Liza Fauziah - P27235019077 - REVIEW JURNAL MUTU PANGAN

 

IG^LZGH ^ZGMTKMUA GHGIK_K_ AGMGHGH DGH AKHUAGH K ZESKEV @UZHGI GHGIK_K_ AUTU ^GHFGH

Lieb0 Hgag

0 Ikzg Cguzkgb

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0 ^:6:?5>?57;>66

Meigs

0 KSJ GHGCGZAG

^ZLDK DKKK GHGCGZAG @UZU_GH GHGCGZAG ^LIKTEMHKM ME_EBGTGH _UZGMGZTG :>:7

 

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G. Tu`u Tu`ugh gh ^rgmt ^rgmtkmu kmua a

_eteigb aehfkmutk prgmtkmua khk agbgskswg dgpgt0 7. Aehfehgi Aehfehgi jejergpg jejergpg peheiktk peheiktkgh gh ter termgkt mgkt autu autu agmghgh agmghgh dgh dgh akhuagh. akhuagh. :. Agap Agapu u aer aerev evke kew w `urh `urhgi gi J. Ighd Ighdgs gsgh gh Tel Telrk rk

_etkgp lrghf aeajutubmgh pghfgh yghf jerautu dgh jerfkzk mgrehg sghfgt  pehtkhf dgiga aehuh`ghf mejutubgh bkdup sebgrk-bgrk. Agmghgh yghf jerautu dgh  jerfkzk gdgigb agmghgh yghf dkperiumgh selrghf uhtum dgpgt bkdup sebgt dgh  prldumtkc. Autu gtgu mugiktgs gdgigb muapuigh skcgt-skcgt gtgu mgrgmterkstkm   jgbgh/prldum yghf aehoerakhmgh tkhfmgt peherkaggh mlhsuaeh terbgdgp jgbgh tersej tersejut. ut. Gpgjki Gpgjkigg jejergp jejergpgg skc skcgt gt jgbgh jgbgh gtgu gtgu prldum prldum ter tersej sejut ut dkhkig dkhkigkk jgkm jgkm lieb lieb mlhsuaeh, agmg autu jgbgh/prldum dkmgteflrkmgh jgkm puig. (Agaug`g, :>73) Jerdgsgrmgh _tghdgr Khterhgsklhgi K_L 24>: yghf sudgb dkgdlpsk me dgiga _HK 7;-24> 7;-24>:-7 :-7;;3 ;;3 tehtgh tehtghf f Aghg`e Aghg`eaeh aeh Autu Autu dgh @gakhg @gakhgh h Autu, Autu, agm agmgg autu autu dkgrtk dkg rtkmgh mgh sejgfgk sejgfgk00 meseiu meseiurub rubgh gh fgajgr fgajgrgh gh dgh mgrgmt mgrgmterk erkstk stkm m sugtu sugtu prldum prldum yghf yghf  jermgktgh dehfgh meagapugh uhtum aeaehubk gtgu aeaugsmgh mejutubgh yghf dkhygtgmgh seogrg ighfsuhf agupuh seogrg tkdgm ighfsuhf. (Agaug`g, :>73) Autu pghfgh jerskcgt auitk dkaehsk dgh aeapuhygk aeapuhygk jghygm gspem. Gspemgspem autu pghfgh tersejut ghtgrg igkh gdgigb gspem fkzk (mgilrk, prltekh, ieagm, akhergi, vktgakh, dgh igkh-igkh) gspem seierg (khdrgwk, ehgm, aehgrkm, sefgr) gspem   jkshks (stghdgr autu, mrkterkg autu) sertg gspem mesebgtgh (`gsaghk dgh rlbghk) mepugsgh mlhsuaeh jermgktgh dehfgh autu. Fkzk pghfgh gdgigb zgt gtgu sehygwg yghf terdgpgt dgiga pghfgh yghf terdkrk terdkrk gtgs mgrjlbkdrgt, mgrjlbkdrgt, prltekh, ieagm. vktgakh, vktgakh, dgh akhergi sertg turuhghhyg yghf jeraghcggt jgfk pertuajubgh dgh mesebgtgh aghuskg (^^ Hlalr :2 tgbuh :>>4). Aehurut ^^ Hlalr :2 tgbuh :>>4 pehfertkgh autu pghfgh gdgigb hkigk yghf dktehtumgh gtgs dgsgr mrkterkg megaghgh pghfgh,

 

mghduhfgh fkzk, dgh stghdgr perdgfghfgh terbgdgp jgbgh agmghgh. agmghgh, dgh akhuagh. (Agaug`g, :>73) _ugtu mlaldktgs mlaldktgs pertghkgh gtgu jgbgh pghfgh, jgkm bewghk agupuh hgjgtk, hgjgtk,  pgdg uauahyg aeakikmk tkhfmgt autu tertehtu. Tkhfmgt autu jgbgh gdg yghf sghfgt  jgkm, jgkm, oumup, gtgu murghf. Autu sugtu jgbgh dgpgt dkpertgbghmgh dgiga `ghfmg wgmtu tertehtu, terfghtuhf ogrg pehghfghgh jgbgh tersejut. Gpgjkig pehghfghgh  jgbgh murghf jgkm agmg seogrg jerghfsur-ghfsur jgbgh dgpgt aehfgigak  pehuruhgh autu. (Agaug`g, :>73) _ejgikmhyg autu jgbgh tkdgm dgpgt gtgu sghfgt suikt uhtum dkujgb aeh`gdk iejkb jgkm. [ghf sghfgt auhfmkh gdgigb0 7. Aeaperskgpmg Aeaperskgpmgh h uhtum aeaperlieb aeaperlieb jgbgh dehfgh dehfgh tkhfmgt tkhfmgt autu yghf jgkm jgkm :. Aeap Aeaper ertg tgbg bghmg hmgh h tkhf tkhfmg mgtt autu autu jg jgbg bgh h gf gfgr gr te tetg tgp p jg jgkm km dg dgig iga a `g `ghf hfmg mg wgmt wgmtu u tertehtu. (Agaug`g, :>73) Uhtum Uht um aehdgp aehdgpgtm gtmgh gh tkhfmg tkhfmgtt autu autu jgbgh jgbgh yghf yghf jgkm jgkm gdgigb gdgigb dehfgh dehfgh ogrg ogrg aehf ae hfehd ehdgi gikm kmgh gh cgmt cgmtlr lr-c -cgm gmtl tlrr yg yghf hf aeap aeapeh ehfg fgru rubk bk autu autu jg jgbg bgh. h. Cg Cgmt mtlr lr yg yghf hf aeapghfgrubk mergfgagh autu ghtgrg igkh ygktu 0 7. Jkjkt :. ^eaei ^eaeikb kbgr grgg ggh/ h/ju judk dkdgy dgygg ?. ^eaghe ^eaghehgh hgh dgh dgh pehgh pehghfgh fghgh gh pgsog pgsog pgheh pgheh 4. ^ehflig ^ehfligbgh bgh bkh bkhffg ffg Dkstr Dkstrkju kjusk sk (Agaug (Agaug`g, `g, :>73) :>73) Jerjkogrg aehfehgk autu jgbgh pghfgh, pgstk tkdgm iepgs dgrk jerjgfgk `ehks  perkhokgh autu. _efgig fgrks jesgr autu jgbgh j gbgh pghfgh dgpgt dkokrkmgh jerdgsgrmgh autu sehslrkm/k sehslrkm/khdrgwk hdrgwk/lrfgh /lrfghlieptk lieptkmhyg, mhyg, autu mkakghyg, mkakghyg, autu ckskmhyg ckskmhyg gtgupuh gtgupuh autu akmrljklilfkhyg. Autu sehslrkm aerupgmgh skcgt prldum /mlaldktgs pghfgh yghf ygh f dk dkumu umurr de dehfg hfgh h pr prls lses es pe pehfk hfkhd hdrg rggh gh aehff aehffuh uhgmg gmgh h pehfi pehfikb kbgt gtgh gh (agt (agtg) g),,  pehokuagh (bkduhf), pehokokpgh (ikdgb), pergjggh (u`uhf `grk tghfgh), dgh  pehdehfgrgh (teikhfg). (Agaug`g, :>73) Jejergpg skcgt ckskm pehtkhf dgiga jgbgh pghfgh gdgigb jergt `ehks, tktkm   jemu, tktkm feigtkhksgsk pgtk, pg tk, jkighfgh pehygjuhgh, pehygj uhgh, dgh khdems jkgs. Dehfgh mgtg igkh skcgt ckskm jerbujuhfgh dehfgh mgrgmterkstkm jgbgh dgh mlaplhehhyg. _gigb sgtu

 

mgrgmter pehtkhf yghf jerbujuhfgh dehfgh skcgt ckskm gdgigb skcgt cuhfsklhgi dgrk  jgbgh pghfgh gtgu mlaplhehhyg. Autu mkakg sugtu prldum pghfgh dktehtumgh lieb mlapls mla plsksk ksk jgbgh jgbgh (pehfum (pehfumurg urgh h mgdgr mgdgr gkr, gkr, ieagm, ieagm, prltek prltekh, h, mgrjlb mgrjlbkdr kdrgt, gt, vktgak vktgakh, h, akhergi) sertg perujgbghhyg seigag prlses pehfligbgh, teragsum uhtum aehfetgbuk merusg mer usgmgh mgh/me /mebki bkighfg ghfgh h zgt fkzk fkzk terteh tertehtu tu yghf yghf dkgmkj dkgmkjgtm gtmgh gh lieb lieb perigm perigmugh ugh seigag seigag  prlses pehfligbgh. Autu akmrljklilfks sugtu prldum pghfgh dktehtumgh lieb gdg tkdgmhyg akmrljg pgdg prldum tersejut jgkm yghf jerskcgt pgtlfeh agupuh tkdgm. Gdghyg akmrljg terutgag akmrljg pgtlfeh pgdg prldum pghfgh gmgh aehyejgjmgh ter`gdkhyg mergouhgh. U`k dkigmumgh uhtum aehfetgbuk oeagrgh jgmterk, mgpghf, mbgakr dgh vkrus. (Agaug`g, :>73) Dk Khdlhe Khdlheskg skg mbusus mbusushyg hyg dk _uigwes _uigweskk Utgrg Utgrg jgbgh jgbgh pghfgh pghfgh ilmgi ilmgi jeiua jeiua dkaghcggtmgh seogrg agmskagi lieb agsygrgmgt mgrehg pehyg`kghhyg yghf murghf aehgrkm, sebkhffg aehuruhmgh tkhfmgt mlhsuask. Jeiua agmskagihyg peaghcggtgh suajer dgyg ilmgi khk uhtum dkghfmgt sejgfgk jgbgh pghfgh yghf iejkb jermugiktgs dgh aehgrkm dksejgjmgh lieb cgmtlr metkdgmagapugh agsygrgmgt dgiga aehfugsgk temhlilfk pehfligbghhyg.  Alogc gdg gdgig igb b pr prldu ldum m tepu tepuhf hf dg dgrk rk sk skhfm hfmlh lhf f ( Aghkblt  Aghkblt utkikskag) utkikskag) yghf yghf dkprlses aehffuhgmgh prkhskp ceraehtgsk gsga igmtgt. ^rldum khk aeapuhygk sergt yghf tkhffk bkhffg aehogpgk 7:%, sejghdkhf dehfgh sergt dgrk tepuhf fghdua utub (wblie frgkh-wbegt cilur )).. Jksmukt jgiktg sejgfgk agmghgh ghgm uskg jgiktg aehurut _HK >7-6777.::>>5 aeapuhygk sygrgt aehfghduhf eherfk akhkaua 4>> mmgi/7>> f dehfgh mgdgr  vktgakh G akhkaua :5> ZE/7>> f setgrg 2?:,5 KU. Sktgakh G uhtum jgiktg jerpergh dgiga dgi ga cuhfsk cuhfsk skstea skstea memejgi memejgigh, gh, aeikhd aeikhduhfk uhfk sei-se sei-seii epktei epktei igpksg igpksgh h muikt, muikt, sk skste stea a  pehfikbgtgh, aeajghtu pertuajubgh, sertg peajehtumgh tuighf dgh fkfk. Vlrtei aerupgmgh tghgagh sgyurgh uajk, yghf aeakikmk mghduhfgh fkzk yghf dkperiumgh lieb tujub terutgag vktgakh dgh akhergi sebkhffg sgyurgh khk jgkm  dgh dk dkgh` gh`ur urmg mgh h uhtum uhtum dk dkml mlhs hsua uask sk dg dgig iga a aehu aehu se sebg bgrk rk-bg -bgrk rk fu fuhg hg aeho aehoum umupk upk mejutubgh vktgakh dgh akhergi yghf esehskgi jgfk tujub.

 

JGJ KK

G. Bgski Bgski Zev Zevke kew w @urh @urhgi gi

^eheiktkgh pgdg `urhgi dehfgh `udui Ghgiksks Autu _ehslrks, Ckskm dgh Mkakg Jksmukt Jksmu kt Jgiktg [ghf Dkjugt Dgrk Ogapurgh Ogapurgh Tepuhf  ALOGC ( Aldkcked  Aldkcked Ogsgvvg  Cilur ) dgh dgh Vlrt Vlrtei ei ( Dguous  Dguous ogrltg) ogrltg) khk jertu` jertu`ugh ugh uhtum uhtum aehfbgs aehfbgski kimgh mgh prldum  prldum   jksmukt jgiktg dehfgh pehgajgbgh mlhsehtrgsk jujur wlrtei yghf dgpgt dkterkag lieb pgheiks jgkm dgrk skcgt ckskm agupuh mkakghyg.^ehei mkakghyg.^eheiktkgh ktkgh khk aehffuhgmgh aehffuhgmgh aetldee Zghoghfgh aetld Zghoghfgh Gogm Iehfmgp dehfgh perigmugh perigmugh ogapurgh ogapurgh tepuhf alogc dgh  jujur wlrtei. Gi Gigt gt dg dgh h jg jgbgh bgh yghf yghf dk dkfuh fuhgm gmgh gh gd gdgi gigb gb wgdgb wgdgb pi pigs gstk tkm/ m/il ilyg yghf, hf, pk pksg sgu u  stgkhiesteei , dg dgh jiehder . Tkajgh Tkajghfgh, fgh, sehdlm sehdlm pehfgdum pehfgdum,, akxer , oetgmgh jksmukt, lveh, lve h, sehdlm, sehdlm, serjet, serjet, gkr, gkr, wlr wlrtei tei,, fuig fuig bgius, bgius, tepuhf al alog ogcc (dkpesgh dgrk UMA Fg`gb Agdg, [lf`gmgrtg), wlrtei vgrketgs ilmgi, jgbgh pehfeajghf (jgmkhf ( jgmkhf plwder  ogp mlple-mlple), susu jujum dgholw 7:?, teiur, agrfgrkh jiue jghd. Aetlde Aet lde ^eheik ^eheiktk tkgh gh khk aehffuh aehffuhgmgh gmgh Aetlde Aetlde Zghogh Zghoghfgh fgh Gogm Gogm Iehfmg Iehfmgp p (ZGI). Dehfgh perigmugh vgrkgsk sujstktusk jujur wlrtei dgiga peajugtgh jksmukt  jgiktg. Agskhf-agskhf perigmugh dkuighf sejghygm tkfg mgik. ^erigmugh yghf gmgh dkfuhgmgh gdgigb0 G125 f Alogc f Alogc 0 75 f Vlrtei J1 2> f Alogc f Alogc 0 :> f Vlrtei O1 65 f Alogc f Alogc 0 :5 f Vlrtei D1 6> f Alogc f Alogc 0 ?> f Vlrtei E1 35 f Alogc f Alogc 0 ?5 f Vlrtei ^r ^rls lsed edur ur pe pehei heikt ktkg kgh h khk khk dk dkgw gwgi gikk de dehfg hfgh h ^e ^eaj ajug ugtg tgh h Jujur Jujur Vlrt Vlrtei ei,, 7 mf wlrtei wlrt ei ilmgi sefgr dkslrtgsk, dkslrtgsk, dkjerskbmgh dkjerskbmgh sertg sertg dkpermeoki dkpermeoki umurghhyg. Meaudkgh Meaudkgh  pltlhfgh wlrtei dkagsummgh me dgiga ji jieh ehde derr se sert rtgg tg tgaj ajgbm gbmgh gh7>> 7>> ai gk gkr, r, meaudk mea udkgh gh dkbgiu dkbgiusmg smgh h bkhffg bkhffg jehgr-j jehgr-jehgr ehgr aeh`gd aeh`gdkk jujur jujur wlrtei wlrtei.. _eigh` _eigh`uth uthyg yg ^eajugtgh Jksmukt Jgiktg (Gdbkstkghg Zesty, :>>2 yghf dkaldkckmgsk ), Teiur 7 jutkr  dgh 4> f fuig bgius dkmlolm dehfgh aehffuhgmgh akxer sgapgk blalfeh dgh fuig

 

igru igrutt se sebk bkhff hffgg terj terjeht ehtum um gdlhg gdlhgh h dgh gfgm gfgm aehf aehfer ergs gs.. _e _eae aeht htgr grgg kt ktu, u, dk sg sggt gt  jersgaggh dgiga wgdgb yghf terpksgb 5> f agrfgrkh dkmlolm bkhffg aeautkb. _e _ete teig igb b ktu ktu me dug gd gdlh lhgh gh ters tersej ejut ut dk dkog ogap apur ur sg sgap apgk gk blalfe blalfeh h me meau aukd kdkg kgh h dktgaj dktgajgbmg gbmgh h 4> f susu susu jujum, 7 f jgmkhf plwder , dgh 7>> f ogapurgh tepuhf alogc dgh jujur wlrtei (sesugk dehfgh perigmugh) dgh terus dkmlolm sgapgk seaug  jgbgh terogapur aergtg. Meaudkgh gdlhgh yghf sudgb terogapur aergtg, dk oetgm  de dehf hfgh gh aehf aehffuh fuhgm gmgh gh pi pigs gstk tkm m pe pehoe hoetg tgm m gd gdlh lhgh. gh. Jk Jksm smuk uktt yghf yghf su sudg dgb b dk dkoe oetg tgm  m  meaudkgh dkpghffghf dgiga lveh dehfgh subu 72>>O seigag :> aehkt. _eigh`uthyg aeigmumgh Sgrkgjei ^ehfgagtgh, dgiga peheiktkgh khk, vgrkgjei yg yghf hf gm gmgh gh dku` dku`kk gdgi gdgigb gb00 Autu Autu _ehs _ehslr lrks ks (s (smg mgig ig be bedl dlhk hkm) m) 0 rg rgsg sg,, me mere rehy hygb gbgh gh,, grlag/jgu dgh wgrhg uhtum pehfu`kgh sehslrks, seaug perigmugh gmgh dksg`kmgh mepgdg pgheiks dgh pgheiks gmgh aehehtumgh aghg jksmukt yghf pgikhf dksumgk. _gapei bgski u`k sehslrks yghf aehdgpgtmgh hkigk tertkhffk (yghf pgikhf dksumgk  pgheiks) meaudkgh dkghgiksks autu ckskm dgh mkakghyg. Autu Ckskm 0 U`k Temstur  Aehffuhgmgh ^ehetrlaeter Autu Mkakg 0 Mgdgr Gkr, Gkr, ^rltekh, Ieagm, Ieagm, Mgdgr Gju, Mgdgr Mgrjlbkdrgt, Mgdgr Sktgakh G dgh ^erbktuhfgh tltgi mgilrk jksmukt. Uhtum ^rlsedur Ghgiksg dkgwgik dehfgh Ghgiksks Mgdgr Gkr dehfgh Aetlde Lveh, yghf pertgag ygktu aeagsummgh wgdgb yghf teigb jerksk sgapei sejghygm : f me dgiga lveh yghf teigb dkpghgsmgh pgdg subu 7>5 ːO seigag ? `ga. _eteigb ?  `ga sgapei dkmeiugrmgh dgh dkdkhfghmgh dkdgiga emskmgtlr igiu tkajghf jergthyg. ^erigmugh khk dkuighf bkhffg aeaperlieb jljlt tetgp. Mgdgr Gkr 1 V/V7 x 7>>%

Ghgiksks Mgdgr Gju Aetlde Lveh/ Tghur dkgwgik dehfgh _gapei dktkajghf sejghygm ? f dkagsummgh medgiga ogwgh plrseieh, meaudkgh grghfmgh dkgtgs hygig  peajgmgr, igiu agsummgh medgiga tghur pgdg subuagmskaua 55> ːO seigag 5 `ga sgapgk sga pgk dkperl dkperlieb ieb gju jerwgr jerwgrhg hg meputk meputkb-pu b-putkb tkbgh, gh, agtkmg agtkmgh h ik ikstr strkm km pgdg pgdg tghur, tghur, agsummgh plrseieh medgiga emskmgtlr uhtum dkdkhfkhmghigiu tkajghf sgapgk jljlt tetgp. % Mgdgr Gju 1 Jergt Gju/ Jergt Gwgi x 7>> %

 

Uhtum Ghgiksks Ghgiksks Mgdgr ^rltekh Aetlde M`edgbi M`edgbi dkgwgik dkgwgik dehfgh aehkajghf aehkajghf >,57 >,5 7 f ou oupi pikm kmgh gh,, agsu agsumm mmgh gh me dg dgig iga a igju igju m` m`ei eidbg dbgii 7>> ai ai.. Tg Tgaj ajgbm gbmgh gh : f ogapurgh seieh dgh :5 ai B:_L4 pemgt.^ghgsmgh dkgtgs peaghgs ikstrkm sgapgk aehdkd aeh dkdkb kb dgh igrutg igrutgh h aeh`gd aeh`gdkk `erhkb `erhkb mebk`gu mebk`gu-bk -bk`gu `gugh gh (s (semk emktgr tgr : `ga pgdg pgdg subu subu 4:>°O). Jkgrmgh dkhfkh, meaudkgh ehoermgh dgh agsummgh me dgiga igju umur 7>> ai tepgtmgh sgapgk tghdg fgrks. %^rltekh1 (S7-S:) x H x >,>74 x c.m x c.p / V

Ghgiksks Ghgik sks Mgdgr Ieagm aetlde _lxbiet dkgwgik dkgwgik dehfgh sgapei sgapei yghf teigb dkbgiusmgh dktkajghf sejghygm : f, agsummgh me dgiga seilhfslhf mertgs yghf dk gigsk dehfgh mgpgs= suajgt seilhfslhf mertgs jerksk olhtlb sgapei tersejut dehfgh mgpgs mgp gs me merk rkhfm hfmgh gh dg dgig iga a lv lveh eh pg pgdg dg su subu bu tk tkdg dgm m ie iejk jkb b dg dgrk rk 2> 2>°O °O se seig igag ag 7 `g `ga, a, meaudkgh agsummgh me dgiga gigt slxbiet yghf teigb dkjerk igju ieagm yghf jerksk  jgtu dkdkb yghf teigb dkmerkhfmgh dgh teigb dkmetgbuk jljlthyg.Meaudkgh emstrgm  ieagm iea gm dehfgh dehfgh bemsgh bemsgh/pe /peigr igrut ut ieagm ieagm igkhhyg igkhhyg seigag seigag 3 `ga._ui `ga._uikhf khfmgh mgh bemsgh bemsgh & merkhfmgh emstrgm ieagm dgiga lveh pehferkhf pgdg subu 7>5°O, dkhfkhmgh dgiga emskmgtlr igiu tkajghf, uighfk perigmugh khk bkhffg terogpgk jljlt tetgp. % Ieagm 1 V ‟ V7/ V: x 7>> % Uhtu Uh tum m Ghgi Ghgiks ksks ks Mgdgr Mgdgr Mgrj Mgrjlb lbkd kdrg rgtt dk dkgw gwgi gikk dehfg dehfgh h ^e ^erb rbkt ktuhf uhfgh gh mg mgdg dgr  r  mgrjlbkdrgt dkigmumgh aehffuhgmgh aetlde jy dkccerehoe ygktu pehfurghfgh 7>> % dehfgh `uaigb dgrk bgski eapgt mlaplheh ygktu mgdgr gkr, prltekh, ieagm dgh gju. ^erbktuhfghhyg sejgfgk jerkmut0 % Mgrjlbkdrgt 1 7>> % - ( % gkr + % ieagm + % prltekh + % gju ) Ghgiksks Mgdgr Sktgakh G (_HK >7-:2;7-7;;:) dkgwgik dehfgh sgapei 7> fr  dktgajgbmgh dehfgh 4> ai etghli ;;,2% dgh 7> ai mgikua bkdrlmskdg 7>>% (w/v), dgh dkblal dkblalfeh fehksg ksgsk sk seigag seigag ? aehkt aehkt aehffu aehffuhgmg hgmgh h agf agfhet hetko ko stk stkrre rrer. r. Ogapurgh seigh`uthyg dksgplhkckmgsk aehffuhgmgh gigt reciums dgh dkpghgsmgh aehffuhgmgh wgter jgtb seigag ?> aehkt, seigh`uthyg dkdkhfkhmgh pgdg subu rughf. Ogapurgh meaudkgh dkpkhdgbmgh me igju umur dgh dktgajgbmgh 5> ai h-bemsgh bkhffg tghdg terg. Igju umur meaudkgh dkmlolm mugt seigag jejergpg detkm uhtum aeaksgbmgh igpksgh. Igpksgh gtgs (emstrgm bemsghg) dkpkpet meiugr dgh igpksgh jergkr meajgik

 

dkemstrgmsk dkemst rgmsk : mgik dehfgh 5> ai h-bemsgh. h-bemsgh. Igpksgh gtgs khk dkmuapuimgh dgh dkouok lieb gkr suikhf suikhf sgapgk jejgs gimgik. Cehlctgiekh Cehlctgiekh (7%) dk fuhgmgh uhtum aeaerkmsg aeaerkmsg gpgmgb agskb gdg gimgik gtgu tkdgm. Mebgdkrgh gimgik aeajerkmgh khdkmgtlr wgrhg aergb audg. Emstrgm Emstrgm meaudkgh meaudkgh dksgrkhf dksgrkhf dehfgh Hg:_L4 uhtum aehfbkighfmg aehfbkighfmgh h seaug sksg gkr. Zeskdu Zeskdu bemsghg dkbgpus dehfgh aehffuhgmgh aehffuhgmgh rltgry evgplrgtlr   pgdg temghgh rehdgb (45°O). Emstrgm yghf dkbgskimgh dkehoermgh sgapgk 7> ai dehfgh h-bemsghg. _eaug sgapei dkigmumgh dk tkfg uighfgh. Emstrgm yghf jerksk  jetg mgrlteh dgpgt dkghgiksks aehffuhgmgh B^IO. U`k Lrfghlieptkm Lrfghlieptkm Aetlde _mgig Bedlhkm ( _lemgrtl, _lemgrtl, 7;25 ) U`k mesumggh  `ufg dksejut u`k bedlhko, dkgwgik dehfgh pgheiks dkakhtgmgh tghffgpgh prkjgdkhyg te teht htgh ghf f

mesu mesumg mggh gh

gtgu gtgu

aehf ae hfea eaum umgm gmgh gh tghf tghffg fgpg pgh h

se sejg jgik ikmh mhyg yg se sehg hghf hf,,

(m (met etkd kdgm gmsu sumg mggh gh). ).

Dk Dksg sgap apkh khf f

sumg sumg gt gtgu gu me mejg jgik ikmg mghh hhyg yg,,

pg pghe heik ikss

aere aeremg mg `u `ufg fg

aehfeaumgmgh tkhfmgt mesumgghhyg. Tkhfmgt ‟ tkhfmgt mesumggh khk dksejut smgig bedlhkm. Aksgihyg dgiga bgi ’ sumg ’ dgpgt aeapuhygk smgig bedlhkm sepertk 0 gagt sghfgt sumg, sghfgt sumg, sumg, gfgm sumg. _ejgikmhyg `kmg tghffgpgh ktu ’ tkdgm sumg ’ dgpgt aeapuhygk smgig bedlhkm sepertk sumg dgh gfgm sumg, terdgpgt tghffgpghhyg yghf dksejut sejgfgk hetrgi, ygktu jumgh sumg tetgpk `ufg jumgh tkdgm  sumg ( hektber ikme hlr dksikme ). U` U`kk lr lrfgh fghli liept eptkm km aetl aetlde de be bedlh dlhkm km dk dkig igmu mumgh mgh pg pgdg dg :5 lr lrgh ghf f pghei pgheiks ks.. ^grgae ^gr gaeter ter yghf yghf dku`k dku`k aeikput aeikputkk rgsg, rgsg, wgrhg, wgrhg, jgu, jgu, dgh temstu temstur. r. Mepgdg Mepgdg pgheik pgheikss dksg`k dks g`kmgh mgh sgapei sgapei sgtu sgtu deak deak sgtu sgtu meaudk meaudkgh gh pgheik pgheikss dkakht dkakhtgg uhtum uhtum aeajer aeajerkmg kmgh h  pehkigkghhyg terbgdgp sgapei yghf dksg`kmgh dehfgh aehfksk sejugb muksklher   jerdgsgrmgh tkhfmgt mesumggh sesugk dehfgh smgig pehkigkgh sejgfgk jerkmut0 7. _ghf _ghfgt gt tkdg tkdgm m sum sumgg :. Tkdg dgm m sumg ?. Hetrgi 4. _umg 5. _gh ghf fgt ssu umg Uhtum U`k Memergsgh Memergsgh Aetlde ^ehetrlaetr ^ehetrlaetry y dkgwgik dkgwgik dehfgh ^ehetrlaeter  ^ehetrlaeter  dkskgpmgh dgh dkietgmmgh pgdg teapgt yghf dgtgr meaudkgh `grua dkpgsghf, dgh

 

dktgajgb peajergt pgdg pehetrlaeter. _gapei jksmukt dkskgpmgh dgh dkietgmgh pgdg dgsgr dgs gr pe pehet hetrl rlae aete terr se sebk bkhf hffg fg `gru `grua a pe pehu huh` h`um um dg dgh h perau peraumg mggh gh sg sgap apei ei te tepg pgtt  jerskhffuhgh dgh `grua pgdg smgig aehuh`umgh ghfmg hli. Temgh tugs ( iever )  pehetetrlaeter seigag 7 detkm meaudkgh dk jgog smgig pgdg gigt yghf aehuh`umgh medgigagh pehetergsk `grua medgiga sgapei. Memergsgh jksmukt gdgigb j/g/t dehfgh sgtugh sgt ugh aa/fr/ aa/fr/dt. dt. ^rkhsk ^rkhskphyg phyg seagmk seagmkh h meoki meoki hkigk hkigk yghf yghf dkdgpg dkdgpgtmg tmgh h agmg agmg tk tkhfmg hfmgtt memergsgh seagmkh jesgr. Bgsk Bg skii dg dgh h pe peaj ajgb gbgs gsgh gh yg yghf hf dk dkdg dgpg pgtt uh uhtu tum m u` u`kk lr lrfg fghli hliep eptk tkss gdgig gdgigb b U` U`kk lrfghlieptkm lrfghli eptkm dkigmumgh lieb :5 lrghf pgheiks aehffuhgmgh aehffuhgmgh aetlde bedlhkm, ygktu aehf ae hfumu umurr jerdg jerdgsg sgrm rmgh gh tkhfm tkhfmgt gt me mesu sumg mggh gh te terb rbgd gdgp gp rg rgsg sg,, wgrh wgrhg, g, gr grla lag, g, dgh merehygbgh jksmukt. Bgski u`k meseiurubgh u`k lrfghlieptkm khk dgpgt dkikbgt dgiga tgjei 7 dkjgwgb khk 0 Tgjei 7. Bgski U`k Lrfghlieptkm Jksmukt [ghf Dkjugt Dgrk Ogapurgh Tepuhf  Alogc  dgh Vlrtei. ^erigmugh G J O D E

Zgsg ?,;4 ?,63 4,>4 ?,23 4,73

Vgrhg 4,>4 ?,32 4,>> 4,7: 4,:>

Grlag ?,24 4,>4 ?,;3 ?,;: 4,73

Merehygbgh ?,5: ?,44 4,>: 4,>4 4,7:

U`k tkhfmgt mesumggh terbgdgp rgsg jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkigmumgh lieb pgheiks dkperlieb hkigk rgtg-rgtg ?,63 - 4,73 (sumg) dgpgt dkikbgt pgdg Tgjei :. Tgjei :. Hkigk Mesumggh Terbgdgp Zgsg Jksmukt Jgiktg [ghf Dkjugt Dgrk Ogapurgh Tepuhf Alogc Tepuhf  Alogc dgh Vlrtei. ^erigmugh G (75 f wlrtei + 25 f alogc ) J(:> f wlrtei + 2> f alogc ) O (:5 f wlrtei + 65 f alogc ) D (?> f wlrtei + 6> f alogc ) E(?5 f wlrtei + 35 f alogc )

Zgtg-rgtg ?,;4 ?,63 4,>4 ?,23 4,73

Tgjei : aehuh`ummgh aehuh`ummgh hkigk rgtg-rgtg rgtg-rgtg tkhfmgt mesumggh pgheiks terbgdgp rgsg  jksmukt jgiktg. Hkigk tertkhffk dkperlieb pgdg jksmukt perigmugh E yghf dkjugt

 

aehffuhgmgh clrauig ?5 f wlrtei dgh 35 f tepuhf alogc . Bgski pehfu`kgh skdkm  rgfga rgf ga aehuh` aehuh`ummg ummgh h jgbwg jgbwg perjedg perjedggh gh perigm perigmugh ugh jgbgh jgbgh dgsgr dgsgr tepuhf tepuhf al alog ogcc dgh ogapurgh wlrtei tkdgm aeajerkmgh pehfgrub yghf hygtg terbgdgp rgsg jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkbgskimgh. Mlaehtgr yghf dkjerkmgh lieb pgheiks, aehygtgmgh jgbwg jksmukt yghf dkbgskimgh lieb perigmugh E aeakikmk rgsg yghf pgikhf ehgm. ^gdugh rgsg yghf  jerkajghf dgh tkdgm gdg rgsg yghf aehlh`li dgrk me-: jgbgh jgb gh yghf dkfuhgmgh ygktu tepuhf alogc dgh wlrtei

U`k tkhfmgt tkhfmgt mesumgg mesumggh h terbgdg terbgdgp p wgrhg wgrhg jksmuk jksmuktt jgikt jgiktgg yghf dki dkigmum gmumgh gh lieb lieb  pgheiks dkperlieb hkigk rergtg ?,32 ‟ 4,:> (sumg) dgpgt dkikbgt pgdg Tgjei ?. Tg Tgje jeii ?. Hk Hkig igkk Mesumg Mesumggh gh Te Terb rbgd gdgp gp Vgrh Vgrhgg Jk Jksm smuk uktt Jgik Jgiktg tg [ghf [ghf Dk Dkju jugt gt Dgrk Dgrk Ogapurgh Tepuhf Alogc Tepuhf Alogc dgh Vlrtei.

^erigmugh G (75 f wlrtei + 25 f alogc ) J (:> f wlrtei + 2> f alogc ) O (:5 f wlrtei + 65 f alogc ) D (?> f wlrtei + 6> f alogc ) E (?5 f wlrtei + 35 f alogc )

Zgtg-Zgtg 4,>4 ?,32 4,>> 4,7: 4,:>

^erigmugh G (75 f wlrtei + 25 f alogc ) J (:> f wlrtei + 2> f alogc ) O (:5 f wlrtei + 65 f alogc ) D (?> f wlrtei + 6> f alogc ) E (?5 f wlrtei + 35 f alogc )

Zgtg-Zgtg ?,24 4,>4 ?,;3 ?,;: 4,73

 

Tgjei ? aehuh`ummgh hkigk rgtg-rgtg tkhfmgt mesumggh pgheiks terbgdgp wgrhg  jksmukt jgiktg. Hkigk tertkhffk dkperlieb pgdg jksmukt perigmugh E yghf dkjugt aehf ae hffuh fuhgm gmgh gh clra clraui uigg ?5 f wlrte wlrteii dg dgh h 35 f te tepu puhf hf alogc logc dgh hkigk hkigk ter terehdg ehdgb b dkperlieb dkperl ieb pgdg jksmukt jksmukt perigmugh J yghf dkjugt aehffuhgmgh clrauig clrauig :> f wlrtei wlrtei dgh 2> f tepuhf alogc. Bgski pehfu`kgh stgtkstkm terbgdgp wgrhg jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkjugt dehfgh 5 clrauig tkdgm aehuh`ummgh perjedggh yghf hygtg Mlaeht Mla ehtgr gr yghf dkjerk dkjerkmgh mgh lieb lieb pgheik pgheiks, s, aehygt aehygtgmgh gmgh jgbwg jgbwg jksmuk jksmuktt yghf dkbgskimgh lieb perigmugh E aeakikmk wgrhg yghf pgikhf aehgrkm ygktu muhkhf meolmigtgh (tkdgm puogt). Vgrhg yghf terjehtum pgdg jksmukt dksejgjmgh mgrehg ter`gdkhyg ter` gdkhyg regmsk jrlwhkhf jrlwhkhf hlh ehzkagtks ehzkagtks seigag peaghffghfgh. peaghffghfgh. Aehurut Aeyer Aeyer,, 7;6? dgiga _ubgrdk dmm, (:>>7) gdghyg mgrjlbkdrgt dgh prltekh yghf oumup tkhffk dgiga sugtu jgbgh pghfgh dgpgt aehyejgjmgh ter`gdkhyg regmsk agkiigrd.

Fgajgr :. Bkstlfrga Tkhfmgt Mesumggh ^gheiks Terbgdgp Vgrhg Jksmukt Jgiktg [ghf Dkjugt Dgrk Ogapurgh Tepuhf Alogc Tepuhf Alogc dgh Vlrtei. U`k tkhfmg tkhfmgtt mesumg mesumggh gh terbgdg terbgdgp p grlag grlag jksmuk jksmuktt jgikt jgiktgg yghf yghf dki dkigmu gmumgh mgh lieb lieb  pgheiks dkperlieb hkigk rgtg-rgtg ?,24 ‟ 4,73.

 

U`k tkhfmgt mesumggh terbgdgp merehygbgh jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkigmumgh pgdg  pgheiks dkperlieb hkigk rgtg-rgtg ?,44 ‟ 4,7: (sumg). Merehygbgh dgiga sugtu prldum pghfgh dgpgt jerbujuhfgh dehfgh mgdgr  gk gkr. r. Bgi Bgi khk khk dk dkse sejgj jgjmg mgh h mg mgre rehg hg se seag agmk mkh h jg jghyg hygm m gk gkrr yg yghf hf dk dkug ugpm pmgh gh pg pgdg dg sg sggt gt  peaghffghfgh gmgh terjehtum rlhffg-rlhffg udgrg sebkhffg prldum yghf dkbgskimgh seagmkh rehygb.

 

Bgski ghgiksks skcgt mkakg jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkjugt dgrk ogapurgh tepuhf alog al ogcc dgh jujur wlrtei yghf pgikhf dksumgk, ygktu perigmugh E dehfgh vgrkgsk  pehgajgbgh jujur wlrtei sejghygm ?5 f dgh tepuhf alogc sejghygm 35 f gdgigb sejgfgk sej gfgk jerkmut jerkmut 0 5,:3%, 5,:3%, mgdgr mgdgr gju :,3>%, :,3>%, mgdgr mgdgr prltek prltekh h 2,2?%, 2,2?%, mgdgr mgdgr ieagm  ieagm  :5,35%, sergt mgsgr >,72%, tltgi mgrjlbkdrgt 56,42%, mghduhfgh vktgakh G 73>6,5 KU. Bgski ghgiksks ghgiksks skcgt mkakg jksmukt jksmukt jgiktg jgiktg yghf pgikhf dksumgk dksumgk ygktu jksmukt jgiktg  perigmugh E yghf dkjugt aehffuhgmgh clrauig ?5 f wlrtei dgh 35 f tepuhf alogc  aehygtgmgh jgbwg mghduhfgh yghf pgikhf tkhffk yghf terdgpgt dgiga 7>> frga  jksmukt gdgigb mghduhfgh Mgrjlbkdrgt ygktu sejesgr 56,42 56 ,42 %. Bgski ghgiksks jksmukt  jgiktg yghf dkjugt dgrk tepuhf al alog ogcc dgh wlrtei wlrtei Meuhffuigh Meuhffuigh tersejut tersejut aeikputk aeikputk mghduhfgh prltekh (2,2? %) dgh ieagm (:5,35 %). Mghduhfgh prltekh dgiga jksmukt  jgiktg yghf dkbgskimgh dgiga peheiktkgh khk iejkb tkhffk dgrk yghf dkgh`urmgh lieb _HK agupuh stghdgr Gustrgikg. Tkhffkhyg mghduhfgh ieagm dkdgiga jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkbgskimgh aeajerkmgh aghcggt yghf jgkm mgrehg sepertk yghf dkhygtgmgh lieb Zgobagh (:>>4) jgbwg mlhsuask wlrtei dehfgh sedkmkt akhygm/ieagm dgpgt `ufg aehkhfmgtmgh pehyergpgh mgrlteh dgiga tujub. Zgbagh G dgh Bkstkcgrkhg D (:>>4) aehygtgmgh mgdgr vktgakh G dkumur  dgiga retkhli emukvgieh (ZE). Zetkhli emukvgieh sgag dehfgh 7 af retkhli gtgu 3 af

jetg-mgrlteh.

Sktgakh

G

`ufg

dkhygtgmgh

dgiga

_gtugh

Khterhgskl Khter hgsklhgi hgi / Khterhgtklhgi  Khterhgtklhgi Uhkt (_K (_K/UK /UK)), )), dkaghg dkaghg 7 ZE sgag sgag dehfgh dehfgh ?,?? ?,?? _K. Jksmukt Jksmu kt jgiktg yghf dkbgskimgh dkbgskimgh dgiga peheiktkgh peheiktkgh khk aeakikmk aeakikmk mghduhfgh mghduhfgh vktgakh vktgakh G 73>6,5 73>6 ,5 _K. Aehurut Aehurut Tbe Clld ghd Hutrktklh Olaaktee lc tbe Hgtklhgi Zesegrob Oluhoki dgiga Ghlhka (:>>4) jgbwg mejutubgh akhkaua vktgakh G per bgrk uhtum  ghgmghg m-gh ghgm gm us uskg kg 77-7: 7: tgbuh tgbuh gd gdgi gigb gb :>>>:>>>-?5 ?5>> >>.. Bgi Bgi kt ktu u je jerg rgrt rtkk jgbwg jgbwg de dehfg hfgh h aehfmlhsuask aehfmlh suask 7>> f jksmukt jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkjugt dgrk ogapurgh ogapurgh tepuhf alogc dgh wlrtei dgpgt aeaehubk semktgr 2>,?5 % tltgi mejutubgh vktgakh G per bgrk uhtum  ghgmghg m-gh ghgm. gm. Hk Hkig igkk pr prlms lmska kagt gt aehuh aehuh`u `ummg mmgh h mugik mugiktg tgss hu hutr trks kskk dg dgrk rk jk jksm smuk uktt yghf yghf dkbgskimgh, terutgag mlaplheh agmrl hutrkeh yghf aeikputk mgrjlbkdrgt, prltekh, dgh ieag ieagm. m. Bgi Bgi khk khk mg mgre rehg hg mlaplh mlaplheh eh te ters rseju ejutt yghf yghf jerpe jerperg rgh h ut utga gagg dgiga dgiga aehyupigk eherfk. Jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkbgskimgh dgiga peheiktkgh khk aeakikmk hkigk

 

eh eher erfk fk seje sejesg sgrr 4;3, 4;3,>; >; Mmgi Mmgi `u `ufg fg aeae aeaehu hubk bk st stgh ghdg dgrr yg yghf hf dk dkte teht htum umgh gh `k `kmg mg dkjghdk dkj ghdkhfm hfmgh gh dehfgh dehfgh stghdgr stghdgr _HK >7-4445 >7-4445-7; -7;;2 ;2 tlt tltgi gi eherfk eherfk yghf dkgh`u dkgh`urmg rmgh h akhkagi sejesgr ?6> Mmgi. Autu Au tu cksk ckskm m gtgu gtgu tkhfm tkhfmgt gt memer memergs gsgh gh jk jksm smuk uktt jg jgik iktg tg dk dkpe perl rlie ieb b dg dgrk rk bg bgsk skii  pehfumurgh aehffuhgmgh pehetrlaeter. U`k memergsgh dehfgh aehffuhgmgh  pehetrlaeter jksmukt jgiktg dehfgh clrauig ?5 f wlrtei dgh 35 f tepuhf alogc  dkigmumgh sejghygm tkfg mgik uighfgh dehfgh tkfg tktkm yghf dkgajki dgiga 7 jksmukt (tehfgb ‟ mghgh ‟ mkrk), dkperlieb hkigk sejesgr 7:,22 aa/f/detkm. Cl Clra raui uigg ogapur ogapurgh gh ju jujur jur wlrt wlrtei ei dgh te tepuh puhf f alog alogcc yghf yghf te tepgt pgt dg dgig iga a  peajugtgh jksmukt jgiktg gdgigb ?5 f jujur wlrtei0 35 f tepuhf alogc dgh dksumgk  pgheiks dgrk sefk rgsg, wgrhg, grlag dgh merehygbgh. Dgpgt dkskapuimgh dkskapuimgh jgbwg Jksmukt Jksmukt jgiktg yghf dkjugt dgrk ogapurgh tepuhf alogc dgh jujur wlrtei perjghdkhfgh 35 f 0 ?5 f aehfghduhf mgdgr gkr 5,:3%, mgdgr gju :,3>%, mgdgr prltekh 2,2?%, mgdgr ieagm :5,35%, sergt mgsgr >,72%, tltgi mgrjlbkdrgt 56,42%, mghduhfgh vktgakh G 73>6,5 KU dgh memergsgh sejesgr  7:,22 aa/f/detkm.

 

DGCTGZ ^U_TGMG

Agaehtu, G.M, et gi. Ghgiksks Autu _ehslrks, Ckskm dgh Mkakg Jksmukt Jgiktg [ghf Dkjugt Dgrk Ogapurgh Tepuhf ALOGC Tepuhf ALOGC ( Aldkcked  Aldkcked Ogsgvvg Cilur ) dgh Vlrtei ( Dguous ogrltg)) ogrltg Agaug`g, Obrkstkhe. (:>73). ^ehfgwgsgh Autu Dgh Megaghgh ^ghfgh. Aghgdl 0 UH_ZGT ^ZE__