcprfs`. @qufsts mfutfs pimfd sfr? ‚ Di dfhijg`ts? pfr fxfcpbf, fb jråmgt quf jidjfmfgxfd fbs privfémirs g/i

fbs jrfmgtirs. ‚ Dfhijg`ts? pfr fxfcpbf, ud prçstfj sib¸bgjgt`t ` ud` fdtgt`t mf jråmgt. Bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgfdfs di dfhijg`mfs s‗e`d `d`bgtz`t fd udgt`ts `dtfrgirs, cfdtrf quf bfs dfhijg`mfs sfr`d ikofjtf m‗fstumg fd `qufst` udgt`t. Mgds mfb ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå dfhijg`t g, `tfdfdt `b vgdjbf fxgstfdt fdtrf prfst`cgst` g prfst`t`rg, fb QHJ mgstgdhfgx fdtrf fb ngd`dè`cfdt fdtrf fcprfsfs

050

vgdjub`mfs g fcprfsfs `bgfdfs. `bgfdfs. Fd `qufst sfdtgt, pimfc mgr mgr quf fs jidsgmfrfd fcprfsfs vgdjub`mfs, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs fcprfsfs mfb hrup, bfs `ssijg`mfs g bfs fcprfsfs cubtghrup. Fd j`dvg, pimfc p`rb`r m‗fcprfsfs `bgfdfs qu`d vibfc nfr rfnfrådjg` ` `qufbbfs `ck bfs qu`bs b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` di tç j`p tgpus tgpus mf vgdjub`jgú sghdgngj`tgv`. sghdgngj`tgv`.

05;

@ jidtgdu`jgú, fs mft`bbfd bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgfd` dfhijg`mfs cçs rfbbfv`dts. ‚ Qrçstfjs rfkuts? súd ipfr`jgids ngd`djfrfs pfr bfs qu`bs ud` fdtgt`t,

Mgpûsgt grrfhub`r ]gpus mf mgpûsgt quf tç pfr ikofjtf bfs jisfs jidsucgkbfs, nft quf gcpbgj` quf fb mgpisgt`rg e` mf rftird`r `b mgpisgt`dt ud` qu`dtgt`t mf b` c`tfgx` fspåjgf g qu`bgt`t.

`dicfd`m` prfst`cgst`, bbgur` ` ud` fcprfs`, `dicfd`m` prfst`tárg`, ud` mftfrcgd`m` suc` mf mgdfrs, jicpricftfdt-sf `qufst` ÿbtgc` ` rftird`r b‗gcpirt prfst`t oudt`cfdt `ck fbs gdtfrfssis jirrfspidfdts. ‚ Jicptfs mf jråmgt? çs ud primujtf k`dj`rg fd quå ud` fdtgt`t ngd`djfr` pis` ` mgspisgjgú mfb sfu jbgfdt ud` mftfrcgd`m` qu`dtgt`t mf mgdfrs ngds ` ud jfrt bãcgt. @qufst` nirc` mf ngd`dè`cfdt pfrcft ` b‗fcprfs` mgspis`r mfbs nids ` cfsur` quf fbs v` dfjfssgt`dt. Fbs gdtfrfssis g dtfrfssis fs p`hufd ÿdgj`cfdt pfb jråmgt mgspis`t. ‚ @rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr ngd`djfr i bãsgdh? bãsgdh? jidsgstfgx fd fb bbihufr m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t `ck ipjgú ` jicpr`. Z‗e` fstumg`t fd udgt`ts `dtfrgirs. ‚ Fcpråstgts? `qufst` nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt s‗utgbgtz` qu`d b‗fcprfs` dfjfssgt` ud` hr`d qu`dtgt`t mf mgdfrs. Jidsgstfgx fd ud` fcgssgú mf v`birs rfprfsfdt`tgus mf mfutf (ikbgh`jgids i kids). Fbs pripgft`rgs m‗`qufsts tãtibs `mqugrfgxfd b` jidmgjgú mf prfst`cgstfs mf b‗fcprfs` fcgssir`, nft quf fbs múd` mrft ` pfrjfkrf pfrgûmgj`cfdt b‗gdtfrås p`jt`t g ` sfr rffckirs`ts pfr b‗gcpirt mfbs sfus tãtibs fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` `cirtgtz`jgú. ‚ Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs? súd bfs qu`dtgt`ts quf rfkfd bfs fcprfsfs mf b‗@mcgdgstr`jgú i m‗fdtgt`ts prgv`mfs sfdsf quf, fd prgdjgpg, tgdhugd b‗ikbgh`jgú mf rfgdtfhr`r-bfs. ‚ Ng`djfs g mgpûsgts rfkuts? bfs ng`djfs rfkumfs súd gcpirts pfrjfkuts pfr b‗fcprfs` `ck b‗ikofjtgu mf h`r`dtgr-sf fb jicpbgcfdt m‗`bhud` ikbgh`jgú pfr p`rt mf qug b` bbgur`. Fbs mgpûsgts rfkuts súd nids iktgdhuts ikbgh`jgú fd jidjfptf mf mgpûsgt grrfhub`r. M‗`btr` k`dm`, sg `tfdfc `b sfu vfdjgcfdt, bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgfdfs fs pimfd jb`ssgngj`r fd? ‚ Nids mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå ` bb`rh tfrcgdg? qu`d fb pfrãimf quf tr`ds-

jirrf mfs mf b‗`mqugsgjgú mfb mfutf ngds `b sfu vfdjgcfdt di supfr` ud `dy. ‚ Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå ` jurt tfrcgdg? qu`d vibfc nfr rfnfrådjg` ` `qufbbfs pfrãimf quf tr`dsjirrf mfs mf b‗`mqugsgjgú mfb mfutf ngds `b sfu vfdjgcfdt çs supfrgir ` ud `dy.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Jb`ssgngj` bfs sfhòfdts nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt fd prûpgfs g `bgfdfs? `) Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs k) Mfutfs `ck privfémirs j) [fsfrvfs

e) @cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b g) @cirtgtz`jgids o) Qrçstfj k`dj`rg

m) Bãdgfs mf jråmgt f) Ng`djfs rfkumfs n) @pirt`jgids mfbs sijgs h) Bãsgdh

l) Fcpråstgt b) Qrivgsgids c) Mfutfs `ck jrfmgtirs d) @pirt`jgids mf b‗fcprfs`rg gdmgvgmu`b

05:

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

; 44 Bfs `pirt`jgids gdgjg`bs mf b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs sijgs B` prgdjgp`b nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt prûpg` m‗ud` irh`dgtz`jgú fstá jidstgtuém` pfr bfs `pirt`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr p`rt mfbs sijgs ` b‗fdtgt`t mf b` qu`b nircfd p`rt i, fd fb j`s m‗ud` fcprfs` gdmgvgmu`b, pfr bfs `pirt`jgids mf b‗fcprfs`rg. @qufstfs `pirt`jgids fs rf`bgtzfd qu`d b‗fcprfs` fs jrf`, pfr pimfr mur ` tfrcf bfs gdvfrsgids dfjfssárgfs pfr pimfr gdgjg`r b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj`. Qfrû b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs sijgs t`ckç pimfd fnfjtu`r `pirt`jgids `ck pistfrgirgt`t ` b` jidstgtujgú mf b‗fdtgt`t, quf súd bfs `dicfd`mfs `cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b. Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubbfd bfs `pirt`jgids mfbs sijgs i mf b‗fcprfs`rg nghur`r`d `b Q`trgcidg dft mfb k`b`dè, nirc`dt p`rt mfbs nids pripgs, g súd fbs sfhòfdts?

Jicptfs mf j`pgt`b (011) J`pgt`b sijg`b

J`pgt`b fsjrgptur`t fd bfs sijgft`ts quf rfvfstfgxfd nirc` cfrj`dtgb

(010) Nids sijg`b

J`pgt`b mf bfs fdtgt`ts sfdsf nirc` cfrj`dtgb

(01;) J`pgt`b

J`pgt`b mf bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs

Fds jfdtr`rfc fd b‗fstumg mfb j`pgt`b ` bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs g bfs sijgft`ts quf rfvfstfgxfd nirc` cfrj`dtgb, nid`cfdt`bcfdt b` sijgft`t `dûdgc` g b` sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`. Fb nudjgid`cfdt mfb jicptf (010) Nids sijg`b çs `dábfh `b mfb jicptf (011) J`pgt`b sijg`b.

;.0 4 Fb j`pgt`b fd bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs

B‗fcprfs` gdmgvgmu`b çs `qufbb` fd quå fb pripgft`rg çs ud sib gdmgvgmu. Di fxgstfgx ud` xgnr` cãdgc` mf j`pgt`b, quf pit v`rg`r ` vibudt`t mf b‗fcprfs`rg. Bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs g dmgvgmu`bs di tfdfd ud` pfrsid`bgt`t ourãmgj` mgnfrfdt mf bfs mfbs sfus pripgft`rgs. @gxû sghdgngj` quf fb sfu p`trgcidg s‗gdtfhr` mgds mfb p`trgcidg mfbs sfus tgtub`rs. ]it g `gxû, mfs m‗ud pudt mf vgst` jicpt`kbf, çs dfjfss`rg mgnfrfdjg`r fbs mis p`trgcidgs, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb QHJ jidtfcpb` fbs jicptfs sfhòfdts? ‚ (01;) J`pgt`b? j`pgt`b ` bfs fcprfsfs gdmgvgmu`bs. B` sfv` qu`dtg` çs v`-

rg`kbf, cimgngj`dt-sf j`m` `dy fd nudjgú mfbs rfsubt`ts iktgdhuts g mf bfs divfs `pirt`jgids g rftgr`mfs quf rf`bgtzg b‗fcprfs`rg. ‚ (661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú? jicptf jirrfdt c`dtgdhut pfb tgtub`r mf

b‗fxpbit`jgú quf fxprfss` b` rfb`jgú fxgstfdt fdtrf fb p`trgcidg pfrsid`b mfb tgtub`r g b‗fcprfs` `b bb`rh b b`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg. @qufst jicptf `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg s‗`kid`rá i fs j`rrfh`rá, mfpfdfdt mfb sfu s`bmi, `ck járrfj i `kid`cfdt `b jicptf 01;, pfr b` qu`b jis`, fd di tfdgr s`bmi, di nghur`rá `b k`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ngd`b.

05=

@ssfdt`cfdts @ssfdt`cfdt s tgpus

Fd fb cicfdt mf b` jrf`jgú mf b‗fcprfs`, fb jicptf j`pgt`b rfhgstr` fb v`bir mf mf bfs `pirt`jgids mgdfrárgfs i di mgdfrárgfs mgdfrárgfs quf rf`bgtz` b‗fcprfs`rg b‗fcprfs`rg gdmgvgmu`b. x

((668) (;) (:) (=:/==)

]rfsirfrg` Gccikgbgtz`t Fxgstådjgfs Jbgfdts g mfutirs `

(0/=/6)) (0/=/6 (01;)

Mfutfs Mfutfs J`pgt`b

x

B‗fnfjtgu i fb v`bir mfbs kçds quf b‗fcprfs`rg rftgrg mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mfb p`trgcidg mf b` sfv` fcprfs` `ck mfstgd`jgú `b sfu p`trgcidg p`rtgjub`r fs j`rrfh`r`d `b jicptf (661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú. x

(661 (6 61))

]gt gtub ub`r `r mf b‗ b‗fx fxpb pbit it`j `jgú gú `

(68)

]rfsi rfsirfrg rfrg``

x

Mf b` c`tfgx` c`dfr`, sg mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs`rg b‗fcprfs`rg rf`bgtz` divfs `pirt`jgids mfs mfb sfu p`trgcidg p`rtgjub`r `b p`trgcidg mf b` sfv` fcprfs` i p`h` n`jturfs mf b‗fcprfs` `ck fbs sfus pripgs mgdfrs, s‗eùrá mf rf`bgtz`r ud `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú. x

(68) (6 (>;) (=8; (= 8;))

]rfsirfrg` i Zfrvfgs fxtfrgirs E.Q. G^@ supi pirt rt``t `

(661)

]gtub`r ]g tub`r mf b‗fxp b‗fxpbit`jg bit`jgúú

x

@b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb s`bmi pisgtgu mfb jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg, mfsprçs mfb prijçs mf rfhub`rgtz`jgú, fs pit gcput`r `b tgtub`r mf b‗fcprfs` i fs pit ùhcfdt`r b` xgnr` mf j`pgt`b. x

(0;7 (0 ;7))

[fs fsub ubt` t`tt mf b‗ b‗fx fxfr frjg jgjg jg

`

(661) (01;)

]gtub`r ]g tub`r mf b‗fxp b‗fxpbit`jgú bit`jgú i J`pgt`b

x

056

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

Zg `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg fb s`bmi mfb jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg nis dfh`tgu g di fs j`rrfhuçs pfr `b sfu s`dfo`cfdt `b jicptf (0;0) [fsubt`ts dfh`tgus m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs, fs pimrá mgscgdugr b` xgnr` mf j`pgt`b. x

(01;)

J`pgt`b J`pgt `b `

(0;7)

[fsubt` [f subt`tt mf b‗fxfr b‗fxfrjgjg jgjg

x

@b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, fb jicptf (661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú s‗`kid`rá i fs j`rrfh`rá, mfpfdfdt mfb sfu s`bmi, `ck járrfj i `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (01;)? x

(01;) (0

J`pgt`b `

(661)

]gtub`r ]g tub`r mf b‗fxp b‗fxpbit`jgú bit`jgú

(01;) (01 ;)

J`pgt` J`p gt`bb

x

I kç? x

(661 (6 61))

]gt gtub ub`r `r mf b‗ b‗fx fxpb pbit it`j `jgú gú ` x

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` jidstgtujgú m‗ud` fcprfs` gdmgvgmu`b Fb Cárgus [iurf mfjgmfgx mur ` tfrcf ud` `jtgvgt`t prinfssgid`b jic ` vftfrgd`rg. Qfr `gxû, e` bbih`t ud bij`b g e` `mqugrgt cikgbg`rg pfr =;11 , ud irmgd`mir pfr 0 611  g prihr`cfs gdnircátgjs pfr :11 ? x

= ;11,1 ;11,111 0 611,11 :11,11

(;0>) Cikgbg`rg Cikgbg`rg (;08) Fqugps prij. gdn. (;1>) @pbgj`jgids gdn. `

(01;) J`pgt J`pgt`b `b

`

Cçs fdm`v`dt, fb Cárgus [iurf rftgr` mfb sfu dfhijg 511  pfr `tfdmrf udfs mfspfsfs pfrsid`bs? `

> 111,1 111,111

511,11

(661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú `

(68) ]rfsirfrg`

511,11

x

05>

@ cçs, p`h` `ck fbs sfus pripgs mgdfrs ud` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt ` b` jicpr` mf mgvfrsis utfdsgbgs, quf `sjfdmfgx ` 811  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@? x

811,11 811,11 0=8,11

(;0=) Vtgbb`thf Vtgbb`thf (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t `

(661) ]gt ]gtub`r ub`r mf b‗fx b‗fxpbit`j pbit`jgú gú

5=8,111 5=8,1

x

@b ffd`b mfb prgcfr fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj, fb s`bmi mfb jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg prfsfdt` ud s`bmi jrfmgtir mf ;7 111 , quf fs tr`sp`ss` `b tgtub`r mfb dfhijg? x

;7 111,11

(0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg `

(661) ]gt ]gtub`r ub`r mf b‗fx b‗fxpbit`j pbit`jgú gú

;7 111,1 111,111

x

@k`ds mfb t`dj`cfdt mf b‗`dy, fb Cárgus [iurf mfjgmfgx rftgr`r mf b‗fcprfs` 0; 111 k`dj`rg. B` rfst` s‗gdjirpir` `b p`trgcidg fcprfs`rg`b?

, quf trfu mfb j/j



x

;7 1=8,11

(661) ]gtub`r mf b‗fxpbit`jgú (;7111 + 5=8 ∛ 511)

`

(68;) K`djs (68;) K`djs (01;) J`pgt J`pgt`b `b

0; 111 111,11 ,11 08 1=8,1 1=8,111

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts `b bbgkrf Mg`rg? 0. B‗@dtûdg` Hugu cudt` ud` pfrruqufrg` pfrruqufrg` fd ud bij`b jicfrjg`b mf b` sfv` pripgft`t v`bir`t fd 71 111  (v`bir mfb tfrrfdy? =1%). @ cçs, `pirt` `b dfhijg 6 111  fd fnfjtgu, quf súd gdhrfss`ts fd ud jicptf. ;. Mur`dt b‗`dy, b‗@dtûdg` e` rftgr`t rftgr` t mfb sfu dfhijg ; 111  pfr `tfdmrf mfspfsfs g dfjfssgt`ts pfrsid`bs. :. Cçs fdm`v`dt, p`h` `ck fbs sfus pripgs mgdfrs ud` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt ` ud` rfp`r`jgú quf e` rf`bgtz`t ud b`cpgst` g quf `sjfdmfgx ` :11  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@. =. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b` jicpt`kgbgt`t jicpt`kgbgt`t rfnbfjtfgx, fdtrf fdtrf `btrfs, fbs s`bmis sfhòfdts? ‚ Mfs Mfspfs pfsfs fs tit`bs? tit`bs? 0= 111 .

‚ Gdh Gdhrfs rfssis sis tit`bs tit`bs?? :8 111 . Fb rfsubt`t fs tr`sp`ss` ` b` tgtub`r mfb dfhijg. 6. Qistfrgircfdt, b‗@dtûdg` b‗@dtûdg` Hugu e` mfjgmgt rftgr`r ud sikrfsiu mf 7 111  quf trfu mfb j/j k`dj`rg mf b` sfv` fcprfs`, gdjirpir`dt b` rfst` `b j`pgt`b mf b` prûpg` fcprfs`.

058

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

;.; 4 Fb j`pgt`b fd bfs sijgft`ts cfrj`dtgbs

Fd `qufst `p`rt`t, fstumg`rfc fb jicptf mf j`pgt`b mf bfs sijgft`ts cfrj`dtgbs, jfdtr`dt-dis nid`cfdt`bcfdt fd b` sijgft`t `dûdgc`, fdj`r` quf s‗fscfdt`r`d bfs p`rtgjub`rgt`ts quf puhugd prfsfdt`r `btrfs tgpus mf sijgft`ts mgnfrfdts, jic pit sfr b` sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`.

]gpus mf sijgft`t

]ãtibs

Zijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m` (Z[B)

Q`rtgjgp`jgids

Zijgft`t `dûdgc` (Z@)

@jjgids

J`pgt`b cãdgc

Mfsfckirs`cfdt gdgjg`b

: 111  >1 111 

011% J`pgt`b sijg`b ;6% J`pgt`b sijg`b + 011% Qrgc`

B` sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`

Jic fs pit `prfjg`r `b qu`mrf `dtfrgir, b` sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`, ` mgnfrådjg` mf b` sijgft`t `dûdgc`, e` mf tfdgr, fd fb cicfdt mf b` sfv` jidstgtujgú, fb sfu j`pgt`b ãdtfhr`cfdt mfsfckirs`t. Zg b‗fcgssgú, b` suksjrgpjgú g b` gdsjrgpjgú mfb j`pgt`b `b [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb fs primufgx fd fb c`tfgx cicfdt, b` sfv` jidstgtujgú fs pit mur ` tfrcf cgto`dè`dt b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

((668) (;) (:) (=:/==)

]rfsirfrg` Gccikgbgtz`t Fxgstådjgfs Jbgfdts g mfutirs `

(011)

J`pgt`b J`pgt `b sijg sijg`b `b

x B` sijgft`t `dûdgc`

B` sijgft`t `dûdgc` fs pit jidstgtugr mf mufs c`dfrfs, cgto`dè`dt nudm`jgú sgcubtádg` i cgto`dè`dt nudm`jgú sujjfssgv`? ‚ Nudm`jgú sgcubtádg`? b` jidstgtujgú fs rf`bgtz` cgto`dè`dt ud sib `jtf

pfr jidvfdg fdtrf fbs nudm`mirs. Fb j`pgt`b çs fcås, suksjrgt g gdsjrgt `b [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb fd fb c`tfgx cicfdt. Fb jicptf j`pgt`b s‗`kid`rá, fd jidstgtugr-sf b` sijgft`t, pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs `pirt`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfbs `jjgidgstfs `b j`pgt`b mf b` sijgft`t. ‚ Nudm`jgú sujjfssgv`? çs ud` nirc` mf jidstgtujgú `mfqu`m` pfr ` bfs sijgft`ts quf rfqufrfgxfd ud` xgnr` hr`d mf j`pgt`b quf fbs pricitirs di tfdfd g, pfr t`dt, dfjfssgtfd quf `btrfs gdvfrsirs p`rtgjgpgd fd fb sfu priofjtf. B` jidstgtujgú fs rf`bgtz` pfr suksjrgpjgú pÿkbgj` m‗`jjgids. Z‗`tirh` ud tfrcgdg `bs gdvfrsirs pitfdjg`bs mf b` div` fcprfs` pfr t`b

[fhub`jgú mf bfs sijgft`ts mf j`pgt`b B` sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m` g b` sijgft`t `dûdgc` fst`d rfhub`mfs pfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;101, mf ; mf oubgib, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b.

quf, sg fbs gdtfrfss`, `jjgids mf b` div` Zg `bpimfd ngd`b mfb tfrcgdg di s‗e`dsuksjrghugd suksjrgt titfs bfs `jjgids, fbssijgft`t. nudm`mirs jidstgtugr b` div` sijgft`t ÿdgj`cfdt `ck fb j`pgt`b suksjrgt i kç rfdudjg`r ` b` sfv` jidstgtujgú j`djfb¸b`dt b‗fcgssgú m‗`jjgids. B` sfv` jidstgtujgú ourãmgj` tç bbij fd mgvfrsis `jtfs quf sujjffgxfd fd mgnfrfdts cicfdts.

055

@ cçs mfb jicptf (011) J`pgt`b sijg`b, fb QHJ mgspis` mf cçs jicptfs pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`jgid`mfs `ck b` jidstgtujgú m‗ud` sijgft`t cfrj`dtgb. Bfs `d`bgtz`rfc ` jidtgdu`jgú.

Mgvgmfdms p`ssgus Zúd fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt mf b` sijgft`t fdnridt mfbs `jjgidgstfs pfbs mfsfckirs`cfdts pfdmfdts mf p`h`cfdt. Nghurfd `b k`b`dè mgds mfb Q`trgcid Q`trgcidgg dft, mgscgdugdt b` xgnr` mf j`pgt`b, g fs rfhgstrfd `bs jicptfs sfhòfdts? (01:) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfdts di fxghgts? j`pgt`b sijg`b fsjrgptur`t pfdmfdt mf mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdtt di fxghgt `bs sijgs i `jjgidgstfs. (01=) Zijgs pfr `pirt`jgids di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts? j`pgt`b sijg`b fstrujtur`t pfdmfdt mf mfsfckirs`cfdt quf jirrfspid ` `pirt`jgids di mgdfrárgfs. Pu`d fbs mgvgmfdms p`ssgus s‗fxghfgxgd `bs sijgs fs rfhgstr`r`d `b jicptf sfhòfdt? (665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfdts fxghgts? `qufst jicptf nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè sfcprf quf di sghug jidsgmfr`t ud Q`ssgu ngd`djfr.

Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú Çs b‗`pirt`jgú rf`bgtz`m` pfbs `jjgidgstfs i sijgs fd fb j`s m‗fcgssgú g jib󰂸bij`jgú m‗`jjgids i p`rtgjgp`jgids ` ud prfu supfrgir `b sfu v`bir dicgd`b, g fs jicpt`kgbgtz` `b jicptf sfhòfdt? (001) Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú i `ssucpjgú? `qufst jicptf, ` cçs, gdjbiu bfs mgnfrådjgfs quf pihufssgd sirhgr fdtrf fbs v`birs m‗fsjrgptur` g fbs v`birs pfbs qu`bs s‗e`d mf rfhgstr`r fbs kçds rfkuts fd jidjfptf m‗`pirt`jgú di mgdfrárg`, m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t ` bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú. Z‗gdjbiu `b k`b`dè mgds mfb Q`trgcid Q`trgcidgg dft.

Dis`btrfs `d`bgtz`rfc mf nirc` jicpt`kbf ÿdgj`cfdt fbs supûsgts quf súd jidsfqòådjg` mf b` nudm`jgú sgcubtádg`. Fd fb sukhrup 07 mf b` jgdqufd` p`rt mfb QHJ, s‗fxpbgqufd fbs jicptfs quf s‗utgbgtzfd pfr ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` nudm`jgú sujjfssgv`. Fd b` nudm`jgú sgcubtádg`, ` b‗eir` mf suksjrgurf bfs `jjgids, fbs sijgs pimfd rf`bgtz`r mis tgpus tg pus m‗`pirt`jgids? mgdfrárgfs i di mgdfrárgfs. Jidstgtujgú cgto`dè`dt `pirt`jgids mgdfrárgfs

Qfr b` suksjrgpjgú g fb mfsfckirs`cfdt cãdgc mf bfs `jjgids? x

(68) (6

]rfsirfrg` Cãd. ;6% j`pgt`b + 011% prgc`

(01:)

Zijgs pfr mfsfck. di fxghgts `

(011) (001)

J`pgt`b sijg` J`pgt`b sijg`bb Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú i `ssucpjgú

x

Pu`d b` sijgft`t `jirmg fxghgr `bs `jjgidgstfs fb p`h`cfdt mfbs mfsfckirs`cfdts pfdmfdts?

x

(665)

Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cf mfsfckirs`cfdts dts fxghgts `

(01:)

Zijgs pfr mfsfck. di fxghgts

x

057

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

G qu`d fbs `jjgidgstfs fnfjtuéd `qufst mfsfckirs`cfdt? x

(68)

]rfsirfrg` `

(665)

Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfdts fxghgts

x

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` jidstgtujgú m‗ud` sijgft`t `dûdgc` `ck `pirt`jgids mgdfrárgfs KBVF]GHF[, Z@, fs jidstgtufgx `ck ud j`pgt`b sijg`b mf 0;1 111 . @qufst j`pgt`b çs suksjrgt ãdtfhr`cfdt pfbs sfus trfs `jjgidgstfs, quf mfsfckirsfd fb cãdgc bfh`b fd ud jicptf k`dj`rg ` dic mf b` sijgft`t. x

:1 111,1 111,111 71 111,11

(68;) K`djs K`djs (01:) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts di fxghgts `

(011) J`pgt J`pgt`b `b sijg` sijg`bb

0;1 111,1 111,111

x

Qistfrgircfdt, KBVF]GHF[, Z@, fxghfgx fb p`h`cfdt mfbs mfsfckirs`cfdts pfdmfdts fd fb tfrcgdg mf mis cfsis? x

71 111,11

(665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts fxghgts `

(01:) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts di fxghgts

71 111,11

x

Vd cfs mfsprçs, ud mfbs `jjgidgstfs p`h` fb mfsfckirs`cfdt? x

:1111,1 :1 111,111

(68;) K`dj K`djss `

(665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts fxghgts fxgh gts

x

Mis cfsis mfsprçs, fbs `btrfs mis sijgs p`hufd fb mfsfckirs`cfdt? x

:1111,1 :1 111,111

>1111,1 >1 111,111

(68;) K`dj K`djss

`

(665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts fxghgts fxgh gts

>1111,1 >1 111,111

x

071

Jidstgtujgú cgto`dè`dt `pirt`jgids di mgdfrárgfs

Qfr b` suksjrgpjgú g fb mfsfckirs`cfdt cãdgc mf bfs `jjgids? x

(68) (;/:) (=:/==) (=:/= =) (01:) (01=)

]rfsirfrg` Gccikgbgtz`t g fxgstådjgf fxgstådjgfss Jbgfdts Jbgf dts g mfuti mfutirs rs Zijgs mfsfck. di fxgh. Zijgs `pirt`j. di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts

`

(011)

J`pgt`b J`pgt `b sijg` sijg`bb

x

Qfb bbgur`cfdt pfr p`rt mfbs sijgs mf bfs `pirt`jgids di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts? x

(;/:) (=:/==)

Gccikgbgtz`t g fxgstådjgf fxgstådjgfss Jbgfdts g mfutirs `

(01=) (01 =)

Zijgs `pi Zijgs `pirt` rt`j. j. di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts

x

Fbs `ssfdt`cfdts pfr b‗fxghådjg` g fb jikr`cfdt mf bfs `pirt`jgid `pirt`jgidss mgdfrárgfs fs n`rgfd jic efc vgst ` b‗`p`rt`t jirrfspidfdt.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` jidstgtujgú m‗ud` sijgft`t `dûdgc` `ck `pirt`jgids di mgdfrárgfs B‗0 mf c`gh mf ;1U1, JÅZ@[, Z@, fs jidstgtufgx `ck ud j`pgt`b mf 011 111 . Bfs `jjgids e`d fst`t suksjrgtfs ` p`rts ghu`bs pfr mis sijgs quf fs jicpricftfd ` `pirt`r fbs sfhòfdts fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs? ‚ Fb sijg sijg 0 `pirt` `pirt` 06 111  fd cftáb󰂸bgj g `pirt`rá m‗`quã ` : cfsis ud j`cgú v`bir`t fd :6 111 . ‚ Fb sijg ; mfsfckirs` mfsfckirs` fd cftáb󰂸bgj cftáb󰂸bgj ; 611  g cikgbg`rg pfr v`bir mf 01 111 . @pirt`rá :1 111  fd cftáb󰂸bgj qu`d bg ei fxghfgxg b` sijgft`t g m‗`quã ` > cfsis, uds irmgd`mirs pfr b` rfst`. x

08 611,1 611,111 01 111,1 111,111 :1 111,11

(68;) K`djs (;0>) Cikgb Cikgbg`rg g`rg (01:) Zijgs mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts di fxghgts

=; 611,11

(01=) Zijgs `pirt`j. di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts

`

(011) J`pgt J`pgt`b `b sijg sijg`b `b

011 111,1 111,111

x

070

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

@bs trfs cfsis, fb sijg 0 `pirt` fb j`cgú quf e`vg` fst`t v`bir`t fd :6 111 ? x

:6 111,11

(;05) Fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt `

(01=) Zijgs `pirt`j. di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts

:6 111,11

x

@bs jgdj cfsis, b` sijgft`t JÅZ@[, Z@, fxghfgx ` b‗`jjgidgst` ; ud mgvgmfdm p`ssgu pfr :1 111 ? x

:1 111,11

(665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts fxghgts

`

(01:) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts di fxghgts

:1 111,11

x

Fb sijg ; `pirt` fb mgvgmfdm p`ssgu sib󰂸bgjgt`t ` tr`vçs mfb jicptf jirrfdt? x

:1 111,1 111,111

(68;) K`dj K`djss `

(665) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts fxghgts fxgh gts

:1 111,1 111,111

x

@bs sgs cfsis, fb sijg ; `pirt` fbs irmgd`mirs? x

8 611,11

(;08) Fqugps prij. gdnirc`jgú `

(01=) Zijgs `pirt`j. di mgdfrárgfs pfdmfdts

8 611,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs :󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids `b bbgkrf Mg`rg? 0. B‗0/7/;1U1 ‗0/7/;1U1,, fs jidstgtufgx b‗fcprfs` b‗fcp rfs` KB@JLXIBN, KB@JLXIBN, Z@, `ck ud j`pgt`b sijg`b mf 061 111 . @qufst j`pgt`b çs

suksjrgt ãdtfhr`cfdt pfbs sfus jgdjmf sijgs ` p`rts ghu`bs, mfsfckirs`dt-sf fb cãdgc bfh`b, quf çs mgpisgt`t fd ud jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg ` dic b` sijgft`t. ;. Fb 06/1:/;1U0, KB@JLXIBN, KB@JLXIBN, Z@, fxghfgx `bs sfus `jjgidgstfs fb p`h`cfdt mfbs mfsfckirs`cfdts pfdmfdts fd fb tfrcgdg m‗0 cfs. :. Fb 06/1=/;1U0, tits fbs `jjgidgstfs `jjgidgstfs n`d fnfjtgu fb mfsfckirs`cfdt. mfsfckirs`cfdt.

07;

: 44 @cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b Vd` `btr` mf bfs nircfs quf tfdfd bfs fcprfsfs m‗`jidsfhugr nids súd fbs ùhcfdts mf j`pgt`b, quf fs pimfd fnfjtu`r cgto`dè`dt divfs `pirt`jgids, jicpfds`jgú mf mfutfs g j`pgt`bgtz`jgú mf rfsfrvfs?

Mfspfsfs mf jidstgtujgú g mf prgcfr fst`kbgcfdt Zfhids b` D^[ dÿc. 7 mfb QHJ, bfs mfspfsfs mf jidstgtujgú g m‗`cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b, jic `r` eidir`rgs mf bbftr`ts, dit`rgs g rfhgstr`mirs, gcprfssgú mf cfcûrgfs, ftj., fs rfhgstr`r` rfhgstr`r`dd mgrfjt`cfdt jidtr` fb Q`trgcidg dft jic ` cfdirs rfsfrvfs. ]it ]it g `gxû, bfs mfspfsfs mf prgcfr fst`kbgcfdt s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys jic ` mfspfs` mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå gdjirrgd.

‚ @cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt `pirt`jgids mgdfrárgfs i di mgdfrárgfs? b` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf çs sgcgb`r ` b‗fstumg`m` `dtfrgircfdt

fd b` jidstgtujgú fd fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf sijgft`ts. ‚ @cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt jicpfds`jgú mf mfutfs? jidsgstfgx

fd bbgur`r `bs jrfmgtirs mf b` sijgft`t `jjgids mf b` prûpg` sijgft`t jic ` p`h`cfdt mfbs sfus mfutfs. Qimfd sirhgr mgnfrådjgfs fdtrf fb v`bir mf bfs `jjgids bbgur`mfs g b‗gcpirt mfbs mfutfs ` jicpfds`r. @qufsts mgnfrådjgfs fs bgqugmfd fd fnfjtgu. ‚ @cpbg`jg @cpbg`jgú ú cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt j`pgt`bgt j`pgt`bgtz`jgú z`jgú mf rfsfrvfs? rfsfrvfs? b‗ùhcfdt mf j`pgt`b fs muu ` tfrcf `ck járrfj `bs kfdfngjgs quf b‗fcprfs` e` iktgdhut fd `dys `dtfrgirs g quf di e` rfp`rtgt `bs `jjgidgstfs (rfsfrvfs)< pfr t`dt, b‗fcprfs` di rfp nids, o` quf fb sijg di rf`bgtz` j`p mfsfckirs`cfdt. Fs mfdicgd` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b `bbgkfr`m`.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗`cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt `pirt`jgids mfbs sijgs B` sijgft`t JEVJV, Z@, muu ` tfrcf ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt b‗fcgssgú mf 5 111 divfs `jjgids mf ;6  dicgd`bs. Fb v`bir m‗fcgssgú çs mf ;>  pfr `jjgú g s‗fxghfgx, fd fb cicfdt mf b` suksjrgpjgú, fb cãdgc bfh`b fst`kbfrt. x

65 111,1 111,111 061 111,11

(68;) K`djs (01:) Zijgs pfr mfsfckirs`cfd mfsfckirs`cfdts ts di fxghgts

`

(011) J`pgt`b J`pgt`b sijg sijg`b `b (001) Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú

;11 111,1 111,111 5 111,11

x

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗`cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt jicpfds`jgú mf mfutfs [GZ, Z@, mfu ` [@Z, Z@, 0;1 111 . Qfr s`bm`r fb mfutf, bfs mufs sijgft`ts `jirmfd quf [GZ, Z@, bbgurg ` [@Z, Z@, `jjgids mf b` prûpg` fcprfs`, pfr b` qu`b jis` rf`bgtz` ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b mf ; ;11 `jjgids, `ck ud v`bir dicgd`b mf 61  g ud v`bir m‗fcgssgú mf 66 . x

0;1 111,1 111,111

(6;0) Mfutf Mfutfss ` jurt tfrcg tfrcgdg dg

0 111,1 111,111

(68) ]rfsi rfsirfrg rfrg``

`

(011) J`pgt`b J`pgt`b sijg sijg`b `b (001) Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú

001 111,1 111,111 00 111,11

x

07:

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

= 44 44 Qr Qriv ivgsg gsgids ids B‗fcprfs` rfjidfgxfrá jic ` privgsgids fbs p`ssgus quf rfsubtgd gdmftfrcgd`ts rfspfjtf mfb sfu gcpirt i mf b` m`t` fd quå fs j`djfb¸b`r`d. @qufstfs privgsgids pimfd vfdgr mftfrcgd`mfs pfr ud` mgspisgjgú bfh`b i jidtr`jtu`b, is‗iksfrv`r`d kç pfr ud` ikbgh`jgú gcpbãjgt` i tájgt`. Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r bfs privgsgids, bfs dircfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Bfs privgsgids fs v`bir`r`d fd b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, pfb

v`bir `jtu`b mf b` cgbbir fstgc`jgú pissgkbf mf b‗gcpirt dfjfss`rg pfr j`djfb¸b`r i tr`dsnfrgr b‗ikbgh`jgú ` ud tfrjfr. ‚ Fbs òustis quf sirhfgxgd pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú mf b` privgsgú fs rfhgstr`r`d jic ud` mfspfs` ngd`djfr` ` cfsur` quf fs v`hgd cfrgt`dt. ‚ Pu`d fs tr`jtg mf privgsgids `ck ud vfdjgcfdt gdnfrgir i ghu`b ` ud `dy g b‗fnfjtf ngd`djfr di sghug sghdgngj`tgu, di sfrá dfjfss`rg mur ` tfrcf j`p tgpus mf mfsjicptf.

Ikbgh`jgú tájgt` Fb d`gxfcfdt m‗ud` ikbgh`jgú tájgt`pfr sf sgtu` fd b‗fxpfjt`tgv` vábgm` jrf`m` b‗fcprfs` fdnridt mf tfrjfrs, m‗`ssucpjgú m‗ud` ikbgh`jgú pfr p`rt m‗`qufbb`.

@bhuds jicptfs mf Q`ssgu fd quå fs rfhgstrfd bfs privgsgids súd?

Bb`rh tfrcgdg

Jicptfs mf privgsgids

Jurt tfrcgdg

(0=0) Qfr ` gcpistis

(6;70) Qfr ` gcpistis ` jurt tfrcgdg

(0=;) Qfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts

(6;7;) Qfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts ` j/t

(0=:) Qfr ` mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

(6;7:) Qfr ` mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t ` j/t

(0=6) Qfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs

(6;76) Qfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs ` j/t

Qfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufstfs privgsgids, çs dfjfss`rg utgbgtz`r t`ckç fbs jicptfs mfb sukhrup 87, pfr rfhgstr`r fbs pissgkbfs fxjfssis? ‚ (8760) Fxjçs mf privgsgú pfr ` gcpistis. ‚ (876;) Fxjçs mf privgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts. ‚ (8766) Fxjçs mf privgsgú pfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs. cfmg`ckgfdt`bs.

=.0 4 Qrivgsgú pfr ` gcpistis

[fhgstr` b‗gcpirt fstgc`t mfbs mfutfs trgkut`rgs `ck ud p`h`cfdt gdmftfrcgd`t pfb quf n` ` b‗gcpirt fx`jtf i b` b ` m`t` fd quå fs primugrá, mfpfdfdt mfb jicpbgcfdt i di mf mftfrcgd`mfs jidmgjgids. Fbs jicptfs (0=0) g (6;70) tgdmr`d fb civgcfdt sfhòfdt? ‚ Z‗`kid`r`d `ck járrfj `?

• Jicptfs mfb sukhrup (>:) (>:) pfr b` p`rt jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b` quit` mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú mf bfs privgsgids Qfr s`kfr-df cçs sikrf bfs privgsgids, pits jidsubt`r bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 06` mfb QHJ g 08` mfb QHJ mf

Fb jicptf (>>7) (>>7) pfbs gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` mfcir` mf b fxfrjgjg. fxfrjgjg. • Fb jicptf (>85) (>85) pfr b` s`djgú `ssijg`m`. • Fb jicptf (00:) pfr b` quit` quit` g fbs gdtfrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` fxfrjgjgs fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs. ‚ Fs j`rrfh`r`d fd `pbgj`r b` privgsgú, `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup (=8) g pfr b‗fxjçs mf privgsgú, `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (8760).

Qgcfs, fb sukhrup (0=) Qrivgsgids g fb jicptf (6;7) Qrivgsgids ` j/t.

07=

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` privgsgú pfr ` gcpistis B‗fcprfs` QGD]I, Z@, fstá sukofjt` ` ud prijçs m‗gdspfjjgú ffsj`b mur`dt fb ;1U1, jirrfspidfdt ` bfs mfjb`r`jgids mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mfbs mfb s trfs ÿbtgcs `dys. B` gdspfjjgú e` `gxfj`t `jt` privgsgid`b p rivgsgid`b `b divfckrf mf ;1U1. B` ditgffj`jgú rfkum` tç fb mfshbiss`cfdt sfhòfdt? quitfs mfgx`mfs m‗gdhrfss`r fd `dys `dtfrgirs (;; 111 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` m‗`dys `dtfrgirs (0 511 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` mf b‗`dy U1 (711 ) g s`djgú (01 111 ). x

;: 511,11 711,11 01111,1 01 111,111

(00:) [fsfrv [fsfrvfs fs vibudtárgfs (>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs (>85) Mfspf Mfspfsfs sfs fxjf fxjfpjgid pjgid`bs `bs `

(0=0) Qri Qrivgsg vgsgúú pfr ` gcpis gcpistis tis

:=811,1 := 811,111

x

Z‗fspfr` quf b` rfsibujgú mf b` gdspfjjgú tgdhug bbij mur`dt fb ;1U0, pfr b` qu`b jis` j`bmrá rfjb`ssgffj`r rfjb`ssgffj`r,, ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, b` privgsgú? x

:= 811,11

(0=0) Qrivgsg Qrivgsgúú pfr ` gcpistis ` (6;70 (6;70)) Qri Qrivgsg vgsgúú gcp. j/t

:= 811,1 811,111

x

@b nfkrfr mf ;1U0, fs múd` jidnircgt`t ` b‗`jt` mfffdgtgv`, quf tç b` jicpisgjgú sfhòfdt? quitfs mfgx`mfs m‗gdhrfss`r fd `dys `dtfrgirs (;1 111 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` m‗`dys `dtfrgirs (0 811 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` mf b‗`dy U1 (511 ) g s`djgú (7 111 ).

:=811,1 := 811,111

(6;70)) Qrivgsg (6;70 Qrivgsgúú pfr ` gcpistis j/t

x ` (=86;) (=86;) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmg jrfmgtir tir GZ (8760) Fxjçs priv priv.. Gcpistis

:0 611,111 :0611,1 : ;11,11

x

=.; 4 Qrivgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts g pfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs

Jic quf fb sfu nudjgid`cfdt çs cibt sgcgb`r, fstumg`rfc `qufstfs mufs

privgsgids mf nirc` jidoudt`. Fs tr`jt` mf p`ssgus di ngd`djfrs sirhgts pfr ikbgh`jgids mf qu`dtg` gdmftfrcgd`m`, prijfmfdts mf bgtghgs fd jurs, gdmfcdgtz`jgids gdmfcdgtz`jgi ds g ikbgh`jgi ikbgh`jgids ds mfrgv`mfs m‗`v`bs fd fb j`s mf b` privgsgú pfr rfspids`kgbgt`ts g, fd fb j`s mf b` privgsgú pfr ` `jtu`jgids cfmg`ccfmg`ckgfdt`bs, p`ssgus hfdfr`ts pfr prfvfdgr i rfp`r`r m`dys sikrf fb cfmg `ckgfdt.

076

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

Fbs jicptfs (0=;) g (6;7;) tgdmr`d fb civgcfdt sfhòfdt? ‚ Z‗`kid`r`d pfb d`gxfcfdt mf b‗ikbgh`jgú i pfr gdjrfcfdts pistfrgirs,

`ck járrfj `bs jicptfs mfb hrup > quf jirrfspidhugd, g pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`j b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú gú mf v`birs, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (>>1). ‚ Fs j`rrfh`r`d qu`d s‗`pbgqug b` privgsgú, `ck `kid`cfdt `bs jicptfs mfb sukhrup (68) g, pfr b‗fxjçs, `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (876;)/(8766).

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` privgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts Fb ;1U1, IBZ@ fs trik` gccfrs` fd ud oumgjg quf fs prfvfu quf murg ; `dys g fd quå sf bg mfc`d` ud` gdmfcdgtz`jgú mf :1 111 . @b ffd`b mf ;1U1, IBZ@ privgsgid` b‗gcpirt `jtu`bgtz`t `b :%. x

;5;88,55 ;5 ;88,55

(>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs `

(0=;) Qrivgs Qrivgsgú gú `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts ;5 ;88,55

:1111 / (0 + 1,1:);

x

@ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, s‗`jtu`bgtz` fb v`bir mf b` privgsgú? x

5=5,:=

(>>1) Mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `jt. privgsgids `

(0=;) Qrivgs Qrivgsgú gú `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts ;5;88,55 󰂸 \(0

+

5=5,:=

1,1:) ” 0S 0

x

@ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, fs rfjb`ssgffj` b` privgsgú? x

;70;>,;; ;7 0;>,;;

(0=;) Qrivgsgú Qrivgsgú `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts

` (6;7; (6;7;)) Qr Qriv iv.. j/t pfr ` `btrf `btrfss rfspid rfspids`k. s`k. ;7 ;70;>,; 0;>,;;; x

@ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;, s‗`jtu`bgtz` fb v`bir mf b` privgsgú? x

58:,85

(>>1) Mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs

`jt. privgsgids

` (6;7;) Qriv Qriv.. j/t pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`k.

58:,85

;7 0;>,;; 󰂸 \(0 + 1,1:) ” 0S 0

x

07>

Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;, IBZ@ p`h` pfr k`dj, fd fxfjujgú mf b` sfdtådjg` oumgjg`b, ;> 111 ? x

:1111,1 :1 111,111

(6;7;)) Qrivgsg (6;7; Qrivgsgúú j/t `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts `

(68;) K`djs (68;) K`djs (876;) Fxjçs mf privgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts

;> 111 111,11 ,11 = 111,11

x

=.: 4 Qrivgsgú pfr mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

Çs b‗gcpirt mfbs jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt i rftgr`m` mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t, `gxã b` rfe`kgbgt`jgú mfb bbij fb qu`b ud` s‗`ssfdt`. Fd `qufsts j`sis, fd fbjic cicfdt mf b` jicpr`, s‗e`sikrf mf rf`bgtz`r fstgc`jgú mfb v`bir `jtu`bgtz`t mf bfs ikbgh`jgids `ssucgmfs g rfhgstr`r-b` jic ` còir v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t, utgbgtz`dt jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm` fb jicptf (0=:). Fbs jicptfs (0=:) g (6;7:) tgdmr`d fb civgcfdt sfhòfdt? ‚ Z‗`kid`r`d `b d`gxfcfdt mf b‗ikbgh`jgú, i pfr j`dvgs pistfrgirs fd fb

sfu gcpirt quf supisgd ud gdjrfcfdt mf b` privgsgú, `ck járrfj hfdfr`bcfdt ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup (;0). Qfr b‗gcpirt mfbs òustis quf sirhfgxgd pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú mf v`birs, `ck járrfj `b jicptf (>>1). ‚ Fs j`rrfh`r`d `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg jirrfspidfdt, pfr bfs mgscgdujgids fd b‗gcpirt mf b` privgsgú irghgd`mfs pfr ud` div` fstgc`jgú mfb sfu gcpirt, hfdfr`bcfdt `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfb sukhrup (;0). Pu`d s‗`pbgqug sukhrup (68). b` privgsgú, hfdfr`bcfdt `ck `kid`cfdt ` jicptfs mfb

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` privgsgú pfr mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t CIIDKF@[, Z@, cudt` `b hfdfr mf ;1U1, ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` `b jist`t mf b` nákrgj` mf b` b ` sfv` pripgft`t. Fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú çs mf ;=1 111  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@, quf p`h` pfr k`dj. Z‗fstgcfd uds jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt m‗`quã ` trfs `dys mf 05 111  cçs G^@. G^@. Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås mfb cfrj`t çs mfb =%. @b hfdfr mf ;1U1, qu`d cudt` b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj`, n`rá? x

;=1 111,1 111,111 61 =11,11

(;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t `

(68;) K`djs

;71 =11,1 =11,111

x

078

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

@b hfdfr mf ;1U1, pfb v`bir `jtu`b mfb jist mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt mf b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj`? x

0> 110,7:

(;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` `

(0=:) Qrivgsgú Qrivgsgú mfsc`dtfbb`cfd mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, t, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

0> 110,7:

05 111 / (0 + 1,1=)

:

x

Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, pfr b‗`jtu`jgú mfb v`bir mf b` privgsgú? x

>=1,15

(>>1) Mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `jt. privgsgids

`

(0=:) Qrivgsgú Qrivgsgú mfsc`dtfbb`cfd mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, t, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

>=1,15

0> 110,7: 󰂸 \(0 + 1,1=) ” 0S 0

x

Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú mfb v`bir mf b` privgsgú g b` sfv` rfjb`ssgffj`jgú? x

>>6,>5

(>>1) Mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `jt. privgsgids 0> >=;,10 󰂸 \(0 + 1,1=)0 ” 0S

0>>=;,10 0> >=;,10

(0=:) Qrivgsgú Qrivgsgú mfsc`dtfbb`cfd mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt, t, rftgr`m` i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t

` (6;7:) Qriv. Qriv. j/t mfsc`dt., rftgr`m` i rfe` rfe`k. k. Gccik Gccikgbgtz gbgtz`t `t x

Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú mfb v`bir mf b` privgsgú? x

>7;,:0

(>>1) Mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `jt. privgsgids

08:18,> 08 :18,>77

` (6;7:) Qriv. Qriv. j/t mfsc`dt., rftgr`m` i rfe`k. gccikgbgtz`t

>7;,:0

08 :18,>7 󰂸 \(0 + 1,1=) ” 0S 0

x

075

Zg fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;, fb jist mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt e`huçs jigdjgmgt `ck b‗fstgc`t? b‗fstgc`t? x

05 111,11

: 851,11

(6;7:) Qriv. Qriv. j/t mfsc`dt., rftgr`m` i rfe`k. gccikgbgtz`t (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t `

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

;0 851 851,11 ,11

x

Zg, fd j`dvg, fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;, fb jist mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt e`huçs fst`t mf ;1 111 ? x

05 111,11

;= 111,11 ;11,11

(6;7:) Qriv. Qriv. j/t mfsc`dt., rftgr`m` i rfe`k. gccikgbgtz`t (;0;) tåjdgqufs (=8;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgids E.Q.. G^ E.Q G^@ @ supirt`t `

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

;= ;11 ;11,11 ,11

x

Zg ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U;, fb jist mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt e`huçs `sjfdmgt ` 06 111 ? x

05 111,11

: 061,11

(6;7:) Qriv. Qriv. j/t mfsc`dt., rftgr`m` i rfe`k. gccikgbgtz`t (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t `

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js (;0;) Gdst`b󰂸b`jgids tåjdgqufs

05 061 061,11 ,11 : 111,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. B‗fcprfs` [[H, ZB, fstá sukofjt` ` ud prijçs m‗gdspfjjgú ngsj`b mur`dt ;1U1, jirrfspidfdt `bs gcpistis sikrf Zijgft`ts mfjb`r`ts fd fbs qu`trf ÿbtgcs `dys. B` gdspfjjgú e` `gxfj`t `jt` privgsgid`b `b c`gh mf ;1U1. B` ditgngj`jgú rfkum` tç fb mfshbiss`cfdt sfhòfdt? quitfs mfgx`mfs m‗gdhrfss`r fd fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs (08 111 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs (0 :11 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` mf b‗fxfrjgjg U1





>11 ) g quf s `djgú s`djgú (5 111 ).mf b` gdspfjjgú ;. ((>11 Z‗fspfr` b` rfsibujgú gdspfjjgú tgdhug bbij mur`dt fb ;1U0. :. @b hfdfr mf ;1U0, fs múd` jidnircgt`t ` b‗`jt` mfngdgtgv`, quf tç b` jicpisgjgú sfhòfdt? quitfs mfgx`mfs m‗gdhrfss`r fd fxfrjgjgs fxfrjg jgs `dtfrgirs (07 111 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` m‗fxfrjgjgs m‗fxfr jgjgs `dtfrgirs (0 611 ), gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` mf b‗fxfrjgjg U1 (>11 ) g s`djgú (7 111 ).

077

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

6 44 Qrçstfjs rfkuts Fbs prçstfjs súd ud` ipfr`jgú ngd`djfr` pfr b` qu`b b‗fcprfs` rfp uds nids g, jic ` jidtr`prfst`jgú, s‗ikbgh` ` rftird`r-bis fd uds vfdjgcfdts mftfrcgd`ts oudt`cfdt `ck uds gdtfrfssis. Fxgstfgxfd mgnfrfdts nircfs mf rftird`r ud prçstfj, `dicfd`mfs sgstfcfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. Fb sgstfc` fd quå fds jfdtr`rfc, pfr sfr fb cçs utgbgtz`t, çs fb sgstfc` nr`djås i mf p`h`cfdt pfrgûmgj jidst`dt. @qufst sgstfc` fs j`r`jtfrgtz` pfrquå b` qu`dtgt`t ` p`h`r sfrá sfcprf b` b ` c`tfgx` `b bb`rh mf b` vgm` mfb prçstfj (sfcprf g qu`d fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås di v`rgé)< çs ` mgr, fd j`m` pfrãimf fs p`h`rá fb c`tfgx gcpirt fd jidjfptf mf prgdjgp`b cçs gdtfrfssis.

Zgstfcfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf prçstfjs @b cûmub mf Hfstgú Ngd`djfr`, s‗fstumgfd mft`bb`m`cfdt tits fbs sgstfcfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf prçstfjs.

Fxfcpbfs Pu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗ud prçstfj rffckirs`kbf cgto`dè`dt fb sgstfc` nr`djås B‗fcprfs` OOO, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` sib 󰂸bgjgt` fb 10/10/U0, 10/1 0/U0, ud prçstfj k`dj`rg k `dj`rg mf 0;1 111  pfr `cirtgtz`r cgto`dè`d cgto`dè`dtt `du`bgt`ts jidst`dts pistp`h`kbfs (sgstfc` nr`djås). Fb tfrcgdg m‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs mf : `dys g fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås mfb =% `du`b. Bfs mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú `sjfdmfgxfd ` b‗0% mfb dicgd`b mfb prçstfj. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` di tç j`p vgdjbf `ck b‗fdtgt`t mf jråmgt. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs fb sfhòfdt?

Puit`

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrfssis

@cirtgtz`jgú

Qfdmfdt `c `cirtgtz`r

1

10/10/;1U0

0

:0/0;/;1U0

=: ;=0,5;

= 511,11

:5 ==0,5;

50 665,05

;

:0/0;/;1U;

=: ;=0,5;

: ;>;,::

:7 787,=7

=0 685,>7

:

:0/0;/;1U:

=: ;=0,5;

0 >>:,0:

=0 685,>7

1,11

0;1 111,11

Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx, fdtrf `btrfs, fbs jicptfs sfhòfdts pfr rfhgstr`r fbs prçstfjs rfkuts?

^fdjgcfdt

Fdtgt`ts vgdjub`mfs

Fdtgt`ts `bgfdfs

BB/]

(0>1) Mfutfs ` bb/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt vgdjub`mfs (0>:) @btrfs mfutfs ` bb/t `ck p`rts vgdjub`mfs

(081) Mfutfs ` bb/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt (080) Mfutfs ` bb/t

J/]

(601) Mfutfs ` j/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt vgdjub`mfs (60:) @btrfs mfutfs ` j/t `ck p`rts vgdjub`mfs

(6;1) Mfutfs ` j/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt (6;0) Mfutfs ` j/t

Jic pimfc jicpriv`r, fb QHJ mgnfrfdjg` fbs mfutfs `tfdfdt `b vfdjgcfdt g fb vgdjbf, `gxã jic ` sg fb prfst`cgst` çs ud` fdtgt`t mf jråmgt i di. Qfr `qufst citgu, qu`d e`hufc ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r ud prçstfj, efc mf tfdgr prfsfdts `qufsts trfs `spfjtfs pfr rfhgstr`r b‗ipfr`jgú fd ud jicptf i fd ud `btrf.

;11

@ cçs mfbs jidtfcpb`ts, fb QHJ jidtfcpb` fbs sfhòfdts jicptfs pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis?

Gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g di vfdèuts (60=) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf mfutfs `ck p`rts vgdjub`mfs? gdtfrfssis ` p`h`r, `ck vfdjgcfdt ` jurt tfrcgdg, mf mfutfs `ck p`rts vgdjub`mfs. (6;8) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt? gdtfrfssis ` p`h`r, `ck vfdjgcfdt ` jurt tfrcgdg, mf mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt sfdsf vgdjbf. (6;5) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf mfutfs? gdtfrfssis ` p`h`r, `ck vfdjgcfdt ` jurt tfrcgdg, mf mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts `bgfdfs g quf di súd mf jråmgt.

Gdtfrfssis jic ` mfspfs` ngd`djfr` (>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs? gcpirt mfbs gdtfrfssis mfbs prçstfjs rfkuts g `btrfs mfutfs pfdmfdts m‗`cirtgtz`r, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` nirc` fd quå s‗gdstrucfdtgd `qufsts gdtfrfssis, rf`bgtz`dt-sf rf`bgtz`dt-sf fbs mfshbiss`cfdts `bs jicptfs mf qu`trf i cçs xgnrfs quf sghugd dfjfss`rgs< fd p`rtgjub`r, pfr rfhgstr`r b‗gdtfrås gcpbãjgt `ssijg`t ` b‗ipfr`jgú.

6.0 4 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs prçstfjs fd fb QHJ

Fbs prçstfjs rfkuts fs jicpt`kgbgtzfd sfhids b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bi v`bir`jg r`jgú ú 7` mfb QHJ? Gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs, quf fst`kbfgx fb sfhòfdt? Gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g di vfdèuts @b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, sibfd fxgstgr gdtfrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` jråmgts i måkgts quf s‗e`d hfdfr`t fd `qufst `dy, pfrû fdj`r` di e`d vfdèut. Fd vgrtut mfb prgdjgpg mf cfrgt`jgú, `qufsts gdhrfssis g `qufstfs mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs fs tgdmr`d fd jicptf fd j`bjub`r fb kfdfngjg mf pårmu` m‗`qufst fxfrjgjg. Qfr `gxû, jicpt`kbfcfdt s‗e`d mf rfhgstr`r, `b c`tfgx tfcps quf fs rfnbfjtfgxfd fbs mrfts mf jikr`cfdt g bfs ikbgh`jgids mf p`h`cfdt quf hfdfrfd.

‚ ^`bir`jgú gdgjg`b?

• Qfb sfu v`bir rìd`kbf rìd`kbf quf, bbfv`t m‗fvgmådjg` fd jidtr`, sfrá fb prfu mf b` tr`ds`jjgú, quf fqugv`bmrá `b v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`prfst`jgú rfkum` òust`t pfbs jistis mf tr`ds`jjgú quf fbs sghugd mgrfjt`cfdt `trgkuékbfs. • Fbs måkgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs `ck vfdjgcfdt di supfrgir ` ud `dy g quf di tgdhugd ud tgpus m‗gdtfrås jidtr`jtu`b, `gxã jic fbs mfsfckirs`cfdts fxghgts pfr tfrjfrs sikrf p`rtgjgp`jgids, `ck ud gcpirt quf s‗fspfr` p`h`r fd fb jurt tfrcgdg, fs pimr`d v`bir`r pfb sfu dicgd`b, qu`d b‗fnfjtf mf di `jtu`bgtz`r fbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di sghug sghdgngj`tgu. ‚ ^`bir`jgú pistfrgir? pfb sfu jist `cirtgtz`t. Fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys, `pbgj`dt fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud prçstfj sfhids fb QHJ Fd `qufst fxfcpbf, jicpt`kgbgtz`rfc fb prçstfj mf b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir `pbgj`dt b` D[^ 7` mfb QHJ. Fd prgcfr bbij, j`bjubfc fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, tfdgdt fd jicptf fbs jistis mf tr`ds`jjgú. Qfr `gxû, j`b tfdgr fd jicptf fb quf fs rfp g fb quf fs bbgur` fd b‗ipfr`jgú? Fb quf fs rfp 0;1111 ” 0% 0;1111 3 005511 . Fb quf fs bbgur`? : p`h`cfdts mf =: ;50,5;  ` 0, ; g : `dys.

@ jidtgdu`jgú, jidtgdu`jgú, ghu`bfc fb quf fs rfp g fb quf fs bbgur`, g rfsibfc b‗fqu`jgú b ‗fqu`jgú (`ck ud` j`bjub`mir` ffd`djfr` i ud nubb mf jábjub)? 005511 3 =: =:;50, ;50,5; 5; 󰂸 (0 + g)”0 + =: ;50,5; 󰂸 (0 + g)”; + =: ;50,5; 󰂸 (0 + g)”: g

3

1,1=6:0 3 =,6:0%

;10

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

@ck fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, fb`kirfc ud diu qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prçstfj.

Puit`

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrfssis

@cirtgtz`jgú

Qfdmfdt `c `cirtgtz`r

1

10/10/;1U0

005 511,11

0

:0/0;/;1U0

=: ;=0,5;

6 :5;,5:

:8 565,77

51 7=0,10

;

:0/0;/;1U;

=: ;=0,5;

: >>8,==

:7 68=,:5

=0 :>>,>:

:

:0/0;/;1U:

=: ;=0,5;

0 586,07

=0 :>>,>:

1,11

Fb 10/10/U0, qu`d s‗iktç fb prçstfj, b‗fcprfs` jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

005 511,1 511,111

(68;) K`dj K`djss `

(081) Mfut Mfutfs fs bb/t fdt. jråm jråmgt. gt. (6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

51 7=0,1 7=0,100 :8 565,77

x

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy? x

6 :5;,5:

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs `

(6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs (6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

= 511,11 65;,5:

x

B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf (6;1) jirrfspid ` bfs mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú cfrgt`mfs `qufst fxfrjgjg. Fs j`bjubfd pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fbs gdtfrfssis j`bjub`ts sfhids fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu g fbs gdtfrfssis j`bjub`ts sfhids fb dicgd`b mfb prçstfj? 6 :5;,5: ” = 511 3 65;,5:. Fb :0/0;/U0, fs jicpt`kgbgtz` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` quit`? x

:5 ==0,5;; :5==0,5 = 511,11

(6;1) Mfutfs Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmg jråmgtt (6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt

` x

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs rfjb`ssgffj` fb mfutf?

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

=: ;=0 ;=0,5; ,5;

:7 68=,:5

x

(081) Mfutfs bb/t fdt. jråmgt

`

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

:7 68=,:5

x

;1;

Fb :0/0;/U;, fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy g fb p`h`cfdt mf b` quit`? x

: >>8,= >>8,===

(>>;) Gdtfr Gdtfrfssi fssiss mf mfutf mfutfss `

(6;8) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf mfut mfutfs fs (6;1) Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt

: ;>;,: ;>;,::: =16,00

: >>8,== ” : ;>;,::

x

:7 787,=7 : ;>;,::

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt (6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

=: ;=0 ;=0,5; ,5;

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

=0 :>>,>:

x

Fb :0/0;/U; fs rfjb`ssgffj` fb mfutf? x

=0:>>,> =0 :>>,>::

(081) Mfutf Mfutfss bb/t fdt. jråmg jråmgtt ` x

Fb :0/0;/U: fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy? x

0 586,0 586,077

(>>;) Gdtfr Gdtfrfssi fssiss mf mfut mfutfs fs

`

(6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs (6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

0 >>:,0: ;0;,1>

x

B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf (6;1) jirrfspid ` bfs mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú cfrgt`mfs `qufst fxfrjgjg. Fs j`bjubfd pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fbs gdtfrfssis j`bjub`ts sfhids fb cåtimf mfb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu g fbs gdtfrfssis j`bjub`ts sfhids fb dicgd`b mfb prçstfj 0 586,07 ” 0 >>:,0: 3 ;0;,1>. Fb :0/0;/U: fs jicpt`kgbgtz` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` quit`? x

=0 685,>7

0 >>:,0:

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt (6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

=: ;=0 ;=0,5; ,5;

x

;1:

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

6.; 4 Qrikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mfbs prçstfjs fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs

B` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 7` mfb QHJ mf Qgcfs pfrcft ` bfs fcprfsfs fbfhgr fdtrf mufs ipjgids? gdgjg`bcfdt fb prçstfj pfb v`bir rìd`kbf cfdys bfs ‚ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r mfspfsfs mf b‗ipfr`jgú. @qufst` ipjgú çs ghu`b ` b‗`d`bgtz`m` pfr `b QHJ. ‚ Gcput`r fbs jistis mf tr`ds`jjgú g bfs jicgssgids ngd`djfrfs mgrfjt`cfdt `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys. B` jicpt`kgbgt`t sfhids `qufst`

sfhid` ipjgú çs cçs sgcpbf, o` quf di rfsubt` dfjfss`rg j`bjub`r fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu pfrquå fb v`bir gdgjg`b mfb prçstfj (v`bir rìd`kbf mf b` jidtr`prfst`jgú rfkum`) jigdjgmfgx `ck fb v`bir ngd`b (çs ` mgr, fb jist `cirtgtz`t).

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud prçstfj sfhids fb QHJ mf Qgcfs @ jidtgdu`jgú, jidtgdu`jgú, jicpt`kgbgtz`rfc fb prçstfj mf b‗fcprfs` OOO, Z@, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf b‗fcprfs` çs ud` Qgcf g fbfhfgx b` sfhid` ipjgú, çs ` mgr, gcput` fbs jistis mf tr`ds`jjgú g bfs jicgssgids ffd`djfrfs mgrfjt`cfdt `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys. Fb 10/10/U0, qu`d s‗iktç fb prçstfj, b‗fcprfs` jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt sfhòfdt? x

005 511,1 511,111 0 ;11,11

(68;) K`djs K`djs (>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `

(081) Mfut Mfutfs fs bb/t fdt. jråm jråmgt gt (6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

50 665,0 665,055 :5 ==0,5;

x

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy? x

= 511,11

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs ` x

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs jicpt`kgbgtz` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` quit`? x

(6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs

= 511,11

:5 ==0,5 ==0,5;; = 511,11

(6;1) Mfut Mfutfs fs j/t fdt. jråmg jråmgtt (6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

=: ;=0 ;=0,5; ,5;

x

;1=

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs rfjb`ssgffj` fb mfutf? x

:7 787,=7

(081) Mfutfs bb/t fdt. jråmgt `

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

:7 787,=7

x

Fb :0/0;/U; fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy? x

: ;>;,::

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs `

(6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs

: ;>;,::

x

Fb :0/0;/U; fs jicpt`kgbgtz` fb p`h`cfdt mf b` quit`? x

:7 787,=7 : ;>;,::

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt (6;8) Gdtfrfssis j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt

`

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

=: ;=0 ;=0,5; ,5;

(6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt

=0 685,>7

x

Fb :0/0;/U; fs rfjb`ssgffj` fb mfutf? x

=0 685,>7

(081) Mfutfs bb/t fdt. jråmgt

` x

B‗`dy ;1U:, fs jicpt`kgbgtz` mf b` c`tfgx` c`dfr`.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸 Fb :1/1>/U1, CCC, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud prçstfj mf 71 111 111  fd ud` fdtgt`t ngd`djfr`. B` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` `sjfdmfgx ` 0 111 . Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås dicgd`b `pbgj`t sfrá mfb >%. B‗`cirtgtz`jgú fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt sf-

cfstr`bgt`ts jidst`dts, p`h`mirfs b‗ÿbtgc mg` mfb sfcfstrf d`tur`b. Di fxgstfgx j`p vgdjbf fdtrf b‗fcprfs` g b‗fdtgt`t ngd`djfr`. `) Jicpt`kgbgtz` fb prçstfj tfdgdt fd jicptf quf b‗fcprfs` utgbgtz` fb QHJ. k) Jicpt`kgbgtz` fb prçstfj sg CCC, Z@, nis ud` Qgcf g iptçs pfr gcput`r b` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` mgrfjt`cfdt `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys.

;16

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

> 44 Jicptfs mf jråmgt @qufst` nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt fs j`r`jtfrgtz` pfr b` sfv` nbfxgkgbgt`t, o` quf pfrcft ` bfs fcprfsfs mgspis`r mf mgdfrs ` cfsur` quf fd v`d dfjfssgt`dt, ngds ` ud bãcgt mftfrcgd`t, g fbs gdtfrfssis dicçs fs p`hufd sikrf bfs qu`dtgt`ts mgspis`mfs. M‗`btr` k`dm`, çs cibt nrfqòfdt quf bfs fdtgt`ts ngd`djfrfs jikrgd `bs sfus jbgfdts mgvfrsfs jicgssgids? m‗ikfrtur`, mf c`dtfdgcfdt, mf di mgspisgjgú, ftj. Fbs mfutfs pfr qu`dtgt`ts di mgspis`mfs fd pûbgss` mf jråmgt fs rfhgstrfd `b jicptf (6;10) Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg pfr jråmgt mgspis`t g nghur`r`d fd fb p`ssgu jirrfdt mfb k`b`dè. ^fhfc fb nudjgid`cfdt m‗`qufst jicptf cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf jråmgt Fb = m‗`krgb mf b‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` H@[W, H@[W, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud` bãdg` mf jråmgt ` K@DJ@[@JIB, `ck bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Bãcgt mf jråmgt? Bãcgt jråmgt? 01 01 111 . ]frc frcgdg gdg?? : cfsis. cfsis. Bgqugm`jg Bgqu gm`jgúú m‗gdtfrfssi m‗gdtfrfssis? s? `b vfdjgcfdt. vfdjgcfdt. Mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú nirc`bgtz`jgú mfb jråmgt? 0% sikrf fb bãcgt mfb jråmgt. jråmgt. Fs j`rrfhufd `b jicptf jicptf mf jråmgt.

E` rf`bgtz`t bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts ` tr`vçs mfb jicptf mf jråmgt? Fb = m‗`krgb, fb k`dj v` j`rrfh`r ud` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` mf b‗0% sikrf fb jråmgt mgspidgkbf? x

011,11

(>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs ` (6;10) Mfutfs j/t jråmgt mgspis`t

011,11

x

Fb ;1 m‗`krgb e` p`h`t b‗G^@ b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt `b qu`rt trgcfstrf, quf v` `sjfdmgr ` : 551 ? x

: 551,11

(=861) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` G^ G^@ @ ` (6;10 (6;10)) Mfut Mfutfs fs j/t jråmg jråmgtt mgspi mgspis`t s`t x

Fb 8 mf c`gh e` p`h`t ud` n`jtur` mf ; 811  jirrfspidfdt ` ud privfémir?

: 551,1 551,111

x

; 811,1 811,111

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs ` (6;10) Mfut Mfutfs fs j/t jråmg jråmgtt mgspi mgspis`t s`t

; 811,1 811,111

x

;1>

Fb :0 mf c`gh fs rf`bgtz` ud járrfj mf =61  jirrfspidfdts ` ud` n`jtur` mf rfp`r`jgú? x

=61,11

(=01) Jrfmgtirs prfst. sfrvfgs ` (6;10) Mfutfs j/t jråmgt mgspis`t

=61,11

x

Fb 07 mf oudy gdhrfss` >11  prijfmfdts mf b` j`gx`? x

>11,111 >11,1

(6;10)) Mfutf (6;10 Mfutfss j/t jråm jråmgt gt mgspi mgspis`t s`t `

(681) J`gx`

>11,111 >11,1

x

Fb : mf oubgib, fb k`dj bg j`rrfh` ::1  m‗gdtfrfssis mfb pripg jicptf mf jråmgt? x

::1,11

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs ` (6;10) Mfutfs j/t jråmgt mgspis`t

::1,11

x

Fb = mf oubgib fs j`djfb󰂸b` fb jicptf mf jråmgt `ck járrfj `b jicptf jirrfdt? x

> 5>1,1 5>1,111

(6;10)) Mfutf (6;10 Mfutfss j/t jråm jråmgt gt mgspi mgspis`t s`t `

(68;) K`djs

> 5>1,1 5>1,111

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs >󰂸󰂸 Fb ;:/17/U1, QFMGH[FF, ZB, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud` bãdg` mf jråmgt ` WI[LZEG[FK@DL ` ud tfrcgdg mf : cfsis g `ck ud bãcgt mf :1 111 . E` rf`bgtz`t bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts ` tr`vçs mfb jicptf mf jråmgt? 0. Fb ;: mf sftfckrf, fb k`dj v` j`rrfh`r ud` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` m‗ikfrtur` mf b‗0% sikrf fb jråmgt mgspidgkbf. ;. Fb 07 m‗ijtukrf e` p`h`t b` n`jtur` mfb tfbånid, quf `sjfdmfgx ` ; 011 .

:. =. 6. >. 8.

Fb ;1 m‗ijtukrf p`h` = 811  pfr b‗G^@ jirrfspidfdt `b tfrjfr trgcfstrf. Fb ;8 mf divfckrf rf`bgtz` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` mf 06 111  ` ud mfbs sfus jicptfs jirrfdts. Fb :1 mf divfckrf p`h` > :11  pfr ud` n`jtur` m‗ud privfémir. Fb ;; mf mfsfckrf, fb k`dj bg j`rrfh` 651  m‗gdtfrfssis mfb pripg jicptf mf jråmgt. Fb ;: mf mfsfckrf fs j`djfb󰂸b` fb jråmgt `ck járrfj `b jicptf jicptf jirrfdt.

;18

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

8 44 Fcpråstgts Pu`d ud` fcprfs` dfjfssgt` iktfdgr ud` qu`dtgt`t gcpirt`dt mf rfjursis pfr ngd`dè`r priofjtfs m‗gdvfrsgú ` bb`rh tfrcgdg, g di vib rf`bgtz`r ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b, pit rfjúrrfr ` b‗fcgssgú m‗ud fcpråstgt. Vd fcpråstgt çs ud tgpus mf prçstfj dirc`bcfdt m‗ud` qu`dtg` cibt fbf v`m` quf fs mgvgmfgx fd cibts tãtibs. J`m` J`m` ud m‗`qufsts m‗`qufsts tãtibs fs mfdicgd` ikbgh`jgú i ki. Bfs ikbgh`jgids i kids súd suksjrgts pfr mgnfrfdts fdtgt`ts i p`rtgjub`rs, mf nirc` quf di eg e` ud ÿdgj prfst`cgst`, sgdú ud` pbur`bgt`t mf prfst`cgstfs. Fbs pripgft`rgs mfbs tãtibs `mqugrfgxfd b` jidmgjgú mf jrfmgtirs mf b‗fdtgt`t fcgssir` mfbs jråmgts, nft quf fbs múd` mrft ` rfkrf pfrgûmgj`cfdt b‗gdtfrås p`jt`t, t`ckç mfdicgd`t jupú, g ` sfr rffckirs`ts pfr b‗gcpirt mfbs sfus tãtibs sfhids bfs jidmgjgids mf b‗fcgssgú. B` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b‗ikbgh`jgú g fb ki fstá fd fb tfrcgdg m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb tãtib. Dirc`bcfdt, fbs kids s‗fcftfd `ck tfrcgdgs cçs jurts, fdtrf trfs g jgdj `dys, cfdtrf quf bfs ikbgh`jgids sibfd tfdgr tfrcgdgs mf mfu `dys i cçs. ^fhfc `b qu`mrf sfhòfdt `bhuds mfbs jicptfs quf pripis` fb QHJ pfr rfhgstr`r fbs fcpråstgts.

Jicptfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck fbs fcpråstgts Fcpråstgts Gdtfrfssis m‗fcpråstgts

J/]

(611) Ikbgh`jgids g kids ` jurt tfrcgdg

BB/]

(088) Ikbgh`jgids g kids (>>0) Gdtfrfssis m‗ikbgh`jgids g kids

Fbs fcpråstgts fs rfhgstrfd jidnircf fst`kbfgx b` D[^ dÿc. 7 mfb QHJ, mf nirc` cibt sgcgb`r `bs prçstfjs.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud fcpråstgt Fb 10/10/;1U1, OF[IHID, Z@, fcft ud fcpråstgt gdtfhr`t pfr :1 111 111 tãtibs mf >1  dicgd`bs, `ck vfdjgcfdt ` : `dys. Fb jupú `du`b çs mfb =% p`h`mir ` :0 mf mfsfckrf (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%) g bfs mfspfsfs m‗fcgssgú súd mf 61 111 . Fd prgcfr bbij, j`bjubfc fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, tfdgdt fd jicptf fbs jistis mf tr`ds`jjgú. Qfr `gxû, j`b tfdgr fd jicptf fb quf fs rfp g fb quf fs bbgur` b bgur` fd b‗ipfr`jgú? Fb quf fs rfp? 0 511 111 ” 61 111 3 0 861 111 .

Fb quf fs bbgur`? 8; 111  (0 511 111 󰂸 1,1=) m‗gdtfrfssis `b ffd`b mfb prgcfr `dy g fb sfhid `dy g 0 58; 111 (0511111  pfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfbs tãtibs g 8; 111  m‗gdtfrfssis) `b ffd`b mfb tfrjfr `dy.



@ jidtgdu`jgú, jidtgdu`jgú, ghu`bfc fb quf fs rfp g fb quf fs bbgur`, g rfsibfc b‗fqu`jgú (`ck ud` j`bjub`mir` ffd`djfr` i ud nubb mf jábjub).

;15

0 861 111 111 3 8; 111 (0 + g)” 0 + 8; 111 󰂸 (0 + g)”; + 0 58; 111 󰂸 (0 + g)”: g 3 1,161;1=0= 3 6,1;% @ck fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås fnfjtgu, fb`kirfc ud qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗fcpråstgt.

Puit`

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrfssis

@cirtgtz`jgú

Qfdmfdt `cirtgtz`r

1

10/10/;1U0

0

:0/0;/;1U0

8; 111,11

58 568,;6

06 568,;6

0 8>6 568,;6

;

:0/0;/;1U;

8; 111,11

55 >6:,:=

0> >6:,:=

0 85; 601,67

:

:0/0;/;1U:

0 58; 111,11

57 =57,=0

0 85; 601,67

1

0 861 111,11

Fb 10/10/U0 pfr b‗fcgssgú g fb mfsfckirs`cfdt mf bfs ikbgh`jgids? x

0 861111, 861111,11 11

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

`

(088) Ikbgh Ikbgh`jgid `jgidss g kids

0 861 861111,1 111,111

x

Fb :0/0;/U0 fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g fb p`h`cfdt mfb jupú? x

58 568,;6

(>>0) Gdtfrfssis m‗ikbgh`jgids g kids

`

(088) Ikbgh`jgid Ikbgh`jgidss g kids (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir pfr rftfdjgids pr`jt. (68;) K`djs

06 568,; 568,;66 06 0;1,11 6> 551,1 551,111

x

B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf (088) jirrfspid ` bfs mfspfsfs m‗fcgssgú cfrgt`mfs `qufst fxfrjgjg. Fb :0/0;/U; fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g fb p`h`cfdt mfb jupú? x

55 >6:,:=

(>>0) Gdtfrfssis m‗ikbgh`jgids g kids `

(088) Ikbgh Ikbgh`jgid `jgidss g kids (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir pfr

0> >6:,: >6:,:==

rftfdjgids pr`jt.

(68;) K`djs

06 0;1,11 6> 551,1 551,111

x

B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf (088) jirrfspid ` bfs mfspfsfs m‗fcgssgú cfrgt`mfs `qufst fxfrjgjg.

;17

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

Fb :0/0;/U; fs rfjb`ssgffj` b‗fcpråstgt? b ‗fcpråstgt? x

0 85;601,67

(088) Ikbgh Ikbgh`jgid `jgidss g kids `

(611) Ikbgh Ikbgh`jgi `jgids ds g kids j/t

0 85; 601,6 601,677

x

Fb :0/0;/U: fs rfhgstrfd fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g fb p`h`cfdt mfb jupú? x

57 =57,=0

(>>0) Gdtfrfssis m‗ikbgh`jgids g kids `

(611) Ikbgh`jgi Ikbgh`jgids ds g kids j/t (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir pfr rftfdjgids pr`jt. (68;) K`dj K`djss

08 =57,= =57,=00 06 0;1,11 6> 551,1 551,111

x

B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf (611) jirrfspid ` bfs mfspfsfs m‗fcgssgú cfrgt`mfs `qufst fxfrjgjg. Fb :0/0;/U: fs jicpt`kgbgtz` fb rffckirs`cfdt mfbs tãtibs? x

0 511111,11

(611) Ikbgh Ikbgh`jgid `jgidss g kids j/t `

(68;) K`djs

x

Fb QHJ mf Qgcfs pfrcft gcput`r `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys bfs mfspfsfs quf irghgd` b‗fcgssgú m‗ud fcpråstgt fd fb cicfdt mfb rfjidfgxfcfdt gdgjg`b, t`b jic efc vgst fd fbs prçstfjs.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 8󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t `dûdgc` C@[QFG fcft ud fcpråstgt `ck bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs sfhòfdts? ‚ M`t` m‗fcgss m‗fcgssgú? gú? 0 mf hfdf hfdfrr mf ;1U0. ;1U0. ‚ Dÿcf Dÿcfri ri mf tãtibs? tãtibs? 81 81 111. ‚ Dicg Dicgd`b d`b mf j`m` tãtib tãtib?? 61 .

0 511 111,11

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Jupú `du`b `du`b p`h`mir p`h`mir ` :0 :0 mf mfsfckrf mfsfckrf?? :%. ]frcgd frcgdgg m‗fcgssgú? m‗fcgssgú? = `dys. `dys. [ftfd [f tfdjgú jgú ngsj` ngsj`b? b? ;0%. Mfspfsfs Mfspf sfs m‗fcgssgú m‗fcgssgú?? >1 111 .

Jicpt`kgbgtz` titfs bfs ipfr`jgids rfb`tgvfs ` b‗fcpråstgt. b ‗fcpråstgt.

;01

5 44 Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs Bfs sukvfdjgids fd fb QHJ g fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs Qfr s`kfr-df cçs sikrf b` prikbfcátgj` jicpt`kbf mf bfs sukvfdjgids, fs pimfd jidsubt`r bfs dircfs mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú dÿcfri 05 mfb QHJ g mfb QHJ mf Qgcfs.

Bfs sukvfdjgids súd nids quf rfkfd bfs fcprfsfs m‗fdtgt`ts pÿkbgqufs, prg v`mfs i sijgs, sfdsf quf fd prgdjgpg tgdhugd b‗ikbgh`jgú mf rfgdtfhr`r-bis. @tfdfdt ` b` sfv` ngd`bgt`t, ng d`bgt`t, bfs sukvfdjgids cçs e`kgtu`bs súd? ‚ Zukvfdjgids m‗fxpbit`jgú? súd bfs quf fs jidjfmfgxfd pfr `ssfhur`r

ud` rfdmgkgbgt`t cãdgc` i pfr jicpfds`r fbs mångjgts m‗fxpbit`jgú.

‚ Zukvfdjgids pfr ngd`dè`r mfspfsfs fspfjãngqufs. ‚ Zukvfdjgids mf j`pgt`b? súd bfs quf fs jidjfmfgxfd pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú

m‗`jtgus di jirrfdts. ‚ Zukvfdjgids hfdårgqufs? fs rfkfd sfdsf ud` ngd`bgt`t fspfjãngj`.

@r` fds mftgdmrfc fd b‗`dábgsg mf bfs sukvfdjgids m‗fxpbit`jgú. Zukvfdjgids m‗fxpbit`jgú

Bfs sukvfdjgids m‗fxpbit`jgú s‗gcput`r`d jic ` gdhrfssis mf b‗fxfrjgjg fd quå fs jidjfmfgxgd `b jicptf (8=1) Zukvfdjgids, mid`jgids i bbfh`ts m‗fxpbit`jgú, sfcprf quf tgdhugd pfr ngd`bgt`t `ssfhur`r ud` rfdmgkgbgt`t cãdgc` i jicpfds`r pårmufs m‗fxpbit`jgú mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` sukvfdjgú ` b‗fxpbit`jgú [FN[FZ, Z@, e` iktgdhut ud` sukvfdjgú mf >1 111  mf b‗òudt`cfdt, pfr jicpfds`r pårmufs? x

>1 111,11

(=815) E.Q E.Q.. mfutfs sukv sukv.. jidj. `

(8=1) Zukvfdjgids, mid`j. i bbfh`ts m‗fxpbit`jgú

>1 111,11

` (=815) E.Q. E.Q. mfutir` sukvfdjgids jidjfmgmf jidjf mgmfss

>1 111,1 111,111

x

Qistfrgircfdt, Qistfrgirc fdt, jikr` pfr k`dj b` sukvfdjgú? x

>1 111,1 111,111

(68;) K`djs

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 5󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. B‗@mcgdgstr`jgú jidjfmfgx ud` sukvfdjgú mf =6 111  ` b‗fcprfs` QG]V, ZB, pfr jicpfds`r bfs sfvfs s fvfs pårmufs. ;. Qistfrgi Qistfrgircfdt, rcfdt, QG]V, ZB, jikr` pfr k`dj b‗fscfdt`m` b‗fscfdt`m` sukvfdjgú.

;00

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

7 44 Ng`djfs g mgpûsgts rfkuts ]`dt bfs ng`djfs jic fbs mgpûsgts rfkuts supisfd rfjursis `bgfds quf, fd mftfrcgd`mfs jgrjucstádjgfs, fs pimfd nfr sfrvgr jic ` nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt. B` mgnfrådjg` quf fxgstfgx fdtrf fbbs çs quf `ck bfs ng`djfs fs h`r`dtfgx fb jicpbgcfdt m‗ud` ikbgh`jgú, cfdtrf quf `ck fbs fb s mgpûsgts di. ^fhfc fd ud qu`mrf fbs jicptfs quf fst`kbfgx fb QHJ pfr `b sfu rfhgstrf?

]frcgdg

Ng`djfs

Mgpûsgts

Bb`rh tfrcgdg

(051) Ng`djfs rfkumfs ` bb/t

(056) Mgpûsgts rfkuts ` bb/t

Jurt tfrcgdg

(6>1) Ng`djfs rfkumfs ` j/t

(6>0) Mgpûsgts rfkuts ` j/t

Zg bfs ng`djfs g fbs mgpûsgts e`d fst`t bbgur`ts pfr b‗fcprfs`, `bfseirfs fs tr`jt` mf ng`djfs g mgpûsgts jidstgtuéts, quf s‗e`d mf rfhgstr`r `bs jicptfs jirrfspidfdts mfbs sukhrups ;> g 6> quf fst`kbfgx fb QHJ. Bfs ng`djfs g fbs mgpûsgts jidstgtuéts nghurfd fd b‗`jtgu mfb k`b`dè, cfdtrf quf bfs ng`djfs g fbs mgpûsgts rfkuts nghurfd fd fb p`ssgu.

Fxfcpbfs Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud` ng`dè` rfkum` B‗fcprfs` @DG, Z@, rfp pfr k`dj ud` ff`dè` jic ` h`r`dtg` mfb jicpbgcfdt m‗ud` ikbgh`jgú pfr p`rt mf b‗fdtgt`t NG@D, Z@, quf b‗eg bbgur`. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt `sjfdmg` ` 8 111 . x

8 111 111,11 ,11

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js `

(6>1) Ng`djfs rfkumfs j/t

8 111,11

x

Qistfrgircfdt, @DG, Z@, rftird` b` ff`dè` mfsprçs mf Qistfrgircfdt, m f jicpriv`r quf NG@D, Z@, v` jicpbgr `ck b‗ikbgh`jgú quf e`vgfd `jirm`t? x

8 111,1 111,111

(6>1) Ng`d Ng`djfs jfs rfku rfkumfs mfs j/t ` x

(68;) (68 ;) K`d K`djs js

8 111 111,11 ,11

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 7󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. B@B@Z@ bbih` ud bij`b mur`dt 6 `dys ` KVKV, ZB, quf bbgur` 6 111  mf ng`dè` pfr k`dj. ;. ]r`dsjir r`dsjirrfhuts rfhuts fbs jgdj `dys, ngd`bgtz` fb jidtr`jtf g B@B@Z@ rftird` ` KVKV, ZB, b` ng`dè` pfr k`dj.

;0;

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 @tfdfdt ` b‗irghfd mfbs rfjursis, bfs nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt fs pimfd jb`ssgngj`r fd mis hr`ds hrups. Pugds súd9 Qis`‗d ud fxfcpbf mf j`m` ud`.

;󰂸󰂸 Qfr quå bfs `cirtgtz`jgids g bfs privgsgids fs jidsgmfrfd ud` nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt prûpg`9 :󰂸󰂸 Fd quå fs mgnfrfdjg` ud prçstfj k`dj`rg m‗ud jicptf mf jråmgt9 =󰂸󰂸 Puå çs ud bãsgdh9 Qis`‗d ud fxfcpbf. 6󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` quå çs ud fcpråstgt. >󰂸󰂸 Qis` ud fxfcpbf m‗ud` nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt ` bb`rh tfrcgdg g ud `btrf mf nidt mf ngd`dè`cfdt ` jurt tfrcgdg. 8󰂸󰂸 Mf qugdfs mufs nircfs fs pit jidstgtugr ud` sijgft`t `dûdgc`9 5󰂸󰂸 Puå çs b` prgc` m‗fcgssgú9 .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. Fb Bbuãs Qids cudt` ud dfhijg m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgids fbåjtrgqufs< pfr `gxû, `pirt` 06 111  fd fnfjtgu, quf súd gdhrfss`ts fd ud jicptf. ;. Q`h` `ck fbs sfus pripgs mgdfrs m gdfrs ud` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt jirrfs pidfdt ` udfs fgdfs, quf `sjfdmfgx ` ; 111  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@. :. Mur`dt b‗`dy, fb Bbuãs Qids e` rftgr`t mfb sfu dfhijg 5 111  pfr `tfdmrf bfs sfvfs mfspfsfs g dfjfssgt`ts pfrsid`bs. =. @b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b` jicpt`kgbgt`t rfnbfjtfgx, fdtrf `btrfs, fbs s`bmis sfhòfdts? mfspfsfs tit`bs (7 111 ) g gdhrfssis tit`bs (== 111 ). Fb rfsubt`t fs tr`sp`ss` `b tgtub`r mfb dfhijg. 6. Qistfrg Qistfrgircfdt, ircfdt, fb Bbuãs Qids e` mfjgmgt rftgr`r ud sikrfsiu mf 01 111 , quf trfu mfb j/j k`dj`rg mf b` sfv` fcprfs`, gdjirpir`dt b` rfst` `b j`pgt`b mf b` prûpg` fcprfs`.

;󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids `b bbgkrf Mg`rg? 0. Fb mg` ;8 mf sftfckrf, fbs sijgs @, K g J jidstgtufgxf jidstgtufgxfdd b` sijgft`t [@ZJ@Wß, [@ZJ@Wß, Z@, `ck ud j`pgt`b sijg`b mf 51 111 111 , mgvgmgt fd = 111 `jjgids mf ;1  mf v`bir dicgd`b. ‚ B‗`jjgidgst` @ suksjrgu 0 >11 `jjgids, mfsfckirs`dt fd cftáb󰂸bgj fb cãdgc bfh`b fst`kbfrt. B` rfst` mfb j`pgt`b b‗`pirt`rá qu`d bg ei fxghfgx b` sijgft`t. ‚ B‗`jjgidgst` K suksjrgu 0 ;11 `jjgids, mfsfckirs`dt fd cftáb󰂸bgj 01 111 . Qfr b` rfst` `pirt`rá, fd fb tfrcgdg m‗0 `dy, ud` cáqugd`. ‚ B‗`jjgidgst` J suksjrgu b` rfst` mf bfs `jjgids mf b‗fcgssgú `pirt`dt `pirt`dt fgdfs `ck ud` v`bir`jgú mf 8 111 . Qfb rffckirs`cfdt pfdmfdt `pirt`rá m‗`quã ` 0 cfs c`tårgfs prgcfrfs. ;. Q`ss`t ud cfs, fb fb sijg J `pirt` bfs c`tårgfs prgcfrfs. :. @b j`p m‗ud `dy, `dy, b‗`jjgidgst` K `pirt` b` cáqugd`. =. @b j`p mf 05 cfsis, b` sijgft`t [@ZJ@Wß, [@ZJ@Wß, Z@, fxghfgx ` b‗`jjgidgst` @ ud mgvgmfdm p`ssgu pfb j`pgt`b pfdmfdt mf rf-

fckirs`cfdt. 6. Fb sijg @ `pirt` `pirt` fb mgvgmfdm p`ssgu sib󰂸bgjgt`t, pfr ` b` qu`b jis` n` ud gdhrçs `b jicptf jirrfdt mf b` sijgft`t. :󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts `b bbgkrf Mg`rg? _GHZ@ mfu ` _@HZ@ 85 111 . Bfs mufs sijgft`ts `jirmfd quf, pfr s`bm`r fb mfutf, _GHZ@ bbgurg bbgurg ` _@HZ@ `jjgids mf b` prûpg` fcprfs`, pfr ` b` qu`b jis` rf`bgtz` ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b mf 0 711 `jjgids, `jjgids, `ck ud v`bir dicgd`b mf =1 .

;0:

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

=󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t BGB@, Z@, muu ` tfrcf ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b cgto`dè`dt b‗fcgssgú mf 0; 111 divfs `jjgids mf 05  dicgd`bs. Fb v`bir m‗fcgssgú çs mf ;1  pfr `jjgú g s‗fxghfgx fd fb cicfdt mf b` suksjrgpjgú fb cãdgc bfh`b fst`kbfrt. Jicpt`kgbgtz` `qufst` ipfr`jgú `b bbgkrf Mg`rg. 6󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` bfs sfhòfdts ipfr`jgids `b bbgkrf Mg`rg? b‗fcprfs` Q@[JG, Z@, rf`bgtz` ud` `cpbg`jgú mf j`pgt`b mf ;= 111 `jjgids p`rjg`bcfdt `bbgkfr`mfs, mf 01  dicgd`bs. Fbs `jjgidgstfs fd mfsfckirsfd, ` tr`vçs mfb k`dj fd fb cicfdt mf b` suksjrgpjgú, m‗`jjgids fb 61% g b` rfst` fs rf`bgtz` `ck járrfj ` rfsfrvfs vibudtárgfs.

>󰂸󰂸 Z@DZVDZ@ fs trik` gccfrs` fd ud prijçs oumgjg`b ` ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U1. Vd` fcprfs` mf b` jicpftådjg` b‗e` mfc`dm`t pfr jipg`r ud mfbs primujtfs quf jicfrjg`bgtz`. Fs j`bjub` quf `qufst prijçs mur`rá ; `dys g quf bg pimfd fxghgr jidjfptfs fd jidjfptf m‗gdmfcdgtz`jgú m‗gdmfcdgtz `jgú ` b‗`btr` p`rt pfr v`bir v `bir mf 011 111 . Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås mfb cfrj`t çs mfb 6%. @ ngd`bs mfb ;1U;, Z@DZVDZ@ p`h` pfr k`dj, fd fxfjujgú mf b` sfdtådjg` oumgjg`b, 061 111  ` b` p`rt mfc`dm`dt.

8󰂸󰂸 JFK[FN JFK[FN@[C@, @[C@, Z@, çs ud` fcprfs` n`rc`jåutgj` quf e` `kij`t `b rgu Zfhrf mgvfrsis rfsgmus jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. Qfr `gxû, ` ngd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b` sijgft`t e` fstgc`t quf, m‗`quã ` mis `dys, eùrá mf p`h`r ud` s`djgú mf >1 111  pfr rfp`r`r fbs m`dys ij`sgid`ts `b cfmg `ckgfdt. Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås mf cfrj`t çs mfb 6%. @b j`p mf mis `dys, b` s`djgú mfngdgtgv`cfdt gcpis`m` ` JFK[FN JFK[FN@[C@, @[C@, Z@, çs mf 66 111 , quf mfsfckirs` cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`. 5󰂸󰂸 HVHV, Z@, cudt` ` ngd`bs mf ;1U1 ud` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú tåjdgj` `b jist`t mf b` nákrgj` mf b` sfv` pripgft`t. Fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`qufst` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú çs mf :71 111  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@, quf p`h` pfr k`dj. Z‗fstgcfd uds jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt m‗`quã ` = `dys mf ;6 111  cçs G^@. G^@. Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås m ‗gdtfrås mfb cfrj`t çs mfb :%. Jicpt`kgbgtz` fbs j`sis sfhòfdts? `) Q`ss`ts fbs = `dys, fbs jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt jigdjgmfgxfd `ck fb v`bir fstgc`t g fs p`hufd pfr k`dj. k) Q`ss`ts fbs = `dys, fbs jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt `sjfdmfgxfd `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;0 111 111  cçs G^@ g fs p`hufd pfr k`dj. j) Q`ss`ts fbs = `dys, fbs jistis mf mfsc`dtfbb`cfdt `sjfdmfgxfd ` :1111 :1 111  cçs G^@ g fs p`hufd pfr k`dj.

7󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` NB@^G@, Z@, sib󰂸bgjgt` ud prçstfj mf :61 111  ` ud` fdtgt`t ngd`djfr`. B‗fdtgt`t bg jidjfmfgx fb prçstfj `b hfdfr mf ;1U0 g gdhrfss` `b jicptf mf NB@^G@, Z@, b‗gcpirt mfb prçstfj cfdys b` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` jirrfspidfdt, quf `sjfdmfgx `b ;% mfb j`pgt`b sib󰂸bgjgt`t. Fb tgpus m‗gdtfrås dicgd`b `pbgj`t sfrá mfb 6%. B‗`cirtgtz`jgú fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt jgdj `du`bgt`ts jidst`dts. Di fxgstfgx j`p vgdjbf fdtrf b‗fcprfs` g b‗fdtgt`t ngd`djfr`. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prçstfj çs fb sfhòfdt?

Puit`

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrfssis

@cirtgtz`jgú

Qfdmfdt `cirtgtz`r

1

10/10/;1U0

0

:0/0;/;1U0

51 5=0,05

08 611,11

>: :=0,05

;5> >65,5;

;

:0/0;/;1U;

51 5=0,05

0= ::;,7=

>> 615,;=

;;1 061,65

:

:0/0;/;1U:

51 5=0,05

00 118,6:

>7 5::,>6

061 :0>,7:

=

:0/0;/;1U=

51 5=0,05

8 606,56

8: :;6,::

8> 770,>1

:61 111,11

6

:0/0;/;1U6

51 5=0,05

: 5=7,65

8> 770,>1

1,11

Jicpt`kgbgtz` fb prçstfj, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf b‗fcprfs` utgbgtz` fb QHJ.

01󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` fb prçstfj mf b‗fcprfs` NB@^G@, Z@, mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf çs ud` Qgcf g quf ipt` pfr gcput`r b` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` mgrfjt`cfdt `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys.

;0=

J`s ngd`b

0

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U0, rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts? 0. Fs jidstgtufgx b‗fcprfs` `ck ud j`pgt`b j`pgt`b mf 051 111 , mfbs qu`bs fbs sijgs mfsfckirsfd fb cãdgc bfh`b pfr k`djs. Vd sijg fs jicpricft ` `pirt`r ud bij`b b ij`b v`bir`t fd :1 111 . ;. Ikrf ud` bãdg` mf jråmgt ` JIBCFK@DL `ck vfdjgcfdt ` 0; cfsis g ud bãcgt mf =1 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf nirc`bgtz`jgú súd mfb 0,61% g fs j`rrfhufd `b jicptf mf jråmgt. :. Fb sijg `pirt` fb bij`b (tfrrfdy ;1%) v`bir`t fd :1 111 . =. Jicpr` ` jråmgt c`tårgfs prgcfrfs pfr v`bir mf 0; 611 . Oudt`cfdt `ck bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, fb privfémir fdvg` uds fdv`sis rftird`kbfs pfr v`bir mf 0 111 . @ cçs, fd n`jtur` nghurfd udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf =11 . 6. B‗fcprfs` rftird` fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf >11 < sf bg e`d trfdj`t fdv`sis pfr v`bir mf 61 , g fs qufm` `ck b` rfst`. >. ^fd ` jråmgt primujtfs `j`k`ts pfr ;> 711  g fdv`sis pfr ; 111 111 . [f`bgtz` ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 8% sikrf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. 8. 811 Qfr `rrgk`r fbs primujtfs `j`k`ts nir` mfb tfrcgdg p`jt`t, b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` n` `b jbgfdt `dtfrgir ud mfsjicptf mf . 5. Jikr` ` tr`vçs mf k`djs `b jbgfdt `dtfrgir `dtfrgir `k`ds mfb prfvgst, pfr b` qu`b jis` jidjfmfgx ud mfsjicptf mfsjicptf mf ::1 . 7. Bbih` pfr 6 `dys ud` mf bfs ingjgdfs mf b` sfv` pripgft`t pripgft`t pfr 0 011 /cfs. Jikr` pfr k`dj b` prgcfr` cfdsu`bgt`t g mis cfsis mf ng`dè`. 01. @ ngd`bs mf sftfckrf, sib󰂸bgjgt` sib󰂸bgjgt` ud prçstfj mf 8: 111  ` tr`vçs mfb j/j `ck bfs jidmgjgids sfhòfdts? ‚ ^fdj fdjgcf gcfdt? dt? 6 `dys. `dys. ‚ @cirtgtz`jgú? cgto`dè`dt cgto`dè`dt trgcfstr`bgt`ts trgcfstr`bgt`ts jidst`dts (p`h`mirfs (p`h`mirfs `b ngd`b mf j`m` trgcfstrf d`tur`b). d`tur`b). ‚ ]g ]gpus pus m‗gdtf m‗gdtfrås rås dicgd`b dicgd`b?? >%. ‚ Jicgs Jicgssgú sgú m‗ikf m‗ikfrtur` rtur`?? 0%. Jic quf fs tr`jt` m‗ud` Qgcf, ipt` pfr gcput`r b` jicgssgú m‗ikfrtur` mgrfjt`cfdt ` rfsubt`ts. 00. Vd trfk`bb`mir sib󰂸bgjgt` ud `v`dè`cfdt `v`dè`cfdt mfb sfu siu mf 611 . Zf bg p`h` ` tr`vçs mf b` bãdg` mf jråmgt. 0;. B‗gcpirt mf bfs dûcgdfs quf fs p`hufd ` tr`vçs mf m f b` bãdg` mf jråmgt (fxjfptf ud` pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 161 ) `sjfdmfgx `? ‚ Ziu krut krut?? 08 511 . ‚ Gdmfc Gdmfcdgtz` dgtz`jgid jgids? s? : ;11 . ‚ Q`h Q`h`` mf kfdfngjg kfdfngjgs? s? = 611 . ‚ Mf Mfmu mujj jjgi gids ds?? • G[QN? ;>81 . • Zfhurft`t Zijg`b? 0 171 . • @v`dè`cfdt? 611 . 0:. Q`h` ` tr`vçs mf b` bãdg` mf jråmgt ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b pfr bfs `ssfhur`djfs sijg`bs > :11 . 0=. Q`h` ` tr`vçs mfb j/j b` prgcfr` trgcfstr`bgt`t trgcfstr`bgt`t mfb prçstfj mfb pudt 01.

06. 0>. 08. 05.

]ç bbij b` bgqugm`j bgqugm`jgú gú mf b‗G^@. Gdhrfss`` fd E.Q. Gdhrfss E.Q. ` tr`vçs mf b` bãdg` mf jråmgt bfs rftfdjgids mf b‗`dy. Fb bij`b bij`b s‗`cirtgtz s‗`cirtgtz`` fd ud ;% `du`b. `du`b. Fs rfjb`ssgn rfjb`ssgngj` gj` fb prçstfj prçstfj mfb mfb pudt 01. 01.

Jicpt`kgbgtz` fb jgjbf jicpt`kbf (G^@ mfb ;0%).

;06

Vdgt`t > - Nidts mf ngd`dè`cfdt

Gmffs jbù

Fcprfs`rg gdmgvgmu`b @pirt`jgids gdgjg`bs mf j`pgt`b

Fdtgt`ts sfdsf nirc` cfrj`dtgb

@cpbg`jgids mf j`pgt`b

Zijgft`ts cfrj`dtgbs

Qrûpgfs Qrivgsgids

[fsfrvfs

@cirtgtz`jgids

NID]Z MF NGD@DÈ@CFD]

Di dfhijg`mfs

Qrçstfjs rfkuts

@bgfdfs Jicptfs mf jråmgt Bãsgdh Dfhijg`mfs

Fcpråstgts Zukvfdjgids rfkumfs

Ng`djfs g mgpûsgts rfkuts

u

d

g

t

`

t

8

Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs ZVC@[G 󰁤

Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg

󰁤

Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

󰁤

@pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r bfs ipfr`jgids quf fs rf`bgtzfd `b ngd`b mf b‗fxfrjgjg. ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf b` ngd`bgt`t mf bfs ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt. ¸¸ Jidågxfr bfs prgdjgp`bs dircfs pfr nircub`r fbs jicptfs `du`bs. ¸¸ Fb`kir`r ud K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú g ud jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys. ¸¸ Jidågxfr bfs `btfrd`tgvfs pfr ` b‗`pbgj`jgú

mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg. ¸¸ [fhgstr`r b‗`pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fcprfs`.

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

0 44 Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg @b ngd`b mf b‗`dy, ud jip rfhgstr`mfs titfs bfs ipfr`jgids mf b‗fxfrjgjg `b bbgkrf Mg`rg, b‗fcprfs` e` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `btrfs ipfr`jgids, `ck b` ngd`bgt`t quf fbs jicptfs `du`bs fxprfssgd b` gc`thf ngmfb mfb p`trgcidg, mf b` sgtu`jgú ngd`djfr` g mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg. @qufstfs ipfr`jgids fs mfdicgdfd ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg g fs pimfd mgvgmgr fd fbs trfs kbijs sfhòfdts?

‚ Ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt. ‚ Jábjub mfb rfsubt`t. ‚ @ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt.

0.0 4 Ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt B‗ikofjtgu mf bfs ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt çs `jidsfhugr quf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf b‗fcprfs` fxprfssg ngmfbcfdt b` sgtu`jgú mfbs mgnfrfdts fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs, o` quf, jic ` jidsfqòådjg` m‗`qufstfs ipfr`jgids sirhgr`d ud` sårgf mf mfspfsfs g gdhrfssis quf `nfjt`r`d fb jábjub mfb rfsubt`t mf m f b‗fxfrjgjg. @qufstfs ipfr`jgids súd bfs sfhòfdts?

‚ [fhub`rgtz`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs? jidsgstfgx fd `mfqu`r fbs s`bmis mfbs jicptfs m‗fxgstådjgfs `b quf rf`bcfdt eg e` `b c`h`tzfc fb :0 mf mfsfckrf. ‚ Mfsqu`mr`cf Mfsqu`mr`cfdt dt mf j`gx`? b` ngd`bgt`t m‗`qufst` ipfr`jgú çs `mfqu`r fb s`bmi ngd`b mfb jicptf (681) J`gx`,  `b mgdfr rf`b quf eg e` ` b` j`gx` mf b‗fcprfs` `b t`dj`cfdt. Fbs mfsqu`mr`cfdts fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `bs jicptfs (>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs, sg b` mgnfrådjg` çs dfh`tgv`, i (8>7) @btrfs gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs, sg b` mgnfrådjg` çs pisgtgv`. ‚ Jirrfjjgids v`bir`tgvfs? fs rfhgstr`r`d bfs `cirtgtz`jgids g fbs mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir. fs mftfrcgd`r`d fbs p`ssgus quf rfsubtgd gdmftfrcgd`ts rfs ‚ Qrivgsgids? pfjtf mfb sfu gcpirt i ` b` m`t` mf b` sfv` j`djfb¸b`jgú. Bfs privgsgids fs v`bir`r`d fd b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt t` dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, pfb v`bir `jtu`b mf m f b` cgbbir fstgc`jgú pissgkbf mf b‗gcpirt dfjfss`rg pfr j`djfb¸b`r i tr`dsnfrgr b‗ikbgh`jgú ` ud tfrjfr. Fbs pistfrgirs òustis quf sirhfgxgd pfr b‗`jtu`bgtz`jgú mf b` privgsgú fs rfhgstr`r`d jic ud` mfspfs` ngd`djfr` `b jicptf (>>1) Mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs pfr `jtu`bgtz`jgú mf privgsgids ` cfsur` quf fs v`hgd cfrgt`dt. ‚ [fjb`ssgngj`jg [fjb`ssgngj`jgú ú mf mrfts mf jikr`cfdt g mfutfs? s‗eùr`d mf rfhgstr`r jic ` @jtgu i Q`ssgu jirrfdt fbs mrfts g bfs ikbgh`jgids (m‗@jtgu i Q`ssgu di jirrfdt) quf, pfb p`s mfb tfcps, fs rf`bgtzgd i fs j`djfb¸bgd fd ud pfrãimf mf tfcps mf ngds ` ud `dy.

;08

‚ [fhgstrf mf bfs ipfr`jgids di nirc`bgtz`mfs? fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d bfs ipfr`jgids mf jicpr` i mf vfdm` quf s‗e`hgd primuét pfrû mf bfs qu`bs fdj`r` di s‗e` rfkut i nirc`bgtz`t b` n`jtur`. Fd fb j`s mf b` jicpr` m‗fxgstådjgfs, fs rfhgstr`rá `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (=117) Qrivfémirs n`jturfs pfdmfdts mf rfkrf i nirc`bgtz`r g, fd fb j`s mf b` vfdm` m‗fxgstådjgfs, fs rfhgstr`rá `ck járrfj `b jicptf (=:17) Jbgfdts n`jturfs pfdmfdts mf nirc`bgtz`r.

;05

‚ @oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú? jidsgstfgxfd fd b` rf`bgtz`jgú mfbs òustis dfjfss`rgs pfr t`b quf fd b‗fxfrjgjg dicçs qufmgd rfhgstr`mfs bfs mfspfsfs g fbs gdhrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` `qufst `dy, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå sf‗d primufgxg fb p`h`cfdt i jikr`cfdt. Qfr rf`bgtz`r-bis, s‗utgbgtz`r`d fbs jicptfs sfhòfdts? • (=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs? mfspfsfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt. • (=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts? gdhrfssis jicpt`kgbgtz`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj` g quf jirrfspidfd `b sfhòfdt. • (6>8) Gdtfrfssis p`h`ts pfr `dtgjgp`t? gdtfrfssis p`h`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` quf jirrfspidfd ` fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts. • (6>5) Gdtfrfssis jikr`ts pfr `dtgjgp`t? gdtfrfssis jikr`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` quf jirrfspidfd ` fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts. • (6;8) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt jurt tfrcgdg mf mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt g (6;5) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf mfutfs? gdtfrfssis ` p`h`r ` jurt tfrcgdg, pfrû hfdfr`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg fd jurs. • (6=8) Gdtfrfssis ` jurt tfrcgdg mf jråmgts? gdtfrfssis ` jikr`r ` jurt jurt tfrcgdg, pfrû hfdfr`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg fd jurs.

‚ Bgqugm`jgú m‗G^@? fs mftfrcgd`rá b‗gcpirt quf b‗fcprfs` eùrá m‗gdhrfss`r ` b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` i fb quf bg sfrá rftird`t cgto`dè`dt b` jicpfds`jgú mf bfs quitfs m‗G^@ cfrgt`t g G^@ mfmuékbf. ‚ Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs? fs j`bjub`rá b‗gcpist sikrf sijgft`ts ` p`rtgr mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg ud jip rf`bgtz`ts fbs òust`cfdts jirrfspidfdts.

Fxfcpbfs [fhub`rgtz`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs B‗fcprfs` CFBPVG@MFZ, Z@, ` b‗gdgjg mf b‗fxfrjgjg di tç j`p fxgstådjg` `b c`h`tzfc g, `b t`dj`cfdt, mfsprçs mf rf`bgtz`r fb rfjicptf, jicpriv` quf eg e` fxgstådjgfs pfr v`bir mf ; 611 . Fd b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t rfhgstr`rá ÿdgj`cfdt b‗`ssfdt`cfdt pfr bfs fxgstådjgfs ffd`bs. x

; 611,1 611,111

(:11) Cfrj Cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs `

(>01) ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådjgf m‗fxgstådjgfss mf cfrj`mfrgfs

; 611,11

x

Mfsqu`mr`cfdt mf j`gx` B‗fcprfs` C@[JZ, Z@, tç `b t`dj`cfdt ` b` j`gx` rf`b mf b‗fcprfs` ; 0;7,:: , cfdtrf quf fb s`bmi ffd`b mfb

jicptf (681) J`gx`,  çs mf ; 0:=,:: .

6,11

(>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs

x `

(681) J`gx` J`gx`,,



6,11

x

;07

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

[fjb`ssgngj`jgú mf mrfts mf jikr`cfdt @b K`b`dè mf b‗fcprfs` QGQ@, QGQ@, Z@, `p`rfgx ud mrft mf jikr`cfdt pfr b‗`bgfd`jgú m‗ud gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b mf 01 111  n` ud `dy g cgh, rfhgstr`t `b jicptf (;6:) Jråmgt ` bb`rh tfrcgdg pfr `bgfd`jgú m‗gccikgbgtz`t. B‗òirB‗òird`cfdt mfb jikr`cfdt fr` mf ; `dys. Fb mrft mf jikr`cfdt, quf fd ud prgdjgpg fr` ` bb`rh tfrcgdg (@jtgu di jirrfdt), pfb tr`dsjurs mfb tfcps s‗e` jidvfrtgt fd ud mrft mf jikr`cfdt ` jurt tfrcgdg (@jtgu jirrfdt), jirrfdt), o` quf ` :0 mf mfsfckrf qufmfd > cfsis pfr j`djfb󰂸b`r-bi. x

01111,1 01 111,111

(6=:) Jråm Jråmgts gts ` j/t pfr `b. m‗g. `

(;6:) Jråm Jråmgts gts ` bb/t pfr `b. m‗g.

01111,11

x

[fhgstrf mf bfs ipfr`jgids di nirc`bgtz`mfs

B‗fcprfs` C@[ZIB, Z@, jicpr` fb 08 mf mfsfckrf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr v`bir mf : 511  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^@. @b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, C@[ZIB, Z@, fdj`r` di e` rfkut b` n`jtur` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗`ssfdt`cfdt mf b` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs sfdsf G^@. x

: 511,1 511,111

(>11) Jicpr Jicpr`` mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs ` (=117 (=117)) Qr Qriv iv.. n`jt. pfdm pfdm.. rfkr rfkrff

: 511,1 511,111

x

B‗fcprfs` C@[ZIB, Z@, rfp `b hfdfr b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs mfb 08 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir. x

: 511,11 875,11

(=117) Qriv. Qriv. n`jt. pfdm. rfkrf (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^@ G^@ supirt`t `

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

= 675,1 675,111

x

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs B‗fcprfs` ]@[G[I, Z@, p`h` fd fnfjtgu 0 ;11  pfr b` prgc` m‗`ssfhur`djfs `du`b mf b‗iffjgd` mf b‗fcprfs` fb mg` 0 mf oubgib. B` cfgt`t mf b` mfspfs` jicpt`kgbgtz`m` jirrfspid ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt< pfr t`dt, eùrá m‗fbgcgd`r `qufst` qu`dtgt`t mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg prfsfdt.

>11,11

x

(=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs

`

(>;6) Qr Qrgcfs gcfs m‗`ss m‗`ssfhu fhur`djf r`djfss

>11,111 >11,1

x

;;1

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts B‗fcprfs` CFDFZFZ, Z@, jikr` j`m` mis cfsis b‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗ud bij`b. Fb mg` 0 mf mfsfckrf v` rfkrf fd fnfjtgu > 111  pfb bbihufr jirrfspidfdt `b cfs mf mfsfckrf g `b cfs mf hfdfr mf b‗`dy sfhòfdt. ^` ^` jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufst jikr`cfdt `ck `kid`cfdt `b jicptf (86;) Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts. B` cfgt`t mf b‗gdhrçs jicpt`kgbgtz`t jirrfspid ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt< pfr t`dt, eùrá mf mid`r mf k`gx` `qufst` qu`dtgt`t fd b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t? x

: 111,11

(86;) Gdhr Gdhr.. pfr `rrfdm. `

(=56) Gdhrfssis `dtgjgp`ts

: 111,11

x

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. Gdtfrfssis p`h`ts pfr `dtgjgp`t B‗fcprfs` C@CC@, C@CC @, Z@, p`h` b‗0 mf sftfckrf sftfck rf 0 ;11  fd jidjfptf m‗gdtfrfssis sfcfstr`bs m‗ud prçstfj. @qufsts 

0jicpt`kgbgtz`ts ;11 jirrfspidfd ` = cfsis mf` b‗fxfrjgjg prfsfdtg s‗eùr`d g ; cfsismf mfmid`r b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt< t`dt, ;/> mfbs gdtfrfssis di jirrfspidfd `qufst fxfrjgjg mf k`gx` fd b`pfr sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t. x

=11,11

(6>8) Gdt. p`h. pfr `dt. `

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis pfr mfutfs

=11,11

x

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. Gdtfrfssis jikr`ts pfr `dtgjgp`t B‗fcprfs` JB@V, Z@, jikr` b‗0 mf mfsfckrf ;=1  fd jidjfptf m‗gdtfrfssis pfr b‗òird`cfdt mf p`h`cfdt m‗ud` bbftr` ` = cfsis. Fbs ;=1  jikr`ts jirrfspidfd ` 0 cfs m‗òird`cfdt fd b‗fxfrjgjg prfsfdt g : cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt< pfr t`dt, :/= mfbs gdtfrfssis jicpt`kgbgtz`ts jirrfspidfd ` b‗fxfrjgjg sfhòfdt g s‗eùr`d mf mid`r mf k`gx` fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t m‗`qufst fxfrjgjg. x

051,11

(8>;) Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts `

(6>5) Gdt. jikr jikr.. pfr `dt.

051,11

x

Bgqugm`jgú m‗G^ m‗G^@ @ B‗fcprfs` C@[HFBG@, Z@, prfsfdt` p rfsfdt` ` :0 mf mfsfckrf ud s`bmi jrfmgtir `b jicptf (=88) EQ G^@ rfpfrjutgt mf = =81  g ud s`bmi mfutir mf 6 >61  `b jicptf (=8;) EQ G^@ supirt`t.

x

= =81,11 0 051,11

(=88) E.Q. E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (=811) E.Q E.Q.. mfutir pfr G^ G^@ @ `

(=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

6 >61,11

x

;;0

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. [fhgstrf m‗gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g di vfdèuts mf mfutfs B‗0 mf c`rè mf ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` [IV[FM@, Z@, jidjfmfgx ` b‗fcprfs` QF[FBBÚ, Z@, ud prçstfj mf =6 111 . Fbs gdtfrfssis fs p`hufd fb mg` 0 mf c`rè mf j`m` ud mfbs 6 `dys mf mur`m` mfb prçstfj. @ ffd`bs mf b‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` QF[FBBÚ, Z@, eùrá mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts ffds `b cicfdt (mfs mf b‗0 mf c`rè ffds `b :0 mf mfsfckrf), quf `sjfdmfgx ` ; 611,11. x

; 611,1 611,111

(>>;) Gdtf Gdtfrfss rfssis is pfr mfut mfutfs fs `

(6;5) Gdtf Gdtfrfss rfssis is ` j/t mf mfut mfutfs fs

; 611,1 611,111

x

@oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú. [fhgstrf m‗gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts g di vfdèuts mf jråmgts Zfhugdt b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, b‗fcprfs` [IV[FM@ eùrá mf rfhgstr`r fd b` sfv` jicpt`kgbgt`t, ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1, fbs gdtfrfssis cfrgt`ts mfb jråmgt jidjfmgt ` b‗fcprfs` b ‗fcprfs` QF[FBBÚ, Z@, mfs mf b‗0 mf c`rè ffds `b :0 mf mfsfckrf. x

; 611,11

(6=8) Gdtfrfssis ` j/t mf jråmgts `

(8>;) Gdhr Gdhrfssi fssiss mf jråm jråmgts gts

; 611,1 611,111

x

Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs B‗fcprfs` ZGU]@, Z@, e` iktgdhut ud kfdfffjg `k`ds m‗gcpistis b‗`dy ;1U1 mf 76 111 . Fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd quf bg jirrfspid mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts çs mfb :1%. Di e` mf rf`bgtz`r j`p òust, dg tç rftfdjgids, p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, kidgffj`jgids i mfmujjgids. x

;5 611,11

(>:1) Gcp. s/ kfdfn. (76111 󰂸 :1%)

` (=86;) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` G. Zijgft`ts x

0.; 4 Jábjub mfb rfsubt`t B‗ikofjtgu m‗`qufst `ssfdt`cfdt çs fb jábjub mfb rfsubt`t iktgdhut pfr b‗fcprfs`< pfr `gxû, fs t`dqufd fbs jicptfs mfbs hrups > g 8 mfb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf

;5 611,11

Jicpt`kgbgt`t utgbgtz`dt jic ` jidtr`p`rtgm` fb jicptf (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

0.: 4 @ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt B‗ikofjtgu mf b‗`ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt çs t`dj`r b` jicpt`kgbgt`t m‗ud fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj. Qfr `gxû, fs t`dqufd tits fbs jicptfs mfbs hrups 0 ` 6 mfb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t.

;;;

J`sis prájtgjs

0

Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg, tfdgdt tfdgdt fd jicptf fbs s`bmis mfbs jicptfs mf b‗fcprfs` ]@HGD@Z]F, ]@HGD@Z]F, Z@, g b` gdnirc`jgú `mmgjgid`b quf fds infrfgx b‗fcprfs` ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1.

Dÿc. jtf.

Dic mfb jicptf

Z`bmis Mfutir

Jrfmgtir

011

J`pgt`b sijg`b

66 111,11

081

Mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt

:1 111,11

;0>

Cikgbg`rg

;6;

Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg

:11

Cfrj`mfrgfs

=11

Qrivfémirs

=01

Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs

=8;

EQ G^@ supirt`t

=88

EQ G^@ rfpfrjutgt

681

J`gx`, 

8 611,11

68;

K`dj j/j

85 111,11

>11

Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

;6 111,11

>;0

@rrfdm`cfdts g jádids

: 111,11

>;;

[fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú

; 111,11

>;5

Zukcgdgstr`cfdts

0 111,11

811

^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

8>;

Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts

]it`bs

6 111,11 06 111,11 8 111,11 = 111,11 611,11 01 111,11 00 111,11

61 111,11 : 111,11 06: 611,11

06: 611,11

Gdnirc`jgú `mmgjgid`b ` :0 mf mfsfckrf? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Z‗e` rf`bgtz`t rf`bgtz`t ud` vfdm` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 0= 111 , pfrû b` n`jtur` fstá pfdmfdt mf nirc`bgtz`r. Bfs fxgstådjg fxgstådjgfs fs ngd`bs `sjfdmfg `sjfdmfgxfd xfd ` 6 111 111 . Mfsprçs mf rf`bgtz`r b‗`rqufgh b‗`rqufgh ` b` j`gx` mf b‗fcprfs`, b‗fcprfs`, eg e` 8 =51 . B‗fcprfs` fs trik` gccfrs` fd ud prijçs prijçs oumgjg`b. Fs j`bjub` quf `qufst prijçs prijçs mur`rá ; `dys g quf bg pimfd fxghgr p`h`cfdts fd jidjfptf m‗gdmfcdgtz`jgú ` b‗`btr` p`rt pfr v`bir mf 01 111 . B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `pri-

vgsgid`r pfr 7 =;6 , quf çs b‗gcpirt `jtu`bgtz`t `b tgpus m‗gdtfrås mfb cfrj`t. ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Fb cikgbg`rg cikgbg`rg s‗`cirtgtz` s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcf bgdf`bcfdt dt mur`dt mur`dt 01 `dys. Fd > cfsis, rftird`r` rftird`r`dd b` cfgt`t mfb jråmgt jråmgt ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. Fd : cfsis, efc mf j`djfb󰂸b`r ud` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb mfutf mfutf ` bb`rh tfrcgdg quf tfdgc `ck fb fb k`dj. @b jicptf @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids jádids fs v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗0 mf mfsfckrf fb p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt mfb bbihufr m‗ud bij`b, jirrfspidfdt `b cfs mf mfsfckrf g `b cfs mf hfdfr mf b‗`dy sfhòfdt.

;;:

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

0 ‚ @b jicptf Gdhrfssis pfr pfr jråmgts fs v`d jicpt`kgbgtz`r jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗0 m‗ijtukrf m‗ijtukrf fbs gdtfrfssis jikr`ts fd fnfjtgu fnfjtgu pfr b‗òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt m‗ud` bbftr` ` > cfsis. ‚ Bgqugm`jg Bgqugm`jgúú mf b‗G^ b‗G^@. @. ‚ Jábjub mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts, Zijgft`ts, s`kfdt quf fb fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd quf bg jirrfspid jirrfspid çs :1% g quf di tç tç òustis, rftfdjgids, p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, kidgngj`jgids i mfmujjgids.

Zibujgú 󰂸󰂸 Ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt 0

0= 111,11

(=:17) Jbgfdts n`jturfs pfdmfdts mf nirc`bgtz`r

`

8 111,11

(>01) ^`r `r.. m‗fxgst. mf cfrj.

(811) ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs

0= 111,11

(:11) Cfrj Cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs

8 111,1 111,111

(>01) ^`r `r.. m‗fxgst. mf cfrj.

6 111,11

; ` x

6 111,1 111,111

(:11) Cfrj Cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs ` :

;1,11

(>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs `

(681) J`gx J`gx`, `, 

;1,11

=

7 =;6,11

(>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs

`

(0=;) Qrivgsgú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts

7 =;6,11

6

611,111 611,1

(>50) @. mf b‗gcc b‗gcc.. c`t. ` (;50> (;50>)) @.@. mf cikg cikgbg`rg bg`rg

611,111 611,1

>

8 611,11

(6=;) Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg ` 8

(;6;) Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg

8 611,11

01 111,11

(081) Mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt

`

(6;1) Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt

01 111,11

x

;;=

0 5

0 611,11

(=51) Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs `

(>;0) @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids

0 611,11

(6>5) Gdtfrfssis jikr`ts pfr `dtg `dtgjgp`t jgp`t

0 611,1 611,111

(=8;) E.Q. E.Q. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (=861) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` G^ G^@ @

01 111,11 0 111,11

7

0 611,11

(8>;) Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts ` 01

00 111,11

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt `

00

8 ;0>,61

(>:1) Gcpist sikrf kfdfffjgs (;=166,11 󰂸 :1%)

` (=86;) E.Q. E.Q. jrfmgtir` G. Zijgft`ts

8 ;0>,61

x

Qfr pimfr nfr `qufst ÿbtgc `ssfdt`cfdt, s‗e` rf`bgtz`t ud jábjub mfb kfdfngjg `k`ds m‗gcpistis. Qfr `gxû, s‗e`d suc`t fbs gdhrfssis, >6 611 , g s‗e`d rfst`t bfs mfspfsfs ngds ` `qufst cicfdt, =0 ==6,11 . Jábjub mfb rfsubt`t [fhub`rgtz`jgú mf mfspfsfs

=5 >>0,61

(0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg `

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (>01) ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådj m‗fxgstådjgfs gfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (>;0) @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids (>;;) [fp`r`jgi [fp`r`jgids ds g jidsfrv`jgú (>;5) Zukcgdgstr`cfd Zukcgdgstr`cfdts ts (>:1) Gcpist sikrf kfdfffjgs (>>7) @btrfs mfspfsfs ffd`djfrfs (>85) Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs (>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

;6 111,11 ; 111,11 0 611,11 ; 111,11 0 111,11 8 ;0>,61 ;1,11 7 =;6,11 611,11

[fhub`rgtz`jgú m‗gdhrfssis

>= 111,11 0 611,11

(811) ^f ^fdmfs dmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (8>;) Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts `

(0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

>6 611,11

x

;;6

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

0 @ssfdt`cfdt mf t`dj`cfdt

66 111,111 66111,1 0>5:5,6 0> 5:5,611 7 =;6,11 ;1111,1 ;1 111,111

611,11 611,11 = 111,1 111,111 611,11

0 111,11 8 ;0>,61

01111,11 01 111,11

0 611,1 611,111

(011) J`pgt`b J`pgt`b sijg` sijg`bb (0;7) [f [fsubt` subt`tt mf b‗fx b‗fxfrjg frjgjg jg (0=;) Qrivgs Qrivgsgú gú pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts (081) Mfut Mfutfs fs bb/t fdtg fdtgt`ts t`ts mf jråmgt (;50>)) @.@. mf cikgb (;50> cikgbg`rg g`rg (=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs (=01) Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs (=861) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr G^ G^@ @ (=86;) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` G. Zijgft`ts (6;1) Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt (6>5) Gdtf Gdtfrfss rfssis is jikr` jikr`ts ts pfr `dtgjgp`t `

(;0>) (;6;) (:11) (=:17) (=51) (6=;) (681) (68;)

x

Cikgbg`rg Cikgbg`rg Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg Cfrj`mfrgfs Jbgfdts n`jturfs pfdmfdts mf nirc`bgtz`r Mfspfsfs Mfsp fsfs `dtgj `dtgjgp`mf gp`mfss Jråmgts Jråm gts ` jurt tfrcg tfrcgdg dg J`gx`,  K`dj j/j

6 111,1 111,111 8 611,11 6 111,11 0= 111,11 0 611,1 611,111 8 611,1 611,111 8=51,11 85111,1 85 111,111

;;>

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fcprfs` BVB@, Z@, tfdgdt fd jicptf fbs s`bmis mfbs mgnfrfdts jicptfs g b` gdnirc`jgú `mmgjgid`b quf fds infrfgx `qufst` fcprfs` ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1.

Dÿc. jtf.

Dic mfb jicptf

Z`bmis Mfutir

011

J`pgt`b sijg`b

08:

Qrivfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t ` bb`rh tfrcgdg

;01

]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs

;00

Jidstrujjgids

;0:

C`qugdárg`

61 111,11

:11

Cfrj`mfrgfs

01 111,11

=10

Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r

=8;

EQ G^@ supirt`t

=88

EQ G^@ rfpfrjutgt

68;

K`dj j/j

08 611,11

>11

Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs

;1 111,11

>>;

Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs

811

^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs

86;

Gdhrfssis pfr `rrfdm`cfdts

]it`bs

Jrfmgtir ;=0 811,11 =1 111,11

=0 811,11 ;11 111,11

7 111,11 5 511,11 5 :11,11

; 111,11 61 111,11 0 111,11 :61 111,11

:61 111,11

Gdnirc`jgú `mmgjgid`b ` :0 mf mfsfckrf? ‚ Z‗e`d Z‗e`d jicpr`t cfrj`mf cfrj`mfrgfs rgfs pfr v`bir mf = 711 , pfrû b` n`jtur` mfb privfémir fdj`r` di s‗e` rfkut. ‚ Bfs fxgstådjg fxgstådjgfs fs ngd`bs `sjfdmfg `sjfdmfgxfd xfd ` 0; 111 . ‚ Qfr ud` ud` k`gx`m` jidoudtur`b jidoudtur`b fd fbs prfus mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, cfrj`mfrgfs, sf d‗fstgc` d‗fstgc` ud mftfrgir`cfdt mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf :11 . ‚ Mfsprçs mf rf`bgtz`r rf`bgtz`r b‗`rqufgh ` b` j`gx` mf b‗fcprfs`, eg e` 01 . ‚ Bfs jidstrujjgids s‗`cirtgtzfd s‗`cirtgtzfd bgdf`bcfdt bgdf`bcfdt mur`dt ;1 `dys g b` cáqugd` cáqugd` pfb cåtimf m‗udgt`ts m‗udgt`ts primuémfs, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf mur`dt b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb s‗fstgc` ud` primujjgú mf 611 111 udgt`ts g quf mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg prfsfdt e` primuét ;1 111 udgt`ts. Fb sfu v`bir rfsgmu`b çs mf ;1 111 . ‚ Fd ; cfsis vfd fb mfutf mfutf quf tç tç `ck fbs privfémirs privfémirs m‗gccikgbgtz`t. m‗gccikgbgtz`t.

‚ Fbs gdtfrfssis fs v`d p`h`r b‗0 m‗ijtukrf pfr b‗òird`cfdt mfb p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt m‗ud` bbftr` ` > cfsis. ‚ B‗0 mf mfsfckrf mfsfckrf v` rfkrf 0 111  pfr b‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗ud bij`b, jirrfspidfdt `b cfs mf mfsfckrf g mf hfdfr. hfdfr. ‚ Bgqug Bgqugm`jgú m`jgú mf b‗G^ b‗G^@. @. ‚ Jábjub mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts, Zijgft`ts, s`kfdt quf fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd quf bg jirrfspid jirrfspid çs fb :1% g quf quf di tç òustis, rftfdjgids, p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, kidgngj`jgids dg mfmujjgids.

;;8

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

; 44 Fbs jicptfs `du`bs Fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t fst`kbfgx quf fbs jicptfs `du`bs m‗ud` fcprfs` e`d m‗fst`r gdtfhr`ts pfbs sfhòfdts mijucfdts, quf nircfd ud` udgt`t?

Fb QHJ mf Qgcfs

‚ Fb K`b`dè? rfprfsfdt` fb p`trgcidg mf b‗fcprfs`. ‚ Fb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys? rfjubb fb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg. ‚ B‗fst`t mf j`dvgs fd fb Q`trgcidg dft? gdnirc` mfbs j`dvgs rfhgstr`ts

Qfr t`b quf ud` fcprfs` puhug utgbgtz`r fb QHJ mf Qgcfs, e` mf jicpbgr fbs c`tfgxis rfqugsgts quf pfr pimfr prfsfdt`r fb K`b`dè `krfuo`t fd fb QHJ.

fd fb Q`trgcidg dft jic ` jidsfqòådjg` m‗ud` sårgf m‗ipfr`jgids. @b QHJ fs prfsfdt` fd mis bbgkrfs? Fst`t m‗gdhrfssis g mfspfsfs rfjidfhuts g Fst`t tit`b mf j`dvgs fd fb p`trgcidg dft . ‚ B‗fst`t mf nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu? gdnirc` sikrf b‗irghfd g b` utgbgtz`jgú mfbs `jtgus cidft`rgs rfprfsfdt`tgus m‗fnfjtgu g `btrfs `jtgus bãqugms fqugv`bfdts, jb`ssgngj`dt fbs civgcfdts pfr `jtgvgt`ts g gdmgj`dt b` v`rg`jgú dft` m‗`qufst` c`hdgtum fd b‗fxfrjgjg. ‚ B` Cfcûrg`? jicpbft`, `cpbg` g jicfdt` b` gdnirc`jgú jidtgdhum` fd fbs mijucfdts quf gdtfhrfd fbs jicptfs `du`bs.

Fbs jicptfs `du`bs fd fb QHJ mf Qgcfs prfsfdtfd `bhudfs mgnfrådjgfs rfspfjtf mfbs jicptfs `du`bs mfb QHJ, fdtrf bfs qu`bs j`b mfst`j`r? ‚ B‗fst`t mf nbuxis nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu m‗fnfjtgu di çs ud mijucfdt ikbgh`tirg. ‚ B‗fst`t mf j`dvgs j`dvgs fd fb Q`trgci Q`trgcidg dg dft fs prfsfdt` fd ud sib bbgkrf.

@ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, pimfc mgr quf fbs jicptfs `du`bs mf bfs sijgft`ts `dûdgcfs, mf bfs sijgft`ts mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`, mf bfs sijgft`ts jic`dmgtárgfs pfr `jjgids g mf bfs sijgft`ts jiipfr`tgvfs s‗eùr`d m‗`m`pt`r `b cimfb dirc`b. ]it g `gxû, `qufstfs sijgft`ts pimr`d utgbgtz`r fbs cimfbs `krfuo`ts mf jicptfs `du`bs fd fbs j`sis sfhòfdts?

K`b`dè, Cfcûrg` g fst`t mf j`dvgs fd fb Q`trgcidg dft `krfuo`ts

Jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys `krfuo`t

]it`b `jtgu

≭ ; 561 111,11 111,11 

≭ 00 =11 111,11 111,11 

Ugnr` mf dfhijgs

≭ 6 811 111,11 111,11 

≭ ;; 511 111,11 111,11 

≭ 61

≭ ;61

Dÿcfri cgtoá mf trfk`bb`mirs

Fbs mijucfdts quf gdtfhrfd fbs jicptfs `du`bs `krfuo`ts ` krfuo`ts súd fbs c`tfgxis quf fbs mfbs jicptfs `du`bs dirc`bs, pfrû tfdfd ud nirc`t `krfuo`t g, pfr t`dt, prfsfdtfd ud cfdir dgvfbb mf mft`bb. @ cçs, qu`d puhugd nircub`rsf K`b`dè, fst`t mf j`dvgs fd fb Q`trgcidg dft g Cfcûrg` fd cimfb `krfuo`t, b‗fst`t mf nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu di sfrá ikbgh`tirg.

;.0 4 Dircfs m‗fb`kir`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs Fbs jicptfs `du`bs s‗fb`kir`r`d `ck ud` pfrgimgjgt`t mf mitzf cfsis,

bbfv`t fd fbs j`sis mf jidstgtujgú, cimgngj`jgú mf b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg sijg`b i mgssibujgú, g s‗eùr`d mf nircub`r pfr p`rt mf b‗fcprfs`rg i fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs, quf fd rfspidmr`d mf b` b ` vfr`jgt`t, fd fb tfrcgdg cáxgc mf trfs cfsis ` jicpt`r mfs mfb t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg. J`m` ud mfbs mijucfdts quf nircfd fbs jicptfs `du`bs eùrá m‗fst`r gmfdtgngj`t `ck b` sfv` mfdicgd`jgú, b‗fcprfs` ` quå jirrfspid g b‗fxfrjgjg `b qu`b fs rfnfrfgx.

Fnfjtgu g `btrfs `jtgus bãqugms fqugv`bfdts Z‗fdtçd pfr fnfjtgu g `btrfs bãqugms fqugv`bfdts fbs quf nghurfd jic ` t`b ` b‗fpãhr`n K.^GG mf b‗@jtgu mfb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú. Qfr iktfdgr cçs gdnirc`jgú, fs pit jidsubt`r fb cimfb ingjg`b mfb K`b`dè quf `p`rfgx ` b` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb QHJ.

;;5

Fbs v`birs mfbs jicptfs `du`bs s‗e`d m‗fxprfss`r fd furis< tit g `gxû, fs pimr`d fxprfss`r fbs v`birs fd cgbfrs i cgbgids cgbg ids m‗furis qu`d b` c`hdgtum mf bfs xgnrfs `gxã ei `jidsfbbg, e`vfdt m‗gdmgj`r `qufst` jgrjucstádjg` fd fbs jicptfs `du`bs. Fb QHJ fst`kbfgx sårgf mf jicudfsdft `b K`b`dè, g hu`dys, b‗fst`t ud` mf j`dvgs fdrfhbfs fb Q`trgcidg g b‗fst`t fb mfjicptf nbuxis mf fd pårmufs fnfjtgu?

‚ Fd j`m` p`rtgm` eùr`d mf nghur`r, ` cçs mf bfs xgnrfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg quf fs t`dj`, bfs jirrfspidfdts ` b‗fxfrjgjg gccfmg`t`cfdt `dtfrgir. ‚ Di eg nghur`r`d bfs p`rtgmfs ` bfs qu`bs di jirrfspidhug j`p gcpirt fd b‗fxfrjgjg dg fd fb prfjfmfdt. ‚ Di fs pimrá cimgngj`r b‗fstrujtur` m‗ud fxfrjgjg ` ud `btrf, bbfv`t mf j`sis fxjfpjgid`bs, quf s‗gdmgj`r`d ` b` Cfcûrg`. ‚ Z‗eg pimr`d `nfhgr divfs p`rtgmfs sfcprf quf fb sfu jidtgdhut di fstghug prfvgst ` bfs p`rtgmfs o` fxgstfdts g fs pimrá nfr ud` sukmgvgsgú cçs mft`mft` bb`m` mf bfs p`rtgmfs quf `p`rfgxfd fd fbs cimfbs.

;.; 4 Mgpûsgt g pukbgj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs Qfr ` tits fbs fxfrjgjgs jicpt`kbfs, bfs fcprfsfs e`d m‗fnfjtu`r ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt mufs prfsfdt`jgids `b [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb?

Bbgkrfs ikbgh`tirgs

‚ Bfh`bgtz`jgú mf bbgkrfs ingjg`bs? ngds ` = cfsis mfs mfb t`dj`cfdt mf b‗f-

]itfs bfs sijgft`ts cfrj`dtgbs tfdfd b‗ikbgh`jgú mf bfh`bgtz`r `b [fhgstrf Cfrb‗ikbgh`jgú j`dtgb fbs sfhòfdts bbgkrfs ingjg`bs?

xfrjgjg (:1 m‗`krgb pfr ` fxfrjgjgs quf jigdjgmfgxfd `ck b‗`dy d`tur`b). ‚ Mgpûsgt mf jicptfs `du`bs? ngds ` ud cfs mfs mf b` sfv` `priv`jgú ` b` oudt` hfdfr`b irmgdárg` m‗`jjgidgstfs (b` oudt` s‗e` mf jfbfkr`r fd fbs sgs cfsis sfhòfdts `b t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, pfr b` qu`b jis`, `pur`dt tfrcgdgs, fb mgpûsgt fs pit fnfjtu`r ngds `b :0 mf oubgib pfr `bs fxfrjgjgs quf jigdjgmfgxfd `ck b‗`dy d`tur`b).

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Bbgkrf m‗` Bbgkrf m‗`jtf jtfs. s. Bbgk Bb gkrf rf Mg`r Mg`rg. g. Gdvfdt`rg Gdvfdt `rg g jicptfs jicptfs `du`bs `du`bs.. Bbgkrff m‗`jjgids Bbgkr m‗`jjgids dicgd`tgvfs dicgd`tgvfs (sijgft`t (sijgft`t `dûdgc`) g bbgkrf mf sijgs (sijgft`t mf rfspids`kgbgt`t bgcgt`m`).

Pu`bsfvib pfrsid` pimrá iktfdgr gdnirc`jgú mfb [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb mf tits fbs mijucfdts mgpisgt`ts.

;.: 4 Fb`kir`jgú mfb K`b`dè Fb K`b`dè jicpråd, `ck b` mfhum` sfp`r`jgú, b‗@jtgu, fb Q`ssgu g fb Q`trgcidg dft mf b‗fcprfs`. Bfs p`rtgmfs fs mgvgmgr`d fd jirrfdts g di jirrfdts?

‚ B‗@jtgu jirrfdt jicprfdmrá? • Fbs `jtgus vgdjub`ts vgdjub`ts `b jgjbf dirc`b dirc`b m‗fxpbit`jgú, quf hfdfr`bcfdt di fxjfmfgx mf b‗`dy, g quf b‗fcprfs` fspfr` vfdmrf, jidsucgr i rf`bgtz`r fd fb tr`dsjurs mf b‗`dy. Qfr fxfcpbf, bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. • Fbs `jtgus, mgnfrfdts mfbs fscfdt`ts ` b‗`p`rt`t `dtfrgir, `ck ud vfdjgcfdt, `bgfd`jgú i rf`bgtz`jgú quf s‗fspfr` quf fs primufgxg fd fb

jurt tfrcgdg, çs ` mgr, fd ud tfrcgdg cáxgc m‗ud `dy. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs jråmgts ` jurtjb`ssgngj`ts tfrcgdg. jic ` c`dtgdhuts pfr dfhijg`r. Qfr fxfcpbf, • @jtgus ngd`djfrs `jjgids `mqugrgmfs pfr b‗fcprfs` `ck ngd`bgt`ts fspfjub`tgvfs. • B‗fnfjtgu g `btrfs `jtgus bãqugms fqugv`bfdts. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs mgdfrs quf eg e` ` b` j`gx` mf b‗fcprfs`. B` rfst` m‗fbfcfdts m‗@jtgu fs jb`ssgngj`r`d jic ` di jirrfdts.

;;7

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

‚ Fb Q`ssgu jirrfdt jicprfdmrá? • Bfs ikbgh`jgids vgdjub`mfs `b jgjbf dirc`b m‗fxpbit`jgú quf b‗fcprfs` fspfr` bgqugm`r fd fb tr`dsjurs mfb jgjbf. Qfr fxfcpbf, fbs mgdfrs quf mfu `bs privfémirs. • Bfs ikbgh`jgids `ck ud vfdjgcfdt i ud` ud` fxtgdjgú quf s‗fspfr` quf fs primufgxg fd fb jurt tfrcgdg, jicpt`dt ` p`rtgr mf b` m`t` mf m f t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg. Qfr fxfcpbf, ud prçstfj ` jurt tfrcgdg `ck ud k`dj. • Fbs p`ssgus ngd`djfrs jb`ssgngj`ts jic ` c`dtgdhuts pfr pfr dfhijg`r. Qfr fxfcpbf, ikbgh`jgids fcfsfs quf b‗fcprfs` puhug jicpr`r fd fb jurt tfrcgdg sfhids fbs j`dvgs mf v`bir.

K`b`dè dirc`b Qfr `cpbg`r gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb cimfb dirc`b mfb K`b`dè, fs pit jidsubt`r b` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb QHJ.

B` rfst` m‗fbfcfdts mf Q`ssgu fs jb`ssgngj`r`d jic ` di jirrfdts. Fb cimfb mf K`b`dè `krfuo`t quf `p`rfgx ` b` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb QHJ prfsfdt` b‗fstrujtur` sfhòfdt?

Dÿc. jicptfs

@jtgu @) @J]GV DI JI[[FD] G. Gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf. GG. Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. GG. Gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs. G^.. Gdvfrsgids fd fcprfsfs mfb hrup g `ssijg`mfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. G^ ^. Gdvfrsgids ngd`djfrfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. ^G. @jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrfdt. K) @J]GV JI[[FD] G. @jtgus di jirrfdts c`dtgdhuts pfr ` b` vfdm`. GG. Fxgstådjgfs. GGG. Mfutirs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` jikr`r jikr`r..

Ditfs mf b` Cfcûrg`

;1U1

0. Jbgfdts pfr vfdmfs vfdmfs g prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs. sfrvfgs. ;. @jjgidgstfs (sijgs) (sijgs) pfr mfsfckirs`cfdts fxghgts. fxghgts. :. @btrfs mfutirs. G^. Gdvfrsgids G^. fd fcprfsfs mfb hrup g `ssijg`mfs ` jurt tfrcgdg. ^. Gdvfrsgids ngd`djfrfs ` jurt tfrcgdg. ^G. Qfrgimgngj`jgids ` jurt tfrcgdg. ^GG. Fnfjtgu g `btrfs `jtgus bãqugms fqugv`bfdts. ]I]@B ]I] @B @J]GV (@ K)

;:1

Dÿc. jicptfs

Q`trgcidg Dft g Q`ssgu @) Q@ Q@][GCIDG ][GCIDG DF] @-0) Nids pripgs. G. J`pgt`b. 0. J`pgt`b fsjrgptur`t. ;. J`pgt`b di fxghgt. GG. Qrgc` m‗fcgssgú. GGG. [fsfrvfs. G^.. (@jjgids g p`rtgjgp`jgids fd p`trgcidg prûpgfs). G^ ^. [fsubt`ts m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs. ^G. @btrfs `pirt`jgids mf sijgs. ^GG. [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg. ^GGG. (Mgvgmfdm ` jicptf). GU. @btrfs gdstrucfdts mf Q`trgcidg dft. @-;) @oustis pfr j`dvgs mf v`bir v`bir.. @-:) Zukvfdjgids, mid`jgids g bbfh`ts rfkuts. K) Q@ZZG Q@ZZGV V DI JI[[FD] G. Qrivgsgids ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. GG. Mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. 0. Mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt. jråmgt. ;. Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr. :. @btrfs mfutfs mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. GGG. Mfutfs `ck fcprfsfs mfb hrup g `ssijg`mfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. G^.. Q`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt. G^ ^. Qfrgimgngj`jgids ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. J) Q@ZZGV JI[[FD] G. Q`ssgus vgdjub`ts `ck `jtgus di jirrfdts c`dtgdhuts pfr ` b` vfdm`. GG. Qrivgsgids ` jurt tfrcgdg. GGG. Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg. 0. Mfutfs `ck fdtgt`ts fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt. jråmgt.

Ditfs mf b` Cfcûrg`

;1U1

;. Jrfmgtirs pfr `rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr. :. @btrfs mfutfs mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. G^ G^. Mfutfs `ck fcprfsfs mfb hrup g `ssijg`mfs ^.. Jrfmgtirs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` p`h`r. p`h`r`. jurt tfrcgdg. 0. Qrivfémirs. ;. @btrfs jrfmgtirs. ^G. Qfrgimgngj`jgids ` jurt tfrcgdg. ]I]@B ]I] @B Q@ Q@][GCIDG ][GCIDG DF] G Q@ZZGV (@ K

J)

;:0

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

Fxfcpbfs Fb`kir`jgú m‗ud K`b`dè ]fdgdt fd jicptf b` gdnirc`jgú mfb j`s prájtgj mf b‗fcprfs` ]@HGD@Z]F, Z@, fd jidnfjjgid`rfc fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U1.

Dÿc. jicptfs

@jtgu @) @jtgu di jirrfdt

;0> (;50>) ;6;

0; 111,11

‚ Gccikgbgtz Gccikgbgtz`t `t c`tf c`tfrg`b. rg`b. • Cikgbg`rg. • @.@. mf cikgbg`rg. ‚ Gdvf Gdvfrsgi rsgids ds ngd`djfrs ngd`djfrs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg tfrcgdg.. • Jråmgts ` bb`rh tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. K) @jtgu jirrfdt

:11 =:17 6=; =51 681 68;

6 111,11 (611,11) 8 611,11 00: =51,11

‚ Fxgs Fxgstå tådj djgf gfs. s. • Cfrj`mfrgfs.

6 111,11

‚ Mfutirs jicf rjg`bspfdmfdts g `btrfs `btrfs jicptfs ` jikr`r. jikr`r • Jbgfdtsjicfrjg`bs n`jturfs mf nirc`bgt nirc`bgtz`r z`r.. . ‚ Gdvf Gdvfrsgi rsgids ds ngd`djfrf ngd`djfrfss ` jurt tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. • Jråmgts ` jurt tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. ‚ Qf Qfrgimg rgimgngj`j ngj`jgids gids ` jurt jurt tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. • Mfspfsfs `dtgjgp`mfs. ‚ Fnfjt Fnfjtgu gu g `btrfs `jtgus `jtgus bãqugms bãqugms fqugv`bfd fqugv`bfdts. ts. • J`gx`, . • K`djs j/j. ]it`b @jtgu

Dÿc. jicptfs

;1U1

0= 111,11 8 611,11 0 611,11 8 =51,11 85 111,11 0;6 =51,11

Q`trgcidg dft g Q`ssgu @) Q`trgcidg dft

;1U1 80 5:5,61

‚ Ni Nids ds pr prip ipgs gs.. 011 0;7

•• J`pgt`b [fsubt`tsijg`b. mf b‗fxfrjgjg. K) Q`ssgu di jirrfdt

0=; 081

6;1

66 0> 111,11 5:5,61 ;7 =;6,11

‚ Qrivgs Qrivgsgids gids ` bb`rh tfrcg tfrcgdg. dg. • Qrivgsg Qrivgsgids ids pfr ` `btrfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts. rfspids`kgbgt`ts. ‚ Mfut Mfutfs fs ` bb`rh tfrcg tfrcgdg. dg. • Mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg `ck `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt.

;1 111,11

J) Q`ssgu jirrfdt

;= ;0>,61

‚ Mfutfs Mfutfs ` jurt tfrc tfrcgdg. gdg. • Mfutfs ` jurt tfrcgdg tfrcgdg `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt. ‚ Jrfmgtirs jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs g `btrfs jicptfs ` p`h`r. p`h`r.

01 111,11

7 =;6,11

=11 =01 =861 =86; 6>5

• Qrivfémirs. • Jrfmgtirs pfr prfst`jgú prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs. • EQ jrfmgtir` pfr G^@. G^@. G. Zijgft`ts. ‚ Qf Qfrgimg rgimgngj`j ngj`jgids gids ` jurt jurt tfrcgdg. tfrcgdg. • Gdtfrfssis jikr`ts jikr`ts pfr `dtgjgp`t. ]it`b Q`trgcidg dft g Q`ssgu

= 111,11 611,11 08 111,11 ;0>,61 0 611,11 0;6 =51,11

;:;

;.= 4 Fb`kir`jgú mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys Fb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys rfjubb fb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg, nirc`t pfbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs jirrfspidfdts, g fs nircub`rá tfdgdt fd jicptf fb sfhòfdt?

Jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys dirc`b Qfr `cpbg`r gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb cimfb dirc`b mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys, fs pit jidsubt`r b` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb QHJ.

‚ Fbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs fs jb`ssgngj`r`d m‗`jirm `ck b` sfv` d`tur` ‚

‚ ‚

‚

bfs`. B‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt ` bfs vfdmfs, prfst`jgids mf sfrvfgs g `btrfs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú fs rfnbfjtgrá `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys pfb sfu gcpirt dft mf mfvibujgids g mfsjicptfs. B` p`rtgm` = @priv @privgsgid gsgid`cfdt `cfdtss rfjubb, fdtrf `btrfs, fbs gcpirts jirrfspidfdts, ` `jtgvgt`ts rf`bgtz`mfs pfr `btrfs fcprfsfs fd fb prijçs primujtgu. Fd j`s quf b‗fcprfs` prfsfdtg gdhrfssis i mfspfsfs m fspfsfs mf j`rájtfr fxjfpjgid`b g qu`dtg` sghdgngj`tgv`, jic pfr fxfcpbf, gdudm`jgids, gdjfdmgs, cubtfs i s`djgids, ftj., fs jrf`rá ud` p`rtgm` `ck b` mfdicgd`jgú @btrf @btrfss rfsubt`ts, quf nirc`rá p`rt mfb rfsubt`t m‗fxpbit`jgú, g sf d‗gdnirc`rá mft`bb`m`cfdt ` b` Cfcûrg`. Bfs sukvfdjgids, mid`jgids g bbfh`ts rfkuts quf ngd`djgd `jtgus i mfspfsfs

quf s‗gdjirpirgd `b jgjbf dirc`b m‗fxpbit`jgú fs rfnbfjtgr`d ` b` p`rtgm` 6 @btrfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpbit`jgú. ‚ B` p`rtgm` 01 Fxjfssis mf privgsgids rfjubb bfs rfvfrsgids mf privgsgids fd b‗fxfrjgjg, `ck b‗fxjfpjgú mf bfs jirrfspidfdts `b pfrsid`b, quf fs rfnbfjtfgxfd ` b` p`rtgm` >, g bfs mfrgv`mfs m‗ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs, rfnbfjtgmfs ` b` p`rtgm` 8. ‚ Fb cimfb mf jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys `krfuo`t quf `p`rfgx ` b` tfrjfr` p`rt mfb QHJ prfsfdt` b‗fstrujtur` sfhòfdt?

Dÿc. jicptfs

(Mfurf) E`vfr 0. Gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs. ;. ^`rg`jgú ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs mf primujtfs `j`k`ts g fd jurs mf n`krgj`jgú. :. ]rfk`bbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` pfr `b sfu @jtgu. =. @privgsgid`cf @privgsgid`cfdts. dts. 6. @btrfs gdhrfssis m‗fxpbit`jgú. >. Mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b. 8. @btrfs mfspfsfs m‗fxpbit`jgú. 5. @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t. 7. Gcput`jgú mf sukvfdjgids m‗gccikgbgtz`t di ngd`djfr g `btrfs. 01. Fxjfssis mf privgsgids. 00. Mftfrgir`cfdt g rfsubt`t pfr `bgfd`jgids mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t. @) [fsubt`t m‗fxpbit`jgú (0 + ... + 00) 0;. Gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs. 0:. Mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs. 0=. ^`rg`jgú mf v`bir rìd`kbf fd gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs.

06. Mgnfrådjgfs mf j`dvg. 0>. Mftfrgir`cfdt g rfsubt`t pfr `bgfd`jgids m‗gdstrucfdts m‗gdstrucfdts ngd`djfrs. K) [fsubt`t ngd`djfr (0; + 0: + 0= + 06 + 0>) J) [fsubt`t `k`ds m‗gcpistis (@

+

K)

08. Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs M) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg (J

+

08)

;::

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

J`sis prájtgjs

;

Fb`kir`jgú m‗ud jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys 󰂸󰂸 @ p`rtgr mf bfs m`mfs mf b‗fcprfs` ]@HGD@Z]F, ]@HGD@Z]F, Z@, jidnfjjgid`‗d fb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U1.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 Dÿc. jicptfs 811 (>11) (>01) (>;0) (>;;) (>;5) (>50) (>85)

8>; (>>7)

(Mfurf) E`vfr ‚ Gcpirt Gcpirt dft mf mf b` xgnr` xgnr` mf dfhij dfhijgs. gs. • ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. ‚ @pr @privg ivgsgi sgid`c d`cfd fdts. ts. • Jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. • ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs. ‚ @btrf @btrfss mfspfsfs mfspfsfs m‗fx m‗fxpbit`j pbit`jgú. gú. • @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids.

>= 111,11 (;6 111,11) (; 111,11) (0 611,11)

• [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú. • Zukcgdgstr`cfdts. ‚ @cir @cirtgtz` tgtz`jgú jgú mf b‗gcci b‗gccikgbgt kgbgtz`t. z`t. • @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b. c`tfrg`b. ‚ @bt @btrfs rfs rfs rfsubt ubt`ts `ts.. • Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs.

(; 111,11) (0 111,11)

@) [fsubt`t m‗fxpbit`jgú

;; 686,11

‚ Gdhrfssi Gdhrfssiss ngd`d ngd`djfrs jfrs.. • Gdhrfssis mf jråmgts. ‚ Mfs Mfspfs pfsfs fs ngd`djf ngd`djfrf rfss • @btrfs mfspfsfs mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs K) [fsubt`t ngd`djfr

(611,11) (7 =;6,11)

0 611,11 (;1,11) 0 =51,11

J) [fsubt`t `k`ds m‗gcpistis

;= 166,11

‚ Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs.

(8 ;0>,61)

M) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

0> 5:5,61

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 @ p`rtgr mf bfs m`mfs sukcgdgstr`mfs ` b‗`jtgvgt`t pripis`m` dÿcfri 0 jirrfspidfdt ` b‗fcprfs` BVB@, Z@?

`) Fb`kir` fb K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U1. k) Fb`kir` fb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys.

:󰂸󰂸 Fb jicptf mf pårmufs p årmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fcprfs` L@]W L@]W,, ZB, infrfgx b` gdnirc`jgú sfhòfdt? rfsubt`t mf b‗fxpbit`jgú? 0;6 751 < rfsubt`t ngd`djfr? ∛:: 8>6  g Gcpist sikrf Kfdfngjgs? ;8 >>=,61 >>=,61 ? `) J`bjub` fb rfsubt`t `k`ds m‗gcpistis. k) J`bjub` fb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

;:=

: 44 @pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg [fsfrv` bfh`b Cfdtrf b` rfsfrv` bfh`b di supfrg fb ;1% mfb j`pgt`b sijg`b, dicçs fs pimrá mfstgd`r ` b` jicpfds`jgú mf pårmufs fd j`s quf di fxgstfgxgd `btrfs rfsfrvfs mgspidgkbfs sungjgfdts pfr ` `qufst` ngd`bgt`t.

@ck fb kfdfngjg iktgdhut jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs `b bb`rh mf b‗fxfrjgjg, b‗fcprfs` pit utgbgtz`r, i e` mf nfr ∛ei, mgnfrfdts `btfrd`tgvfs. Fd `qufst sfdtgt, fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs mf b` sijgft`t fst`d ikbgh`ts ` nircub`r, fd fb tfrcgdg cáxgc mf trfs cfsis jicpt`ts ` p`rtgr mfb t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg sijg`b, b` pripist` m‗`pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t. Qistfrgircfdt, sfrá b` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs b‗fdj`rrfh`m` m‗`priv`r `qufst` pripist`. Fxgstfgxfd bfs `btfrd`tgvfs sfhòfdts?

‚ Jicpfds`jgú mf pårmufs? sg b‗fcprfs` tç rfhgstr`mfs pårmufs m‗`dys `dtfrgirs, jicptf (0;0) [fsubt`ts dfh`tgus m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs, qu`d iktgdhug ud rfsubt`t pisgtgu fb pit utgbgtz`r pfr jicpfds`r-bi. ‚ [fsfrv` bfh`b? fs mfstgd`rá ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt ud` xgnr` ghu`b `b mfu pfr jfdt mfb kfdfngjg mf b‗fxfrjgjg ` b` rfsfrv` bfh`b ngds quf `rrgkg, `bcfdys, `b vgdt pfr jfdt mfb j`pgt`b sijg`b. Fs rfhgstr` `b jicptf (00;) [fsfrv` bfh`b. bfh`b

‚ [fsfrvfs fspfjg`bs? súd bfs fst`kbfrtfs pfr qu`bsfvib mgspisgjgú mf tgpus

Fst`tuts sijg`bs Fbs fst`tuts súd ud mijucfdt fd quå fs rfjubbfd bfs dircfs quf rfhgr`d fb nudjgid`cfdt mf b` sijgft`t.

bfh`b `ck j`rájtfr ikbgh`tirg, mgnfrfdts m gnfrfdts mf bfs gdjbisfs fd `btrfs jicptfs mfb sukhrup 00 mfb QHJ. Qfr fxfcpbf, fd `qufst jicptf s‗gdjbiur`d bfs rfsfrvfs quf tgdhugd ikbgh`jgú mf mit`r pfr bbfg bfs jicp`dygfs `ssfhur`mirfs i bfs fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt. Z‗`ditfd `b jicptf (00=) [fsfrvfs fspfjg`bs. ‚ [fsfrvfs fst`tutárgfs? b` sijgft`t pit fst`kbgr `bs sfus fst`tuts b‗ikbgh`jgú quf b‗fcprfs` mfstgdg j`m` `dy ud` p`rt mfbs rfsubt`ts pisgtgus ` mit`r ud` rfsfrv` quf, pfr `qufst citgu, rfp fb dic m‗fst`tutárg`. Fs jicpt`kgbgtz` `b sukjicptf (00=0) [fsfrvfs fst`tutárgfs. ‚ Q`rts mf nudm`mir? ` vfh`mfs, fbs sijgs nudm`mirs m‗ud` sijgft`t tfdfd jfrts `v`dt`thfs fdnridt mf b` rfst` mf sijgs? ud çs b` mf pfrjfkrf ud` p`rt mfbs kfdfngjgs mur`dt ud pfrãimf mf tfcps. B` bbfg mf sijgft`ts mf j`pgt`b bgcgt` `qufsts `v`dt`thfs mfbs nudm`mirs fd bfs sijgft`ts `dûdgcfs `b 01% mfbs kfdfngjgs dfts iktgdhuts sfhids fb K`b`dè, ud jip mfmuém` b` quit` mfstgd`m` ` b` rfsfrv` bfh`b g pfr ud pfrãimf cáxgc mf mfu `dys. Fs rfhgstrfd `b jicptf (660) Jicptf jirrfdt `ck sijgs g `mcgdgstr`mirs.

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

;:6

‚ [ftrgkujgú `bs `mcgdgstr`mir `mcgdgstr`mirs? s? b` rfcudfr`jgú mfbs `mcgdgstr`mirs vf ngx`m` fd fbs fst`tuts sijg`bs g pit sfr ud` qu`dtgt`t `jirm`m` j`m` `dy ` b` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs i kç ud` p`rtgjgp`jgú fd fbs kfdfngjgs. Z‗`ditfd `b c`tfgx jicptf quf bfs p`rts mf nudm`mir? (660) Jicptf jirrfdt `ck sijgs g `mcgdgstr`mirs. ‚ Mgstrgkujgú mf mgvgmfdms? ud jip quf s‗e` jikfrt fb prfvgst ` b` bbfg i `bs fst`tuts, fs pimfd mftfrcgd`r fbs mgvgmfdms, quf súd b` p`rt mfbs kfdfngjgs quf fs rfp`rtfgx fdtrf fbs sijgs fd pripirjgú `b j`pgt`b quf e`hufssgd mfsfckirs`t. B‗fcprfs` e` m‗fnfjtu`r ud` rftfdjgú ngsj`b mfb e`hufssgd ;0% sikrf `qufsts mgvgmfdms. Eg e` mis tgpus mf mgvgmfdms?

• Mgvgmfdms ` jicptf? fs rfp`rtfgxfd `k`ds m‗e`vfr ngd`bgtz`t b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj ‒` jicptf– mfb kfdfngjg quf s‗fspfr` iktfdgr. Fs rfhgstr` `b jicptf (668) Mgvgmfdm `jtgu ` jicptf . • Mgvgmfdms jicpbfcfdt`rgs? fs rfp`rtfgxfd ud jip ngd`bgtz`t b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj g mftfrcgd`t fb rfsubt`t. Dicçs fs pimr`d rfp`rtgr mgvgmfdms sg fb v`bir mfb Q`trgcidg dft di çs (i, ` jidsfqòådjg` mfb rfp`rtgcfdt, di rfsubt` sfr) gdnfrgir `b j`pgt`b sijg`b. Fs jicpt`kgbgtz` `b jicptf (6;>) Mgvgmfdm `jtgu ` p`h`r .

‚ [fsfrvfs vibudtárgfs? súd bfs jidstgtuémfs bbgurfcfdt pfr b‗fcprfs`, hfdfr`bcfdt pfr mfjgsgú mf b` oudt` hfdfr`b mf sijgs. Z‗`ditfd `b jicptf (00:) [fsfrvfs vibudtárgfs. ‚ [ic`dfdt? fb jicptf (0;1) [ic`dfdt rfhgstr` b‗gcpirt mfbs kfdfngjgs di rfp`rtgts dg `pbgj`ts fspfjãngj`cfdt ` j`p `btrf jicptf, mfsprçs mf b` mgstrgkujgú mf rfsubt`ts.

J`sis prájtgjs

:

@pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg B‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` MM, Z@, v` iktfdgr udfs pårmufs mf 07 111 . @b c`rè mf ;1U0, fs mfjgmfgx tr`sbb`m`r 󰂸󰂸 bfs `b jicptf (0;0) [fsubt`ts dfh`tgus m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs, pfr jicpfds`r∛bfs cçs fdm`v`dt `ck kfdfngjgs∛ nuturs. @b cfs mf oubgib mf b‗`dy ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` MM, Z@, `jirm` fb rfp`rtgcfdt m‗ud mgvgmfdm ` jicptf pfr gcpirt mf ;  pfr `jjgú. Fb j`pgt`b sijg`b fstá nirc`t pfr 01 111 `jjgids mf :1  mf v`bir dicgd`b. Mur`dt fb cfs m‗`hist mf ;1U0, fs p`h` `qufst mgvgmfdm ` tr`vçs mf k`djs (rftfdjgú ngsj`b mfb ;0%). @b cfs m‗`krgb mf ;1U;, sf s`p quf fb kfdfngjg mf b‗`dy ;1U0 v` sfr mf 7: 111 111  g b` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs `priv` b` sfhòfdt pripist` mf mgstrgkujgú mf kfdfngjgs? ‚ Qfr Qfr jicpfds`r jicpfds`r pårmufs m‗`dys m‗`dys `dtfrgirs? `dtfrgirs? 07 111 . ‚ @ rfsfrv` rfsfrv` bfh`b? fb cãdgc (s`bmi mf rfsfrv` bfh`b? 01 111 ).

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

@ rfsfrv` rfsfrv` fst`tut fst`tutárg`? árg`? 6% mfb mfb kfdfngjg. kfdfngjg. @bs `mcgdgstr `mcgdgstr`mirs `mirs?? 5% mfb kfdfngj kfdfngjg. g. @ rfsfrv` rfsfrv` vibudtá vibudtárg`? rg`? ;% mfb kfdfngj kfdfngjg. g. @ mgvgmf mgvgmfdms dms?? 61 111  (fs jicpfds` fb o` bbgur`t ` jicptf). Fb kfdfngjg rfst`dt qufm` pfdmfdt mf mgstrgkugr mgstrgkugr..

Mur`dt fb cfs mf oudy mf ;1U;, fs prijfmfgx ` p`h`r fb mgvgmfdm pfdmfdt (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%).

;:>

: Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 Qfb tr`spás mf pårmufs `b jicptf (0;0)?

07 111,11

C`rè ;1U1

(0;0) [fsubt`ts dfh`tgus fx. `dtfrgirs

`

(0;7) [f [fsubt` subt`tt mf b‗fx b‗fxfrjg frjgjg jg

07111,1 07 111,111

x

Qfr b` mgstrgkujgú mfb mgvgmfdm ` jicptf? Oubgib ;1U0

;1111,1 ;1 111,111

(668) Mgvgmfdm Mgvgmfdm `jtgu ` jicptf

`

(6;>) Mgvgm Mgvgmfdm fdm `jtgu ` p`h` p`h`rr

;1111,1 ;1 111,111

x

Qfb p`h`cfdt mfb mgvgmfdm ` jicptf? @hist ;1U0

;1111,1 ;1 111,111

(6;>) Mgvg Mgvgmfdm mfdm `jtgu ` p`h`r `

(68;) K`djs (68;) K`djs (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs

06511,111 06511,1 = ;11,11

x

Qfr b` mgstrgkujgú mfb kfdfffjg? @krgb ;1U;

7: 111,11

(0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg `

(0;0) [fsubt`ts dfh`tgus fx. `dtfrgirs (00;) [fsfrv [fsfrv`` bfh`b (00=0) [fsfrv [fsfrv`` fst`tutárg` (660) Jicptf jirrfdt `ck sijgs

07 111,11 07111,11 7 :11,11 = >61,11

(00:) (668) (6;>) (0;1)

g `mcgdgstr`mirs [fsfrv`` vibudtárg` [fsfrv Mgv.. `jtgu ` jicptf Mgv Mgv.. `jtgu ` p`h`r Mgv [ic`dfdtt [ic`dfd

8 ==1,11 0 5>1,11 ;1 111,11 :1111,11 :1 111,11 861,11

x

;:8

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

: Qfb p`h`cfdt mfb mgvgmfdm jicpbfcfdt`rg?

:1111,11 :1 111,11

(6;>) Mgvgmfdm `jtgu ` p`h`r

Oudy ;1U; `

(68;) K`djs (68;) K`djs (=860) E.Q E.Q.. jrfm. pfr rft. pr`jt.

;:811,11 ;:811,11 > :11,11

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` BIMI, Z@, v` iktfdgr b‗`dy ;1U1, ud` pårmu` m‗00 111  g `b c`rè mf ;1U0, mfjgmfgx jicpfds`r-b` `ck kfdfngjgs nuturs. @b sftfckrf mf ;1U0, fb jidsfbb m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú mf b` sijgft`t `jirm` rfp`rtgr ` tr`vçs mf k`djs ud mgvgmfdm ` jicptf mfb kfdfngjg mf ;1U0 mf 1,6  pfr `jjgú, fst`dt nirc`t fb j`pgt`b sijg`b pfr >1 111 `jjgids m‗0  mf v`bir dicgd`b j`m` ud` (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). Fb rfsubt`t mf b‗`dy ;1U0 e` fst`t mf 56 111  g b` pripist` m‗`pbgj`jgú `priv`m` pfr b` oudt` ` b‗`krgb mf ;1U; e` fst`t b` sfhòfdt? fs jicpfdsfd bfs pårmufs mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir< ` rfsfrv` bfh`b fs mfstgd` fb cãdgc (s`bmi `jtu`b? 6 111 )< ` rfsfrvfs fst`tutárgfs, fb 06%< ` rfsfrvfs vibudtárgfs, fb 01%< ` mgvgmfdms (gdjbûs fb mgvgmfdm ` jicptf), fb =1% g b` rfst` fs qufm` q ufm` sfdsf `pbgj`r. `pbgj`r. Fb c`gh mf ;1U; fs rfp`rtfgx pfr k`djs fb mgvgmfdm jicpbfcfdt`rg (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). [f`bgtz` fbs jirrfspidfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `b bbgkrf b bgkrf Mg`rg.

6󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t [IJG, Z@, `ck ud j`pgt`b sijg`b mf 0=1 111 , e` iktgdhut uds kfdfngjgs mf 50611 50 611 . B` rfsfrv` bfh`b prfsfdt` ud s`bmi bfh`b 00 111 . B` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs `priv` b` sfhòfdt mgstrgkujgú mf kfdfngjgs? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Fs jicpfdsfd bfs pårmufs mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir `dtfrgir,, quf `sjfdmfgxfd ` ;: 111 . [fsfrvfs? bfh`b (fs mfstgd` fb fb cãdgc bfh`b)< fspfjg`b fspfjg`b (7 111 ) g vibudtárg` (;1% mfb kfdfngjg). [ftrgku [f trgkujgú jgú `bs sijgs? sijgs? :1% mfb kfdfngjg kfdfngjg.. Fb kfdfngjg rfst`dt fs qufm`rá pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mf mgstrgkugr mgstrgkugr.

[f`bgtz` fbs jirrfspidfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `b bbgkrf b bgkrf Mg`rg.

>󰂸󰂸 @b cfs mf oubgib mf b‗`dy ;1U1, b‗fcprfs` KVKBF, Z@, `jirm` fb rfp`rtgcfdt m‗ud mgvgmfdm ` jicptf pfr ud gcpirt m‗0  pfr `jjgú. Fb j`pgt`b sijg`b fstá nirc`t pfr 01 111 `jjgids mf ;1  mf v`bir dicgd`b. Mur`dt fb cfs m‗`hist fs p`h` `qufst mgvgmfdm ` tr`vçs mf k`djs (rftfdjgú ngsj`b mfb ;0%). @b cfs m‗`krgb mf ;1U0, sf s`p quf fb kfdfngjg mf b‗`dy ;1U1 v` sfr mf >7 111 111  g b` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs `priv` b` sfhòfdt pripist` mf mgstrgkujgú mf kfdfngjgs?

‚ [fsfrv` bfh`b? bfh`b? fs mfstgd` fb cãdgc cãdgc (s`bmi mf b` rfsfrv` bfh`b? 81 111 ). ‚ [f [fsfrv` sfrv` vib vibudtá udtárg`? rg`? ;6% mfb mfb kfdfngjg kfdfngjg dft. dft. ‚ [ftrgku [ftrgkujgú jgú `bs sijgs? 81% mfb kfdfngjg kfdfngjg (gdjbûs fb mgvgmfdm ` jicptf). ‚ Fb kfdfngjg rfst`dt fs qufm`rá pfdmfdt pfdmfdt mf mgstrgkugr mgstrgkugr. Mur`dt fb cfs mf oudy fs prijfmfgx ` p`h`r pfr k`dj fb mgvgmfdm pfdmfdt (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). [f`bgtz` fbs jirrfspidfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `ssfdt`cfdts `b bbgkrf b bgkrf Mg`rg.

;:5

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Qfr ` quå fs rf`bgtzfd bfs ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt9 ;󰂸󰂸 Puå súd bfs ipfr`jgids di nirc`bgtz`mfs9 Jic s‗e`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r9 :󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` fd quå jidsgstfgx b` pfrgimgngj`jgú jicpt`kbf cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf. =󰂸󰂸 Pugds mijucfdts nircfd fbs jicptfs `du`bs dirc`bs9 6󰂸󰂸 Jicfdt` fd quå jidsgstfgx fb mgpûsgt mf jicptfs `du`bs g qugd tfrcgdg eg e` pfr rf`bgtz`r∛bi. >󰂸󰂸 Pugds fbfcfdts nirc`r`d p`rt mf b‗@jtgu jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè m‗ud` fcprfs`9 8󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` qugd` qu`dtgt`t s‗e` mf mfstgd`r ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt ` b` b ` rfsfrv` bfh`b. 5󰂸󰂸 Gmfdtgngj` fbs tgpus mf mgvgmfdms quf eg e`. 7󰂸󰂸 Puå çs fb ric`dfdt9 .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Fbs jicptfs mf b‗fcprfs` X@LV, Z@, prfsfdtfd fbs sfhòfdts s`bmis ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf b‗`dy ;1U1? Dÿc. jtf.

Dic mfb jicptf

Z`bmis Mfutir

Jrfmgtir

011

J`pgt`b sijg`b

061 111,11

00;

[fsfrv` bfh`b

05 111,11

080

Mfutfs ` bb`rh tfrcgdg

:; 611,11

;1>

@pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs

;51> ;01

@.@. `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs ]frrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs

;701

Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf tfrrfdys g kçds d`tur`bs

;00

Jidstrujjgids

;500

@.@. jidstrujjgids

:11

Cfrj`mfrgfs

=861

EQ jrfmgtir` pfr G^@

681

J`gx`

;1 111,11 0;1 111,11

; 111,11 :1 111,11

0;1 111,11 ;1 111,11 :; 111,11 6 111,11 611,11

68;

K`djs j/j

60 111,11

>11

Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

=1 111,11

>;6

Qrgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs

811

^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

]I]@B

= 111,11 0:1 111,11 :58 611,11

:58 611,11

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

;:7

Gdnirc`jgú `mmgjgid`b ` :0 mf mfsfckrf? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Mfs`p`rfgxfd bfs jùsfs quf v`d irghgd`r b` pårmu` mf v`bir rfvfrsgkbf mfbs tfrrfdys. Bfs `pbgj`jgids `pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs gdnircátgqufs s‗`cirtgtzfd s‗`cirtgtzfd bgdf`bcfdt bgdf`bcfdt fd 01 `dys. Bfs jidstrujjgids jidstrujjgids s‗`cirtgtzfd s‗`cirtgtzfd sfhids ud pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt mfb 6%. Fb v`bir mf bfs fxgstådjgf fxgstådjgfss ngd`bs çs mf 0> 111, 111,11 11 . Fb mfutf mfutf ` bb`rh tfrcgdg tfrcgdg vfdè vfdè fd > cfsis. cfsis. @qufst @quf st `dy s‗e`d s‗e`d cfrgt`t cfrgt`t gdtfrfssi gdtfrfssiss pfr ;11 , jirrfspidfdts `b prçstfj mfb pudt `dtfrgir g quf di vfdjfd ngds ` b‗`dy sfhòfdt. B‗`ssfhur`dè` fs v` jidtr`jt`r jidtr`jt`r b‗0 mf sftfckrf sftfckrf g tç ud` jikfrtur` m‗ud `dy `dy mfs m‗`qufst` m`t`. Z‗e`dd jicpr`t cfrj`mf Z‗e` cfrj`mfrgfs rgfs pfr 0 811  g ` b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt di s‗e`vg` rfkut b` n`jtur`. Fs jicptfd jicptfd fbs mgdfrs mgdfrs fxgstfdts fxgstfdts ` b` j`gx` j`gx` g eg e` =75 . Jábjub mf b‗gcpist sikrf sijgft`ts sijgft`ts s`kfdt quf fb tgpus tgpus mf hr`v`cfd quf bg jirrfspid çs mfb :1% g quf di tç òustis, rftfdjgids, p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, kidgngj`jgids dg mfmujjgids. m fmujjgids.

Jicpt`kgbgtz` `b bbgkrf Mg`rg bfs ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt g fbs `ssfdt`cfdts mf rfhub`rgtz`jgú g t`dj`cfdt. `dtfrgir, fb`kir` fb K`b`dè g fb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗fcprfs` ;󰂸󰂸 @ck bfs m`mfs iktgdhumfs mf b‗`jtgvgt`t `dtfrgir, X@LV, Z@. Z@ .

:󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` X@LV, Z@, fbs jicptfs mf b` qu`b efc vgst ` b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗`pbgj`jgú dÿcfri 0, mfjgmfgx `b c`rè mf ;1U0, rfp`rtgr fb kfdfngjg mf b` c`dfr` sfhòfdt? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

@ rfsfr rfsfrv` v` bfh`b? bfh`b? fb cãdgc. cãdgc. @ rfsfrv rfsfrvfs fs fst`tut fst`tutárgfs árgfs?? fb 0;%. 0;%. @ rftrgku rftrgkugr gr `bs `mcgdgstr `mcgdgstr`mirs `mirs?? fb 7%. @ p`h`r p`h`r ud mgvgmfdm mgvgmfdm `bs `jjgidgst `jjgidgstfs? fs? fb >1%. @ rfsfrv rfsfrvfs fs vibudtár vibudtárgfs? gfs? fb fb 8%. B` rfst` rfst` qufm` sfdsf sfdsf `pbgj`r `pbgj`r..

@ b‗`krgb mf ;1U0, fs p`hufd pfr k`dj fbs mgvgmfdms `jirm`ts, pråvg` rftfdjgú mfb ;0%. [f`bgtz` fbs `ssfdt`cfdts jirrfspidfdts jirrfspidfdts `b bbgkrf Mg`rg. =󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` EE, Z@, v` iktfdgr b‗`dy ;1U1 udfs pårmufs mf :: 111 111 < `b nfkrfr mf ;1U0 fs v` mfjgmgr quf fs jicpfds`rgfd `ck kfdfngjgs nuturs. @ b‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0, fs v` rfp`rtgr `bs `jjgidgstfs ud mgvgmfdm ` jicptf mfb kfdfngjg m‗`qufst `dy mf 05 111  (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). B‗`dy ;1U0, v` iktfdgr ud kfdfngjg mf 0=1 111 , fb sfu j`pgt`b sijg`b çs mf ;11 111  g b` rfsfrv` bfh`b tç ud s`bmi mf :6 111 . B` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs e` `priv`t ` b‗`krgb mf ;1U; b` sfhòfdt mgstrgkujgú fd kfdfngjgs? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Fs jicpfds`r`d bfs pårmufs mf b‗fxfrjgjg b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir `dtfrgir.. Fs mit`rá mit`rá ud >% >% pfr ` rfsfrvf rfsfrvfss fspfjg`bs. fspfjg`bs. Fs rfp`rtfgx rfp`rtfgx `bs sijgs sijgs nudm`mirs nudm`mirs ud ;% mfb kfdfngjg kfdfngjg.. Fs mfstgd`rá fb cãdgc fst`kbfrt ` b` bbfg ` b` rfsfrv` bfh`b.

‚ Fs rfp`rtgrá `bs `jjgidgstfs `jjgidgstfs ud mgvgmfdm mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg mf 71 111 . J`bmrá tfdgr prfsfdt quf mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg o` sf‗d v` mgstrgkugr ud` p`rt `bs `jjgidgstfs. ‚ Fb kfdfngjg rfst`dt fs qufm`rá qufm`rá pfdmfdt mf mgstrgkugr. mgstrgkugr. Qistfrgircfdt, `b c`gh mf ;1U;, fs p`hufd fbs mgvgmfdms pfdmfdts `bs `jjgidgstfs mf b` sijgft`t pråvg` rftfdjgú mfb ;0%. [f`bgtz` fbs `ssfdt`cfdts jirrfspidfdts jirrfspidfdts `b bbgkrf Mg`rg.

;=1

J`s ngd`b

=

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, prfsfdt` ` 0 mf hfdfr mf ;1U1 fb sfhòfdt K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú? @jtgu

Q`trgcidg dft g Q`ssgu

@jtgu di jirrfdt

Q`trgcidg dft

Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b (;0:) C`qugdárg` (;50:) @.@. C`qugdárg` (;0>) Cikgbg`rg (;50>) @.@. Cikgbg`rg

061 111,11 (;1 111,11) =1 111,11 (5 111,11)

Nids pripgs (011) J`pgt`b sijg`b (00;) [fsfrv` bfh`b (0;7) [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

@jtgu jirrfdt Fxgstådjgfs (:11) Cfrj`mfrgfs Fnfjtgu (68;) K`djs (681) J`gx`

Q`ssgu fxghgkbf 61 111,11 01: 111,11 01 111,11

]it`b @jtgu

;11 111,11 :1 111,11 :; 111,11

:;6 111,11

Q`ssgu di jirrfdt (081) Mfutfs bb/t fdt. jråmgt. Q`ssgu jirrfdt (6;1) Mfutfs j/t fdt. jråmgt (6;8) Gdt. j/t mfutfs fdt. jråmgt ]it`b Q`trgcidg dft g Q`ssgu

66 ;;7,8: = 881,;8 : 111,11 :;6 111,11

Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj rf`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%)? 0. Q`h` b` prgcfr` quit` m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb prçstfj jidjfmgt jidjfmgt n` ud `dy pfb k`dj U@VU@ `ck vfdjgcfdt ` 01 `dys, sfhids fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m ‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfhòfdt (dicçs s‗eg cistrfd fbs : prgcfrs `dys)?

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrfssis

J. `cirtgtz`jgú

]. `cirtgtz`t

J`pgt`b vgu >1 111,11

0/0/;1U1 ∛0 0/0/;1U1

8 881,;8

: 111,11

= 881,;8

= 881,;8

66 ;;7,8:

0/0/;1U0

8 881,;8

; 8>0,=7

6 115,85

7 887,16

61 ;;1,76

;. Z‗`jirm` fb sfhòfdt rfp`rtgcfdt rfp`rtgcfdt mfb kfdfngjg quf `p`rfgx `b K`b`dè? ` rfsfrv` bfh`b fb cãdgc, ` rfsfrvfs fst`tutárgfs fb 0=% g `bs sijgs ;= 111 . Mfsprçs fs p`hufd fbs mgvgmfdms pfr k`dj. :. Jicpr` ` jråmgt cfrj`mfrgfs pfr : 111 < ` b` n`jtur` s‗eg gdjbiufd udfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt mf 061 , ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb 6% sikrf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g uds fck`b`thfs rftird`kbfs pfr v`bir mf ;11 . =. [ftird` tits fbs fck`b`thfs `b privfémir. privfémir. 6. B‗0 m‗`krgb vfd pfr ;6 111  fbs cikbfs quf `p`rfgxfd `b K`b`dè. Z‗`cirtgtzfd bgdf`bcfdt fd 01 `dys. Fd jikr`rá b` cfgt`t fd 01 cfsis g b‗`btr` b ‗`btr` cfgt`t fd 05 cfsis. >. B` dûcgd` quf fs p`h` pfr k`dj tç fbs jidjfptfs sfhòfdts? siu krut? 6 711 , rftfdjgú ` jicptf mf b‗G[QN? 811 < jitgtz`jgú ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b? 511  b‗fcprfs` g ;11  fb trfk`bb`mir.

8. Vd jbgfdt fdvg` ud` tr`dsnfrådjg` pfr ; 71=  (G^@ mfb ;0% gdjbûs) jic ` `v`dè`cfdt m‗ud` vfdm`. 5. ^fdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs pfr 55 111 , ` b` n`jtur` eg e` pirts pfr 711  g sf‗d rfst` b‗`v`dè`cfdt. 7. Bgqugm` b‗G^@ g rf`bgtz` titfs bfs ipfr`jgids ipfr`j gids mf prft`dj`cfdt, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf `b c`h`tzfc di eg e` fxgstådjgfs `b t`dj`cfdt, quf b` c`qugdárg` s‗`cirtgtz` bgdf`bcfdt fd 06 `dys g quf fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts çs mfb :1%. [f`bgtz` fb jgjbf jicpt`kbf g fb`kir` fb K`b`dè g fb jicptf mf m f [fsubt`ts.

;=0

Vdgt`t 8 - Ipfr`jgids mf ngd`b m‗fxfrjgjg. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs

Gmffs jbù [fhub`rgtz`jgú [fhub`r gtz`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs Mfsqu`mr`cfdt mf j`gx` Jirrfjjgids mf v`bir Qrivgsgids

Ipfr`jgids mf prft`dj`cfdt

[fjb`ssgngj`jgids [fhgstrff mf bfs ipfr`jgids di nirc`bgtz`mfs [fhgstr @oustis pfr pfrgimgngj`jgú Bgqugm`jgú m‗G^@ Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs

K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú Jicptf mf [fsubt`ts

IQF[@JGIDZ MF NGD@B M‗FUF[JGJG. FBZ JICQ]FZ @DV@BZ

Jábjub mfb rfsubt`t

Fb`kir`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs

Fst`t mf j`dvgs fd fb Q`trgcidg dft Fst`t mf nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu Cfcûrg`

]`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg Jicpfds`jgú mf pårmufs [fsfrvfs? bfh`b, fst`tutárg`, fst`tutárg`, [fsfrvfs? fspfjg`b g vibudtárg`

@pbgj`jgú mfb rfsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

Q`rts mf nudm`mir [ftrgkujgú [ftrgkuj gú `mcgdgstr`mirs Mgvgmfdms [ic`dfdt

u

d

g

t

`

t

5

@umgtirg` mf jicptfs ZVC@[G 󰁤

Jidjfptf,, jb`ssgngj`jgú g rfhub`jgú Jidjfptf bfh`b mf b‗ùmgtirg`

󰁤

Ikbgh`tirgft`t mf b‗ùmgtirg`

󰁤

Fbs ùmgtirs

󰁤

N`sfs mf b‗ùmgtirg`

󰁤

Gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf fb jidjfptf m‗ùmgtirg`, bfs jb`ssfs g b` ngd`bgt`t. ¸¸ Jidågxfr b` dirc`tgv` vghfdt quf rfhub` b‗ùmgtirg` ` Fsp`dy`. ¸¸ Mfngdgr fbs rfqugsgts pfr fxfrjgr b` prinfssgú m‗ùmgtir g mftfrcgd`r-df bfs n`jubt`ts g bfs rfspids`kgbgt`ts. ¸¸ Jicprfdmrf b` gcpirtádjg` m‗ud prijçs bfh`b m‗ùmgtirg` g mgstgdhgr bfs mgnfrfdts n`sfs m‗`qufst prijçs.

¸¸ Gmfdtgngj`r bfs p`rts m‗ud gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`. ¸¸ Fnfjtu`r bfs jirrfjjgids g fbs òustis jicpt`kbfs dfjfss`rgs.

;=:

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

0 44 Jidjfptf, jb`ssgngj`jgú g rfhub`jgú bfh`b mf b‗ùmgtirg` ` Fsp`dy` Fd sfdtgt hfdfr`b, fs pit mgr quf b‗ùmgtirg` fdhbik` titfs bfs `jtgvgt`ts dfjfssárgfs pfr ` b` rfvgsgú, fb jidtrib g b` vfrgngj`jgú m‗ud` mftfrcgd`m` gdnirc`jgú `ck b` ngd`bgt`t mf jicpriv`r sg `qufst` gdnirc`jgú s‗òust` ` b‗fst`kbfrt pfb c`rj dirc`tgu vghfdt. 0.0 4 Jidjfptf m‗ùmgtirg`

Q`rtgdt mf b` mfngdgjgú `dtfrgir, g `pbgj`dt-b` `b j`cp fstrgjt`cfdt jicpt`kbf, pimfc mgr, sfhugdt b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs g fb sfu rfhb`cfdt, fb sfhòfdt? B‗ùmgtirg` çs b‗`jtgvgt`t jidsgstfdt fd b` rfvgsgú g b` vfrgngj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs, `gxã jic m‗`btrfs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs, fb`kir`ts m‗`jirm `ck fb c`rj dirc`tgu m‗gdnirc`jgú ngd`djfr` quf rfsubtg m‗`pbgj`jgú, sfcprf quf `qufst` `jtgvgt`t tgd hug pfr ikof ikofjtf jtf b‗fc b‗fcgssg gssgú ú m‗ud gdni gdnircf rcf sikr sikrf f b` ng`k ng`kgbgt gbgt`t `t m‗`q m‗`qufst ufstss mijucfdts quf puhug tfdgr fnfjtfs fdnridt mf tfrjfrs.

0.; 4 Jb`ssfs m‗ùmgtirg`

Fd nudjgú mfb jrgtfrg quf s‗fbfhfgxg, fs pimfd rf`bgtz`r mgvfrsis tgpus mf jb`ssgngj`jgids g sukjb`ssgngj`jgids m‗ùmgtirgfs, fdtrf bfs qu`bs pimrãfc mfst`j`r bfs sfhòfdts? ]gpus m‗ùmgtirg`

Fxtfrd`? çs b` quf muu ` tfrcf ud prinfssgid`b gdmfpfdmfdt gdmfpfdmfdt i ud ùmgtir fxtfrd, g dirc`bcfdt Zfhids b` pfrsid` quf b` rf`bgtz`

pfr fxghådjg` bfh`b.

Gdtfrd`? çs b‗fnfjtu`m` pfr ud fcpbf`t mf b‗fcprfs` ùmgt`m` i pfr ud ùmgtir gdtfrd. B` sfv` ngd`bgt`t çs vfrgngj`r b‗`pbgj`jgú mfbs prijfssis jicpt`kbfs g ngd`djfrs mf b‗fcprfs`.

Ngd`djfr` i jicpt`kbf? fb sfu ikofjtgu çs vfrgngj`r sg b` jicpt`kgbgt`t m‗ud` fcprfs` Zfhids fbs ikofjtgus quf pfrsfhufgx

rrfnbfjtfgx fnbfjtfgx b` gc`thf ngmfb mf b` prûpg` fcprfs` cgto`dè`dt b` jicpriv`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs g `btrfs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs g ngd`djfrs. n gd`djfrs.

Ipfr`tgv` i mf hfstgú? b` sfv` ngd`bgt`t çs mftfrcgd`r sg fbs rfjursis s‗e`d utgbgtz`t mf nirc` fngj`è g sg s‗e`d `jidsfhugt fbs ikofjtgus mf b‗fcprfs`, `ck b‗ikofjtgu m‗iptgcgtz`r-df fbs rfjursis g mf cgbbir`r-df fb nudjgid`cfdt.

Ikbgh`tûrg`? qu`d b` sfv` rf`bgtz`jgú vf fxghgm` pfb mrft jicudgt`rg i b` bfhgsb`jgú Zfhids b‗ikbgh`tirgft`t

d`jgid`b (pfr fxfcpbf, b‗ùmgtirg` mfbs jicptfs `du`bs fxghgm` pfr b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b).

îbudtárg`? qu`d di s‗irghgd` fd k`sf ` ikbgh`jgids bfh`bs sgdú quf sgcpbfcfdt vf citgv`m` pfr b` prûpg` fcprfs`, pfr jicpriv`r b‗fx`jtgtum mfbs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs mf b‗fcprfs`

((pfr pfr fxfcpbf, ` sib󰂸bgjgtum mfbs sijgs, pfr jidtrib`r b‗`jtgvgt`t mfbs `mcgdgstr`mirs m‗ud` sijgft`t).

Zfhids b‗fxtfdsgú

Zfhids fb prijçs

]it`b? qu`d b‗ùmgtirg` `kr`è` tits fbs jicptfs `du`bs. Q`rjg`b? qu`d b‗ùmgtirg` dicçs `kr`è` ud` p`rt mfbs jicptfs. Zgdtåtgj` i hfdfr`b. @d`bãtgj`? `d`bgtz` fxeùstgv`cfdt mftfrcgd`ts pudts jidjrfts.

;==

0.: 4 [fhub`jgú bfh`b ` Fsp`dy`

Bfs dircfs kásgqufs quf rfhubfd b‗ùmgtirg` ` Fsp`dy` súd bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Bbfg 0;/;101, mf :1 mf oudy, pfr b` qu`b fs cimgngj` b` Bbfg 07/0755, mf

‚ ‚

‚ ‚

0; mf oubgib, m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs, b` Bbfg ;=/0755, mf ;5 mf oubgib, mfb Cfrj`t mf ^`birs g fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts @dûdgcfs `priv`t pfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 06>=/0757, mf ;; mf mfsfckrf, pfr ` b` sfv` `m`pt`jgú ` b` dirc`tgv` jicudgtárg`. [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;100, m‗0 mf oubgib, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (B@J). [fg`b Mfjrft 0608/;100, mf :0 m‗ijtukrf, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb rfhb`cfdt quf mfsfdvibup` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs, `priv`t pfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;100, m‗0 mf oubgib. Dircfs gdtfrd`jgid`bs m‗ùmgtirg` `mipt`mfs pfr b` Vdgú Furipf`. Bfs dircfs tåjdgqufs m‗ùmgtirg`, bfs dircfs m‗åtgj` g bfs dircfs mf jidtrib gdtfrd mf qu`bgt`t mfbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs g bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg`. @qufstfs dircfs s‗fb`kir`r`d, `m`pt`r`d i rfvgs`r`d fd jidsidádjg` `ck fbs prgdjgpgs hfdfr`bs g b` prájtgj` jicud`cfdt `mcfs` fd fbs Fst`ts cfckrfs mf b` Vdgú Furipf`, `gxã jic `ck bfs dircfs gdtfrd`jgid`bs gdtfrd`jgid `bs m‗ùmgtirg` `mipt`mfs pfr b` Vdgú Furipf`, pfr bfs jirpir`jgids mf mrft pÿkbgj rfprfsfdt`tgvfs mfbs quf rf`bgtzgd b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs g sfr`d vábgmfs ` p`rtgr mf b` sfv` pukbgj`jgú `b Kutbbftã Ingjg`b mf b‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J).

0.= 4 Ikofjtf mf b‗ùmgtirg`

Zfhids b` B@J, b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` fs rf`bgtz`rá cgto`dè`dt b` utgbgtz`jgú mf tåjdgqufs mf rfvgsgú g vfrgngj`jgú `mfqu`mfs, `d`bgtz`dt b` gdnirc`jgú fjidûcgj` g ngd`djfr` mfmuém` mfbs mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs fx`cgd`ts g fcftfdt ud gdnircf fd quå fs midg ud` ipgdgú tåjdgj` sikrf b` ng`kgbgt`t mf b‗fscfdt`m` gdnirc`jgú. Eùrá mf sfr dfjfssárg`cfdt rf`bgtz`m` pfr ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs i ud` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg`, `ck fcgssgú mfb prfjfptgu gdnircf g sukofjjgú `bs rfqugsgts g bfs nirc`bgt`ts fst`kbfrts ` b` bbfg. B‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs, fd nudjgú mfbs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i fbs mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs ikofjtf m‗fx`cfd, fs rfnfrgrá ` ud` mf bfs cim`bgt`ts sfhòfdts? ‚ @umgtirg` mf jicptfs `du`bs? jidsgstgrá fd vfrgngj`r `qufsts jicptfs

pfr mgjt`cgd`r sg fxprfssfd b` gc`thf ngmfb mfb p`trgcidg, mf b` sgtu`jgú ngd`djfr` g mfbs rfsubt`ts mf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`, sfhids fb c`rj dirc`tgu

quf fbs sghug m‗`pbgj`jgú. ‚ @umgtir @umgtirg` g` m‗`btrfs m‗`btrfs fst`ts ngd`djfr ngd`djfrss i mijucfdt mijucfdtss jicpt`kbfs jicpt`kbfs?? `bs fnfj-

tfs mf b` B@J, s‗fdtçd pfr ‒`btrfs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs– fbs fb`kir`ts m‗`jirm `ck fbs prgdjgpgs dirc`tgus fst`kbfrts pfr ` b` sfv` fb`kir`jgú. Fd p`rtgjub`r, eg qufmfd gdjbisis fbs fst`ts i mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs gdtfhr`dts mfbs jicptfs `du`bs quf s‗fb`kirgd sfp`r`m`cfdt, i ngds g tit fb`kir`ts fd fb sfu jidoudt, pfrû quf fs rfnfrfgxgd, fd `qufst j`s, ` ud pfrãimf gdnfrgir `b mf b‗fxfrjgjg sijg`b.

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

;=6

0.6 4 Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J)

B‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J) çs ud irh`dgscf ùtûdic, `msjrgt `b Cgdgstfrg m‗Fjidicg` g Egsfdm`, rfhub`t pfr b` Bbfg 07/0755, mf 0; mf oubgib, m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs, fb [fg`b [f g`b Mfjrft 0>:>/0771, mf ;1 mf mfsfckrf, quf fb mfsfdvibup`, g b` Bbfg ==/;11;, mf ;; mf divfckrf, mf Cfsurfs mf [fnirc` mfb Zgstfc` Ngd`djfr, quf cimgngj` mgvfrsis `rtgjbfs mf b` Bbfg Bb fg 07/0755. B‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs tç `trgkuémfs, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs jicpftådjgfs sfhòfdts? ‚ [f`bgtz`jgú mfbs trfk`bbs tåjdgjs g pripist` mfb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kg-

bgt`t, `priv`jgú mf bfs `m`pt`jgids m‗`qufst Qb` `bs mgnfrfdts sfjtirs mf b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` g fst`kbgcfdt mfbs jirrfspidfdts jrgtfrgs mf mfsfd vibup`cfdt. ‚ Qfrnfjjgid`cfdt g `jtu`bgtz`jgú pfrc`dfdts mf b` pb`dgngj`jgú jicpt`kbf g mf b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs. ‚ Jidtrib g mgsjgpbgd` mf b‗fxfrjgjg mf b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs g mfbs ùmgtirs.

‚ Fst`kbgcfdt g c`dtfdgcfdt mfb [fhgstrf Ingjg`b m‗@umgtirs mf Jicptfs,

b‗ùtirgtz`jgú pfr ` b` sfv` gdsjrgpjgú jirrfspidfdt g b` mftfrcgd`jgú mf bfs dircfs kásgqufs quf eùr`d mf sfhugr fbs fxácfds m‗`ptgtum prinfssgid`b quf rf`bgtzgd bfs jirpir`jgids prinfssgid`bs mf mrft pÿkbgj, `gxã jic b‗`priv`jgú mf bfs rfspfjtgvfs jidvij`tûrgfs, jidvij`tûrgfs, g fb jidtrib, b` vghgbádjg` g b` justûmg` mf bfs ng`djfs ` jidstgtugr. ‚ Jiirmgd`jgú g jiipfr`jgú tåjdgj` fd c`tårg` jicpt`kbf g m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs `ck fbs irh`dgscfs gdtfrd`jgid`bs g, fd p`rtgjub`r, `ck b` Vdgú Furipf`. ‚ [fvfstfgx ud` gcpirtádjg` fspfjg`b b‗eicibih`jgú g b` pukbgj`jgú, sg çs prijfmfdt, mf bfs dircfs tåjdgqufs m‗ùmgtirg`. @qufstfs dircfs m‗ikbgh`t jicpbgcfdt, quf fs rf`bgtzfd fd jib¸b`kir`jgú `ck fb [fhgstrf Ingjg`b m‗@umgtirs mf Jicptfs ([I@J), rfqufrfgxfd pfr ` b` sfv` v`bgmfs` b` pukbgj`jgú `b sfu kutbbftã (KIGJ@J), pråvg` gdnirc`jgú.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 @ b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, fs muu ` tfrcf ud` ùmgtirg` hfdfr`b mf tits fbs jicptfs `du`bs pfr p`rt m‗ud ùmgtir fxtfrd ` b‗fcprfs` `ck b‗ikofjtgu mf mftfrcgd`r sg rfnbfjtfgxfd b` rf`bgt`t mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf b` sijgft`t. [f`bgtz` ud` jb`ssgngj`jgú mf b‗ùmgtirg` fd nudjgú mfbs mgnfrfdts jrgtfrgs `d`bgtz`ts.

;󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg bfs `ngrc`jgids sfhòfdts súd n`bsfs i vfrt`mfrfs, rìd`dt b` tfv` rfspist`.

`) B` Bbfg 0;/;101, mf :1 mf oudy, oudy, cimgngj` b` Bbfg 07/0755, mf 0; mf oubgib, m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs. k) Zfhids b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (B@J) g fb sfu rfhb`cfdt, s‗fdtfdmrá pfr ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs b‗`jtgvgt`t jidsgstfdt fd b` rfvgsgú g vfrgngj`jgú fxjbusgv`cfdt mfbs jicptfs `du`bs. j) B‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J) çs ud irh`dgscf quf mfpåd mfb Cgdgstfrg m‗Fjidicg` g Egsfdm`. m) Vd` mf bfs nudjgids mf b‗GJ@J b‗GJ@ J jidsgstfgx fd s`djgid`r bfs sijgft`ts pfr b‗gdjicpbgcfdt mf b‗ikbgh`jgú mf prfsfdt`r,, mgds mf tfrcgdg, fb mgpûsgt mf jicptfs `du`bs `b [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb. sfdt`r

;=>

; 44 Ikbgh`tirgft`t mf b‗ùmgtirg` @ b` dirc`tgv` bfh`b g rfhb`cfdtárg` `pbgj`kbf ` Fsp`dy`, s‗fst`kbfgxfd mgnfrfdts ikbgh`jgids m‗ùmgt`r fbs jicptfs. ;.0 4 Jimg mf Jicfrè

Zfdsf pfroumgjg mf b‗fst`kbfrt fd `btrfs bbfgs quf ikbghugd ` sitcftrf fbs jicptfs `du`bs ` b‗ùmgtirg` m‗ud` pfrsid` quf tgdhug b` jidmgjgú bfh`b m‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs, tit fcprfs`rg fst`rá ikbgh`t ` sitcftrf ` ùmgtirg` fbs jicptfs `du`bs mf b` sfv` fcprfs`, qu`d `gxã ei `jirmg fb outo`t jicpftfdt, ngds g tit fd vg` mf ourgsmgjjgú vibudtárg`, sg `jubb b` pftgjgú nid`cfdt`m` mf qug `jrfmgtg ud gdtfrås bfhãtgc. ;.; 4 ]fxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs

Bãcgts fst`kbfrts pfr prfsfdt`r K`b`dè `krfuo`t Qimr`d prfsfdt`r K`b`dè `krfuo`t bfs sijgft`ts quf mur`dt mis fxfrjgjgs jidsfjutgus rfudfgxgd, ` b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf j`m` ud, `bcfdys mufs mf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Puf fb tit`b tit`b mf bfs p`rtgm p`rtgmfs fs mf b‗@jtgu b‗@jtgu di supfrg supfrg ; 561111 . ‚ Puf b‗gcpirt b‗gcpirt dft mf b` sfv` xgnr` xgnr` `du`b `du`b mf dfhijgs dfhijgs di di supfrg supfrg 6 811111 . ‚ Puf fb dÿcfri dÿcfri cgtoá cgtoá mf trfk`bb`m trfk`bb`mirs irs fcpbf`ts mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg di sghug supfrgir ` 61.

B` Mgspisgjgú @mmgjgid`b Qrgcfr` mfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;100, m‗0 mf oubgib, fst`kbfgx quf, sfdsf pfroumgjg mf b‗fst`kbfrt fd `btrfs mgspisgjgids, s‗eùr`d mf sitcftrf fd tit j`s ` ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs bfs fdtgt`ts, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` d`tur`bfs` ourãmgj`, fd quå jidjirrg `bhud` mf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Puf fcftgd v`birs `mcfsis ` dfhijg`jgú fd cfrj`ts rfhub`ts i sgstfcfs

cubtgb`tfr`bs mf dfhijg`jgú. ‚ Puf fcftgd ikbgh`jgids fd infrt` pÿkbgj`. ‚ Puf fs mfmgqugd mf nirc` e`kgtu`b ` b` gdtfrcfmg`jgú ngd`djfr` g, fd tit j`s, bfs fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt, bfs fcprfsfs mf sfrvfgs m‗gdvfrsgú, bfs sijgft`ts rfjtirfs mfbs cfrj`ts sfjudm`rgs ingjg`bs, bfs fdtgt`ts rfjtirfs mfbs sgstfcfs cubtgb`tfr`bs mf dfhijg`jgú, b` Zijgft`t mf Zgstfcfs, bfs fdtgt`ts mf jidtr`p`rtgm` jfdtr`b, b` Zijgft`t mf Kirs`, bfs sijgft`ts hfstirfs mfbs nids mf h`r`dtg` m‗gdvfrsgids g b` rfst` m‗fdtgt`ts ngd`djfrfs, gdjbisfs bfs gdstgtujgids m‗gdvfrsgú jib¸bfjtgv`, nids mf tgtubgtz`jgú g bfs sfvfs hfstirfs, gdsjrgtfs `bs jirrfspidfdts rfhgstrfs mfb K`dj m‗Fsp`dy` g mf b` Jicgssgú D`jgid`b mfb Cfrj`t mf ^`birs. ‚ Puf tgdhugd pfr ikofjtf sijg`b qu`bsfvib `jtgvgt`t sukofjt` `b tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗Irmfd`jgú g Zupfrvgsgú mf bfs @ssfhur`djfs Qrgv`mfs, mgds mfbs bãcgts quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt s‗fst`kbfgxgd, `gxã jic fbs nids mf pfdsgids g bfs sfvfs fdtgt`ts hfstirfs. ‚ Puf rfkgd sukvfdjgids i òumfs, quf rf`bgtzgd ikrfs, prfst`jgids i sfrvfgs, i kç quf sukcgdgstrgd kçds ` b‗Fst`t b‗Fst `t g `btrfs irh`dgscfs pÿkbgjs mgds mfbs bãcgts quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt ngxg fb Hivfrd pfr rfg`b mfjrft. ‚ B` rfst` m‗fdtgt`ts quf supfrgd fbs bãcgts quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt ngxg fb

Hivfrd pfr rfg`b mfjrft pfr prfsfdt`r K`b`dè `krfuo`t. ;.: 4 Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b

B‗`rtgjbf ;>: mfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;101, mf ; mf oubgib, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b, mftfrcgd` quf fbs jicptfs `du`bs g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗gdnircf mf hfstgú, eùr`d mf sfr rfvgs`ts pfr ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs. Z‗fxjfptu` m‗`qufst` ikbgh`jgú bfs sijgft`ts quf puhugd prfsfdt`r K`b`dè `krfuo`t.

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

;=8

;.= 4 @btrfs supûsgts

@ cçs mfbs supûsgts fst`kbfrts ` b` dirc`tgv` fscfdt`m` fd `p`rt`ts `dtfrgirs, fxgstfgxfd `btrfs mgspisgjgids fspfjãngqufs quf mftfrcgdfd b‗ikbgh`jgú m‗ùmgt`r fbs jicptfs mf mgnfrfdts fdtgt`ts quf eg fst`d sukofjtfs. Mgds m‗`qufst `p`rt`t, pimfc gdjbiurf-eg fdtgt`ts jic bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Jiipfr`tgvfs, fd mftfrcgd`ts supûsgts. ‚ Zijgft`ts mf h`r`dtg` rfjãprij`. ‚ Zujurs`bs m‗fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt fstr`dhfrfs quf di fstghugd ikbgh`mfs ` ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

prfsfdt`r jicptfs `du`bs ` Fsp`dy`. Cutu`bgt`ts mf prfvfdjgú sijg`b. Gdstgtujgids m‗gdvfrsgú jib¸bfjtgv` g bfs sfvfs sijgft`ts hfstirfs. Zijgft`ts `dûdgcfs fspirtgvfs g nfmfr`jgids fspirtgvfs fsp`dyibfs. Fcprfsfs sukcgdgstr`mirfs mf h`s g fbfjtrgjgt`t. @bhudfs nudm`jgids. Fdtgt`ts hfstirfs mf nids mf pfdsgids. Fdtgt`ts mf j`pgt`b rgsj. Fdtgt`ts `ssijg`jgids mfjb`r`mfs m‗utgbgt`t pÿkbgj` ikbgh`mfs ` nircub`r mfjb`r`mfs jicptfsg fd fb cimfb dirc`b.

Bfs fdtgt`ts ùmgt`mfs fst`r`d ikbgh`mfs ` n`jgbgt`r tit` b` gdnirc`jgú dfjfssárg` pfr rf`bgtz`r fbs trfk`bbs m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs< `gxã c`tfgx, fbs quf rf`bgtzgd `qufsts trfk`bbs fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` rfqufrgr tit` b` gdnirc`jgú quf dfjfssgtgd pfr ` b‗fcgssgú mf b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`. Bfs sijgft`ts ùmgt`mfs tgdmr`d b‗ikbgh`jgú mf pis`r ` mgspisgjgú mfbs ùmgtirs fbs bbgkrfs mf jicpt`kgbgt`t ingjg`bs g ùxgbg`rs, `gxã jic tit` b` gdnirc`jgú dfjfssárg` pfr t`b quf puhugd rf`bgtz`r fb sfu trfk`bb, ` cçs mf mgpisgt`r b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg` fd fb [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb qu`d b‗ùmgtirg` sghug ikbgh`tûrg`. @gxã c`tfgx, e`d m‗fcftrf ud` j`rt` mf c`dgnfst`jgids cgto`dè`dt b` qu`b b‗ùmgtir iktgdmrá jidngrc`jgú mf bfs qòfstgids quf jidsgmfrg dfjfssárgfs rfb`jgú `ck b` rfvgsgú fnfjtu`m`, `ck b` ngd`bgt`t quf puhug iktfdgr-dffdfvgmådjg`.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs :󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg bfs sfhòfdts fdtgt`ts s‗e`d mf sitcftrf ` ùmgtirg`? `) Fcprfs` quf rfp ud` sukvfdjgú mf b` Vdgú Furipf`. k) Bfs sijgft`ts `dûdgcfs fspirtgvfs. j) Bfs sijgft`ts quf fcftgd ikbgh`jgids fd infrt` pÿkbgj`. m) Bfs fdtgt`ts hfstirfs mf nids mf pfdsgids.

Jiipfr`tgvfs sukofjtfs ` ùmgtirg` Bfs sijgft`ts jiipfr`tgvfs fst`d sukofjtfs ` b` rf`bgtz`jgú m‗ùmgtirg`, bbfv`t quf jicpbfgxgd `bcfdys mufs mf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs quf s‗fxghfgxfd pfr ` b` prfsfdt`jgú mfb K`b`dè `krfuo`t. ]it g `gxû, fd tit j`s fst`d ikbgh`mfs ` ùmgtirg` qu`d `gxã s‗`jirmg fd `ssfckbf` hfdfr`b g qu`d ei sib󰂸bgjgtgd fb 6% mfbs sijgs, sfcprf quf di e`hgd tr`dsjirrfhut trfs cfsis ` jicpt`r mfs mf b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg.

f) Bfs fdtgt`ts `ssfhur`mirfs. n) ]itfs ]itfs bfs jiipfr`tgvfs.

=󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t `dûdgc` JB@VMG@Z@ prfsfdt`, fd fbs ÿbtgcs mis `dys, bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ @dy ;1U1. ;1U1. @jtgu? @jtgu? ; 811 811 111 < xgnr` x gnr` mf dfhijgs? 6 >;6 111 < 61 trfk`bb`mirs. ‚ @dy ;1 ;1U0. U0. @jtg @jtgu? u? ; 861111 < xgnr` x gnr` mf dfhijgs? 6 761 111 < == trfk`bb`mirs. JB@VMG@Z@ fst`rá ikbgh`m` ` rf`bgtz`r ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs9

;=5

: 44 Fbs ùmgtirs B‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` sfrá rf`bgtz`m` fxjbusgv`cfdt pfr bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs i ourãmgqufs quf, rfudgdt mftfrcgd`mfs jidmgjgids fxghgmfs pfr b` bbfg, nghurgd gdsjrgtfs `b [fhgstrf Ingjg`b m‗@umgtirs mf Jicptfs ([I@J) mf b‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs. :.0 4 Gdsjrgpjgú `b rfhgstrf

Jic efc vgst, b` gdsjrgpjgú `b [I@J çs ikbgh`tûrg` pfr ` tits fbs ùmgtirs. @qufst rfhgstrf fst`kbfgx mufs sfjjgids mgnfrfdjg`mfs, sfhids sg b‗ùmgtir çs pfrsid` nãsgj` i ourãmgj`. Zfjjgú mf pfrsidfs nãsgqufs

Iktfdjgú m‗ùtirgtz`jgú pfr ùmgtirs m‗`btrfs Fst`ts cfckrfs mf b` VF Qfr iktfdgr b‗ùtirgtz`jgú mf b‗GJ@J, `qufsts ùmgtirs eùr`d mf supfr`r ud` priv` m‗`ptgtum sikrf b` dirc`tgv` fsp`dyib` `pbgj`kbf ` b‗ùmgtirg` fb jidfgxfcfdt mf b` qu`b di s‗e`huçs `jrfmgt`t ` b‗Fst`t cfckrf fd quå b‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs fstghug ùtirgtz`t.

Fd `qufst` sfjjgú, s‗gdsjrgur`d fbs ùmgtirs quf sghugd pfrsidfs nãsgqufs, `ck gdmgj`jgú mf b` sgtu`jgú fd quå fs trikgd fd rfb`jgú `ck b‗`jtgvgt`t mf b‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs (fxfrjfdt g di fxfrjfdt). Qfr gdsjrgurf‗s `b [I@J, fs rfqufrgrá? ‚ Zfr còir m‗fm`t. ‚ ]fdgr b` d`jgid`bgt`t fsp`dyib` i b` m‗`bhud mfbs Fst`ts cfckrfs mf b`

Vdgú Furipf`. ‚ Di tfdgr `dtfjfmfdts pfd`bs pfr mfbgjtfs mibisis. ‚ E`vfr iktgdhut b` jirrfspidfdt ùtirgtz`jgú mf b‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs. ‚ Fd j`s quf sghugd fxfrjfdts, mgpisgt`r ng`dè` quf h`r`dtfgxg b` rfspids`kgbgt`t m‗fxfrjgr b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. @ cçs, fs pimr`d gdsjrgurf `b [I@J fbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs ùtirgtz`ts fd `btrfs Fst`ts cfckrfs mf b` Vdgú Furipf`, fd fbs tfrcfs quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt fs mftfrcgdgd. Fd tit j`s, eùr`d m‗gdsjrgurf‗s `b [I@J fbs ùmgtirs mf tfrjfrs p`ésis quf fcftgd gdnircfs sikrf fdtgt`ts mf p`ésis di cfckrfs mf b` Vdgú Furip`, `ck uds v`birs quf, bbfv`t m‗fxjfpjgids, fs dfhijgéd fd ud cfrj`t rfhub`t ` Fsp`dy`. Zfjjgú mf pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs

]`ckç fs pimr`d gdsjrgurf `b [I@J bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs quf jicpbfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts sfhòfdts? ‚ Puf bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs quf rf`bgtzgd fbs trfk`bbs g sghdgd fbs gdnircfs

m‗ùmgtirg` fd dic m‗ud` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg` fstghugd ùtirgtz`mfs pfr fxfrjgr b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs ` Fsp`dy`.

‚ Puf b` còirg` mfbs mrfts mf vit jirrfspidhugd ` ùmgtirs mf jicptfs i

sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` ùtirgtz`mfs fd qu`bsfvib Fst`t cfckrf mf b` Vdgú Furipf`.

‚ Puf ud` còirg` mfbs cfckrfs mf b‗ûrh`d m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú mf b` sijgft`t

sghugd sijgs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs i sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` ùtirgtz`ts fd qu`bsfvib Fst`t cfckrf mf b` Vdgú Furipf`. Fd j`s quf b‗ûrh`d m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú dicçs tgdhug mis cfckrfs, `bcfdys ud eùrá mf jicpbgr bfs jidmgjgids fst`kbfrtfs fd `qufst `p`rt`t.

;=7

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

:.; 4 @utirgtz`jgú mf b‗GJ@J

Jic efc vgst ` b‗`p`rt`t `dtfrgir, pfr t`b quf ud ùmgtir muhug ` tfrcf b` sfv` t`sj`, sfrá dfjfss`rg quf e`hg iktgdhut b` jirrfspidfdt ùtirgtz`jgú mf b‗GJ@J. Qfr iktfdgr `qufst` ùtirgtz`jgú, s‗fst`kbfgxfd mufs vgfs? ud` m‗`j`måcgj`, ` p`rtgr mf b‗`jrfmgt`jgú m‗ud` tgtub`jgú udgvfrsgtárg`, g ud` `btr`, quf pimrãfc mfdicgd`r prinfssgid`b, pfr `bs quf di fd tgdhugd `qufst` tgtub`jgú. @ b` tùb` sfhòfdt, fxpisfc bfs mufs vgfs? ^gfs pfr `jidsfhugr b‗ùtirgtz`jgú mf b‗GJ@J ^g` `j`måcgj`

^g` prinfssgid`b

]gtub`jgú udgvfrsgtár udgvfrsgtárg`. g`.

Iktfdjgú mfb tãtib quf n`jubtg pfr ` b‗gdhrçs ` b` udgvfrsg udgvfrsgt`t t`t (k`txgbbfr`t i hrù supfrgir mf nirc`jgú prinfssgid`b).

Fdsfdy`cfdts tfûrgjs.

Fdsfdy`cfdts tfûrgjs.

Nirc`jgú prájtgj` mf : `dys, ; mfbs qu`bs `ck ùmgtir

Nirc`jgú prájtgj` mf 5 `dys, 6 mfbs qu`bs `ck ùmgtir mf jicp-

mf jicptfs i sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg`. Zupfr`jgú m‗ud fx`cfd m‗`ptgtum prinfssgid`b `ck pissgkgbgt`t mf jidv`bgm`jgids jidv`bgm`jgids..

tfs i sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg`. Zupfr`jgú m‗ud fx`cfd m‗`ptgtum prinfssgid`b `ck pissgkgbgt`t mf jidv`bgm`jgids.

:.: 4 Gdmfpfdmådjg` mf b‗ùmgtir

Fbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs g bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` eùr`d mf sfr gdmfpfdmfdts mf bfs fdtgt`ts ùmgt`mfs fd b‗fxfrjgjg mf b` sfv` nudjgú. Qfr `gxû, s‗eùr`d m‗`kstfdgr m‗`jtu`r qu`d b` sfv` gdmfpfdmådjg` fs pihuçs vfurf jicpricfs`. B‗irh`dgscf fdj`rrfh`t fdj`rrfh`t mf vftbb`r pfb jicpbgcfdt m‗`qufst mfurf çs b‗GJ@J. B` bfhgsb`jgú mftfrcgd` `bhuds supûsgts fd quå prfsucfgx quf di fxgstfgx gdmfpfdmådjg` fd b‗fxfrjgjg mf bfs nudjgids mf b‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs, fdtrf fbs qu`bs pimfc mfst`j`r fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ Istfdt`r b` jidmgjgú mf járrfj mgrfjtgu, `pimfr`t, fcpbf`t i supfrvgsir mf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`. ‚ ]fdgr gdtfrås ngd`djfr sghdgngj`tgu fd b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`. ‚ Fxgstådjg` mf vgdjbfs mf p`rfdtgu `ck fbs fcprfs`rgs, fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs i fbs rfspids`kbfs mf b‗árf` fjidûcgj` g ngd`djfr` mf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`. ‚ B` hfstgú c`tfrg`b i b` prfp`r`jgú mfbs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i `btrfs mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs mf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`. ‚ @ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, b` prfst`jgú ` b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m` mf sfrvfgs m‗`m-

Jùsfs m‗gdjicp`tgkgbgt`t mfbs ùmgtirs @qufstfs jùsfs fst`d mfsfdvibup`mfs ` b‗`rtgjbf 0: mfb [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0/;100, m‗0 mf oubgib, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs.

vij`jg`, v`bir`jgú i ùmgtirg` gdtfrd`. Fb pfrãimf mf jûcput pfr ` bfs gdjicp`tgkgbgt`ts jicprfdmrá mfs mf b‗gdgjg mfb prgcfr `dy `dtfrgir ` b‗fxfrjgjg `b qu`b jirrfspidhugd fbs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i `btrfs mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs ùmgt`ts, ngds ` b` m`t` fd quå b‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs i b` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg` ngd`bgtzg fb trfk`bb m‗ùmgtirg` jirrfspidfdt ` `qufsts fst`ts i mijucfdts. Fd fb j`s m‗gdjicp`tgkgbgt`ts pfr b‗fxgstådjg` mf b‗gdtfrås ngd`djfr, b` sgtu`jgú s‗eùrá mf rfsibmrf `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b‗`jjfpt`jgú pfr p`rt mf b‗ùmgtir mfb sfu dicfd`cfdt.

;61

:.= 4 Ng`dè`

Vd` `btr` mf bfs ikbgh`jgids quf b` bfhgsb`jgú gcpis` `bs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs çs b` prfst`jgú m‗ud` ng`dè`, fd nirc` mf mgpûsgt fd fnfjtgu, tãtibs mf mfutf pÿkbgj, `v`b m‗fdtgt`t ngd`djfr` i `ssfhur`dè` mf rfspids`kgbgt`t jgvgb, pfr b` qu`dtg` g fd b` nirc` quf fst`kbfgxg fb Cgdgstfrg m‗Fjidicg` g Egsfdm`. B` ng`dè` pfr `b prgcfr `dy mf b‗`jtgvgt`t, quf tgdmrá j`rájtfr mf cãdgc` fd fbs sujjfssgus, sfrá mf :11 111 furis fd fb j`s mf bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs. Fd bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg`, fs cubtgpbgj`rá pfr j`m` ud mfbs sijgs, sghugd i di ùmgtirs mf jicptfs. Vd jip tr`dsjirrfhut fb prgcfr `dy mf b‗`jtgvgt`t, b` ng`dè` cãdgc` s‗gdjrfcfdt`rá fd fb :1% mf b` n`jtur`jgú quf fxjfmfgxg mf b` qu`dtg` fqugv`bfdt ` b` m‗`qufst` ng`dè` cãdgc` g quf jirrfspidhug ` b‗`jtgvgt`t m‗ùmgtirg` m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` ng`dè` quf e` mf mgpisgt`r ud ùmgtir Fb C`tfu Bbgcid` çs ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs gdmfpfdmfdt quf pirt` mis `dys fxfrjgdt b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t prinfssgid`b. Zg s`kfc quf mur`dt fb sfu prgcfr `dy mf trfk`bb v` n`jtur`r 811 111 , `r` mftfrcgd`rfc b` qu`dtg` mf b` ff`dè` quf v` mgpisgt`r mur`dt j`m` ud m‗`qufsts mis prgcfrs `dys. Qrgcfr fxfrjgjg? b` ff`dè` sfrá b` cãdgc` fst`kbfrt` pfr b` b ` bfhgsb`jgú, çs ` mgr, mgr, :11 111



Zfhid fxfrjgjg? b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` n`jtur`jgú g b` ff`dè` cãdgc` çs mf 811 111 ∛ :11 111 3 =11 111

.

Qfr t`dt, j`bmrá gdjrfcfdt`r gdjr fcfdt`r b` ff`dè` ff`d è` fd fb :1% m‗`qufst` m‗ `qufst` qu`dtgt`t qu `dtgt`t (0;1 111 ) g `gxû j`bmrá suc`r-ei `bs :11 111  o` mgpisgt`ts, pfr b` qu`b jis` b` ff`dè` mfb sfhid `dy sfrá mf =;1 111 .

:.6 4 [fspids`kgbgt`t

Fbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs g bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` rfspidmr`d pfbs m`dys g pfroumgjgs quf fs mfrgvgd mf b‗gdjicpbgcfdt mf bfs sfvfs ikbgh`jgids, sfhids bfs rfhbfs hfdfr`bs mfb Jimg Jgvgb, `ck bfs p`rtgjub`rgt`ts fst`kbfrtfs ` b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs g fb sfu rfhb`cfdt. B` rfspids`kgbgt`t jgvgb mfbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs g bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` sfrá fxghgkbf mf nirc` pripirjgid`b ` b` rfspids`kgbgt`t mgrfjt` pfbs m`dys g pfroumgjgs fjidûcgjs quf pihufssgd jùs`r, t`dt ` b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m` jic ` ud tfrjfr, pfr b` sfv` `jtu`jgú prinfssgid`b.

B` rfspids`kgbgt`t jgvgb sfrá fxghgkbf fd nirc` pfrsid`b g gdmgvgmu`bgtz`m`, `ck fxjbusgú mfb m`dy i pfroumgjg jùs`t pfr b` prûpg` fdtgt`t ùmgt`m` i pfr tfrjfrs. Pu`d b‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs fs rf`bgtzg pfr p`rt m‗ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs fd dic m‗ud` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg`, fd rfspidmr`d sibgmárg`cfdt t`dt b‗fscfdt`t ùmgtir jic b` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg`. B‗`jjgú pfr fxghgr b` rfspids`kgbgt`t jidtr`jtu`b prfsjrgurá `bs qu`trf `dys ` jicpt`r mfs mf b` m`t` mf b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`.

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

:.> 4 Dicfd`cfdt mfbs ùmgtirs

Zfhids b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b, fb dicfd`cfdt mfbs ùmgtirs fb pimfd mur ` tfrcf? B` oudt` hfdfr`b

B` oudt` hfdfr`b mf b` sijgft`t dicfd`rá fbs ùmgtirs `k`ds quf ngd`bgtzg b‗fxfrjgjg ` ùmgt`r, pfr ud pfrãimf mf tfcps gdgjg`b, quf di pimrá sfr gdnfrgir ` trfs `dys dg supfrgir ` diu, ` jicpt`r mfs mf b` m`t` fd quå s‗gdgjgé fb prgcfr fxfrjgjg ` ùmgt`r, pimfdt sfr rffbfhgmfs pfr b` oudt` hfdfr`b pfr pfrãimfs cáxgcs mf trfs `dys ud jip quf e`hg ngd`bgtz`t fb pfrãimf gdgjg`b. @qufst dicfd`cfdt di pimrá sfr rfvij`t, ` di sfr quf eg gdtfrvgdhug oust` jùs`. Fb járrfj pimrá rfjùrf fd ud` i mgvfrsfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs i ourãmgqufs quf `jtu`r`d jidoudt`cfdt. Pu`d fbs mfsghd`ts sghugd pfrsidfs nãsgqufs, b` oudt` eùrá mf dicfd`r t`dts supbfdts jic ùmgtirs tgtub`rs. Fb rfhgstr`mir cfrj`dtgb

Zg b` oudt` hfdfr`b di e`huçs dicfd`t fbs ùmgtirs `k`ds quf ngd`bgtzg b‗fxfrjgjg ` ùmgt`r, e`vfdt-di mf nfr, i bfs pfrsidfs dicfd`mfs di `jjfptfssgd fb járrfj i di pihufssgd jicpbgr bfs sfvfs nudjgids, fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs, fb jicgss`rg mfb sgdmgj`t m‗ikbgh`jgidgstfs i qu`bsfvib `jjgidgst` pimrgfd sib¸bgjgt`r mfb rfhgstr`mir cfrj`dtgb mfb micgjgbg sijg`b b` mfsghd`jgú mf b` pfrsid` i bfs pfrsidfs quf e`hgd mf rf`bgtz`r b‗ùmgtirg`, m‗`jirm `ck fb mgspis`t fd fb rfhb`cfdt mfb [fhgstrf Cfrj`dtgb. @ bfs sijgft`ts quf di fstghugd ikbgh`mfs ` sitcftrf fbs jicptfs `du`bs ` vfrgngj`r pfr ud ùmgtir, fbs `jjgidgstfs quf rfprfsfdtgd, `bcfdys, fb 6% mfb j`pgt`b sijg`b pimr`d sib¸bgjgt`r mfb rfhgstr`mir cfrj`dtgb mfb micgjgbg sijg`b quf, `ck járrfj ` b` sijgft`t, dicfdg ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs pfr t`b quf fnfjtué b` rfvgsgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs m‗ud mftfrcgd`t fxfrjgjg sfcprf quf di e`hufssgd tr`dsjirrfhut trfs cfsis ` jicpt`r mfs mf b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt m‗`qufst fxfrjgjg. Dicfd`cfdt oumgjg`b

@ cçs mfbs supûsgts `dtfrgirs, qu`d jidjirrg oust` jùs`, fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs mf b` sijgft`t g bfs pfrsidfs bfhgtgc`mfs pfr sib¸bgjgt`r fb dicfd`cfdt m‗ùmgtir pimr`d mfc`d`r `b outhf mf prgcfr` gdstádjg` mfb micgjgbg sijg`b b` rfvij`jgú mfb mfsghd`t pfr b` oudt` hfdfr`b i pfb rfhgstr`mir cfrj`dtgb g fb dicfd`cfdt m‗ud `btrf.

;60

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` gdmgj`dt fbs rfhgstrfs dfjfss`rgs pfr t`b quf t`dt ud` pfrsid` nãsgj` jic ud` pfrsid` ourãmgj` fs puhugd gdsjrgurf `b [fhgstrf Ingjg`b m‗@umgtirs mf Jicptfs ([I@J).

>󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` ng`dè` m‗ud ùmgtir gdmfpfdmfdt mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy m‗fxfrjgjg mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t g fbs trfs `dys sfhòfdts, s`kfdt quf q uf b` n`jtur`jgú mfb prgcfr fxfrjgjg v` sfr mf 611 111  g quf fs v` gdjrfcfdt`r fd ud ;1% fd fb sfhid fxfrjgjg, cfdtrf quf fd fb tfrjfr v` mgscgdugr ud 01% sikrf b‗`dtfrgir.

;6;

= 44 N`sfs mf b‗ùmgtirg` B` j`rt` m‗fdjárrfj @qufst jidtr`jtf s‗eùrá mf nirc`bgtz`r pfr fsjrgt g gdjbiurá, `bcfdys, b` gmfdtgngj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs ikofjtf m‗ùmgtirg` g fbs `spfjtfs rfbbfv`dts m‗ùmgtirg` ` rf`bgtz`r, rfnfrgts `b pfrãimf mf jidtr`jt`jgú, fbs eidir`rgs, b` ngd`bgt`t i b` r`ú pfr b` qu`b fs rf`bgtz` b‗fdjárrfj g fb tfrcgdg mf bbgur`cfdt mf b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`.

Fb trfk`bb m‗ùmgtirg` çs sgstfcátgj g rfqufrfgx ud` pb`dgngj`jgú quf pfrcftg `d`bgtz`r `mfqu`m`cfdt fbs jicptfs mfb jbgfdt. Qfr `gxû, fd ud prijçs m‗ùmgtirg` fs mgstgdhfgxfd, `bcfdys, `qufstfs n`sfs? Fstumg prfvg g jidtr`jt`jgú

Fd `qufst` n`sf, fs muu ` tfrcf fb jidt`jtf gdgjg`b fdtrf fdtr f fb jbgfdt g b‗ùmgtir, fb qu`b, pråvg`cfdt ` `jjfpt`r b‗fdjárrfj quf sf bg pripis`, fstumg`rá mft`bb`m`cfdt bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf b‗fdtgt`t ` ùmgt`r, rfjibbgdt tit` b` gdnirc`jgú dfjfssárg` quf pfrcftg jicpt`r `ck fbs fbfcfdts dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` rf`bgtz`jgú mfb trfk`bb mf nirc` `mfqu`m` g mftfrcgd`r b` pissgkgbgt`t mf ngd`bgtz`r `qufst trfk`bb fngj`ècfdt. Zg b‗ùmgtirg` çs `jjfpt`m`, fs prijfmgrá ` b` nirc`bgtz`jgú mf b‗`jirm cgt o`dè`dt ud jidtr`jtf m‗ùmgtirg` fdtrf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m` g b‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs, t`ckç mfdicgd`t j`rt` m‗fdjárrfj. Qb`dgngj`jgú

Fd `qufst` n`sf, b‗ùmgtir eùrá mf pb`dgngj`r b‗ùmgtirg` pfr iktfdgr bfs fvgmådjgfs dfjfssárgfs quf fb pirtgd ` fcftrf ud gdnircf. Çs ud` n`sf fspfjg`bcfdt jicpbfx`, o` quf b‗ùmgtir dfjfssgt`rá jidågxfr pfrnfjt`cfdt b‗fcprfs` ùmgt`m` `ck b‗ikofjtgu mf mftfjt`r bfs árffs id eùrá mf prfst`r cçs `tfdjgú. ]`ckç eùrá mf jidågxfr fbs prijfmgcfdts g fbs prgdjgpgs jicpt`kbfs `pbgj`ts pfr b‗fdtgt`t pfr mftfrcgd`r sg súd `mfqu`ts g sg fbs fst`ts ngd`djfrs prfsfdtfd ud` gc`thf ng`kbf. @ jidtgdu`jgú, rf`bgtz`rá ud` `dábgsg fjidûcgj` g ngd`djfr` mfbs jicptfs `du`bs g `v`bu`rá fb sgstfc` mf jidtrib gdtfrd mf b‗fdtgt`t pfr mftfrcgd`r fb hrù mf jidng`dè` quf bg cfrfgx. @b ngd`b m‗`qufst` n`sf, b‗ùmgtir b ‗ùmgtir fb`kir` fb mfdicgd`t cfcirádmuc mf pb`dgngj`jgú, quf jidtgdmrá fb pb` hbik`b m‗ùmgtirg` i prihr`c` mfbs prijfmgcfdts g `jtgvgt`ts quf murá ` tfrcf. Fxfjujgú

B‗ikofjtgu m‗`qufst` ft`p` çs rf`bgtz`r bfs privfs prihr`c`mfs fd b` n`sf `dtfrgir `ck b` ngd`bgt`t m‗iktfdgr bfs fvgmådjgfs dfjfssárgfs pfr fxtrùrf bfs jidjbusgids nid`cfdt`mfs g fcftrf b‗gdnircf< pfr mgr-ei m‗`bhud` c`dfr`, sfrg` fb trfk`bb mf j`cp mf b‗ùmgtir. Gdnircf

Bfs fvgmådjgfs rfjibbgmfs pfr b‗ùmgtir fs nirc`bgtz`r`d fd ud mijucfdt mfdicgd`t gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`, b‗fstumg mfb qu`b fs murá ` tfrcf ` b‗`p`rt`t b ‗`p`rt`t sfhòfdt.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 8󰂸󰂸 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` quf cistrg bfs mgnfrfdts n`sfs mfb prijçs m‗ùmgtirg`.

;6:

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

6 44 Gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg` B‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg` mfbs jicptfs `du`bs çs ud mijucfdt cfrj`dtgb fd quå fs cistr` fb trfk`bb mut ` tfrcf pfr b‗ùmgtir g b` sfv` ipgdgú sikrf fbs jicptfs. 6.0 4 Jidtgdhut mf b‗gdnircf

Fbs fbfcfdts kásgjs m‗`qufst mijucfdt súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ ]ãtib i gmfdtgngj`jg gmfdtgngj`jgú ú mf b‗gdnircf? b‗gdnircf s‗eùrá m‗gmfdtgngj`r jic

` ‒Gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs `du`bs–, `ck b‗ikofjtgu mf mgstgdhgrbi mfbs gdnircfs m‗ùmgtirg` sikrf `btrfs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs. ‚ Gmfdtgngj`jgú mfbs mfstgd`t`rgs g mf bfs pfrsidfs quf v`d fnfjtu`r b‗fdjárrfj. ‚ Gmfdtgngj`jgú mf b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m`? b‗gdnircf mf b‗ùmgtir jidtgdmrá fb

dic i b` r`ú sijg`b jicpbfts mf b‗fdtgt`t ikofjtf mf b‗ùmgtirg`. ‚ Q`ráhr`n m‗`k`st mf b‗ùmgtirg`? `qufst p`ráhr`n, quf sfrá fb prgcfr mf b‗gdnircf, gdjbiurá fbs `spfjtfs sfhòfdts. • Gmfdtgngj`jgú mfbs mfbs mijucfdts i fst`ts ngd`djfrs ùmgt`ts. ùmgt`ts. • Dirc`tgv` ourãmgj` `pbgj`m`. • Qrijfmgcfd Qrijfmgcfdts ts prfvgstis ` bfs dircfs m‗ùmgtirg` m‗ùmgtirg` quf di s‗e`hgd pihut pihut `pbgj`r. ‚ Q`ráhr`n m‗ipgdgú? çs fb p`ráhr`n cçs gcpirt`dt, fd quå b‗ùmgtir c`dgnfst`rá mf nirc` jb`r` g prfjgs` b` sfv` ipgdgú sikrf sg fbs jicptfs `du`bs jidsgmfr`ts fd fb sfu jidoudt fxprfssfd, fd tits fbs `spfjtfs sghdgngj`tgus, sghdgng j`tgus, b` gc`thf ngmfb mfb p`trgcidg g mf b` sgtu`jgú ngd`djfr` mf b‗fdtgt`t ` b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg, `gxã jic mfbs rfsubt`ts mf bfs sfvfs ipfr`jgids g, sg çs prijfmfdt, mfbs nbuxis m‗fnfjtgu jirrfspidfdts ` b‗fxfrjgjg `j`k`t fd `qufst` m`t`, mf jidnircgt`t `ck fb c`rj dirc`tgu m‗gdnirc`jgú ngd`djfr` quf rfsubt` m‗`pbgj`jgú g, fd p`rtgjub`r, `ck fbs prgdjgpgs g jrgtfrgs jicpt`kbfs gdjbisis. ‚ Q`ráhr`n sikrf b‗gdnircf mf hfstgú? b‗ùmgtir c`dgnfst`rá fd `qufst p`ráhr`n b‗`k`st mfb sfu trfk`bb g sg b` gdnirc`jgú jicpt`kbf quf jidtç b‗fscfdt`t gdnircf mf hfstgú jidjirm` `ck b` mfbs jicptfs `du`bs mf b‗fxfrjgjg. ‚ Dic, `mrfè` g m`mfs rfhgstr`bs mf b‗ùmgtir? `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mfb dic mf b‗ùmgtir i mf b` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs, b‗gdnircf e` mf cistr`r b‗`mrfè` mfb sfu micgjgbg g fb sfu dÿcfri m‗gdsjrgpjgú `b [I@J.

Nfts pistfrgirs ` b‗gdnircf B` Dirc` ]åjdgj` m‗@umgtirg` sikrf Nfts Qistfrgirs rfhub` fb tr`jt`cfdt quf b‗ù-

M`t` mf b gdnircf? b gdnircf m ùmgtirg` eùrá mf jidtfdgr b` m`t` m f

cgssgú, quf eùrá mf jigdjgmgr `ck fb ngd`b mf b‗ft`p` m‗fxfjujgú mfb trfk`bb g quf di pimrá sfr `dtfrgir ` b` m`t` fd quå b‗ùmgtir e`hg

mgtir e` mf mid`r `bs nfts quf e`d ijir ijir-rfhut `c pistfrgirgt`t ` b` m`t` mf t`d-

iktgdhut fvgmådjg` m‗ùmgtirg` `mfqu`m` g sungjgfdt pfr nirc`r-sf ud` ipgdgú, dg ` b` m`t` mf nircub`jgú m‗`qufsts jicptfs pfr p`rt mfbs `mcgdgstr`mirs. ‚ Zghd`tur` mf b‗ùmgtir? b‗gdnircf eùrá mf sfr sghd`t pfr p`rt mf b‗ùmgtir mf jicptfs quf e`huçs mgrghgt fb trfk`bb. Fd fb j`s mf sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg`, sghd`rá b‗ùmgtir quf e` rf`bgtz`t fb trfk`bb.

j`cfdt mf b‗fxfrjgjg `b qu`b fs rfnfrfgxfd fbs jicptfs `du`bs, fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` d`tur`bfs` g fbs sfus pitfdjg`bs gcp`jtfs fd b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`.

;6=

6.; 4 ]gpus m‗ipgdgú

Jic efc gdmgj`t, b‗gdnircf mf b‗ùmgtir jidtgdmrá ud p`ráhr`n fd quå cistr`rá b` sfv` ipgdgú sikrf fbs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs `d`bgtz`ts. @qufst` ipgdgú pimrá sfr mf qu`trf tgpus? ‚ N`vir`kbf? qu`d di fxgstfgxgd rfsfrvfs i fxjfpjgids. ‚ @ck fxjfp fxjfpjgids? jgids? sg fdtçd quf fxgstfgxfd jgrjucstádjgfs quf rfvfstfgxfd

ud` gcpirtádjg` sghdgngj`tgv`, eùrá mf pis`r mf c`dgnfst bfs sfvfs rfsfrvfs ` b‗gdnircf, gdmgj`dt-df b` d`tur`bfs`. ‚ Mfsn`vir`kbf? fd `qufst j`s, b‗ùmgtir c`dgnfst` quf fbs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs, v`bir`ts jidoudt`cfdt, di infrfgxfd ud` gc`thf ngmfb mfb p`trgcidg g b` sgtu`jgú ngd`djfr` mf b‗fcprfs` ùmgt`m`. ‚ Mfdfh`m`? qu`d b‗ùmgtir trik` rìds i gcpfmgcfdts quf b‗gcpfmfgxfd pimfr-sf nirc`r ud` ipgdgú. Fd `qufst j`s, s‗`kstgdmrá m‗ipgd`r, e`vfdt mf c`dgnfst`r `qufstfs rìds ` b‗gdnircf. Gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb tgpus m‗ipgdgú quf jidtgdhug b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`, fd mftfrcgd`mfs jgrjucstádjgfs, pimrá jidtfdgr p`ráhr`ns m‗åcn`sg g p`ráhr`ns sikrf `btrfs qòfstgids `ck ud jidtgdhut quf di `nfjt` b‗ipgdgú. 6.: 4 @oustis g rfjb`ssgngj`jgi rfjb`ssgngj`jgids ds jicpt`kbfs

Fb prijçs m‗ùmgtirg` di sf jfdtr` ÿdgj`cfdt fd mftfjt`r bfs mgvfrhådjgfs fdtrf fbs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs pr`jtgj`ts g fbs quf s‗eùrgfd m‗e`vfr rf`bgtz`t. B‗ùmgtir, fd b‗fxfrjgjg mf b` sfv` nfgd`, t`ckç rfjic`d`rá b` prájtgj` m‗òustis g rfjb`ssgngj`jgids jicpt`kbfs? ‚ Fbs òustis fs rf`bgtzfd pfrquå, `b bb`rh mfb prijçs jicpt`kbf, s‗e`d

primuét frrirs g `btrfs sgtu`jgids quf e`d `nfjt`t b` qu`dtgngj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs g, pfr jidsfhòfdt, di s‗e` vgst rfnbfjtgm` b` vfrt`mfr` sgtu`jgú mf b‗fcprfs`. ‚ Bfs rfjb`ssgngj` rfjb`ssgngj`jgids jgids súd `ssfdt`cfdts quf di `nfjtfd qu`dtgt`tgv`cfdt, pfrû sã qu`bgt`tgv`cfdt, fb p`trgcidg mf b‗fcprfs`, g súd dfjfss`rgs pfr iktfdgr ud` `mfqu`m` prfsfdt`jgú mfbs fst`ts ngd`djfrs.

J`sis prájtgjs

0

@umgtirg` mf b‗árf` mf privfémirs, jicprfs g jicptfs ` p`h`r 󰂸󰂸 Fb mg` 0 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` b‗fcprfs` FMV[@, Z@, pfr ud gcpirt mf 01 111 . Q`h` ; 111  cgto`dè`dt tr`dsnfrådjg` tr`dsnfrådjg` k`djárg`, pfr b` qu`b jis` iktç ud mfsjicptf pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t mfb ;% mf b‗gcpirt mf b` jicpr`.

Fb mg` 6 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U0 rfp bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt. B‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, quf rf`bgtz` fbs pirts mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs, bg prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;61 . Fd mfsfck`b`r-bfs, iksfrv` quf ud bit v`bir`t fd 0111  di fs jirrfspid `ck b` jic`dm` rf`bgtz`m`. OOQC, Z@, fs pis` fd jidt`jtf `ck FMV[@, Z@, pfr jicfdt`r-bg fb sujjfét g `jirmfd b` mfvibujgú mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs sfdsf jist `mmgjgid`b pfr ` OOQC, Z@. @qufst` mfvibujgú fs primufgx fb mg` 5 mf nfkrfr mf ;1U0. ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids `dtfrgirs trgkutfd `b tgpus gcpisgtgu mfb ;0% m‗G^@.

;66

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

0 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, v` rf`bgtz`r bfs sfhòfdts sfhò fdts `dit`jgids jicpt`kbfs? Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

01 111,1 111,11 1 ; 165,11

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ (01 111,11 ∛ ;11,11))

`

(>1>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t (68;) K`dj K`djss j/j (=11) Qriv Qrivfémirs fémirs

;11,11 ; 111,1 111,11 1 7 565,11

x

Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;61,11 ;61,11 6;,61

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;61,11) ;61,11)

`

(=01) Jrfm. pfr prfst. mf sfrv sfrv..

:1;,61

x

Fb 15/1;/;1U0, pfr b` mfvibujgú mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr b‗frrir fd b‗fdvg`cfdt? x

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

0 111,11 ;01,11

(;0% s/ 0111,11)

x

@d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸

B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t mf nirc` gdjirrfjt` b` jicpr` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. Di e`

tgdhut fd jicptf b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 01`, rfb`tgv` ` fxgstådjgfs, quf gdmgj` quf fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú gdjbiu b‗gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir mfsprçs mf mfmugr qu`bsfvib mfsjicptf, rfk`gx` fd fb prfu i `btrfs p`rtgmfs sgcgb`rs, g quf s‗eg `nfhgr`d titfs bfs mfspfsfs `mmgjgid`bs quf fs primufgxgd ngds quf fbs kçds fs trikgd ukgj`ts pfr ` b` sfv` vfdm` (jic `r` tr`dspirts, `r`dzfbs mf mu`dfs, `ssfhur`djfs g `btrfs mf mgrfjt`cfdt `trgkuékbfs ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf bfs fxgstådjgfs). ]`ckç d‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t mf nirc` gdjirrfjt` b` mfvibujgú, o` quf s‗e` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs.

;6>

0 Fbs `pudts jicpt`kbfs quf b‗fcprfs` v` e`vfr mf mur ` tfrcf súd fbs sfhòfdts? Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

7 511,11

; 165,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (01111 ∛ ;% s/ 01111) (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ supirt`t supirt` t (;0% s/ 7511)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j (=11) Qrivf Qrivfémirs émirs

; 111,1 111,11 1 7 565,11

x

Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;61,11 ;61,11 6;,61

(>11) Jicprfs Jicprfs mf cfrj cfrj`mfr `mfrgfs gfs (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ supirt`t supirt` t (;0% s/ ;61,11) `

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

:1;,61 :1;,6 1

x

Fb 15/1;/;1U0, pfr b` mfvibujgú mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr b‗frrir fd b‗fdvg`cfdt? x

0 ;01,1 ;01,11 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 111,11)

x

@d`bgtz`dt fbs `pudts `dtfrgirs, fs pripisfd fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids sfhòfdts?

0 111,11 ;01,11

Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs. x

;11,11

(>1>) Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicprfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t `

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

;11,11

x

;68

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

0 Fb 16/1;/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;61,11 ;61,11 :1;,61 :1;,6 1

(>11) Jicpr Jicprfs fs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs (=01) Jrfm Jrfm.. prfs prfst. t. mf sfrv sfrvfgs fgs `

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

;61,11 ;61,11 :1;,61 :1;,6 1

x

Fb 15/1;/;1U0, pfr b` mfvibujgú mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs pfr b‗frrir fd b‗fdvg`cfdt? x

0 111,1 111,11 1

(>11) Jicpr Jicprfs fs mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs `

(>15) Mfv Mfv.. jicprfs g ip. sgc.

0 111,11

x

Fxfcpbfs @oustis pfr gdjirrfjt` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú m‗ud rápfb @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, tç rfhgstr`mfs bfs sfhòfdts m`mfs mfb privfémir @BKF[M@, Z@? n`jtur` n`jtu r` ;5=657, ;5= 657, pfr gcpirt gcpirt mf :> :11  (:1111 + > :11 m‗G^@) m‗G^@) g ud rápfb pfr ud gcpirt mf 7>5  (511 + 0>5 m‗G^@). Fs rf`bgtz` b` jgrjub`rgtz`jgú g fb privfémir jidffrc` ud s`bmi s`bm i `b sfu n`vir pfr ud gcpirt mf :> :11 . @d`bgtz`dt bfs mgnfrådjgfs, fs vfu quf ` b‗fcprfs` bg jirrfspidg` ud mfsjicptf pfr vibuc mf jicprfs. OOQC, Z@, v` jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufst mfsjicptf sfdsf e`vfr rfkut b` jirrfspidfdt n`jtur` mf rfjtgffj`jgú. B‗fcprfs` e` rf`bgtz`t fbs sfhòfdts `pudts jicpt`kbfs? fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb rápfb? x

7>5,11 7>5,1 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

511,11 0>5,11

(;0% s/ 511,11)

x

B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, di e`vg` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r rfs, o` quf fdj`r` di e`vg` rfkut b` n`jtur` mf rfjtgffj`jgú?

x

511,11 0>5,11

(>17) [ápfbs pfr jicprfs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 511,11) 511,11)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

7>5,11 7>5,1 1

x

;65

J`sis prájtgjs

;

@umgtirg` mf b‗árf` mf jbgfdts, vfdmfs g jicptfs ` jikr`r Fb mg` 0 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` b‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, pfr ud gcpirt 󰂸󰂸 mf 5 111 . @ b` n`jtur` nghur` ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;%. Fb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` vfd m` `dtfrgir fb rf`bgtz` b‗fcprfs` JB@VMG@Z@ g çs ` járrfj mf OOQC, Z@. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt `sjfdmfgx ` ;11 . OOQC, Z@, rfp b` n`jtur` fb mg` 6 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0 g sfrá `kid`m` fb 06 m‗ijtukrf. Fb mg` 6 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0, OOQC, Z@, fdvg` bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt. DFC@MF, Z@, fd mfsfck`b`r bfs cfrj`mfrgfs, iksfrv` iksfrv ` quf ud bit v`bir`t fd 611  `rrgk` `ck mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t. Fs pis` fd jidt`jtf `ck OOQC, Z@, pfr jicfdt`r-bg fb sujjfét g bg pripis` qufm`r-sf `ck bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs pfrû `b prfu mf ;11 . OOQC, Z@, `jjfpt` b` sibujgú pripis`m`. Fb 5 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0, OOQC, Z@, fdvg` b` jirrfspidfdt n`jtur` mf rfjtgngj`jgú. ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids `dtfrgirs trgkutfd `b tgpus gcpisgtgu mfb ;0% m‗G^@. B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, v` rf`bgtz`r bfs sfhòfdts `dit`jgids jicpt`kbfs? Fb 16/01/;1U0, pfr b` vfdm` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

7 ;== ;==,=1 ,=1

(=:1) (=: 1) Jbg Jbgfd fdts ts `

(811) ^f ^fdmfs dmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs

8 >=1,11

(5 111,11 ∛ ;% s/ 5 111,11 ∛ ;11,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 >1=,=1

(;0% s/ 8 >=1,11)

x

Fb 15/01/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb mfsjicptf pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t? x

:11,11 :11,11 >:,11

(817) [ápfbs [ápfbs sikrf vfdm vfdmfs fs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ :11,11 :11,11))

`

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

:>:,11 :>:,1 1

x

@d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs

ipirtuds.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t mf nirc` gdjirrfjt` b` vfdm` mf cfrj`mfrgfs. E` mfmuét

mfb prfu sfhids n`jtur` fb mfsjicptf gdjbûs g bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt, b` qu`b jis` di çs jirrfjt`, o` quf bfs mfspfsfs quf s‗irghgdfd `ck citgu mf bfs vfdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs g quf súd jidtr`jt`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` vfdfmir` s‗eùr`d mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `bs jicptfs mf mfspfsfs jirrfspidfdts fd nudjgú mf b` d`tur`bfs` mf b` mfspfs`.

;67

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

; ]`ckç e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t mf nirc` gdjirrfjt` b` mfvibujgú, o` quf s‗e` s ‗e` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r `b jicptf (815) Mfvibujgú mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs. Fd jicptfs mfbs `pudts quf v` nfr, b‗fcprfs` eùrg` m‗e`vfr rf`bgtz`t fbs sfhòfdts? Fb 16/01/;1U0, pfr b` vfdm` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

7 =5>,= =5>,=1 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (5 111,11

∛

8 5=1,11

;% s/ 5 111,11)

(=88) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ rfpfrjutgt

0 >=>,=1

(;0% s/ 8 5=1,11)

x

Fb 16/10/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;11,11 ;11,11 =;,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ ;11,11) `

(=01) Jrfm. prfst. sfrv sfrv..

;=;,11

x

Fb 15/01/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb mfsjicptf pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t? x

:11,11 >:,11

(815) Mfvib. v/ g ipfr ipfr.. sgcgb`rs (=88) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ :11,11) :11,11)

`

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

x

@d`bgtz`dt fbs `pudts `dtfrgirs, fs pripisfd fbs sfhòfdts òustis g rfjb`ssgngj`jgids?

:>:,11 :>:,1 1

Fb 16/01/;1U0, pfr b` vfdm` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

;11,11 =;,11

x

;>1

; Fb 16/01/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;11,11 ;11,11 =;,11

(>;=) ]r`dsp r`dspirts irts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;11,11 ;11,11))

`

(=01) Jrfm. prfst prfst.. sfrv sfrvfgs fgs

;=;,11 ;=;,1 1

x

Fb 15/01/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb mfsjicptf pfr mfnfjtfs mf qu`bgt`t? x

:11,11

(815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs

`

(817) [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs

:11,11

x

J`sis prájtgjs

:

@umgtirg` mf b‗árf` mf jbgfdts, vfdmfs g jicptfs ` jikr`r 󰂸󰂸 @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, tç rfhgstr`mfs bfs sfhòfdts m`mfs rfb`tgvfs `bs sfus jbgfdts? n`jtur` :65 857, mf ;1/10/;1U0, pfr gcpirt mf >161 ud gcpirt mf 05061  (06111 + :061 m‗G^@).



(6111

+

0161 m‗G^@) g n`jtur` :5718> mf 1:/10/;1U; pfr

Fs rf`bgtz` b` jgrjub`rgtz`jgú g s‗iktç fb rfsubt`t sfhòfdt? ‚ @ ud jbgfdt jbgfdt bg jirrfspid jirrfspid ud rápfb rápfb pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf 611 611  cçs G^@ quf OOQC, Z@, di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t, fdj`r` quf o` e` fdvg`t b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt. ‚ B` n`jtur` :57 18> fs v` fcftrf `b hfdfr g OOQC, Z@, b‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jicpt`kgbgtz`t `b mfsfckrf. Fb Fb jbgfdt di b` tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m`. ‚ Fb mfutf mfrgv`t mf b` n`jtur` :65 857 e`vg` fst`t jidsgmfr`t mf muktús jikr`cfdt g b‗fcprfs` v` mit`r b` jirrfspidfdt jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv`. @ ngd`bs mf ;1U0, fb jbgfdt e` `kid`t ud` p`rt mfb sfu mfutf, xgnr`t fd = 111  jicudgj`dt quf b` rfst` fs jidsgmfrg mfngdgtgv`cfdt pfrmum`. B‗fcprfs` di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t `qufst` jgrjucstádjg`. @d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs

ipirtuds.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb rápfb Fd rfb`jgú `ck fb mfsjicptf pfr vibuc, b‗fcprfs` di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t rfs. B‗fcprfs` eùrg` m‗e`vfr rf`bgtz`t mgvfrsis `pudt`cfdts.

;>0

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

: Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfb rápfb? x

611,11 611,11 016,11

(817) [ápfbs [ápfbs sikr sikrf f vfdm vfdmfs fs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 611,11) `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

>16,11 >16,1 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

>16,11 >16,1 1

x

B‗òust quf fs pripis` çs? x

611,11 611,11 016,11

(817) [ápfbs [ápfbs sikr sikrf f vfdm vfdmfs fs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt (;0% s/ 611,11)

` x

@dub󰂸b`jgú mf b` n`jtur` :5718> Fd jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` n`jtur` fcfs` `b hfdfr h fdfr,, b‗fcprfs` v` rf`bgtz`r b‗`pudt`cfdt sfhòfdt? Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` vfdm`? x

05 061,1 061,11 1

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts `

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

06 111,11 : 061,11

x

]it g `gxû, di e`vg` mf jicpt`kgbgtz`r rfs, o` quf b` vfdm` s‗e` m‗gcput`r ` b‗fxfrjgjg b‗f xfrjgjg ;1U;. Qfr t`dt, b‗òust ` rf`bgtz`r sfrá fb sfhòfdt? fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b‗`dub󰂸b`jgú mf b` vfdm`? x

06 111,11 : 061,11

(811) ^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (=88) E.Q. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt `

(=:1) Jbgf Jbgfdts dts

05 061,1 061,11 1

x

Qfr b` n`jtur` :65857 Fb jbgfdt `kid` ` b‗fcprfs` =111



g jicudgj` quf b` rfst` fs jidsgmfrg mfngdgtgv`cfdt pfrmum`.

B‗fcprfs` di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t rfs `b rfspfjtf< tit g `gxû, eùrg` m‗e`vfr jicpt`kgbgtz`t b‗gdhrçs g b` pårmu`.

;>;

: Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gdhrçs g b` pårmu`, b‗`pudt eùrg` m‗e`vfr fst`t? x

= 111,1 111,11 1 ; 161,11

(68;) K`djs, K`djs, j/j (>61) Qårm. jråm. jic. gdjikr gdjikr..

`

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

> 161,11

x

> 161,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs ` (87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs > 161,11 x

Qfr t`dt, fbs òustis ` rf`bgtz`r sfrgfd? Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gdhrçs g b` pårmu`? x

= 111,1 111,11 1 ; 161,11

(68;) K`djs, K`djs, j/j (>61) Qårm. jråm. jic. gdjikr gdjikr.. `

(=:>) Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt

> 161,11

x

> 161,11

(=71) Mftfrgir`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs ` (87=) [fvfrsgú [fvfrsgú mfb mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs > 161,11 x

J`sis prájtgjs

=

@umgtirg` mf b‗árf` m‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b 󰂸󰂸

B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, `mqugrfgx fb mg` 0 mf oubgib mf ;1U0 ud` cáqugd` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf `sjfdmfgx `sjfdm fgx ` 81 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt g `ssfhur`dè` `kid`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` súd mf ; 111  g =11 

rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g fb cudt`thf mf b` cáqugd` supisfd pfr ` b fcprfs` ud` mfspfs` mf ; 611 . Qfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` cáqugd`, fb k`dj bg jidjfmfgx ud prçstfj mf 61 111  ` rftird`r mur`dt fbs pripfrs 01 `dys. Fbs gdtfrfssis p`h`ts mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U0 e`d fst`t 0 111 . B` cáqugd` fst`rá fd jidmgjgids m‗fdtr`r fd nudjgid`cfdt fb mg` 0 m‗ijtukrf mf ;1U0 g sf bg fstgc` ud` vgm` ÿtgb mf 01 `dys. B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r b` cáqugd` fd nudjgú mf b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb. ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids s‗e`d rf`bgtz`t ` tr`vçs mfb k`dj. k`d j. OOQC, Z@, e` rf`bgtz`t fbs sfhòfdts `ssfdt`cfdts jicpt`kbfs g fd bfs m`tfs sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%)?

;>:

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

= Fb 10/18/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

81 111,1 111,11 1 0= 811,11

(;0:) C`qugdár C`qugdárg` g` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 81 111,11) `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

5= 811,1 811,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

=11,11 =11,1 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

: 1;6,1 1;6,11 1

x

Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf b` c`qugdárg` `dtfrgir? x

; 111,1 111,11 1 =;1,11

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supi supirt`t rt`t (;0% s/ ; 111,11) 111,11)

` x

Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfr b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb tr`dspirt? x

=11,11 =11,1 1

(>;6) Qr Qrgcfs gcfs m‗`ss m‗`ssfhur fhur`dè` `dè` ` x

Fb :1/17/;1U0, pfr bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g cudt`thf? x

; 611,11 6;6,11

(>;;) [fp`r`jgids [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supi supirt`t rt`t (;0% s/ ; 611,11) 611,11)

` x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfbs gdtfrfssis mfb prçstfj? x

0 111,1 111,11 1

(;0:) C`qu C`qugdár gdárg` g` `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 111,1 111,11 1

x

;>=

= Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

: 661,11

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbg b‗gcc ikgbgtz`t tz`t c`tfrg`b c`tfrg`b ` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qugdárg`

: 661,11

x

@d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`, g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t mf nirc` gdjirrfjt` b` jicpr` mf b` c`qugdárg`. Di e` tgdhut fd jicptf b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú ;`, rfb`tgv` ` b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, quf gdmgj` quf fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdjbiu, ` cçs mf b‗gcpirt n`jtur`t pfb vfdfmir mfsprçs mf mfmugr-eg qu`bsfvib mfsjicptf i rfk`gx` fd fb prfu, titfs bfs mfspfsfs `mmgjgid`bs g mgrfjt`cfdt rfb`jgid`mfs quf fs primufgxgd ngds ` b` sfv` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt, gdjbis` b` ukgj`jgú fd fb bbij g qu`bsfvib `btr` jidmgjgú dfjfssárg` pfr t`b quf puhug ipfr`r mf b` nirc` prfvgst`. M‗`btr` k`dm`, bfs mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs quf s‗e`hgd cfrgt`t `k`ds mf b` pis`m` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g quf e`hgd fst`t hgr`mfs pfb privfémir i jirrfspidhugd ` prçstfjs prç stfjs i `btrfs tgpus mf ngd`dè`cfdt `bgå, fspfjãngj i hfdårgj, mgrfjt`cfdt `trgkuékbf ` b‗`mqugsgjgú, dicçs nirc`r`d p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú fd fbs gccikgbgtz`ts quf dfjfssgtgd ud pfrãimf mf tfcps supfrgir ` ud `dy pfr fst`r fd jidmgjgids m‗ÿs. Fd `qufst j`s, fbs gdtfrfssis di nirc`r`d p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú, o` quf fb pfrãimf mf cudt`thf e` fst`t gdnfrgir ` b‗`dy. Zfhids `qufst` dirc`tgv`, fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` c`qugdárg` sfrá? Qrfu m‗`mqugsgjgú 3 81 111,11 + ; 111,11 + =11,11 + ; 611,11 3 8= 711,11 @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗fxfrjgjg

3



8= 711,11 / 01 `dys 3 8 =71,11  `du`bs.

G, fd fst`r b` cáqugd` fd jidmgjgids mf nudjgid`cfdt dicçs mur`dt mu r`dt trfs cfsis (mf b‗0 m‗ijtukrf `b :0 mf mf sfckrf), b` quit` ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r `qufst fxfrjgjg sfrá? @cirtgtz`jgú 3 8 =71,11 󰂸 : / 0; 3 0 58;,61



B‗fcprfs` eùrg` m‗e`vfr rf`bgtz`t fbs `pudts sfhòfdts? sfhòfd ts? Fb 10/18/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf b` c`qugdárg`?

x

81 111,1 111,11 1 0= 811,11

(;0:) C`qugdárg C`qugdárg` ` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

(;0% s/ 81111,11)

`

(68;) K`djs j/j

5= 811,1 811,11 1

x

;>6

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

= Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf b` c`qugdárg` `dtfrgir? x

; 111,1 111,11 1 =;1,11

(;0:) C`qugdár C`qugdárg` g` (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ ; 111,11) 111,11)

`

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

; =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

=11,11 =11,1 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

: 1;6,1 1;6,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 111,1 111,11 1

x

Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfr b‗`ssfhur`dè` mf tr`dspirt? x

=11,11 =11,1 1

(;0:) C`qu C`qugdár gdárg` g` ` x

Fb :1/17/;1U0, pfr bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g cudt`thf? x

; 611,1 611,11 1 6;6,11

(;0:) C`qugdár C`qugdárg` g` (=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supi supirt`t rt`t (;0% s/ ; 611,11) 611,11)

` x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfbs gdtfrfssis mfb prçstfj? x

0 111,11

(>>;) Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs ` x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b `cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

0 58;,61

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg` `

0 58;,6 58;,61 1

x

;>>

= Qfr t`dt, fbs òustis quf s‗eùrgfd mf rf`bgtz`r súd fbs sfhòfdts? Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf b` c`qugdárg` `dtfrgir? x

; 111,1 111,11 1

(;0:) C`qug C`qugdárg dárg` ` `

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts

; 111,1 111,11 1

x

Fb 06/18/;1U0, pfr b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb tr`dspirt? x

=11,11 =11,1 1

(;0:) C`qug C`qugdárg dárg` ` `

(>;6) Qr Qrgcfs gcfs m‗`ss m‗`ssfhur fhur`djf `djfss

=11,11 =11,1 1

x

Fb :1/17/;1U0, pfr bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g cudt`thf? x

; 611,1 611,11 1

(;0:) C`qug C`qugdárg dárg` ` `

(>;;) [fp`r`jgids [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú

; 611,11

(;0:) (;0 :) C`q C`qug ugdár dárg` g`

0 111 111,11 ,11

x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfbs gdtfrfssis mfb prçstfj? x

0 111,1 111,11 1

(>>;) Gdtfr Gdtfrfssi fssiss mf mfut mfutfs fs ` x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

0 >88,6 >88,61 1

(;50:)) @cirtgtz` (;50: @cirtgtz`jgú jgú `jucu `jucub`m` b`m` mf c`qugdárg`

`

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b

0 >88,61

x

Jic efc vgst, fb prijçs m‗ùmgtirg` di s‗e` jfdtr`t ÿdgj`cfdt fd mftfjt`r bfs mgvfrhådjgfs mgvfrhå djgfs fdtrf fb quf b‗fcprfs` e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t g fb quf eùrg` m‗e`vfr nft, sgdú quf b‗ùmgtir t`ckç e` rfjic`d`t b` prájtgj` m‗òustis g rfjb`ssgffj`jgids jicpt`kbfs.

;>8

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 5󰂸󰂸 Fb mg` 0 m‗`krgb mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, jicpr` cfrj`mfrgfs ` b‗fcprfs` J[GZJ@[, Z@, pfr gcpirt mf 0; 111  `ck ud ;% mf mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b fd n`jtur`. Bfs cfrj`mfrgfs v`d v `d jidtgdhumfs fd fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts fd =11 . Fb mg` 6 m‗`krgb mf ;1U0, rfp bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt. B‗fcprfs` QGJ@[OI, Z@, quf rf`bgtz` fbs pirts mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs, bg prfsfdt` ud` n`jtur` pfr ud gcpirt mf ;61  fd b` c`tfgx` m`t`, quf s‗`kid` cgto`dè`dt xfj. Fb mg` 06 m‗`krgb mf ;1U0, OOQC, Z@, rftird` fbs fdv`sis. ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids `dtfrgirs trgkutfd `b tgpus gcpisgtgu mfb ;0% m‗G^@. B‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, v` rf`bgtz`r bfs sfhòfdts sfhò fdts `dit`jgids jicpt`kbfs? Fb 16/1=/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

0; 0>1,11

(>11) Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs (0; 111,11 ∛ ;% s/ 0; 111,1 111,11 1 + =11,11)

; 66:,>1

(=8;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0; 0; 0>1,1 0>1,11) 1)

`

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs

0= 80:,> 80:,>1 1

x

Fb 16/1=/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs `dtfrgirs? x

;61,11 ;61,11 6;,61

(>;=) ]r`ds r`dspirts pirts (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ ;61,11) ;61,11)

`

(68;) K`dj j/j

x

Fb 06/1=/;1U0, pfr b` mfvibujgú mfbs fdv`sis? x

=5=,11 =5=,1 1

(=11) Qr Qrivfé ivfémirs mirs `

(>15) Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs

:1;,61 :1;,6 1

g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t

=11,11 5=,11

(;0% s/ =11,11)

x

@d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`, g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

;>5

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Puå çs b‗ùmgtirg`9 ;󰂸󰂸 Pugds tgpus m‗ùmgtirg` jidfgxfs9 :󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs súd bfs dircfs kásgqufs quf rfhubfd b‗ùmgtirg` ` Fsp`dy`9 =󰂸󰂸 Puå s‗fdtçd pfr ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs9 6󰂸󰂸 Puå çs b‗GJ@J9 Gdmgj`‗d bfs jicpftådjgfs. >󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs fdtgt`ts s‗e`d mf sitcftrf ` b‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs9 8󰂸󰂸 Pugds súd fbs rfqugsgts pfr gdsjrgurf‗s `b [fhgstrf Ingjg`b m‗@umgtirs mf Jicptfs fd fb j`s mf bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs9 G fd fb mf bfs pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs9

5󰂸󰂸 Pugd` çs b` qu`dtg` mf b` ng`dè` quf fst`d ikbgh`ts ` mgpisgt`r fbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs g bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs9

7󰂸󰂸 Pug muu ` tfrcf fb dicfd`cfdt mfbs ùmgtirs9 01󰂸󰂸 Pugd` rfspids`kgbgt`t tfdfd fbs ùmgtirs mf jicptfs9 00󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` j`m` ud` mf bfs n`sfs mfb prijçs m‗ùmgtirg`. 0;󰂸󰂸 Mfsfdvibup` fb jidtgdhut mf b‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`. 0:󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg bfs sfhòfdts `ngrc`jgids súd vfrt`mfrfs i n`bsfs, rìd`dt b` tfv` rfspist`? `) Zfhids b` Bbfg m‗@umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (B@J) g fb sfu rfhb`cfdt, s‗fdtfdmrá pfr ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs b‗`jtgvgt`t jidsgstfdt fd b` rfvgsgú g b` vfrgngj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs, `gxã jic m‗`btrfs fst`ts ngd`djfrs i mijucfdts jicpt`kbfs, fb`kir`ts m‗`jirm `ck fb c`rj dirc`tgu d irc`tgu m‗gdnirc`jgú ngd`djfr` quf rfsubtg m‗`pbgj`jgú, sfcprf quf qu f `qufst` `jtgvgt`t tgdhug pfr ikofjtf b‗iktfdjgú m‗gdnirc`jgú ngsj`b. k) B‗ikofjtgumfbs mf jicptfs b‗ùmgtirg` ngd`djfr` vfrgngj`r sg b` jicpt`kgbgt`t jicpriv`jgú `du`bs, g `btrfsçsfst`ts jicpt`kbfs g ngd`djfrs. rfnbfjtfgx b` gc`thf ngmfb cgto`dè`dt b` j) B‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs b` pimrá rf`bgtz`r ud ùmgtir mf jicptfs, ud` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg` i ud `mvij`t jfrtgngj`t. m) B‗Gdstgtut B‗Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J) (GJ @J) çs ud irh`dgscf ùtûdic `msjrgt `b Cgdgstfrg mf Oustãjg`. f) Bfs fcprfsfs quf jitgtzgd fbs sfus tãtibs fd cfrj`ts sfjudm`rgs ingjg`bs mf v`birs tfdfd b‗ikbgh`jgú m‗ùmgt`r fbs sfus jicptfs. n) Fd bfs sijgft`ts m‗ùmgtirg`, b` còirg` mfbs `mcgdgstr`mirs e`d mf sfr ùmgtirs. h) Qfr sfr ùmgtir ` Fsp`dy`, çs gdmgspfds`kbf mgspis`r mf tãtib udgvfrsgt`rg.

e) B‗gdnircf B‗gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs `du`bs e` mf jidtfdgr `bhud tgpus m‗ipgdgú. Pu`d fxgstfgxgd rfsfrvfs i fxjfpjgids fd ud gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`, b‗ipgdgú tåjdgj` sfrá qu`bgngj`m` m‗‒ipgdgú `ck fxjfpjgids– i ‒mfsn`vir`kbf–. g) Zfhids b` Bbfg mf Zijgft`ts mf J`pgt`b, fb dicfd`cfdt mfbs ùmgtirs ÿdgj`cfdt fb pit mur ` tfrcf b‗ùtirgt`t oumgjg`b. o) Bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids jicpt`kbfs fs rf`bgtzfd pfrquå `b bb`rh mfb prijçs jicpt`kbf s‗e`d primuét frrirs g `btrfs sgtu`jgids quf e`d `nfjt`t b` qu`dtgngj`jgú mfbs jicptfs `du`bs g, fd jidsfqòådjg`, di s‗e` vgst v gst rfnbfjtgm` b` vfrt`mfr` sgtu`jgú mf b‗fcprfs`. l) Fb jidtr`jtf m‗ùmgtirg` nirc`bgtz`t fdtrf b‗ùmgtir g b‗fdtgt`t ùmgt`m` rfp fb dic mf j`rt` m‗fdjárrfj.

;>7

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

.? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t `dûdgc` CZC, Z@, fd fbs mis ÿbtgcs `dys prfsfdt` bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ @dy ;1U1. ;1U1. @jtgu? @jtgu? ; 811 811 111 < xgnr` mf dfhijgs? 6 561 111 < =; trfk`bb`mirs. ‚ @dy ;1U0 ;1U0.. @jtgu? @jtgu? ; 711 711 111 < xgnr` mf dfhijgs? 6 7;1 111 < :5 trfk`bb`mirs. CZC, Z@, fst`rá ikbgh`m` ` rf`bgtz`r ùmgtirg` mf jicptfs9

;󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` ng`dè` m‗ud` sijgft`t m‗ùmgtirg` fb prgcfr `dy g fbs trfs sfhòfdts, s`kfdt quf fstá nirc`m` pfr trfs sijgs g quf `qufst` sijgft`t v` tfdgr b` n`jtur`jgú sfhòfdt? ‚ 511 511 11 111 1  fb prgcfr fxfrjgjg. ‚ 0 ;11 ;11 11 111 1  fb sfhid. ‚ 0 011 011 111 111  fb tfrjfr.

:󰂸󰂸 @ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, tç rfhgstr`mfs bfs sfhòfdts m`mfs mfb privfémir @BK@JGBI, @BK@JGBI, Z@? Dÿc. n`jtur`

Gcpirt

57857>

G^@

;1 111,11

]it`b = ;11,11

Fs rf`bgtz` b` jgrjub`rgtz`jgú g fb privfémir jidngrc` ud s`bmi `b sfu n`vir pfr ud gcpirt mf ;; 771

;= ;11,11 .

@d`bgtz`dt bfs mgnfrådjgfs, fs jicpriv` quf OOQC, Z@, v` rf`bgtz`r ud` mfvibujgú mf jicprfs fb mg` :1 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0 pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111  cçs fb ;0% m‗G^ m‗ G^@ @ quf di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t g quf @BK@JGBI, Z@, o` b` tç rfhgstr`m`, `tås quf fd `qufst` m`t` v` fcftrf b` jirrfspidfdt n`jtur` mf rfjtgngj`jgú. @d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`, g pripis` fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

=󰂸󰂸 Fb :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, tç rfhgstr`mfs bfs sfhòfdts m`mfs rfb`tgvfs `bs sfus jbgfdts? M`t`

Dÿc. n`jtur`

Gcpirt

G^@

]it`b

06/1>/;1U0

75

; 111,11

=;1,11

; =;1,11

;1/00/;1U0

0:5

5 111,11

0 >51,11

7 >51,11

01/10/;1U;

[-0=;

”0 111,11

”;01,11

”0 ;01,11

Fs rf`bgtz` b` jgrjub`rgtz`jgú g s‗iktç fb rfsubt`t sfhòfdt? ‚ Fb jbgfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b` n`jtur` n`jtur` dÿcfri 75 s‗e` mfjb`r`t fd n`bbgm` n`bbgm` ` cgto`d mfsfckrf mf ;1U0. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t `qufst` jgrjucstádjg`.

‚ Fb jbgfdt jirrfspi jirrfspidfdt dfdt ` b` n`jtur` n`jtur` dÿcfri 0:5 jidngrc` jidngrc` fb sfu s`bmi. s`bmi. ‚ OOQC, Z@, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jicpt`kgbgtz`t ud` mfvibujgú mf vfdmfs sfhids n`jtur` mf rfjtgngj`jgú dÿcfri [-0=;, quf fb jbgfdt di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t, o` quf `qufst` mfvibujgú s‗e` rf`bgtz`t `b hfdfr mf ;1U;. ‚ Vd `btrf jbgfdt jidngrc` quf tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m` b` n`jtur` dÿcfri 0=6 quf OOQC, Z@, v` fcftrf fb ;5 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0. OOQC, Z@, di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t rfs fd rfb`jgú `ck `qufst` n`jtur`. B‗gcpirt B‗gcpirt tit`b mf b` n`jtur` `sjfdmfgx ` 5=81  (G^@ mfb ;0% gdjbûs). @d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs`, g pripis`‗d fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

;81

J`s ngd`b

6

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú Mfsfdvibup` fb trfk`bb m‗ùmgtirg` rfb`tgu ` b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, b‗`dy ;1U0, m‗`jirm `ck b` gdnirc`jgú sf󰂸󰂸 hòfdt?

Jbgfdts, vfdmfs g jicptfs ` jikr`r Fb mg` 0 mf c`gh mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, vfd cfrj`mfrgfs ` b‗fcprfs` [IZ@DHFB, Z@, pfr ud gcpirt mf 0= 111 . @ b` n`jtur` nghurfd ud mfsjicptf jicfrjg`b mfb ;% g uds u ds fdv`sis `ck n`jubt`t mf mfvibujgú v`bir`ts v`b ir`ts fd =11 . Fb tr`dspirt mf b` vfdm` `dtfrgir fb rf`bgtz` OOQC, Z@, `ck fbs sfus pripgs cgto`ds g fb rfpfrjutfgx `b jbgfdt fd b` n`jtur` mf vfdm`. B‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt `sjfdmfgx ` :11 . Fb mg` 6 mf c`gh mf ;1U0, OOQC, Z@, fdvg` bfs cfrj`mfrgfs g b` n`jtur` jirrfspidfdt. Fb mg` 06 mf c`gh mf ;1U0, OOQC, Z@, rfp fbs fdv`sis n`jtur`ts fb mg` 6 mf c`gh. ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids `dtfrgirs trgkutfd `b tgpus gcpisgtgu mfb ;0% m‗G^@? B‗fcprfs` v` rf`bgtz`r bfs b fs sfhòfdts `dit`jgids jicpt`kbfs? Fb 16/16/;1U0, pfr b` vfdm` mf bfs cfrj`mfrgfs? x

08 ==5,; ==5,;1 1

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts `

(811) ^fdmf fdmfss mf cfrj cfrj`mfrg `mfrgfs fs

0= =;1,1 =;1,11 1

(0= 111,11 ” ;% s/ 0= 111,11 + =11,11 + :11,11)

(=88) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ rfpfrjutgt

: 1;5,;1

(;0% s/ 0= =;1,11)

x

Fb 06/16/;1U0, pfr b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b` mfvibujgú mfbs fdv`sis? x

=11,11

5=,11

(815) Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs (=88) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` G^@ G^ @ rfpfrjutgt rfpfrjut gt (;0% s/ =11,11)

`

(=:1) Jbgfd Jbgfdts ts

=5=,11 =5=,1 1

x

@ :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, b‗fcprfs` tç rfhgstr`mfs bfs sfhòfdts m`mfs `bs sfus jbgfdts?

M`t`

Dÿc. n`jtur`

Gcpirt

G^@

]it`b

01/1:/;1U0

01=6>8

> 111,11

0 ;>1,11

8 ;>1,11

1:/10/;1U;

0;7;00

0; 111,11

; 6;1,11

0= 6;1,11

;80

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

6 Fs rf`bgtz` b` jgrjub`rgtz`jgú g s‗iktç fb rfsubt`t sfhòfdt? ‚ Fb mg` ;8 mf mfsfckrf mf ;1U0, ud jbgfdt v` rf`bgtz`r rf`bgtz`r ud` mfvibujgú mf vfdmfs pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111  cçs G^@ G^ @ mfhut ` ud frrir fd b` jic`dm`. OOQC, Z@, di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t `qufst nft. ‚ OOQC, Z@, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t `b mfsfckrf b` n`jtur` 0;7;00, mf hfdfr. hfdfr. Fb jbgfdt di b` tç jicpt`kgbgtz`m`. jicpt`kgbgtz`m`. ‚ Fb jbgfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b` n`jtur` 01=6>8 s‗e` mfjb`r`t fd n`bbgm` ` cgto`d cgto`d mfsfckrf ;1U0. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` di e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t `qufst` jgrjucstádjg`.

Gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Fb mg` 0 mf c`gh mf ;1U0, jicpr` ud` cáqugd` `ck ud prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú quf `sjfdmfgx ` :1 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mf tr`dspirt g `ssfhur`dè` `kid`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` súd mf 0 ;11  g :11 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g fb cudt`thf mf b` c`qugdárg` supisfd pfr ` b‗fcprfs` ud` mfspfs` mf 0 611 . Qfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` c`qugdárg`, fb k`dj bg jidjfmfgx ud prçstfj mf ;1 111 , ` rftird`r mur`dt fbs pripfrs 01 `dys. Fbs gdtfrfssis p`h`ts mur`dt b‗`dy ;1U0 e`d fst`t 611

.

B` fst`rá fd jidmgjgids m‗fdtr`r fd nudjgid`cfdt nudb`jgid`cfdt fb mg` 0 mfmf sftfckrf mf ;1U0 ÿtgbcáqugd` mf 01 `dys. B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r cáqugd` fd nudjgú b` sfv` vgm` ÿtgb.g sf bg fstgc` ud` vgm` ]itfs bfs ipfr`jgids s‗e`d rf`bgtz`t ` tr`vçs mfb k`dj. OOQC, Z@, e` rf`bgtz`t fbs sfhòfdts `ssfdt`cfdts jicpt`kbfs g fd bfs m`tfs sfhòfdts (G^@ mfb ;0%). Fb 10/16/;1U0, pfr b` jicpr` mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

:1 111,1 111,11 1 > :11,11

(;0:) C`qugdár C`qugdárg` g` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ :1 111,11) `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:> :11,1 :11,11 1

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

0 =6;,1 =6;,11 1

x

Fb 16/16/;1U0, pfb tr`dspirt mf b` c`qugdárg` `dtfrgir? x

0 ;11,1 ;11,11 1 ;6;,11

(;0:) C`qugdár C`qugdárg` g` (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 ;11,11) ` x

Fb 1>/16/;1U0, pfr b‗`ssfhur`dè` mfb tr`dspirt? x

:11,11 :11,1 1

(>;6) Qr Qrgcfs gcfs m‗`ss m‗`ssfhur fhur`dè` `dè` `

(68;) K`dj K`djss j/j

:11,11 :11,1 1

x

;8;

6 Fb ;5/15/;1U0, pfr bfs mfspfsfs m‗gdst`b󰂸b`jgú g cudt`thf? x

0 611,11 :06,11

(>;;) [fp`r`jgi [fp`r`jgids ds g jidsfrv`jgú (=8;) E.Q E.Q.. G^ G^@ @ supirt`t (;0% s/ 0 611,11) `

(68;) K`djs j/j

0 506,1 506,11 1

(68;) K`djs j/j

611,11 611,1 1

x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfbs gdtfrfssis mfb prçstfj? x

611,11

(;0:) C`qugdárg` ` x

Fb :0/0;/;1U0, pfr b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` c`qugdárg`? x

; 00:,::

(>50) @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b ` (;50:) @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf c`qug c`qugdárg dárg` `

; 00:,1 00:,11 1

x

@d`bgtz` bfs ipfr`jgids jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, g pripis`‗d fbs òustis g bfs rfjb`ssgngj`jgids quf jidsgmfrgs ipirtuds.

;8:

Vdgt`tt 5 - @umgtirg` mf jicptfs Vdgt`

Gmffs jbù Jidjfptf, jb`ssgngj`jgú g rfhub`jgú bfh`b

Gdstgtut mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t g @umgtirg` mf Jicptfs (GJ@J)

Ikbgh`tirgft`t mf b‗ùmgtirg`

@VMG]I[G@ MF JICQ]FZ

N`jubt`ts Ng`dè`

Fbs ùmgtirs

Gdmfpfdmådjg` [fspids`kgbgt`t Dicfd`cfdt

Fstumg prfvg g jidtr`jt`jgú Qb`dgngj`jgú

N`sfs m ud prijçs m‗ùmgtirg` Fxfjujgú

Jidtgdhut mf b‗gdnircf

Gdnircf m‗ùmgtirg`

]gpus m‗ipgdgú

@oustis g rfjb`ssgngj`jgids jicpt`kbfs

u

d

g

t

`

t

7

B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts ZVC@[G B‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqu Fjidûcgqufs fs 󰁤

󰁤

B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r b` dirc`tgv` ngsj`b vghfdt g bfs dircfs `pbgj`kbfs ` j`m` tgpus m‗gcpist. ¸¸ [fb`jgid`r fbs jidjfptfs jicpt`kbfs `ck fbs `spfjtfs trgkut`rgs fd b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts. ¸¸ Mgnfrfdjg`r fdtrf rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf g rfsubt`t ngsj`b, fspfjgngj`dt fbs prijfmgcfdts prijfmgcfd ts pfr ` b` jidjgbg`jgú mf tits mis. ¸¸ [f`bgtz`r jirrfjt`cfdt b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

¸¸ Jidågxfr fbs prgdjgp`bs jicptfs us`ts pfr jicpt`kgbgtz`r b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts. ¸¸ Jicpt`kgbgtz`r jirrfjt`cfdt fbs nfts jicpt`kbfs rfb`jgid`ts `ck fb jicpbgcfdt mf bfs ikbgh`jgids ngsj`bs.

;86

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

0 44 B‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqufs @ b‗ghu`b quf fbs fcprfs`rgs tfdfd fb mfurf mf jicpbgr bfs ikbgh`jgids fst`kbfrtfs pfr b` dirc`tgv` bfh`b g rfhb`cfdtárg`, t`ckç e`d mf jicpbgr ud` sårgf nid`cfdt`bs m‗ikbgh`jgidsquf ngsj`bs. Fd `qufst bbgkrf, mfsfdvibup`rfc fbs mis gcpistis hr`vfd b‗`jtgvgt`t fcprfs`rg`b g prinfssgid`b, jic súd b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts (fd j`s quf b‗fcprfs`rg sghug ud` sijgft`t) g b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs. @r` kç, `ck j`rájtfr prfvg ` b‗fstumg m‗`qufsts mis gcpistis, çs dfjfss`rg tr`jt`r b‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqufs i G@F, trgkut quf hr`v` b‗fxfrjgjg m‗ud` `jtgvgt`t fcprfs`rg`b i prinfssgid`b. Fd `qufst sfdtgt, sfrvfgx mf prfssupist pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mf mgvfrsis rfdmgcfdts fd fbs `btrfs mis gcpistis.

]`rgnfs mf b‗G@F Bfs t`rgnfs pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfb mfutf trgkut`rg fd `qufst gcpist fst`d rfjibbgmfs `b [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu 0086/0771, mf ;5 mf sftfckrf, pfb qu`b s‗`privfd bfs t`rgnfs g b` gdstrujjgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqufs.

Jidjfptf

Mgds mf b‗fstrujtur` mfb sgstfc` trgkut`rg trg kut`rg fsp`dyib, b‗G@F çs ud trgkut bij`b, çs ` mgr, jidstgtufgx ud rfjurs ngd`djfr mf bfs fdtgt`ts bij`bs g, pfr t`dt, çs hfstgid`t g rfj`pt`t mgrfjt`cfdt pfr `qufstfs fdtgt`ts. @tås `qufst j`rájtfr bij`b, b` sfv` rfhub`jgú fs mftfrcgd` `b [fg`b Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu ;/;11=, mf 6 mf c`rè, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg [fhub`mir` mf bfs Egsfdmfs Bij`bs. @qufst` dirc` fb mfngdfgx m‗`qufst` c`dfr`? B‗Gcpist sikrf @jtgvgt`ts Fjidûcgqufs çs ud trgkut mgrfjtf mf j`rájtfr rf`b, `ck ud nft gcpis`kbf jidstgtuét pfb cfr fxfrjgjg, fd tfrrgtirg d`jgid`b, m‗`jtgvgt`ts fcprfs`rg`bs, prinfssgid`bs i `rtãstgqufs, s‗fxfrjfgxgd i di fd bij`b mftfrcgd`t g fs trikgd i di fspfjgffj`mfs ` bfs t`rgnfs mf b‗gcpist.

Gcpist sikrf Kçds Gccikbfs B‗Gcpist sikrf Kçds Gccikbfs (GKG) çs ud trgkut mgrfjtf mf j`rájtfr rf`b quf hr`v` fb v`bir mfbs kçds gccikbfs pripgft`t mfb jidtrgkufdt. Jidstgtufgx fb sfu nft gcpis`kbf, fdtrf `btrfs, b` tgtub`rgt`t m‗ud mrft mf pripgft`t sikrf fbs kçds gccikbfs rÿstgjs g urk`ds. ]`ckç fs tr`jt` m‗ud trgkut bij`b.

@bs fnfjtfs mf b‗fxprfss`t ` b` bbfg, fs jidsgmfr` quf ud` `jtgvgt`t s‗fxfrjfgx `ck j`rájtfr fcprfs`rg`b, prinfssgid`b i `rtãstgj qu`d supis` b‗irmfd`jgú pfr jicptf pripg mf cgto`ds mf primujjgú g mf rfjursis euc`ds, i m‗ud mfbs mis, `ck b` ngd`bgt`t m‗gdtfrvfdgr fd b` primujjgú i b` mgstrgkujgú mf kçds i sfrvfgs. Fxfcpjgids

Fst`d fxfcpts mfb p`h`cfdt m‗`qufst gcpist? ‚ Mgvfrsfs fdtgt`ts g irh`dgscfs pÿkbgjs (Fst`t, jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs,

fdtgt`ts bij`bs, ftj.), `gxã jic mgnfrfdts `ssijg`jgids g nudm`jgids mf j`rájtfr kfdångj g utgbgt`t pÿkbgj`.

Gcpist mf ]r`dscgssgids

‚ Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus quf gdgjgéd b‗fxfrjgjg mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t fd tfrrgtirg

fsp`dyib, mur`dt fbs mis prgcfrs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus mf b‗gcpist fd quå fs mfsfdvibupg `qufst` `jtgvgt`t. ‚ Bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs. ‚ Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts, bfs sijgft`ts jgvgbs g bfs fdtgt`ts mf b‗`rtgjbf :6.= mf b` Bbfg 65/;11: 65/;11:,, mf 08 mf mfsfckrf, Hfdfr`b ]rgkutárg`, quf tgdhugd ud gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs gdnfrgir ` 0 111 111111 111 m‗furis fd fb pfdÿbtgc `dy `dtfrgir `b mf b` cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist.

Q`trgcidg`bs g @jtfs Ourãmgjs Mijucfdt`ts Çs ud gcpist gdmgrfjtf quf hr`v` bfs tr`dscgssgids p`trgcidg`bs idfrisfs (pfr fxfcpbf, b` jicpr`vfdm` m‗ud pgs mf sfhid` cá), bfs ipfr`jgids sijgftárgfs (pfr fxfcpbf, b` jidstgtujgú mf sijgft`ts) g fbs `jtfs ourãmgjs mijucfdt`ts (pfr fxfcpbf, fsjrgpturfs dit`rg`bs, bbftrfs mf j`dvg, ftj.).

;8>

Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú

Fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu jigdjgmfgx `ck b‗`dy d`tur`b, fxjfptf qu`d fs tr`jtg mf mfjb`r`jgids m‗`bt`, j`s fd fb qu`b `kr`è`rá mfs mf b` m`t` m‗gdgjg mf b‗`jtgvgt`t ngds `b ngd`b mf b‗`dy d`tur`b. Fd j`s mf k`gx` pfr jfss`cfdt fd b‗fxfrjgjg mf b‗`jtgvgt`t, bfs quitfs sfr`d prirr`tfo`kbfs pfr trgcfstrfs d`tur`bs, fxjbûs `qufbb fd quå fs primufgxg `qufst jfss`cfdt. Ikbgh`jgids jfds`bs

B‗G@F fs hfstgid` ` p`rtgr mf b` c`trãjub` mf b‗gcpist. @qufst` c`trãjub` fs nirc`rá `du`bcfdt pfr ` j`m` tfrcf g fst`rá jidstgtuém` pfr jfdsis jicprfdsgus mf bfs `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs, sukofjtfs p`ssgus, quitfs cãdgcfs g, sg çs prijfmfdt, mfb rfjárrfj privgdjg`b. Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` prfsfdt`r bfs jirrfspidfdts mfjb`r`jgids jfds`bs m‗`bt` c`dgnfst`dt tits fbs fbfcfdts dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` sfv` gdjbusgú ` b` b ` c`trãjub`. @ jidtgdu`jgú, fs pr`jtgj`rá pfr p`rt mf b‗@mcgdgstr`jgú jicpftfdt b` bgqugm`jgú jirrfspidfdt, b` qu`b fs ditgngj`rá `b sukofjtf p`ssgu, quf eùrá m‗fnfjtu`r b‗gdhrçs quf sghug prijfmfdt. Cimfb 1:> mf mfjb`r`jgú jfds`b.

@ cçs m‗`qufst jfds, b` dirc`tgv` fst`t`b t`ckç tç fst`kbfrt fb jfds m‗ikbgh`ts trgkut`rgs, fd quå s‗eùr`d mf mid`r m‗`bt`, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, fbs quf mfsfdvibupgd i fstghugd ` pudt mf mfsfdvibup`r fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib `jtgvgt`ts fcprfs`rg`bs i prinfssgid`bs, `gxã jic fbs quf `kidgd rfdmfs sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú i gdhrçs ` jicptf. Fbs cimfbs pfr mur ` tfrcf `qufstfs ikbgh`jgids jfds`bs súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ Cimfb 1:> mf mfjb`r`jgú jfds`b m‗`bt` `b Jfds m‗Fcprfs`rgs, Qrinfssgid`bs g [ftfdgmirs, g cimfb 1:8, mf mfjb`r`jgú jfds`b sgcpbgngj`m`. B` mgnfrådjg`

fdtrf fbs mis cimfbs çs quf fb 1:> çs fb cimfb irmgd`rg mf mfjb`r`jgú, cfdtrf quf fb 1:8 çs ud cimfb sgcpbgngj`t quf pit sfr prfsfdt`t pfr pfrsidfs nãsgqufs quf jicpbfgxgd mftfrcgd`mfs jidmgjgids (quf sghugd rfsgmfdts ` Fsp`dy`, quf di tgdhugd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf hr`d fcprfs`, ftj.). ‚ Cimfb 5=1 mf mfjb`r`jgú ` b‗G@F, fd quå fs mftfrcgd`r`d tits fbs fbfcfdts trgkut`rgs dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` sfv` hfstgú g bgqugm`jgú. Jic quf mur`dt fbs mis prgcfrs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus, jirrfspidfdts `bs mis prgcfrs `dys m‗fxfrjgjg m‗`jtgvgt`t, fbs fcprfs`rgs fst`d fxfcpts mf p`h`r b‗G@F, dicçs j`bmrá sib¸bgjgt`r-df b‗`bt` `b jfds m‗ikbgh`ts trgkut`rgs, ` tr`vçs mfbs mijucfdts 1:> g 1:8. Vd jip p`ss`t `qufst tfrcgdg, sg fst`d mgds m‗`bhud mfbs supûsgts quf fbs ikbgh` ` trgkut`r pfr G@F, eùr`d mf prf-

sfdt`r fb cimfb 5=1. Cimfb 5=1.

@ cçs, fxgstfgx ud `btrf cimfb, fb 5=5, pfr jidsghd`r b‗gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs m‗ud` fcprfs`, bbfv`t quf o` d‗e`hg nft jidst`r b‗gcpirt fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 0󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` jic fs rf`bgtz` b` hfstgú trgkutárg` mf b‗G@F.

;88

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

; 44 B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts B` Jidstgtujgú fsp`dyib` fst`kbfgx quf titfs bfs pfrsidfs, o` sghugd nãsgqufs i ourãmgqufs, jidtrgkugr`d `b sistfdgcfdt mf bfs mfspfsfs mfs pfsfs pÿkbgqufs m‗`jirm

[fhub`jgú mf b‗GZ

`ckrfdmfs b` sfv`fst`d j`p`jgt`t fjidûcgj`< `gxû, bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs iktfdfd ikbgh`mfs ` p`h`rpfr b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfsquf Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs (G[QN) g bfs pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs, b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts (GZ).

B` dirc` rfhub`mir` mf b‗GZ fstá gdtfhr`m` pfr?

Fd `qufst` udgt`t, `d`bgtz`rfc fbs `spfjtfs cçs sghdgngj`tgus mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts (GZ).

‚ [fg`b [fg`b Mfjrft Mfjrft Bfhgsb`tgu Bfhgsb`tgu =/;11=, =/;11=, mf 6 mf c`rè, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts. ‚ [fg [fg`b `b Mfjrft Mfjrft 0888/;11=, 0888/;11=, mf :1 mf oudy, oudy, pfb qu`b s‗`priv` fb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

Fd `qufst` udgt`t, `d`bgtz`rfc fbs `spfjtfs cçs sghdgngj`tgus mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts g mfmgj`rfc b` sfhòfdt ` b‗G[QN. ;.0 4 D`tur`bfs` g áckgt m‗`pbgj`jgú mf b‗gcpist

B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts çs ud trgkut quf hr`v` b` rfdm` mf bfs sijgft`ts g `btrfs fdtgt`ts ourãmgqufs m‗`jirm `ck bfs dircfs fst`kbfrtfs ` b` bbfg quf fb rfhub`. @qufst gcpist tç j`rájtfr mgrfjtf g pfrsid`b? ‚ Çs ud gcpist mgrfjtf, o` quf hr`v` b` tit`bgt`t mf bfs rfdmfs pfrjfkumfs

pfr bfs pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mf b` sfv` nidt. ‚ ]ç d`tur`bfs` pfrsid`b pfrquå tç fd jicptf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs mfb suk ofjtf p`ssgu pfr mftfrcgd`r mftfrcgd`r fb mfutf trgkut`rg. B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts s‗`pbgj`rá fd tit fb tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib. ]it g `gxû, fd fbs tfrrgtirgs egstûrgjs mf b` Jicudgt`t @utûdic` mfb Q`ãs K`sj g ` b` Jicudgt`t Nir`b mf D`v`rr` fxgstfgxfd uds råhgcs trgkut`rgs nir`bs mf jidjfrt g jidvfdg fjidûcgj, rfspfjtgv`cfdt, pfr b` qu`b jis` `qufstfs jicudgt`ts pimfd hfstgid`r g rfj`pt`r fbs sfus gcpistis. ;.; 4 Nft gcpis`kbf

Jidstgtugrá fb nft gcpis`kbf ` fnfjtfs m‗`qufst gcpist b‗iktfdjgú mf rfdm` pfb sukofjtf p`ssgu, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` nidt i b‗irghfd. ;.: 4 Zukofjtf p`ssgu Zfr`d sukofjtfs p`ssgus mf b‗gcpist, fdtrf `btrfs, qu`d tgdhugd b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib, bfs pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs (fxjfptf bfs sijgft`ts jgvgbs), fbs nids m‗gdvfrsgú, bfs udgids tfcpir`bs m‗fcprfsfs, fbs nids mf j`pgt`b-rgsj, fbs nids mf pfdsgids g fbs nids mf rfhub`jgú mfb cfrj`t egpitfj`rg. Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus sfr`d hr`v`ts pfr b` tit`bgt`t mf b` rfdm` quf iktgdhugd, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mfb bbij id s‗e`huçs primuét g gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b`

[fsgmådjg` fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib Fs jidsgmfr`r`d rfsgmfdts fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib bfs fdtgt`ts fd quå jidjirrg `bhud mfbs rfqugsgts sfhòfdts? ‚ Puf s‗e`hgd s‗e`hgd jidstgtué jidstgtuétt jidnircf jidnircf ` bfs

rfsgmådjg` mfb p`h`mir. Fb micgjgbg ngsj`b mfbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus rfsgmfdts fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib sfrá fb mfb sfu micgjgbg sijg`b, sg s‗eg trik` jfdtr`bgtz`m` b` hfstgú `mcgdgstr`tgv` g b` mgrfjjgú mfbs sfus dfhijgs. Fd j`s jidtr`rg, sfrá fb bbij fd quå fs muhug ` tfrcf `qufst` hfstgú i mgrfjjgú. Zg di fs pihuçs mftfrcgd`r id fs muu ` tfrcf, s‗fdtfdmrá quf tç bbij id fs trikg fb còir v`bir mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t.

bbfgs fsp`dyibfs. ‚ Puf tgdhugd tgdhugd fb sfu sfu micg micgjgbg jgbg sijg`b sijg`b fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib. ‚ fnfjtgv` Puf tgdhugd tgdhugd b` sfv`fsp`dyib. sfu mf mgrfjjgú sfu mgrfjjgú fd tfrrgtirg

Fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus quf di tgdhugd b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib g iktgdhugd rfdmfs fd `qufst tfrrgtirg, trgkut`r`d pfr b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf Di [fsgmfdts (G[D[) ÿdgj`cfdt pfr `qufstfs rfdmfs.

;85

;.= 4 Fxfcpjgids

B‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts rfjidfgx mis tgpus m‗fxfcpjgids? @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs mf

‚ ]it`bs? `nfjtfd bfs `mcgdgstr`jgids tfrrgtirg`bs (Fst`t, jicudgt`ts ùtû-

hfstgú m‗gcpistis

dicfs g fdtgt`ts bij`bs) g `btrfs fdtgt`ts g irh`dgscfs ingjg`bs (pfr fxfcpbf, K`dj m‗Fsp`dy`, nids mf h`r`dtg` mf mgpûsgts, fdtgt`ts hfstirfs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b, ftj.). ‚ Q`rjg`bs? `nfjtfd, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs fdtgt`ts g gdstgtujgids sfdsf ádgc mf bujrf, fbs jib¸bfhgs prinfssgid`bs, bfs `ssijg`jgids fcprfs`rg`bs, bfs j`ckrfs ingjg`bs g fbs sgdmgj`ts mf trfk`bb`mirs g bfs b fs cÿtufs m‗`jjgmfdts mf trfk`bb g c`b`btgfs prinfssgid`bs mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b quf jicpbfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts fst`kbfrts pfr b` sfv` dirc`tgv` rfhub`mir`.

B‗@hådjg` ]rgkutárg` e` mfsfdvibup`t fb prihr`c` Q@M[F mf sijgft`ts-cimfb ;11 (Q@MGZ). @qufst prihr`c` m‗òum` ` b` mfjb`r`jgú s‗gdst`b󰂸b` ` b‗irmgd`mir mf b‗fdtgt`t mfjb`r`dt g pfrcft hfdfr`r ud ngtxfr pfr ` b` prfsfdt`jgú mf b` mfjb`r`jgú mf nirc` tfbfcátgj`.

;.6 4 Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist

Mfvibujgú m‗ingjg Pu`d b` quit` rfsubt`dt mf b‗ùtibgqugm`jgú sghug gdnfrgir ` b` suc` mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts fnfjtgv`cfdt rftgdhumfs, gdhrfssis ` jicptf g p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts, b‗@mcgdgstr`jgú ]rgkutárg` prijfmgrá ` rftird`r m‗ingjg b‗fxjçs sikrf b‗fscfdt`m` quit`.

Fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu jigdjgmgrá `ck b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mf b‗fdtgt`t g b‗gcpist fs cfrgt`rá b‗ÿbtgc mg` m‗`qufst pfrãimf, quf di fxjfmgrá mf 0; cfsis. Fd tit j`s, jidjbiurá fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu qu`d b‗fdtgt`t s‗fxtgdhfgxg, qu`d tgdhug bbij ud j`dvg mf rfsgmådjg` mf b‗fdtgt`t rfsgmfdt fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib ` b‗fstr`dhfr g qu`d fs primufgxg b` tr`dsnirc`jgú mf b` nirc` ourãmgj` mf b‗fdtgt`t g `gxû mftfrcgdg b` v`rg`jgú fd b` trgkut`jgú. ;.> 4 Cimfbs mf mfjb`r`jgú

B` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts s‗e` mf mur ` tfrcf `b cimfb ;11. @ cçs, pfr mur ` tfrcf fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts, fst`d prfvgstis mis cimfbs? fb cimfb ;1;, quf sfrá utgbgtz`t `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b pfbs ikbgh`ts ` fnfjtu`r p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts, g fb cimfb ;;;, quf eùr`d m‗utgbgtz`r fbs hrups ngsj`bs, gdjbisis fbs mf jiipfr`tgvfs. ;.8 4 ]frcgdgs mf prfsfdt`jgú

Qrfsfdt`jgú tfbfcátgj` Bfs mfjb`r`jgids fs pimr`d prfsfdt`r mf nirc` prfsfdjg`b i tfbfcátgj`. ]it g `gxû, b` prfsfdt`jgú mfb cimfb ;11 s‗e` mf nfr ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt pfr vg` tfbfcátgj` qu`d fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus sghugd Z@, ZB i tgdhugd b` qu`bgngj`jgú mf hr`d fcprfs`.

Di fxgstfgx ud tfrcgdg ÿdgj mf prfsfdt`jgú, sgdú quf fst`rá jidmgjgid`t fd j`m` fdtgt`t pfr b` m`t` fd quå jidjbihug fb sfu fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj g, fd jidsfqòådjg`, fb sfu pfrãimf gcpisgtgu. B` prfsfdt`jgú mf b` mfjb`r`jgú s‗eùrá m‗fnfjtu`r mgds mfbs ;6 mgfs d`tur`bs sfhòfdts `bs > cfsis pistfrgirs ` b` jidjbusgú mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu. Qfr t`dt, sg b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mf b‗fdtgt`t jigdjgmfgx `ck b‗`dy d`tur`b, fb tfrcgdg mf prfsfdt`jgú gdjbiurá fbs ;6 prgcfrs mgfs d`tur`bs mfb cfs mf oubgib.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs ;󰂸󰂸 Puå sghdgngj` quf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts çs ud gcpist mf j`rájtfr mgrfjtf g pfrsid`b9 :󰂸󰂸 B‗fdtgt`t @BKF[M@, Z@, tç fb micgjgbg sijg`b `b j`rrfr Cgqufb C`rtã g Qib, dÿc. 0, mf ]`rr`hid`. Mgspis` mf sujurs`bs ` ]`rr`hid` g [fus. B` jicpt`kgbgt`t prgdjgp`b fs pirt` ` ]`rr`hid`, id fs jidsfrvfd fbs `dtfjfmfdts g oustgngj`dts mfhum`cfdt `rxgv`ts. Fbs `mcgdgstr`mirs fst`d ngsj`bcfdt micgjgbg`ts ` [fus. Fd b` sfv` prájtgj` tit`bgt`t, b‗gccikgbgtz`t fs trik` ` ]`rr`hid`. ]`rr`hid`. Pugd sfrá fb sfu micgjgbg ngsj`b9

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

: 44 Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist @k`ds m‗`d`bgtz`r b` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist g pfr tfdgr-df ud` vgsgú hbik`b, vfurfc b‗fsqufc` mfb prijçs mf bgqugm`jgú? bgqugm`jgú? [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf (s`bmi mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys)

(+/”)

@oustis mfb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf (mf j`rájtfr ngsj`b)

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf pråvg`

(”)) (”

K`sf K` sfss gcpi gcpis` s`kb kbfs fs dfh dfh`t `tgv gvfs fs m‗f m‗fxf xfrj rjgj gjgs gs `dt `dtfr frgi girs rs

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf

(Ø)

]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

(3)

Puit` ãdtfhr`

(”)) (”

Mfmu Mf mujj jjggid idss pf pfr fvg fvgt` t`rr b` b` mi mikb kbff gcp gcpis isgj gjgú gú

(”)

Kidgngj`jgids

(3)

Puit` ãdtfhr` òust`m` pisgtgv`

(”)) (”

Mfmu Mf mujj jjgi gids ds pf pfrr gdj gdjfd fdtg tgv` v`rr b` b` rf` rf`bg bgtz tz`j `jgú gú mf jf jfrt rtfs fs `j `jtg tgvg vgt` t`ts ts

(3)

Puit` bãqugm`

(”)

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

(”)

[ftfdjgids g gdhrfssis ` jicptf

(3)

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b (` gdhrfss`r i rftird`r)

:.0 4 B` k`sf gcpis`kbf

Jic fs vfu ` b‗fsqufc` `dtfrgir, b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fst`rá jidstgtuém` pfr b‗gcpirt mf b` rfdm` fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu cgdir`m` pfr b` jicpfds`jgú mf k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs mf pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus g cpisgtgus `dtfrgirs. B` k`sf gcpis`kbf fs mftfrcgd`rá pfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`, pfb m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv` qu`d b` bbfg fd mftfrcgdg b‗`pbgj`jgú b ‗`pbgj`jgú g, suksgmgárg`cfdt, pfb m‗fstgc`jgú gdmgrfjt`, mf jidnircgt`t `ck fb mgspis`t ` b` Bbfg B bfg Hfdfr`b ]rgkutárg`. ‚ Fd fb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`, b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fs j`bjub`rá jirrfhgdt

fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf sfhids fb prfvgst ` b` dirc`tgv` rfhub`mir` mf b‗gcpist.

;87

‚ Fd fb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`, b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fs pimrá mftfrcg-

d`r tit`bcfdt i p`rjg`bcfdt cgto`dè`dt b‗`pbgj`jgú mfbs sghdfs, ãdmfxs i cûmubs `bs sfjtirs m‗`jtgvgt`t quf mftfrcgdg `qufst` bbfg. :.; 4 @oustis mfb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf

Fb cçs e`kgtu`b çs quf b` dirc`tgv` jicpt`kbf g b` ngsj`b jigdjgmfgxgd, o` quf b` còirg` mf bfs mfspfsfs jicpt`kbfs (mfspfsfs mf pfrsid`b, sukcgdgstr`cfdts, `rrfdm`cfdts, jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs, ftj.) súd dfjfssárgfs pfr iktfdgr gdhrfssis, pfr b` qu`b jis` sfr`d mfspfsfs ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbfs.

;51

]it g `gxû, fd `bhudfs ij`sgids, eg e` mfspfsfs quf s‗e`d tgdhut fd jicptf pfr `b jábjub mfb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf (pfr fxfcpbf, ud` cubt`) quf di tfdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfsfs ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbfs. Fd `qufst j`s, j`bmrá òust`r fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf pfr iktfdgr b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗gcpist.

Gcput`jgú tfcpir`b m‗gdhrfssis g mfspfsfs Fbs gdhrfssis g bfs mfspfsfs s‗gcput`r`d fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå fs cfrgtgd, `tfdfdt `b jirrfdt rf`b mf kçds g sfrvfgs quf rfprfsfdtfd, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mfb cicfdt fd quå fs primufgxg fb jirrfdt cidft`rg i ngd`djfr (rfspfjt`dt b` mfhum` jirrfb`jgú fdtrf uds g `btrfs).

Fd `qufst j`s, `qufst` mgnfrådjg` mf jrgtfrgs mid`rá bbij ` ud` mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt, pfr b‗gcpirt mf b` cubt`, o` quf jicpt`kbfcfdt tç b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfs` g ngsj`bcfdt di sfrá mfmuékbf. Zfrá ud` mgnfrådjg` pisgtgv`, o` quf `b jábjub mfb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf v` supis`r-df ud` mgscgdujgú g, pfr t`dt, j`bmrá ùhcfdt`r-df fb rfsubt`t pfr iktfdgr b` k`sf gcpis`kbf. Fd j`s jidtr`rg, fst`rãfc m`v`dt m‗ud òust i mgnfrådjg` mf sghdf dfh`tgu. Fd `qufst sfdtgt, pfr t`b quf ud` mfspfs` sghug mfmuékbf, fs rfqufrfgx quf b‗fcprfs` fd oustgngqug b‗fxgstådjg` i qu`dtg`, quf sghug gcput`kbf ` b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mf quå fs tr`jtg g quf fstghug jicpt`kgbgtz`t. @ cçs, e` mf sfr dfjfss`rg pfr ` b‗iktfdjgú mfbs gdhrfssis. Qfr t`dt, titfs bfs mfspfsfs fd quå fs midgd `qufsts rfqugsgts fs jidsgmfr`r`d jic ` di mfmuékbfs. Qfrû, ngds g tit, eg e` mfspfsfs fd quå, tit g jidjúrrfr `qufsts rfqugsgts, di súd mfmuékbfs pfr `gxã mftfrcgd`r-ei b` bbfg? bfs mfrg v`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ, bfs cubtfs g s`djgids pfd`bs g `mcgdgstr`tgvfs, fb rfjárrfj mf jidstrfdygcfdt, fbs mid`tgus g bgkfr`bgt`ts, ftj. M‗`btr` k`dm`, pimfd fxgstgr `btrfs sgtu`jgids fd quå b` dirc`tgv` jicpt`kbf g b` ngsj`b di jigdjgmfgxgd mfhut ` b` mgnfrfdt v`bir`jgú, jicpt`kbf g ngsj`b, mfbs `jtgus g p`ssgus. Fb rfsubt`t çs quf fs p`h`r`d cfdys gcpistis fd b‗fxfrjgjg `jtu`b g cçs fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs i vgjfvfrs`. Fd `qufst j`s, fds trikfc m`v`dt mf mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs. Bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs fs jb`ssgngqufd fd? ‚ Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs? mid`r`d bbij ` còirs qu`dtgt`ts

Bgkfr`bgt`ts Di fs jidsgmfrfd bgkfr`bgt`ts bfs mfspfsfs pfr rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs `ck jbgfdts i privfémirs dg quf, m‗`jirm `ck fbs usis g jistucs, s‗fnfjtuéd rfspfjtf mfb pfrsid`b mf b‗fcprfs`. ]`cpij fbs rf`bgtz`ts pfr pricijgid`r b` vfdm` mf kçds g b` prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs, dg fbs quf fs trikgd jirrfb`jgid`ts `ck fbs gdhrfssis.

`Fsp`h`r i cfdirs rftird`r pfr (s‗irghgdfd gcpistis fdjic fxfrjgjgs nuturs. rfjidfgxfrá udqu`dtgt`ts Q`ssgu pfr `gcpist mgnfrgt ` mgnfrådjgfs dfh`tgvfs g rfvfrtfgxfd jic ` mgnfrådjgfs pisgtgvfs). ‚ Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs? súd bfs quf mid`r`d ` cfdirs qu`dtgt`ts ` p`h`r i còirs qu`dtgt`ts ` rftird`r pfr gcpistis fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs. Fs rfjidfgxfrá ud @jtgu pfr gcpist mgnfrgt (s‗irghgdfd jic ` mgnfrådjgfs pisgtgvfs g rfvfrtfgxfd jic ` mgnfrådjgfs dfh`tgvfs). Bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs fs midfd nid`cfdt`bcfdt fd bfs `cirtgtz`jgids g fd fbs mftfrgir`cfdts mf v`bir, cfdtrf quf mgnfrådjgfs

tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs bfs pimrfc trik`r fd bfs ipfr`jgids mf bãsgdh. @cirtgtz`jgids

Mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` jicpt`kbf, dicçs s‗fst`kbfgx b‗ikbgh`tirgft`t m‗`cirtgtz`r mf nirc` sgstfcátgj` g r`jgid`b, sfdsf fspfjgngj`r fb cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`r quf s‗e` m‗`pbgj`r ` b` qu`dtg` mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts ` jicpt`kgbgtz`r. ]it g `gxû, mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` ngsj`b, b` bfhgsb`jgú bfhgsb `jgú fds múd` bfs pùtfs pfr mftfrcgd`r bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `mcfsfs jic ` mfspfs` ngsj`bcfdt mfmfmuékbf.

;50

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Zfhids fb tfxt rfnús mf b` Bbfg mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts (][BGZ), sfr`d mfmuékbfs bfs qu`dtgt`ts quf, fd jidjfptf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, gdt`dhgkbf g mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, jirrfspidhugd ` b` mfprfjg`jgú fnfjtgv` quf p`tfgxgd fbs mgnfrfdts fbfcfdts. Fs jidsgmfr`rá quf b` mfprfjg`jgú çs fnfjtgv` qu`d?

‚ Zghug fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r bfs jifngjgfdts m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b fst`kbfrts ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

` bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs. Zghug fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r ud pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt sikrf fb v`bir v`b ir pfdmfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. Zghug fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r fb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts. Z‗òustg ` ud pb` nircub`t pfb sukofjtf p`ssgu g `jjfpt`t pfr b‗@mcgdgstr`jgú ]rgkutárg`. Fb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd oustgngqug b‗gcpirt.

@cirtgtz`jgú sfhids tùbfs tùbfs

K`sf pfr `b jábjub mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids Zfrá `cirtgtz`kbf fb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú i jist mf primujjgú, fxjbûs fb v`bir rfsgmu`b (sg d‗eg e`huçs). Pu`d fs tr`jtg m‗fmgngj`jgids, di sfrá `cirtgtz`kbf b` p`rt mfb prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú jirrfspidfdt `b v`bir mfb sûb.

Zfhids `qufst cåtimf, b` mfprfjg`jgú sfrá fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r `bhud mfbs jifngjgfdts m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ngx`ts ` bfs tùbfs rfjibbgmfs ` b‗`ddfx mfb [fhb`cfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts ([GZ). @qufstfs tùbfs mftfrcgdfd pfr ` j`m` fbfcfdt mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t ud jifngjgfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b cáxgc g ud pfrãimf cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú (`ck fb qu`b fs mftfrcgd` fb jifngjgfdt cãdgc `pbgj`kbf). Zfrá vábgm` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú quf `pbgqug `qufsts mis jifngjgfdts i qu`bsfvib `btrf mf sgtu`t fdtrf fbs mis.

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú sfhids tùbfs Fb cikgbg`rg tç fst`kbfrt ud jifffjgfdt bgdf`b cáxgc mfb 01% `du`b g ud pfrãimf cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf ;1 3

`dys (pfr b` qu`b jis` fb jifffjgfdt cãdgc sfrá mf 011 / ;1 6% `du`b). Qfr t`dt, mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` ffsj`b, fs jidsgmfr` quf b` mfprfjg`jgú çs fnfjtgv` qu`d s‗`pbgqug qu`bsfvib jifffjgfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú quf fstghug fdtrf fb 6% g fb 01%, `ckmús gdjbisis.

@cirtgtz`jgú sfhids pfrjfdt`thf pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt

Fd `qufst j`s, s‗`pbgj`rá ud pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt sikrf b` k`sf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, quf sfrá fb v`bir jicpt`kbf i fb pfdmfdt m‗`cirtgtz`r fd j`m` pfrãimf. @qufst jifngjgfdt fs j`bjub`rá ` p`rtgr mfb jifngjgfdt fst`kbfrt ` bfs

Gcpirt pfdmfdt m‗`cirtgtz`r

tùbfs ingjg`bs, `pbgj`dt sikrf sfu fbs ãdmfxs sfhòfdts? ‚ 0,6, sg b‗fbfcfdt s‗`cirtgtz` fd cfdys mf 6 `dys. ‚ ;, sg b‗fbfcfdt s‗`cirtgtz` fd ud pfrãimf ghu`b i supfrgir ` 6 `dys g gd-

nfrgir ` 5 `dys. ‚ ;,6, sg b‗fbfcfdt s‗`cirtgtz` fd ud pfrãimf ghu`b i supfrgir ` 5 `dys.

B‗gcpirt pfdmfdt m‗`cirtgtz`r fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå fs primufgxg b` jidjbusgú mf b` vgm` ÿtgb mf b‗fbfcfdt `cirtgtz`t, s‗`cirtgtz`rá fd `qufst pfrãimf gcpisgtgu.

Fb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt di pimrá sfr gdnfrgir ` b‗00%. Fbs fmgngjgs, fb cikgbg`rg g fbs kçds di fs pimr`d `jibbgr ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú cgto`dè`dt pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt.

;5;

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú `ck pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt Vd` fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `pbgj`r `qufst cåtimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ` ud irmgd`mir `ck ud v`bir v `bir mf 0 111 , `ck ud jifffjgfdt bgdf`b cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb ;6% g ud pfrãimf cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf 5 `dys.

M`t`

@cirtgtz`jgú `du`b

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

10/10/;1U0

K`sf ngsj`b 0111,11 

:0/0;/;1U0

:86,11 

:86,11 

>;6,11 

:0/0;/;1U;

;:=,:5 

>17,:5 

:71,>; 

:0/0;/;1U: @r` j`bjub`rfc fb pfrãimf cãdgc m‗`0=>,=5  866,5>  ;==,0=  cirtgtz`jgú ` p`rtgr mfb pfrjfdt`thf :0/0;/;1U= ;==,0=  0111,11  1,11  cáxgc (011 / ;6 3 = `dys). Qfr t`dt, b‗fdtgt`t pimrg` fst`kbgr vábgm`cfdt ud pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú pfr ` `qufst gccikgbgtz`t m‗fdtrf = g 5 `dys. Zg supisfc quf fbfhfgx `cirtgtz`r fd = `dys, fb pfrjfdt`thf `pbgj`kbf sfrg` fb ;6%, quf s‗eùrg` mf pidmfr`r, `pbgj`dt fb jifffjgfdt m‗0,6, o` quf b` mur`m` mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú çs cfdir ` 6 `dys. Çs ` mgr, fb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt sfrg` mf ;6% 󰂸 0,6 3 :8,6%. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú qufm`rg` jic fs cistr` cçs `cudt. @cirtgtz`jgú sfhids fb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts

B` suc` mf mãhgts fs mftfrcgd`rá fd nudjgú mfb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú fst`kbfrt ` bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs. Fd `qufst j`s, b‗fdtgt`t fsjibbgrá fb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, quf eùrá m‗fst`r fdtrf fb cáxgc g fb cãdgc, ` b‗ghu`b quf fd fb j`s `dtfrgir. Fd sfhid bbij, fs j`bjub` b` suc` mf mãhgts, `ssghd`dt ` j`m` `dy ud v`bir fd nudjgú mfb pfrãimf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú (pimrá sfr ud` `ssghd`jgú jrfgxfdt i mfjrfgxfdt). B` suc` m‗`qufsts dÿcfris sfrá b` suc` mf mãhgts. Ngd`bcfdt, fs mgvgmfgx fb v`bir `cirtgtz`kbf fdtrf b` suc` mf mãhgts g fs mftfrcgd` b` quit` pfr mãhgt, quf fs cubtgpbgj`rá pfr b` k`sf `cirtgtz`kbf jirrfspidfdt ` j`m` `dy. Fbs fmgngjgs, fbs cikgbg`rg g fbs kçds di fs pimr`d `jibbgr ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú cgto`dè`dt dÿcfris mãhgts.

Fxfcpbfs @cirtgtz`jgú pfb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts Fd fb c`tfgx supûsgt mf b‗fxfcpbf

@cirtgtz`jgú

@cirtgtz`jgú

M`t`

`dtfrgir, `pbgj`rfc fb cåtimf mfbs dÿcfris mãhgts mfjrfgxfdts. Jic quf súd = `dys, b` suc` mf mãhgts sfrá? = + : + ; + 0 3 01. @ jidtgdu`jgú, mgvgmgc fb v`bir `cirtgtz`kbf fdtrf `qufst` suc` pfr trik`r b` quit` pfr mãhgt (0 111 / 01 3 011 ). Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ffsj`b qufm`rg` `gxã?

Mãhgt

`du`b

K`sf ngsj`b

`jucub`m`

10/10/;1U0

0111,11  





:0/0;/;1U0 :0/0;/;1U;

= :

011,11 󰂸 = 3 =11,11 011,11 󰂸 : 3 :11,11 

=11,11 811,11 

>11,11 :11,11 

:0/0;/;1U:

;

011,11 󰂸 ; 3 ;11,11 

711,11 

011,11 

:0/0;/;1U=

0

011,11 󰂸 0 3 011,11 

0 111,11 

1,11 

;5:

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

@oustis fxtr`jicpt`kbfs ` jùs` mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids `cirtgtz`jgids

Fd fb jábjub mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids pimfd sirhgr mgnfrådjgfs fdtrf bfs jicpt`kgbgtz`mfs pfr b‗fcprfs` g bfs quf fs mfrgv`rgfd mf b‗`pbgj`jgú mf bfs dircfs ngsj`bs. @qufstfs mgnfrådjgfs mid`r`d bbij ` òustis fd fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf pfr mftfrcgd`r b` k`sf gcpis`kbf.

Fxfcpbfs @oustis fxtr`jicpt`kbfs ij`sgid`ts pfr bfs `cirtgtz`jgids Zfhugdt `ck b‗fxfcpbf mf b‗irmgd`mir, gc`hgdfc quf, mfhut ` b` rápgm` iksibfsjådjg` m‗`qufsts `p`rfbbs, b‗fcprfs` e`vg` mfjgmgt `cirtgtz`r-bi mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` jicpt`kbf, sfhids fb cåtimf bgdf`b, fd ; `dys. Fb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf qufm`rg` mf b` c`dfr` sfhòfdt?

@cirtgtz`jgú `du`b

M`t`

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf

10/10/;1U0 :0/0;/;1U0

611,11 

611,11 

0 111,11  611,11 

:0/0;/;1U;

611,11 

0 111,11 

1,11 

Mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` ffsj`b, b‗`cirtgtz` sfhids fb cåtimf mfb pfrjfdt`thf jidst`dt fd = `dys. Fb qu`mrf jicp`r`tgu fdtrf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf g fb v`bir ffsj`b sfrá?

M`t`

K`sf ngsj`b

^`bir jicpt`kbf

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` `jucub`m` (KN ‚ ^J)

^`rg`jgú mf b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg`

10/10/;1U0

0111,11 

0111,11 

:0/0;/;1U0

>;6,11 

611,11 

0;6,11 (>;6,11 ∛ 611,11)

0;6,11

:0/0;/;1U;

:71,>; 

1,11 

:71,>; (:71,>; ∛ 1,11)

;>6,>; (:71,>; ∛ 0;6,11)

:0/0;/;1U:

;==,0= 

1,11 

;==,0= (;==,0= ∛ 1,11)

:0/0;/;1U=

1,11 

1,11 

1,11 ]I]@B

∛0=>,=5 (;==,0= ∛ :71,>;)

∛;==,0= (1,11 ∛ ;==,0=)

1,11

Jic fs vfu, fd ffd`bgtz`r fb prgcfr `dy `dy,, fb v`bir jicpt`kbf mf b‗irmgd`mir çs mf 611,11 , cfdtrf quf fb v`bir ffsj`b çs mf >;6,11  pfr b` mgnfrådjg` mf pfrãimfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú. Qfr `qufst citgu, sirhfgx ud` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fbs mis v`birs mf 0;6,11 . @qufst` mgnfrådjg` çs tfcpirádg`, o` quf sirhfgx mf b` mgnfrfdt v`bir`jgú, jicpt`kbf g ffsj`b, m‗ud @jtgu

ffd`djfr. Çs ud` mgnfrådjg` mfmuékbf, o` quf mid`rá bbij ` cfdirs qu`dtgt`ts ` p`h`r pfr gcpistis fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs. Çs ud` mgnfrådjg` pisgtgv`, o` quf b‗fcprfs`, fd j`bjub`r fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf, e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` pfr `cirtgtz`jgú ud` qu`dtgt`t còir mf b` ffsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf< pfr `gxû, fd fb prgcfr `dy, `dy, fst`rfc m`v`dt m‗ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` pisgtgv` fd irghfd. @qufst` sgtu`jgú fs rfpftgrá mur`dt b‗`dy sfhòfdt< tit g `gxû, ` p`rtgr mf ;1U:, `p`rfgx ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` dfh`tgv` fd rfvfrsgú pfr ud gcpirt mf -0=>,=5 , quf jicfdè` ` jicpfds`r bfs mgnfrådjgfs pisgtgvfs mfbs mis `dys `dtfrgirs. Qfr `gxû, fd `qufst `dy, `dy, s‗eùrá mf mgscgdugr fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf `ck `qufst òust dfh`tgu.

;5=

@cirtgtz`jgú m‗`jtgus `mqugrgts cgto`dè`dt ud jidtr`jtf mf bãsgdh

Puitfs mf bãsgdh di mfmuékbfs Di sfr`d mfmuékbfs bfs quitfs mf rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist mfb kç quf jirrfspidhugd ` tfrrfdys, sib`rs g `btrfs `jtgus di `cirtgtz`kbfs.

Mftfrcgd`ts jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr tfdfd ud råhgc fspfjg`b quf supis` ud` sårgf m‗`v`dt`thfs ngsj`bs, o` quf pfrcft ud` `cirtgtz`jgú `jjfbfr`m` mfbs kçds `mqugrgts. @qufst råhgc s‗`pbgj`rá `bs jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr ` quå fs rfnfrfgx b` Mgspisgjgú @mmgjgid`b 8.`. mf b` Bbfg ;>/0755, mf ;7 mf oubgib, sikrf mgsjgpbgd` g gdtfrvfdjgú m‗fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt, tfdgdt fd jicptf bfs jidmgjgids sfhòfdts? ‚ Eùr`d mf tfdgr ud` mur`m` cãdgc` mf ; `dys pfr ` kçds cikbfs, i mf

01 `dys pfr ` gccikbfs i fst`kbgcfdts gdmustrg`bs. ‚ Bfs quitfs mf rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist s‗eùr`d m‗fxprfss`r sfp`r`m`cfdt mf bfs quitfs ngd`djfrfs g mf b‗ipjgú mf jicpr`. Ngsj`bcfdt, bfs quitfs s`tgsnftfs fs tr`jt`r`d mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? ‚ B` járrfh` ngd`djfr` (gdtfrfssis) tgdmrá sfcprf sf cprf b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfs`

mfmuékbf. ‚ Bfs quitfs mf rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist mfb kç tgdmr`d b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfs-

pfs` mfmuékbf, `ck fb bãcgt mfb mupbf mfb jifngjgfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b quf nghurg ` bfs tùbfs ingjg`bs. B‗fxjçs fs pimrá mfmugr fd fbs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus pistfrgirs `ck fb c`tfgx bãcgt. ‚ B` mfmujjgú mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts `k`ds gdmgj`mfs di fst`rá jidmgjgid`m` ` b` sfv` gcput`jgú `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys.

Fxfcpbfs @oustis pfr jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr B‗fdtgt`t KV[HVGZ@ e` jidjfrt`t ud jidtr`jtf mf bãsgdh rfb`tgu ` ud fqugp gdnircátgj, `ck bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs sfhòfdts? prfu m‗`mqugsgjgú, 0 111 < mur`m` mfb jidtr`jtf, ; `dys< jistis ffd`djfrs `du`bs, =1 . Fb jifffjgfdt cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb kç, sfhids tùbfs, çs mfb ;6%. Bfs quitfs `du`bs mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr sfr`d mf 6=1,11  (611,11  mf rfjupfr`jgú mfb kç g =1,11  mf jistis ffd`djfrs). K`s`dt-sf fd bfs m`mfs `dtfrgirs, fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf KV[HVGZ@ mur`dt `qufsts ; `dys fs rf﬋fjtgr`d uds jistis ffd`djfrs mf =1,11  g ud` `cirtgtz`jgú mf ;61,11  (;6% mf 0 111,11 ). M‗`jirm `ck b‗fxprfss`t ` b` bbfg, KV[HVGZ@ pit jidsgmfr`r mfspfs` pfr rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist ffds `b mikbf mfb jifffjgfdt bgdf`b m‗`cirtgtz`jgú, sfhids tùbfs, çs ` mgr? 0 111,11 111,11 󰂸 ;6% 󰂸 ; 3 611,11 . Jic quf fb quf fstá p`h`dt pfr quit` mf rfjupfr`jgú mfb kç çs ghu`b ` `qufst` qu`dtgt`t, sf b` pimrá mfmugr ãdtfhr`cfdt, `gxã jic fbs =1,11  m‗gdtfrfssis, quf sfcprf sfr`d mfmuékbfs.

@r` kç, jicpt`kbfcfdt, fd `qufst `dy s‗e` rfnbfjtgt ud` `cirtgtz`jgú mf ;61,11 , cfdtrf quf ngsj`bcfdt fs mfmugr`d 611,11 . Qfr `gxû, bg jirrfspidmrá rf`bgtz`r ud òust dfh`tgu pfr ud gcpirt mf ;61,11  (611,11 ∛ ;61,11) mur`dt fbs ; `dys quf murg fb jidtr`jtf mf bãsgdh. Zfrá ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` dfh`tgv` fd irghfd. @ p`rtgr mfb sfhid `dy, b‗irmgd`mir o` fstá `cirtgtz`t ffsj`bcfdt (611,11  󰂸 ; 3 0 111,11 ), pfrû jidtgdu`rá `cirtgtz`dt-bi jicpt`kbfcfdt mur`dt ; `dys cçs, `b ;6% `du`b. Qfr `gxû, bfs ; sfhòfdts quitfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf di jidstgtugr`d mfspfs` mfmuékbf ` fnfjtfs ffsj`bs, o` quf s‗e`d mfmuét g j`b rf`bgtz`r ud òust pisgtgu sikrf fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf. Zfrá Zfrá ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf pisgtgv` fd rfvfrsgú. rfvfrsgú.

;56

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

Zfr`d mfmuékbfs bfs pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs jråmgts mfrgv`mfs mf bfs pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs mfbs mfutirs qu`d, fd fb cicfdt mf b` b ` cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist, jidjirrg `bhud` mf bfs jgrjucstádjgfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Puf e`hg tr`dsjirrfhut fb tfrcgdg mf > cfsis mfs mfb vfdjgcfdt mf b‗i-

kbgh`jgú. ‚ Puf fb mfutir fstghug mfjb`r`t fd sgtu`jgú mf jidjurs. ‚ Puf fb mfutir fstghug prijfss`t pfr mfbgjtf m‗`bè`cfdt mf kçds. ‚ Puf bfs ikbgh`jgids e`hgd fst`t rfjb`c`mfs oumgjg`bcfdt i sghugd ikofjtf m‗ud bgtghg oumgjg`b i prijfmgcfdt `rkgtr`b `ck ud` sibujgú mf b` qu`b fd mfpfdhug fb jikr`cfdt.

Fstgc`jgú hbik`b mf pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt

Di sfr`d mfmuékbfs bfs pårmufs k`s`mfs fd fstgc`jgids hbik`bs mfb rgsj m‗gdsibvådjgfs mf jbgfdts g mfutirs, bbfv`t pfr ` bfs fdtgt`ts mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, fd quå `qufst` pårmu` sfrá mfmuékbf ngds `b bãcgt mf b‗0% sikrf fbs mfutirs fxgstfdts ` b` jidjbusgú mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu.

Zg b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt jicpt`kgbgtz`m` jicpt`kgbgtz`m` di çs ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf, sfrá dfjfss`rg rf`bgtz`r ud òust. @qufst` mgnfrådjg` sfrá tfcpirádg`, o` quf sirhfgx pfr b` mgnfrfdt v`bir`jgú m‗ud Q`ssgu ngd`djfr (fb sfu v`bir jicpt`kbf çs còir quf fb sfu v`bir ngsj`b), g b` prfvgsgú quf e` nft b‗fcprfs` fs jicpbgrá fd `dys pistfrgirs. Zfrá mfmuékbf , o` quf mid`rá bbij ` cfdirs qu`dtgt`ts ` p`h`r pfr gcpistis fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs (qu`d b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt sghug ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf). Qfr ÿbtgc, sfrá pisgtgv`, o` quf, fd jicpt`kgbgtz`r b` mfspfs` mfrgv`m` mf b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt, fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf çs cfdir, o` quf fstfc rfhgstr`dt ud` mfspfs` ngsj`bcfdt di mfmuékbf, pfr b` qu`b jis` j`bmrá ùhcfdt`r fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf pfr iktfdgr b` k`sf gcpis`kbf. Fd rfsuc, fst`rfc m`v`dt m‗ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` pisgtgv` pisgtgv` fd irghfd.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs =󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf pråvg` fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, @BKF[M@, Z@, fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? 0. Fs v` sghd`r ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú mf cikgbg`rg b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:, `ck ud prfu `b jicpt`t ji cpt`t mf 0; 111 . Fb jidtr`jtf tç ud` mur`m` mf = `dys, `b ngd`b mfbs qu`bs qu`b s s‗fxfrjgt`rá b‗ipjgú mf jicpr`. B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r fb kç `b jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs, quf çs fb 01%. Bfs m`mfs mfb qu`mrf m‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr rfnfrfdts `b prgcfr `dy súd bfs sfhòfdts?

M`t` 10/10/;10:

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

Mfutf pfdmfdt 0; 111,11

:0/0;/;10:

: :5=,0=

>11,11

; 85=,0=

7 ;06,5>

;. Z‗e` mit`t ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt b‗gcp`h`cfdt mfb mfutf pfr p`rt m‗ud jbgfdt quf v` vådjfr n` : cfsis pfr p fr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 . :. B‗fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;100 ud irmgd`mir pfr > 111 , quf `cirtgtz` jicpt`kbfcfdt fd : `dys mf nirc` bgdf`b. Fb jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids bfs tùbfs çs fb ;6% (rf`bgtz` fb qu`mrf `du`b jicp`r`tgu). =. Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` ud` s`djgú s`djgú trgkutárg` pfr gcpirt mf 061 . 6. Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t mf 08 =11 . >. [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys çs mf 65 111 .

;5>

:.: 4 Jicpfds`jgú mf k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs

Bfs k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs quf e`hgd fst`t ikofjtf mf bgqugm`jgú i ùtibgqugm`jgú pimr`d sfr jicpfds`mfs `ck bfs rfdmfs pisgtgvfs mfbs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus quf jidjbihugd fd fbs 05 `dys gccfmg`ts g sujjfssgus. :.= 4 Mfutf trgkut`rg

Ikbgh`jgú ` rftfdgr g gdhrfss`r ` jicptf Fbs mgvgmfdms g bfs p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs prijfmfdts m‗fdtgt`ts rfsgmfdts ` Fsp`dy` fst`d sukofjtfs ` ud` rftfdjgú ` jicptf mf b‗gcpist mfb ;0%. Pu`d b` mfmujjgú ` `pbgj`r çs mfb 011%, fb ][BGZ fst`kbfgx b` di rftfdjgú sikrf `qufsts mgvgmfdms g p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs.

Vd jip mftfrcgd`m` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗gcpist, fstumg`rfc fb prijçs m‗iktfdjgú mfb mfutf trgkut`rg. ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

Fb tgpus hfdfr`b mf hr`v`cfd pfr `bs sukofjtfs p`ssgus m‗`qufst gcpist sfrá fb :1%. Fxgstfgxfd `btrfs tgpus mf hr`v`cfd fspfjg`b, hfdfr`bcfdt cçs rfmuéts quf fb tgpus hfdfr`b (;6%, ;1%, ftj.), bbfv`t m‗`bhudfs fxjfpjgids (pfr fxfcpbf, ` bfs fcprfsfs quf fxpbitgd o`jgcfdts mf h`s i pftribg, sf‗bs `pbgj` fb =1%) quf fs rfjubbfd `b ][BGZ. :.6 4 Puit` ãdtfhr`

Z‗fdtfdmrá pfr quit` ãdtfhr` b` qu`dtgt`t rfsubt`dt m‗`pbgj`r ` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd. @ b` quit` ãdtfhr` sf bg `pbgj`r`d ud` sårgf mf mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids pfr tfdgr b` quit` ãdtfhr` òust`m` pisgtgv`, jic súd bfs mfmujjgids pfr fvgt`r b` mikbf gcpisgjgú g bfs kidgngj`jgids. Mfmujjgids pfr fvgt`r b` mikbf gcpisgjgú

Mfmujjgú pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú mfb 011% B` mfmujjgú pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú sfrá mfb 011% qu`d fbs mgvgmfdms i bfs p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs prijfmfgxgd m‗fdtgt`ts fd quå fb pfrjfdt`thf mf p`rtgjgp`jgú, mgrfjtf i gdmgrfjtf, sghug ghu`b i supfrgir `b 6%.

Bfs mfmujjgids pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú tr`jtfd m‗fvgt`r quf fbs kfdfngjgs iktgdhuts pfr bfs sijgft`ts trgkutgd mufs vfh`mfs. Fd ud prgcfr cicfdt, trgkut`r`d pfr b‗GZ g, mfsprçs, pfr b‗G[QN sg fb sijg çs pfrsid` nãsgj` i pfr b‗GZ sg fb sijg çs pfrsid` ourãmgj`. Mfmujjgids pfr fvgt`r b` mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd`

Pu`d fdtrf bfs rfdmfs mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fs jicputgd mgvgmfdms i p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs m‗`btrfs fdtgt`ts rfsgmfdts ` Fsp`dy`, fs mfmugrá fb 61% mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` quf jirrfspidhug ` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfrgv`m` m‗`qufsts mgvgmfdms i p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs. Bfs qu`dtgt`ts di mfmuékbfs pfr gdsungjgådjg` mf quit` ãdtfhr` fs pimr`d mfmugr mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs mfbs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus quf jidjbihugd fd fbs 8 `dys gccfmg`ts g sujjfssgus.

Fxfcpbfs Mfmujjgú pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd` B` sijgft`t FMV[@, Z@, rfsgmfdt ` Jfrvfr`, rfp uds mgvgmfdms ãdtfhrfs pfr v`bir mf 01 111  prijfmfdts mf b` sijgft`t JB@VMG@Z@, rfsgmfdt ` Z`biu, mf b` qu`b p`rtgjgp` fd ud 0%. B` sijgft`t trgkut` `b :1%. B` mfmujjgú pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd` sfrá? 01 111,11 󰂸 :1% 󰂸 61% 3 0 611,11 . B` rftfdjgú ` jicptf mf b‗gcpist sfrá? ;0% 󰂸 01 111,11 3 ; 011,11 .

;58

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Mfmujjgids pfr fvgt`r b` mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd`jgid`b

Pu`d ` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu s‗gdtfhrgd rfdmfs iktgdhumfs g hr`v`mfs ` b‗fstr`dhfr, fs mfmugrá mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` b` cfdir mf bfs mufs qu`dtgt`ts sfhòfdts? ‚ B‗gcpirt fnfjtgu mfb s`tgsnft ` b‗fstr`dhfr pfr r`ú mf hr`v`cfd mf b` d`-

tur`bfs` gmådtgj` i `dábih` ` `qufst gcpist. ‚ B‗gcpirt mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` quf ` Fsp`dy` jirrfspidmrg` p`h`r pfr `qufstfs rfdmfs sg s‗e`hufssgd iktgdhut fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib. Kidgngj`jgids

Fb sfu ikofjtgu çs gdjfdtgv`r `bhudfs `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs? ‚ Kidgngj`jgú pfr rfdmfs iktgdhumfs ` Jfut` g Cfbgbb`? tgdmrá ud` kidg-

ngj`jgú mfb 61% b` p`rt mf quit` ãdtfhr` quf jirrfspidhug ` bfs rfdmfs iktgdhumfs pfr fdtgt`ts quf ipfrgd ` Jfut` g Cfbgbb`. ‚ Kidgngj`jgú pfr prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs pÿkbgjs bij`bs? tgdmrá ud` kidgngj`jgú mfb 77% b` p`rt mf quit` ãdtfhr` quf jirrfspidhug ` bfs rfdmfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` prfst`jgú mf mftfrcgd`ts sfrvfgs pÿkbgjs bij`bs.

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 6󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` CGJF, Z@, fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? 0. Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf ; 111  pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt mfb mfutf pfr p`rt m‗ud jbgfdt quf v` vådjfr fb ;7 mf sftfckrf mf ;10: quf fs trik` fd sgtu`jgú mf jidjurs. ;. Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t mf 68 111 . :. Fs v` rf`bgtz`r ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr sikrf ud fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt `mqugrgt pfr 0= 511  b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:. Fb qu`mrf mf bãsgdh m‗`qufst `dy çs fb sfhòfdt?

M`t`

10/10/;10: :0/0;/;10:

@du`bgt`t = 611,11

Gdtfrås 511,11

@cirtgtz`jgú : 811,11

Mfutf pfdmfdt

0= 511,11 00 011,11

B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r fb kç `b jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? 0>%. =. [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys çs mf 071 111 . 6. B‗fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr gccikgbgtz`t b‗0 mf hfdfr hfdfr mf ;100? ‚ Cik Cikgbg gbg`rg `rg?? 6 111 111 . @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd 6 `dys. Jifn. cáx. sfhids tùbfs? 01%. Qfrãimf cáx.? ;1 `dys.

‚ Fqugps Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m gdnirc`j gdnirc`jgú? gú? : 111 . @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd : `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? ;6%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? 5 `dys. [f`bgtz` fbs qu`mrfs `du`bs jicp`r`tgus, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf jicpt`kbfcfdt `cirtgtz` utgbgtz`dt fb cåtimf bgdf`b g ngsj`bcfdt fd fb cfdir tfcps pissgkbf. >. Fs jicpfds` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv` mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir pfr ud gcpirt mf 7 111 . 8. Fdtrf fbs gdhrfssis nghurfd mgvgmfdms kruts pfr ud gcpirt mf 8 111  prijfmfdts m‗ud` `btr` fcprfs`, fd quå tç ud` p`rtgjgp`jgú mf b‗0% (rftfdjgú? ;0%). 5. Mfb kfdfngjg tit`b, 01 111  jirrfspidfd ` ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs ` Cfbgbb`. 7. ]it`b p`h`cfdts p`h`cfdt s nr`jjgid`ts? ;0 111 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%.

;55

Mfmujjgids pfr gdjfdtgv`r b` rf`bgtz`jgú mf mftfrcgd`mfs `jtgvgt`ts

Bfs mfmujjgids quf `d`bgtz`rfc fd `qufst pudt fs pr`jtgj`r`d ud jip rf`bgtz`mfs bfs mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids fstumg`mfs fd fbs pudts `dtfrgirs, çs ` mgr, s‗`pbgj`r`d ` b` quit` ãdtfhr` òust`m` pisgtgv` pfr iktfdgr b` quit` bãqugm`. B` bbfg fst`kbfgx udfs dircfs jicudfs pfr `pbgj`r `qufstfs mfmujjgids? ‚ Bfs qu`dtgt`ts di mfmuémfs fs pimr`d `pbgj`r fd bfs bgqugm`jgids mfbs

pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus quf jidjbihugd fd fbs 06 `dys gccfmg`ts g sujjfssgus. ‚ B‗gcpirt mf bfs mfmujjgids `pbgj`mfs fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu di pimrá fxjfmgr jidoudt`cfdt mfb :6% mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` cgdir`m` fd bfs mfmujjgids pfr fvgt`r b` mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd` g gdtfrd`jgid`b g bfs kidgngj`jgids. Fb ][BGZ fst`kbfgx, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs mfmujjgids sfhòfdts? Mfmujjgids pfr gdvfrsgids cfmg`ckgfdt`bs

Bfs gdvfrsgids rf`bgtz`mfs fd kçds mf b‗@jtgu c`tfrg`b mfstgd`mfs ` b` b ` pritfjjgú mfb cfmg `ckgfdt jidsgstfdts fd gdst`b¸b`jgids quf fvgtgd b` jidt`cgd`jgú `tcisnårgj` i `jÿstgj` prijfmfdt m‗gdst`b¸b`jgids gdmustrg`bs, i jidtr` b` jidt`cgd`jgú m‗`ghòfs supfrngjg`bs, suktfrrádgfs g c`rgdfs, i kç pfr ` b` rfmujjgú, b` rfjupfr`jgú i fb tr`jt`cfdt mf rfsgmus gdmustrg`bs pripgs, mid`r`d mrft ` pr`jtgj`r ud` mfmujjgú ` b` quit` ãdtfhr` mfb 5%. B` p`rt mf b` gdvfrsgú g dvfrsgú ngd`dè`m` `ck sukvfdjgids sukvfdjgids di mid`rá mrft ` mfmujjgú. Mfmujjgú pfr jrf`jgú mf bbijs mf trfk`bb pfr ` trfk`bb`mirs cgdusvábgms

Zfrá mfmuékbf mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` b` qu`dtgt`t mf > 111  pfr j`m` pfrsid`/`dy m‗gdjrfcfdt mf b` cgto`d` mf b` pb`dtgbb` mf trfk`bb`mirs cgdusvábgms, jidtr`jt`ts pfrgcpisgtgu tfcps gdmfngdgt ` oird`m` jicpbft`, cfdt`t mur`dt fb pfrãimf rfspfjtfg mf b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d`fxpfrgmf trfk`bb`mirs cgdusvábgms `ck `qufst tgpus mf jidtr`jtf mfb pfrãimf gccfmg`t`cfdt `dtfrgir. Mfmujjgids pfr jrf`jgú m‗ijup`jgú

Bfs fdtgt`ts quf jidtr`jtgd fb sfu prgcfr trfk`bb`mir trf k`bb`mir ` tr`vçs m‗ud jidtr`jtf mf trfk`bb pfr tfcps gdmfngdgt mf supirt `bs fcprfdfmirs, sfcprf quf sghug cfdir mf :1 `dys, pimr`d mfmugr mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` b` qu`dtgt`t mf : 111 .

@ cçs, bfs fdtgt`ts quf tgdhugd ud` pb`dtgbb` gdnfrgir ` 61 trfk`bb`mirs fd fb cicfdt fd quå jidjfrtgd jidtr`jtfs mf trfk`bb pfr tfcps gdmfngdgt mf supirt `bs fcprfdfmirs `ck `tur`ts kfdfngjg`rgs m‗ud` prfst`jgú jidtrgkutgv` pfr `tur pimr`d mfmugr mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fb 61% mfb cfdir mfbs gcpirts sfhòfdts? ‚ B‗gcpirt mf b` prfst`jgú pfr `tur quf fb trfk`bb`mir tgdhuçs pfdmfdt mf

pfrjfkrf fd fb cicfdt mf b` jidtr`jt`jgú. ‚ B‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt ` mitzf cfdsu`bgt`ts mf b` prfst`jgú pfr `tur quf tgdhuçs rfjidfhum`.

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

:.> 4 Puit` bãqugm`

B` quit` bãqugm` s‗iktç mfsprçs mf rfst`r ` b` quit` ãdtfhr` bfs mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids `dtfrgircfdt fstumg`mfs. @ `qufst` quit` bg rfst`rfc bfs rftfdjgids g fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf g fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts, pfr iktfdgr b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b. [ftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf

Bfs fdtgt`ts quf s`tgsn`jgd i `kidgd rfdmfs sukofjtfs ` `qufst gcpist fst`r`d ikbgh`mfs ` rftfdgr i ` fnfjtu`r gdhrfssis ` jicptf, fd jidjfptf mf p`h`cfdt ` jicptf, g ` gdhrfss`r-df b‗gcpirt `b ]rfsir. ]`ckç fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` rftfdgr g gdhrfss`r fbs fcprfs`rgs gdmgvgmu`bs g fbs prinfssgid`bs rfspfjtf mf bfs rfdmfs quf s`tgsn`jgd i `kidgd fd b‗fxfrjgjg mf bfs sfvfs `jtgvgt`ts fcprfs`rg`bs i prinfssgid`bs, `gxã jic bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs, ourãmgqufs g `btrfs fdtgt`ts di rfsgmfdts fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib quf eg ipfrgd cgto`dè`dt fst`kbgcfdt pfrc`dfdt. @ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, s‗`pbgj`rá fb pfrjfdt`thf mfb ;0%. Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

Fd fbs prgcfrs ;1 mgfs d`tur`bs mfbs cfsis m‗`krgb, ijtukrf g mfsfckrf, fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus eùr`d m‗fnfjtu`r ud p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t ` jicptf mf b` bgqugm`jgú jirrfspidfdt `b pfrãimf gcpisgtgu quf fstghug fd jurs fb mg` 0 mf j`m` ud mfbs cfsis gdmgj`ts. Qfr `b jábjub mf b‗gcpirt mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts, eg e` mufs ipjgids mgnfrfdts? Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts prfvgstis fd b‗`rtgjbf =6.; mfb ][BGZ? cim`bgt`t hfdfr`b

Fs j`bjub`r`d `pbgj`dt fb pfrjfdt`thf bfh`bcfdt fst`kbfrt (`jtu`bcfdt mfb 05%) sikrf b` k`sf pfr j`bjub`r fb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t, nr`jjgid`t, quf sfrá b` quit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗ÿbtgc pfrãimf gcpisgtgu `ck ud tfrcgdg rfhb`cfdt`rg mf mfjb`r`jgú quf fstghuçs vfdèut fb prgcfr mg` mfb cfs quf jirrfspidhug (`krgb, ijtukrf i mfsfckrf), cgdir`t fd bfs mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids `d`bgtz`mfs `dtfrgircfdt, `gxã jic fd bfs rftfdjgids g fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf jirrfspidfdts. Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts prfvgstis ` b‗`rtgjbf =6.: mfb ][BGZ

Çs ud sgstfc` ipjgid`b quf fs mftfrcgd`rá `pbgj`dt ud pfrjfdt`thf jidjrft

;57

mfb tgpus gcpisgtgu (6/8, `rrimidgt pfr mfnfjtf) sikrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt `bs :, 7 g 00 prgcfrs cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg, mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? ‚ Qrgcfr p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t (mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗`krgb)? 6/8 mfb tgpus mf hr`-

v`cfd sikrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfb prgcfr trgcfstrf. ‚ Zfhid p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t (mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗ijtukrf)? 6/8 mfb tgpus mf

hr`v`cfd sikrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfbs diu prgcfrs cfsis cfdys fb prgcfr p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t. ‚ ]frjfr p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t (mf b‗0 `b ;1 mf mfsfckrf)? 6/8 mfb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd sikrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfbs idzf prgcfrs cfsis, cfdys fbs mis prgcfrs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts.

Qfrjfdt`thf ` `pbgj`r pfr `b jábjub mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts prfvgstis ` b‗`rtgjbf =6.: mfb ][BGZ Fd j`s m‗fdtgt`ts sukofjtfs `b tgpus hfdfr`b fd b‗GZ, fb pfrjfdt`thf quf e`d m‗`pbgj`r pfr fnfjtu`r fb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t çs fb ;0% (6/8 mfb :%, `rrimidgt pfr mfnfjtf).

;71

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mf b‗gcpirt mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts B` sijgft`t DFC@MF, Z@, prfsfdt` bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ M`mfs `dy ;100? ;100? quit` ãdtfhr` ãdtfhr`?? ;= 111 < rftfdjgids? ; 511 . ‚ M`mfs `dys `dys ;10;? quit` quit` ãdtfhr`? ãdtfhr`? ;; 111 < rftfdjgids? ; 611 . ‚ K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs : prgcfrs cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? 86 111 . ‚ K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs 7 prgcfrs cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? 0>1 0>1 111 . ‚ K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs 00 prgcfrs cfsis cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? ;06 ;06 111 . ‚ ]gp ]gpus us gcpis gcpisgtgu gtgu?? :1%. @ p`rtgr m‗`qufstfs m`mfs, rf`bgtz`rfc fb jábjub mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts quf eùrg` mf nfr `qufst` fcprfs`, mur`dt b‗`dy ;10:, sfhids bfs mufs ipjgids rfjibbgmfs ` b` bbfg. Cim`bgt`t hfdfr`b prfvgst` ` b‗`rtgjbf =6.; mfb ][BGZ?

Fbs p`h`cfdts quf e` mf rf`bgtz`r b‗fcprfs` mur`dt b‗`dy sfr`d? Qrgcfr p`h`cfdt? fs rf`bgtz`rá mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗`krgb. m ‗`krgb. B` k`sf sfrá b` quit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗ÿbtgc pfrãimf gcpisgtgu mfb qu`b e`hg prfsfdt`t mfjb`r`jgú. Fb cfs m‗`krgb fdj`r` di e` prfsfdt`t b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗`dy ;10;, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prfdmr`d jic ` k`sf bfs m`mfs mf b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗`dy ;100, quf çs b‗ÿbtgc` prfsfdt`m`?

Gcpirt 3 (;= 111,11 ∛ ; 511,11) 󰂸 05% 3 : 50>,11 . Zfhid p`h`cfdt? fs rf`bgtz`rá mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗ijtukrf. @b oubgib mf b‗`dy ;10: v` prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗GZ mf b‗`dy ;10;, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs prfdmr`d `qufstfs m`mfs pfr j`bjub`r fb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t.

Gcpirt 3 (;; 111,11 ∛ ; 611,11) 󰂸 05% 3 : 601,11 . ]frjfr p`h`cfdt? fs rf`bgtz`rá mf b‗0 `b ;1 mf mfsfckrf g fs j`bjub`rá prfdfdt jic ` k`sf bfs c`tfgxfs m`mfs mfb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t `dtfrgir. Gcpirt 3 (;; 111,11 ∛ ; 611,11) 󰂸 05% 3 : 601,11 . Cim`bgt`t prfvgst` ` b‗`rtgjbf =6.: mfb ][BGZ?

@pbgj`dt `qufst` cim`bgt`t, fbs p`h`cfdts quf b‗fcprfs` e` mf rf`bgtz`r mur`dt b‗`dy sfr`d? Qrgcfr p`h`cfdt (mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗`krgb) 86 111,11 󰂸 ;0% 3 06 861,11 . Zfhid p`h`cfdt (mf b‗0 `b ;1 m‗ijtukrf)? 0>1 111,11 󰂸 ;0% 3 :: >11,11 ∛ 06 861,11 (prgcfr p`h`cfdt) 3 08 561,11  ]frjfr p`h`cfdt (mf b‗0 `b ;1 mf mfsfckrf)? ;06 111,11 󰂸 ;0% 08 561,11 sfhid p`h`cfdt 3 00 661,11 

3

=6 061,11 ∛ 06 861, 861,11 11 prgcf prgcfrr p`h`c p`h`cfdt fdt ∛

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs >󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b‗gcpirt mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts quf e` mf rf`bgtz`r b‗fcprfs` @DGIB, Z@, mur`dt b‗`dy ;10:, utgbgtz`dt bfs mufs ipjgids rfjibbgmfs fd fb ][BGZ. ]gpus gcpisgtgu mfb :1%. ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

M`mfs mf b‗`dy b‗`dy ;100. Puit` Puit` ãdtfhr`? ãdtfhr`? :1 111 . [ftfdjgids? : ;11 . M`mfs mf b‗`dy b‗`dy ;10;. Puit` Puit` ãdtfhr`? ãdtfhr`? ;6 111 . [ftfdjgids? ; 811 . K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs : prgcfrs cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? 51 111 . K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs 7 prgcfrs cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? 051 051 111 . K`sf gcpis`kbf jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt `bs 00 prgcfrs cfsis cfsis mf b‗fxfrjgjg? ;=1 ;=1 111 .

;70

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

:.8 4 Gdjfdtgus ngsj`bs pfr ` fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`

@bs fnfjtfs m‗`qufst gcpist, fs jidsgmfrfd fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém` bfs fdtgt`ts `ck ud gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu gccfmg`t `dtfrgir quf sghug gdnfrgir ` 01 cgbgids m‗furis. @qufstfs fcprfsfs hùmfgxfd mf mgvfrsis gdjfdtgus ngsj`bs. @qufsts gdjfdtgus t`ckç sfr`d m‗`pbgj`jgú fd fbs trfs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus g cpisgtgus gccfmg`ts g sfhòfdts `b pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå bfs fdtgt`ts `rrgkgd ` b‗fscfdt`m` xgnr` mf dfhijgs mf 01 cgbgids m‗furis, sfcprf quf e`hgd jicpbfrt bfs jidmgjgids pfr sfr jidsgmfr`mfs jic mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, t`dt fd `qufbb pfrãimf jic fd fbs mis pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus `dtfrgirs ` `qufst ÿbtgc. Bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú

Vd mfbs prgdjgp`bs gdjfdtgus quf fs prfvfufd pfr ` `qufst tgpus m‗fcprfsfs súd bfs fspfjg`bgt`ts rfb`tgvfs ` b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mfb sfu gccikgbgtz`t, quf supisfd ud` rfmujjgú mfb sfu tfrcgdg. Fbs fbfcfdts dius mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, pis`ts ` mgspisgjgú mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå bfs fcprfsfs jicpbfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts pfr sfr jidsgmfr`mfs jic mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, pimr`d sfr `cirtgtz`ts bbgurfcfdt sfcprf quf, mur`dt fbs ;= cfsis sfhòfdts ` b` m`t` mf b‗gdgjg mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå fbs kçds `mqugrgts fdtrgd fd nudjgid`cfdt, b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` tit`b mf b‗fcprfs` s‗gdjrfcfdtg rfspfjtf mf b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` mfbs 0; cfsis `dtfrgirs g `qufst gdjrfcfdt fs c`dtgdhug c`dtg dhug mur`dt ud pfrãimf `mmgjgid`b mf ;= cfsis cçs. Zg s‗gdjicpbgssgd `qufstfs ikbgh`jgids, s‗eùrá m‗gdhrfss`r b` quit` ãdtfhr` quf e`huçs jirrfspist ` b` qu`dtgt`t mfmuém` fd fxjçs cçs fbs gdtfrfssis mf mfcir` jirrfspidfdts. B` qu`dtg` mf b` gdvfrsgú quf fs pimrá kfdfngjg`r mfb råhgc mf bbgkfrt`t 

m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrá b` j`bjub`t quf rfsubtg cubtgpbgj`r b‗fscfdt`t gdjrfcfdt `ckmfmis mfjgc`bs.b` xgnr` mf 0;1 111

pfr

Qfr `b jábjub mf b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` tit`b mf b‗fcprfs` g mfb sfu gdjrfcfdt, fs prfdmr`d bfs pfrsidfs ijup`mfs, tfdgdt fd jicptf b` oird`m` jidtr`jt`m` jidtr`jt`m` fd rfb`jgú `ck b` oird`m` jicpbft`.

Fxfcpbfs

Bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ngsj`b B` bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú gcpbgj` quf, mfs mfb pudt mf vgst` ngsj`b, fb sukofjtf p`ssgu pimrá `pbgj`r qu`bsfvib jifngjgfdt, pimfdt ngds g tit `cirtgtz`r fb 011% mfb kç mur`dt fb prgcfr `dy.

Jábjub mf b` qu`dtg` mf b` gdvfrsgú B‗fcprfs` DFC@MF, Z@, ` 0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:, tç ud` pb`dtgbb` mf ; trfk`bb`mirs. B‗0 mf c`gh m‗`qufst `dy jidtr`jt` ud trfk`bb`mir g b‗0 m‗ijtukrf fd jidtr`jt` ud `btrf. B` cgto`d` mf b` pb`dtgbb` mf b‗`dy ;10: sfrá b` sfhòfdt? ; + 0 󰂸 (;=6 mgfs / :>6) + 0 󰂸 (7; mgfs / :>6)

3

;,7; trfk`bb`mirs

Qfr t`dt, b‗gdjrfcfdt b‗gdjrfcfdt mf b` pb`dtgbb` ` b‗`dy ;10: eùrá fst`t mf? ;,7; ∛ ; 3 1,7; trfk`bb`mirs. @gxû vib mgr quf b` qu`dtg` mf bfs gdvfrsgids rf`bgtz`mfs pfr DFC@MF quf fs pimrgfd kfdfffjg`r mfb råhgc mf bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú sfrg` mf? 0;1 111,11 󰂸 1,7; 3 00 =11,11 .

;7;

Bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú pfr ` gdvfrsgids mf v`bir fsjás

Fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b dius pis`ts ` mgspisgjgú mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå fs jicpbfgxgd bfs jidmgjgids pfr jidsgmfr`r ud` fcprfs` mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, `ck ud v`bir udgt`rg quf di fxjfmfgxg mf >10,10 , fs pimr`d `cirtgtz`r bbgurfcfdt, ngds g tit fd b` sfv` tit`bgt`t, ngds `b bãcgt mf 0; 1;1,;= 1;1,;=  m‗`cirtgtz`jgú rfnfrgt `b pfrãimf gcpisgtgu. @cirtgtz`jgú mfbs fbfcfdts dius mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b, mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs g mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf

Fbs fbfcfdts dius mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b g mf bfs gdvfrsgids gccikgbgárgfs, `gxã jic fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t gdt`dhgkbf, pis`ts ` mgspisgjgú mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå fs jicpbfgxgd bfs jidmgjgids pfr jidsgmfr`r ud` fcprfs` mf mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, fs pimr`d `cirtgtz`r fd nudjgú mfb jifngjgfdt quf rfsubtg mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr ; fb jifngjgfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b cáxgc prfvgst ` bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs. Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs jråmgts pfr pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs mf mfutirs

Jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr Qfr ` bfs fdtgt`ts mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`, b‗gcpirt mf b` qu`dtgt`t mfmuékbf mf bfs quitfs jirrfspidfdts ` b` rfjupfr`jgú mfb jist mfb kç di pimrá sfr supfrgir `b rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r `b jist mfb kç fb trgpbf mfb jifngjgfdt m‗`cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b sfhids fd jicptfs mfbpfr mikbf kbfrt tùbfs, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b ` b` fst`rfst` mf bfs fdtgt`ts.

Zfrá mfmuékbf b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs jråmgts pfr ` b` jikfrtur` mfb rgsj mfrgv`t mf bfs pissgkbfs gdsibvådjgfs ngds `b bãcgt mf b‗0% sikrf fbs mfutirs fxgstfdts ` b` jidjbusgú mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu. Fbs mfutirs sikrf fbs qu`bs s‗e`huçs rfjidfhut b` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mfbs jråmgts pfr gdsibvådjgfs fst`kbfrtfs ` b‗`p`rt`t :.; m‗`qufst` udgt`t (pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs) di s‗gdjbiur`d fdtrf fbs mfutirs quf hùmgr`d m‗`qufst kfdfngjg. ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

Bfs fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém` trgkut`r`d m‗`jirm `ck b` sfhòfdt fsj`b`, fxjfptf sg e`d mf trgkut`r ` ud tgpus mgnfrfdt mfb hfdfr`b? ‚ Qfr b` p`rt mf k`sf gcpis`kbf jicprfs` fdtrf 1 g :1 111 , `b tgpus mfb

;6%. ‚ Qfr b` p`rt mf k`sf gcpis`kbf rfst`dt, `b tgpus mfb :1%. ]`ckç s‗fst`kbfgx ud tgpus fspfjg`b mf hr`v`cfd rfmuét fd j`s quf s‗e`hg primuét ud c`dtfdgcfdt i ud` jrf`jgú m‗ijup`jgú. Bfs fdtgt`ts `ck ud gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu gdnfrgir ` 6

cgbgids m furis g ud` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` gdnfrgir ` ;6 fcpbf`ts trgkut`r`d m‗`jirm `ck b‗fsj`b` sfhòfdt, fxjfptf sg e`d mf trgkut`r ` ud tgpus mgnfrfdt mfb hfdfr`b? ‚ Qfr b` p`rt mf k`sf gcpis`kbf jicprfs` fdtrf 1 g :11 111 , `b tgpus mfb

;1%.

‚ Qfr b` p`rt mf k`sf gcpis`kbf rfst`dt, `b tgpus mfb ;6%.

B‗`pbgj`jgú mf b‗fsj`b` `dtfrgir fstá jidmgjgid`m` `b nft quf, mur`dt fbs mitzf cfsis sfhòfdts ` b‗gdgjg mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` mf b‗fdtgt`t di sghug gdnfrgir ` ud trfk`bb`mir g, ` cçs, t`cpij sghug gdnfrgir ` b` pb`dtgbb` cgto`d` mfbs 0; cfsis `dtfrgirs.

;7:

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mf b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b m‗ud` fcprfs` mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém` @r` j`bjub`rfc b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗GZ mf b‗fcprfs` DFNGZ@, Z@, quf tç jidsgmfr`jgú mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`. Bfs m`mfs m‗`qufst` fcprfs` fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10: súd bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Fs v` rf`bgtz`r ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr sikrf ud fbfcfdt fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt `mqugrgt pfr 05 111  b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:. Fb qu`mrf mf bãsgdh m‗`qufst `dy v` sfr? s fr?

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

Mfutf pfdmfdt

10/10/;10:

05 111,11

:0/0;/;10:

‚ ‚

‚ ‚ ‚

> 611,11

=11,11

> 011,11

00 711,11

B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r fb kç `b jifffjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs, quf çs fb 0>%. Fd jicpt`kgbgt`t fs fs v` mit`r ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗0% sikrf b‗gcpirt b‗gcpirt mfbs mrfts `ck fbs mfutirs `b ffd`b mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 . B‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10: ;10: fs v`d `mqugrgr mgvfrsis fbfcfdts fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t dius dius pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 , ;11  g =11 , rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B‗fcprfs` fbs v` `cirtgtz`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `b jifffjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs (;6%), pfrû ` b‗eir` mf rf`bgtz`r b‗GZ v` mfjgmgr nfr b‗òust`cfdt sikrf bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú pfr ` gdvfrsgids m‗fsjás v`bir `cirtgtz`dt-bis fd `qufst `dy `b 011%. Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t mf :; 611 . [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys hu`dys çs mf 001 111 . ]it`b p`h`cfdts p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts? nr`jjgid`ts? ;: 111 .

Fd prgcfr bbij, `d`bgtz`rfc bfs ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs fd rfb`jgú `ck b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts. Jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ffd`djfr

B` mfspfs` jicpt`kbf g ffsj`b sfrá?

M`t` :0/0;/;10:

tìkrbtfgtz. GdMtffrsåpsfs` jic@pc =11,11

Gdtfrås

;551,11 (0>% s/ 05111 )

=11,11

M[ffsjpufps`frn`gjsjgú`bmfb jist mfb kç @cirtgz`jgú 3 > 011,11 (Bãcgt 3 1,0> 󰂸 : 󰂸 05111,11 3 5 >=1,11)

G bfs mgnfrådjgfs fdtrf b` mfspfs` jicpt`kbf g b` ffsj`b súd?

M`t`

Mgnfrådjgfs (@cirt. jicpt`kbf ‚ @cirt. ngsj`b)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf (dfh`tgv` fd irghfd)

;551,11 ∛ > 011,11 3 ∛: ;;1,11

:0/0;/;10:

∛: ;;1,11

B` járrfh` ffd`djfr` (gdtfrås) tgdmrá sfcprf b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfs` ffsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf, pfr b` qu`b jis` di sfrá dfjfss`rg rf`bgtz`r j`p òust. B` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf g ffsj`b hfdfr`rá ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf (dfh`tgv` fd irghfd) irghfd) mf ∛: ;;1,11 . Qårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt ^`bir jicpt`kbf? 611,11 . K`sf ffsj`b? 611,11 . Mfspfs` ffsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf, pfrquå di supfr` b‗0%. Di j`b pr`jtgj`r òustis.

;7=

@cirtgtz`jgú m‗fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`ts dius

@cirtgtz`jgú ffsj`b?

M`t`

@cirtgtz`jgú `du`b

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

K`sf ngsj`b

10/10/;10:

0 011,11

:0/0;/;10:

0 011,11

0 011,11

1,11

@cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf?

M`t`

@cirtgtz`jgú `du`b

@cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m`

^`bir jicpt`kbf

10/10/;10:

0 011,11

:0/0;/;10:

;86,11

;86,11

5;6,11

:0/0;/;10=

;86,11

661,11

661,11

:0/0;/;106 :0/0;/;10>

;86,11 ;86,11

5;6,11 0 011,11

;86,11 1,11

G fb qu`mrf jicp`r`tgu fdtrf fb v`bir jicpt`kbf g fb v`bir v `bir ffsj`b sfrá?

M`t`

^`bir jicpt`kbf

K`sf ngsj`b

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` `jucub`m` (KN ‚ ^J)

10/10/;10:

0 011,11

0 011,11

:0/0;/;10:

5;6,11

1,11

∛5;6,11

:0/0;/;10=

661,11

1,11

∛661,11

:0/0;/;106

;86,11

1,11

∛;86,11

^`rg`jgú mf b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg`

∛5;6,11

;86,11 \∛661,11 ∛ (∛5;6,11)S

;86,11 \∛;86,11 ∛ (∛661,11)S

:0/0;/;10>

1,11

1,11

1,11 ]it`b

;86,11

\1,11 ∛ (∛;86,11)S

1,11

;76

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Qfr ` b‗`dy ;10: fs fs hfdfr` ud` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf (dfh`tgv` (dfh`tgv` fd irghfd) mf ∛5;6 . Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ (:; 611 ) súd ud` mfspfs` jicpt`kbf ffsj`bcfdt di mfmuémfmué kbf, pfr b` qu`b jis` fs primugrá ud` mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt pisgtgv`. @r` j`bjub`rfc b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b m gnfrfdjg`b mf b‗gcpist? [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf (s`bmi mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys)

001111,11 ₢

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt pisgtgv` (quit` Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts)

:;611,11 

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf (jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr)

”:;;1,11 

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf (`cirtgtz`jgú (`cirtgtz`jgú fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t m‗gccikgbgtz`t dius)

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf

(Ø)

]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

(3)

Puit` ãdtfhr`

:=>0:,86 ₢

(3)

Mfmujjgids Puit` bãqugm`

1,11 :=>0:,86 ₢

(”)

Q`h`cfdts Q`h`cfd ts nr`jjgid`ts

”;:111,11 

(3)

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b ` gdhrfss`r

00>0:,86 ₢

(

)

”

”5;6,11  0:5=66,11 ₢

;6%



@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 8󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts m‗ud` fcprfs` mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém` fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Fd jicpt`kgbgt`t fs fs v` mit`r ud` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mftfrgir`cfdt mf b‗0% sikrf b‗gcpirt b‗gcpirt mfbs mrfts `ck fbs mfutirs `b ngd`b mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu pfr ud gcpirt mf 0 111 . ‚ B‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10: fs v`d `mqugrgr mgvfrsis fbfcfdts m‗gccikgbgtz`t m‗gccikgbgtz`t dius pfr gcpirt mf >11  g 611  j`m` ud. B‗fcprfs` fbs v` `cirtgtz`r jicpt`kbfcfdt `b jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs (;1%), pfrû ` b‗eir` mf rf`bgtz`r b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts v` mfjgmgr nfr b‗òust sikrf bbgkfrt`t m‗`cirtgtz`jgú pfr ` gdvfrsgids m‗fsjás v`bir. ‚ E` gdvfrt gdvfrtgt gt : 111  fd b‗`mqugsgjgú mf kçds mf b‗@jtgu c`tfrg`b mfstgd`ts ` b` rfjupfr`jgú g fb tr`jt`cfdt mf rfsgmus gdmustrg`bs pripgs. ‚ Fs v` rf`bgtz`r ud jidtr`jtf m‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr pfr ` b‗`mqugsgjgú b‗`mqugsgjgú mf cikgbg`rg pfr ;1 111  b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:. Fb qu`mrf mf bãsgdh m‗`qufst `dy v` sfr fb sfhòfdt?

M`t`

@du`bgt`t

Gdtfrås

@cirtgtz`jgú

Mfutf pfdmfdt

10/10/;10: :0/0;/;10:

;1 111,11 8 =11,11

>11,11

> 511,11

0: ;11,11

B‗fcprfs` mfjgmfgx `cirtgtz`r fb kç `b jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? 01%. ‚ Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts e`d fst`t mf :: 0;6 . ‚ [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys hu`dys çs mf 0:; 611 . ‚ ]it`b p`h`cfdts p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts nr`jjgid`ts?? ;7 111 .

;7>

= 44 Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts Fd fb QHJ, b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs `p`rfgx mfsfd vibup`m` ` b` dirc` mf rfhgstrf g v`bir`jgú 0:. Gcpistis sikrf kfdfngjgs. Fd `qufst` dirc` s'gdmgj`, fd prgcfr bbij, quf b` mfspfs` g b‗gdhrçs pfr gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs mf b‗fxfrjgjg jicprfdmrá b` p`rt rfb`tgv` ` b` mfspfs` i b‗gdhrçs pfr b‗gcpist jirrfdt g b` p`rt jirrfspidfdt ` b` mfspfs` i gdhrçs pfr b‗gcpist mgnfrgt. =.0 4 @jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist jirrfdt

B‗gcpist jirrfdt çs b` qu`dtgt`t quf s`tgsná b‗fcprfs` jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf bfs bgqugm`jgids ngsj`bs mf b‗gcpist i fbs gcpistis sikrf fb kfdfngjg rfb`tgus ` ud fxfrjgjg. Bfs mfmujjgids g `btrfs `v`dt`thfs ngsj`bs ` b` quit` mf b‗gcpist, fxjbisfs bfs rftfdjgids g fbs p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, `gxã jic bfs pårmufs ngsj`bs jicpfds`kbfs `dtfrgirsjirrfdt. g `pbgj`mfs fd `qufst fxfrjgjg, midfd bbij ` ud cfdir m‗fxfrjgjgs gcpirt mf b‗gcpist B` mfspfs` i b‗gdhrçs pfr gcpist jirrfdt fs jirrfspidmrá `ck b` j`djfb¸b`jgú mf bfs rftfdjgids g fbs p`h`cfdts ` jicptf, `gxã jic `ck fb rfjidfgxfcfdt mfbs p`ssgus g `jtgus pfr gcpist jirrfdt. Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubb fb QHJ pfr ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mfbs `jtgus g p`ssgus pfr b‗gcpist jirrfdt súd fbs sfhòfdts?

@jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist jirrfdt (>:1) Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs? gcpirt mf b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs cfrgt`t fd b‗fxfrjgjg. Mgds m‗`qufst jicptf s‗utgbgtz`rá fb sukjicptf (>:11) Gcpist jirrfdt, id fs rfhgstr`rá b‗gcpirt mf b` quit` ` p`h`r. (=817) EQ mfutir` pfr mfvibujgú m‗gcpistis? jråmgts `ck b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` pfr r`ú mf mfvibujgú m‗gcpistis. Nghur`rá

` b‗@jtgu K`b`dè. g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf? qu`dtgt`ts rftgdhumfs ` b‗fcprfs` g p`h`cfdts rf`bgtz`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` ` (=8:) EQmfb rftfdjgids jicptf m‗gcpistis. (=86;) EQ jrfmgtir` pfr Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts? gcpirt pfdmfdt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts ` p`h`r. Nghur`rá `b Q`ssgu mfb K`b`dè.

Fds pimfc trik`r `ck bfs sgtu`jgids sg tu`jgids sfhòfdts? ‚ Q`ssgu pfr gcpist jirrfdt? b‗gcpist jirrfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b‗fxfrjgjg

prfsfdt g `bs `dtfrgirs fs rfjidfgxfrá jic ud Q`ssgu fd b` cfsur` fd

quå fstghug pfdmfdt mf p`h`cfdt. x

(>:11)

Gcpist jirrfdt (Qfr b` quit` bãqugm`)

`

(=8:)

E.Q.. rft. g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf E.Q (Qfr bfs rftfdjgids g fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts)

(=86;)

E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr GZ E.Q (Qfr b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b)

x

;78

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

‚ @jtgu pfr gcpist jirrfdt? jirrfdt? sg b` qu`dtgt`t o` p`h`m`, jirrfspidfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b‗f-

xfrjgjg prfsfdt g `bs `dtfrgirs, fxjfmãs mf b‗gcpist jirrfdt pfr `qufsts fxfrjgjgs, b‗fxjçs fs rfjidfgxfrá jic ud @jtgu. x

(>:11)

Gcpist jirrfdt (Qfr b` quit` bãqugm`)

(=886; (= 6;))

E.Q. mf E.Q mfuuti tirr` pf pfrr mfvibujgú m‗gcpistis (Qfr b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b)

`

(=8:)

E.Q.. rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf E.Q (Qfr bfs rftfdjgids g fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts)

x

Fxfcpbfs Q`ssgu pfr gcpist jirrfdt B‗fcprfs` J[GZJ@[, J[GZJ @[, Z@, e` iktgdhut fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10: ;1 0: ud rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf jicpt`kb f `k`ds m‗gcpistis m‗gcpisti s mf =1 111 . Qfr mgnfrådjgfs pfrc`dfdts e` mf rf`bgtz`r rf`bgtz `r òustis pisgtgus p isgtgus pfr ud gcpirt mf 0; 111  g dfh`tgus pfr v`bir mf 6 111 . Bfs mfmujjgids `sjfdmfgxfd ` > 111  g fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts ` 6 111 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%. B` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá? [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf (s`bmi mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys)

=1 111,11 ₢

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt pisgtgv`

0; 111,11 

(∛)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt dfh`tgv`

”6 111,11 

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf

=8 111,11 ₢

(Ø) (3)

]gpus mf hr`v`cfd Puit` ãdtfhr`

:1% 0= 011,11₢

(∛)

Mfmujjgids

”> 111,11 

(3)

Puit` bãqugm`

5 011,11 ₢

(∛)

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

”6 111,11 

(3)

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b ` gdhrfss`r

: 011,11 ₢

G b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá b` sfhòfdt? x

5 011,1 011,111

(>:11)) Gcpis (>:11 Gcpistt jirr jirrfdt fdt

`

(=8:) E.Q. E.Q. rftfdjgids g p`h`c p`h`cfdts fdts ` jicpt jicptff (=86;) E.Q E.Q.. jrfmgtir` pfr Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

6 111,1 111,111 : 011,11

x

;75

@jtgu pfr gcpist jirrfdt Zupisfc quf, p`rtgdt mf bfs c`tfgxfs m`mfs mf b‗fxfcpbf `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts `sjfdmfgxfd `r` ` 01 111 . B` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá? [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf (s`bmi mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys)

=1 111,11 ₢

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt pisgtgv`

0; 111,11 

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt dfh`tgv`

”6 111,11 

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf

=8 111,11 ₢

(Ø)

]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

(3)

Puit` ãdtfhr`

0= 011,11₢

(”)

Mfmujjgids

”> 111,11 

(3)

Puit` bãqugm`

5 011,11 ₢

(”)

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

”01 111,11 

(3)

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b ` rftird`r

”0 711,11 ₢

:1%

B‗`ssfdt`cfdt jirrfspidfdt ` b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá? x

5 011,1 011,111 0 711,1 711,111

(>:11) Gcpist (>:11) Gcpist jirr jirrfdt fdt (=817)) Egsf (=817 Egsfdm` dm` Qÿkbg Qÿkbgj` j` mfutir` pfr mfvibujgú m‗gcpistis

`

x

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs

(=8:) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf

01 111,11

5󰂸󰂸 B‗fcprfs` LFBZF, Z@, e` iktgdhut fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10: ud rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf `k`ds m‗gcpistis mf 61 111 . 

Qfr pfrc`dfdts e` mf rf`bgtz`r òustis pisgtgus pfr ud gcpirt mf 05 111 5 111mgnfrådjgfs . Bfs mfmujjgids `sjfdmfgxfd ` = 111 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%.

g dfh`tgus pfr v`bir mf

Bgqugm` b‗gcpist g jicpt`kgbgtz`‗b supis`dt quf? `) Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0; 111 111 . k) Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0> 111 111 .

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

;77

=.; 4 @jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt

Fbs `jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpistis mgnfrgts sirhfgxfd pfr b‗`p`rgjgú mf mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs, quf súd bfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` mgnfrfdt v`bir`jgú, jicpt`kbf g ngsj`b, `trgkuém` `bs `jtgus g p`ssgus, fd b` cfsur` fd quå tgdhugd gdjgmådjg` fd b` járrfh` ngsj`b nutur`. B` mfspfs` i b‗gdhrçs pfr gcpist mgnfrgt fs jirrfspidmrá `ck fb rfjidfgxfcfdt g b` j`djfb¸b`jgú mfbs p`ssgus g `jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt, `gxã jic, sg çs prijfmfdt, pfb rfjidfgxfcfdt g b‗gcput`jgú `b jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys mf b‗gdhrçs mgrfjt`cfdt gcput`t `b Q`trgcidg dft quf puhug rfsubt`r mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf bfs mfmujjgids g `btrfs `v`dt`thfs ngsj`bs quf tgdhugd b` d`tur`bfs` fjidûcgj` mf sukvfdjgú. Fbs jicptfs quf rfjubb fb Qb` Hfdfr`b mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t pfr rfhgstr`r fbs fb s @jtgus g Q`ssgus pfr b‗gcpist mgnfrgt súd fbs sfhòfdts?

@jtgus g p`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt (>:1) Gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs? gcpirt mf b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs cfrgt`t fd b‗fxfrjgjg. Mgds m‗`qufst jicptf s‗utgbgtz`rá fb sukjicptf (>:10) Gcpist mgnfrgt, quf s‗us`rá qu`d eg e`hg mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs i gcpis`kbfs. (=8=1) @jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs? `jtgus ngsj`bs pfr mgnfrådjgfs quf mid`r`d bbij ` cfdirs qu`dtgt`ts ` p`h`r i còirs qu`dtgt`ts ` rftird`r pfr gcpistis sikrf kfdfngjgs fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs, dirc`bcfdt ` cfsur` quf fs rfjupfrgd fbs `jtgus i fs bgqugmgd fbs p`ssgus mfbs qu`bs fs mfrgvfd. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè. (=8=;) Mrfts pfr mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids pfdmfdts m‗`pbgj`r? gcpirt mf b` mgscgdujgú mf b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs ` p`h`r fd fb nutur mfrgv`m` mf b‗fxgstådjg` mf mfmujjgids i kidgngj`jgids m‗`qufst gcpist pfdmfdts m‗`pbgj`jgú. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè. (=8=6) Jråmgts pfr pårmufs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg? b‗fxfrjgjg ? gcpirt mf b` rfmujjgú mf b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs ` p`h`r fd fb nutur mfrgv`m` mf b‗fxgstådjg` mf k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs m‗`qufst gcpist pfdmfdts mf jicpfds`jgú. Nghur`rá ` b‗@jtgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè. (=87) Q`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs? mgnfrådjgfs quf mid`r`d bbij ` còirs qu`dtgt`ts ` p`h`r i kç ` cfdirs qu`dtgt`ts ` rftird`r pfr gcpistis sikrf kfdfngjgs fd fxfrjgjgs nuturs, dirc`bcfdt ` cfsur` quf fs rfjupfrgd

fbs `jtgus i fs bgqugmgd fbs p`ssgus mfbs qu`bs fs mfrgvfd. Nghur`rá fd fb Q`ssgu di jirrfdt mfb K`b`dè. Q`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt

Fd hfdfr`b, fs rfjidfgxfrá ud Q`ssgu pfr gcpist mgnfrgt pfr titfs bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs g fs jicpt`kgbgtz`rá `b jicptf (=87) Q`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs.

Fb sfu civgcfdt jicpt`kbf çs fb sfhòfdt?

Z `kid`rá pfr b gcpirt mfbs p`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpi s`kbfs irghgd`ts fd b‗fxfrjgjg.

x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt `

(=87)

Q`ssgus pfr mgnfrå Q`ssgus mgnfrådjgf djgfss tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs

(Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs dfh`tgvfs fd irghfd?

Pu`dtgt`t? Gcpirt M] x ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

x

:11

‚ Fs j`rrfh`rá qu`d fs j`djfb¸bgd fbs p`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs

gcpis`kbfs. x

(=87) (=8 7)

Q`ss `ssgus gus pfr mgn mgnfrå frådjg djgfs fs tfc tfcpir pirádg ádgfs fs gcp gcpis` is`kbf kbfss (Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs pisgtgvfs fd rfvfrsgú? Pu`dtgt`t? Gcpirt M] Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

` x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt

@b jicptf (=87) Q`ssgu pfr mgnfrådjgf mgnfrådjgfss tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs nghur`rá b‗gcpirt ãdtfhrf mfbs p`ssgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt, sfdsf quf sghug `mcgssgkbf b` sfv` jicpfds`jgú `ck fbs `jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Kfdfngjgs. @jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt

M‗`jirm `ck fb prgdjgpg mf prumådjg`, dicçs fs rfjidfgxfr`d `jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt fd b` cfsur` fd quå rfsubtg prik`kbf quf b‗fcprfs` mgspisg mf hu`dys ngsj`bs nuturs quf pfrcftgd b‗`pbgj`jgú m‗`qufsts `jtgus. Zfcprf quf fs jicpbfgxg b` jidmgjgú `dtfrgir, fs rfjidfgxfrá ud @jtgu pfr gcpist mgnfrgt fd fbs supûsgts sfhòfdts? Qfr bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

Fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf (=8=1) @jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs.

Fb sfu civgcfdt jicpt`kbf sfrá fb sfhòfdt? ‚ Fs j`rrfh`rá pfr b‗gcpirt mf b‗@jtgu pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

irghgd`t fd b‗fxfrjgjg.

(=8= (= 8=1) 1)

@jtgus @jtg us pf pfrr mg mgnf nfrå rådj djgf gfss tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

x

(Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs pisgtgvfs fd irghfd? Pu`dtgt`t? Gcpirt M] Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

` x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt

‚ Z‗`kid`rá qu`d s‗gcputgd fbs `jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuémfmué-

kbfs. x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt `

(=8=1)

@jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

(Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs dfh`tgvfs fd rfvfrsgú?

Pu`dtgt`t? Gcpirt M] Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

x

:10

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Qfb mrft ` jicpfds`r fd fxfrjgjgs pistfrgirs bfs pårmufs ngsj`bs

Fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf (=8=6) Jråmgt pfr pårmufs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg. @gxã, cçs fspfjgngj`cfdt, fb sfu civgcfdt jicpt`kbf sfrá fb sfhòfdt? ‚ Fs j`rrfh`rá pfb jråmgt gcpisgtgu mfrgv`t mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv`

fd fbs gcpistis sikrf kfdfngjgs iktgdhum` fd b‗fxfrjgjg. x

(=88=6 (= =6))

Jråmg Jrå mgtt pf pfrr på pårrmu mufs fs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg

(Gcpirt mf b` KG dfh`tgv` Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

` x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt

‚ Z‗`kid`rá qu`d fs jicpfdsgd bfs k`sfs gcpis`kbfs dfh`tgvfs m‗fxfrjgjgs

`dtfrgirs. x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt `

(=8=6)

Jråmgt pfr pårmufs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg

(Gcpirt mf b` KG dfh`tgv` ` jicpfds`r Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd)

x Qfr bfs mfmujjgids g `btrfs `v`dt`thfs ngsj`bs di utgbgtz`ts, quf qufmgd pfdmfdts m‗`pbgj`r ngsj`bcfdt pfr supfr`r fbs bãcgts fst`kbfrts fd fb ][BGZ.

Fs jicpt`kgbgtz`r`d `b jicptf (=8=;) Mrfts pfr mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids pfdmfdts m‗`pbgj`r . Fb sfu civgcfdt jicpt`kbf sfrá fb sfsfhòfdt? ‚ Fs j`rrfh`rá pfb jråmgt gcpisgtgu mfrgv`t mf b` mfmujjgú i b` kidgngj`jgú

fd b‗gcpist sikrf kfdfngjgs iktgdhum` fd b‗fxfrjgjg. x

(=88=; (= =;))

Mrfts pf Mrf pfrr mf mfmu mujj jjggid idss g kidgffj`jgids

pfdmfdts m‗`pbgj`r ` x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnfrgt

Fd b` m`t` mf t`dj`cfdt mf j`m` fxfrjgjg, rfjidsgmfr`rá fbs `jtgus pfr gcpist mgnfrgt rfjidfhuts g fbs quf b‗fcprfs` di e`hg rfjidfhut `dtfrgircfdt. Fd `qufst cicfdt, b‗fcprfs` mid`rá mf k`gx` ud `jtgu rfjidfhut `dtfrgircfdt (sg o` di rfsubt` prik`kbf b` sfv` rfjupfr`jgú) i rfhgstr`rá qu`bsfvib `jtgu m‗`qufst` d`tur`bfs` di rfjidfhut `dtfrgircfdt (sfcprf quf rfsubtg prik`kbf quf b‗fcprfs` mgspisg mf hu`dys ngsj`bs nuturs fd qu`dtg` sungjgfdt, quf fd pfrcftgd b‗`pbgj`jgú).

:1;

‚ Z‗`kid`rá pfr b‗`pbgj`jgú ngsj`b mf bfs mfmujjgids i kidgngj`jgids m‗fxfr-

jgjgs `dtfrgirs. x

(>:10)

Gcpist mgnf nfrrgt

` x

(=8=;)

Mfr.. pfr mfm. g kid. pfdm. m‗`pbgj`r Mfr

Fxfcpbfs Bgqugm`jgú g jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts B` sijgft`t QGJ@[OI, Z@, e` iktgdhut ud rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf `k`ds m‗gcpistis mf 061 111 sirhgmfs fdtrf fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf g ffsj`b súd bfs sfhòfdts?

. Bfs mgnfrådjgfs



‚ Mgnfr Mgnfrådjg ådjgfs fs pfrc`dfdts? pfrc`dfdts? pisgtgvfs, pisgtgvfs, > 111  g dfh`tgvfs, = 111 . ‚ Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs tfcpirádgfs fd rfvfrsgú? pisgtgv`, pisgtgv`, 6 111  g dfh`tgv`, : 111 . 



‚ Mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs tfcpirádgfs fd irghfd? pisgtgv`, pisgtgv`, > 111 g dfh`tgv`, ; 111 . Mgspis` m‗ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv`, prijfmfdt m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs, mf 06 111 . Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg s‗e`d hfdfr`t mfmujjgids pfr gcpirt mf 0= 111 , mf bfs qu`bs dicçs s‗e`d `pbgj`t fd `qufst fxfrjgjg 0; 111 . Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts `sjfdmfgxfd ` 01 111 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%. B` bgqugm`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá b` sfhòfdt? [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf (s`bmi mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys)

061111,11 ₢

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt pisgtgv`

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt dfh`tgv`

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf fd fd rfvfrsgú (pisgtgv`) (pisgtgv`)

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf fd fd rfvfrsgú (dfh`tgv`) (dfh`tgv`)

(+)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` mfmuékbf fd fd irghfd (pisgtgv`) (pisgtgv`)

(”)

Mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` mfmuékbf fd fd irghfd (dfh`tgv`) (dfh`tgv`)

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf pråvg`

065111,11 ₢

(”)

K`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv` m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs

”06111,11 

(3)

K`sf gcpis`kbf

0=:111,11 ₢

>111,11  ”=111,11  6111,11  ”:111,11  >111,11  ”;111,11 

(Ø)

]gpus mf hr`v`cfd

:1%

(3)

Puit` ãdtfhr`

(”)

Mfmujjgids

(3)

Puit` bãqugm`

”0;111,11 :1711,11 ₢

(”)

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

”01111,11 

(3)

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b ` gdhrfss`r

;1711,11

=;711,11

₢ 

₢

:1:

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

G b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗gcpist sfrá b` sfhòfdt? Gcpist jirrfdt x

:1711,1 :1 711,111

(>:11)) Gcpis (>:11 Gcpistt jirr jirrfdt fdt `

(=8:) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf (=86;) Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` jrfmgtir` pfr Gcpistt sikrf Zijg Gcpis Zijgft`ts ft`ts

01 111,11

;1711,1 ;1 711,111

x

Gcpist mgnfrgt ‚ Qfr b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf fd rfvfrsgú? x

0 611,11

(=87) Q`ssgus Q`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs (6 111,11 󰂸 1,:1)

` (>:10 (>:10)) Gcpis Gcpistt mgnfr mgnfrgt gt

0 611,1 611,111

x

‚ Qfr b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` mfmuékbf fd rfvfrsgú?

711,111 711,1

(>:10)) Gcpis (>:10 Gcpistt mgnfr mgnfrgt gt

x ` (=8=1) @jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

(:111,11 󰂸 1,:1)

x

711,11

‚ Qfr b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` mfmuékbf fd irghfd? x

0 511,1 511,111

(=8=1)) @jtg (=8=1 @jtgus us pfr mgnfr mgnfrådjg ådjgfs fs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs

(> 111,11 󰂸 1,:1)

` (>:10 (>:10)) Gcpis Gcpistt mgnfr mgnfrgt gt

0 511,1 511,111

x

:1=

‚ Qfr b` mgnfrådjg` tfcpirádg` gcpis`kbf fd irghfd? x

>11,111 >11,1

(>:10)) Gcpis (>:10 Gcpistt mgnf mgnfrgt rgt `

(=87) Q`ssgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs

>11,11

(;111,11 󰂸 1,:1)

x

‚ Qfr b` jicpfds`jgú jicpfds`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv`? x

= 611,1 611,111

(>:10)) Gcpis (>:10 Gcpistt mgnf mgnfrgt rgt ` (=8=6) Jråmgt pfr pårmufs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg

= 611,11

(06111,11 󰂸 1,:1)

x

‚ Qf Qfrr bfs mfmujjgids mfmujjgids quf di di s‗e`d pihut pihut `pbgj`r? `pbgj`r? x

; 111,1 111,111

(=8=;)) Mrfts pfr mfmuj (=8=; mfmujjgid jgidss g kidgffj`jgids pfdmfdts pfdmf dts m‗`pbg m‗`pbgj`r j`r ` (>:10 (>:10)) Gcpis Gcpistt mgnfr mgnfrgt gt x

; 111,1 111,111

:16

Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

@jtgvgt`ts pripis`mfs 7󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t [IZ@C@[, Z@, e` iktgdhut ud rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf `k`ds m‗gcpistis m ‗gcpistis mf ;61 111 . Bfs mgnfrådjgfs sirhgmfs fdtrf fb rfsubt`t jicpt`kbf g fb ngsj`b súd bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjgfs gfs pfrc`dfdts pfrc`dfdts pisgtgvfs? pisgtgvfs? 5 >11 . ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjgfs gfs pfrc`dfdts pfrc`dfdts dfh`tgvfs? dfh`tgvfs? 6 ;11 ;11 . ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjg` g` tfcpi tfcpirádg` rádg` pisgtgv pisgtgv`` fd rfvfrsgú? rfvfrsgú? 0 :11 . ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjg` g` tfcpi tfcpirádg` rádg` dfh`tgv dfh`tgv`` fd rfvfrsgú? rfvfrsgú? ; 611 . ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjg` g` tfcpi tfcpirádg` rádg` pisgtg pisgtgv` v` fd irghfd? irghfd? ; =11 . ‚ Mgnf Mgnfrådj rådjg` g` tfcpi tfcpirádg` rádg` dfh`tgv dfh`tgv`` fd irghfd? irghfd? = 511 . Fxgstfgx ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv`, prijfmfdt m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs, mf ;; 111 . Mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg s‗e`d hfdfr`t mfmujjgids mf b` quit` pfr 7 >11 . Fxgstfgxfd mfmujjgids pfdmfdts m‗fxfrjgjgs `dtfrgirs pfr v`bir mf ; 111 . Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts `sjfdmfgxfd ` 0= 611 611 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%. Bgqugm` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

01󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t @DGIB, Z@, prfsfdt` ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;10: fb sfhòfdt jicptf mf rfsubt`ts, `k`ds mf j`bjub`r b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts?

Mfurf Jicprfs Mfspfsfs pfrsid`b Mfspfsfs ngd`djfrfs ]rgkuts @cirtgtz`jgú fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt @cirtgtz`jgú cikgbg`rg Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs Mfspfsfs mgvfrsfs [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg

E`vfr 661 111,11 061 111,11 ; 111,11 611,11 > 111,11 ;611,11

^fdmfs Gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs ^`rg`jgú fxgstådjgfs mf Cfrj`mfrgfs

7;1 111,11 6 111,11 01 111,11

> 111,11 ;5 111,11 071 111,11

]it`b Mfurf 7:6 111,11 ]it`b E`vfr 7:6 111,11 0. M`mfs pfr `b jábjub mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids? `cirtgtz`jgids? ‚ Fbfc Fbfcfdt fdt mf tr`dspirt? tr`dspirt? prfu m‗`mq m‗`mqugsg ugsgjgú? jgú? :1 111 . M`t` m‗`mqugsgjgú? 0 mf hfdfr mf ;10;. @cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf? bgdf`b fd 6 `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc? 0>%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? 0= `dys. ‚ Cikgb Cikgbg`rg? g`rg? prfu m‗`mqugsgj m‗`mqugsgjgú? gú? ;1 111 . M`t` m‗`mqugsgjgú? 0 mf hfdfr mf ;10;. @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf? bgdf`b fd 5 `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc? 01%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? ;1 `dys. Ngsj`bcfdt, b‗fcprfs` `cirtgtz` fbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t fd fb cfdir tfcps pissgkbf.

;. Fb mfshbiss`cfdt mfb jicptf mf mfspfsfs mgvfrsfs çs fb sfhòfdt? sukcgdgstr`cfdts? ;1 111 , cubtfs? 0 111 , mfspfsfs mf rfprfsfdt`jgú? b` rfst`. :. Fbs gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs jirrfspidfd jirrfspidfd `b mgvgmfdm krut p`h`t pfr ud` sijgft`t rfsgmfdt fd fd quå p`rtgjgp` fd ud :1% (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). =. B` sijgft`t tç ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv` pfdmfdt mf jicpfds`r pfr gcpirt mf 6 111 . 6. Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts rf`bgtz`ts mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg v`d sfr mf 01 111 . >. Bfs pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs jicfrjg`bs gdjbiufd ud` jirrfjjgú v`bir`tgv` quf jirrfspid ` ud jbgfdt mf muktús jikr`cfdt `ck ud mfutf mf ; 111  quf vfdè fb 06 mf divfckrf mf ;10:. 8. ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%. Bgqugm` g jicpt`kgbgtz` b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts.

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@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs súd bfs prgdjgp`bs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf b‗G@F9 ;󰂸󰂸 Qis` trfs fxfcpbfs m‗fxfcpjgids fd b‗G@F. :󰂸󰂸 Pugds súd fbs cimfbs fd quå s‗eùrá mf mur ` tfrcf b` mfjb`r`jgú jfds`b9 =󰂸󰂸 Puå çs b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts9 6󰂸󰂸 Pugd çs b‗áckgt m‗`pbgj`jgú mf b‗Gcpist b ‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts9 >󰂸󰂸 Pugd çs fb nft gcpis`kbf fd b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts9 8󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs fdtgt`ts fs jidsgmfrfd rfsgmfdts fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib9 5󰂸󰂸 Pugd çs fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts9 7󰂸󰂸 Pu`d s‗eùrá mf prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts9 Fxgstfgx ud tfrcgdg ÿdgj9 01󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj`, cgto`dè`dt ud fxfcpbf, quå çs ud` mgnfrådjg` pfrc`dfdt. 00󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` fd quå fs mgstgdhfgxfd bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs gcpis`kbfs g bfs mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs. 0;󰂸󰂸 Pugdfs jidmgjgids s‗e`d mf mid`r pfr t`b quf ud` mfspfs` jicpt`kbf sghug ngsj`bcfdt mfmuékbf9 0:󰂸󰂸 Zfhids fb ][BGZ, qu`d sfr`d mfmuékbfs bfs `cirtgtz`jgids9 0=󰂸󰂸 Fducfr` bfs jgrjucstádjgfs quf pfrcftfd b` mfmuékgbgt`t mf bfs pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt. 06󰂸󰂸 Fxpbgj` fb tr`jt`cfdt ngsj`b mf bfs quitfs p`h`mfs fd fbs jidtr`jtfs m‗`rrfdm`cfdt ngd`djfr. ngd`djfr. 0>󰂸󰂸 Fducfr` bfs mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids quf s‗`pbgj`r`d ` b` quit` ãdtfhr` pfr iktfdgr b` quit` ãdtfhr` òust`m` pisgtgv`.

08󰂸󰂸 Fducfr` bfs mfmujjgids quf fst`kbfgx fb ][BGZ pfr gdjfdtgv`r mftfrcgd`mfs mftfrcgd`mfs `jtgvgt`ts. .? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` FMV[@, Z@, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Qrgcfr Qrgcfr p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t nr`jjgid`t?? 01 111 . ‚ Mfm Mfmujj ujjgid gids? s? 7 111 111 . ‚ Zfhid tfrcgdg tfrcgdg nr`jjgid nr`jjgid`t? `t? 06 111 .

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

[fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? s`bmi jrfmgtir jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs pårmufs g hu`dys? ;7; 611 . [ftfd [f tfdjgi jgids? ds? 0 711 711 . Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t 068 611 . Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` mfspfs` ud` s`djgú pfr prfsfdt`r prfsfdt`r nir` mf tfrcgdg ud` ùtibgqugm`jgú ùtibgqugm`jgú trgkutárg` pfr pfr

‚ ‚ ‚

gcpirt . ? :1%. ]gpus ]g pus mfmfhr`v` hr561 `v`cfd cfd? :1%. ]frjf frjfrr p`h`c p`h`cfdt fdt nr`jjgid`t nr`jjgid`t?? 06 111 . Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` ud vg`thf mfb mgrfjtir mgrfjtir mf b‗fcprfs` `ck b` sfv` sfv` n`cãbg` mf v`j`djfs v`j`djfs ` [ic` pfr ud gcpirt mf : 111 . Z‗e`d jicpt`kgbgtz`t jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` cubtfs mf trádsgt pfr ud gcpirt gcpirt mf 611 .

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Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

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;󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` @BKF[M@, @BKF[M@, Z@, fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs pårmufs g hu`dys çs mf ;61 111 . ‚ B‗fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr ud gccikgbgtz`t b‗0 b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;118 pfr =1 111  g b‗`cirtgtz` jicpt`kbfcfdt mf nirc` bgdf`b fd = `dys. Fb jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids bfs tùbfs mf b‗GZ çs fb 01% (rf`bgtz` fbs qu`mrfs `du`bs jirrfspidfdts). ‚ Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` mfspfs` ud` s`djgú pfr prfsfdt`r prfsfdt`r nir` mf tfrcgdg ud` ùtibgqugm`jgú ùtibgqugm`jgú trgkutárg` pfr gcpirt mf 0 111 . ‚ Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t mf 86 111 . ‚ Mfm Mfmujj ujjgid gids? s? 6 811 . ‚ [f [ftf tfdjg djgids ids?? ; 611 . ‚ Qr Qrgcfr gcfr p`h`cfdt p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t nr`jjgid`t?? 05 111 . Zfhid p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t? ;; 111 . ]frjfr p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t? ;; 111 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%.

:󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` OIZNF[, Z@, fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys hu`dys çs mf 0>1 111 . ‚ B‗fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr ud gccikgbgtz`t b‗0 mf hfdfr hfdfr mf ;10; pfr :1 111  g b‗`cirtgtz` jicpt`kbfcfdt mf nirc` bgdf`b fd 6 `dys. Fb jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids bfs tùbfs mf b‗GZ b ‗GZ çs fb 01% (rf`bgtz` fbs qu`mrfs `du`bs jirrfspidfdts). ‚ Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t =5 111 . ‚ Mfm Mfmujj ujjgid gids? s? 0 =11 . ‚ Zuc` tit`b tit`b mfbs : p`h`cf p`h`cfdts dts nr`jjgid`t nr`jjgid`ts? s? =1 511 . ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%.

=󰂸󰂸 J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b fd b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts mf b‗fcprfs` [IZCGPVFB, Z@, fd b‗fxfrjgjg ;10:, jidfgxfdt bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? ‚ [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf? jicpt`kbf? fb s`bmi jrfmgtir mfb jicptf mf pårmufs g hu`dys hu`dys çs mf :1 111 . ‚ Z‗e` mit`t mit`t ud` pårmu` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir`cf mftfrgir`cfdt dt mf ; 111  pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt mfb mfutf pfr p`rt m‗ud jbgfdt quf v` vådjfr n` = cfsis g quf fstá fd sgtu`jgú mf jidjurs. ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

[ftfdjgi [ftfd jgids? ds? 511 511 . Q`h`cfdt Q`h`cfdtss nr`jjgid`ts? 0; 111 . Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic ` mfspfs` mfspfs` ud` s`djgú s`djgú trgkutárg` pfr gcpirt mf >11 . Bfs mfspfsfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗GZ e`d fst`t mf 7 111 . B‗fcprfs` v` `mqugrgr tit tit fb sfu gccikgbgtz`t b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;100? • Fbfcfdt mf tr`dspirt? tr`dspirt? 0; 111 . @cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd 6 `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? 0>%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? 0= `dys. • Cikgbg`rg? 7 111 . @cirtgtz`jgú @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd 5 `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? 01%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? ;1 `dys.

• Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m gdnirc`jgú? ; 111 . @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd : `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? ;6%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? 5 `dys. • @pbgj`jgids gdnircátgqufs? 611 . @cirtgtz`jgú jicpt`kbf fd ; `dys. Jifngjgfdt cáxgc sfhids tùbfs? ::%. Qfrãimf cáxgc? > `dys. [f`bgtz` fbs qu`mrfs `du`bs jicp`r`tgus, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf jicpt`kbfcfdt `cirtgtz` utgbgtz`dt fb cåtimf bgdf`b g ngsj`bcfdt fd fb cfdir tfcps pissgkbf. ‚ Z‗e` mit`t mit`t ud` pårmu` pårmu` pfr mftfrgir` mftfrgir`cfdt cfdt mf >11  pfr b‗gcp`h`cfdt mfb mfutf pfr p`rt m‗ud jbgfdt quf v` vådjfr n` 5 cfsis. ‚ Fs v`d jicpt`kgbgtz`r mis trfk`bb`mirs trfk`bb`mirs cgdusvábgms quf v`d gdjrfcfdt`r b` cgto`d` cgto`d` mf trfk`bb`mirs fd fd pb`dtgbb`. ‚ ]gp ]gpus us mf hr`v`c hr`v`cfd? fd? :1%.

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J`s ngd`b

0

J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 B` sijgft`t OOQC, Z@, `ck JGN @-;5/758>6= g micgjgbg `b j`rrfr mfbs @rc`ts, ;1, 15151 mf K`rjfbid`, fs mfmgj` ` b` jicfrjg`bgtz`jgú mf b‗`rtgjbf @.

Qrfsfdt`, Qrfsfdt `, ` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;10:, b` gdnirc`jgú sfhòfdt?

Dÿc. jtf.

K`b`dè mf sgtu`jgú Dic mfb jicptf

011 00; 00: 0;7 081

J`pgt`b sijg`b [fsfrv` bfh`b [fsfrvfs vibudtárgfs [fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg Mfutfs bb/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt

;0> ;50> ;05 ;505 ;08 ;508 :11 =11 =10 =:1 =:0

Cikgbg`rg @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` mf cikgbg`rg Fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú @cirtgtz`jgú `jucub`m` m‗FQG Cfrj`mfrgfs Qrivfémirs Qrivfémirs, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` p`h`r Jbgfdts Jbgfdts, fnfjtfs jicfrjg`bs ` jikr`r

=:> =71 =8: =8=1 0 =8= 8=11 ; =8=6 =860 =8;

Jbgfdts mf muktús jikr`cfdt Mftfrgir`cfdt mf v`bir mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs EQ rftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts ` jicptf @jtgus pfr mgnfrådjgfs tfcpirádgfs mfmuékbfs (cikgbg`rg) @jtg tguus pf pfrr mg mgnf nfrrådjg jgffs tf tfc cpir iráádgfs mfmu muéékb kbffs (f (fbbfc. mf tr tr``dspi pirrt) Jråmgt pfr pårmufs ` jicpfds`r mf b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir EQ jrfmgtir` pfr rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs EQ G^@ supirt`t

Z`bmis Mfutir

Jrfmgtir 011 111,11 :1 111,11 ;8 111,11 051 ;11,11 =1 111,11

01 111,11

01 111,11

61 111,11 61 111,11 ;1 111,11 01 111,11 01 111,11 5 111,11 : 111,11 05 111,11 8 111,11 5 111,11

5 111,11

:0 751,11 =51,11 ; =1 =11, 1,11 11 = ;11,11 06 111,11 ;5 861,11

=88 =811 =8> 6;1 6=1 681 68; ]I]@B

EQ G^@ rfpfrjutgt EQ mfutir pfr G^@ Irh`dgscfs mf b` ZZ jrfmgtirs Mfutfs j/t `ck fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt Gdv. ngd. ` j/t fd gdstrucfdts mf p`trgcidg J`gx`,  K`djs j/j

:6 111,11 = 111,11 ;1 111,11 : 111,11

>1 111,11 ;1 111,11 ;>= :71,11 6:7 ;11,11

6:7 ;11,11

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Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

0 Dÿc. jtf.

[fsubt`t mf b‗fxfrjgjg Dic mfb jicptf

>11 >1> >15 >17 >01 >;0 >;; >;= >;6 >;>

Jicprfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs Mfsjicptfs sikrf jicptfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Mfvibujgids mf jicprfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs [ápfbs pfr jicprfs ^`rg`jgú m‗fxgstådjgfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs @rrfdm`cfdts g jádids [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú ]r`dspirts Qrgcfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs Zfrvfgs k`dj`rgs g sgcgb`rs

>;8 >;5 >;7 >:0 >=1 >=; >=7 >>; >85 >50 >7=

Qukbgjgt`t, prip`h`dm` g rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs Zukcgdgstr`cfdts @btrfs sfrvfgs @btrfs trgkuts Zius g s`b`rgs ZZ ` járrfj mf b‗fcprfs` @btrfs mfspfsfs sijg`bs Gdtfrfssis mf mfutfs Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs Mit`jgú `cirtgtz`jgú gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b Qårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt mf jråmgts pfr ipfr`jgids jicfrjg`bs

811 81> 815 817 8>1 8>7 ]I]@B

^fdmfs mf cfrj`mfrgfs Mfsjicptfs sikrf vfdmfs pfr p`h`cfdt gccfmg`t Mfvibujgids mf vfdmfs g ipfr`jgids sgcgb`rs [ápfbs sikrf vfdmfs Gdhrfssis mf p`rtgjgp`jgids fd gdstrucfdts mf p`trgcidg @btrfs gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs

Z`bmis Mfutir

Jrfmgtir

651 111,11 0 ;11,11 6 111,11 ; 511,11 0; 111,11 05 111,11 :11,11 0 :11,11 ; 611,11 :11,11 0 511,11 ; =11,11 : ;11,11 0 =11,11 61 111,11 0; 111,11 ; 111,11 : 111,11 0 611,11 06 =11,11 5 111,11 ; 611,11 6 111,11 : ;11,11

80: 511,11

5>1 111,11

0; 111,11 0 111,11 57= 111,11

Jic ` gdnirc`jgú jicpbfcfdtárg`, s‗infrfgxfd bfs m`mfs sfhòfdts? 0. Fs v` jidtr`jt`r ud trfk`bb`mir cgdusvábgm quf fd fd v` gdjrfcfdt`r b` cgto`d` fd fd pb`dtgbb`. ;. Qrijfmåd Qrijfmådjg` jg` mfbs gdhrfssis ngd`djfrs? ngd`djfrs? 

‚ 5tfdjgú 111 mfb fd jidjfptf mf mgvgmfdms kruts p`h`ts pfr ud` kruts sijgft`t rfsgmfdt p`rtgjgp` fd ud fd ;% quå (rf;0%) g = 111  fd jidjfptf mf mgvgmfdms p`h`ts pfr fd ud`quå sijgft`t rfsgmfdt p`rtgjgp` fd ud 01%. ‚ B` rfst` prijfmfgx prijfmfgx m‗gdtfrfssis m‗gdtfrfssis m‗ud jicptf jicptf jirrfdt k`dj`rg (rftfdjgú (rftfdjgú mfb ;0%). ;0%). :. Fd fb jicptf @btrfs sfrvfgs s‗e` rfhgstr`t ud mid`tgu ` b` jicgssgú mf nfstfs mfb K`rrg mf Hrájg` mf K`rjfbid` pfr ud gcpirt mf 611 .

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0 =. B‗fcprfs` mgspis` mf b` sfhòfdt gdnirc`jgú mfbs fbfcfdts mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b? ‚ Fb cikgbg`rg fs v` `mqugrgr fb 10/10/;116, 10/10/;116, fbs fbfcfdts fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt fb 10/10/;117 10/10/;117 g fbs fqugps pfr `bs prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú fb 10/10/;10;. ‚ B‗fcprfs` `cirtgtz` fb cikgbg`rg fd fd ud 0;% g fbs fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt tr`dspirt fd ud ;1%, ipt`dt pfr ud` ud` `cirtgtz`jgú bgdf`b. Qfr `bs fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú e` fbfhgt ud pfrãimf mf = `dys. ‚ Bfs tùbfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú m‗`cirtgtz`jgú ingjg`bcfdt ingjg`bcfdt `priv`mfs `priv`mfs infrfgxfd b` gdnirc`jgú sfhòfdt? • Cikgbg`rg? jifngjgfdt jifngjgfdt cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú? 01%< pfrãimf pfrãimf cáxgc? ;1 `dys. • Fbfcfdts mf tr`dspirt? jifngjgfdt jifngjgfdt cáxgc m‗`cirtgtz`jgú? 0>%< pfrãimf cáxgc? 0= `dys. • Fqugps pfr ` prijfssis m‗gdnirc`jgú? jifngjgfdt jifngjgfdt cáxgc? ;6< pfrãimf pfrãimf cáxgc? 5 `dys. ‚ B‗fcprfs` e` ipt`t pfr pfr `cirtgtz`r fbs fbfcfdts fbfcfdts `dtfrgirs fd fb cfdir tfcps pissgkbf. [f`bgtz` fb qu`mrf `du`b jicp`r`tgu pfr `bs fbfcfdts quf sghug dfjfss`rg. 6. Fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts v`d sfr mf > 111  fb prgcfr g mf 0; 111  t`dt fb sfhid jic fb tfrjfr. >. @b jicptf @btrfs @btrfs sfrvfgs s‗e`d rfhgstr`t :11  mfbs mfspb`è`cfdts fd t`xg mfbs cfckrfs mfb jidsfbb m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú `ck citgu mf b` jfbfkr`jgú mf bfs sfssgids s fssgids jirrfspidfdts. B‗fcprfs` B‗fcprfs` di jicpt` `ck ud mijucfdt fd quå jidstgd `qufstfs mfspfsfs. 8. B‗gcpirt mfb jicptf Mfspfsfs fxjfpjgid`bs jirrfspid ` ud` cubt`. 5. @b jicptf @btrfs @btrfs trgkuts s‗e`d gdjbûs bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? sfhòfdts? ‚ GK GKG? G? :6 :611 . ‚ [f [fjárrf járrfjj mf jidstrfdyg jidstrfdygcfdt cfdt?? :11 . ‚ G] G]QQ g @O @OM? M? :11 :11 . ‚ Z`d Z`djgú jgú?? b` b` rfst` rfst`.. 7. @b jicptf Zius g s`b`rgs s‗gdjbiu ud` s`djgú pfr gcpirt mf 0 111 . 01. @b jicptf Qukbgjgt`t, prip`h`dm` g rfb`jgids rfb`jgids pÿkbgqufs `p`rfgxfd bfs mfspfsfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? ‚ @tfd @tfdjgid jgidss ` jbgfd jbgfdts? ts? :11 . ‚ [f [fb`jgi b`jgids ds pÿkbgqufs? pÿkbgqufs? 0 111 . ‚ [f [fh`bs h`bs ` pfrsidfs pfrsidfs `bgfdfs `bgfdfs ` b‗fcprfs`? b‗fcprfs`? b` rfst`. rfst`. 00. Mfb kfdfngjg tit`b, tit`b, 05 111  jirrfspidfd ` ipfr`jgids rf`bgtz`mfs ` Cfbgbb`. B` sijgft`t rf`bgtz` ipfr`jgids ` b` Qfdãdsub` g Cfbgbb`. 0;. B‗fcprfs` e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t bfs sfhòfdts pårmufs pfr mftfrgir`cfdt? mftfrgir`cfdt? ‚ > 111  pfr ud mfutf m‗ud jbgfdt `ck vfdjgcfdt b‗0 mf c`rè mf ;10: m‗ud` fcprfs` quf s‗e` mfjb`r`t fd sgtu`jgú mf jidjurs. ‚ B` rfst` prijfmfgx m‗ud m‗ud mfutf m‗ud m‗ud jbgfdt `ck vfdjgcfdt vfdjgcfdt fb :0 mf sftfckrf mf ;10:.

0:. Fs jicpfds` b` k`sf gcpis`kbf dfh`tgv` mf b fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir. `dtfrgir. 0=. Z‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t jic jic ` mfspfs` ud` s`djgú mf 611 , pfr prfsfdt`r nir` mf tfrcgdg ud` ùtibgqugm`jgú trgkutárg`. 06. @b jicptf @btrfs sfrvfgs s‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t ud vg`thf mf dfhijgs mfb mgrfjtir hfdfr`b ` Q`rãs pfr >11 . 0>. @b jicptf Zius g s`b`rgs s‗e` gdjbûs ud` s`djgú mf ; 111  mf b` Gdspfjjgú mf ]rfk`bb ]rfk`bb pfr fxjçs m‗eirfs fxtrìrmgdárgfs. 08. @b jicptf [fp`r`jgids g jidsfrv`jgú s‗e` jicpt`kgbgtz`t b` rfp`r`jgú m‗ud` `v`rg` fd b` gdst`b󰂸b`jgú fbåjtrgj` ` bfs ingjgdfs. 05. ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd? :1%. :1%. Bgqugm` b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts pfr `b ;10: g jicpt`kgbgtz`‗b.

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Vdgt`t 7 - B‗G@F g b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Gmffs jbù

GCQIZ] ZIK[F @J]G^G]@]Z FJIDÛCGPVFZ (G@F)

Jidjfptf Fxfcpjgids Ikbgh`jgids jfds`bs

D`tur`bfs` g áckgt m‗`pbgj`jgú Nft gcpis`kbf Zukofjtf p`ssgu

Pòfstgids hfdfr`bs

Fxfcpjgids Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist Cimfbs mf mfjb`r`jgú ]frcgdgs mf prfsfdt`jgú

GCQIZ] ZIK[F ZIJGF]@]Z ZIJGF]@ ]Z (GZ)

3 K`sf gcpis`kbf [fsubt`t jicpt`kbf +/∛ @oustis fxtr`jicpt`kbfs

Bgqugm`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

Puit` ãdtfhr` 3 K`sf gcpis`kbf Ø ]gpus mf hr`v`cfd Puit` bãqugm` 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` ∛ Mfmujjgids g kidgngj`jgids Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b 3

Puit` bãqugm` ∛ [ftfdjgids g p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

Gdjfdtgus ngsj`bs pfr ` fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém`

Jicpt`kgbgtz`jgú mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts

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B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs ZVC@[G Jidjfptfs hfdfr`bs 󰁤

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]gpus mf rfdmgcfdts

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Hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs

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K`sf gcpis`kbf g k`sf bgqugm`kbf

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Cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r

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Puit` ãdtfhr` g quit` bãqugm`

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Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b g rfsubt`t

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ @d`bgtz`r fbs fbfcfdts trgkut`rgs, jidjfptf jidjfptfs, s, prijfmgcfdts prijfmgcfd ts g rfqugsgts mf b‗G[QN. ¸¸ Gmfdtgngj`r fbs tfrcgdgs fst`kbfrts pfr b` Egsfdm` Qÿkbgj` pfr jicpbgr `ck bfs ikbgh`jgids ngsj`bs. ¸¸ [f`bgtz`r fbs jábjubs ipirtuds mf

rfdmgcfdts, mf k`sfs gcpis`kbfs g mfb mfutf trgkut`rg mf b‗gcpist, `pbgj`dt bfs dircfs jirrfspidfdts. ¸¸ Gmfdtgngj`r g fcpbfd`r fbs cimfbs ingjg`bs dfjfss`rgs pfr ` b` mfjb`r`jgú-bgqugm`jgú m‗`qufst gcpist.

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

0 44 Jidjfptfs hfdfr`bs B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs (G[QN) çs ud trgkut mf j`rájtfr pfrsid`b g mgrfjtf quf hr`v`, sfhids fbs prgdjgpgs m‗ghu`bt`t, hfdfr`bgt`t g prihrfssgvgt`t, b` rfdm` mf bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs m‗`jirm `ck bfs sfvfs jgrjucstádjgfs pfrsid`bs g n`cgbg`rs. B‗G[QN s‗`pbgj` fd tit fb tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib, `ck bfs fspfjg`bgt`ts prfvgstfs fd rfb`jgú `ck bfs J`dárgfs, Jfut` g Cfbgbb`, g sfdsf pfroumgjg mfbs råhgcs trgkut`rgs nir`bs mfb Q`ãs K`sj g D`v`rr`. B‗G[QN çs ud gcpist jfmgt p`rjg`bcfdt ` bfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs. Fd jidsfqòådjg`, bfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs pimfd rfhub`r bfs t`rgnfs jirrfspidfdts `b hr`v`cfd ùtidûcgj, `gxã jic bfs mfmujjgids quf rfj`ghugd fxjbusgv`cfdt sikrf `qufst ÿbtgc. 0.0 4 Nft gcpis`kbf

Jidstgtufgx fb nft gcpis`kbf mf b‗G[QN b‗iktfdjgú mf rfdm` pfr p`rt mfb jidtrgkufdt pfbs sfhòfdts jidjfptfs? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Fbs rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb. Fbs rfdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b. Fbs rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. Fbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs. Bfs gcput`jgids mf rfdm` quf s‗fst`kbfgxgd pfr b` bbfg.

Mfs mf b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:, t`ckç eg fst`d sukofjtfs fbs prfcgs mf bfs bitfrgfs g bfs `pistfs irh`dgtz`mfs pfr b` sijgft`t fst`t`b Bitfrã`s y @pufst`s mfb Fst`mi g pfbs ûrh`ds i bfs fdtgt`ts mf bfs b fs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs. Di fst`rá sukofjt` ` `qufst gcpist b` b ` rfdm` quf fs trikg sukofjt` ` b‗Gcpist b‗Gcp ist sikrf Zujjfssgids g Mid`jgids. 0.; 4 [fdmfs fxfcptfs

D‗fst`d fxfcptfs, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs rfdmfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Bfs gdmfcdgtz`jgids jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf rfspids`kgbgt`t jgvgb pfr

m`dys pfrsid`bs, fd b` qu`dtg` bfh`b i oumgjg`bcfdt rfjidfhum`. rfjidfhum`. ‚ Bfs prfst`jgids pÿkbgqufs fxtrìrmgdárgfs pfr `jtfs mf tfrrirgscf. ‚ Bfs gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfr `jicg`m`cfdt i jfss`cfdt mfb trfk`bb`mir, fd b` qu`dtg` fst`kbfrt` `ck j`rájtfr ikbgh`tirg ` b‗Fst`tut mfbs ]rfk`bb`mirs.

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‚ Bfs prfst`jgids rfjidfhumfs `b jidtrgkufdt pfr b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b i pfr

bfs fdtgt`ts quf b` sukstgtufgxfd jic ` jidsfqòådjg` m‗gdj`p`jgt`t m‗gdj`p`jgt`t pfrc`dfdt `ksibut` i hr`d gdv`bgmfs`. ‚ Bfs kfqufs pÿkbgqufs g bfs kfqufs jidjfmgmfs pfr fdtgt`ts sfdsf ngd`bgt`ts bujr`tgvfs pfrjfkumfs pfr jurs`r fstumgs rfhb`ts, fd (råhgc tits fbsfspfjg`b dgvfbbs g Bbfg hrùs=7/;11;) mfb sgstfc` fmuj`tgu. ‚ Bfs `du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts pfrjfkumfs mfbs p`rfs fd vgrtut mf mfjgsgú oumgjg`b. ‚ Fbs prfcgs bgtfr`rgs, `rtãstgjs i jgfdtãngjs rfbbfv`dts, `gxã jic fbs Qrfcgs Qrãdjfp m‗@stÿrgfs, fd bfs sfvfs mgnfrfdts cim`bgt`ts, `tirh`ts `tirh`ts pfr b` Nudm`jgú Qrãdjfp m‗@stÿrgfs.

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‚ Bfs hr`tgngj`jgids fxtrìrmgdárgfs s`tgsnftfs pfr b‗Fst`t fsp`dyib pfr b`

p`rtgjgp`jgú mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd cgssgids gdtfrd`jgid`bs mf pù i euc`dgtárgfs, fd fbs tfrcfs quf s‗fst`kbfgxgd rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt. ‚ Fbs hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs quf fs pisgd mf c`dgnfst `ck citgu mf b` tr`dscgssgú pfr còirs mf >6 `dys mfb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b, i pfr pfrsidfs fd sgtu`jgú mf mfpfdmådjg` sfvfr` i hr`d mfpfdmådjg`. ‚ Fbs mgvgmfdms g bfs p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs, `ck fb bãcgt mf 0 611 furis `du`bs, fxjfptf fbs quf tgdhugd fb sfu irghfd fd gdstgtujgids m‗gd vfrsgú jib¸bfjtgv` i fd fbs j`sis j`sis gdmgj`ts ` b` bbfg. ‚ Fbs hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs mfrgv`ts mf b` tr`dscgssgú m‗`jjgids i p`rtgjgp`jgids fd fcprfsfs divfs i rfjfdtcfdt jrf`mfs, `ck ud v`bir tit`b m‗`mqugsgjgú quf di fxjfmfgxg mf 86 111 furis `du`bs pfr `b jidoudt m‗fdtgt`ts, dg mf ;6 111 furis pfr fdtgt`ts, mur`dt tit fb pfrãimf mf trfs `dys sfhòfdts ` b` jidstgtujgú. ‚ Fb hu`dy p`trgcidg`b quf fs pihuçs hfdfr`r `ck citgu mf b` m`jgú fd p`h`cfdt mf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b, fd fb supûsgt mfbs mfutirs egpitfj`rgs sfdsf rfjursis. ‚ Fbs prgcfrs ; 611 furis (i b` p`rt pripirjgid`b quf jirrfspidhug, sg b‗`pist` çs gdnfrgir ` 1,61 furis), fd fbs prfcgs prijfmfdts mf bitfrgfs g `pistfs mf b` sijgft`t fst`t`b Bitfrgfs g @pistfs mf b‗Fst`t g pfbs ûrh`ds i fdtgt`ts mf bfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs. ùtûdicfs. 0.: 4 Jidtrgkufdts

Jûcput mf b` pfrc`dådjg` fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib Qfr mftfrcgd`r `qufst pfrãimf mf pfrc`dådjg`, fs jicput`r`d bfs `ksådjgfs fspirámgqufs, bbfv`t quf fb jidtrgkufdt `jrfmgtg b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` ngsj`b fd ud `btrf p`ãs.

@ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, fst`d ikbgh`ts ` prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗G[QN tits fbs jidtrgkufdts quf e`hgd iktgdhut fd `qufst fxfrjgjg rfdmfs supfrgirs ` b‗gcpist. Zúd jidtrgkufdts mf b‗GQ[N?

‚ Bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs quf tgdhugd b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b fd tfrrgtirg

fsp`dyib, fdtfdfdt-sf quf fb jidtrgkufdt tç b` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib, fd qu`bsfvib mfbs j`sis sfhòfdts? • Puf s‗fstghug cçs mf 05: mgfs, mgfs, mur`dt b‗`dy d`tur`b, d`tur`b, fd fb tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib. • Puf r`mgqug ` Fsp`dy` Fsp`dy` fb dujbg prgdjgp`b i b` k`sf mf mf bfs sfvfs `jtgvgt`ts i gdtfrfssis fjidûcgjs, mf c`dfr` mgrfjt` i gdmgrfjt`. ‚ Bfs pfrsidfs nãsgqufs mf d`jgid`bgt`t fsp`dyib`, `gxã jic fb jûdouhf di

sfp`r`t bfh`bcfdt g fbs ngbbs cfdirs m‗fm`t, quf tgdhufssgd b` rfsgmådjg`

e`kgtu`b ` b‗fstr`dhfr pfr b` sfv` jidmgjgú mf cfckrfs mf cgssgids mgpbicátgqufs, ingjgdfs jidsub`rs fsp`dyibfs, rfprfsfdt`dts m`v`dt m‗irh`dgscfs gdtfrd`jgid`bs g nudjgid`rgs fd `jtgu quf fxfrjfgxgd ` b‗fstr`dhfr ud járrfj i bbij mf trfk`bb ingjg`b. nãsgqufs fsp`dyib` quf `jrfmgtgd b` sfv` ‚ Bfs div`pfrsidfs rfsgmådjg` ngsj`bmf fdd`jgid`bgt`t ud p`ãs i tfrrgtirg qu`bgngj`t rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt jic ` p`r`mãs ngsj`b di pfrmr`d b` jidmgjgú mf jidtrgkufdt mf b‗G[QN fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu fd quå s‗fnfjtué fb j`dvg mf rfsgmådjg` g mur`dt fbs qu`trf pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus sfhòfdts, ` fxjfpjgú mfbs rfsgmfdts `b Qrgdjgp`t m‗@dmirr` quf `jrfmgtgd b` sfv` jidmgjgú m‗`ss`b`rg`ts.

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

Qfr jidtr`, di fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` prfsfdt`r mfjb`r`jgú pfr b‗G[QN?

‚ Fbs jidtrgkufdts `ck udfs rfdmfs quf prijfmfgxgd fxjbusgv`cfdt mf

bfs sfhòfdts nidts, sfcprf quf di isupfrgd j`p mfbs bãcgts gdmgj`ts pfr ` j`m` j`s, fd trgkut`jgú gdmgvgmu`b jidoudt`? • [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb mfb trfk`bb (gdjbisfs, fdtrf `btrfs, bfs pfdsgids g fbs e`vfrs p`ssgus, `gxã jic bfs pfdsgids jicpfds`tûrgfs, rfkumfs mfb jûdouhf g bfs `du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts di fxfcptfs) `ck ud gcpirt quf di supfrg b` qu`dtgt`t mf ;; 111 furis `du`bs, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b. @qufst bãcgt sfrá m‗00 ;11 furis `du`bs, fd fbs j`sis sfhòfdts? ‚ Zg fbs rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb prijfmfgxfd mf cçs m‗ud p`h`mir, qu`d b` suc` mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts pfrjfkumfs mfb sfhid p`h`mir g rfst`dts, pfr irmrf mf qu`dtg`, di supfrgd fd fb sfu jidoudt b` qu`dtgt`t mf 0 611 furis `du`bs. ‚ Pu`d fs tr`jtg mf pfdsgidgstfs `ck mis i cçs p`h`mirs quf jicpbfgxgd ud` sårgf mf rfqugsgts. `du`bgt`t s ‚ Pu`d fs pfrjfkgd pfdsgids jicpfds`tûrgfs mfb jûdouhf i `du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts di fxfcptfs mf b‗gcpist. ‚ Pu`d fb p`h`mir mfbs rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb di fstghug ikbgh`t ` rftfdgr. • [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg (mgvgmfdms m‗`jjgids, gdtfrfssis mf jicptfs, mf mgpûsgts i mf v`birs mf rfdm` ngx`, ftj.) g hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs (hu`dys mfrgv`ts mf rffckirs`cfdts mf p`rtgjgp`jgids fd nids m‗gdvfrsgú, prfcgs prfcg s pfr b` p`rtgjgp`jgú fd jidjursis i oijs, ftj.), sfcprf quf e`hgd fst`t sitcfsis ` rftfdjgú i gdhrçs ` jicptf, g quf b` sfv` qu`dtgt`t hbik`b di supfrg b` qu`dtgt`t mf 0 >11 furis `du`bs. • [fdmfs gccikgbgárgfs gcput`mfs gcput`mfs quf mfrgvgd mf b` tgtub`rgt`t m‗gccikbfs m‗ÿs pripg, rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg di sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú mfrgv`ts Bbftrfs ingjg`b mfb ]rfsir sukvfdjgids pfr b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗e`kgt`thfs mf mf pritfjjgú i mf gprfu t`x`t, `ck fb `bãcgt jidoudt mf 0 111 furis `du`bs. Di fs tgdmr`d fd jicptf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b dg bfs pb`jfs pb `jfs mf h`r`thf `mqugrgmfs jidoudt`cfdt `ck `qufst e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b, ngds ` ud cáxgc mf ;, dg fb sûb di fmgngj`kbf. ‚ Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf fd b‗fxfrjgjg e`hgd iktgdhut fxjbusgv`cfdt rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb trfk`bb, mfb j`pgt`b i m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs, `gxã jic hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs, ngds ` ud gcpirt cáxgc jidoudt mf 0 111 fu-

:06

ris kruts `du`bs, g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs mf qu`dtg` gdnfrgir ` 611 furis, fd trgkut`jgú gdmgvgmu`b i jidoudt`. 0.= 4 Jic g qu`d j`b prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú

B` dirc`tgv` rfhub`mir` mf b‗gcpist mftfrcgd`rá fd j`m` cicfdt fb bbij mf prfsfdt`jgú mf b` mfjb`r`jgú, fbs tfrcgdgs pfr mur-b` ` tfrcf g fbs cimfbs ingjg`bs pfr fnfjtu`r-b`. Fb tfrcgdg mf prfsfdt`jgú, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, `kr`è` mfs mf b‗0 mf c`gh ngds `b :1 mf oudy, fdj`r` quf b` mur`m` sf sib `m`pt`r ` bfs jgrjucstádjgfs mf b` prûpg` mfjb`r`jgú (pfr fxfcpbf, sg fs tr`jt` mf mfjb`r`jgids prfsfdt`mfs ` tr`vçs m‗Gdtfrdft).

:0>

Qfb quf n` `bs cimfbs mf mfjb`r`jgú, sfr`d fbs mftfrcgd`ts fd j`m` fxfrjgjg pfb Cgdgstfrg m‗Egsfdm`. Fd `qufst gcpist, v`d gmfdtgngj`ts pfr ud dÿcfri mf trfs xgnrfs quf jicfdè` pfr 0 (pfr fxfcpbf, cimfb 011, mijucfdt m‗gdhrçs i mfvibujgú mf b` mfjb`r`jgú< cimfb 0:1, p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t m‗fcprfs`rgs g prinfssgid`bs fd råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`, ftj.). B` mfjb`r`jgú fs pimrá prfsfdt`r pfr vg` tfbfcátgj` i prfsfdjg`b ` b` mfbfh`jgú i `mcgdgstr`jgú mf b‗@hådjg` ]rgkutárg` ` b` mfc`rj`jgú tfrrgtirg`b mf b` qu`b fb jidtrgkufdt tgdhug fb micgjgbg ngsj`b. ]`ckç fs pit prfsfdt`r ` bfs ingjgdfs mf k`djs i j`gxfs m‗fst`bvgs sgtu`mfs ` b` privãdjg` jirrfspidfdt `b micgjgbg ngsj`b. Fbs jidtrgkufdts eùr`d mf mftfrcgd`r fb mfutf trgkut`rg jirrfspidfdt ` tr`vçs m‗ud` ùtibgqugm`jgú. Zg fb rfsubt`t mf b‗ùtibgqugm`jgú çs pisgtgu, eùr`d m‗gdhrfss`r `qufst mfutf, pimfdt nr`jjgid`r fb p`h`cfdt fd mis tfrcgdgs sfdsf rfjárrfjs dg gdtfrfssis. gdtfrfss is. Fd fb cicfdt mf prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú, s‗gdhrfss`rá fb >1% mfb mfutf g fb =1% rfst`dt s‗gdhrfss`rá fd fb tfrcgdg rfhb`cfdt`rg, quf dirc`bcfdt `kr`è` mf b‗0 `b 6 mf divfckrf. @ fnfjtfs cfr`cfdt gdnirc`tgus, fbs jidtrgkufdts pimfd sib¸bgjgt`r ` b‗@mcgdgstr`jgú ]rgkutárg` ud fskirr`dy mf mfjb`r`jgú. 0.6 4 Q`h`cfdts ` jicptf

@ b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs, fbs p`h`cfdts ` jicptf quf, fd tit j`s, tgdmr`d b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfutf trgkut`rg, pimr`d jidsgstgr fd rftfdjgids, gdhrfssis ` jicptf g p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts. Bfs fdtgt`ts g bfs pfrsidfs ourãmgqufs quf s`tgsn`jgd i `kidgd rfdmfs sukofjtfs sukofjtfs ` `qufst gcpist fst`r`d ikbgh`mfs ` pr`jtgj`r rftfdjgú g gdhrçs ` jicptf, fd jidjfptf mf p`h`cfdt ` jicptf mf b‗G[QN jirrfspidfdt `b pfrjfptir g ` gdhrfss`r-df b‗gcpirt `b ]rfsir. Fst`r`d sukofjtfs ` bfs c`tfgxfs ikbgh`jgids fbs jidtrgkufdts pfr `qufst gcpist quf fxfrjfgxgd `jtgvgt`ts rfspfjtf mf bfs rfdmfs quf s`tgsn`jgd i `kidgd fd b‗fxfrjgjg m‗`qufstfs `jtgvgt`ts. Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf fxfrjfgxgd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` fnfjtu`r p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts ` jicptf mf b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs, ùtibgqugm`dt-df g gdhrfss`dt-df b‗gcpirt fd bfs jidmgjgids quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt fs mftfrcgdgd. Fs pimr`d fxjfptu`r m‗`qufst`

ikbgh`jgú fbs jidtrgkufdts `ck uds gdhrfssis quf e`hgd fst`t sukofjtfs ` rftfdjgú i gdhrçs ` jicptf fd fb pfrjfdt`thf quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt fs ngxg ` b‗fnfjtf. 0.> 4 Qfrãimf gcpisgtgu g cfrgt`jgú

Jic ` rfhb` hfdfr`b, fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu gdjbiu b‗`dy d`tur`b mfs mf b‗0 mf hfdfr `b :0 mf mfsfckrf, g b` cfrgt`jgú sfrá b‗ÿbtgc mg` mf b‗`dy d`tur`b (:0 mf mfsfckrf). Jic ` rfhb` fspfjg`b, fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu sfrá gdnfrgir ` b‗`dy d`tur`b qu`d fb jidtrgkufdt cirg fd ud mg` mgnfrfdt `b :0 mf mfsfckrf, primugdtsf b` cfrgt`jgú fb mg` mf b` mfnudjgú.

:08

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

0.8 4 Cim`bgt`ts mf trgkut`jgú

B` rfhb` hfdfr`b çs b` trgkut`jgú gdmgvgmu`b< tit g `gxû, pimr`d trgkut`r jidoudt`cfdt bfs pfrsidfs quf nircgd p`rt m‗`bhud` mf bfs sfhòfdts ciudgt`tt n`cg n`cgbg`r bg`r? m`bgt`ts m‗udgt` ‚ B` gdtfhr`m` pfbs jûdouhfs di sfp`r`ts bfh`bcfdt g, sg çs prijfmfdt,

fbs ngbbs cfdirs m‗fm`t, `ck fxjfpjgú mfbs quf, `ck fb jidsfdtgcfdt mfbs p`rfs, vgsqugd gdmfpfdmfdts, `gxã jic fbs ngbbs còirs m‗fm`t gdj`p`jgt`ts oumgjg`bcfdt sukofjtfs ` pátrg` pitfst`t prirrih`m` i rfe`kgbgt`m`. ‚ Fd fbs j`sis mf sfp`r`jgú bfh`b, i qu`d di fxgstfgxg vgdjbf c`trgcidg`b, b` nirc`m` pfb p`rf i b` c`rf g tits fbs ngbbs quf jidvgsqugd `ck ud mfbs prihfdgtirs g rfudfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts ` quå fs rfnfrfgx b‗`p`rt`t `dtfrgir.

îj`kub`rg K`sf gcpis`kbf? çs b` c`hdgtum mgdfrárg` i m‗ud` `btr` d`tur`bfs` quf rfsubt` mf b` cfsur` i b` v`bir`jgú mfb nft gcpis`kbf.

B` mftfrcgd`jgú mfbs cfckrfs mf b` udgt`t n`cgbg`r fs rf`bgtz`rá `tfdfdt ` b` sgtu`jgú fxgstfdt fb mg` :0 mf mfsfckrf mf j`m` `dy. Dgdhÿ pimrá nirc`r p`rt mf mufs udgt`ts n`cgbg`rs `b c`tfgx tfcps. B‗ipjgú pfr b` trgkut`jgú jidoudt` eùrá m‗`kr`è`r b` tit`bgt`t mfbs cfckrfs mf b` udgt`t n`cgbg`r. Zg ud prfsfdt` mfjb`r`jgú gdmgvgmu`b, tit` b` rfst` eùr`d m‗utgbgtz`r fb c`tfgx råhgc. 0.5 4 Cåtimfs mf mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf

B` mftfrcgd`jgú mfbs rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fs murá ` tfrcf ` tr`vçs mfbs cåtimfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`, quf s‗`pbgj`rá jic ` cåtimf hfdfr`b. ‚ Fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`.

B‗@mcgdgstr`jgú ]rgkutárg` `pbgj`rá fb cåtimf m‗ fstg fstgc`jg c`jgú ú gdmg gdmgrfjt rfjt` ` fd fbs rg`.j`sis prfvgstis ` b` Bbfg 65/;11:, mf 08 mf mfsfckrf, Hfdfr`b ]rgkutá-

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss 0󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` qugd mfbs sfhòfdts jidtrgkufdts di fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` prfsfdt`r mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗G[QN? `) Fbs ÿdgjs gdhrfssis mf b` C`rt` `qufst `dy súd fbs jirrfspidfdts `bs gdtfrfssis m‗ud jicptf ` tfrcgdg ngx pfr

gcpirt mf ; 611 . k) Fb Bbuj e` rfkut gdhrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb prijfmfdts mf mis p`h`mirs, pfr ud gcpirt tit`b mf 0 111 . j) Fb Nfrr`d e` rfkut fbs sfhòfdts gdhrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb? b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, bg e` `kid`t 0= :11  g b‗fcprfs` OI^GDIZ@, 0 ;61 .

;󰂸󰂸 Gmfdtgngj` bfs udgt`ts n`cgbg`rs, ` fnfjtfs mf b‗G[QN, fxgstfdts fd fbs supûsgts sfhòfdts? `) Fb c`trgcidg gdtfhr`t pfb Cárgus g b` Bbÿjg` tç mis ngbbs, `ck fbs qu`bs jidvgu? b‗@dd`, mf 07 `dys, g fb Nfrr`d, mf 06 `dys. k) B` Bùr` g fb Qfrf fst`d mgvirjg`ts. @ck fb Qfrf eg vgu fb sfu ngbb @dmrfu, mf 06 `dys, g `ck b` Bùr`, bfs sfvfs ngbbfs, C`rg`, mf 0; `dys, g Zãbvg`, quf fb 06 mf oudy m‗`qufst `dy e` jicpbfrt 05 `dys.

:05

; 44 [fdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb Fs jidsgmfrfd rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb trfk`bb titfs bfs jidtr`prfst`jgids i utgbgt`ts, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` mfdicgd`jgú i b` d`tur`bfs`, mgdfrárgfs i fd fspåjgf, quf mfrgvgd, mgrfjt`cfdt i gdmgrfjt`cfdt, mfb trfk`bb pfrsid`b i mf b` rfb`jgú b`kir`b i fst`tutárg` g quf di tgdhugd fb j`rájtfr mf rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. Fd p`rtgjub`r, s‗eg gdjbiur`d fbs rfdmgcfdts sfhòfdts? ‚ Fbs sius g s`b`rgs. ‚ Bfs prfst`jgids pfr `tur (tfdgdt fd jicptf quf bfs prfst`jgids pfrjfkumfs

fd b` cim`bgt`t mf p`h`cfdt ÿdgj d‗fst`d fxfcptfs ngds `bs 06 611 furis). ‚ Bfs rfcudfr`jgids fd jidjfptf mf mfspfsfs mf rfprfsfdt`jgú. ‚ Bfs mgftfs g bfs `ssghd`jgids pfr ` mfspfsfs mf vg`thf, fxjfptf bfs mfspfsfs mf bijicijgú g bfs dirc`bs mf c`dutfdjgú g fst`m` fd fst`kbgcfdts m‗eist`bfrg`, `ck fbs bãcgts jirrfspidfdts quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt s‗fst`kbfgxgd.

‚ Bfs jidtrgkujgids i `pirt`jgids s`tgsnftfs pfbs pricitirs mf pb`ds mf

pfdsgids i pfr bfs fcprfsfs pricitirfs prfvgstfs fd b` dirc`tgv` d`jgid`b i jicudgtárg`. ‚ Bfs jidtrgkujgids i `pirt`jgids s`tgsnftfs pfbs fcprfs`rgs pfr nfr nridt `bs jicpricgsis pfr pfdsgids fd fbs tfrcfs prfvgstis pfr bbfg. Qfr j`bjub`r fb rfdmgcfdt mf trfk`bb, utgbgtz`rfc b‗fsqufc` sfhòfdt?

[fdmgcfdt ãdtfhrf mfb trfk`bb (∛)

[fmujjgids fspfjg`bs

(∛)

Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

(3) (∛)

[fdmgcfdt dft [fmujjgids hfdfr`bs

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

;.0 4 [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb trfk`bb

@ hr`ds trfts, fs jidsgmfr`r`d rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs b` b ` tit`bgt`t mfbs gdhrfssis jirrfspidfdts ` rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb, t`dt sg súd mgdfr`rgs jic sg súd fd

fspåjgf. Z‗fdtçd jic ` rfdmfs fd fspåjgf b` utgbgtz`jgú, fb jidsuc i b‗iktfdjgú, pfr ` ngd`bgt`ts p`rtgjub`rs, mf kçds, mrfts i sfrvfgs mf nirc` hr`tuét` i pfr ud prfu gdnfrgir `b dirc`b mf cfrj`t, tit g quf di supisgd ud` mfspfs` rf`b pfr ` qug bfs jidjfmfgxg. Pu`d fb p`h`mir mf bfs rfdmfs bbgurg `b jidtrgkufdt gcpirts fd cftáb¸bgj pfr t`b quf `mqugrfgxg fbs kçds, mrfts i sfrvfgs, b` rfdm` tgdmrá b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf mgdfrárg`. @ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, bfs rfdmfs fd fspåjgf fs v`bir`r`d pfb sfu v`bir dirc`b fd fb cfrj`t, tfdgdt fd jicptf mgnfrfdts fspfjg`bgt`ts.

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

:07

Fbs sfhòfdts rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb fd fspåjgf fs v`bir`r`d m‗`jirm `ck udfs dircfs fspfjg`bs mf v`bir`jgú? ‚ Vtgbgtz`jgú m‗e`kgt`thf? b` v`bir`jgú, fd hfdfr`b s‗fnfjtu`rá pfr b‗gcpirt

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‚

‚

‚

‚

quf rfsubtg m‗`pbgj`r fb pfrjfdt`thf 01% mfs sikrf v`birfbj`m`str`b mf b‗e`kgt`thf. Fd gccikbfs `ck v`birsmfb rfvgs`ts mfbfb077=, pfrjfdt`thf `pbgj`kbf sfrá mfb 6%. Fd rfdmgcfdt mfrgv`t mf b‗ÿs m‗e`kgt`thf, di fxjfmgrá mfb 01% mf bfs rfdmfs mf trfk`bb. Bbgur`cfdt i utgbgtz`jgú mf vfegjbfs ùticûkgbs? • Fd fb supûsgt mf bbgur`cfdt, b` rftrgkujgú rftrgkujgú fs v`bir`rá fd fb jist m‗`mm‗`mqugsgjgú mfb vfegjbf pfr ` b‗ijup`mir, gdjbisfs bfs mfspfsfs g fbs trgkuts quf hr`vgd b‗ipfr`jgú. Fd jidsfqòådjg`, s‗eg eùrá m‗gdjbiurf b` tit`bgt`t mf b‗G^@ s`tgsnft. • Fd fb supûsgt m‗utgbgtz`jgú, fb v`bir sfrá fb ;1% `du`b `du`b mfb jist ` quå quå fs rfnfrfgx fb p`ráhr`n `dtfrgir. Qrçstfjs `ck tgpus m‗gdtfrås gdnfrgirs `b bfh`b mfb mgdfr? fs v`bir`r`d pfr b` mgnfrådjg` jirrfspidfdt fdtrf b‗gcpirt mfbs gdtfrfssis fnfjtgv`cfdt p`h`ts g fb quf rfsubt`rg` m‗`pbgj`r b‗gdtfrås bfh`b mfb mgdfr vghfdt pfr ` j`m` fxfrjgjg. Qrfst`jgids fd jidjfptf mf c`dutfdjgú, `bbito`cfdt, vg`thfs mf turgscf g sgcgb`rs? b` v`bir`jgú fs rf`bgtz`rá pfb jist pfr ` b‗ijup`mir, gdjbisis fbs trgkuts quf hr`vgd b‗ipfr`jgú. b ‗ipfr`jgú. Jidtrgkujgids s`tgsnftfs pfr pricitirs mf pb`ds mf pfdsgids, `ssfhur`djfs mf mfpfdmådjg`, ftj.? j`b tfdgr prfsfdt quf, fd `qufst j`s, fs v`bir`r`d pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs jidtrgkujgids quf e`hgd fst`t gcput`mfs `b pfrjfptir. Mfspfsfs m‗fstumg g c`dutfdjgú mfb jidtrgkufdt i m‗`btrfs pfrsidfs bbgh`mfs `b jidtrgkufdt pfr vgdjbfs mf p`rfdtgu? `qufstfs mfspfsfs fs v`bir`r`d pfb jist quf supisg pfr ` b‗ijup`mir, gdjbisis fbs trgkuts quf hr`vgd b‗ipfr`jgú.

Fxfcpbfs Jábjub mf b` qu`dtg` mf b` gdvfrsgú Fb Zr. Zr. Oi`d Oisfp D`t`b tç jfmgt pfr b` sfv` fcprfs` ud ùticûkgb quf utgbgtz` pfr ` ffd`bgt`ts b`kir`bs g pfr ` usis p`rtgjub`rs. Fb pfrjfdt`thf m‗utgbgtz`jgú mfb vfegjbf pfr ` ffd`bgt`ts b`kir`bs s‗fstgc` quf fqugv`b ` ud

:1%. Fb jist m `mqugsgjgú mfb vfegjbf pfr ` b fcprfs` v` `sjfdmgr ` :1 111 . Fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptfs fnfjtu`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` fd `qufst fxfrjgjg (di rfpfrjutgts `b trfk`bb`mir) pfr `qufst` rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf e`d `sjfdmgt ` 0 011 . B` utgbgtz`jgú mf b‗ùticûkgb pfr ` ffd`bgt`ts b`kir`bs (:1%) di jidstgtufgx rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf. Qfb quf n` ` b‗ÿs pfr ` ffd`bgt`ts p`rtgjub`rs p `rtgjub`rs (011% - :1% 3 81%), sã quf jidstgtufgx rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` quf d‗fxgstfgxg i di utgbgtz`jgú fnfjtgv` pfr ` ffd`bgt`ts p`rtgjub`rs. Fb v`bir m‗`qufst` rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf sfrá fb sfhòfdt? ;1% s/ :1 111 3 > 111  󰂸 81% 3 = ;11 ;11  Gdhrfssis ` jicptf di rfpfrjutgts? 0 011 011 . ]it`b rftrgkujg rftrgkujgúú fd fspåjgf? = ;11 + 0 011 3 6 :11 

:;1

;.; 4 [fmujjgids fspfjg`bs

[fmujjgú fspfjg`b `pbgj`kbf ` pfdsgids Z‗`pbgj`rá ud` rfmujjgú mfb =1% fd fb j`s mf bfs prfst`jgids prijfmfdts mf pfdsgids mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b, jb`ssfs p`ssgvfs, cutu`bgt`ts mf nudjgid`rgs g jib󰂸bfhgs m‗irnfs, quf fs pfrjfkgd fd nirc` mf j`pgt`b, sfcprf quf e`hgd tr`dsjirrfhut cçs mf ; `dys mfs mf b` prgcfr` `pirt`jgú. Fbs ; `dys di sfr`d fxghgkbfs fd fb j`s mf prfst`jgids pfr gdv`bgmfs`.

Z‗`pbgj`rá ud` rfmujjgú mfb =1% `bs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs quf tgdhugd ud pfrãimf mf hfdfr`jgú supfrgir ` mis `dys g quf di s‗iktgdhugd mf nirc` pfrgûmgj` ihuts rfjurrfdt, `gxã jic fbs qufgrrfhub`r fs qu`bgngqugd rfhb`cfdtárg`cfd rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt jic ` iktgdmf nirc` ditûrg`cfdt fd fb tfcps (pfr fxfcpbf,tbfs gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfr tr`sbb`t, pfr rfdÿdjg` ` mrfts i pfr jfss`cfdt vibudt`rg). ;.: 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

Fb rfdmgcfdt dft mfb trfk`bb sfrá fb rfsubt`t mf mgscgdugr fb rfdmgcfdt ãdtfhrf fd b‗gcpirt mf bfs mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs. ]gdmr`d jidsgmfr`jgú mf mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs fxjbusgv`cfdt bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Bfs jitgtz`jgids ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b i ` cutu`bgt`ts ikbgh`tûrgfs mf ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

nudjgid`rgs. Bfs mftr`jjgids pfr mrfts p`ssgus. Bfs jitgtz`jgids `bs jib¸bfhgs m‗irnfs i fdtgt`ts sgcgb`rs. Bfs quitfs s`tgsnftfs ` sgdmgj`ts g jib¸bfhgs prinfssgid`bs, qu`d b` jib¸bfhg`jgú tgdhug j`rájtfr ikbgh`tirg, `ck mftfrcgd`ts bãcgts. Bfs mfspfsfs mf mfnfds` ourãmgj` mfrgv`mfs mgrfjt`cfdt mf bgtghgs `ck b‗ijup`mir, `ck fb bãcgt mf :11 furis `du`bs.

;.= 4 [fmujjgids sikrf fb rfdmgcfdt dft

Vd jip mfmuémfs bfs mfspfsfs fxprfss`mfs ` b‗`p`rt`t `dtfrgir, fb rfdmgcfdt dft mfb trfk`bb fs cgdir`rá fd bfs qu`dtgfs sfhòfdts?

[fdmgcfdt dft mfb trfk`bb ([D])

@btrfs rfdmfs

Gcpirt mf b` rfmujjgú

Ngds ` >611 

=151 

Cçs mf >611 

;>6; 

Fdtrf 7051,1 7 051,100  g 0:;>1 

Ngds ` >611  Cçs mf >611 

=151 ∛ \1,:6 󰂸 ([D] ∛ 7051)S ;>6; 

Cçs mf 0:;>1

Pu`bsfvib gcpirt

Ngds ` 7051





;>6; 

@qufstfs rfmujjgids s‗gdjrfcfdt`r`d fd ud 011% fd `qufsts j`sis? ‚ ]rfk`bb`mirs `jtgus cçs hr`ds mf >6 `dys quf jidtgduéd i pribidhugd

b‗`jtgvgt`t b`kir`b.

‚ Jidtrgkufdts mfsijup`ts gdsjrgts ` b ingjgd` mf trfk`bb quf `jjfptgd ud

bbij mf trfk`bb quf fxghfgxg fb tr`sbb`t mf b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b ` ud diu cudgjgpg. @mmgjgid`bcfdt, fbs mgsj`p`jgt`ts quf iktgdhugd rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb jic ` trfk`bb`mirs `jtgus pimr`d cgdir`r fb rfdmgcfdt dft mfb trfk`bb fd : ;>= furis `du`bs. @qufst` rfmujjgú sfrá mf 8 ;=; furis `du`bs pfr ` bfs pfrsidfs `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t quf, tit g sfr trfk`bb`mirs `jtgus, `jrfmgtgd dfjfssgt`r òum` mf tfrjfrfs pfrsidfs, i cikgbgt`t rfmuém` i ud hrù mf cgdusv`bgmfs` ghu`b i supfrgir `b >6%. Jic ` jidsfqòådjg` mf b‗`pbgj`jgú m‗`qufstfs rfmujjgids, fb s`bmi rfsubt`dt di pit sfr dfh`tgu.

:;0

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

J`sis J`s is prá prájtg jtgjs js

0

Mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mf trfk`bb 󰂸󰂸 Fb Zr. Nr`djfsj U`vgfr Eics e` pfrjfkut ud siu krut mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mf =;111 , `ck ud` rftfdjgú mf 5 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs e`d fst`t? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Zfhurft`tt Zijg`b? Zfhurft` Zijg`b? 0 :11 . @pirt`jgid @pirt `jgidss ` ud sgdmgj` sgdmgj`t? t? :86 . Jitgtz`jg Jitg tz`jgúú `b Jib󰂸bf Jib󰂸bfhg hg m‗@rqugtfjt m‗@rqugtfjtfs? fs? 0 111 . @pirt`jgids mf b‗fcprfs` `b pb` mf pfdsgids pfdsgids mfb qu`b fb trfk`bb`mir çs p`rtãjgp (di s‗e` rf`bgtz`t rf`bgtz`t gdhrçs ` jicptf)? = 611 .

Mur`dt b‗`dy, b‗`dy, v` sfr tr`sbb`m`t ` ud` `btr` jgut`t, pfr b` qu`b jis` v` pfrjfkrf ud` gdmfcdgtz`jgú mf 06 111 . Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf trfk`bb rfmuét.

Zibujgú 󰂸󰂸

[fdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb [fdmgcfdts [fdmgcf dts mgdfr`rgs (=; 111 + 06 111)

68 111,11

[fdmgcfdts fd fspåjgf

= 611,11

[fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs

>0 611,11

[fmujjgúú fspfjg`b (06 111 󰂸 =1%) [fmujjg

Mfspfsfs • Zfhurft`t Zijg`b? Zijg`b? 0 :11 • @pirt`jgids ` ud ud sgdmgj`t? :86  • Jitgtz`jgú `b Jib󰂸bfhg Jib󰂸bfhg m‗@rqugtfjtfs? m‗@rqugtfjtfs? 0 111 

∛;>86,11

[fdmgcfdt dft

[fmujjgú hfdfr`b [fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

∛> 111,11

6; 5;6,11

∛; >6;,11

61 0>:,11

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss :󰂸󰂸 B‗Fbgs` C`rtã e` pfrjfkut ud siu krut mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj mf :5 111 , `ck ud` rftfdjgú quf

`sjfdmfgx ` 5 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs mur`dt `qufst fxfrjgjg e`d fst`t bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Zfhurft` Zfhurft`tt Zijg`b? Zijg`b? ; 011 . ‚ @pirt @pirt`jgid `jgidss ` ud sgdmg sgdmgj`t? j`t? =11 . ‚ @pirt`jgids mf b‗fcprfs` b‗fcprfs` `b pb` mf pfdsgids pfdsgids mfb qu`b b‗Fbgs` çs p`rtãjgp? p`rtãjgp? : 511 . [fsgmfgx fd ud e`kgt`thf diu, pripgft`t mf b‗fcprfs`, `ck ud v`bir j`m`str`b quf di e` fst`t ikofjtf mf rfvgsgú g quf `sjfdmfgx ` =1 111 < fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf fnfjtu`ts pfr b‗fcprfs` fd b‗fxfrjgjg pfr `qufst` rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf (di rfpfrjutgts ` b‗Fbgs`) e`d `sjfdmgt ` 0 011 . Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf trfk`bb rfmuét.

:;;

: 44 [fdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg Fd tfrcfs hfdfr`bs, pimfc mgr quf tfdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg fbs prijfmfdts mf b` tgtub`rgt`t mf kçds gccikbfs rÿstgjs g urk`ds, i mf mrfts rf`bs quf rfj`ghugd sikrf `qufsts, g tits fbs quf fs mfrgvgd mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt i mf b` jidstgtujgú i jfssgú mf mrfts i n`jubt`ts m‗ÿs g hùmg sikrf `qufbbs, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` mfdicgd`jgú i d`tur`bfs`. Qfr j`bjub`r fb rfdmgcfdt mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg, utgbgtz`rfc b‗fsqufc` sfhòfdt?

[fdmgcfdt ãdtfhrf mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg (∛)

Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft

(∛)

[fmujjgids

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

:.0 4 Jûcput mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs

Fs jicput`rá jic ` rfdmgcfdt ãdtfhrf b‗gcpirt quf pfr tits fbs jidjfptfs e`hg mf s`tgsnfr b‗`mqugrfdt, fb jfssgid`rg, b‗`rrfdm`t`rg i suk`rrfdm`t`rg, gdjbûs, sg çs prijfmfdt, fb jirrfspidfdt ` tits fbs kçds jfmgts `ck b‗gccikbf g fxjbûs b‗G^@ i, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗GHGJ. :.; 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

Fs pimr`d mfmugr titfs bfs mfspfsfs dfjfssárgfs pfr ` b‗iktfdjgú mfbs rfdmgcfdts. Fdtrf `btrfs, fs jidsgmfrfd mfmuékbfs bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? Gdtfrfssis mfbs j`pgt`bs `bgfds gdvfrtgts fd b‗`mqugsgjgú i cgbbir` mfb ‚ kç i mrft, g `btrfs mfspfsfs mf ngd`dè`cfdt, `gxã jic bfs mfspfsfs mf rfp`r`jgú g jidsfrv`jgú mf b‗gccikbf. B‗gcpirt tit`b ` mfmugr pfr `qufstfs mfspfsfs di pit fxjfmgr, pfr ` j`m` kç i mrft, mf b` qu`dtg` mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs iktgdhuts. B‗fxjçs fs pit mfmugr fd fbs = `dys sfhòfdts. ‚ ]rgkuts i rfjárrfjs di fst`t`bs, `gxã jic bfs t`xfs g fbs rfjárrfjs fst`t`bs, sfcprf quf gdjgmfgxgd sikrf fbs rfdmgcfdts jicput`ts i sikrf fb kç i

mrft g di tgdhugd j`rájtfr s`djgid`mir. s`djgid`mir. ‚ Z`bmis mf jikr`cfdt muktús. ‚ Qrgcfs mf jidtr`jtfs m‗`ssfhur`dè` sikrf fbs kçds i mrfts. ‚ Zfrvfgs pfrsid`bs, jic `r` fbs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú, vghgbádjg`, pirtfrg`, jur` mf o`rmgds, ftj. mfmf nirc`bgtz`jgú mfmfnfds` b ‗`rrfdm`cfdt, b‗`rrfdm`cfdt, suk`rrfdm` suk`rrfdm`cfdt, ‚ Mfspfsfs jidstgtujgú mrfts g fbs mf ourãmgj` rfb`tgvfs `bscfdt, kçds,jfssgú mrfts ii rfdmgcfdts. ‚ Pu`dtgt`ts mfstgd`mfs ` sfrvfgs i sukcgdgstr`cfdts. ‚ @cirtgtz`jgú mf b‗gccikbf g mf b` rfst` mf kçds jfmgts `ck `qufst (:% sikrf fb còir mfbs sfhòfdts v`birs? fb jist m‗`mqugsgjgú s`tgsnft i fb v`bir j`m`str`b, j`m`str`b, sfdsf gdjbiurf fb v`bir v`bir mfb sûb).

:;:

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

:.: 4 [fmujjgids

Eg e` mis tgpus mf rfmujjgids? ‚ @rrfdm`cfdt pfr e`kgt`thf? >1% sikrf fb rfdmgcfdt dft (rfdmgcfdt ãd-

tfhrf mfsprçs mf rfst`r-bg bfs mfspfsfs). @qufst` rfmujjgú sfrá mfb 011% sg b‗`rrfdm`t`rg tç ud` fm`t fdtrf 05 g :1 `dys g fbs sfus rfdmgcfdts dfts mfb trfk`bb i `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs súd supfrgirs ` b‗GQ[FC (sg b‗`rrfdm`t`rg jicpbfgx `qufsts rfqugsgts, ei e` mf jicudgj`r ` b‗`rrfdm`mir). ‚ [fdmgcfdts `ck ud pfrãimf mf hfdfr`jgú supfrgir ` ; `dys g fbs quf s‗iktfdfd mf nirc` ditûrg`cfdt grrfhub`r fd fb tfcps (pfr fxfcpbf, bfs gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfrjfkumfs mf b‗`rrfdm`t`rg pfr m`dys i mfspfrnfjtfs fd b‗gccikbf)? fs rfmugr`d fd ud =1%.

Fxfcpbfs [fdmgcfdt dft mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg mfrgv`t m‗ud e`kgt`thf bbih`t B` J`rcf Kb`dje çs pripgftárg` m‗ud `p`rt`cfdt quf tç bbih`t mfs mf n` mis `dys pfr >11  cfdsu`bs `b [`nfb [ij`, mf => `dys m‗fm`t. Bfs mfspfsfs mf jicudgt`t `sjfdmfgxfd ` 61  cfdsu`bs. Fb pgs v` sfr `mqugrgt pfr 61 111  g tç ud v`bir j`m`str`b mf :> 111 , 06 111  mfb qu`bs jirrfspidfd `b v`bir mfb sûb. B` quit` mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Kçds Gccikbfs çs mf 051  cfdsu`bs. Fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét m‗`qufst e`kgt`thf sfrá fb sfhòfdt?

[fdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs (>11 󰂸 0;) Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs • Jicudgt`t? 61 󰂸 0; 3 >11  • GKG? 051  • @cirtgtz`jgú? \(61111 ∛ 06 06111) 111) 󰂸 :%S 3 0161 [fdmgcfdt dft [fmujjgú mfb >1% [fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss

8 ;11,11 ∛05:1,11

6 :81,11

∛:;;;,11

; 0=5,11

=󰂸󰂸 B‗Fbgs` C`rtã çs pripgftárg` m‗ud pgs quf bbih` b bih` pfr 511  cfdsu`bs ` b‗Ádhfbs Qgquç, mf =6 `dys m‗fm`t. Bfs mfspfsfs mf jicudgt`t `sjfdmfgxfd ` 71  cfdsu`bs. Fb pgs v` sfr `mqugrgt pfr ;11 111  g tç ud v`bir j`m`str`b mf 71 111 , fb ;1% mfbs qu`bs jirrfspidfd `b v`bir mfb sûb. B` quit` mf b‗GKG çs mf ;61  `du`bs. J`bjub` fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg jirrfspidfdt ` `qufst pgs. B` C`rg` Bbuje çs pripgftárg` m‗ud bij`b jicfrjg`b quf tç bbih`t pfr 0 111  cfdsu`bs. Bfs mfspfsfs mf ji6󰂸󰂸 cudgt`t supisfd 011  cfdsu`bs. Fb bij`b v` sfr `mqugrgt pfr 051 111  g tç ud v`bir j`m`str`b mf 75 111 , fb 06% mfbs qu`bs jirrfspid `b v`bir mfb sûb. B` quit` mf b‗GKG çs mf ;86  `du`bs. ]ç ud` `ssfhur`dè` jidjfrt`m` sikrf fb bij`b pfr ud gcpirt mf ;11  `du`bs. Fd b‗ÿbtgc fxfrjgjg e` supirt`t udfs mfspfsfs mf 06 111  fd fb bij`b pfr rfp`r`jgú m‗fbfcfdts mf nustfrg`. J`bjub` J`b jub` fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg jirrfspidfdt jirr fspidfdt ` `qufst bij`b.

:;=

= 44 [fdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg ]fdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú ngsj`b mf rfdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg titfs bfs utgbgt`ts i jidtr`prfst`jgids mgdfrárgfs i fd fspåjgf quf di privgdhugd mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg g, fd hfdfr`b, mf kçds i mrfts di jb`ssgngj`ts jic ` gccikgbg`rgs, mfbs qu`bs fb jidtrgkufdt sghug fb tgtub`r g di fs trikgd `nfjtfs ` `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs rf`bgtz`mfs pfr fbb. Fdtrf `btrfs, tgdmr`d b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ [fdmgcfdts mgdfr`rgs i fd fspåjgf iktgdhuts pfr b` p`rtgjgp`jgú fd fbs

nids pripgs mf qu`bsfvib tgpus m‗fdtgt`t (mgvgmfdms, prgcfs m‗`ssgstådjg` ` oudtfs, p`rtgjgp`jgids fd kfdfngjgs mf qu`bsfvib tgpus m‗fdtgt`t, rfdmgcfdts prijfmfdts mf qu`bsfvib jb`ssf m‗`jtgus, ftj.). Fbs prgcfrs 0 611 furis `du`bs m‗`qufsts rfdmgcfdts fst`r`d fxfcpts. ‚ [fdmgcfdts iktgdhuts pfr b` jfssgú ` tfrjfrs mf j`pgt`bs pripgs, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` mfdicgd`jgú i d`tur`bfs` (mgdfrárg` i fd fspåjgf), jic fbs gdtfrfssis, `gxã jic fbs mfrgv`ts mf b` tr`dscgssgú, fb rffckirs`cfdt, b‗`cirtgtz`jgú, b‗`cirtgtz`jgú, fb kfsj`dvg i b` jidvfrsgú mf qu`bsfvib jb`ssf m‗`jtgus rfprfsfdt`tgus mf b` j`pt`jgú g b` utgbgtz`jgú mf j`pgt`bs `bgfds jic kids, ikbgh`jgids, ftj. ‚ [fdmgcfdts prijfmfdts m‗ipfr`jgids mf j`pgt`bgtz`jgú, mf jidtr`jtfs m‗`ssfhur`dè` mf vgm` i gdv`bgmfs` (fxjfptf qu`d e`hgd mf trgkut`r jic ` rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb i fd b‗Gcpist sikrf Zujjfssgids g Mid`jgids) g rfdmgcfdts mf rfdmfs mfrgv`mfs mf b` gcpisgjgú mf j`pgt`bs (bbfv`t qu`d e`hgd fst`t `mqugrgmfs pfr tãtib sujjfssirg). @btrfs rfdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg? ‚ Fbs prijfmfdts mf b` pripgft`t gdtfb¸bfjtu`b, qu`d fb jidtrgkufdt di fd

sghug b‗ùtir, g fbs prijfmfdts mf b` pripgft`t gdmustrg`b, quf di fs trikg [fmujjgú `pbgj`kbf ` `btrfs rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg Pu`d `qufsts rfdmgcfdts tgdhugd ud pfrãimf mf hfdfr`jgú supfrgir ` ; `dys i fs qu`bgngqugd rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt jic ` iktgdhuts mf nirc` ditûrg`cfdt grrfhub`r fd fb tfcps, fs rfmugr`d fd ud =1%.

`nfjt` ` `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs mfb jidtrgkufdt.

‚ Fbs prijfmfdts mf b` prfst`jgú m‗`ssgstådjg` tåjdgj`, bbfv`t quf `qufst`

prfst`jgú tgdhug bbij fd b‗áckgt m‗ud` `jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj`. ‚ Fbs prijfmfdts mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt mf kçds cikbfs, dfhijgs i cgdfs, `gxã jic fbs prijfmfdts mfb suk`rrfdm`cfdt pfrjfkuts pfb suk`rrfdm`mir quf di jidstgtufgxgd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. ‚ Fbs prijfmfdts mf b` jfssgú mfb mrft ` b‗fxpbit`jgú mf b` gc`thf i b‗ùtirgtz`jgú pfr ` b` sfv` utgbgtz`jgú, bbfv`t quf `qufst` jfssgú tgdhug bbij fd

b‗áckgt m‗ud` `jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj`. Qfr j`bjub`r fb rfdmgcfdt mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg, utgbgtz`rfc b‗fsqufc` sfhòfdt?

[fdmgcfdt ãdtfhrf mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg (∛)

Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft

(∛)

[fmujjgids

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

:;6

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

=.0 4 Jûcput mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs

Fs jicput`r`d jic ` rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs fbs gcpirts tit`bs pfrjfkuts pfb jidtrgkufdt, jic ` rfhb` hfdfr`b. Fd p`rtgjub`r, b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfbs rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgus ngd`djfrs fs j`bjub`rá pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fb v`bir mf tr`dscgssgú, `cirtgtz`jgú, kfsj`dvg i jidvfrsgú (cgdir`t fd bfs mfspfsfs `jjfssûrgfs oustgngj`mfs) g fb sfu v`bir m‗`mqugsgjgú i suksjrgpjgú, gdjrfcfdt`t fd bfs mfspfsfs `jjfssûrgfs ` b‗`mqugsgjgú. =.; 4 Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

Mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs, fs pimr`d rfmugr mfspfsfs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú g mgpûsgt mf v`birs dfhijg`kbfs.

@btrfs mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs Fd fbs rfdmgcfdts mfrgv`ts mf b` prfst`jgú m‗`ssgstådjg` tåjdgj`, mf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt mf kçds cikbfs, dfhijgs i cgdfs i mf suk`rrfdm`cfdts, fs mfmugr`d mfbs rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs bfs mfspfsfs dfjfssárgfs pfr ` b` sfv` iktfdjgú g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b‗gcpirt mfb mftfrgir`cfdt p`tgt pfbs kçds i mrfts mf quå prijfmfgxgd fbs gdhrfssis.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt dft mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg B` Z`dmr` Qr`ts mgspis` mf 0 111 `jjgids mf b‗fcprfs` OOQC, Z@, pfr bfs qu`bs e` pfrjfkut ud mgvgmfdm ãdtfhrf m‗0,51  pfr `jjgú, `gxã jic 611 `jjgids (`ck ud dicgd`b mf 6 ) tit`bcfdt `bbgkfr`mfs g ud` prgc` pfr `ssgstgr ` b` oudt` hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs mf 1,01  pfr `jjgú. Bfs mfspfsfs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú g justûmg` e`d fst`t mf 011 . [f`bgtz` t`ckç b` tr`dscgssgú m‗ud p`h`rç mf b` c`tfgx` sijgft`t pfr 0 111 , `ck vfdjgcfdt ` 0; cfsis g ud v`bir mf rffckirs`cfdt mf 0 ;61 . Fb p`h`rç v` sfr `mqugrgt n` sgs cfsis pfr 711 , `ck udfs mfspfsfs m‗`mqugsgjgú mf 01 .

[fdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg [fdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs? • Mgvgmfdm? 0,5 󰂸 0 111 `jjgids 3 0 511  • Qrgc` m‗`ssgstådjg`? m‗`ssgstådjg`? 1,01 󰂸 0 111 `jjgids 3 011  • @jjgids `bbgkfr`mfs? 1 • Mgvgmfdm fxfcpt? ∛0 611  • Q`h`rç (*)? \0 111∛ (711 + 01)S 3 71  Mfspfsfs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú g justûmg`

=71,11

∛011,11

:71,11

(*) Fbs rfdmgcfdts mfrgv`ts mf b` tr`dscgssgú fs j`bjub`r`d pfr b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fb v`bir mf tr`dscgssgú cgdir`t fd bfs mfspfsfs `jjfssûrgfs ` `qufstfs ipfr`jgids quf fstghugd oustgngj`mfs g fb sfu v`bir m‗`mqugsgjgú gdjrfcfdt`t fd bfs mfspfsfs `jjfssûrgfs ` b‗`mqugsgjgú. Di fs tç fd jicptf fb v`bir mf rffckirs`cfdt.

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss >󰂸󰂸 B‗Fbgs` C`rtã rf`bgtz` b` tr`dscgssgú m‗ud p`h`rç mf b` sijgft`t OOQC, Z@, pfr 711 , `ck vfdjgcfdt ` 0; cfsis g ud v`bir mf rffckirs`cfdt mf 0 011 . Fb p`h`rç v` sfr `mqugrgt n` sgs cfsis pfr 786 , `ck udfs mfspfsfs m‗`mqugsgjgú mf 05 . ]`ckç ]`ckç çs pripgftárg` mf ; 111 `jjgids mf b` c`tfgx` jicp`dyg`, pfr bfs qu`bs e` iktgdhut fbs rfdmgcfdts sfhòfdts? ‚ Mgvgm Mgvgmfdm fdm ãdtf ãdtfhrf hrf m‗0,;  pfr `jjgú. ‚ Qrgc` m‗`ssgstådjg` ` b` oudt` hfdfr`b hfdfr`b m‗`jjgidgstfs m‗`jjgidgstfs mf 1,01  pfr `jjgú. ‚ Mfspf Mfspfsfs sfs m‗`mcgdgs m‗`mcgdgstr`jg tr`jgúú g justûmg`? justûmg`? 051 . J`bjub` fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg.

:;>

6 44 [fdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs

@rrfdm`cfdt m‗gccikbfs

Fs jidsgmfr`r`d rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fbs quf, prijfmgdt mfb trfk`bb pfrsid`b g mfb j`pgt`b jidoudt`cfdt, i m‗ud sib m‗`qufsts n`jtirs, supisgd pfr p`rt mfb jidtrgkufdt b‗irmfd`jgú pfr jicptf pripg mf cgto`ds mf primujjgú g mf rfjursis euc`ds, i m‗ud mfbs mis, `ck b` ngd`bgt`t m‗gdtfrvfdgr fd b` primujjgú i mgstrgkujgú mf kçds i sfrvfgs.

‚ @ b‗`jtgvg b‗`jtgvgt`t t`t fs jicptg jicptg `ck `ck `bcfdys `bcfdys ud bij`b mfstgd`t ` hfstgid`r b‗`jtgvgt`t. ‚ Z‗utgbg Z‗utgbgtzg tzg `bcfdys `bcfdys ud` pfrsid` pfrsid` ijup`m` ijup`m` `ck jidtr`jtf b`kir`b g ` oird`m` jicpbft`.

Fd p`rtgjub`r, tfdfd `qufst` jidsgmfr`jgú fbs rfdmgcfdts mf bfs `jtgvgt`ts fxtr`jtgvfs, mf n`krgj`jgú, jicfrè i prfst`jgú mf sfrvfgs, gdjbisfs bfs m‗`rtfs`dg`, `hrãjibfs, nirfst`bs, r`c`mfrfs, pfsqufrfs, mf jidstrujjgú, cgdfrfs, g b‗fxfrjgjg mf prinfssgids bgkfr`bs, `rtãstgqufs g fspirtgvfs.

Z‗fdtfdmrá quf b‗`rrfdm`cfdt m‗gccikbfs çs ud` `jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` qu`d fs midgd bfs jgrjucstádjgfs sfhòfdts?

Jic o` efc vgst fd fb prgcfr fpãhr`n m‗`qufst` udgt`t, b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfbs rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fs murá ` tfrcf ` tr`vçs mfbs cåtimfs sfhòfdts? ‚

Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`, quf s‗`pbgj`rá jic ` cåtimf hfdfr`b, g quf `mcftrá mufs cim`bgt`ts? b` dirc`b g b` sgcpbgngj`m`.

‚ Fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv` mf rfdmgcfdts pfr ` mftfrcgd`mfs `jtgvgt`ts fji-

dûcgqufs, cgto`dè`dt b‗`pbgj`jgú mf c`hdgtums, ãdmfxs, cûmubs i m`mfs prfvgstfs fd b` dirc`tgv` mfb trgkut. 6.0 4 Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` dirc`b

B` cim`bgt`t dirc`b mfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` s‗e` m‗`pbgj`r ikbgh`tûrg`cfdt pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt dft mf titfs bfs `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs mfsfdvibup`mfs pfb jidtrgkufdt, bbfv`t quf fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf titfs fs mftfrcgdg cgto`dè`dt fb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`, sfcprf quf fs jicpbfgxg qu`bsfvib mfbs mis rfqugsgts sfhòfdts? ‚

Puf b‗gcpirt b` xgnr`mfsfdvibup`mfs mf dfhijgs mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir, jirrfspidfdt `b jidoudt mf dft bfs mf `jtgvgt`ts pfb jidtrgkufdt, supfrg fbs >11111 furis `du`bs. ‚ Puf, tit g sfr cfdir b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs, fs rfdudjgé ` b` cim`bgt`t sgcpbgngj`m` mfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`. Fb jábjub mfb rfdmgcfdt fs rf`bgtz` sfhids fb sfhòfdt fsqufc`, `ck bfs pfjubg`rgt`ts quf fst`kbfgx b` Bbfg mf b‗G[QN fd c`tårg` mf mfspfsfs g rfmujjgids?

Gdhrfssis ãdtfhrfs mf b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` (∛)

Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dftb‗Gcpist (mftfrcgd`t bfs `ck rfhbfs fst`kbfrtfs pfr b` Bbfg mf sikrfsfhids Zijgft`ts `bhudfs fspfjgngjgt`ts)

(∛)

[fmujjgú mfb =1% rfspfjtf mfbs rfdmgcfdts hfdfr`ts hfdfr`ts fd ud pfrãimf supfrgir ` ; `dys

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

6.; 4 Fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` sgcpbgngj`m`

B` cim`bgt`t sgcpbgngj`m` mfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` tç j`rájtfr vibudt`rg, pfr b` qu`b jis` fb jidtrgkufdt pit rfdudjg`r ` b` sfv` `pbgj`jgú. Fd `ksådjg` mf rfdÿdjg`, s‗e`fjidûcgqufs m‗`pbgj`r pfr mfsfdvibu` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt dft`qufst` mf titfscim`bgt`t bfs `jtgvgt`ts p`mfs pfb jidtrgkufdt, sfcprf quf? ‚ Di mftfrcgdg fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf titfs bfs sfvfs `jtgvgt`ts pfb cåtimf

m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`. ‚ B‗gcpirt dft mf b` xgnr` mf dfhijgs mf b‗`dy `dtfrgir, jirrfspidfdt `b jidoudt mf bfs `jtgvgt`ts mfsfdvibup`mfs pfb jidtrgkufdt, di supfrg fbs >11 111 furis `du`bs. ‚ J`p `jtgvgt`t mfsfdvibup`m` pfb jidtrgkufdt fs trikg fd b` cim`bgt`t dirc`b mfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt`. Fb jábjub mfb rfdmgcfdt fs rf`bgtz` `pbgj`dt bfs rfhbfs fst`kbfrtfs pfr `b råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` dirc`b, tfdgdt fd jicptf bfs fspfjg`bgt`ts sfhòfdts? sfhòfdts? ‚ Bfs `cirtgtz`jgids mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t c`tfrg`b fs pr`jtgj`r`d mf nirc`

bgdf`b, fd nudjgú mf b` tùb` m‗`cirtgtz`jgids sgcpbgngj`m` `priv`m` `priv`m` pfb Cgdgstfrg m‗Egsfdm`. Zikrf bfs qu`dtgfs m‗`cirtgtz`jgú quf rfsubtgd m‗`qufstfs tùbfs s‗`pbgj`r`d bfs dircfs mfb råhgc fspfjg`b m‗fcprfsfs mf mgcfdsgú rfmuém` prfvgstfs `b ][BGZ quf `nfjtgd `qufst jidjfptf. ‚ Bfs privgsgids g bfs mfspfsfs mf mgnãjgb oustgngj`jgú fs j`bjub`r`d mf nirc` hbik`b, `pbgj`dt-eg `pbgj`dt-eg ud pfrjfdt`thf mfb 6% sikrf fb rfdmgcfdt dft (fxjbisis `qufsts jidjfptfs). Fb jábjub mfb rfdmgcfdt, pfr t`dt, s‗e` mf rf`bgtz`r sfhugdt b‗fsqufc` sfhòfdt? sfhòfdt?

Gdhrfssis ãdtfhrfs mf b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` (∛)

Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs (fxjfptf `cirtgtz`jgids g privgsgids)

(∛)

@cirtgtz`jgids sfhids tùb` sgcpbgngj`m`

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft prfvg

(∛)

6% mfb rfdmgcfdt dft prfvg

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft

(∛)

[fmujjgú mfb =1% rfspfjtf mfbs rfdmgcfdts hfdfr`ts fd ud pfrãimf supfrgir ` ; `dys

:;8

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf fxfrjfgxgd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` ùtibgqugm`r fbs sfus rfdmgcfdts g ` rf`bgtz`r p`h`cfdts ` jicptf mf b‗G[QN. Fst`d fxfcpts m‗`qufst` ikbgh`jgú fbs sukofjtfs p`ssgus quf mfsfdvibupgd `jtgvgt`ts prinfssgid`bs i `jtgvgt`ts `hrãjibfs, r`c`mfrfs g nirfst`bs, sg fd b‗`dy `dtfrgir, `bcfdys fb 81% mfbs gdhrfssis v`d sfr ikofjtf mf rftfdjgú i gdhrçs ` jicptf.

:;5

B‗gcpirt mf j`m` ud mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts sfrá mfb ;1% mfb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét jirrfspidfdt `b pfrãimf mf tfcps tr`dsjirrfhut mfs mfb prgcfr mg` mf b‗`dy ngds ` b‗ÿbtgc mg` mfb trgcfstrf ` quå fs rfnfrfgx fb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t. Mf b` qu`dtgt`t rfsubt`dt fs rfst`r`d bfs rftfdjgids pr`jtgj`mfs g fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf fnfjtu`ts jirrfspidfdts `b pfrãimf mf tfcps tr`dsjirrfhut mfs mfb prgcfr mg` mf b‗`dy ngds ` b‗ÿbtgc mg` mfb trgcfstrf `b qu`b fs rfnfrfgx fb p`h`cfdt nr`jjgid`t. Pu`d mf b‗ùtibgqugm`jgú di rfsubtfssgd qu`dtgt`ts ` gdhrfss`r, fbs jidtrgkufdts prfsfdt`r`d ud` mfjb`r`jgú dfh`tgv`. Fbs fcprfs`rgs g prinfssgid`bs fst`r`d ikbgh`ts ` rf`bgtz`r r f`bgtz`r `qufsts p`h`cfdts trgcfstr`bs, cgto`dè`dt fb cimfb 0:1, fd fbs tfrcgdgs sfhòfdts? ‚ Fbs trfs prgcfrs trgcfstrfs, fdtrf fb mg` 0 g fb ;1 mfbs cfsis m‗`krgb,

oubgib g ijtukrf. ‚ Fb qu`rt trgcfstrf, fdtrf fb mg` 0 g fb :1 mfb cfs mf hfdfr.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fd fb råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` sgcpbgngj`m` B‗@dd` [gus çs `mvij`m` g, mur`dt fb p`ss`t fxfrjgjg, fbs rfsubt`ts mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t v`d sfr fbs sfhòfdts?

Gdhrfssis

Zfrvfgs prfst`ts? =1111  Gcp`rtgjgú mf jursis mf nirc`jgú ourãmgj`? 60;6 Jicprfs mf c`tfrg`b m‗ingjgd`? 0611  Bbihufr mfb mfsp`tx prinfssgid`b? prinfssgid`b? > 111  Gcpistis g t`xfs cudgjgp`bs? =;6 

Mfspfsfs

@ssfhur`dè` @ssfhur`d è` mf rfspids`kgbgt`t jgvgb? 611  Zfhurft`t Zijg`b ùtûdics? :111  Jidsucs (tfbånid, bbuc, `ghu`, ftj.)? :611  @cirtgtz`jgú? 0;11 



B‗@dd` utgbgtz`, pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt mf bfs sfvfs `jtgvgt`ts, fb råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` sgcpbgffj`m`. @ p`rtgr m‗`qufstfs m`mfs, j`bjub`rfc fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t. Gdhrfssis ãdtfhrfs? =1 111 + 6 0;6 3 =6 0;6  Mfspfsfs mfmuékbfs? 0 611 + > 111 + =;6 + 611 + : 111 + : 611 + 0 ;11 3 0> 0;6  [fdmgcfdt [fdmgcf dt dft prfvg (gdhrfssis ‚ mfspfsfs)? =6 0;6 ∛ 0> 0;6 3 ;7 111  Qrivgsgids g mfspfsfs mf mgnãjgb oustgffj`jgú? ∛6% s/ ;7 111  3 ∛ 0 =61  [fdmgcfdt [fdmgcf dt dft m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs? ;7 111 ∛ 0 =61 3 ;8 661 

:;7

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

6.: 4 Fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`

Fb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv` pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mfb rfdmgcfdt dft mf bfs `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs prfsfdt` jic ` prgdjgp`b j`r`jtfrãstgj` b` mf prfsjgdmgr mfbs nbuxis rf`bs m‗gdhrfssis g mfspfsfs primuémfs fd fb mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf b‗`jtgvgt`t. Fd fb sfu bbij, s‗`pbgqufd mftfrcgd`ts gdmgj`mirs gdmgj`mirs ikofjtgus quf rfprfsfdtfd bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs fjidûcgqufs fstrujtur`bs kásgqufs mf j`m` sfjtir m‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` (sghdfs, ãdmfxs i cûmubs), quf súd `priv`ts prå vg`cfdt cgto`dè`dt Irmrf Irmr f mfb Cgdgstfrg m‗Egsfdm` m‗Egs fdm` g @mcgdgstr`jgids Qÿkbgqufs. @qufst råhgc s‗`pbgj` mf nirc` vibudtárg` (fs pit rfdudjg`r ` b` sfv` `pbgj`jgú, fdj`r` quf s‗fstghug mgds m‗`bhud mfbs supûsgts pfr `bs qu`bs s‗fst`kbfgx). @ cçs, sfrá dfjfss`rg quf fb vibuc mf rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs mfb sukofjtf p`ssgu fd b‗`dy b ‗`dy `dtfrgir di e`hg supfr`t `bhud mfbs gcpirts sfhòfdts? ‚ =61 111 furis mf rfdmgcfdts ãdtfhrfs `du`bs. ‚ :11 111 furis `du`bs mf jicprfs fd kçds g sfrvfgs, fxjbisfs bfs `mqugsg-

jgids mf b‗gccikgbgtz`t.

B‗fsqufc` mf bgqugm`jgú sfhids `qufst cåtimf çs fb sfhòfdt?

Vdgt`ts mf cûmub us`mfs, gdst`b󰂸b`mfs i utgbgtz`mfs (Ø)

[fdmgcfdt [fdmgcf dt `du`b pfr udgt`t

Q`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft prfvg

(∛)

Gdjfdtgus ` b‗ijup`jgú g b` gdvfrsgú

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft cgdir`t

(Ø)

Ãdmfxs jirrfjtirs

@ b‗ghu`b quf v`c vfurf fd bfs `btrfs mufs cim`bgt`ts, fd fb råhgc ikofjtgu, fbs fcprfs`rgs e`d mf rf`bgtz`r mfjb`r`jgids trgcfstr`bs, fd fbs c`tfgxis tfrcgdgs (fdj`r` quf fd `qufst cåtimf

(3)

[fdmgcfdt [fdmgcf dt dft mf cûmubs

eùr`d nfr sfrvgr fb cimfb `b 0:0) g gdhrfss`r mf b‗gcpirt jirrfspidfdt ]rfsir.

(∛)

Mfspfsfs fxtrìrmgdárg fxtrìrmgdárgfs fs

(+)

@btrfs gdhrfssis fcprfs`rg`bs

(3)

[fdmgcfdt [fdmgcf dt dft mf b‗`jtgvgt`t

(∛)

[fmujjgú mfb =1% rfspfjtf mfbs rfdmgcfdts hfdfr`ts fd ud pfrãimf supfrgir ` ; `dys

B‗gcpirt mfbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts sfrá, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, fb =% mfbs rfdmgcfdts dfts mfrgv`ts mf b‗`pbgj`jgú mfb cåtimf (sg dicçs fs tç ud` pfrsid` `ss`b`rg`m`, `qufst pfrjfdt`thf sfrá mfb :% g, sg di eg e` pfrsid`b `ss`b`rg`t, mfb ;%).

(3)

[fdmgcfdt dft rfmuét

Jic vfgfc ` b‗fsqufc`, fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf j`m` `jtgvgt`t sfrá b` suc` mfbs mgnfrfdts sghdfs, ãdmfxs i cûmubs `trgkuéts ` `qufst` `jtgvgt`t pfb Cgdgstfrg m‗Egsfdm`. B` qu`dtg` m‗`qufsts cûmubs fs mftfrcgd`rá cubtgCgdgstfrg pbgj`dt b‗gcpirt mf j`m` udgt`t mf cûmub pfb dÿcfri m‗udgt`ts us`mfs fd b‗`jtgvgt`t. @qufsts ãdmfxs, sghdfs i cûmubs mfpfdmr`d mfb tgpus m‗`jtgvgt`t mf quå fs tr`jtg. Jic ` fxfcpbf, pimfc fscfdt`r fbs sfhòfdts? pfrsid`b `ss`b`rg`t g di `ss`b`rg`t quf trfk`bb` ` b‗fcprfs`, supfrnãjgf mfb bij`b, pitådjg` fbåjtrgj`, tùbfs, cftrfs mf k`rr`, pitådjg` ngsj`b mfb vfegjbf, ftj.

::1

> 44 Hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs Zúd hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs bfs v`rg`jgids fd fb v`bir mfb p`trgcidg mfb jidtrgkufdt quf fs pisgd mf c`dgnfst `ck citgu mf qu`bsfvib `btfr`jgú fd b` jicpisgjgú m‗`qufst p`trgcidg, bbfv`t quf fs qu`bgngqugd jic ` rfdmgcfdts pfr b` bbfg. Fdtrf `btrfs, súd `btfr`jgids fd b` jicpisgjgú mfb p`trgcidg bfs sfhòfdts? b‗iktfdjgú mf prfcgs, bfs tr`dscgssgids idfrisfs mf kçds i mrfts, jic pfr fxfcpbf, bfs vfdmfs m‗e`kgt`thfs, bij`bs jicfrjg`bs, pb`jfs mf h`r`thf, ngdqufs rÿstgqufs, ftj., g bfs tr`dscgssgids bujr`tgvfs jic bfs efrådjgfs, fbs bbfh`ts g bfs mid`jgids. >.0 4 Gcpirt mfbs hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs

B‗gcpirt mfbs hu`dys i pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs sfrá? ‚ Fd fb supûsgt mf tr`dscgssgú idfris` i bujr`tgv`, b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf fbs

v`birs m‗`mqugsgjgú m‗`mqugsgjgú g tr`dscgssgú mfbs fbfcfdts fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs. ‚ Fd b` rfst` mf supûsgts, fb v`bir mf cfrj`t mfbs fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs i p`rts pripirjgid`bs, sg çs prijfmfdt. ]r`dscgssgids ` tãtib idfrús i `ck jidtr`prfst`jgú

Fbs v`birs m‗`mqugsgjgú fs mftfrcgd`r`d mf b` nirc` sfhòfdt? (+) Gcpirt rf`b mf b‗`mqugsgjgú (+) Jist mf bfs cgbbirfs

^`bir m‗`mqugsgjgú

(+) Jist mf bfs gdvfrsgids g cgbbirfs fnfjtu`mfs fd fbs kçds `mqugrgts (+) Mfspfsfs g trgkuts gdefrfdts ` b‗`mqugsgjgú, fxjbisis fbs gdtfrfssis, quf e`hufssgd fst`t s`tgsnfts pfr b‗`mqugrfdt (∛) @cirtgtz`jgids

^`bir mf tr`dscgssgú

(+) Gcpirt rf`b mf b‗`bgfd`jgú (∛) Mfspfsfs `jjfssûrgfs ` b‗`bgfd`jgú

]r`dscgssgids ` tãtib bujr`tgu i sfdsf jidtr`prfst`jgú

Pu`d b‗`mqugsgjgú i b` tr`dscgssgú e`huçs fst`t ` tãtib bujr`tgu, s‗`pbgj`r`d fbs jrgtfrgs fst`kbfrts pfr ` bfs b fs tr`dscgssgids ` tãtib idfrús, prfdfdt pfr gcpirt rf`b mfbs v`birs rfspfjtgus fbs quf rfsubtgd mf b‗`pbgj`jgú mf bfs dircfs mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zujjfssgids g Mid`jgids, sfdsf quf puhugd fxjfmgr mfb v`bir mf cfrj`t. cfrj`t. >.; 4 Jirrfjjgú pfr mfprfjg`jgú cidftárg`

Fbs gcpirts quf fs jicputfd fd fbs v`birs mf tr`dscgssgú g `mqugsgjgú jirrfspidfd ` vfh`mfs ` mgnfrfdts `dys< pfr `gxû, b` mfprfjg`jgú cidftárg` mfs mf b‗`mqugsgjgú ` b` tr`dscgssgú `nfjt` fb jábjub mf b` v`rg`jgú p`trgcidg`b g çs dfjfss`rg fst`kbgr udfs dircfs mf jirrfjjgú.

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Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

>.: 4 Dircfs fspfjg`bs mf v`bir`jgú

B` bbfg mf b‗gcpist fst`kbfgx udfs dircfs fspfjãngqufs mf v`bir`jgú fd `bhuds j`sis jic ` `jjgids `ck jitgtz`jgú fd cfrj`ts rfhub`ts< `jjgids g p`rtgjgp`jgids ` dfhijg`jgú< di mgdfrárgfs ` sijgft`ts< sfp`r`jgú di mfbs`mcfsfs sijgs i mgssibujgú mf `pirt`jgids sijgft`ts< tr`sp`ssis, gdmfcdgtz`jgids i j`pgt`bs `ssfhur`ts pfr pårmufs i sgdgstrfs sgdgs trfs fd fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs, ftj. >.= 4 [fgdvfrsgú fd j`s mf tr`dscgssgú m‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b

Fs pimr`d fxjbiurf mf hr`v`cfd fbs hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs iktgdhuts pfr b` tr`dscgssgú mf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b mfb jidtrgkufdt, sfcprf quf b‗gcpirt tit`b iktgdhut pfr b` tr`dscgssgú fs rfgdvfrtfgxg fd b‗`mqugsgjgú m‗ud diu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b. Pu`d b‗gcpirt rfgdvfrtgt sghug gdnfrgir `b tit`b mfb pfrjfkut fd b` tr`dscgssgú, dicçs s‗fxjbiurá mf trgkut`jgú b` p`rt pripirjgid`b mfb hu`dy iktgdhut quf jirrfspidhug ` b` qu`dtgt`t rfgdvfrtgm`.

Fxfcpbfs [fgdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b B‗@dd` Jrfus vfd fb sfu e`kgt`thf e` kgt`thf e`kgtu`b e` kgtu`b pfr p fr ;61 111  pfr jicpr`r-df ud `btrf mf :11 111 c`tfgx fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj. Fb v`bir v `bir `jtu`bgtz`t m‗`mqugsgjgú mfb sfu e`kgt`thf çs mf 051 111 .



mur`dt fb

Hu`dy p`trgcidg`b 3 ;61 111 ∛ 051 111 3 81 111  Fs hfdfr` ud hu`dy p`trgcidg`b mf 81 111  quf fstá fxfcpt, o` quf fs rfgdvfrtfgx tit`bcfdt fd b‗`mqugsgjgú mfb diu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b.

>.6 4 Hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs di oustgngj`ts

]gdmr`d b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf hu`dys mf p`trgcidg di oustgngj`ts fbs kçds i mrfts `ck ud` tgdfdè`, mfjb`r`jgú i `mqugsgjgú quf di fs jirrfspidhug `ck b` rfdm` i fb p`trgcidg mfjb`r`ts pfb jidtrgkufdt, `gxã jic b` gdjbusgú mf mfutfs gdfxgstfdts fd qu`bsfvib mfjb`r`jgú pfr `qufst gcpist i pfr b‗Gcpist sikrf fb Q`trgcidg, i kç fb sfu rfhgstrf fd fbs bbgkrfs i rfhgstrfs ingjg`bs.

Fbs hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs di oustgngj`ts s‗gdtfhr`r`d ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu rfspfjtf mfb qu`b fs mfsjikrfgxgd, bbfv`t quf fb jidtrgkufdt privg sungjgfdtcfdt quf e` fst`t tgtub`r mfbs kçds i mrfts jirrfspidfdts mfs m‗ud` m`t` `dtfrgir ` b` mfb pfrãimf mf prfsjrgpjgú.

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss 8󰂸󰂸 B‗Fbgs` C`rtã vfd fb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b pfr 051 111

pfr `mqugrgr ud `btrf e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b pfr ;51 111  mur`dt fb c`tfgx fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj. Fb v`bir `jtu`bgtz`t m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b` j`s` çs mf 011 111 . Mftfrcgd` fb hu`dy p`trgcidg`b hfdfr`t g gdmgj` sg d‗fstá fxfcpt. 

::;

8 44 [åhgcs fspfjg`bs Fd `qufst `p`rt`t, vfurfc bfs gcput`jgids mf rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs g fbs supûsgts m‗`trgkujgú mf rfdmfs. Gcput`jgids mf rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs

Zúd rfdmfs quf s‗gcputfd `b pripgft`rg i tgtub`r m‗ud mrft mf hùmg sikrf mftfrcgd`ts kçds gccikbfs urk`ds g rÿstgjs `ck jidstrujjgids (sfcprf quf, fd `qufst j`s, di rfsubtgd gdmgspfds`kbfs pfr `b mfsfdvibup`cfdt m‗fxpbit`jgids `hrãjibfs, r`c`mfrfs i nirfst`bs). Qfr t`dt, di s‗eg gdjbiur`d? ‚ Fbs kçds gccikbfs `nfjtfs ` `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. ‚ Fbs gccikbfs urk`ds quf jidstgtufgxgd b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b mfb jidtrg-

kufdt. ‚ Fbs quf fstghugd `rrfdm`ts. ‚ Fb sûb di fmgngj`t. ‚ Fbs gccikbfs rÿstgjs, bbfv`t fbs quf tgdhugd jidstrujjgids quf di rfsubtgd gdmgspfds`kbfs pfr `b mfsfdvibup`cfdt mf bfs fxpbit`jgids `hrãjibfs, r`c`mfrfs i nirfst`bs. ]gdmrá b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf rfdm` gcput`m` fb ;% mfb v`bir j`m`str`b mf b‗gccikbf (quf sfrá b‗0,01% qu`d `qufst v`bir e`hg fst`t rfvgs`t i cimgngj`t). B` gcput`jgú mf rfdm` fs mftfrcgd`rá pripirjgid`bcfdt `b dÿcfri mf mgfs quf jirrfspidhug fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu. Zg ` b` m`t` mf cfrgt`jgú mf b‗gcpist fbs fb s gccikbfs di tgdhufssgd v`bir j`m`str`b, i `qufst v`bir di e`huçs fst`t ditgngj`t `b tgtub`r, fs prfdmrá jic ` k`sf m‗gcput`jgú jirrfspidfdt fb 61% mfb v`bir pfb qu`b s‗e`hgd mf jicput`r ` fnfjtfs mf b‗Gcpist sikrf fb Q`trgcidg, `pbgj`dt-sf b‗0,01%. Zg b‗gccikbf fstá fd jidstrujjgú i di çs susjfptgkbf m‗ÿs, di s‗fstgc`rá j`p rfdm`. @trgkujgú mf rfdmfs

Zfhids `qufst råhgc fspfjg`b, bfs rfdmfs iktgdhumfs pfr mftfrcgd`mfs fdtgt`ts quf di súd jidsgmfr`mfs sukofjtfs p`ssgus mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts e`d mf trgkut`r pfr b‗gcpist quf sghug `pbgj`kbf `bs sfus cfckrfs (Gcpist

sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs, Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts i Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf di [fsgmfdts). ]fdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú m‗fdtgt`ts fd råhgc m‗`trgkujgú mf rfdmfs bfs sijgft`ts jgvgbs, efrådjgfs o`jfdts, jicudgt`ts mf kçds g `btrfs fdtgt`ts quf di mgspisfd mf pfrsid`bgt`t ourãmgj`.

Fb råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mf rfdmfs rfhub` quf bfs rfdmfs jirrfspidfdts s‗`trgkugr`d `bs sijgs, efrfus, jicudfrs i p`rtãjgps. Bfs rfdmfs mf bfs fdtgt`ts fd råhgc m‗`trgkujgú mf rfdmfs `trgkuémfs `bs sijgs, efrfus, jicudfrs i p`rtãjgps tgdmr`d b` d`tur`bfs` mfrgv`m` mf b‗`jtgvgt`t i nidt mf b` qu`b prijfmfgxgd pfr ` j`m` ud (rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb, `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs, ftj.).

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

5 44 Jb`ssfs mf rfdm` Jidvç tfdgr fd jicptf quf, ` fnfjtfs mfb jábjub mf b‗gcpist, bfs rfdmfs mfb jidtrgkufdt fs jb`ssgngj`r`d, sfhids prijfmfgxg, jic ` rfdm` hfdfr`b i jic ` rfdm` mf b‗fst`bvg. [fdm` hfdfr`b

Jidstgtugr`d b` rfdm` hfdfr`b? ‚ Fbs rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb. ‚ Fbs rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg. ‚ Fbs rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg mfrgv`ts mf pripgft`t gdtfb¸bfjtu`b,

prfst`jgú m‗`ssgstådjg` tåjdgj`, `rrfdm`cfdt mf kçds cikbfs, dfhijgs i cgdfs, i kç mf suk`rrfdm`cfdts g jfssgú mfb mrft ` b‗fxpbit`jgú mf b` gc`thf. ‚ Fbs rfdmgcfdts mfrgv`ts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. ‚ Bfs gcput`jgids mf rfdm`? rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs, jfssgú mf mrfts m‗gc`thf, ‚ ftj. Hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs quf di mfrgvgd mf b` tr`dscgssgú m‗fbf-

cfdts p`trgcidg`bs jic, pfr fxfcpbf, fbs prfcgs. [fdm` mf b‗fst`bvg

Nirc`r`d b` rfdm` mf b‗fst`bvg? ‚ [fdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg mfrgv`ts mf?

• B` p`rtgjgp`jgú mf nids pripgs mf qu`bsfvib qu`bsfvib tgpus m‗fdtgt`t. m‗fdtgt`t. • B` jfssgú ` tfrjfrs mf j`pgt`bs j`pgt`bs pripgs, bbfv`t b‗fxjçs mf b‗gcpirt mfbs j`j`pgt`bs pripgs jfmgts ` ud` fdtgt`t vgdjub`m` rfspfjtf mfb rfsubt`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr trfs fbs nids pripgs, fd b` p`rt quf jirrfspidhug ` b` p`rtgjgp`jgú mfb jidtrgkufdt, m‗`qufst` ÿbtgc`. • Bfs ipfr`jgids ipfr`jgids mf j`pgt`bgtz`jgú. • Fbs jidtr`jtfs m‗`ssfhur`djfs mf mf vgm` i gdv`bgmfs`. gdv`bgmfs`. • Bfs rfdmfs quf tgdhugd tgdhugd pfr jùs` b` gcpisgjgú gcpisgjgú mf j`pgt`bs. j`pgt`bs. ‚ Fbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs quf fs pisgd mf c`dgnfst `ck citgu mf tr`dscgssgids m‗fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs.

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss

:::

5󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg j`m` ud` mf bfs sfhòfdts rfdmfs mfb jidtrgkufdt jidstgtufgxfd jidstgtufgxfd rfdm` hfdfr`b i mf b‗fst`bvg? `) [fdmgcfdt mfrgv`t mf b` pripgft`t gdtfb󰂸bfjtu`b. k) Jfssgú mf mrfts m‗gc`thf. j) [fdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb. m) Jidtr`jtf m‗`ssfhur`dè` mf vgm`. f) Mgvgmfdms m‗`jjgids. n) [fdmgcfdts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg. h) [fdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. e) Gcput`jgú mf rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs. g) Gdtfrfssis mf jicptf jirrfdt.

::=

7 44 K`sf gcpis`kbf @ b‗ghu`b quf fd fb j`s mf b` rfdm`, fxgstfgxfd mis tgpus mf k`sf gcpis`kbf? hfdfr`b g mf b‗fst`bvg. K`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b. Gdtfhr`jgú g jicpfds`jgú mf rfdmfs

B` k`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b çs fb rfsubt`t mf suc`r fbs s`bmis sfhòfdts? ‚ Fb s`bmi rfsubt`dt m‗gdtfhr`r g jicpfds`r fdtrf sg, sfdsf j`p bgcgt`jgú, fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, fbs rfdmgcfdts g bfs gcput`jgids mf rfdmfs

quf tfdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf rfdm` hfdfr`b. ‚ Fb s`bmi pisgtgu rfsubt`dt m‗gdtfhr`r g jicpfds`r, fxjbusgv`cfdt fdtrf sg, fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, fbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs quf di mfrgvgd mf b` tr`dscgssgú m‗fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs.

Pu`dtg` mf b` jicpfds`jgú B` jicpfds`jgú s‗eùrá m‗fnfjtu`r fd b` qu`dtg` cáxgc` quf pfrcftg j`m` ud mfbs fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts g sfdsf quf fs puhug pr`jtgj`r nir` mfb tfrcgdg mf qu`trf `dys cgto`dè`dt b‗`jucub`jgú ` pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs m‗fxfrjgjgs pistfrgirs.

Zg fb rfsubt`t mf b` gdtfhr`jgú g gcput`jgú mfbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs nis dfh`tgu, ÿdgj`cfdt s‗e` mf jicpfds`r `ck fb s`bmi pisgtgu mf rfdmgcfdts g gcput`jgids mf rfdmfs iktgdhumfs fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, gcpisg tgu, `ck fb bãcgt cáxgc mfb 01% m‗`qufst s`bmi pisgtgu. Zg mfsprçs m‗`qufst` jicpfds`jgú qufmçs s`bmi dfh`tgu, fb sfu gcpirt fs jicpfds`rá fd fbs qu`trf `dys sfhòfdts, fd prgcfr bbij `ck fb rfsubt`t pisgtgu mfbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs g, sg di d‗eg e`huçs, sfhids b‗fst`kbfrt `b p`ráhr`n `dtfrgir. K`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg. Gdtfhr`jgú g jicpfds`jgú mf rfdmfs

B` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg jidstgtuém` pfb s`bmi pisgtgu mf suc`r fbs s`bmis sfhòfdts? ‚ Fb s`bmi pisgtgu m‗gdtfhr`r g jicpfds`r fxjbusgv`cfdt fdtrf sg, fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, fbs rfdmgcfdts quf tfdfd b` jidsgmfr`jgú mf rfdm` mf b‗fst`bvg. Zg fb rfsubt`t mf b` gdtfhr`jgú g jicpfds`jgú midçs ud

rfsubt`t dfh`tgu, fb sfu gcpirt dicçs fs pimrá jicpfds`r `ck fb s`bmi pisgtgu quf, pfr `qufst jidjfptf, fs pisg mf c`dgnfst, mur`dt fbs qu`trf `dys sfhòfdts. ‚ Fb s`bmi pisgtgu rfsubt`dt m‗gdtfhr`r g jicpfds`r, fxjbusgv`cfdt fdtrf sg, fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu, fbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs quf mfrgvgd mf b` tr`dscgssgú m‗fbfcfdts p`trgcidg`bs. Zg fb rfsubt`t

mf b` gdtfhr`jgú g jicpfds`jgú midçs s`bmi dfh`tgu, fb sfu gcpirt dicçs fs pimrá jicpfds`r `ck fb pisgtgu quf fs pisg mf c`dgnfst mur`dt fbs qu`trf `dys sfhòfdts. @qufstfs jicpfds`jgids s‗eùr`d m‗fnfjtu`r fd b` qu`dtg` cáxgc` quf pfrcftg j`m` ud mfbs fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts g sfdsf quf fs puhug pr`jtgj`r nir` mfb tfrcgdg tf rcgdg cgto`dè`dt b‗`jucub`jgú ` rfdmfs dfh`tgvfs m‗fxfrjgjgs pistfrgirs.

@jtgvgt` @jt gvgt`ts ts pri pripis pis`mf `mfss 7󰂸󰂸 [f`bgtz` ud fsqufc` fd quå fs cistrg jic fs mftfrcgdfd t`dt b` k`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b jic b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg. gcpis`kbf

::6

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b g mf b‗fst`bvg B` Bùr` Hibcçs e` iktgdhut bfs sfhòfdts rfdmfs mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

[fdmgcfdts [fdmgc fdts dfts dfts rfmuéts mfb trfk`bb? trfk`bb? >1 111 . [fdmgcfdts [fdmgc fdts dfts rfmuéts rfmuéts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg? gccikgbg`rg? 0 111 . [fdmgcfdts [fdmgc fdts mfrgv`ts mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf Bbftrfs Bbftrfs mfb ]rfsir? ]rfsir? 511 . [fdmgc [f dmgcfdt fdt dft mf b‗`jtgvgt`t b‗`jtgvgt`t prinfssgi prinfssgid`b? d`b? ∛6 111 . [fdmfs [f dmfs gccikgbgárg gccikgbgárgfs fs gcput`mfs? gcput`mfs? 06 111 111 . Hu`dy p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt prijfmfdt mf b` vfdm` m‗`jjgids `mqugrgmfs `mqugrgmfs fd b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir? 0 111 . Hu`dy p`trgcidg`b p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt mf b` vfdm` vfdm` m‗ud pgs `mqugrgt `mqugrgt fd b‗fxfrjgjg fjidûcgj `dtfrgir? `dtfrgir? >1 111 . Qårmu` p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt prijfmfdt m‗ud fbfcfdt `mqugrgt `mqugrgt fd fb c`tfgx fxfrjgjg `nfjtf `nfjtf ` b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj`? fjidûcgj`? 51 111 .

@ jidtgdu`jgú, jidtgdu`jgú, mftfrcgd`rfc b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfb pfrãimf, mgnfrfdjg`dt fdtrf k`sf hfdfr`b g mf b‗fst`bvg. [fdmfs quf nircfd b` p`rt hfdfr`b mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfb pfrãimf?

Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b [fdmgcfdts dfts rfmuéts mfb trfk`bb

>1111,11 

[fdmgcfdts [fdmgc fdts dfts rfmuéts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg [fdmgcfdt [fdmgc fdt dft `jtgvgt`t prinfssgid`b

0111,11 

[fdmfs gccikgbgárgfs gcput`mfs Z`bmi mf rfdmgcfdts g gcput`jgids

Hu`dys g pårmufs di mfrgv`mfs mf tr`dscgssgids K`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b

∛6111,11



06111,11  80111,11 ₢

1,11  80111,11 ₢

[fdmfs quf nircfd b` p`rt mf b‗fst`bvg mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mfb pfrãimf?

Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg [fdmgcfdts mfrgv`ts mf b‗`cirtgtz`jgú mf Bbftrfs mfb ]rfsir

511,11 

Z`bmi mf rfdmgcfdts

511,11 ₢

Hu`dy p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt mf b` vfdm` m `jjgids

0111,11 

Hu`dy p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt mf b` vfdm` m‗ud pgs

>1111,11 

Qårmu` p`trgcidg`b prijfmfdt m‗ud fbfcfdt `nfjtf ` b‗`jtgvgt`t fjidûcgj` Z`bmi mf hu`dys g pårmufs mfrgv`mfs mf tr`dscgssgids

∛51111,11



07111,11 ₢

Jic quf fb rfsubt`t mf b` gdtfhr`jgú g jicpfds`jgú mfbs hu`dys g pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs mfrgv`ts mf tr`dscgssgids rfsubt` dfh`tgu (-07 111 ), fs jicpfds`rá `ck fbs hu`dys g bfs pårmufs p`trgcidg`bs quf jirrfspidhugd ` `qufst jidjfptf g fs pisgd mf c`dgnfst mur`dt fbs = `dys sfhòfdts. K`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg

511,11 ₢

::>

01 44 K`sf bgqugm`kbf @ b‗ghu`b quf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf, b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf fstá nirc`m` pfr? K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b. ‚ ‚ K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg. K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b

B` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b fst`rá jidstgtuém` pfb rfsubt`t mf pr`jtgj`r, fd b` k`sf gcpis`kbf hfdfr`b, bfs rfmujjgids fst`kbfrtfs ` b` bbfg. @ck j`rájtfr prfvg, fs rf`bgtz`rá, sg çs prijfmfdt, b` rfmujjgú pfr trgkut`jgú jidoudt`, sfhids b` qu`b b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fs rfmugrá fd : =11 furis. Fd fbs supûsgts m‗udgt`ts n`cgbg`rs cidip`rfdt`bs, `qufst` rfmujjgú sfrá mf ; 061 061 furis `du`bs. @ jidtgdu`jgú, g pfr `qufst irmrf, s‗fnfjtu`r`d bfs sfhòfdts rfmujjgids sfdsf quf, jic ` rfsubt`t, b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf puhug rfsubt`r dfh`tgv`? 0. Qfr `pirt`jgids g jidtrgkujgids jidtrgkujgids ` sgstfcfs mf prfvgsgú sijg`b? s‗eg gdjbiufd `pirt`jgids g jidtrgkujgids ` sgstfcfs mf prfvgsgú jic `r` pb`ds mf pfdsgids, cutu`bgt`ts mf prfvgsgú sijg`b, pb`ds mf prfvgsgú `ssfhur`ts, ftj. @ fnfjtfs ngsj`bs, fb bãcgt cáxgc jidoudt fd `qufstfs `pirt`jgids sfrá mfb :1% mf b` suc` mfbs rfdmgcfdts dfts mfb trfk`bb g m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs pfrjfkuts gdmgvgmu`bcfdt fd b‗fxfrjgjg (61% pfr ` jidtrgkufdts còirs mf 61 `dys) g, fd tit j`s, mf 01 111 111 furis `du`bs (0; 611 furis pfr ` jidtrgkufdts còirs mf 61 `dys). ;. Qfr `pirt`jgids g jidtrgkujgids jidtrgkujgids ` sgstfcfs mf prfvgsgú prfvgsgú sijg`b jidstgtuéts ` n`vir mf pfrsidfs `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t. :. Qfr `pirt`jgids ` p`trgcidgs p`trgcidgs pritfhgts mf bfs pfrsidfs `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t. =. pfdsgidm‗`ngbg`jgú pfdsgids s jicpfds`tûrgfs. jicpfds`tûrgfs. 6. Qfr Qfr quitfs g `pirt`jgids ` p`rtgts p`rtgts pibãtgjs, nfmfr`jgids, ji`bgji`bgjgids i `hrup`jgids m‗fbfjtirs, `ck fb bãcgt cáxgc mf >11 furis `du`bs. Zg b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b rfsubtçs dfh`tgv`, fb sfu gcpirt fs pimrá jicpfds`r `ck fbs mf bfs k`sfs bgqugm`kbfs hfdfr`bs pisgtgvfs quf s‗iktgdhugd fd fbs = `dys sfhòfdts.

B` jicpfds`jgú s‗eùrá m‗fnfjtu`r fd b` qu`dtg` cáxgc` quf pfrcftg j`m` ud mfbs fxfrjgjgs sfhòfdts g sfdsf quf fs puhug pr`jtgj`r nir` mfb tfrcgdg `b qu`b fs rfnfrfgx fb p`ráhr`n `dtfrgir cgto`dè`dt b‗`jucub`jgú ` k`sfs bgqugm`kbfs hfdfr`bs dfh`tgvfs m‗`dys pistfrgirs. K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg

B` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg sfrá fb rfsubt`t mf mgscgdugr b` k`sf gcpis`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg fd fb ric`dfdt, sg çs prijfmfdt, mf b` rfmujjgú pfr pfdsgids jicpfds`tûrgfs g pfr quitfs m‗`ngbg`jgú g `pirt`jgids ` p`rtgts pibãtgjs, nfmfr`jgids, ji`bgjgids i `hrup`jgids m‗fbfjtirs. B` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg rfsubt`dt, ud jip pr`jtgj`mfs `qufstfs mgscgdujgids, di pimrá rfsubt`r dfh`tgv`.

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

00 44 Cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r Fb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r jidstgtufgx b` p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf quf, pfr mfstgd`r-sf ` s`tgsnfr bfs dfjfssgt`ts kásgqufs pfrsid`bs g n`cgbg`rs mfb jidtrgkufdt, di sf sitcft ` trgkut`jgú pfr `qufst gcpist. Fs pimfd mid`r fbs supûsgts sfhòfdts? ‚ Pu`d b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b sghug supfrgir ` b‗gcpirt mfb cãdgc

pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r, nirc`rá p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b. ‚ Pu`d b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b sghug gdnfrgir ` b‗gcpirt mfb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r, nirc`rá p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b pfr b‗gcpirt m‗`qufst` ÿbtgc` g mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg pfr b` rfst`. ‚ Pu Pu`d `d di fx fxgs gstf tfgx gxgg k` k`sf sf bgq bgqug ugm` m`kb kbff hf hfdf dfr` r`b, b, fb cã cãdg dgc c pf pfrs rsid id`b `b g n` n`cg cgbg bg`r `r nirc`rá p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg. Fb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r sfrá fb rfsubt`t mf suc`r fb cãdgc mfb jidtrgkufdt g fbs cãdgcs pfr mfsjfdmfdts, `sjfdmfdts g mgsj`p`jgt`t, gdjrfcfdt`ts i mgscgduéts ` fnfjtfs mf jábjub mfb hr`v`cfd ùtidûcgj fd fbs gcpirts quf e`hgd fst`t `priv`ts pfr b` jicudgt`t ùtûdic`. ùtûdic`. Cãdgc mfb jidtrgkufdt

Fb cãdgc mfb jidtrgkufdt çs, `ck j`rájtfr hfdfr`b, mf 6 060 060 furis `du`bs, `ck gdmfpfdmådjg` mfb dÿcfri mf cfckrfs gdtfhr`ts ` b` udgt`t n`cgbg`r g mfb råhgc mf trgkut`jgú fbfhgt, çs ` mgr, mf sg fs rf`bgtz` mfjb`r`jgú gdmgvgmu`b i jidoudt`. Pu`d fb jidtrgkufdt tgdhug ud` fm`t supfrgir ` >6 `dys, fb cãdgc s‗ùhcfdt`rá fd 705 furis `du`bs. Zg b‗fm`t çs supfrgir ` 86 `dys, fb cãdgc s‗ùhcfdt`rá `mmgjgid`bcfdt fd 0 0;; furis `du`bs. Cãdgc pfr mfsjfdmfdts

Fb cãdgc pfr mfsjfdmfdts s‗`pbgj` pfr j`m` ud mfbs mfsjfdmfdts cfdirs mf ;6 `dys i `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` fm`t, sfcprf quf jidvgsqug `ck fb jidtrgkufdt g di tgdhug rfdmfs `du`bs, fxjbisfs bfs fxfcptfs, supfrgirs ` 5 111 111 furis. Fb sfu gcpirt g cpirt sfrá? ‚ 0 5:> furis `du`bs pfb prgcfr. ‚ ; 1=1 furis `du`bs pfb sfhid. ‚ : >8; furis `du`bs pfb tfrjfr.

::8

‚ = 05; furis `du`bs pfb qu`rt g sfhòfdts.

Pu`d fb mfsjfdmfdt sghug cfdir mf trfs `dys, fb cãdgc ùhcfdt`rá fd ; ;== ;== furis `du`bs. Cãdgc pfr `sjfdmfdts

Fb cãdgc pfr `sjfdmfdts sfrá mf 705 furis `du`bs pfr j`m` ud mfbs `sjfdmfdts còir mf >6 `dys i `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t, gdmfpfdmfdtcfdt mf b` sfv` fm`t, quf jidvgsqug `ck fb jidtrgkufdt g di tgdhug rfdmfs `du`bs, fxjbisfs bfs fxfcptfs, supfrgirs ` 5 111 111 furis. Pu`d b‗`sjfdmfdt sghug còir mf 86 `dys, fb cãdgc s‗ùhcfdt`rá fd 0 0;; furis `du`bs.

@pbgj`jgú mfb cãdgc pfr `sjfdmfdts Qfr ` b‗`pbgj`jgú mfb cãdgc pfr `sjfdmfdts, sfrá dfjfss`rg quf jidvgsqugd `ck fb jidtrgkufdt `bcfdys b` cfgt`t mfb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu.

::5

Cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t

Qrirr`tfgh mfb cãdgc n`cgbg`r Pu`d mis i cçs jidtrgkufdts tgdhugd mrft ` b‗`pbgj`jgú mfb cãdgc pfr mfsjfdmfdts, `sjfdmfdts i mgsj`p`jgt`t, rfspfjtf mfbs c`tfgxis `sjfdmfdts i mfsjfdmfdts, fb sfu gcpirt fs prirr`tfo`rá fdtrf fbbs pfr p`rts ghu`bs.

Fb cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t sfrá b` suc` mfb cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t mfb jidtrgkufdt g mfb cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t m‗`sjfdmfdts m‗`sjfdmfdts g mfsjfdmfdts. ‚ Cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t mfb jidtrgkufdt? ; :0> furis `du`bs, quf ùh-

cfdt`r`d ` 8 1:5 furis `du`bs qu`d fb hrù mf cgdusv`bgmfs` sghug supfrgir `b >6%. ‚ Cãdgc pfr mgsj`p`jgt`t m‗`sjfdmfdts i mfsjfdmfdts? ; :0> furis `du`bs, quf ùhcfdt`r`d ` 8 1:5 furis `du`bs qu`d fb hrù mf cgdus v`bgmfs` sghug supfrgir supfrgir `b >6%. @qufsts cãdgcs s‗ùhcfdt`r`d, fd jidjfptf mf mfspfsfs m‗`ssgstådjg`, fd ; :0> furis `du`bs qu`d s‗`jrfmgtg b` dfjfssgt`t m‗òum` mf tfrjfrfs pfrsidfs, cikgbgt`t rfmuém`, i ud hrù mf cgdusv`bgmfs` quf sghug ghu`b i supfrgir `b >6%.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mfb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r @ jidtgdu`jgú, mftfrcgd`rfc b‗gcpirt mfb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r t`dt pfr ` mfjb`r`jgids gdmgvgmu`bs jic jidoudtfs, `gxã jic bfs rfmujjgids mf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf quf prijfmfgxgd pfr mfjb`r`jgids jidoudtfs fd fbs j`sis sfhòfdts? `) C`trgcidg `ck trfs ffbbs cfdirs quf di e`hgd iktgdhut rfdmfs supfrgirs ` 5 111 ₢.

]rgkut`jgú gdmgvgmu`b pfr j`m` ud mfbs jûdouhfs? ‚ Cãdgc mfb mfb jidtrgkufd jidtrgkufdt? t? 6 060 . ‚ Cãdgc pf pfrr mfsjfdmfdt mfsjfdmfdts? s? (0 5:> + ; 1=1 + :>8;) / ; 3 : 88= . ]rgkut`jgú jidoudt`? ‚ Cãdgc mfb mfb jidtrgkufd jidtrgkufdt? t? 6 060 . ‚ Cãdgc pfr pfr mfsjfdmfdt mfsjfdmfdts? s? 8 6=5 . ‚ [f [fmujjg mujjgúú pfr trgku trgkut`jgú t`jgú jidoudt` jidoudt`?? : =11 =11 . k) Fb J`rbfs C`rtã çs ud mgvirjg`t quf jidvgu `ck ud ffbb mf ;= `dys quf pfrjfp ud` rfdm` `du`b mf > 611 ₢. ]`ckç jidvgu mur`dt tit b‗`dy `ck b` c`rf mfb jidtrgkufdt, mf 56 `dys m‗fm`t g quf pfrjfp rfdmfs gdnfrgirs ` 5 111 ₢. ]`dt ]`dt fb mfsjfdmfdt mfsjfdmf dt jic b‗`sjfdmfdt di prfsfdtfd mfjb`r`jgú pfr G[QN G[QN..

]rgkut`jgú gdmgvgmu`b pfr j`m` ud mfbs jûdouhfs? ‚ Cãdgc mfb mfb jidtrgkufd jidtrgkufdt? t? 6 060 . ‚ Cãdgc pf pfrr mfsjfdmfdt mfsjfdmfdts? s? 0 5:> . ‚ Cãdgc pfr `sjfdmfdt `sjfdmfdts? s? 705 705 + 0 0;; 3 ; 1=1 . ]rgkut`jgú jidoudt`? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Cãdgc mfb mfb jidtrgkufd jidtrgkufdt? t? 6 060 . Cãdgc pfr pfr mfsjfdmfdt mfsjfdmfdts? s? 0 5:> . Cãdgc pfr `sjfd `sjfdmfdt mfdts? s? 705 705 + 0 0;; 3 ; 1=1 . [fmujjg [f mujjgúú pfr trgku trgkut`jgú t`jgú jidoudt` jidoudt`?? ; 061 061 .

::7

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

0; 44 Mftfrcgd`jgú mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs B` mftfrcgd`jgú mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs mf b‗G[QN fs rf`bgtz` ` p`rtgr mfbs jicpidfdts fd quå fs mgvgmfgx b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mfb jidtrgkufdt? ‚ K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b ` b` qu`b sf bg `pbgqufd fbs tgpus prihrfssgus mf

b‗fsj`b` hfdfr`b g mf b‗fsj`b` jicpbfcfdtárg`. ‚ K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg ` b` qu`b sf bg `pbgqufd tgpus mf bfs sfvfs fsj`bfs jirrfspidfdts. Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b

B` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b sfrá b` suc` mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts rfsubt`dts m‗`pbgj`r fbs tgpus mf hr`v`cfd ` bfs k`sfs bgqugm`kbfs hfdfr`b g mf b‗fst`bvg, rfspfjtgv`cfdt? 0

K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b x ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` hfdfr`b 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b fst`t`b 0

;

K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b x ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b fst`t`b ;

:

K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg x ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` fst`bvg fst`t`b 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg fst`t`b 0

=

K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg x ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg fst`t`b ;

Puit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b 3 0 + ; + : + = Fsj`b` hfdfr`b

@ b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b sf bg `pbgj`r`d fbs tgpus quf s‗gdmgqufd ` b‗fsj`b` sfhòfdt?

K`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

Puit` ãdtfhr` furis

[fst` k`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

]gpus `pbgj`kbf

1,11 08 818,;1

1,11 ; 0;=,5>

08 818,;1 06 :11,11

0;% 0=%

:: 118,;1

= ;>>,5>

;1 =11,11

05,61%

6: =18,;1

5 1=1,5>

>> 67:,11

;0,61%

0;1 111,;1

;; :65,:>

66 111,11

;;,61%

086 111,;1

:= 8::,:>

Fd fdm`v`dt

;:,61%

B` qu`dtg` rfsubt`dt fs cgdir`rá fd b‗gcpirt mfrgv`t m‗`pbgj`r, ` b` p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b jirrfspidfdt `b cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r, b‗fsj`b` prfvgst` `dtfrgir. ]gpus cgtoá mf hr`v`cfd hfdfr`b fst`t`b

Çs fb mfrgv`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 011 fb quijgfdt rfsubt`dt mf mgvgmgr b` quit` iktgdhum` pfr b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b. Fb tgpus cgtoá mf hr`v`cfd hfdfr`b fst`t`b s‗fxprfss`rá `ck mis mfjgc`bs. ]gpus cgtoá hfdfr`b fst`t`b

3

011 ¸

Puit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b

:=1

Fsj`b` mf hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg

@ b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b, sf bg `pbgj`r`d fbs tgpus quf s‗gdmgqufd ` b` sfhòfdt fsj`b` jirrfspidfdt `b hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg mf sibgm`rgt`t?

K`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

[fst` k`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

Puit` ãdtfhr` furis

]gpus `pbgj`kbf

1

1

0; 818,;1

1,86%

08 818,;1

0:;,51

06 :11,11

;%

:: 118,;1

=:5,51

;1 =11,11

:%

6: =18,;1

0 161,51

>> 67:,11

=%

0;1 111,;1

: 80=,6;

66 111,11

6%

086 111,;1

> =>=,6;

0;6 111,11

>%

:11 111,;1

0: 7>=,6;

Fd fdm`v`dt

8%

B` qu`dtg` rfsubt`dt fs cgdir`rá fd b‗gcpirt mfrgv`t m‗`pbgj`r `qufst` fsj`b` ` b` p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b jirrfspidfdt `b cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r. Pu`d fb jidtrgkufdt s`tgsn`jg `du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts `bs sfus ngbbs pfr mfjgsgú oumgjg`b g fb sfu gcpirt sghug gdnfrgir ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b, `pbgj`rá `qufst` fsj`b`, mf nirc` sfp`r`m` ` b‗gcpirt mf bfs `du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts g ` b` rfst` mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b. Fsj`b` mf b‗fst`bvg

B` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg, fd b` p`rt quf di jirrfspidhug, sg çs prijfmfdt, `ck fb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r, fs hr`v`rá `bs tgpus quf `p`rfgxfd ` b‗fsj`b` sfhòfdt? ‚ Ngds ` > 111 furis? s‗`pbgj`rá fb 7,6%. ‚ Mfs mf > 111,10 furis fd fdm`v`dt? s‗`pbgj`rá fb 01,61%.

B` qu`dtgt`t rfsubt`dt m‗`pbgj`r fb tgpus tg pus mf hr`v`cfd fspfjg`b mf b‗gcpist ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg fs cgdir`rá fd fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r fb tgpus fspfjg`b `b ric`dfdt mfb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r di `pbgj`t ` b` k`sf bg-

qugm`kbf hfdfr`b pfr gdsungjgådjg`. Fsj`b` mf hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg mf b‗fst`bvg

@ b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg sf bg `pbgj`rá ud hr`v`cfd jicpbfcfdt`rg, jicpbfcfdt`rg, quf sfrá?

K`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

Puit` ãdtfhr` furis

[fst` k`sf bgqugm`kbf ngds ` furis

]gpus `pbgj`kbf

1,11

1,11

> 111,11

;%

> 111,11

0;1,11

05 111,11

=%

;= 111,11

5=1,11

Fd fdm`v`dt

>%

:=0

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b B‗@urir` D`vás prfsfdt` ud` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b mf >; 111  g ud` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg mf = 111 . Fb sfu cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r çs mf 6 060 . @ jidtgdu`jgú, fd mftfrcgd`rfc b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b?

Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b 0? ngds ` 6: =18,;1

5 1=1,5>

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b 0? rfst` (>; 111 ∛ 6: =18,;1) `b ;0,6 %

0 5=8,=6

Puit` 0

7 555,:0

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ;. ]gpus jicpbfcfdt.? ngds ` 6: =18,;1 Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ;. ]gpus jicpbfcfdt.? rfst` (>; 111 ∛ 6: =18,;1) `b =% Puit` ;

Cãdgc pfrsid`b? ngds ` 6060 `b 0;%

0 161,51 :=:,80 0 :7=,60

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b fst`t`b

Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg 0? = 111 `b 7,6% Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg ;? = 111 `b ;% Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg fst`t`b (0 + ;) Puit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b (01>>=,81 + =>1,11)

∛>05,0;

01 >>=,81

:51,11 51,11 =>1,11 00 0;=,81

Mftfrcgd`jgú Mftfrcgd` jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` ùtidûcgj`

B` quit` ãdtfhr` ùtidûcgj` mf b‗gcpist sfrá b` suc` mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts rfsubt`dts m‗`pbgj`r fbs tgpus mf hr`v`cfd ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b g mf b‗fst`bvg, rfspfjtgv`cfdt? 0

K`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b Ø ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` ùtidûcgj` 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj`

;

K`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg Ø ]gpus mf b‗fsj`b` mf b‗fst`bvg ùtidûcgj` 3 Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg ùtidûcgj`

Puit` ãdtfhr` ùtidûcgj` 3 0 + ;

Fsj`b` ùtidûcgj`

J`m` jicudgt`t ùtûdic` `priv` b` sfv` prûpg` fsj`b` mf hr`v`cfd. B` qu`dtg` rfsubt`dt m‗`pbgj`r ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf pfb tgpus ùtidûcgj fs cgdir`rá fd b‗gcpirt mfrgv`t m‗`pbgj`r, ` b` p`rt mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b jirrfspidfdt `b cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r, b‗fsj`b` prfvgst` `dtfrgir. ]gpus cgtoá mf hr`v`cfd hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj

Çs fb mfrgv`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 011 fb quijgfdt rfsubt`dt mf mgvgmgr b` quit` ùtidûcgj` pfr b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b. Fb tgpus cgtoá mf hr`v`cfd hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj s‗fxprfss`rá `ck mis mfjgc`bs.

:=;

Fsj`b` mf b‗fst`bvg ùtidûcgj`

B` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg, fd b` p`rt quf di jirrfspidhug, sg çs prijfmfdt, `ck fb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r quf rfsubtg mfbs gdjrfcfdts i bfs mgscgdujgids b` jicudgt`t ùtûdic`, fs hr`v`rá `bs tgpus quf `p`rfgxfd `priv`ts ` b‗fsj`b`pfr sfhòfdt. ‚ Ngds ` > 111 furis? s‗eg `pbgj`rá fb 7,6%. ‚ Mfs mf > 111,10 furis fd fdm`v`dt? s‗eg `pbgj`rá fb 01,61%.

B` qu`dtgt`t rfsubt`dt m‗`pbgj`r fb tgpus tg pus mf hr`v`cfd fspfjg`b mf b‗gcpist ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg fs cgdir`rá fd fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r fb tgpus fspfjg`b `b ric`dfdt mfb cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r di `pbgj`t ` b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b pfr gdsungjgådjg` m‗`qufst`.

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj` B‗Fbgs` C`rtã prfsfdt` ud` k`sf bgqugm`kbf hfdfr`b mf =1 111  g ud` k`sf bgqugm`kbf b gqugm`kbf mf b‗fst`bvg mf : 111 . Fb sfu cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r çs mf = 511 . Mftfrcgd` b` quit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj`.

Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj` Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b 0? ngds ` :: 118,;1

= ;>>,5>

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr` hfdfr` 0? rfst` (=1 111 ∛ ::118,;1) `b 05,6 %

0 ;7:,>8

Puit` 0

6 6>1,6:

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ;. ]gpus jicpbfcfdt.? ngds ` :: 118,;1

=:5,51

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ;. ]gpus jicpbfcfdt.? rfst` (=1111 (=1 111 ∛ :: ::118,;1 118,;1)) `b :%

;17,85

Puit` ; Cãdgc pfrsid`b? ngds ` =511 `b 0;% Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b fst`t`b (0 + ;)

Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg 0? : 111 `b 7,6% Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg ;? : 111 `b ;%

>=5,65

∛68>,11

6 >::,00

;56,11 >1,11

Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b fst`bvg fst`t`b (0 + ;)

:=6,11

Puit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b (6>::,00 + :=6,11)

6 785,00

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj`? ngds ` :: 118,;1

= 061,0=

Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj`? rfst` (=1111 (=1 111 ∛ ::118,;1) `b 05,:1%

0 ;87,>5

Cãdgc pfrsid`b? ngds ` =511 ` b‗00,>1% Puit` ãdtfhr` hfdfr`b ùtidûcgj`

∛66>,51

= 58:,1;

Puit` ãdtfhr` mf b‗fst`bvg ùtidûcgj`? : 111 `b 7,6%

;56,11

Puit` ãdtfhr` ùtidûcgj` (=58:,1; + ;56,11)

6 065,1;

:=:

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

0: 44 Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` bãqugm` B` quit` bãqugm` fs mftfrcgd` suc`dt b` quit` bãqugm` fst`t`b g b` quit` bãqugm` ùtidûcgj`, ùtidûcgj`, tfdgdt fd jicptf quf dg b` p`rt fst`t`b dg b` p`rt ùtidûcgj` mf b` quit` bãqugm` pimfd rfsubt`r dfh`tgvfs.

Puit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b

Puit` bãqugm` ùtidûcgj`

(∛) ]r`c fst`t`b mf b` mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thfs `mqugrgts `k`ds mf b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:

(∛) ]r`c ùtidûcgj mf b` mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thfs `mqugrgts `k`ds mf b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:

(∛) 61% rfst`dts mfmujjgids bbfv`t mfmujjgú pfr ikrfs mf cgbbir`

(∛) 61% rfst`dts mfmujjgids bbfv`t mfmujjgú pfr ikrfs mf cgbbir`

(∛) 011% Mfmujjgú pfr ikrfs mf cgbbir`

(∛) Mfmujjgids ùtidûcgqufs

Puit` bãqugm` fst`t`b

Puit` bãqugm` ùtidûcgj`

Puit` bãqugm` 3 Puit` bãqugm` fst`t`b + Puit` bãqugm` ùtidûcgj` Mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b `mqugrgt `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:

@ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` ;10:, b` Bbfg mf b‗G[QN rfjibbg` rfjibbg ` ud` mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b pfr b` qu`b fs pimg` mfmugr mf b` b ` quit` ud pfrjfdt`thf mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts `kid`mfs pfr ` b` jicpr`, jidstrujjgú i rfe`kgbgt`jgú mf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b. Mfs mf b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:, `qufst` mfmujjgú mfmujjgú e` mfs`p`rfhut. ]it g `gxû, s‗fst`kbfgx ud råhgc tr`dsgtirg mf mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgú fd e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b fd vgrtut mf b` qu`b fs pimrá sfhugr pr`jtgj`dt b` mfmujjgú fd fbs jidtrgkufdts sfhòfdts? ‚ Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf e`hufssgd `mqugrgt fb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b i e`-

hufssgd s`tgsnft qu`dtgt`ts pfr ` b` sfv` jidstrujjgú `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10:. ‚ Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf e`hufssgd s`tgsnft qu`dtgt`ts pfr ikrfs mf rfe`kgbgt`jgú, `cpbg`jgú m‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b i kç rf`bgtz`jgú m‗ikrfs g gdst`b¸b`jgids m‗`mfqu`jgú mf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b mf bfs pfrsidfs `ck mgsj`p`jgt`t. Fd tit j`s, e`d e`hut mf s`tgsnfr qu`dtgt`ts pfr `qufst jidjfptf `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10: g bfs fscfdt`mfs ikrfs s‗e`d m‗`j`k`r `k`ds mf b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;108.

Mf tit` c`dfr`, jidvç tfdgr prfsfdt quf, jic ` rfqugsgt gcprfsjgdmgkbf pfr pimfr `pbgj`r `qufst råhgc tr`dsgtirg mf mfmujjgú, s‗fxghfgx quf fbs jidtrgkufdts e`hgd `pbgj`t b` mfmujjgú pfr b‗e`kgt`thf fb ;10; i fd `dys `dtfrgirs, bbfv`t quf fdj`r` di b‗e`hgd pihut `pbgj`r pfrquå b‗gcpirt gdvfrtgt di e`hg supfr`t b‗gcpirt fxfcpt pfr rfgdvfrsgú i bfs k`sfs fnfjtgvfs mf mfmujjgú m‗e`kgt`thfs `dtfrgirs. Fbs pfrjfdt`thfs mf mfmujjgú súd? ‚ Fb tr`c fst`t`b? fb 8,6%. ‚ Fb tr`c ùtidûcgj? sfrá fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r ` b` k`sf mf b` b ` mfmujjgú fb

pfrjfdt`thf quf e`hg fst`t `priv`t pfr j`m` jicudgt`t ùtûdic`. ùtûdic`. Fd fb sfu mfnfjtf, sfrá m‗`pbgj`jgú fb 8,6%.

:==

B` k`sf cáxgc` m‗`qufst` mfmujjgú, mfmujjgú, pfr mfjb`r`jgú, sfrá mf 7 1=1 furis. Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf e`hufssgd mgpisgt`t qu`dtgt`ts fd ud jicptf e`kgt`thf `ck `dtfrgirgt`t ` b‗0 mf hfdfr mf ;10: di pimr`d `pbgj`r, ` p`rtgr mf b‗0 mf hfdfr fb råhgcpr`jtgj`mfs tr`dsgtirg mf mfmujjgú`dtfrgirs, pfr e`kgt`thf. ]it g `gxû,vgddi pfrmfdmfbfs;10:, mfmujjgids fdb`fxfrjgjgs quf sfhufgxfd jub`mfs `b jicpbgcfdt mf tits fbs rfqugsgts mfbs jicptfs e`kgt`thf vghfdts fd fb cicfdt fd quå fs v`d pr`jtgj`r `qufstfs mfmujjgids pfr jidsibgm`r-sf. Mfmujjgids fd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs

@bs jidtrgkufdts quf fxfrjfgxgd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fbs sfr`d m‗`pbgj`jgú fbs gdjfdtgus g fstãcubs ` b` gdvfrsgú fcprfs`rg`b fst`kbfrts i quf s‗fst`kbfgxgd fd b` dirc`tgv` mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts `ck ghu`bt`t mf pfrjfdt`thf g bãcgts mf mfmujjgú, `ck b‗fxjfpjgú mf b` mfmujjgú pfr rfgdvfrsgú mf kfdfngjgs fxtrìrmgd`rgs. ]it g `gxû, qu`d fs tr`jtg mf jidtrgkufdts pfr `qufst gcpist quf fxfrjfgxgd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fjidûcgqufs g mftfrcgdgd fb sfu rfdmgcfdt dft pfb cåtimf m‗fstgc`jgú ikofjtgv`, dicçs pimr`d `pbgj`r b` mfmujjgú pfr `b nicfdt mf bfs tfjdibihgfs mf b` gdnirc`jgú g mf b` jicudgj`jgú, bbfv`t quf rfhb`cfdtárg`cfdt fs mftfrcgdg ud` `btr` jis`, tfdgdt fd jicptf bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs g bfs ikbgh`jgids nirc`bs mf b‗fscfdt`t cåtimf. Mfmujjgids pfr mid`tgus

Fbs jidtrgkufdts pimr`d `pbgj`r fd `qufst jidjfptf? ‚ Bfs mfmujjgids prfvgstfs ` b` Bbfg =7/;11;, mf ;: mf mfsfckrf, mf råhgc

ngsj`b mf bfs fdtgt`ts sfdsf ngd`bgt`ts bujr`tgvfs g mfbs gdjfdtgus ngsj`bs `b cfjfd`thf. B` mfmujjgú sfrá m‗ ud ;6% ;6%,, fd hfdfr` hfdfr`bb. ‚ Fb 01% mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts mid`mfs ` bfs nudm`jgids bfh`bcfdt rfjidfhumfs quf rftgd jicptfs ` b‗ûrh`d mfb pritfjtir`t jirrfspidfdt, `gxã jic ` bfs `ssijg`jgids mfjb`r`mfs m‗utgbgt`t pÿkbgj`. Mfmujjgú pfr rfdmfs iktgdhumfs ` Jfut` g Cfbgbb`

Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf tgdhugd b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b ` Jfut` g Cfbgbb` fs mfmugr`d fb 61% mf b` p`rt mf b` suc` mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj` quf pripirjgid`bcfdt jirrfspidhug ` bfs rfdmfs jicput`mfs pfr ` b` mftfrcgd`jgú mf bfs k`sfs bgqugm`kbfs quf e`hufssgd fst`t iktgd-

humfs ` Jfut` g Cfbgbb`. Fbs jidtrgkufdts quf di tgdhugd b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b ` Jfut` i Cfbgbb` fs mfmugr`d fb 61 pfr jfdt mf b` p`rt mf b` suc` mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj` quf pripirjgid`bcfdt jirrfspidhug ` bfs rfdmfs quf e`hufssgd fst`t iktgdhumfs ` Jfut` i Cfbgbb`. Mfmujjgú pfr `jtu`jgids pfr ` b` pritfjjgú g mgnusgú mfb Q`trgcidg Egstûrgj Fsp`dyib g mf bfs jgut`ts, jidoudts g kçds mfjb`r`ts Q`trgcidg Cudmg`b

Fbs jidtrgkufdts tgdmr`d mrft ` ud` mfmujjgú fd b` quit` mfb 06% mf b‗gcpirt mf bfs gdvfrsgids i bfs mfspfsfs quf rf`bgtzgd fd `qufsts kçds qu`d jicpbfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts fst`kbfrts.

:=6

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

Mfmujjgú pfr jicptf fst`bvg-fcprfs`

Fbs jidtrgkufdts pimr`d `pbgj`r ud` mfmujjgú pfr bfs qu`dtgt`ts quf fs mgpisgtgd fd fdtgt`ts mf jråmgt, fd jicptfs sfp`r`ts mf qu`bsfvib `btrf tgpus m‗gcpisgjgú, mfstgd`ts ` b` jidstgtujgú m‗ud` sijgft`t div` fcprfs` qu`d jicpbfgxgd fbs rfqugsgts bfh`bs fst`kbfrts. B` k`sf cáxgc` m‗`qufst` mfmujjgú sfrá mf 7 111 furis `du`bs. Mfmujjgú pfr bbihufr mf b‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b

Fbs jidtrgkufdts `ck ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf gdnfrgir ` ;= 018,;1 furis `du`bs, fs pimr`d mfmugr fb 01,16% mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs fd fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu pfb bbihufr mfb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b. B` k`sf cáxgc` m‗`qufst` mfmujjgú sfrá mf? ‚ 7 1=1 furis `du`bs, qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf sghug ghu`b i gdnfrgir gdn frgir `

08 818,;1 furis `du`bs. ‚ 7 1=1 furis cfdys fb rfsubt`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 0,=0;6 b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf g 08 818,;1 furis `du`bs qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf gcpis`kb f fstghug jicprfs` fdtrf 08 818,;1 g ;= 018,;1 furis `du`bs. Mfmujjgú pfr ikrfs mf cgbbir` fd b‗e`kgt`thf

Fbs jidtrgkufdts `ck ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf gdnfrgir ` 80 118,;1 furis `du`bs, fs pimr`d mfmugr fb ;1% mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs ngds `b :0 mf mfsfckrf mf ;10; pfr bfs ikrfs mf cgbbir` rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt `qufst pfrãimf fd qu`bsfvib e`kgt`thf mf b` sfv` pripgft`t i fd b‗fmgngjg fd quå fs trikg. Z‗eg gdjbiufd cgbbirfs fd b‗fngjgådjg` fdfrhåtgj`, sukstgtujgú m‗gdst`b¸b`jgids mf sukcgdgstr`cfdts, gdst`b¸b`jgú m‗gdnr`fstrujturfs mf jicudgj`jgú rf`bgtz`mfs mur`dt `qufst pfrãimf, quf pfrcftgd b‗`jjçs ` Gdtfrdft, sfrvfgs mf tfbfvgsgú mghgt`b, ftj. Di mid`r`d mrft ` pr`jtgj`r `qufst` mfmujjgú bfs qu`dtgt`ts s`tgsnftfs cgt o`dè`dt bbgur`cfdts mf mgdfrs fd fnfjtgu. Fd j`p j`s, b` k`sf `jucub`m` mf b` mfmujjgú jirrfspidfdt `bs pfrãimfs gcpisgtgus fd quå sghug m‗`pbgj`jgú pimrá fxjfmgr mf ;1 111 furis pfr e`kgt`thf. Bãcgts

B` k`sf mf bfs mfmujjgids `dtfrgirs di pimrá fxjfmgr, pfr ` j`m` ud`, mfb

K`sf mf b` mfmujjgú pfr ikrfs mf cgbbir` B` k`sf cáxgc` `du`b m‗`qufst` mfmujjgú sfrá mf? ‚ > 86 861  `du`bs, qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf sghug ghu`b i gdnfrgir ` 6: 118,;1  `du`bs. ‚ > 861  cfdys fb rfsubt`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 1,:86 b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf g 6: 118,;1  `du`bs, qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fstghug jicprfs` fdtrf 6: 118,;1 g 80 118,;1  `du`bs.

01% mf b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf mfb jidtrgkufdt. Fbs bãcgts mf b` mfmujjgú pfr gdvfrsgids fd `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs sfr`d fbs quf fst`kbfgxg b` dirc`tgv` mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Zijgft`ts pfr `bs gdjfdtgus g fstãcubs mf b` gdvfrsgú fcprfs`rg`b. @qufsts bãcgts s‗`pbgj`r`d sikrf b` quit` quf rfsubtg mf cgdir`r b` suc` mf bfs quitfs ãdtfhrfs (fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj`) fd b‗gcpirt tit`b mf b` mfmujjgú pfr `jtu`jgids pfr ` b` pritfjjgú g mgnusgú mfb Q`trgcidg Egstûrgj Fsp`dyib g mf bfs jgut`ts, fbs jidoudts g fbs kçds mfjb`r`ts Q`trgcidg Cudmg`b. Mfmujjgids prûpgfs mf bfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs

Mftfrcgd`mfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs jicptfd `ck mfmujjgids fspfjãngqufs `pbgj`kbfs `bs jidtrgkufdts rfsgmfdts `b sfu tfrrgtirg.

:=>

0= 44 Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b B` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b sfrá fb rfsubt`t mf cgdir`r b` quit` bãqugm` tit`b mf b‗gcpist, quf sfrá b` suc` mf bfs quitfs bãqugmfs, fst`t`b g ùtidûcgj` ùtidûcgj`,, fd fbs gcpirts sfhòfdts? ‚ B` mfmujjgú pfr mikbf gcpisgjgú gdtfrd`jgid`b. ‚ B` mfmujjgú pfr iktfdjgú mf rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb i m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidû-

cgqufs. ‚ Bfs rftfdjgids, fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf g fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts. Mfmujjgids prûpgfs mf bfs jicudgt`ts ùtûdicfs

Pu`d fdtrf bfs rfdmfs mfb jidtrgkufdt nghurgd rfdmgcfdts i hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs iktgdhuts g hr`v`ts ` b‗fstr`dhfr, fs mfmugrá b` cfdir mf bfs qu`dtgt`ts sfhòfdts? ‚ B‗gcpirt fnfjtgu mfb quf s‗e` s`tgsnft ` b‗fstr`dhfr pfr r`ú m‗ud gcpist mf

d`tur`bfs` gmådtgj` i `dábih` ` `qufst gcpist i ` b‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf di [fsgmfdts sikrf `qufsts rfdmgcfdts i hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs. ‚ Fb rfsubt`t m‗`pbgj`r fb tgpus cgtoá fnfjtgu mf hr`v`cfd ` b` p`rt mf k`sf bgqugm`kbf hr`v`m` ` b‗fstr`dhfr. Fb tgpus cgtoá fnfjtgu mf hr`v`cfd sfrá fb rfsubt`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 011 fb quijgfdt iktgdhut mf mgvgmgr b` quit` bãqugm` tit`b pfr b` k`sf bgqugm`kbf. @ck `qufst` ngd`bgt`t, s‗eùrá mf mgnfrfdjg`r fb tgpus mf hr`v`cfd quf jirrfspidhug ` bfs rfdmfs hfdfr`bs g mf b‗fst`bvg, sfhids prijfmfgxg. Mfmujjgú pfr iktfdjgú mf rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb i m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs

Fbs jidtrgkufdts `ck ud` k`sf gcpis`kbf gcpis`kbf quf sghug gdnfrgir ` 0; 111 furis `du`bs quf iktgdhugd rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb i rfdmgcfdts m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs fs mfmugr`d b` qu`dtg` sfhòfdt? ‚ =11 furis `du`bs, qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf gcpis`kbf sghug ghu`b i gdnfrgir ` 5 111 furis `du`bs. ‚ =11 furis cfdys fb rfsubt`t mf cubtgpbgj`r pfr 1,01 b` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` k`sf gcpis`kbf g 5111 furis `du`bs, qu`d b` k`sf gcpis`kbf fstghug jicprfs` fdtrf 5111,10 g 0;111 furis `du`bs.

B gcpirt m `qufst` mfmujjgú di pimrá fxjfmgr mfb rfsubt`dt m `pbgj`r fb tgpus cgtoá mf hr`v`cfd ` b` suc` mfbs rfdmgcfdts dfts mfb trfk`bb g m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs cgdir`ts, rfspfjtgv`cfdt, pfr bfs rfmujjgids pfr rfdmgcfdts mfb trfk`bb g, sg çs prijfmfdt, b` rfmujjgú mfb =1% pfr iktfdjgú mf rfdmgcfdts fd ud pfrãimf mf cçs mf mis `dys i mf nirc` ditûrg`cfdt grrfhub`r fd fb tfcps. [ftfdjgids, gdhrfssis ` jicptf g p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts

Ngd`bcfdt, mfb rfsubt`t iktgdhut, fs mfsjicpt`r`d bfs rftfdjgids, r ftfdjgids, fbs gdhrfssis ` jicptf supirt`ts pfb jidtrgkufdt pfr rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb, fb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg, ftj., `gxã jic fbs p`h`cfdts nr`jjgid`ts fnfjtu`ts, sg çs prijfmfdt, pfb pripg jidtrgkufdt qu`d rf`bgtzg `jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs.

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

06 44 [fsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú Fb rfsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú fs mftfrcgd`rá sfhids b‗fsqufc` sfhòfdt?

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b (∛)

Mfmujjgú pfr c`tfrdgt`t

(+)

Gcpirt mf b‗`kid`cfdt `dtgjgp`t mf b` mfmujjgú pfr c`tfrdgt`t

3)

[fsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú (` gdhrfss`r i ` rftird`r)

Mfmujjgú pfr c`tfrdgt`t

Fs pimr`d `jibbgr ` `qufst` mfmujjgú bfs midfs `ck ngbbs cfdirs mf : `dys (quf midgd mrft ` b‗`pbgj`jgú mfb cãdgc pfr mfsjfdmfdts) quf rf`bgtzgd ud` `jtgvgt`t pfr jicptf pripg i `bgå pfr b` qu`b fstghugd mid`mfs m‗`bt` `b råhgc jirrfspidfdt ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b i cutu`bgt`t. @qufst` mfmujjgú jidsgstgrá fd ud` cgdir`jgú mf b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b m‗`qufst gcpist ngds ` 0;11 furis `du`bs (011 furis pfr j`m` cfs) pfr j`m` ngbb cfdir mf : `dys. B` mfmujjgú fs j`bjub`rá mf nirc` pripirjgid`b `b dÿcfri mf cfsis fd quå fs jicpbfgxgd mf nirc` sgcubtádg` fbs rfqugsgts prfvgstis fd fb p`ráhr`n `dtfrgir, g tgdmrá jic ` bãcgt pfr ` j`m` ngbb bfs jitgtz`jgids g quitfs tit`bs ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b g bfs cutu`bgt`ts cfrgt`mfs fd j`m` pfrãimf gcpisgtgu `ck pistfrgirgt`t `b d`gxfcfdt i b‗`mipjgú. @ fnfjtfs mfb jábjub m‗`qufst bãcgt, fs jicput`r`d bfs jitgtz`jgids g bfs quitfs pfbs sfus gcpirts ãdtfhrfs, ã dtfhrfs, sfdsf prfdmrf fd jidsgmfr`jgú bfs kidgngj`jgids quf pihufssgd jirrfspidmrf. Fs pimrá sib¸bgjgt`r ` b‗@hådjg` Fst`t`b m‗@mcgdgstr`jgú ]rgkutárg` b‗`kid`cfdt mf b` mfmujjgú mfmujjgú mf nirc` `dtgjgp`m` `dtgjgp`m`. Fd `qufsts supûsgts, ud jip `pbgj`m` b` mfmujjgú, fbs jidtrgkufdts eùr`d mf suc`r ` b` mfjb`r`jgú

qu`dtgt`ts quf fbs e`hufssgd fst`t pråvg`cfdt `kid`mfs, pfr di kfdfngjg`r-sf mf b` mfmujjgú mufs vfh`mfs.

Fxfcpbfs

:=8

Mftfrcgd`jgú mf b` quit` ãdtfhr` fst`t`b B‗@urir` D`vás, quf tç ud dfd m‗0 `dy, v` fst`r mid`m` m‗`bt` `b råhgc hfdfr`b mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b mur`dt tit b‗fxfrjgjg `dtfrgir, `dtfrgir, fssfdt b‗gcpirt mf bfs sfvfs jitgtz`jgids mf 0 611 . B` sfv` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b çs mf 0 0;6  g b‗@urir` di e` sib󰂸bgjgt`t b‗`kid`cfdt `dtgjgp`t mf b` mfmujjgú. Gcpirt mf b` mfmujjgú? 0; cfsis 󰂸 011,11  3 0 ;11  @qufsts 0 ;11  fst`d mgds mfb bãcgt cáxgc, quf vf mftfrcgd`t pfr b‗gcpirt mf bfs quitfs `kid`mfs ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b, quf e`d fst`t mf 0 611 , pfr b` qu`b jis` fs pimrá `pbgj`r b` b ` mfmujjgú ãdtfhr`cfdt. @ cçs, jic quf b‗@urir` di e` sib󰂸bgjgt`t b‗`kid`cfdt b‗`k id`cfdt `dtgjgp`t mf b` mfmujjgú, di eùrá mf cgdir`r `qufst` `qufs t` mfmujjgú. Qfr j`bjub`r fb rfsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú, s‗`pbgj`rá b` mfmujjgú sikrf b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b? [fsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú? 0 0;6  (quit` mgnfrfdjg`b) ∛ 0 ;11  (mfmujjgú) 3 ∛ 86  (` rftird`r)

:=5

@jtgvgt`ts ngd`bs .? JIDZIBGM@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 Mftfrcgd` qugd mfbs sfhòfdts sukofjtfs fstá ikbgh`t ` prfsfdt`r mfjb`r`jgú mf b‗G[QN? `) Qfrsid` `ck rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb prijfmfdts mf mis p`h`mirs, ud pfr ud tit`b mf 0= 111 111  g ud `btrf pfr 0 ;11  `du`bs. k) Qfrsid` `ck rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb m‗ud p`h`mir pfr ;1 111  `du`bs, rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg mf 0 011 011  `du`bs g rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs gcput`mfs mf 0 ;11  `du`bs. j) Qfrsid` quf tç jic ` ÿdgj gdhrçs fb bbihufr m‗ud gccikbf, pfb qu`b jikr` > 111  `du`bs. m) Qfrsid` quf tç jic ` ÿdgj gdhrçs, quf `sjfdmfgx ` = 111 111  `du`bs, fb m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs. f) Qfrsid` `ck rfdmgcfdts mf trfk`bb m‗ud p`h`mir pfr 05 111  `du`bs, rfdmgcfdts mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg mf 0 011  `du`bs g hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs mf ;11  `du`bs.

;󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` sg bfs sfhòfdts `ngrc`jgids súd vfrt`mfrfs i n`bsfs, rìd`dt bfs rfspistfs? `) Fb p`h`cfdt mf b‗G[QN nr`jjgid`t jidsgstfgx fd p`h`r-df b` cfgt`t fd fb cicfdt mf prfsfdt`r b` mfjb`r`jgú g b‗`btr` cfgt`t fd fb tfrcgdg rfhb`cfdt`rg. k) B‗G[QN s‗`pbgj` fd tit fb tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib, `ck bfs fspfjg`bgt`ts prfvgstfs ` J`dárgfs, Jfut` g Cfbgbb`, g sfdsf pfroumgjg mfbs råhgcs trgkut`rgs nir`bs mfb Q`ãs K`sj g D`v`rr`. j) Zúd jidtrgkufdts pfr b‗G[QN ÿdgj`cfdt fbs jgut`m`ds mf d`jgid`bgt`t fsp`dyib`. m) Di fst`d sukofjtfs ` b‗G[QN bfs qu`dtgt`ts rfkumfs pfr ud` pfrsid` pfr efrådjg`. f) Z‗fdtçd quf ud` pfrsid` tç b` sfv` rfsgmådjg` e`kgtu`b ` Fsp`dy` ` fnfjtfs mf b‗G[QN qu`d ric`d fd tfrrgtirg fsp`dyib cçs mf 5: mgfs mur`dt b‗`dy d`tur`b. n) Bfs pfrsidfs quf gdtfhrfd b` udgt`t n`cgbg`r e`d m‗ipt`r sfcprf pfr b` trgkut`jgú jidoudt` fd b‗G[QN. h) Fb pfrãimf gcpisgtgu ÿdgj`cfdt sfrá gdnfrgir ` b‗`dy d`tur`b qu`d fb jidtrgkufdt e`hg cirt fd ud mg` mgnfrfdt `b :0 mf mfsfckrf.

:󰂸󰂸 Fducfr` bfs rfdmfs quf q uf nircfd p`rt mfb nft gcpis`kbf mf b‗G[QN. b‗G[QN. =󰂸󰂸 Gdmgj` qugdfs mf bfs sfhòfdts s fhòfdts rfdmfs fst`d fxfcptfs? `) Bfs gdmfcdgtz`jgids pfr `jicg`m`cfdt i jfss`cfdt mfb trfk`bb`mir, fd b` qu`dtg` fst`kbfrt` `ck j`rájtfr ikbgh`tirg ` b‗Fst`tut mfbs ]rfk`bb`mirs. k) Hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs iktgdhuts pfr ud jidtrgkufdt mf >1 `dys pfr b` vfdm` mfb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b. j) Qrfst`jgids rfjidfhumfs `b jidtrgkufdt pfr p`rt mf b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b pfr tfdgr mfjb`r`m` ud` gdj`p`jgt`t pfrc`dfdt `ksibut`. m) Kfj` pÿkbgj` pfr jurs`r ud jgjbf nirc`tgu mf hrù supfrgir. f) Qrfcg m‗ud jidjurs tfbfvgsgu.

n) Kfj` m‗fstumgs jidjfmgm` pfr ud` fcprfs` ` ud trfk`bb`mir trfk`bb`mir.. h) Pu`dtgt`ts pfrjfkumfs pfbs ngbbs mf p`rt mfbs sfus p`rfs fd jidjfptf m‗`du`bgt`ts pfr `bgcfdts fd vgrtut mf mfjgsgú oumgjg`b. e) Qrfcg mfb sirtfgh mf b‗ir mf b` Jrfu [io`. g) Qrfcg Qrãdjfp m‗@stÿrgfs. o) Qrfcg mf b` Bitfrg` Qrgcgtgv`.

6󰂸󰂸 Mftfrcgd` qug gdtfhr` b` udgt`t n`cgbg`r fd fbs j`sis sfhòfdts? `) C`trgcidg `ck trfs ngbbs mf ;1, 08 g 06 `dys. k) Q`rfbb` mf nft `ck ud ngbb mf 5 `dys. j) C`trgcidg `ck mis ngbbs, ud mf ;0 `dys gdj`p`jgt`t oumgjg`bcfdt oumgjg`bcfdt g ud `btrf mf 0> `dys. m) C`trgcidg `ck ud ngbb mf : `dys quf jidvgu `ck b` c`rf m‗ud mfbs jûdouhfs quf fd mfpåd fjidûcgj`cfdt.

:=7

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

.? @QBGJ@JGÚ ?. 0󰂸󰂸 B‗@dtidg C`rtã, mf =6 `dys, g b` C`rg` [icá, mf ==, fst`d j`s`ts g tfdfd : ngbbs, mf ;, 8 g 7 `dys. Jidvgu `ck b` n`cãbg` fb p`rf mf b‗@dtidg, mf 81 `dys, quf pfrjfp ud` pfdsgú mf oukgb`jgú mf : 056 . `) B‗@dtidg trfk`bb` pfr jicptf `bgå, pfrjfkfdt ; =11  mf s`b`rg krut cfdsu`b `ck 0= p`hufs. Bfs quitfs `kid`mfs ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b supisfd 0 151 151  g supirt` ud` rftfdjgú mf b‗G[QN mfb 06%. B` C`rg` t`ckç trfk`bb` pfr jicptf `bgå, g pfrjfp ; 011  cfdsu`bs `ck 0= p`hufs. Bfs quitfs `kid`mfs ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b supisfd 0 0;1  g b` rftfdjgú mf b‗G[QN çs m‗ud 0=%. B‗@dtidg v` gdhrfss`r mur`dt `qufst fxfrjgjg ; 011  ` ud pb` mf pfdsgids. Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt dft mf trfk`bb rfmuét mfbs mis jûdouhfs fd mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt`. k) B‗@dtidg g b` C`rg`, ` cçs mfb sfu e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b, tfdfd fd pripgft`t ud pgs `ck ud v`bir j`m`str`b sfdsf rfvgs`r mf :> 111  g ud sfhid pgs `ck ud v`bir j`m`str`b rfvgs`t mf :1 111 , quf v` sfr bbih`t mur`dt tit b‗`dy `b Bbuãs Qids, mf =1 `dys m‗fm`t, pfr 811  cfdsu`bs g quf v` sfr `mqugrgt fb ;118 pfr 8; 011  (=6% jirrfspidfdt `b v`bir mfb sûb), pfr b` qu`b jis` fb c`trgcidg v` sib󰂸bgjgt`r ud prçstfj egpitfj`rg pfb qu`b e` p`h`t `b bb`rh mf b‗`dy > 111 , b` cfgt`t mfbs qu`bs jirrfspid ` b` mfvibujgú mfb prgdjgp`b mfb mfutf. @ cçs, e`d s`tgsnft bfs mfspfsfs sfhòfdts? ‚ GKG? GKG? 6= 6=11  `du`bs. ‚ [f [fp`r p`r`jg `jgids ids?? ::1  `du`bs. ‚ Jic Jicud udgt` gt`t? t? >>  cfdsu`bs. Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mf j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg mfbs mis jûdouhfs fd mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt`. j) B‗@dtidg B‗@dtidg mgspis` mf ; 611 `jjgids quf bg e` primuét uds mgvgmfdms m gvgmfdms mf 0 511 , ` cçs m‗ud jicptf jirrfdt pfb qu`b q u`b e` pfrjfkut =51  m‗gdtfrfssis. B` C`rg` Mgspis` mf 611 ikbgh`jgids, quf bg e`d primuét uds gdtfrfssis m‗0,61  j`m` ud`. Bfs mfspfsfs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú g mgpûsgt m‗`jjgids e`d supis`t 0:; . Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt dft rfmuét mf j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg mfbs mis jûdouhfs fd mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt`. M) B‗e`kgt`thf B‗e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b mf b‗@dtidg g b` C`rg`, quf prfsfdt` ud v`bir j`m`str`b sfdsf rfvgs`r mf ;= 111 `mqugrgt fb ;11; cgto`dè`dt ud jråmgt egpitfj`rg pfb qu`b e`d `qufst `dy mfsfckirs`t 01 511 . Mftfrcgd` b` gcput`jgú mf rfdmfs gccikgbgárgfs mfbs mis jûdouhfs fd mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt`. J`bjub` b` mfmujjgú pfr e`kgt`thf e`kgtu`b. F) J`bjub` b` quit` mgnfrfdjg`b mf b‗@dtidg g b` C`rg` fd mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt`.

, v` sfr



;󰂸󰂸 B‗@bkfrt [is çs fjidicgst` g mur`dt b‗fxfrjgjg p`ss`t e` prfst`t sfrvfgs pfr v`bir mf 6; 111 . Bfs mfspfsfs jirjirrfspidfdts ` b` sfv` `jtgvgt`t e`d fst`t bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

C`tfrg C`tf rg`b `b m‗ing m‗ingjg jgd` d`?? ; 11 1111 . Gcpi Gc pist stis is g t` t`xf xfs? s? =5 =511 . @ssfhur`dè @ssfh ur`dè`` mf rfspi rfspids`kg ds`kgbgt`t bgt`t jgvgb jgvgb?? 6;1 . Puit` m‗ùtûdics mf b` Zfhurft`t Zfhurft`t Zijg`b? : 511 . Zukcgdgstr`cf Zukcgdg str`cfdts? dts? ; 511 . Bbih Bb ihuf ufrr m‗ing m‗ingjg jgd` d`?? > 11 1111 . @cir @c irtg tgtz tz`j `jgú gú?? 0 => =>11 .

Mftfrcgd` fb rfdmgcfdt m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs mf b‗@bkfrt, s`kfdt quf fstá fdqu`mr`t mgds mfb råhgc m‗fstgc`jgú mgrfjt` sgcpbgngj`m`.

:61

J`s ngd`b

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J`s prájtgj mf rfj`pgtub`jgú 󰂸󰂸 Vd` n`cãbg` nirc`m` pfb c`trgcidg nirc`t pfr b‗@dtidg Bbip, mf 6; `dys, g b` Mibirs [iurf, mf =5 `dys, tç trfs ngbbs? b‗@dtidg, fb Bbuj g b‗@dd`, mf ;1, 0> g 0= `dys, rfspfjtgv`cfdt. B‗@dtidg trfk`bb` ` OOQC, Z@, id v` pfrjfkrf ud s`b`rg krut k rut mf :> 111  (05% mf rftfdjgú), 0 >51  mfbs qu`bs e` p`h`t fd jidjfptf mf Zfhurft`t Zijg`b. Q`h` ud` quit` sgdmgj`b mf ;81 . B‗fcprfs` `pirt` fd dic sfu : 111  fd dic sfu ` ud pb` mf pfdsgids. Fbb t`ckç eg `pirt` : >11 . B` sfv` fcprfs` bg jfmfgx mur`dt b‗`dy ud e`kgt`thf, v`bir`dt `qufst` rftrgkujgú fd fspåjgf fd ; =11 . B` Mibirs t`ckç trfk`bb` pfr jicptf `bgå, pfrjfkfdt 0 :11  cfdsu`bs (0> p`hufs). Jitgtz` ` b` Zfhurft`t Zijg`b pfr gcpirt mf 0011 . B` sfv` fcprfs` `pirt` ud` jidtrgkujgú ` ud pb` mf pfdsgids pfr ` fbb` mf 711 . Fbb` t`ckç eg `pirt` ; 111 . [ftfdjgú G[QN? 0>%. B‗e`kgt`thf id rfsgmfgxfd fb v`d jicpr`r n` ; `dys pfr :11 111  g fb sfu v`bir j`m`str`b `sjfdmfgx ` 071 111 . B‗gcpirt mf b‗Gcpist sikrf Kçds Gccikbfs `sjfdmfgx ` :11 . B` Mibirs t`ckç mgspis` m‗ud pftgt `p`rt`cfdt `ck ud v`bir j`m`str`b mf >1 011 , 7 111  mfbs qu`bs jirrfspidfd `b v`bir mfb sûb. B‗e` B‗e` tgdhut bbih`t mur`dt fbs cfsis m‗fstgu (oudy, (oudy, oubgib, `hist g sftfckrf) pfr 511  `b cfs. Qfr `qufst `p`rt`cfdt e` p`h`t mur`dt b‗`dy :11  m‗GKG, :>1  mf jicudgt`t, :11  m‗`ssfhur`dè` g > 111  m‗gdtfrfssis pfb prçstfj quf v` mfc`d`r pfr ` b` sfv` `mqugsgjgú. ^`bir m‗`mqugsgjgú mf b‗e`kgt`thf? 8; 111 . Fb bbih`tfr tç =1 `dys. B‗@dtidg çs pripgft`rg m‗ud e`kgt`thf ` b` pb`to` `ck ud v`bir j`m`str`b rfvgs`t quf `sjfdmfgx ` 6= 111 , fb ;1% mfbs qu`bs jirrfspid `b v`bir mfb tfrrfdy tfrrfdy.. @qufst e`kgt`thf e` fst`t bbih`t tit b‗`dy ` uds oukgb`ts `bfc`dys pfr >11 /cfs. Qfr `qufst e`kgt`thf e` s`tgsnft : 111  mf rfp`r`jgids, GKG? ;=1 , mfspfsfs mf jidsfrv`jgú? >1  g jicudgt`t? :>1 . ]its mis súd tgtub`rs m‗ud jicptf jirrfdt quf fbs e` hfdfr`t uds gdtfrfssis mf >11 . @ cçs, e`d iktgdhut uds mgvgmfdms mf 0 511 . Bfs mfspfsfs m‗`mcgdgstr`jgú g mgpûsgt `sjfdmfgxfd ` 71 . 

@ck b` n`cãbg` rfsgmfgx fb p`rf mf b` Mibirs, mf >5 `dys g `ck rfdmfs `du`bs mf 6 =11 . [f`bgtz` b` mfjb`r`jgú jidoudt` mfbs jûdouhfs.

:60

Vdgt`t 01 - B‗Gcpist sikrf b` [fdm` mf bfs Qfrsidfs Nãsgqufs

Gmffs jbù [fdmgcfdts [fdmg cfdts mfb trfk`bb [fdmgcfdts [fdmg cfdts mfb j`pgt`b gccikgbg`rg

[fdmfs quf jidstgtufgxfd nft gcpis`kbf

[fdmgcfdts [fdmg cfdts mfb j`pgt`b cikgbg`rg [fdmgcfdts [fdmg cfdts ãdtfhrfs m‗`jtgvgt`ts fjidûcgqufs Hu`dys p`trgcidg`bs [åhgcs fspfjg`bs

[fdm` hfdfr`b

Jb`ssfs mf rfdmfs [fdm` mf b‗fst`bvg

Hfdfr`b

K`sf gcpis`kbf Mf b‗fst`bvg

B‗GQ[N

Hfdfr`b

K`sf bgqugm`kbf Mf b‗fst`bvg

Cãdgc pfrsid`b g n`cgbg`r

Fst`t`b

Puit` ãdtfhr` @utidûcgj`

Fst`t`b

Puit` bãqugm` @utidûcgj`

Puit` mgnfrfdjg`b g rfsubt`t mf b` mfjb`r`jgú

u

d

g

t

`

t

0 0 B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis ZVC@[G B` mgnfrådjg` fdtrf jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b g □

jicpt`kgbgt`t `d`bãtgj` □

Fb jidjfptf mf jist

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Fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf jist

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Fbs sgstfcfs m'gcput`jgú mf jistis k`s`ts fd fb primujtf? mgrfjt jist, nubb jist gdmustrg`b, gcput`jgú r`jgid`b g nubb jist tit`b

□

Fb sgstfc` @KJ m'gcput`jgú mf jistis k`s`t fd bfs t`squfs

IKOFJ]GVZ ¸¸ Jidågxfr bfs j`r`jtfrãstgqufs mf b`

jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis. ¸¸ Mgstgdhgr fdtrf fbs mgnfrfdts tgpus mf jistis. ¸¸ @prfdmrf ` j`bjub`r fb rfsubt`t g fb jist mfb primujtf utgbgtz`dt fbs mgnfrfdts sgstfcfs m'gcput`jgú mf jistis k`s`ts fd fb primujtf. ¸¸ Jidågxfr fb sgstfc` m'gcput`jgú mf jistis @KJ k`s`t fd bfs t`squfs.

:6:

Vdgm`m 00 - B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis

0 44 Mgnfrådjg` fdtrf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b g b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis Jic o` s`kfc, b` jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b i ngd`djfr` tç pfr ikofjtf rfhgstr`r fbs nfts fjidûcgjs mf b'fcprfs` rfb`jgid`ts `ck b'fxtfrgir g gdnirc`r-df mfb p`trgcidg, sfhugdt b` dirc`tgv` quf fst`kbfgx fb QHJ, pfr `jidsfhugr `b ngd`b mf b'fxfrjgjg fbs jicptfs `du`bs. Fbs jicptfs `du`bs midfd gdnirc`jgú sikrf b` sgtu`jgú mf b'fcprfs`. Fbs mfstgd`t`rgs m'`qufst` gdnirc`jgú súd? fbs mgrfjtgus mf b'fcprfs`, fbs `jjgidgstfs g trfk`bb`mirs, fbs privfémirs, fbs jrfmgtirs g jbgfdts, bfs fdtgt`ts ngd`djfrfs g b'@mcgdgstr`jgú pÿkbgj`. Qfr b` sfv` k`dm`, b` jicpt`kgbgt`t `d`bãtgj` i jicpt`kgbgt jicpt`kgbgt`t `t mf jistis utgbgtz` jic ` fdtr`mfs nfts fjidûcgjs gdtfrds mf b'fcprfs`, quf fs prijfssfd sfhugdt uds ikofjtgus gdtfrds quf di tfdfd pfr quå jigdjgmgr `ck fbs jicpt`kbfs. Çs ` mgr, b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis rfjubb fbs jistis mf b'fcprfs` g fbs tr`sbb`m` `bs primujtfs i mfp`rt`cfdts. Fb sfu ikofjtgu çs pripirjgid`r gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb jist mf primugr i vfdmrf ud primujtf i fb jist mf c`dtfdgr ud mfp`rt`cfdt, `gxã jic t`ckç sikrf fb prijçs mf nirc`jgú mfb jist, pfr iptgcgtz`r-df b'fngjgådjg`. @qufst` gdnirc`jgú òum`rá fbs mgrfjtgus mf b'fcprfs` ` prfdmrf mfjgsgids jic bfs sfhòfdts? ‚ Fst`kbgr ud` pibãtgj` mf prfus. Vd mfbs jrgtfrgs pfr ngx`r fbs prfus çs fd

k`sf `bs jistis, quf fds c`rqufd fb bbgdm`r cãdgc `ck quå j`bjub`r fb prfu. ‚ Ngx`r jrgtfrgs pfr fbgcgd`r primujtfs pij rfdmgkbfs. ‚ Mfjgmgr sg jidvç sukjidtr`jt`r `bhud` n`sf mfb prijçs mf primujjgú i sg ei pit nfr tit b` prûpg` fcprfs`. ‚ Jicp`r`r fbs jistis fdtrf mfp`rt`cfdts i jfdtrfs mf trfk`bb quf rf`bgtzfd bfs c`tfgxfs nudjgids, pfr mftfjt`r fbs cçs fngjgfdts. B` jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b s'fb`kir` jic sg di fxgstãs b` jicpt`kgbgt`t `d`bãtgj`, pfrû bfs m`mfs quf sf d'fxtrùfd pimfd sfrvgr pfr rf`bgtz`r bfs `dit`jgids fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis. B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis `pirt` ` b` ngd`djfr` b` gdnirc`jgú sikrf fb jist mfbs primujtfs `j`k`ts, ` fnfjtfs mf j`bjub`r fb v`bir mf bfs fxgstådjgfs

[fsubt`ts mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t Fbs rfsubt`ts mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t hfdfr`b g b` mf jistis di jigdjgmfgxfd fd b` còirg` mf j`sis. Eg e` mgnfrådjgfs mf v`bir`jgú fd bfs mufs jicpt`kgbgt`ts< pfr fxfcpbf, rfspfjtf mfb jábjub mf bfs `cirtgtz`jgids. B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis pit nfr sfrvgr cåtimfs mf jábjub mf b'`cirtgtz`jgú quf rfprfsfdtgd cgbbir b` mfprfjg`jgú rf`b mfbs `jtgus, ` mgnfrådjg` mf b` jicpt`kgbgt`t ngd`djfr`, quf cibtfs vfh`mfs fs k`s` fd bfs tùbfs m'`cirtgtz`jgú ngsj`b. Eg e` mfspfsfs fd jicpt`kgbgt`t ngd`djfr`, jic fbs mftfrgir`cfdts, quf c`g s'utgbgtz`r`d jic ` jistis.

ngd`bs g fb jist mfbs primujtfs vfduts, `ck b ikofjtgu mf pimfr jidnfjjgid`r fbs fst`ts jicpt`kbfs.

IKOFJ]GV MF B@ JICQ]@KGBG]@] HFDF[@B FBZ JICQ]FZ @DV@BZ IKOFJ]GV MF B@ JICQ]@KGBG]@] @D@BÃ]GJ@ FB JÁBJVB MFB JIZ]

Fb Mfp`rt`cfdt mf Jicpt`kgbgt`t çs ud mfbs pgb`rs kásgjs mf qu`bsfvib fcprfs`.

:6=

; 44 Fb jidjfptf mf jist Qimfc mfngdgr fb jist jic? B'fqugv`bfdt cidft`rg mfbs n`jtirs jidsucgts fd fb prijçs mf primujjgú.

Pu`d fbs kçds i sfrvfgs gdgjg`bs (n`jtirs mf primujjgú) fdtrfd fd ud prijçs mf primujjgú, mfgxfd m'fxgstgr, pfr jidvfrtgr-sf fd ud diu kç i sfrvfg ( primujtf). Qfr fxfcpbf, fd fb prijçs mf n`krgj`jgú mfb p`, b` n`rgd` (c`tårg` prgcfr`) p`ss` ` nirc`r p`rt m'`qufst primujtf. @qufst` gdjirpir`jgú e` m'gdjrfcfdt`r fb v`bir mfb p`. Qfr s`kfr b'gcpirt mf b'gdjrfcfdt m'`qufst v`bir, efc mf cfsur`r fb jidsuc fd udgt`ts mfb n`jtir mf primujjgú, çs ` mgr, qugd` qu`dtgt`t mf n`rgd` efc utgbgtz`t pfr nfr fb p`. G t`ckç fb v`bir fd tfrcfs cidft`rgs m'`qufst jidsuc nãsgj< çs ` mgr, fb prfu mfb qugbi mf n`rgd`. J`bjub`r fb jidsuc fd udgt`ts nãsgqufs di çs sfcprf t`d nájgb. Fb pimfc j`bjub`r mf c`dfr` ikofjtgv` g mgrfjt`, jic fd b'fxfcpbf `dtfrgir mf b` n`rgd`. Qfrû sg jidsgmfrfc b` p`rt mf b'ÿs m'ud` cáqugd` quf fs jidsgmfr` jist mfb primujtf quf n`krgj`, di çs t`d sfdzgbb. Qfr j`bjub`r-bi, efc mf p`rtgr m'ud` sårgf mf jrgtfrgs i egpûtfsgs, mf nirc` quf p`rt mfbs jicpidfdts mf b'fstrujtur` mf jistis pimr`d sfr v`birs sukofjtgus, quf mfpfdmr`d mf b` egpûtfsg mf jábjub quf s'utgbgtzg. Qfr fxfcpbf, sg utgbgtzfc ud` c`tfgx` cáqugd` pfr ` b` n`krgj`jgú mfb p` g mf bfs h`bftfs, b` b ` p`rt mfb jist jirrfspidfdt `b sfu ÿs i `cirtgtz`jgú quf efc m'gcput`r `b p` i ` bfs h`bftfs b` ngx`rfc fd nudjgú m'ud jrgtfrg suk ofjtgu, jic jic sfrg` fb pfrjfdt`thf pfrjfdt`thf quf supis` j`m` j`m` primujtf primujtf sikrf sikrf fb tit`b tit`b mf b` xgnr` mf n`jtur`jgú.

Fxfcpbfs Jistis fd nákrgj` mf p` g h`bftfs Zg jidsgmfrfc b'`cirtgtz`jgú m'ud` cáqugd` quf s'us` fd ud` nákrgj` mf p` g h`bftfs jic ud jist gdmgrfjtf, fb fb sfu gcpirt, quf çs mf 0 111 , b'efc mf rfp`rtgr utgbgtz`dt ud jrgtfrg sukofjtgu, quf çs b` b ` n`jtur`jgú mf j`m` primujtf<

mf c`dfr` quf, `b quf tgdhug cçs n`jtur`jgú, sf bg `ssghd`rá cçs jist mf b'`cirtgtz`jgú mf b` cáqugd`. Zupisfc quf fb p` rfprfsfdt` fb 86% mf b` n`jtur`jgú g bfs h`bftfs, fb ;6% rfst`dt. B` p`rt m'`cirtgtz`jgú `ssghd`m` `b jist mfb p` sfr`d 861  (86% 󰂸 0111) g ` bfs h`bftfs, ;61  (;6% ⋆ 0111). ]`ckç fs pimrg` e`vfr `pbgj`t ud` `btr` egpûtfsg mf jábjub, jic fb dÿcfri m'eirfs cáqugd` quf s'utgbgtzfd pfr ` b` n`krgj`jgú mf j`m` primujtf. Zg pfr ` b` n`krgj`jgú mfb p` fs dfjfssgtfd ud tit`b mf 0 111 eirfs/cáqugd` g pfr ` bfs h`bftfs 811 eirfs/cáqugd`, fssfdt fb tit`b 0811 0 811 e, fb 65% mfb jist mf b'`cirtgtz`jgú s'gcput` `b p`, çs ` mgr, mgr, 651 , g fb =;% rfst`dt, ` bfs h`bftfs, i sghug, =;1 . Qfr t`dt, fb rfsubt`t çs mgnfrfdt quf utgbgtz`dt fb jrgtfrg `dtfrgir.

Vdgm`m 00 - B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis

:66

;.0 4 [fb`jgú fdtrf jistis, jicprfs g gdvfrsgú

Zg fd b` jicpt`kgbgt`t `d`bãtgj` çs nid`cfdt`b fb jidjfptf mf jist, fd b` ngd`djfr` ei súd `btrfs, quf d`gxfd mf b` rfb`jgú m'ud` fcprfs` `ck fbs sfus privfémirs g jbgfdts. @qufsts jidjfptfs súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ Jicprfs. ‚ ^fdmfs. ‚ Mfspfsfs. ‚ Gdhrfssis. ‚ Gdvfrsgids. ‚ Jikr`cfdts. ‚ Q`h`cfdts. Fd jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis, fs jidsgmfr` quf bfs jicprfs súd b` mfspfs` jirrfspidfdt ` b'`privgsgid`cfdt pfr `b prijçs mf primujjgú i mgstrgkujgú `b qu`b fs mfmgj` b'fcprfs`, cfdtrf quf b` gdvfrsgú çs ghu`b ` bfs jicprfs mfb pfrãimf quf di s'gdjirpirfd `b prijçs mf primujjgú, ` bfs qu`bs j`b `nfhgr b'gcpirt mf b` primujjgú quf qufm` fd fstij.

J`sis prájtgjs Gcpirt mf bfs jicprfs, fb jidsuc, fb jist g fbs p`h`cfdts

0

󰂸󰂸 Vd` nákrgj` mf p` jicpr` g rfp ` 0 mf c`rè 0 111 lh mf n`rgd` ` ud prfu m'0 furi fb qugbi. @qufst` fcprfs` p`h` `bs sfus privfémirs fd ud tfrcgdg mf >1 mgfs. Qfr ` b` primujjgú mfb p` mfb cfs mf c`rè, e` nft sfrvgr 611 lh mf n`rgd`. Di eg e`vg` fxgstådjgfs gdgjg`bs mf n`rgd`. J`bjub` b'gcpirt mf bfs jicprfs, mfb jidsuc, mfb jist m'`qufst jidsuc g mfbs p`h`cfdts.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 Fbs gcpirts mf jicprfs, jidsuc, jist g p`h`cfdts súd fbs sfhòfdts? ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

Jicprfs? 0111 , quf jirrfspidfd ` 0111 lh mf n`rgd` ` 0 furi/lh (0 mf c`rè). Jidsuc mf n`rgd` fd qugbihr`cs? 611 lh mf n`rgd` (primujjgú mfb cfs mf c`rè). Jist m'`qufst jidsuc? 611  quf jirrfspidfd ` 611 lh ` 0 furi/lh (primujjgú mfb cfs mf c`rè). Q`h`cfdts? 0111  (0 mf c`gh).

:6>

;.; 4 B` jb`ssgngj`jgú mfbs jistis

Fbs jistis fs pimfd jb`ssgngj`r fd nudjgú mf mgnfrfdts jrgtfrgs. Fbs cçs gcpirt`dts súd fbs sfhòfdts? Jistis m'ipirtudgt`t

Fs mfdicgdfd jistis m'ipirtudgt`t fbs jistis quf tfdfd bfs fcprfsfs pfr e`vfr `mipt`t udfs mfjgsgids m'gdvfrsgú g di udfs `btrfs, pfr e`vfr fsjibbgt ud prijçs mf primujjgú g di ud `btrf.

Jb`ssgngj`jgú mfbs jistis Jrgtfrg

Mfdicgd`jgú

Zfhids fbs mfp`rt`cfdts id s'`ssghdfd

‚ Jisti Jistiss mf jicpr jicprfs. fs. ‚ Jisti Jistiss jicfrjg jicfrjg`bs. `bs. ‚ Jisti Jistiss m'`mcgdgstr`j m'`mcgdgstr`jgú. gú. ‚ Jisti Jistiss mf primujj primujjgú. gú.

Zfhids b` mgngjubt`t m'gcput`r-bis `b primujtf

‚ Jisti Jistiss mgrfj mgrfjtfs. tfs. ‚ Jisti Jistiss gdmgrfjtf gdmgrfjtfs. s.

Zfhids jic rf`jjgidgd rfspfjtf mf b` v`rg`jgú mf b'`jtgvgt`t

‚ Jisti Jistiss v`rg`k v`rg`kbfs. bfs. ‚ Jistis ngxis. ngxis. Zuk`jtgvgt`t Zuk`jtgvgt`t g sikrf`jtgvgt`t. sikrf`jtgvgt`t.

Zg fs j`bjubfd pråvg`cfdt

‚ Jisti Jistiss fstádm fstádm`rm. `rm.

Zfhids b` mfstgd`jgú i fb mfp`rt`cfdt id s'gcputfd fbs jistis

Dirc`bcfdt, bfs prgdjgp`bs nudjgids m'ud` fcprfs` súd bfs mf jicprfs, primujjgú, `mcgdgstr`jgú `mcgdgstr`jgú i jicfrjg`b. Qfr `d`bgtz`r `qufsts jistis, çs cibt ÿtgb ud` tùb` id fs rfb`jgidgd `qufstfs nudjgids `ck fbs jistis jirrfspidfdts. Nudjgids i mfp`rt`cfdts Jicprfs Jist Ji stis is Qfrsid`b C`tårgfs prgcfrfs Zukcgdgstr`cfdts @cirtgtz`jgids @btrfs

C`h` C` h`tz tzfc fc @priv @privgs gsgi gid. d. (0)

Qrimujjgú Zfjj Zf jjgú gú @

Zfjj Zf jjgú gú K

Jicfrjg`b ^fd fdmf mfss

@mcgdgstr`jgú

Cárq Cá rquf uftg tgdh dh Hf Hfrå rådj djg` g`

Qfr frsi sid` d`bb

Ngd` Ng d`dj djfr fr

]it it`b `b (;)

]I]@B

(:)

(0) Jist mfb pfrsid`b `b c`h`tzfc. (;) Jist tit`b mfb pfrsid`b. (:) Jist tit`b mfb c`h`tzfc. (=) ]it`b mf jistis pfr mfp`rt`cfdts i sfjjgids ghu`b ` tit`b mf jistis pfr d`tur`bfs`.

(=)

Zfhids b` mgngjubt`t m'gcput`r-bis `b primujtf

Qimfc mfngdgr mis tgpus mf jistis? sg b` sfv` gcput`jgú fs pit `pbgj`r mf nirc` ikofjtgv` ` ud` ‚ Mgrfjtfs? `jtgvgt`t, ud primujtf i ud mfp`rt`cfdt. ‚ Gdmgrfjtfs? súd fbs jistis fd quå çs dfjfss`rg `pbgj`r `bhud` egpûtfsg mf

jábjub pfr pimfr-df mur ` tfrcf b` gcput`jgú< çs ` mgr, j`b j`bjub`r-bis fd rfnfrådjg` ` `btrfs m`mfs. Qfr t`dt, di fs pimrá jidsgmfr`r ud jist jic ` mgrfjtf i gdmgrfjtf, sfdsf mftfrcgd`r fd rfb`jgú ` quå tgdmrá `qufst j`rájtfr.

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Vdgm`m 00 - B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis

Fxfcpbfs Mftfrcgd`jgú mfbs jistis mgrfjtfs g gdmgrfjtfs Qfr fxfcpbf, fd ud` nákrgj` quf primufgx fbs `rtgjbfs @ g K, fbs jistis mf bfs c`tårgfs prgcfrfs g mfbs ipfr`rgs quf fst`d ` b` j`mfd` mf n`krgj`jgú mf j`m` ud fs jidsgmfrfd mgrfjtfs rfspfjtf mfbs primujtfs. Qfrû eg e` `btrfs j`sis fd quå di eg e` ud` rfb`jgú mgrfjt`. Qfr fxfcpbf, fb siu mfb j`p mf primujjgú çs mgrfjtf rfspfjtf mf b` sfjjgú mf primujjgú, pfrû gdmgrfjtf rfspfjtf mfbs primujtfs, pfr b` qu`b jis` j`bmrá fst`kbgr ud jrgtfrg mf rfp`rtgjgú pfr gcput`r b` p`rt jirrfspidfdt ` j`m` ud sg vibfc j`bjub`r-df fb jist. Fb siu mfb hfrfdt sfrá gdmgrfjtf rfspfjtf mfbs primujtfs @ g K g rfspfjtf mfb mfp`rt`cfdt mf primujjgú, pfrû mgrfjtf rfspfjtf mfb mfp`rt`cfdt m'`mcgdgstr`jgú. Zfhids jic rf`jjgidgd rfspfjtf mf b` v`rg`jgú mf b'`jtgvgt`t

Fbs jistis súd v`rg`kbfs qu`d, fd cimgngj`r-sf b'`jtgvgt`t, fbs jistis t`ckç v`rgfd. Fbs jistis súd ngxis qu`d, pfr ` ud jfrt dgvfbb m'`jtgvgt`t, fs c`dtfdfd jidst`dts. B'gcpirt m'`qufsts jistis ngxis fstá fd nudjgú mf b` j`p`jgt`t mgspidgkbf g di mfpåd mfb dgvfbb m'`jtgvgt`t mf b'fcprfs`. Di fs pimfd `m`pt`r ` b` j`p`jgt`t mgárg`, çs ` mgr, di pimfc nirc`bgtz`r ud jidtr`jtf mf bbihufr pfr ` b'fcprfs` mgnfrfdt mgárg`cfdt, dg pimfc jidtr`jt`r trfk`bb`mirs g `jicg`m`r-bis j`m` mg`. Fb nft quf fbs jistis ngxis di fs puhugd `m`pt`r ` b` j`p`jgt`t mgárg` mg árg` privij` quf b` j`p`jgt`t primujtgv` di fstghug sfcprf `b 011% m'ijup`jgú. Qimfc mgvgmgr fbs jistis ngxis (JN) fd mufs j`tfhirgfs? jistis ÿtgbs (JV) g jistis m'gd`jtgvgt`t (JG). Mf c`dfr` quf? JV 3 (JN / JQ) ⋆ @ 3 i ⋆ JN

JG 3 (0 ∛ i) ⋆ JN

Fxgstfgx ud` jidnusgú fdtrf jist mgrfjtf g jist v`rg`kbf quf privç mf b` sfv` `pbgj`jgú prájtgj`. prájtgj`. Çs nrfqòfdt quf ud jist mgrfjtf sghug v`rg`kbf g ` b'gdrfvçs. Qfr fxfcpbf, fb jist mf b` n`rgd` fd b` n`krgj`jgú mfb p` çs mgrfjtf g v`rg`kbf. Qfrû di sfcprf fs múd` `qufst j`s. @gxã, fxgstfgxfd jistis ngxis quf súd mgrfjtfs (jic fb jist mfbs ipfr`rgs `ck jidtr`jtf gdmfngdgt quf trfk`bbfd ` b` j`mfd` mf primujjgú) g jistis gdmgrfjtfs quf súd v`rg`kbfs (jic fb jidsuc mfb hrfgx pfr ` bfs cáqugdfs quf s'usfd fd b` primujjgú).

Dicfdjb`tur` fdg bfs núrcubfs mfbs jistis ÿtgbs m'gd`jtgvgt`t ‚ JQ 3 J`p`j J`p`jgt`t gt`t primuj primujtgv`. tgv`. ‚ @ 3 Dgv Dgvfbb fbb m'`jtgv m'`jtgvgt`t. gt`t. ‚ i 3 Ijup`jgú Ijup`jgú mf b` j`p`jgt j`p`jgt`t `t primujprimujtgv`.

Fxfcpbfs Jb`ssgngj`jgú mf jistis Fd ud` fcprfs` quf fs mfmgj` ` n`krgj`r p`, mftfrcgd`rfc fb j`rájtfr mf mgvfrsis jistis? ‚ N`rgd N`rgd`? `? jist mgrfjtf mgrfjtf g v`rg`k v`rg`kbf. bf. ‚ @ssfhur`dè` mfb bij`b? jist gdmgrfjtf g ffx. ‚ Ziu mf b` rfjfpjgidgst`? rfjfpjgidgst`? jist gdmgrfjtf gdmgrfjtf g ffx. ‚ Ziu m'ud trfk`bb`mir mf b` j`mfd` mf n`krgj`jgú n`krgj`jgú `ck jidtr`jtf gdmfffdgt? gdmfffdgt? jist mgrfjtf g ffx. ‚ Fbfjtrgjgt`t? jist gdmgrfjtf gdmgrfjtf g ffx. ‚ C`tfrg`b m'iffjgd`? m'iffjgd`? jist gdmgrfjtf gdmgrfjtf g ffx.

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J`sis prájtgjs

;

Jábjub mf b` suk`jtgvgt`t 󰂸󰂸 Zupisfc quf fbs jistis ngxis tit`bs m'ud` sfjjgú mf n`krgj`jgú súd mf 7=6111

, fssfdt bfs eirfs trfk`bb`mfs pfr `b primujtf @ mf 061 e g pfr `b primujtf K, mf :11 e. B` j`p`jgt`t cáxgc` mf b'fcprfs` çs mf 611 eirfs. 

Gdmgj` mf qugdfs mufs c`dfrfs fs pit j`bjub`r b` p`rt mfb jist ngx quf s'gcput` ` j`m` primujtf.

Zibu Zi bujg jgúú 󰂸󰂸 Zgtu`jgú 0 (di fs j`bjub` fb jist mf b` suk`jtgvgt`t)?

‚ ]it`b m'eirfs eirfs trfk`bb`mf trfk`bb`mfss 3 :11 + 061 3 =61 e. ‚ Jis Jistis tis ngxi ngxiss pfr eir` eir` 3 7=6111  / =61 3 ;011 /eir`. ‚ Gcput Gcput`jgú `jgú pfr pfr `b primujt primujtff @ 3 ;011 ⋆ 061 3 :06111 . ‚ Gcput`jgú Gcput`jgú pfr `b `b primujtf primujtf K 3 ;011 ⋆ :11 3 >:1111 . ‚ ]it it`b `b 3 7=6111 . Zgtu`jgú ; (tfdgdt fd jicptf fb jist mf b` suk`jtgvgt`t)?

‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚ ‚

]it`b j`p`jgt j`p`jgt`t `t cáxgc`? cáxgc`? 611 e. e. Jistis Jis tis ngxi ngxiss pfr eir` eir` 3 7=6111  / 611 3 0571 /eir`. Gcput`jgú Gcput `jgú pfr pfr `b primujt primujtff @ 3 0571 ⋆ 061 3 ;5:611 . Gcput`jgú Gcput `jgú pfr `b `b primujtf primujtf K 3 0571 ⋆ :11 3 6>8111 . Jist Ji stis is ÿt ÿtgb gbss 3 561611 . Jistis Jis tis mf suk`j suk`jtgv tgvgt` gt`tt 3 7=6111 ∛ 561611  (61 eirfs ⋆ 0571 /eir`).

Jistis fstádm`rm

Zúd fbs jistis quf fs j`bjubfd pråvg`cfdt ` b` n`krgj`jgú mfb primujtf, `ck cåtimfs mf v`bir`jgú fngj`èis g k`s`dt-tf fd ud vibuc mf primujjgú mftfrcgd`t. Fs prftçd jicp`r`r fbs jistis rf`bs fd quå v` gdjirrfdt b'fcprfs` `ck `qufsts fstádm`rms prfngx`ts quf jirrfspidfd ` b'`ssghd`jgú mf jistis cçs fngjgfdt j`bjub`m` ` b'fcprfs`.

îj`kub`rg

Qfr `gxû, prgcfr s'iktç b'fstá fstádm`rm dm`rm tåjd tåjdgj gj, quf jirrfspid ` b` qu`dtgt`t

Mfsvg`jgú pisgtgv` fd jistis? qu`d s'gdjirrf fd cfdys jistis mfb prfvgst.

Mfsvg`jgú dfh`tgv` fd jistis? qu`d s'gdjirrf fd cçs jistis mfb prfvgst.

(fd udgt`ts) mfb rfjurs dfjfssárg` pfr ` b'iktfdjgú m'ud` udgt`t mf primujtf. G t`ckç b'fstá fstádm`rm dm`rm fjid fjidûcgj ûcgj, quf fds múd` fb prfu ngx`t `b qu`b s'e` mf p`h`r ud` udgt`t nãsgj` mf rfjurs. @ck `qufstfs m`mfs, pimfc ngx`r fbs prfus g fb`kir`r prfssupistis. Zfhugdt `ck b'fxfcpbf mfb p`, supisfc quf pfr j`m` k`rr` mf p` s'e` ngx`t fstádm`rm mf fngjgådjg`, b` n`rgd` fdmfk`sf primujjgú m'`dys `dtfrgirs g `ckud b'ikofjtgu mf tåjdgj cáxgc` 011`hb`pfr k`rr`, fssfdt b'fstádm`rm fjidûcgj ûptgc j`bjub`t m'0  pfr qugbi mf n`rgd`. Pu`bsfvib mfsvg`jgú i mgnfrådjg` rfspfjtf m'`qufstfs m`mfs b'e` m'`d`bgtz`r b'fcprfs`, sikrftit sg supis` cçs jidsucs i jistis mfb prfvgst. prfvg st. Z'`d`bgtzfd, m'ud` k`dm`, bfs mfsvg`jgids tåjdgqufs i fd udgt`ts g, mf b'`btr`, bfs mfsvg`jgids fjidûcgqufs i pfr v`bir`jgú.

Vdgm`m 00 - B` jicpt`kgbgt`t mf jistis

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Fxfcpbfs Fb j`s GLF@ Pu`d b'fcprfs` sufj` GLF@ bb`dè` ud diu primujtf `b cfrj`t, ud` mf bfs prgcfrfs jisfs quf mgssfdy` çs b'ftgquft` mfb prfu. J`m` vfh`m` quf fs mfsfdvibup` ud diu primujtf, `qufst primujtf v` `jicp`dy`t m'ud` prfvgsgú mf jistis. Qfr t`b quf `qufst` fstgc`jgú sghug rf`bgst` g fffjgfdt, fd fb prijçs mf jrf`jgú eg p`rtgjgpfd fbs mgssfdy`mirs, fb hrup quf mfsfdvibup` fb primujtf g fbs rfspids`kbfs rfsp ids`kbfs mf jicprfs quf tfdfd jidt`jtf `ck privfémirs mf tit fb cúd, pfr mid`r rfspist` sikrf fbs c`tfrg`bs, bfs nircfs i fbs jibirs quf dfjfssgt`r`d. B` jbù çs `jidsfhugr uds jistis udgt`rgs rfmuéts. Qfr `gxû, j`m` vfh`m` quf fs bb`dè` ud diu primujtf di sf'd jicfdjfd ` n`krgj`r ud dÿcfri rfmuét m'udgt`ts, sgdú `b jidtr`rg? fs n` ud` fstgc`jgú mf b` qu`dtgt`t mf primujtf quf fs pit `rrgk`r ` vfdmrf g fs jicpr` h`grfkç m'ud sib jip b` c`tårg` prgcfr` dfjfssárg` pfr n`krgj`r-bi. B` dirc` kásgj` m'GLF@ çs di `nfhgr jistis sgdú sibujgids prájtgqufs. Fd `qufst sfdtgt, pfr rfmugr prfus, fck`b` fbs primujtfs pb`ds, nft quf id rfmufgx fbspfr prfus m'fck`b`thf g tr`dspirt. @ cçs, bfs kitghufs fst`d sfcprf sgtu`mfsfd `bsp`qufts `nirfs mf bfs jgut`ts, fb prfu cftrf qu`mr`t çs gdnfrgir, nft gdnfrgir, quf t`ckç jidstgtufgx ud gcpirt`dt fst`bvg fd fbs jistis. @ck `qufst` ffbisiff`, b'fcprfs` pit infrgr ud primujtf nudjgid`b ` ud prfu cibt òust`t.

Llibre Macmillan

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