Livro Genomica - Luis Mir - 2005 Cap 10

 

VH^]K 

AA

CK@ÝLADH  KL LKMADA@H

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 HV^KTK@]HÃÄO LKMADA@H  CK@ÝLADH

Tárcao Mh`ajo Gu`bo Vk`h

• A` A`tr trom omuã uãäo äo • Ck`áta Ck`átadh dh Lámad Lámadh h Lojkdu Lojkdujhr jhr k Lkmada`h Ck`ýladh

A@]^OM[ÃÄO @o mah 8= mk hnraj mk >664, eoa h`u`dahmo o eal oeadahj mo progkto ck`olh bulh`o (Th`ckr A`statutk, >664). Lhas mk 11% mos >,1 najbûks mk phrks mk nhsk quk do`statukl h porãäo kudrolètadh mo ck`olh bulh`o kstäo skqúk`dahmos dol ulh kxhtamäo supkraor h 11,1%. Bè, ha`mh, lhas ou lk`os 466 lajbûks mk phrks mk nhsk mh bktkrodrolhta`h, pra`daphjlk`tk pkradk`troláradh, pkradk`troláradh, quk `äo skräo skqúk`dahmos, poas `äo do`tçl a`eorlhãäo ck`átadh. H mhth, hnraj mk >664, eoa ksdojbamh phrh doa`damar dol o ;6 o h`avkrsèrao mh punjadhãäo, `h rkvasth @hturk, mo lomkjo mh kstruturh mo M@H por Ghlks Shtso` k Erh`das Dradi, quk odorrku kl >; mk hnraj mk 81;4. Mo po`to mk vasth lámado, h alportî`dah mo tárla`o mo progkto ck`olh bulh`o sô pomk skr dolphrhmh æ punjadhãäo mo pralkaro trhthmo dak`tìeado dolpjkto mk h`htolah bulh`h,  Mk Bulh`as Dorporas Ehnradh, por  H`mrkhs Ukshjaus kl 8;=4 (Eac. AA.8). Kstk javro rkprksk`tou o hjadkrdk sonrk o quhj eoa do`struìmo tomo o kmaeìdao mh lkmada`h odamk`thj. O do`bkdalk`to h`htýlado propadaou o ejorksdalk`to jk`to k crhmuhj mh easaojocah, mh phtojocah k mh ehrlhdojocah bulh`hs `os sádujos sunskqúk`tks æ punjadhãäo mo javro mk Ukshjaus. @kstk sk`tamo, h punjadhãäo mo trhthmo Mk Bulh`as Bulh`as Dorporas Dorporas Ehnradh do`statuau o po`to mk phrtamh phrh h do`struãäo mh lkmada`h lomkr`h. Mh lkslh lh`karh, tklos hcorh o do`bkdalk`to h`htýlado dolpjkto mo ck`olh bulh`o. @hs prôxalhs mádhmhs, mád hmhs, ejorksdkräo h easaojocah ck`ýladh, h phtojocah ck`ýladh k h ehrlhdojocah ck`ýladh. O do`bkdalk`to mh h`htolah mo ck`olh bulh`o rkprksk`th, hssal, hpk`hs hpk`hs o po`to mk phrtamh mk do`struãäo mh lkmada`h ck`ýladh*. ck`ýladh* .

• ]rh`s rh`sdrat dratolh olh,, Vrotk Vrotkolh olh k Kpack`olh7 Ck`ýladh Eu`dao`hj • Vkrspk Vkrspkdta dtavhs vhs mh Lkm Lkmada ada`h `h Ck`ýladh • A` A`ma madhã dhãûk ûks s mk jkat jkaturh urh • T÷l T÷lujh ujh dur durra raduj dujhr hr

O mksk`vojvalk`to mo progkto ck`olh bulh`o (VCB) sac`aeadou lhas mo quk solk`tk hquasaãäo mk do`bkdalk`to, poas mkpk`mku mk ulh mrèstadh lumh`*Vomklos qukstao`hr quhj skrah h lkjbor trhmuãäo phrh o portucuçs mos sunsth`tavos ck`olk k ck`olads. O Oxeorm K`cjasb Madtao`hry  (OKM) htranua h pralkarh utajazhãäo mh phjhvrh ck`olk  ho hjkläo Bh`s Sa`ijkr kl 81>6. Tkcu`mo Jkmkrnkrc k LdDrhy (>668), Sa`ijkr, kl sku javro Ukrnrkatu`c u`m [rshdbk mkr Vhrtbk`ock`ksas al Vejh`zk`u`c ]akrrkadbk  (Ukrjhc Easdbkr, Gk`h) ksdrkvk7 ‚Vropo`bo h kxprkssäo Ck`ol  phrh o do`gu`to mk drolossolos bhpjôamks, quk do`gu`thlk`tk dol o protopjhslh pkrta`k`tk kspkdaeadh h eu`mhãäo lhtkrahj mhs kspádaks...“ Yla`bh trhmuãäo mo a`cjçs\. Tkcu`mo o OKM, h phjhvrh ck`olk skrah ulh eusäo mk ck`  + solk  (mk dbrolosolk ). Do`skqúk`tklk`tk, dolo h crheah dorrkth kl portucuçs á drolossolo, h lkjbor trhmuãäo skrah ck`olo. K`trkth`to, Jkmkrnkrc k LdDrhy (>668) masdormhl mo OKM, hrculk`th`mo quk Sa`ijkr gè mkvah skr ehlajahr dol vèrahs phjhvrhs quk krhl ushmhs gè h`tks mk 81>6, thas dolo naolk, rbazolk, tbhjjolk, dokjolk, ktd. Ksths phjhvrhs dolphrtajbhl o do`dkato mk —olk, sac`aeadh`mo dojktavamhmk. Hssal, o razolh á o do`gu`to mhs rhìzks mk ulh pjh`th, o dkjolh á o sastklh mk dhvamhmks mo dorpo, ktd. Ton kstk hspkdto, h lkjbor trhmuãäo mk ck`olk á ck`olh. Mk hdormo dol Jkmkrnkrc k LdDrhy (>668) h phjhvrh ck`olads eoa a`tromuzamh, kl 8123, por Uadtor LdIusadi k Erh`i ^ummjk dolo `olk mk ul pkraômado pkraômado dak`tìeado quk kjks bhvahl eu`mhmo phrh punjadhr hrtacos dak`tìeados mk lhpkhlk`to mos ck`ks k skqúk`dahlk`to mo M@H. @orlhjlk`tk, ck`olads á trhmuzamo dolo ck`ýladh phrh o portucuçs hssal dolo a`eorlhtads á trhmuzamo dolo a`eorlètadh. [lh hjtkr`htavh, nkl lk`os kueý`adh, skrah trhmuzar ck`olads dolo ck`olah, hssal dolo kdo`olads á trhmuzamo dolo kdo`olah.

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L KM AD A@ H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ]A DH D JÌ @A DH ãh `h prôprah lh`karh mk ehzkr pksquash naojôcadh. Htá lkhmos mos h`os 26 mo sádujo RR, quh`mo o VCB eoa amkhjazhmo, hs daç`dahs naojôcadhs ushvhl h kstrhtácah nèsadh bapotátado-mkmutavh mk ehzkr daç`dah, thlnál dbhlhmh mk pksquash por bapôtksk (bypotbksas-mravk` ). Kstk látomo mk drahãäo mk do`bkdalk`to, hrtadujhmo hrtadujhmo por Bh`s Voppkr, ]bolhs Iub`, Vktkr Lkmhwhr k outros nhskah-sk `h drahãäo mk bapôtksks k ksthnkjkdalk`to mk lomkjos, quk sk tk`th, k`täo, ehjsaeadhr htrhvás mk kxpkralk`thãäo. Lhs á alporth`tk alpor th`tk k`tk`mkr quk, phrh ksthnkjkdkr bapôtksks, prkdash-sk tkr ulh nhsk mk do`bkdalk`to dh`ý`ado. dh`ý`ado. O quk o VCB ekz eoa `os rklktkr tklporhrahlk`tk h ul lomkjo lhas h`taco mk ehzkr daç`dah, o phrhmaclh nhdo`ah`o, mk salpjks dojkdao`hlk`to mk ‚ehtos“ k sastklhtazhãäo mkstks ‚ehtos“. Vhrh thj, o VCB tkvk mk a`ovhr kstrhtácadh k lktomojocadhlk`tk, hmoth`mo hjculhs dhrhdtkrìstadhs `ovhs. O trhnhjbo phssou h crh`mk ksdhjh k dol lkchorãhlk`tos. H ç`ehsk mksjodou-sk mo jhnorhtôrao a`mavamuhj phrh do`sôrdaos do`sôr daos mk jhnorhtôraos. H hquasaãäo mk mhmos phssou h skr lujtìpjkx k hjthlk`tk phrhjkjh dol ç`ehsk `o kstumo mk k`tamhmks ‚kl hcrkchmo“. O rksujthmo mksth `ovh lktomojocah eoa ulh keadaç`dah mk hdulujhãäo mk do`bkdalk`to ìlphr `h bastôrah mhs daç`dahs naolámadhs. Draou-sk ul `ovo phrhmaclh lktomojôcado, dbhlhmo mk phrhmaclh ‚ýlado“ (kl a`cjçs, olads). Kl h`hjocah ho kstumo mo ck`olh, kstk phrhmaclh eoa, k`täo, hpjadhmo hos outros hcrkchmos naojôcados, dol ulh eknrk mk `kojocaslos quk draou `ovos ongktos mk pksquash quk gè kstäo tk`mo ul crh`mk alphdto `h lkmada`h7 o trh`sdratolh, o protkolh, o kpack`olh, o lkthnojolh, o ek`olh k outros (]h (]hnkjh nkjh AA.8). Eac. AA.8 ” Ero`taspìdao mo pralkaro trhthmo mk h`htolah O lámado k sklamkus crkco Hsdjápao (do`bkdamo dolo Ksdujèpao bulh`h, Mk Bulh`as Dorporas Ehnradh , punjadh mo por `h latojocah rolh`h) krh eajbo mk Hpojo k mh lorthj Doro`as. Vor suh  H`mrkhs Ukshjaus Ukshjaus kl 8;=4, kl Nhsajáah. Nhsajáah. a`eamkjamhmk, Doro`as eoa pu`amh dol h lortk pkjh du`bhmh Hrtçlas, o quk jkvou Hpojo h k`trkchr o pkquk`o Hsdjápao phrh skr kmudhmo pkjo dk`thuro Xuaräo, quk jbk k`sa`ou os skcrkmos mh hrtk mh durh. Hsdjápao tor`ou-sk ul kxìlao darurcaäo k pkrato `h lh`apujhãäo mhs pjh`ths lkmada`has, mksk`vojvk`mo htá h dhphdamhmk mk rkvavkr os lortos. Os mkusks mo Ojalpo, quk htá k`täo mkta`bhl o pomkr hnsojuto mk vamh k lortk, arrathrhl-sk pkjh oushmah mk Hsdjápao, quk qukrah sk acuhjhr h kjks, k Wkus eujla`ou-o dol ul rhao. Hsdjápao á sklprk rkprksk`thmo dol ul dhghmo `o quhj sk k`do`trh k`rojhmh ulh skrpk`tk (Eac. AA.>H), quk rkprksk`thvh, pkjh suh trodh pkraômadh mk pkjk, h dhphdamhmk mk rk`ovhr-sk. Dol h rkvojuãäo ‚ýladh“, mksk`dhmkhmh pkjos kstumos mo M@H (Eac. 86.>N), h lkmada`h, dolo bogk h do`bkdklos, pomk tkr h dbh`dk mk trodhr mk pkjk dolo h skrpk`tk mk Hsdjápao k rk`ovhr-sk `h eorlh mk lkmada`h ck`ýladh.

CK@Á]ADH LÁMADH LOJKD[JH^ K LKMADA@H CK@ÝLADH Kl phrhjkjo dol o procrksso `o skqúk`dahlk`to mo ck`olh bulh`o, bouvk ulh kxpjosäo mk `ovos do`bkdalk`tos kl ck`átadh lámadh lojkdujhr. H datock`átadh lojkdujhr propordao`ou h dhphdamhmk mk amk`taeadhr a`kquavodhlk`tk htá pkquk`os erhclk`tos mk drolossolos a`mavamuhas, mk dorrkjhdao`hr h kstruturh drolossýladh dol h jodhjazhãäo cç`adh k mk mahc`ostadhr hs hjtkrhãûks drolossýladhs sunladrosdôpadhs dolo hs ladromkjkãûks kl sì`mrolks mk ck`ks do`tìcuos, nkl dolo os rkhrrh`gos sun-tkjolárados. Hs tád`adhs mk djo`hckl posadao`hj pkrlatarhl h mksdonkrth mk ul `÷lkro sac`aeadhtavo mk ck`ks, kspkdahjlk`tk os k`vojvamos `hs mok`ãhs lk`mkjah`hs. Lhas k lhas mok`ãhs ck`átadhs tavkrhl suh ktaojocah kjudamhmh ho `ìvkj cç`ado, pkrlata`mo lkjbor dorrkjhãäo k`trk ck`k k ek`ôtapo. H mksdonkrth mhs luthãûks ma`îladhs propordao`ou o k`tk`malk`to ktaojôcado mk vèrahs k alporth`tks mok`ãhs `kurojôcadhs, nkl dolo kjudamou os ehtorks quk a`ejuk`dahl h vhrahãäo mk crhvamhmk mk`tro k k`trk ehlìjahs, a`djua`mo o ek`ýlk`o mk h`tkdaphãäo. O mahc`ôstado mk mok`ãhs ck`átadhs ush`mo tkstks kl `ìvkj ck`ýlado tor`ou-sk ulh rota`h lámadh, sunstatua`mo o mahc`ôstado kl `ìvkj loreojôcado k kl `ìvkj mhs k`zalhs k lkthnôjatos. ]has hvh`ãos kspkthdujhrks kspkthdujhrks 825

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 H V ^ K T K @ ] H Ã Ä O

]hnkjh AA.8 Mkea`aãäo mk hjcu`s ‚olhs“* ]krlo

Mkea`aãäo

Ck`olh

O do`gu`to tothj mo M@H mk ul orch`aslo

Vrotkolh

O do`gu`to tothj mhs protkì`hs kl ulh dájujh ou dolphrtalk`to dkjujhr

]rh`sdratolh

H po popujhãäo mos tr trh`sdratos mk mk l^ l^@H mk mk ul ulh dájujh

Lkthnojolh

O do`gu`to tothj mhs ladrolojádujhs prksk`tks kl ulh dájujh kl ul ksthmo easaojôcado kspkdìeado

Ek`olh

Amk`taeadhãäo quhjathtavh mh eorlh k eu`ãäo mkravhmh mos ck`ks kl ksthmos mk sh÷mk k mk mok`ãh

Loreolh

Mksdraãäo mh kstruturh h`htýladh k mh dolposaãäo naoquìladh mk ul orch`aslo a`thdto, a`djua`mo o sku ck`olh, o protkolh k h kstruturh mk suhs dájujhs, tkdamos k ôrcäos

A`tkrhdtolh

Do`gu`to mh mhs a` a`tkrhãûks k` k`trk to tomhs hs hs lh lhdrolojádujhs kl kl ulh dá dájujh

Cjadolh

H popujhãäo mk lojádujhs mk dhrnoamrhtos dolpjkxos kl ulh dájujh

Tkdrktolh

H popujhãäo mk promutos cç`ados skdrkthmos mk ul dájujh

Kpack`olh

O do`gu`to kstèvkj mk lomaeadhãûks do-vhjk`tks mh kstruturh mo M@H   (lktajhãäo mhs datosa`hs) quk do`trojh h kxprkssäo maekrk`dahj mos ck`ks kl ulh dájujh

^kcujolh

Do`gu`to mhs rkmks rkcujhtôrahs mo lkthnojaslo k kxprkssäo cç`adh kl ulh dájujh

*Lomaeadhmo mk bttp7//naoa`eo.lnn.yhjk.kmu/wbht-as-at/olks/olks.btlj.

k`do`trhl-sk mksdratos mkthjbhmhlk`tk `os dhpìtujos skcua`tks mkstk javro. Eodhjazhrklos, hqua `kstk dhpìtujo a`tromutôrao, outros `ìvkas mk do`bkdalk`to, kspkdahjlk`tk o mk ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj (kpack`olh, trh`sdratolh k protkolh). Hcorh quk tkrla`hlos o skqúk`dahlk`to ck`ýlado mo bolkl k mos pra`daphas lomkjo, `h ksthlos prkstksmkhdrahr soerkr ulh mrèstadh lumh`ãh k mhrorch`aslos, ul shjto quhjathtavo dhphdamhmk k utajazhr o do`bkdalk`to ‚ýlado“ `h prèxas mh lkmada`h ck`ýladh (]hnkjh AA.>). Ksths `ovhs tkd`ojocahs tçl pkrlatamo `äo sô h hquasaãäo mk `ovo mhmos mk lh`karh lujtìpjkx k hjthlk`tk phrhjkjh, lhs thlnál, htrhvás mhs `ovhs ekrrhlk`ths naoa`eorlètadhs, pkrlatamo h prospkdãäo prospkdãäo mos nh`dos mk mhmos phrh pasths mk `ovhs kstrhtácahs mahc`ôstadhs k tkrhpçutadhs. Hssal, æs kxpkralk`thãûks a` vavo k a` vatro hmadao`h-sk hcorh h pksquash a` sajado. Htrhvás mksth la`krhãäo mk nh`dos mk mhmos, rhpamhlk`tk dolpjkthrklos dolpjkthrklos o dhtèjoco mhs mok`ãhs lk`mkjah`hs. ]omos ]omos os ck`ks bulh`os, quh`mo luthmos, säo potk`dahjlk`tk ck`ks dhushmorks mk mok`ãhs, k hssal vhlos dhrhdtkrazhr `ovhs k`tamhmks lôrnamhs k `ovhs vahs phtock`átadhs h phrtar mo do`bkdalk`to mh kstruturh k eu`ãäo mk tomos os ck`ks (Ihpjh` k Gu`ak`, >666). H ç`ehsk hqua `äo á lhas hpk`hs `h kstruturh cç`adh (ck`ýladh kstruturhj) lhs thlnál `h suh eu`ãäo k rkcujhãäo (ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj). Kl tklpo, ulh `ovh easaojocah lojkdujhr pkrlatarè o ejorksdalk`to mh easaophtojocah lojkdujhr. lojkdujhr. Lu`amos mkstk do`bkdalk`to, pomkrklos, k`täo, k`erk`thr o mksheao mhs mok`ãhs lujtaehtorahas dol dolpo`k`tk ck`átado pojacç`ado, quk do`statukl h crh`mk lhaorah mh

 H

N

Eac. AA.> ” Uklos o dhghmo mk Hsdjápao dol h  skrpk`tk k`rojhmh (H), quk do`statua o sìlnojo mh lkmada`h, k o lomkjo kstruturhj mo M@H (N)  punjadhmo kxhthlk`tk ;6 h`os htrès  punjadhmo htrès por Shtso` Shtso` k Dradi (81;4). H sklkjbh`ãh k`trk hs muhs eacurhs á  purh doa`damç`dah, lhs shjth hos ojbos.

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L KM AD A@ H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ]A DH D JÌ @A DH dhrch lôrnamh bulh`h, dolo `o dî`dkr k mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks, dhrmaovhsdujhrks, `utradao`has, a`ekddaoshs k mkck`krhtavhs. H lkmada`h prkmatavh, nhskhmh `o mahc`ôstado mhs prkmasposaãûks, phsshrè h skr rota`h. Vhrhjkjhlk`tk, `ovos majklhs naoátados klkrcaräo, poas a`ekjazlk`tk h `ossh dhphdamhmk mk prkvk`ar ou trhthr mok`ãhs ksthrè sklprk htrhshmh dol rkjhãäo ho `osso pomkr mk mahc`ostadè-jhs.

]hnkjh AA.> Lumh`ãhs mk Vhrhmaclh kl Lkmada`h Ck`ýladh* Ck`ýladh kstruturhj

Ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj

Ck`ýladh

Vrotkýladh

Mksdonkrth mk ck`ks nhskhmh `h djo`hckl posadao`hj

Mksdonkrth mk ck`ks nhskhmh `h skqúç`dah mo ck`olh bulh`o

Mok`ãhs lk`mkjah`hs

Mok`ãhs lujtaehtorahas

Mahc`ôstado ck`átado kspkdìeado

Mahc`ôstado mk susdkptanajamhmk

 H`èjask mk ul ÷`ado ck`k

H`èjask kl phrhjkjo mk l÷jtapjos l÷jtapjos ck`k kl ehlìjahs, vahs lkthnôjadhs ou sastklhs (k`eoquk ýlado)

 Hãäo cç`adh

^kcujhãäo ^kcujhãä o cç`adh

Ktaojocah (luthãäo kspkdìeadh)

Vhtocç`ksk (lkdh`aslo)

Vksquash massodahmh mh djì`adh

]rh`sekrç`dah alkmahth mk do`bkdalk`tos mh pksquash phrh h djì`adh

*Hmhpthmo mk Vkjto`k` k LdIusadi (>668).

]^H@TD^A]OLH, V^O]KOLH K KVACK@OLH7 CK@ÝLADH E[@DAO@HJ O moclh dk`trhj mh naojocah lojkdujhr ksthnkjkdk quk h a`eorlhãäo ck`átadh ejua `o sk`tamo M@H ↞ ^@H ↞ protkì`h. ]kd`adhlk`tk, mazklos quk o M@H á trh`sdrato kl ^@H, o quhj á trhmuzamo kl protkì`hs. O M@H á kstrathlk`tk a`eorlhdao`hj, a`eorlhdao`hj, k hs protkì`hs säo eu`dao`has, rkprksk`th`mo o nrhão bulh`hs, kektor mo lkdh`aslo ck`átado. Dolooo`olk `olk mk ck`olh á mhmo ho dájujhs h`hjochlk`tk htranuìlos trh`sdratolh hodo`gu`to do`gu`tomkmktomo tomoo oM@H ^@Hmhs k dbhlhlos mk protkolh o do`gu`to mk tomhs hs protkì`hs mhs dájujhs bulh`hs. Hssal, `h eorlujhãäo lomkr`h mo moclh, pomklos mazkr quk h a`eorlhãäo ejua `o sk`tamo ck`olh ↞ trh`sdratolh ↞  protkolh.  protko lh.  H pralkarh kthph mh ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj do`sastarè `h kjudamhãäo mo trh`sdratolh k mo protkolh, nkl dolo mos lkdh`aslos quk rkcujhl kstk ejuxo a`eorlhdao`hj. Kxastk ulh maekrk`ãh eu`mhlk`thj k`trk o ck`olh mk ul jhmo k o trh`sdratolh k o protkolh mo outro. O ck`olh á o lkslo kl tomhs hs dájujhs mo dorpo bulh`o. Gè o trh`sdratolh k o protkolh vhrahl `os vèraos tapos dkjujhrks, mkpk`mk`mo mk quhas ck`ks kstäo sk`mo kxprkssos. O trh`sdratolh k o protkolh mk ul bkphtôdato k ul `kurý`ao maekrkl luato, lhs o ck`olh mkstks moas tapos dkjujhrks á o lkslo. [lh kthph drudahj mh ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj skrè o ksdjhrkdalk`to mos lkdh`aslos quk mktkrla`hl thj kxprkssäo maekrk`dahj mk ck`ks kl tapos dkjujhrks maekrk`tks. ]hjvkz `kstks lkdh`aslos mk do`trojk bhgh o k`vojvalk`to mos 12% mk M@H `äo-domaeadh`tk mo ck`olh. [lh mhs mksdonkrths mo rhsdu`bo mo ck`olh bulh`o quk dhusou lhas ksph`to eoa mk quk o `÷lkro mk ck`ks bulh`os satuh-sk hpk`hs ho rkmor mk 46.666. Kstk ksph`to mkvk-sk h ulh do`dkpãäo krrý`kh mo phpkj mo ck`olh. H quh`tamhmk mk a`eorlhãäo do`tamh `o ck`olh bulh`o á ho rkmor mk skas cachnats (dhmh `udjkotìmko do`tál moas nats mk a`eorlhãäo). Vor outro jhmo, h quh`tamhmk mk 822

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

 H V ^ K T K @ ] H Ã Ä O a`eorlhãäo `kdkssèrah phrh mksdrkvkr h kstruturh k dolporthlk`to (o ek`ôtapo) mk ul a`mavìmuo hmujto á mkzk`hs mk ormk`s mk lhc`atumk lhaor quk h mo ck`olh. Á ônvao, k`täo, quk o ck`olh `äo pomk possuar tomh h a`eorlhãäo `kdkssèrah phrh do`struar ul skr bulh`o, lhs sal mkvk do`tkr ul do`gu`to mk rkcrhs phrh ckrhr kssh a`eorlhãäo (Lhruyhlh, 8154). Vhrh quk kstk po`to eaquk lhas djhro, vkghlos o kxklpjo mo goco xhmrkz. O `÷lkro mk do`eacurhãûks possìvkas mhs 4> pkãhs `o thnjhmo á hstro`oladhlk`tk crh`mk, lhs pomk skr ckrhmo pkjo do`gu`to salpjks mhs poudhs rkcrhs mo  goco. H`hjochlk`tk, o ck`olh, h do`stkjhãäo mk ck`ks, jkvh æ eorlhãäo mh kstruturh mo a`mavìmuo htrhvás quk säo h[lh alposaãäo mk phmrûks mk trh`seorlhãäo `utrak`tks ontamos mk mo rkcrhs lkao hlnak`tk. mhs kstrhtácahs qukkspkdìeados hs `osshs dájujhs utajazhl phrhsonrk ckrhrosa`eorlhãäo h phrtar mo ck`olh á h mk ehzkr kmaãäo hjtkr`htavh ( hjtkr`htavk spjada`c) mos prkdursorks mo ^@H. Dol ksth kstrhtácah, rkspo`mk`mo æ maekrk`dahãäo dkjujhr k h kstìlujos hlnak`thas pomklos promuzar vèrahs protkì`hs maekrk`tks h phrtar mh lkslh u`amhmk trh`sdradao`hj ck`ýladh. O KVACK@OLH

K`trk o ck`olh mk ul jhmo k os promutos mk suh kxprkssäo (trh`sdratolh k protkolh) mk outro, tklos o kpack`olh, ou skgh, o do`gu`to mhs lomaeadhãûks `udjkhrks bkrmhmhs k quk lomujhl h kxprkssäo cç`adh, lhs `äo k`vojvkl lomaeadhãäo mh skqúç`dah mo M@H. @h jatkrhturh, kxastkl pkjo lk`os muhs lh`karhs mk mkea`ar o kpack`olh7 ulh, lhas eodhjazhmh, mkea`k o kpack`olh dolo o do`gu`to mk lomaeadhãûks mo ck`olh por lktajhãäo mhs datosa`hs (odhsao`hjlk`tk, thlnál dbhlhmo mk lktajolh)9 outrh, lhas hlpjh, a`djua hjál mh lktajhãäo mo M@H, outrhs lomaeadhãûks dovhjk`tks, dolo h hdktajhãäo mhs basto`hs k lkslo lomaeadhãûks `äo-dovhjk`tks mh kstruturh mh drolhta`h. Dolo h vhsth lhaorah mo do`bkdalk`to kpack`ýlado kpack`ýlado tkl samo ontamh htá hcorh por kstumos mk lktajhãäo mhs datosa`hs, prkekralos opkrhdao`hjlk`tk h pralkarh mkea`aãäo. Klnorh tomhs hs dájujhs bulh`hs tk`bhl o lkslo ck`olh, kxprksshl ck`ks maekrk`tks, mkpk`mk`mo mo sku ksthmo mk maekrk`dahãäo k mhs suhs dardu`stî`dahs eu`dao`has. Luato mksth rkcujhãäo, kspkdahjlk`tk hqukjh rkhjazhmh h jo`co tkrlo, covkr`h-sk pkjh lktajhãäo mo `osso ck`olh, phrh drahr maekrk`tks kpack`olhs. Hjál mos ek`ýlk`os purhlk`tk mk rkcujhãäo cç`adh, h lktajhãäo mhs datosa`hs kstè k`vojvamh `os ek`ýlk`os mk alpra`ta`c ck`ýlado, rkcujhãäo mh kstruturh mh drolhta`h, ksthnajamhmk ck`ýladh k `h phtocç`ksk mk mok`ãhs, kspkdahjlk`tk o dî`dkr. Ehtorks hlnak`thas pomkl jkvhr h lumh`ãhs `os phmrûks kpack`ýlados (kpaluthãûks). Mksth lh`karh, o hlnak`tk pomk tkr a`ejuç`dahs murhmourhs `o ek`ôtapo. Lktomojocah kpack`ýladh kstè sk`mo mksk`vojvamh phrh dhthjochr tomhs hs lomaeadhãûks mh lktajhãäo kl ksthmos `orlhas k phtojôcados. Mk possk mkstk dhtèjoco, pomkrklos, `o euturo, tkr pkrspkdtavhs tkrhpçutadhs htrhvás mh k`ck`bhrah kpack`ýladh. O HJUO MH LKMADA@H CK@ÝLADH Á O EK@Ô]AVO

Dolo valos ja`bhs htrès, o ck`olh bulh`o do`tál hproxalhmhlk`tk 46.666 ck`ks. Os promutos cç`ados ” hs protkì`hs ” a`tkcrhl, doormk`hl k phrtadaphl mos prodkssos k`orlklk`tk dolpjkxos mo `osso mksk`vojvalk`to klnrao`èrao k mo `osso lkthnojaslo. O promuto ea`hj mkstks prodkssos mk mksk`vojvalk`to k lkthnojaslo á o skr bulh`o. Hs dhrhdtkrìstadhs onskrvèvkas mkstk skr bulh`o do`statukl o sku ek`ôtapo. Ho do`trèrao mo ck`olh, quk pkrlh`kdk do`sth`tk por tomh h vamh, o ek`ôtapo á ma`îlado k lumh do`sth`tklk`tk htrhvás mk tomh h kxastç`dah mo a`mavìmuo, rkcastrh`mo, hssal, h suh bastôrah mk vamh. O ck`olh `äo mktkrla`h markthlk`tk o ek`ôtapo9 kjk mktkrla`h ulh `orlh mk rkhãäo, quk á tomo o rkpkrtôrao mhs vahs hjtkr`htavhs mk mksk`vojvalk`to k lkthnojaslo quk pomkl odorrkr `os porthmorks mk ul mhmo ck`olh kl tomos os hlnak`tks possìvkas, ehvorèvkas k mksehvorèvkas, `hturhas ou hrtaeadahas. Kl sulh, o ck`olh `äo mktkrla`h o ek`ôtapo, lhs ksthnkjkdk ulh chlh mk possanajamhmks. Xuhj ek`ôtapo sk do`drktazhrè vha mkpk`mkr mo hlnak`tk k mk suhs a`tkrhãûks dol o ck`ôtapo. Vhrh dolpjadhr ha`mh lhas, h lhaor phrtk mhs dhrhdtkrìstadhs ek`otìpadhs á dolpjkxh k sugkath æ hãäo mk vèraos ck`ks kl a`tkrhãäo dol l÷jtapjos mktkrla`h`tks hlnak`thas. Vhrherhskh`mo o pokth rk`hsdk`tasth Gob` Mo``k, pomklos mazkr quk ‚`k`bul ck`k á ulh ajbh“ ” os ck`ks trhnhjbhl kl rkmk, k h hãäo mk dhmh ck`k a`mavamuhj á a`ejuk`dahmh por trhmuzamo tomos os outros. Hssal,kl o lkro do`bkdalk`to mh skqúç`dah mk nhsks mo ck`olh bulh`o `äo pomk skr markthlk`tk tkrlos ek`otìpados kxdkto `os dhsos lhas salpjks. [lh mkdorrç`dah masso á quk phrh h dhrhdtkrazhãäo phtock`átadh amkhj mhs mok`ãhs bulh`hs © Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

821

 

L KM AD A@ H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ]A DH D JÌ @A DH mkvklos utajazhr ekrrhlk`ths mahc`ôstadhs kl `ìvkj ek`otìpado, asto á, trh`sdratýladhs, protkýladhs k kpack`ýladhs, kl vkz mk ck`ýladhs (ck`otìpadhs). MAHC@ÔT]ADO LÁMADO KL @ÌUKJ MO ]^H@TD^A]OLH

Dolo kxpjadhmo h`tkraorlk`tk, tomhs hs dájujhs tçl o lkslo ck`olh, lhs hpk`hs 4-;% mos skus ck`ks säo htavos. O sajk`dahlk`to mh lhaor phrtk mo ck`olh domaeadhmor á ulh proprakmhmk hmhpthtavh mos orch`aslos lujtadkjujhrks hssodahmh dol h maekrk`dahãäo dkjujhr. H vhsth lhaorah mo do`trojk mh kxprkssäo cç`adh á ekato kl `ìvkj trh`sdradao`hj, mk lh`karh quk o do`gu`to mos l^@Hs mk ulh dájujh, o sku trh`sdratolh, vhrah `os maekrk`tks tkdamos. @o phsshmo, o kstumo mh kxprkssäo cç`adh krh ekato a`mavamuhjlk`tk, ck`k h ck`k. Ksth krh ulh kstrhtácah a`keadak`tk, gè quk hs pkrturnhãûks easaojôcadhs ou phtojôcadhs mh naojocah dkjujhr säo hdolph`bhmhs mk vhrahãäo salujtî`kh `h kxprkssäo mk luatos ck`ks. Do`skqúk`tklk`tk, solk`tk dol kstumos hjthlk`tk phrhjkjos mk dk`tk`hs ou lajbhrks mk ck`ks pomklos tkr ulh alhckl mhs pkrturnhãûks trh`sdratýladhs `hs mok`ãhs bulh`hs. Hs ekrrhlk`ths amkhas phrh kstks kstumos säo os ladrohrrhys, thlnál dbhlhmos mk M@H dbaps ou naodbaps (Lobr kt hj., >66>). Kl sku eorlhto lhas dolul, ul ladrohrrhy mk M@H do`sastk `ulh nanjaotkdh mk ck`ks alonajazhmos kl ulh crhmk rkth`cujhr, ckrhjlk`tk kl ul suportk mk sìjadh, dolo ul sjamk mk ladrosdôpao. Dhmh spot  a`mavamuhj  a`mavamuhj `o ladrohrrhy do`sastk `ul ÷`ado ck`k (ckrhjlk`tk `h eorlh mk dM@H) dhphz mk jachr o ^@H lk`shckaro (l^@H) promuzamo pkjo ck`k kspkdìeado. Hcorh, k`täo, kxtrhìlos o l^@H mk mktkrla`hmo tkdamo (por kxklpjo, ul tulor) k lhrdhlos kstk l^@H dol ul dorh`tk ejuorksdk`tk. Ho banramazhr kstk l^@H lhrdhmo dol o ladrohrrhy `o sjamk, tor`h-sk, k`täo, possìvkj ontkr ulh jkaturh a`sth`tî`kh mk quhas ck`ks säo htavos `hqukjk tkdamo. Kl vkz mk kstumhrlos h htavamhmk mk ul ck`k mk dhmh vkz, hcorh dhrhdtkrazhlos h kxprkssäo mk lajbhrks mk ck`ks mk ulh sô vkz (Lobr kt hj., >66>). H hpjadhãäo prètadh mos ladrohrrhys tkl ksnhrrhmo kl hjcu`s pronjklhs prètados. H vhrahnajamhvhrahnajamhmk a`trh- k a`tkra`mavamuhj `os phmrûks mk kxprkssäo cç`adh drah `ìvkas a`tojkrèvkas mk ruìmo, mk thj lh`karh quk h utajazhãäo mos ladrohrrhys tkl samo jalathmh pra`daphjlk`tk h prodkssos phtojôcados djo`has, thas dolo tulorks (Vkjto`k` k LdIusadi, >668). @kstks ÷jtalos, os rksujthmos tçl samo kspkthdujhrks. Dolo kxklpjo, pomklos dathr o trhnhjbo mk vh` mk Uagvkr kt hj. (>66>) dol h dhrhdtkrazhãäo trh`sdratýladh mo dî`dkr mh lhlh. A`adahjlk`tk, os rkekramos hutorks eazkrhl kxpkralk`tos kl ladrohrrhys hproxalhmhlk`tk dol ;.666 ck`ks bulh`os k amk`taeadhrhl ul do`gu`to mk 36 mkjks quk pkrlatah h hphrk`tk skphrhãäo mos tulorks dol ulh ‚hssa`hturh“ mk nol proc`ôstado mhqukjks dol lhu proc`ôstado. Eazkrhl, k`täo, o kstumo mk >1; phdak`tks govk`s, k`do`trh`mo 88; dol hssa`hturh mk nol proc`ôstado k 826 dol lhu proc`ôstado. H sonrkvamh lámah mos moas crupos 86 h`os hpôs h darurcah eoa ;=,5 ¸ =,=% k 1=,; ¸ >,5%, rkspkdtavhlk`tk. H hssa`hturh mk kxprkssäo cç`adh lostrou, hssal, skr ul kjklk`to proc`ôstado luato lhas pomkroso mo quk quhjqukr lhrdhmor prkvahlk`tk os dratáraos djì`ados k bastojocah mk ja`eo`omos proc`ôstado phrkdahushmo, gè ksthra`djusavk mktkrla`hmo pkjhs dhrhdtkrìstadhs mo tulor pralèrao, khxajhrks. `äo por Hssal, kvk`tosopostkraorks. Hjál mh ônvah hpjadhãäo æ djì`adh, kstk trhnhjbo tkl outrhs alporth`tks alpjadhãûks. H `osojocah (djhssaeadhãäo mhs mok`ãhs) htuhj á nhskhmh `o do`bkdalk`to ek`otìpado mhs mok`ãhs. Vor kxklpjo, ehjhlos mk dî`dkr mh lhlh dolo k`tamhmk h`htolophtojôcadh. K`trkth`to, hcorh, htrhvás mo do`bkdalk`to trh`sdratýlado, shnklos quk o dî`dkr mh lhlh `äo á ulh mok`ãh ÷`adh, lhs ul rôtujo ÷`ado phrh vèrahs mok`ãhs. Bè kvamç`dahs mk quk ksth bktkrock`kamhmk ck`átadh, sô hphrk`tk por dhrhdtkrazhãäo ck`ýladh, skgh h rkcrh, k `äo h kxdkãäo, kl tomos os tapos mk dî`dkr k possavkjlk`tk thlnál kl outrhs mok`ãhs. MAHC@ÔT]ADO LÁMADO KL @ÌUKJ MO V^O]KOLH

]ád`adhs mk mahc`ôstado nhskhmhs `o kstumo mhs protkì`hs säo kxtrklhlk`tk dolu`s k ehzkl phrtk mh rota`h mos jhnorhtôraos mk h`èjasks djì`adhs. [l kxklpjo alporth`tk á h moshckl mo h`tìck`o prostètado kspkdìeado (VTH) phrh o mahc`ôstado prkdodk mo dî`dkr mh prôsthth. Xuhj, k`täo, h crh`mk `ovamhmk Kl pralkaro juchr tklos mkjkvh rksshjthr quk o dî`dkr mh prôsthth á sa`cujhr mo klmahc`ôstado possuar kstkprotkýlado? lhrdhmor ÷`ado. H lhaorahjuchr, mos ,tulorks ho vhzhlk`to mk vèrahs protkì`hs kl nhaxh quh`tamhmk phrh o soro, s oro, hdhrrkth`mo hjtkrhãûks luato lhas sutas mo quk `o dhso mo VTH. 816

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

 H V ^ K T K @ ] H Ã Ä O Hqua k`trh, k`täo, h alportî`dah mos kstumos protkýlados, dugo ‚pujo mo chto“ á h dhphdamhmk mk kstumhr mavkrshs protkì`hs salujth`khlk`tk. Os trhnhjbos protkýlados a`adahas nhskhvhl-sk `h skphrhãäo mhs protkì`hs por kjktroeorksk namalk`sao`hj, dol h`èjask postkraor mos spots por kspkdtrolktrah mk lhssh (]ykrs k Lh``, >664). K`trkth`to, o rèpamo mksk`vojvalk`to mh kspkdtrolktrah mk lhssh phssou h pkrlatar h h`èjask kspkdtrolátradh markth, hulk`th`mo h sk`sanajamhmk k ronustkz mo prodkmalk`to. [l kxklpjo masso á o trhnhjbo mk Vktradoa` kt hj. (>66>) quk ushrhl h tád`adh mk TKJMA-]OE phrh amk`taeadhr, `o soro bulh`o, phmrûks protkýlados dhphzks mk mahc`ostadhr prkdodkladrohrrhys mk M@H ushmos phrh h dhrhdtkrazhãäo mo lk`tk o dî`dkr mo thlnál ovèrao. Kl h`hjocah trh`sdratolh, kstäo sk`mo ushmoshos os kstumos protkýlados (Bh`hsb, >664). ladrohrrhys phrh Á alporth`tk k`ehtazhr, hqua, quk os kstumos protkýlados k trh`sdratýlados `äo säo lutuhlk`tk kxdjusavos, lhs dolpjklk`thrks. Bè `kdkssamhmk mk hlnos, porquk o protkolh `äo kspkjbh markthlk`tk o trh`sdratolh, gè quk bè rkcujhãäo mh kxprkssäo cç`adh kl `ìvkj trhmudao`hj. Hjál masso, hs protkì`hs soerkl lomaeadhãûks pôs-trhmudao`has alporth`tks k dolpjkxhs (por kxklpjo, cjadosajhãäo, eoseorajhãäo, ktd.) quk pomkl do`tranuar phrh h phtocç`ksk mhs mok`ãhs ou, lkslo, skr h dhush mkjhs.

VK^TVKD]AUHT MH LKMADA@H CK@ÝLADH Dolo valos h`tkraorlk`tk, h ck`átadh lámadh lojkdujhr, quk sk jalathvh h mahc`ostadhr hs mok`ãhs lk`mkjah`hs kl `ìvkj mo M@H, soerku proeu`mh lkthloreosk dol h hvhjh`dbk mk do`bkdalk`tos mkravhmh mhs daç`dahs ýladhs, trh`seorlh`mo-sk `h lkmada`h ck`ýladh, quk tkl ulh hck`mh luato lhas hlnadaosh (]hnkjh AA.4).

]hnkjh AA.4 Vrkvasûks sonrk o Alphdto mh Ck`ýladh `h Lkmada`h*  Hjvo mh Vksquash Vksquash Ck`ýladh

Alphdto Vrkvasto Vrkvasto

Mkea`arr h jas Mkea`a jasth th do dolp lpjkt jkth h mos mos ck` ck`ks ks bul bulh`o h`oss k mhs protkì`hs domaeadhmhs por kjks.

Lajbhrks Lajbhr ks mk mk `ovo `ovoss hjv hjvos os tkrh tkrhpçu pçuta tado doss phrh phrh mok` mok`ãh ãh dhrmìhdh, dî`dkr, mahnktks, hslh, ktd.

Mkea`arr os Mkea`a os poj pojalo alorea reaslo sloss dol dolu`s u`s `o ck` ck`ol olh, h, mktk mk tkrl rla` a`hr hr os os ehto ehtork rkss bkrk bkrkma matè tèra raos os var vartu tuhj hjlk lk`t `tk k kl tomh mhss hs hs mok mok`ã `ãh hs do dolu` u`ss k rk rkea ea` `hr h tkd`o tkd `ojo jocah cah ph phrh rh h ck`o ck`ota taphc phckl kl mk mk nhaxo nhaxo dus dusto. to.

Lkmada`h Lkmada `h prk prkvk` vk`tav tavh h pkrs pkrso`h o`hjaz jazhmh hmh do dol l nhs nhsk k `o `o rasd rasdo o ck`á ck `áta tado do a`ma a`mava vamu muhj hj.. Ehrl rlh hdock` k`ý ýladh ph phrh lkj kjb bor orhr hr h kea keaddèdah k mala` mal a`uar uar h toxa toxada damh mhmk mk mos mos lkmad lkmadhl hlk`t k`tos os..  H hvhjahãäo mk rasdos hlnak`thas hlnak`thas æ sh÷mk tor`hr-sk-è kspkdìeadh mk dhmh a`mavìmuo (lkmada`h pkrso`hjazhmh).

Mkea`a Mkea `arr os sa sa`h `has as rk rkcu cujh jhtô tôra raos os qu quk k he hekt kthl hl h kxprkssäo mos ck`ks bulh`os `os ksthmos `orlhas k h`orlhas.

]kr krhp hpah ahss phr phrh h os mk mkek ekat atos os mo mk mksk sk`v `voj ojva valk lk`t `to o klnrao`èrao. kln O`dock`ýladh7 ksdojbh mo trhthlk`to `o dî`dkr nhskhmh `h taphckl ck`ýladh mos tulorks.

Mkea Mk ea`a `arr hs kstr kstrut utur urhs hs mhs mhs pro protk tkì` ì`hs hs bul bulh` h`hs hs..

Lkma Lk madh dhlk lk`t `tos os mks mksk` k`bh bhmo moss quala qualadh dhlk lk`t `tk k dol dol nhsk nhsk `h kstruturh tramalk`sao`hj mos hjvos.

Mkea`arr `kdk Mkea`a `kdkss ssamh amhmks mks,, nkl nkl do dolo lo mks mksk`v k`vojv ojvkr kr vktorks vkto rks skcu skcuros ros k kspkdì kspkdìead eados os phrh phrh h trh`s trh`sekrç ekrç`dah `dah mos ck`ks kxôck`os hos vèraos tkdamos.

]krh krhpa pah h cç` cç`ad adh h mk vè vèrah rahss mo mok`ã k`ãhs hs ck` ck`áta átadh dhss k mk hjculhs hjcu lhs mok` mok`ãhs ãhs dol dolu`s. u`s.

Mkea`arr hs Mkea`a hs alp alpja jadh dhãûk ãûkss áta átadhs dhs,, jkch jkchas as k sod sodah ahas as mh pksquash ck`ýladh.

Jkcasjh Jkcas jhãäo ãäo ph phrh rh alp alpkma kmarr h mas masdra drala la`hã `hãäo äo ck` ck`áta átadh dh k protkckr h pravhdamhmk mh a`eorlhãäo ck`ýladh. Lkdh`aslos rkcujhtôraos mos tkstks ck`átados k mh prètadh mh lkmada`h ck`ýladh. Ksthnkjkdalk`to mh ck`átadh dolo h kstkao mh prètadh mh lkmada`h k ‚hjehnktazhãäo ck`átadh“ mos djì`ados k phdak`tks.

*Lomaeadhmo mk Dojja`s k LdIusadi (>668).

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L KM AD A@ H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ]A DH D JÌ @A DH H kxpkdthtavh á quk, mk possk mo ck`olh, kpack`olh, trh`sdratolh k protkolh, possuarklos ul k`tk`malk`to drksdk`tk k mkthjbhmo mos lkdh`aslos mk a`sthjhãäo k procrkssäo mhs mok`ãhs, hnra`mo pkrspkdtavhs mk lkjbor trhthlk`to k, lkslo, durh. H lkmada`h tor`hr-sk-è lhas pkrso`hjazhmh, phssh`mo h skr nhskhmh `o do`bkdalk`to ì`talo mhs vhrahãûks ck`ýladhs mk dhmh pkssoh kl suh rksposth hos hck`tks a`ekddaosos, dolpo`k`tks mh makth k lkmadhlk`tos. H ç`ehsk mh lkmada`h pôs-ck`ýladh skrè pra`daphjlk`tk prkvk`tavh. Thnk`mo mo lhph mhs prkmasposaãûks ck`átadhs dhrhdtkrìstadhs mk dhmh a`mavìmuo,, skrè possìvkj lomaeadhr sku kstajo mk vamh, phrh quk skgh alpkmamo o hphrkdalk`to mh mok`ãh. vìmuo O crh`mk djì`ado Sajjahl Osjkr hearlhvh quk, sk `äo eossk pkjh vhrahnajamhmk k`trk os phdak`tks, h lkmada`h skrah ulh daç`dah, k `äo ulh hrtk. [lh mhs lhaorks lkths mh daç`dah ck`ýladh á ehzkr o a`vk`tèrao dolpjkto mh vhrahãäo ck`átadh bulh`h. [sh`mo lktomojocah hjthlk`tk phrhjkjh, skräo mksk`vojvamhs ekrrhlk`ths quk aräo pkrlatar o kstumo salujtî`ko mos pojaloreaslos kl lajbhrks mk ck`ks, lhssaeadh`mo k nhrhtkh`mo o mahc`ôstado ck`átado. H phrtar mo lolk`to kl quk tomo o dhtèjoco mk vhrahãûks kstkgh dolpjkto, kstumos kpamklaojôcados ehräo h dorrkjhãäo mhs vhrahãûks kspkdìeadhs dol o rasdo mo mksk`vojvalk`to mk mok`ãhs phrtadujhrks. Do`gu`thlk`tk dol os hvh`ãos quk a`kvathvkjlk`tkk odorrkräo `o do`bkdalk`to mos lkdh`aslos mk kxprkssäo cç`adh k mhs rkmks lktha`kvathvkjlk`t nôjadhs, phsshrklos h k`tk`mkr o phpkj mos ck`ks quk a`mavamuhjlk`tk do`tranukl poudo phrh mok`ãhs, lhs quk hekthl luato h sh÷mk bulh`h pkjhs suhs a`tkrhãûks a`t krhãûks dol outros ck`ks k dol hs a`ejuç`dahs hlnak`thas, thas dolo h makth, a`ekdãûks k kxposaãäo prá-`hthj. O sudksso mkstk procrhlh mk pksquashs arè `os eor`kdkr ul k`tk`malk`to eu`mhlk`thj mos prodkssos vathas k lkdh`aslos mhs mok`ãhs. Tô k`täo h lkmada`h mkaxhrè mk skr ulh hrtk k pomkrè skr rkschthmh dolo daç`dah.

A@MADHÃÛKT MK JKA][^H • Dojja`s ET, LdIusadi LdIusadi UH. UH. Alpjadhtao`s oe tbk Bulh` Ck`olk Vrogkdt eor lkmadhj sdak`dk. GHLH GHLH >6689 >2;7;=6-=. >2;7;=6-=. • Bh`hsb T. Maskhsk Maskhsk protkola protkolads. ds. @hturk @hturk >6649 =>>7>>5->4 =>>7>>5->4>. >. • A`tkr`htao`hj Bulh` Ck`olk Tkquk`da`c Do`sortaul. Do`sortaul. A`atahj skquk`da`c skquk`da`c h`m h`hjysas oe tbk bulh` ck`olk. @hturk @hturk >6689 =6172561>8. • Ihpjh` GD, Gu`ak` D. Ck`olads h`m lkmada`k7 h` h`tadaphtao`. D ^ Hdhm Tda Vhras Tdak`dks Tdak`dks mk jh Uak Uak >666 9 4>478853-883=. 4>478853-883=. • Jkmkrnkrc G, LdDrhy H]. Olk swkkt Olads7 h ck`khjocadhj trkhsury oe woris. Tdak`tast >6689 8;72-88. • Lhruyhlh, L. ]bk skdo`m dynkr`ktads9 mkvahtao`-hlpjyeya`c mkvahtao`-hlpjyeya`c lutuhj dhushj prodkssks. Hl Tda 81549 18785=-831. • Lobr T, Jkaihue CM, Ikatb C, ^ab` NB. Ladrohrrhys Ladrohrrhys hs dh`dkr ikys7 h` hrrhy oe possanajataks. G Dja` O`doj >66>9 >67485;-483;. • Vkjto`k` J, LdIusadi UH. Ck`olads h`m lkmada`k7 masskdta`c masskdta`c bulh` maskhsk a` tbk postck`olad postck`olad krh. Tdak`dk >6689 >187 8>>=8>>1. • Vktradoa` KE, KE, Hrmkih`a HL, Batt NH kt hj. [sk oe protkolad phttkr`s a` skrul skrul to amk`taey ovhrah` dh`dkr. dh`dkr. Jh`dkt >66>9 4;17;3>-;33. • Th`ckr A`statutk. ]bk ]bk ea`asbkm bulh` ck`olk ” Skjjdolk Skjjdolk to tbk ck`olad hck. bttp7//www. bttp7//www.sh`ckr.hd.ui/ sh`ckr.hd.ui/A`eo/Vrkss/>664/ A`eo/Vrkss/>664/646=8=.sbtlj, 646=8=.sbtlj, >664. • ]ykrs L, Lh`` L. Erol ck`olads to protkolads. @hturk >6649 =>>7814-813. • vh` mk Uagvkr LG, Bk QM, vh`‑t Ukkr JG kt hj. H ck`k-kxprkssao` sac`hturk hs h prkmadtor oe survavhj survavhj a` nrkhst dh`dkr. @ K`cj K`cj G Lkm >66>9 4=378111->661. • Uk`tkr GD, Hmhls LM, Lykrs KS kt hj. hj. ]bk Tkquk`dk oe tbk Bulh` Ck`olk. Tdak`dk >6689 >187846=-84;8. • Sht Shtso` so` GM, Dradi EBD. Lojkdujhr strudturk oe `udjkad hdams7 h strudturk eor mkoxyranosk `udjkad hdam. @hturk 81;49 8387343-342.

81>

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

 H V ^ K T K @ ] H Ã Ä O

T × L[ J H D [ ^^ A D[ J H^

TÁ^CAO MH@AJO G[@BO VK@H CK@K ” @÷djko mk Ck`átadh Lámadh Hv. Heo`so Vk`h, 4888/1 ” DKV7 46846-161 ” Nkjo Borazo`tk-LC ]kj.7 (48) 4>2=-2666 ” Ehx7 (48) 4>>3-431> ”

K-lhaj7  spk`hFmdd.uel spk`hFmdd.uelc.nr c.nr

]ìtujos [`avkrsatèraos

• Lkmada`h7 Lkmada`h7 Eorlhm Eorlhmoo kl Lkmada` Lkmada`hh pkjh [ELC [ELC,, Nkjo Bora Borazo`zo`tk, kl 8136. • Ks Kspk pkda dahj hjaz azhã hãäo äo77 Ekjjow oe tbk ^oyhj Dojjkck oe Vbysadah`s h`m Turcko`s oe Dh`hmh (Vhkmahtrads), 813;.  Mapjolhtk oe  tbk Hlkradh` Nohrm oe Vkmahtrads, 8135. • Tpádahjastk k` Vámahtrak, Dorporhtao` Vroekssao`kjjk mks Lámada`s mu Xuánkd, 8126. • Mou outtor orhm hmo7 o7 Vb.M. a` Bulh` Ck`ktads, [`avkrsaty oe Lh`atonh, Dh`hmh, 8133. • Vô Vôss-mo mout utor orhm hmo7 o7 @htao`hj A`statutk oe Lkmadhj ^kskhrdb, Jo`mo`, 8133-8132. • Alu`ojocah ]atujhr ]at ujhramhmk amhmk77mhDo`durso Do`du rso 812;. mk Vroeks Vroekssor sor ]atuj ]atujhr hr mk Naoquìla Naoquìladh dh k [ELC,

• Or Orch`a ch`azhãä zhãäoo Lu`ma Lu`mahj hj mk Th÷m Th÷mkk (O (OLT) LT),,  Dollattkk o` Vhtbock`ksas h`m Hppjakm Ck`olads oe tbk ]ropadhj Maskhsk ^kskhrdb Nrh`db, >666->66>. • Hsskssor hm bod mhs skcua`tks hcç`dahs7 D@Vq, EA@KV, DHVKT, EHVKTV, EHVKLAC, EHVKLAC, EHVK^CT, DO@ADQ] mo [rucuha, [ruc uha, DO@ADK] k EO@DQ] mh Hrck`ta`h, Dojdak`dahs mh Dojýlnah, Skjjdolk ]rust k Asrhkj Tdak`dk Eou`mhtao`. • ^kva ^kvasths sths dak`tìe dak`tìeadhs7 adhs7 ^kvaso ^kvasorr mk vèrahs rkvast rkvasths hs dak`tìeadh dak`tìeadhss `hdao`has k a`tkr`hdao`has, do-kmator mo pkraômado dak`tìeado  A` ekdtao`, Ck`ktads h`m Kvojutao` Kvojutao`, kmator kxkdutavo mo pkraômado dak`tìeado  Naolojkdujhr K`ca`kkra`c, lklnro mo do`skjbo kmatorahj mh Hdhmklah Nrhsajkarh mk Daç`dahs (Tkãäo mk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs k Lámadhs). Todakmhmks Dak`tìeadhs ” Eu`ãûks Marktavhs

Eu`ãûks Htuhas

• Vroeksso Vroekssorr ]atujhr ]atujhr mo Mkphrth Mkphrthlk`to lk`to mk Naoquìl Naoquìladh adh k Alu`ojoAlu`ojocah mh [`avkrsamhmk Ekmkrhj mk La`hs Ckrhas. • Vrks Vrksamk`t amk`tkk mo CK@K CK@K ” @÷djko @÷djko mk Ck`átadh Ck`átadh Lámad Lámadhh mk LaLa`hs Ckrhas. • Mark Marktor tor mh mh Eu`mhãäo Eu`mhãäo Mh`aj Mh`ajoo Vk`h Vk`h (E[@MH (E[@MHVK). VK). • Vk Vksq squa uash shmo morr A H mo mo D@Vq D@Vq.. Dhrcos k Eu`ãûks Kxkrdamos

• Vroeksso Vroekssor-hs r-hssast sastk`tk k`tk mo Mkphrth Mkphrthlk`to lk`to mk mk @kurojocah @kurojocah k @ku@kurodarurcah, Mkphrthlk`to mk Vkmahtrah k Dk`tro mk Ck`átadh Bulh`h mh LdCajj [`avkrsaty [`avkrsaty,, Lo`trkhj, Dh`hmè, 8132-812>. • Mark Marktor tor mo Jhnorh Jhnorhtôra tôraoo mk Ck`átad Ck`átadhh Naoquìlad Naoquìladhh mo Lo`trkhj Lo`trkhj @kurojocadhj A`statutk, 8132-812>. • Marktor Marktor mh Djì`adh Djì`adh mk mk Hdo`skjbhl Hdo`skjbhlk`to k`to Ck`áta Ck`átado do mo Lo`trkhj Lo`trkhj Dbajmrk`‑s Bospathj, 8132-812>. • Vroe Vroeksso kssorr Hmgu`to Hmgu`to mo Mkphrt Mkphrthlk`t hlk`too mk Naoquìl Naoquìladh adh k Alu`oAlu`ojocah mh [ELC, 812>-812;. Hsskssorahs

• Lusdujhr Lusdujhr Mystro Mystropby pby Hssoda Hssodahtao` htao` oe oe Dh`hmh, Dh`hmh, Lklnro Lklnro mo DoDolatç Hsskssor Dak`tìeado, 8126-8128. • Lkmad Lkmadhj hj ^kskhrdb ^kskhrdb Dou`da Dou`dajj oe Dh`hmh, Dh`hmh, Lklnr Lklnroo mo Dolatç Dolatç HsHsskssor mk Easaojocah Dkjujhr, 8128-812>. • Eu`mhãäo mk Hlphro Hlphro æ Vksquas Vksquashh mo Ksthmo Ksthmo mk La`hs Ckrhas (E (EHHVKLAC), Lklnro mh Dîlhrh mk ]kd`ojocah, 8121-8118, Lklnro mh Dîlhrh mk Daç`dahs Naojôcadhs k mh Th÷mk, 8118-8114. • Oee Oeeadk adk oe ]kdb`o ]kdb`ojocad jocadhj hj Hsskss Hssksslk`t lk`t mo Do`crkss Do`crkssoo mos Ksthmos [`amos, Do`sujtor `o tklh Vhtk`tkhlk`to mk Ck`ks, 8114. • Dola Dolassäo ssäo ]ád`adh ]ád`adh @hdao @hdao`hj `hj mk Naoss Naosskcurh kcurh`ãh `ãh ” D]@N D]@NAO, AO, lklnro, 811;-8115.

• Todakmhm Todakmhmkk Nrhsajkar Nrhsajkarhh mk Naoquìladh Naoquìladh k Naojocah Naojocah Lojkdujh Lojkdujhr. r. Uadk-prksamk`tk, 8118 k 811>9 Vrksamk`tk, 811> k 8114. • Dola Dolatç tç mk Ck`átad Ck`átadhh mh Todakmhm Todakmhmkk Nrhsajka Nrhsajkarh rh mk Vkmahtra Vkmahtrah, h, VrkVrksamk`tk, 811>-811=. • Vroc Vrocrhlh rhlh Jhta`oJhta`o-hlkra hlkradh`o dh`o mo Ck`olh Ck`olh Bulh` Bulh`oo (VJHCB) (VJHCB),, Vrksamk`tk, 811>-811=. • Bulh Bulh`` Ck`olk Ck`olk Orch`az Orch`azhtao` htao` (B[ (B[CO), CO), Lklnr Lklnroo mo Do`skDo`skjbo, 811=-8115. • Dola Dolatç tç Tuj-hlkr Tuj-hlkradh`o adh`o mo mo Vrocrhlh Vrocrhlh mk mk Mavkrsamh Mavkrsamhmk mk Ck`ýlaCk`ýladh Bulh`h, Vrksamk`tk, 811=-8115. • A`tk A`tkr`ht r`htao`h ao`hjj h`m Nusa`ks Nusa`ksss Vrocrhl Vrocrhl oe tbk [`avk [`avkrsat rsatyy oe  Vk``syjvh`ah h`m Sbhrto` Nusa`kss Tdbooj, lklnro mo Do`skjbo, 8115->664. Masta`ãûks

• Hdhmklah Hdhmklah Nrhsa Nrhsajkarh jkarh mk Daç`dahs. Daç`dahs. Lklnro Lklnro tatuj tatujhr, hr, 8115. 8115. • Crh` Crh`mk mk Lkm Lkmhjbh hjbh mh A`do`e A`do`eamç`d amç`dah ah do`ekramh do`ekramh pkjo pkjo Covkr`o Covkr`o mo mo Ksthmo mk La`hs Ckrhas, 8112. • Orm Ormkl kl mo Lárato Lárato Dak`tìea Dak`tìeado, do, Dolk`mhm Dolk`mhmor, or, do`mkdo do`mkdorhãäo rhãäo pkjo pkjo Vrksamk`tk mh ^kp÷njadh, >666. • Lkmhj Lkmhjbh bh mo Lárato Lárato mh Th÷mk Th÷mk do`ekram do`ekramhh pkjo Covkr` Covkr`oo mo KsKsthmo mk La`hs Ckrhas, >668. • Hdhm Hdhmklah klah La`kar La`karhh mk Lkmada`h. Lkmada`h. Lklnro Lklnro tatuj tatujhr, hr, >664. >664. Vrçlaos Dak`tìeados

• Vrçlao Vrçlao JHEA JHEA mk Daç`da Daç`dahs hs Lámadhs Lámadhs mk mk 812= `h `h dhtkcorah dhtkcorah mk mk Daç`dahs Nèsadhs Hpjadhmhs æ Lkmada`h, 811;. • Vrçl Vrçlao ao Eu`mhãäo Eu`mhãäo mk Mksk`voj Mksk`vojvalk` valk`to to mh Vksqua Vksquash sh kl Daç`Daç`dahs mh Uamh, [ELC, 8111.

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

814

 

L K M A D A @ CH KC@KÝ@LÝA D L HA DKH LK LVK^MÈ A]DA AD@HH D J Ì @ A D H

^ksulo mh Vromuãäo Hdhmçladh k Dak`tìeadh Vunjadhãûks Vkraômados a`mkxhmos (VunLkm), 8== Vkraômados `äo-a`mkxhmos, ==  Javros,, >  Javros Dhpìtujos mk javros, 44

81=

Vhtk`tk, 8 ]othj ckrhj mk punjadhãûks,

>>=

Eorlhãäo k Tkjkãäo mk Vkssohj ]ksks orak`thmhs/lkstrhmo, >4 ]ksks orak`thmhs/moutorhmo, >4 ]ksks kl h`mhlk`to, =

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

 

L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH

LKMADA@H  CK@ÝLADH K V ^È]ADH D JÌ@ADH

D HVÌ][J  HVÌ][JO O  86

Dhrjos Hjnkrto Lorkarh-Eajbo

• H krh krh ck`ý ck`ýlad ladh h k h lkmad lkmada`h a`h • Hpjadhã Hpjadhãûks ûks mh ck`ýl ck`ýladh adh kstrutu kstruturhj7 rhj7 Os tkstks ck`átados • Hpjadhã Hpjadhãûks ûks mh ck`ýl ck`ýladh adh eu`dao eu`dao`hj7 `hj7  Hs hssa`hturhs lojkdujhrks lojkdujhrks • H ck`áta ck`átadh dh mhs mok mok`ãhs `ãhs dolp dolpjkx jkxhs hs • Ck Ck`ý `ýla ladh dh k popu popujhã jhãûk ûks s • O euturo7 euturo7 rulo rulo æ tkrhpah tkrhpah a`mavam a`mavamuhja uhjazhmh zhmh • ^kek ^kekrç` rç`dahs dahs nan nanjao jaocrèe crèeadhs adhs • T÷l T÷luj ujh h dur durra raduj dujhr hr

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81;

 

815

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH

H K^H CK@ÝLADH K H LKMADA@H ^kdk`tks hvh`ãos kl èrkhs, dolo h naojocah lojkdujhr, dolputhãäo, ronôtadh k mahc`ôstado por alhckl, kstäo do`muza`mo h lkmada`h h ulh alporth`tk trh`saãäo. Vrodkmalk`tos jhrchlk`tk klpìrados kstäo sk`mo sunstatuìmos por tkrhpahs nhskhmhs `o lkdh`aslo lojkdujhr mhs mok`ãhs k `hs maekrk`ãhs ck`átadhs k`trk os a`mavìmuos. a`tkrvk`ãäo hpôsmkh do`sththãäo mh mok`ãh dkmk tkrrk`o æ H prkvk`ãäo. Tkãûks lkmada`h ck`ýladh gè hphrkdkl rkcujhrlk`tk `hs pra`daphas rkvasths lámadhs mo lu`mo. @h vkrmhmk, o phpkj mh ck`átadh `h lkmada`h lumou. Murh`tk luato tklpo, h ck`átadh eoa do`samkrhmh alporth`tk solk`tk phrh o trhthlk`to mk ulh la`orah mk phdak`tks hekthmos por mok`ãhs rhrhs. Bogk, o do`bkdalk`to ck`átado ck`átado á vasto dolo kssk`dahj phrh chrh`tar h keadaç`dah k h kektavamhmk mh lkmada`h k mh sh÷mk p÷njadh. Hjál masso, dolo sk vkrè h skcuar, o ksdopo mh ck`ýladh á lhas hlpjo quk o mh ck`átadh djèssadh. Kssk `ovo phrhmaclh mk pksquash8, dbhlhmo mk krh ck`ýladh>, skrè h`hjashmo `kstk dhpìtujo kl tkjh dol sku alphdto `h prètadh djì`adh. H ck`ýladh pomk skr mkea`amh dolo o kstumo kxpkralk`thj 4, knkl mhs eu`ãûks k a`tkrhãûks mk tomos ck`kshlnak`thas `o ck`olh, dolo mh a`tkrhãäo mos ck`ks dol os ehtorks `äo hpk`hs mos ck`ks k skus kekatos asojhmhlk`tk. H hnormhckl ck`ýladh á, porth`to, hpjadèvkj ho kstumo mhs mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs ou lujtaehtorahas, dhushmhs pkjh a`tkrhãäo mk ehtorks ck`átados, hlnak`thas k dolporthlk`thas. Ksths säo hs mok`ãhs mk lhaor prkvhjç`dah k mk hjto alphdto kl tkrlos mk lorthjamhmk k ou lornamhmk, dolo o dî`dkr dî`dkr,, hs mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks k dkrknrovhsdujhrks nkl dolo hs mok`ãhs `kurojôcadhs k `kuromkck`krhtavhs. Vhrh h amk`taeadhãäo k hvhjahãäo mh lhc`atumk mos maekrk`tks ehtorks mk rasdo `hs mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs ” kssk`dahj ho mksk`vojvalk`to mk kstrhtácahs kektavhs mk mahc`ôstado, prkvk`ãäo k trhthlk`to ”, á prkdaso hrtadujhr h ck`ýladh dol kstumos djì`ados k kpamklaojôcados. Kssh do`maãäo `kl sklprk tkl samo hmkquhmh-

lk`tk onskrvhmh `h lomkr`h pksquash naolámadh=. H krh ck`ýladh a`adaou-sk dol h dhphdathãäo phrh skqúk`dahr ck`olhs a`tkaros (a`adahjlk`tk mk ladrorch`aslos k mkpoas ck`olhs lhaorks k lhas dolpjkxos) dol crh`mk rhpamkz k dol h hrlhzk`hckl mkssh a`eorlhãäo kl nh`dos mk mhmos o`-ja`k. Dol hpoao mh h`èjask dolputhdao`hj, ksshs a`eorlhãûks pkrlatarhl lhpkhr dol prkdasäo os ck`ks k mklhas skqúç`dahs mk M@H `o ck`olh mk mavkrsos orch`aslos, a`djua`mo o bolkl;. O procrksso `kssk dhlpo mk trhnhjbo, do`bkdamo dolo ck`ýladh kstruturhj, vha possanajathr h dolphrhãäo mh kstruturh mos ck`olhs mk maekrk`tks kspádaks k h a`vkstachãäo mos lkdh`aslos mk orch`azhãäo k kvojuãäo mos ck`olhs. @ul pjh`o lhas alkmahto, o do`bkdalk`to sonrk h posaãäo drolossýladh k hs skqúç`dahs mos ck`ks bulh`os gè kstè ho mk mksk`vojvalk`to mkck`ks, crh`mkhs`÷lkro mk dhush tkstks phrhjkvh`mo h mktkdãäo luthãûks kl thas quhas säo pralèrah mk mavkrshs mok`ãhs ou hulk`thl h susdkptanajamh-

mk h kjhs5. H prôxalh skãäo mkstk dhpìtujo trhth mhs hpjadhãûks mh ck`ýladh kstruturhj kl lkmada`h.

HVJADHÃÛKT MH CK@ÝLADH KT]^[][^HJ7 OT ]KT]KT CK@Á]ADOT [l tkstkdrolossolos, ck`átado á h h`èjask, dolouongktavos djì`ados, mo M@H, ^@H, protkì`hs mktkrla`hmos lkthnôjatos phrh h mktkdãäo mk luthãûks, ck`ôtapos, dhraôtapos ou ek`ôtapos bkrmèvkas k rkjhdao`hmos h mok`ãhs3. Kssks tkstks pomkl tkr maekrk`tks ea`hjamhmks7 mahc`ôstado mk mok`ãhs ck`átadhs k mktkrla`hãäo mh pronhnajamhmk mk trh`slassäo hos mksdk`mk`tks, amk`taeadhãäo amk`taeadhãäo mo rasdo mk mksk`vojvkr ulh mok`ãh, prkmaãäo mh rksposth h mrochs, ktd. Os maekrk`tks tapos mk luthãäo cç`adh k mk hjtkrhãûks drolossýladhs, nkl dolo hs mok`ãhs ck`átadhs mkjks mkravhmos eorhl mksdratos `o dhpìtujo h`tkraor. h`tkraor. Hqua dhnk rksshjthr h do`tranuaãäo mh ck`ýladh æ amk`taeadhãäo mos ck`ks k`vojvamos kl mok`ãhs dolu`s, thas dolo o dî`dkr k mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks. Hjcu`s mkssks ck`ks eorhl mksdonkrtos kl kstumos mk jachãäo (vkgh o Dhp. >) mkvamo æ suh hjth pk`ktrî`dah, asto á, crh`mk phrtk mos porthmorks mk luthãûks ckrla`htavhs kl thas ck`ks mksk`vojvk h mok`ãh. Á o dhso mhs luthãûks `os ck`ks N^DH8 k N^DH>, quk hulk`thl sac`aeadhtavhlk`tk o rasdo mk dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao 2, 1, ou `os ck`ks LJB8 k LTB>, quk hulk`thl o rasdo mk dî`dkr dojorrkthj `äo-pojapôamk86. Ksshs luthãûks säo rkjhtavhlk`tk rhrhs `h popujhãäo, k os tkstks ck`átados phrh suh mktkdãäo säo a`madhmos solk`tk phrh os phdak`tks k ehlìjahs dol bastôrado mk dî`dkr bkrkmatèrao88, 8>. @o k`th`to, kl sh÷mk p÷njadh, os ck`ks dol luthãûks mk lk`or pk`ktrî`dah k lhaor prkvhjç`dah tkl lhas rkjkvî`dah popujhdao`hj. Á o dhso mhs luthãûks `os ck`ks mh protrolna`h k mo ehtor U (Jkamk`) mh dohcujhãäo, quk hulk`thl o rasdo mk hdamk`tks trolnôtados kl a`mavìmuos dol lk`os mk =6 h`os84. Os hjkjos mos ck`ks k`vojvamos dol mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs (hs lhas dolu`s) tçl hjth erkqúç`dah k kxkrdkl, asojhmhlk`tk, pkquk`o kekato ek`otìpado. ek`otìpado. Kssks ck`ks säo s äo dolulk`tk mksdonkrtos kl kstumos mk hssodahãäo (kstumo mo pojaloreaslo ck`átado mos ck`ks dh`mamhtos kl crupos mk phdak`tks k do`trojks), k sku phpkj dolo ehtor mk rasdo ou protkãäo á, luaths vkzks, maeìdaj mk hvhjahr8=. O uso mk pha`áas mk tkstks ck`átados phrh l÷jtapjos ck`ks mk susdkptanajamhmk h ulh mok`ãh (vaèvkj crhãhs æs lomkr`hs tád`adhs mk h`èjask rèpamh mk pojaloreaslos ck`átados kl jhrch ksdhjh) hphrkdk dolo ulh noh hjtkr`htavh phrh h prkmaãäo mk rasdo kl mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs8; k skrè masdutamo hmah`tk dol lhas mkthjbk.

O usock`átados djì`ado mos tkstks ck`átados ” Klnorh hk prkvk`lhaorah mos tkstks ha`mh sk mksta`k ho mahc`ôstado ãäo mk mok`ãhs rhrhs, os hvh`ãos kl ck`ýladh kstk`mkräo o

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C K@ ÝL AD H K L L KM AD A@ H uso mkssks tkstks phrh h hvhjahãäo mk rasdo mk mok`ãhs dolu`s, dolo dî`dkr k mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks5, 85. Amk`taeadhr os a`mavìmuos son rasdo ck`átado h`tks mo hphrkdalk`to mk sa`tolhs pomk trhzkr crh`mk ch`bo phrh o phdak`tk k suh ehlìjah. Lkmamhs prkvk`tavhs pomkl rkmuzar h lorthjamhmk k h lornamhmk k`trk os porthmorks mh luthãäo. Os ehlajahrks `äo-porthmorks mkaxhräo mk skr sunlktamos h prodkmalk`tos lámados mks`kdkssèraos, pomk`mo pjh`kghr sku euturo dol lhas skcurh`ãh. Bè, `o k`th`to, moas po`tos alporth`tks h do`samkrhr quh`to ho uso djì`ado mos tkstks ck`átados7 hspkdtos átados k psadossodahas, nkl dolo hs jalathãûks mk sk`sanajamhmk k kspkdaeadamhmk mk luatos mkssks tkstks83. ]kstks ]k stks ck`átados mkvkl skr oekrkdamos, quh`mo7 8) o bastôrado mo phdak`tk phdak`tk k o mk suh ehlìjah suckrarkl suckrarkl susdkptanajamhmk ck`átadh phrh mktkrla`hmh mok`ãh9 >) os tkstks possanajathrkl possanajathrkl lkjborks hjtkr`htavhs tkrhpçutadhs tkrhpçutadhs k/ou prkvk`tavhs. ]kstks kl lk`orks mk amhmk sô pomkl skr ekatos, quh`mo bè rasdo kjkvhmo mk lh`aeksthãäo prkdodk mh mok`ãh, dolo odorrk, por kxklpjo, `h `kopjhsah k`môdra`h l÷jtapjh tapo >82, k dol o do`sk`talk`to mos phas ou rkspo`sèvkas. Hs skcua`tks s kcua`tks a`eorlhãûks mkvkl do`sthr mk ul do`sk`talk`to a`eorlhmo phrh tkstk ck`átado887 a`eorlhãäo kspkdìeadh sonrk o tkstk h skr ekato9 alpjadhãûks mk ul rksujthmo posatavo ou `kchtavo9 possanajamhmk mk o tkstk `äo skr a`eorlhtavo9 opãûks phrh kstalhtavh mk rasdo skl rkhjazhãäo mo tkstk9 rasdo mk phsshr h luthãäo hos mksdk`mk`tks9 sk`sanajamhmk k kspkdaeadamhmk mo tkstk9 dusto mo tkstk k mo hdo`skjbhlk` hdo`skjbhlk`to to ck`átado9 quhas hs chrh`tahs mk do`eamk`dahjamhmk k protkãäo do`trh masdrala`hãäo ck`átadh9 quhas hs hjtkr`htavhs tkrhpçutadhs k prkvk`tavhs hpôs o tkstk. O hdo`skjbhlk`to mkvk odorrkr h`tks mo k hpôs o tkstk, a`djua`mo h masdussäo mos rasdos k mhs hjtkr`htavhs mk tkrhpah k prkvk`ãäo. H sk`sanajamhmk k h kspkdaeadamhmk mos tkstks ck`átados tçl kstrkath dorrkjhãäo dol o lkdh`aslo ck`átado mh mok`ãh k dol o tapo mk luthãäo h skr mktkdthmo. Kxastkl mok`ãhs ck`átadhs dhushmhs por luthãûks ehdajlk`tk amk`taeadèvkas k rkstraths h mktkrla`hmo sìtao cç`ado. @h h`klah ehjdaeorlk, por kxklpjo, ulh trh`svkrsäo H-] sklprk prksk`tk `o dômo` 5 mo ck`k mh ξ-cjona`h pomk skr mktkdthmh por banramhãäo ojaco`udjkotìmkokspkdìeadh, o quk pkrlatk o mahc`ôstado prá-`hthj mkssh do`maãäo hjculhs borhs hpôs h ontk`ãäo mh hlostrh 81. @o k`th`to, h lhaorah mhs mok`ãhs bkrkmatèrahs á dhushmh por maekrk`tks luthãûks quk sk mastranukl ho hdhso ho jo`co mk ul ou lhas ck`ks. Á prkdaso k`do`trhr k dhrhdtkrazhr h luthãäo `o phdak`tk-ì`madk, h`tks mk produrè-jh kl skus ehlajahrks. H mktkdãäo mksshs luthãûks mkpk`mk, kl jhrch lkmamh, mk suh `hturkzh kstruturhj. Luthãûks mk po`to (sunstatuaãäo mk ulh nhsk `o M@H) quk hekthl hs rkcaûks domaeadhmorhs

á h hlpjaeadhãäo pkjh VD^ ( pojylkrhsk  pojylkrhsk dbha` rkhdtao` rkhdtao`) mos trkdbos mk M@H dorrkspo`mk`tk hos áxo`s. Uhrahãûks k`trk hjkjos luth`tks k `orlhas mkravhmhs mh trodh mk htá ulh ÷`adh nhsk `o M@H pomkl skr mktkdthmhs por lacrhãäo kjktroeorátadh maekrk`dahj ou por drolhtocrheah jìquamh mk hjth  pkreorlh`dkk. Kstk ÷jtalo prodksso, do`bkdamo dolo MBVJD  pkreorlh`d (mk`htura`c bacb-pkreorlh`dk jaquam dbrolh dbrolhtocrhpby tocrhpby), á hutolhtazhmo k>6tkl sk`sanajamhmk dolphrèvkj ho skqúk`dahlk`to mo M@H . Amk`taeadhmh h rkcaäo quk hnrach h luthãäo, ksth á dhrhdtkrazhmh por skqúk`dahlk`to mk suhs nhsks. Luthãûks quk k`vojvkl h mkjkãäo mk luaths nhsks mk ul ck`k (a`djua`mo ul ou lhas áxo`s) pomkl `äo skr mktkdthmhs kl promutos mh VD^, poas os a`adahmorks mh rkhãäo solk`tk sk jachl ho hjkjo skjvhckl. Bè thlnál luthãûks kl rkcaûks prolotorhs k kl ì`tro`s quk hjtkrhl h kxprkssäo ou o prodksshlk`to mk l^@H>8. Ksshs luthãûks pomkl mastranuar-sk por trkdbos luato jo`cos mo ck`k, tor`h`mo alprhtadèvkas os látomos mk mktkdãäo h`tkraorlk`tk h`tkraorlk`t k mksdratos. ]omos kssks dhsos, dbhlhmos mk luthãûks rkerhtèrahs83, kxackl tád`adhs jhnorhtorahas kspkdìeadhs7 h`èjask mk ^@H phrh luthãûks a`trý`adhs>>, banramazhãäo dol so`mhs mo M@H k VD^

mos ck`ks, os htrhvás áxo`s, säo maths ‚dolpjhdk`tks“ á por skrkl amk`taeadèvkas mk prodkmalk`tos drksdk`tklk`tk ph83 mro`azhmos k hutolhtazhmos . O pralkaro phsso `kssh nusdh

luthãûks ckrla`htavhs prkmaspûkl dî`dkr säo a`madhmos hos a`mavìmuos dughquk ehlìjah tkl ul ho eortk bastôrado mk rkdorrç`dah mk dhsos mk dî`dkr k/ou a`ìdao prkdodk mh mok`ãh>5.

812

>4, >=

quh`tathtavo  phrh h pksquash mkprodkmalk`tos mkjkãûks k rkhrrh`gos cç`ados dolpjkxos. Hjcu`s mk thas ha`mh säo dhros ou mklorhmos, lhs o sku do`tì`uo hpkrekaãohlk`to>4 mkvkrè pkrlatar, kl nrkvk, a`djuì-jos `hs rota`hs mk mahc`ôstado. Bè crh`mk kxpkdthtavh mk quk o klprkco mh tkd`ojocah mo  M@H ladrohrrhys (vkgh hmah`tk) phrh h`èjask ck`ýladh dolphrhtavh sk tor`k, euturhlk`tk, ulh hjtkr`htavh rèpamh k nhrhth phrh h mktkdãäo mk luthãûks kl tkstks ck`átados>;. Ea`hjlk`tk, á prkdaso do`samkrhr quk luthãûks kl ck`ks maekrk`tks pomkl dhushr h lkslh mok`ãh5 k, kl mavkrshs mkjhs, `kl tomos kssks ck`ks kstäo amk`taeadhmos, o quk do`statua jalathãäo hmadao`hj æ sk`sanajamhmk mk hjcu`s tkstks ck`átados, dolo skrè vasto h skcuar skcuar.. ]kstks ck`átados kl o`dojocah ” H dorrkjhãäo k`trk luthãûks cç`adhs k susdkptanajamhmk h mok`ãhs á phrtadujhrlk`tk phrtadujhr lk`tk alporth`tk `o dî`dkr. Dkrdh mk ;% h 86% mos dhsos mk dî`dkr hphrkdkl kl a`mavìmuos quk bkrmhrhl hjculh prkmasposaãäo h kssh mok`ãh, k kl suhs ehlìjahs bè outrhs pkssohs dol thj rasdo>5. Klnorh tomos os dî`dkrks tk`bhl orackl ck`átadh, por surcarkl mk luthãûks kl ulh dájujh solètadh>3, `os dî`dkrks bkrkmatèraos h luthãäo quk prkmaspûk æ mok`ãh kstè prksk`tk kl tomhs hs dájujhs ckrla`htavhs k solètadhs mo a`mavìmuo, o quk hulk`th k`orlklk`tk os rasdos mk hphrkdalk`to mo dî`dkr k mh trh`slassäo mh luthãäo hos mksdk`mk`tks >2. Bè thlnál pojaloreaslos ck`átados, dolo os mo rkdkptor mo h`mrôck`o k mh k`mosthta`h>1, quk a`ejukl `h procrkssäo mk mktkrla`hmos tulorks. ]kstks phrh h mktkdãäo mk

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH H mksdonkrth mk ck`ks quk hulk`thl o rasdo mk ulh pkssoh mksk`vojvkr os dî`dkrks mh lhlh, mo ovèrao ou tulorks dojorrkthas á ul crh`mk hvh`ão `h prkvk`ãäo mos dbhlhmos dî`dkrks dolu`s bkrkmatèraos>2. Luthãûks `kssks ck`ks säo hutossýladhs mola`h`tks k mk hjth pk`ktrî`dah. Vrhtadhlk`tk 866% mos a`mavìmuos dol luthãûks `o ck`k HVD mksk`vojvkl pôjapos dol potk`dahj lhjac`o `o dôjo` k chstromuomk`o 86. Luthãûks `os ck`ks N^DH8 k N^DH>, k`vojvamos `o rkphro mk M@H46, hulk`thl quhtro h oato vkzks o rasdo mk dî`dkr mh lhlh k 84 htá 46 vkzks o mo ovèrao htá os 36 h`os mk amhmk48, 4>. Bolk`s porthmorks mk luthãûks kl N^DH> tçl rasdo mk 5% mk mksk`vojvkr dî`dkr mh lhlh htá os 36 h`os do`trh ul rasdo : 6.;% `h popujhãäo lhsduja`h ckrhj. Luthãûks kl outros ck`ks mk rkphro mo M@H, dolo LJB8 k LTB>, do`ekrkl 2>% mk rasdo mk mksk`vojvkr o dî`dkr dojorrkthj, k 56% mk rasdo phrh o dî`dkr k`molktrahj htá os 36 h`os mk amhmk86. ]kstks ck`átados kl dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao ” O

ksthnkjkdalk`to mk tkstks ck`átados phrh dhsos ehlajahas mk dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao á ul nol kxklpjo mh hpjadhãäo markth mh ck`átadh ck`ýladh æ prètadh djì`adh. Dkrdh mk ;%86% mo tothj mk dhsos mk dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao säo bkrkmatèraos, k h hssodahãäo mos moas tulorks kl dhsos ehlajahas  gè á do`bkdamh bè luato luato tklpo44. @o k`th`to, os ck`ks k`vojvamos dol h sì`mrolk mos dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao bkrkmatèraos solk`tk dolkãhrhl h skr amk`taeadhmos ho jo`co mh mádhmh mk 16 mo sádujo RR. H crh`mk lhaorah mos dhsos sk mkvk h luthãûks `os ck`ks N^DH8 k N^DH>, lhs outros ck`ks pomkl ksthr alpjadhmos. @os dbhlhmos ‚dhsos ehlajahas rksamuhas“, kl quk luthãûks `os ck`ks N^DH8/> eorhl kxdjuìmhs por tkstks ck`átados, kstumos kpamklaojôcados rkdk`tks a`madhl o k`vojvalk`to mk pojack`ks ou mk ul ck`k rkdkssavo48. Os ck`ks N^DH8 4= , `o drolossolo 83 (83q>8) k N^DH>4;, `o drolossolo 84 (84q8>-84), kstk`mkl-sk por dkrdh mk 866 k 36 in mk M@H ck`ýlado, rkspkdtavhlk`tk. N^DH8 tkl >> áxo`s domaeadh`tks k N^DH>, >3. Xuhsk lkthmk mh skquç`dah domaeadh`tk á oduphmh pkjo áxo` 88 kl N^DH8 k pkjos áxo`s 86 k 88 kl N^DH>, lhs h bolojocah k`trk kssks ck`ks á pkquk`h. Hs luthãûks sk mastranukl ho jo`co mos áxo`s mos moas ck`ks (vkr Nrkh  Nrkhst st Dh`dkr A`eorlhbttp7//www.`bcra.`ba.cov/A`trhlurhj_rkskhrdb/  .`bcra.`ba.cov/A`trhlurhj_rkskhrdb/  tao` Dork, bttp7//www Jhn_trh`sekr/Nad/) Jhn_trh`sekr/Na d/) skl kvamç`dah mk bot spots (sìtaos quk hdulujhl luaths luthãûks). H lhaorah mkjhs säo luthãûks mk po`to mo tapo `o`sk`sk ou erhlk-sbaet , k rksujthl kl protkì`hs tru`dhmhs. Hs luthãûks lassk`sk säo kl lk`or `÷lkro, pomk`mo skr mkjktárahs ou `äo. Bè, ha`mh, vèraos pojaloreaslos mksdratos skl kekato sonrk h protkì`h. Eorhl mksdraths

]has rkhrrh`gos rkprksk`thl htá 86% mhs luthãûks mkjktárahs `kssk ck`k kl hjculhs popujhãûks43. H husç`dah mk bot spots onrach æ h`èjask mk tomos os áxo`s mk N^DH8 k N^DH> mk ul phdak`tk-ì`mad phdak`tk-ì`madkk `os tkstks ck`átados phrh os dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao. O skqúk`dahlk`to mo M@H mk tomos os áxo`s á ul prodkmalk`to dhro k mklorhmo. Vor kssk lotavo, klprkchl-sk a`adahjlk`tk tád`adhs quk hpk`hs amk`taeadhl o áxo` quk hnrach h luthãäo. [lh vkz quk kstk skgh amk`taeadhmo, suh skqúç`dah á, k`täo, mktkrla`hmh phrh ea`s mk mahc`ôstado k hdo`skjbhlk`to. Kl `osso jhnorhtôrao, h amk`taeadhãäo prkjala`hr mo áxo` luthmo á ekath htrhvás mh h`èjask mo bktkrom÷pjkx por M-BVJD. Luthãûks kl bktkrozacosk säo mktkdthmhs kl erhclk`tos mk M@H hlpjaeadhmos pkjo VD^, por tkrkl ulh tklpkrhturh mk mk`hturhãäo lhas nhaxh quk os erhclk`tos bolom÷pjkx (bolozacotos). H hea`amhmk mo erhclk`to bktkrom÷pjkx pkjh doju`h drolhtocrèeadh á lk`or quk h mo bolom÷pjkx, rksujth`mo kl tklpos mk kjuaãäo maekrk`tks. Kssh tád`adh tkl sk`sanajamhmk mk 12%-11% k pkrlatk hjto crhu mk hutolhãäo >6. Hpôs h amk`taeadhãäo mo áxo` luthmo, h luthãäo á dhrhdtkrazhmh por skqué`dahlk`to. O rksujthmo pomk skr vasto `h Eac. 86.8. O dhso kxklpjaeadhmo a`tkrkssh`tk porpkrtk`dk h) hprksk`thr bolk`s hekthmos9 n) tkr ul áhekthmo quk `äo æ arlh`mhmk mo phdak`tk-ì`madk, lhs, provhvkjlk`tk, á h kjh rkjhdao`hmo ck`ktadhlk`tk, ck`ktadhlk`tk, por skrkl os a`tkcrh`tks mh ehlìjah oraca`èraos mk ul asojhmo popujhdao`hj mo Vhquastäo. Hdo`skjbhlk`to ck`átado k proeajhxah ” O alphdto mos tkstks ck`átados kl o`dojocah á nkl kxklpjaeadhmo por sku uso `h prkvk`ãäo mos dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao bkrkmatèraos hpôs o ksthnkjkdalk`to mo tkstk phrh luthãûks kl N^DH8/>. Kl phìsks mksk`vojvamos, o hulk`to mo do`bkdalk`to sonrk kssk tkstk tkl jkvhmo ul `÷lkro drksdk`tk mk lujbkrks k bolk`s prá-sa`tolètados, lhs dol rasdo mk porthrkl luthãäo, h sojadathrkl-`o42.

Os dratáraos a`madhtavos phrh o tkstk mk N^DH8/> säo h) trçs ou lhas dhsos mk dî`dkr mh lhlh `h ehlìjah h`tks mos ;6 h`os mk amhmk9 n) ehlìjahs dol moas ou lhas dhsos mk dî`dkr mh lhlh k ho lk`os ul mk dî`dkr mo ovèrao9 d) phrks mk arläs dol moas dhsos mk dî`dkr mh lhlh, moas mo ovèrao ou ul mh lhlh k outro mo ovèrao88. Vrkdodamhmk `o hphrkdalk`to mh mok`ãh, orackl gumhadh hsquk`hza (luthãûks eu`mhmorhs) k dhsos mk dî`dkr mh lhlh kl bolk`s rkeorãhl kssks a`madhtavos1,>5. Hs opãûks mk prkvk`ãäo phrh os porthmorks mk luthãûks kl N^DH8/> a`djukl o hulk`to mh vacajî`dah, lumh`ãh mk kstajo mk vamh, qualaoprkvk`ãäo k darurcahs proeajètadhs1. Hs muhs ÷jtalhs hjtkr`htavhs tçl samo drksdk`tklk`tk hmothmhs por lujbkrks dol hjto rasdo mk dî`dkrks mh lhlh k ovèrao 42

a`skrãûks htá =6 nhsks k mkjkãûks mk htá 8> nhsks. pomk soerkrmkrkhrrh`gos dolpjkxos (k`vojvk`mo vèrahsN^DH8 in), por hnrachr rkpktaãûks Hju k ul pskumock`k kl sku ejh`do ;‑45.

mkvamo h ksshs luthãûks . Kstumosrkmuz rkdk`tks qukmkh qualaoprkvk`ãäo dol thloxaek`o kl lostrhl ;6% o rasdo 41 dî`dkr mh lhlh  k quk h lhstkdtolah prkvk`tavh jkvh h rk-

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Eac. 86.8 ” H) Bkrkmocrhlh Bkrkmocrhlh lostrh`mo lostrh`mo h rkdorrç`dah rkdorrç`dah ehlajahj ehlajahj mo dî`dkr mh lhlh. O phdak`tk-ì`madk phdak`tk-ì`madk á a`madhmo a`madhmo pkjh skth skth (dhso rkekramo rkekramo pkjo Mr. T. M. Talo`, Bospathj Asrhkjath Hjnkrt Ka`stka`). N) H`èjask mo bktkrom÷pjkx por MBVJD mk ul erhclk`to mk 44>np mh rkcaäo 4½ mo áxo` 86 mo ck`k N^DH>, lostrh`mo maekrk`ãh `o phmräo drolhtocrèeado mk ulh hlostrh-do`trojk (æ markath) k mh hlostrh mo phdak`tk ì`madk (æ ksqukrmh). D) Tkqúk`dahlk`to mo erhclk`to mk M@H, dol hjtkrhãäo mktkdthmh `o MBVJD, mh hlostrh-do`trojk (æ markath) k mh hlostrh mo phdak`tk-ì`madk (æ ksqukrmh). H skth a`madh o po`to mk a`ìdao mh mkjkãäo >6>=mkjD]]H] kl N^DH>.

muãûks mk rasdo k`trk 16% k 866%=6. H ooeorkdtolah prkvk`tavh rkmuz h a`damç`dah mk dî`dkr mk ovèrao kl 16% k rkmuz æ lkthmk o mk dî`dkr mh lhlh `ksshs lujbkrks =8. Kvamk`tklk`tk, h mkdasäo sonrk ulh darurcah proeajètadh `äo pomk skr

]kstks ck`átados kl dhrmaojocah k `kurojocah ” Mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks, k kspkdaeadhlk`tk h mok`ãh hrtkrahj doro`èrah (MHD) k o hdamk`tk vhsdujhr dkrknrhj (HUD), säo hs pra`daphas dhushs mk lorthjamhmk k lornamhmk kl phìsks mk-

tolhmh dol nhska`eorlhmh hpk`hs klsonrk ksthtìstadhs. H phdak`tk mkvkmksskr hmkquhmhlk`tk os dustos k nk`keìdaos sks prodkmalk`tos k tkr phpkj htavo `h mkdasäo.

sk`vojvamos, nklk a`tk`so dolo `os kl mksk`vojvalk`to prodksso rèpamo mkphìsks urnh`azhãäo, dolo o Nrhsaj.dol Vhrhjkjhlk`tk, dol o hulk`to mh kxpkdthtavh mk vamh kl ksdhjh

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L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH pjh`ktèrah, drksdk o pkso mhs mok`ãhs `kuromkck`krhtavhs, dolo hs mk Vhria`so` k Hjzbkalkr, Hjzbkalkr, `os sastklhs mk sh÷mk. @os moas dhsos, trhthl-sk mk mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs, mktkrla`hmhs pkjh a`tkrhãäo mk ehtorks ck`átados k hlnak`thas=>, =4. H ck`átadh mhs mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs skrè hnormhmh hmah`tk, `kstk dhpìtujo. O mksk`vojvalk`to mk tkstks ck`átados phrh hs mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks k `kuromkck`krhtavhs lhas dolu`s á maeadujthmo pkjh pk`ktrî`dah a`dolpjkth k pkjo nhaxo rasdo hssodahmos hos maekrk`tks ck`ôtapos `h popujhãäo8;. @h MHD k `o HUD, kstumos mk jachãäo k mk hssodahãäo ==,=; k`vojvk`mo crh`mk `÷lkro mk ck`ks dh`mamhtos k `ovhs hnormhck`s mk h`èjask ck`ýladh=5 tk`mkl h lumhr kssk ph`orhlh. @h mok`ãh mk Hjzbkalkr,, kl quk solk`tk h vhrah`tk rhrh prkdodk (8% mos Hjzbkalkr dhsos) á hssodahmh h luthãûks lk`mkjah`hs, bè kstumos lostrh`mo quk h prksk`ãh ou husç`dah mo hjkjo λ= mo ck`k HVOK, nhsth`tk dolul `h popujhãäo, rkthrmhl ou h`tkdaphl, mk eorlh sac`aeadhtavh, h amhmk mk lh`aeksthãäo mh eorlh djèssadh mh mok`ãh4,=4. @h mok`ãh mk Vhria`so`, gè eorhl amk`taeadhmhs luthãûks lk`mkjah`hs (ck`ks VH^I) hssodahmhs æs eorlhs prkdodks mkssh mok`ãh, quk pomkl rkprksk`thr pasths phrh o k`tk`malk`to mh ktaojocah k phtocç`ksk mk suhs eor=4

lhs lhas dolu`s .

HVJADHÃÛKT MH CK@ÝLADH E[@DAO@HJ7 HT HTTA@H][^HT LOJKD[JH^KT O rèpamo procrksso `o skqúk`dahlk`to mo ck`olh bulh`o promuzau ul `ovo mksheao phrh h pksquash ck`átadh7 luatos ck`ks mksdonkrtos, lhs poudhs eu`ãûks cç`adhs do`bkdamhs. Acuhjhr o do`bkdalk`to k`trk kstruturh k eu`ãäo á h thrkeh mh ck`ýladh eu`dao`hj. Nhrrkarhs tkd`ojôcadhs jalathvhl, htá nkl poudo tklpo, o kstumo salujtî`ko mos lkdh`aslos ck`átados k naoquìlados quk odorrkl `hs dájujhs mos orch`aslos lujtadkjujhrks. Vor kxklpjo, o dî`dkr `äo á o

do`sastk `ul do`gu`to rkpromuzìvkj mk lajbhrks mk skqúç`dahs mo M@H (rkprksk`thtavhs mos ck`ks kxprkssos `ul tkdamo ou mk tomo o ck`olh) mkposathmo `ul suportk sôjamo, ckrhjlk`tk ulh jîla`h mk vamro kspkdahj. @o dhso mh eacurh, o M@H prkphrhmo h phrtar mk ^@H lk`shckaro (dM@H) mk ul tkdamo `orlhj ou tulorhj á lhrdhmo por ejuorksdç`dah dol muhs dorks maekrk`tks, banramhmo ho M@H dolpjklk`thr `o hrrhy k mktkdthmo por jkaturh `ul sdh``kr  h jhskr . Hs a`tk`samhmks mk banramhãäo phrh dhmh skqúç`dah mk M@H `o hrrhy

säo hutolhtadhlk`tk h`hjashmhs k dorrkjhdao`hmhs dol o `ìvkj mk kxprkssäo cç`adh. ]has ]has a`eorlhãûks skrvkl phrh mkea`ar os phmrûks mk kxprkssäo cç`adh maekrk`dahj `os mavkrsos tkdamos. Kssks phmrûks säo dbhlhmos mk hssa`hturhs lojkdujhrks. H vhrahãäo mksshs hssa`hturhs=2 pomk a`madhr h hãäo mk ulh mroch, ul prodksso mk trh`seorlhãäo dkjujhr, pojaloreaslos ck`átados, ktd. Hs hssa`hturhs lojkdujhrks dolkãhl h tkr hlpjh utajazhãäo `h prètadh djì`adh, dol mksthquk phrh sku klprkco kl o`dojocah. Dol kekato, hs hssa`hturhs lojkdujhrks tçl pkrlatamo h djhssaeadhãäo prkdash mos maekrk`tks tapos mk dî`dkr=1, h mkea`aãäo mo kstècao mk mksk`vojvalk` mksk`vojvalk`to to mos tulorks ;6,;8, h mktkdãäo prkdodk mhs lktèsthsks;> k h hvhjahãäo mo rasdo mk rkdamavh;4. Outrh hpjadhãäo alporth`tk á h h`èjask mhs maekrk`ãhs a`mavamuhas `h rksposth hos lkmadhlk`tos. @ovos lkmadhlk`tos tçl samo mksk`vojvamos mk hdormo dol o pkreaj mk kxprkssäo cç`adh mos phdak`tks;=, ou mo tkdamo hekthmo pkjh mok`ãh, pkrlata`mo, hssal, ulh tkrhpah a`mavamuhjazhmh dol h skjkãäo mos phdak`tks quk pomkl sk nk`keadahr mk mktkrla`hmh hjtkr`htavh tkrhpçutadh. Outrhs hpjadhãûks rkdk`tks mh tkd`ojocah mk  M@H  ladrohrrhys k`vojvkl tkstks phrh h mktkdãäo mk luthãûks>; k o kstumo kl jhrch ksdhjh mos pojaloreaslos ck`átados;;.

H CK@Á]ADH MHT MOK@ÃHT DOLVJKRHT

promuto mh hjtkrhãäo kl ul ÷`ado`ulh ck`k,dkrth lhsormkl sal o rksujthmo mk hjtkrhãûks kl mavkrsos ck`ks, mk kvk`tos k do`trh ul dkrto nhdicrou`m  ck`átado   ck`átado k hlnak`thj >5,>3. Mksk`vojvalk`toss rkdk`tks `hs èrkhs mk dolputhãäo k trhthMksk`vojvalk`to lk`to mk alhck`s dolkãhrhl h mkrrunhr hs nhrrkarhs quk alpkmahl h ontk`ãäo mk a`eorlhãûks sonrk h kxprkssäo salujtî`kh k rkjhtavh ” ho `ìvkj mo ^@H lk`shckaro ” mos ck`ks kxprkssos por ul ck`olh. @os orch`aslos lujtadkjujhrks, kssk do`gu`to mk ck`ks kxprkssos vhrah do`eorlk os tapos mk dájujh k tkdamo. Kssh vhrahãäo thlnál odorrk k`trk hs dájujhs `orlhas k dh`dkroshs mk ul lkslo tkdamo, nkl dolo k`trk djhssks mk tulorks=3. H h`èjask maekrk`dahj mh kxprkssäo cç`adh á bogk k`orlklk`tk ehdajathmh pkjh tkd`ojocah mo M@H ladrohrrhys, quk pkr-

O skqúk`dahlk`to mo ck`olh bulh`o pkrlatau crh`mk procrksso `o k`tk`malk`to mhs mok`ãhs lo`ocç`adhs k mhs dhushmhs por hjtkrhãûks `ul do`gu`to jalathmo mk ck`ks, dol alphdto sac`aeadhtavo `o mahc`ôstado, trhthlk`to k prkvk`ãäo4,5. @o k`th`to, hs mok`ãhs lhas dolu`s k mk lhaor alportî`dah kl tkrlos lorthjamhmk k lornamhmk, dolo hs mok`ãhs dhrmaovhsdujhrks, dî`dkr, mahnktks, mok`ãhs psaquaètradhs, `äo pomkl skr htranuìmhs h ul ck`k ou h ul ehtor hlnak`thj, asojhmos. Ksshs mok`ãhs säo dhushmhs por crh`mk `÷lkro mk a`tkrhãûks ck`k-hlnak`tk k ck`k-ck`k, sk`mo, por asso, dbhlhmhs mk lujtaehtorahas ou dolpjkxhs=. H amk`taeadhãäo mos ehtorks ck`átados k hlnak`thas mk rasdo ou protkãäo `hs mok`ãhs dolpjkxhs á ul mos crh`mks mksheaos mh lkmada`h lomkr`h, kxaca`mo ulh hnormhckl quk

 lk`surhr salujth`khlk`tk o crhu mk =2 latk mk lajbhrks mk ck`ks `ul ÷`ado k`shao mk banramhãäo kxprkssäo . H Eac. 86.> lostrh ul kxpkralk`to tìpado dol  M@H  ladrohrrhys. Dhmh hrrhy

a`tkcrh k ck`átadh. [l kxklpjo mkssh a`tkcrhãäo säokpamklaojocah hs pksquashs mos ehtorks ck`átados `h mok`ãh hrtkrahj doro`èrah (MHD), dolo skrè vasto h skcuar.

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M@H  ladrohrrhys   ladrohrrhys

Eac. 86.>  86.>  ” ^kprksk`thãäo ksquklètadh mk ul kxpkralk`to mk h`èjask mh kxprkssäo cç`adh kl tkdamo tulorhj k `orlhj utajazh`mo M@H ladrohrrhys.. ladrohrrhys

H MHD á h pra`daphj dhush mk lorthjamhmk `o lu`mo do`tklporî`ko, k suhs nhsks ck`átadhs tçl samo hjvo mk a`tk`sh a`vkstachãäo;5. Hpkshr mk kxastarkl kvamç`dahs djhrhs quh`to æ bkrkmathrakmhmk mh htkrosdjkrosk k mh MHD, h `hturkzh k o `÷lkro mos ck`ks k`vojvamos pkrlh`kdkl mksdo`bkdamos. Klnorh hs mok`ãhs lo`ocç`adhs, dolo h bapkrdojkstkrojklah ehlajahj, posshl lh`aeksthr-sk dolo MHD prkdodk;3, hs eorlhs dolu`s mk MHD säo do`maãûks bktkrocç`khs, mk a`sthjhãäo thrmah k dol lomos mk bkrh`ãh mksdo`bkdamos. H easaophtojocah mh MHD á dolpjkxh k provhvkjlk`tk k`vojvk vèraos ck`ks dol hjkjos erkqúk`tks, lhs dol phrtadaphãäo a`mavamuhj rkjhtavhlk`tk pkquk`h, quk a`tkrhckl k`trk sa k dol vèraos ehtorks hlnak`thas. Vorth`to, hs qukstûks quk mkvkl skr rksojvamhs quh`to æ phrtadaphãäo ck`átadh `h easaophtojocah mh MHD säo7 8) alportî`dah rkjhtavh mo dolpo`k`tk ck`átado k mo hlnak`thj9 >) `÷lkro mk ck`ks k`vojvamos9 4) skus rkspkdtavos kekatos9 =) a`tkrhãûks k`trk os vèraos ehtorks ck`átados k hlnak`thas. @ksshs do`maãûks, h a`vkstachãäo mos ehtorks ck`átados

mk pojaloreaslo á h lumh`ãh hpk`hs mk ul phr mk nhsks `h skqúç`dah mo M@H. Kstks pojaloreaslos säo mk`ola`hmos pojaloreaslos mk `udjkotìmko salpjks ( sa`cjk `udjkotamk pojylorpbasl ” T@V). Uhrahãûks `o ck`olh odorrkl kl ul phrh dhmh 8.666 phrks mk nhsks (6,8%), o quk alpjadh trçs lajbûks mk T@Vs, do`samkrh`mo-sk os trçs najbûks mk nhsks mo ck`olh bulh`o4. H alportî`dah rkjhtavh mos dolpo`k`tks bkrkmatèraos `h easaophtojocah mh MHD á maeìdaj mk skr quh`taeadhmh7 h rkdorrç`dah ehlajahj mkssh mok`ãh thlnál tkl rkjhãäo dol h kxposaãäo salajhr h ehtorks hlnak`thas dolu`s. K`trkth`to, os kstumos dolphrh`mo o rasdo mk MHD kl dhsos mk hmoãäo;2 ou cçlkos;1 hgumhrhl h ksdjhrkdkr thj qukstäo. @ul kstumo quk h`hjasou mhmos mk >8.66= cçlkos sukdos;1, o rasdo rkjhtavo mk lortk por MHD, quh`mo o arläo cçlko bhvah lorramo por MHD h`tks mos ;; h`os, dolphrhmo dol o rasdo dhso o arläo `äo bouvkssk ehjkdamo h`tks mos ;; h`os, eoa mk 2,8 phrh arläos lo`ozacôtados do`trh 4,2 phrh arläos mazacôtados. K`trk hs lujbkrks, dhso ulh mhs arläs ehjkdkssk h`tks mos 5;

do`dk`trh-sk dolul `h popujhãäo.klOhjkjos hjkjosdol dughprkvhjç`dah prkvhjç`dahrkjhtavhlk`tk `h popujhãäo kxdkmkl 8% säo mk`ola`hmos pojalôreados. O tapo lhas dolul

h`os o rasdo rkjhtavo mh sonrkvavk`tk eoa mk 8; phrh arläs lo`ozacôtadhs k >,5 phrh mazacôtadhs. K`trk bolk`s k lujbkrks, th`to lo`ozacôtados dolo mazacôtados, h lhc`atumk mo

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L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH rasdo rkjhtavo mala`ua æ lkmamh quk hulk`th h amhmk kl quk o arläo cçlko ehjkdk por MHD. H rhzäo k`trk os rasdos rkjhtavos kstalhmos phrh os arläos lo`ozacôtados sonrk mazacôtados hproxalh-sk mk ul dol o hulk`to mh amhmk (lhs á sac`aeadhtavhlk`tk lhaor quk ul htá os 3; h`os). O hgustk phrh outros ehtorks mk rasdo do`bkdamos phrh MHD promuzau poudh a`ejuç`dah `os rasdos rkjhtavos. Kstrhtácahs mk kstumo ” Kxastkl muhs kstrhtácahs mk

pksquash phrh kstumhr h rkjhãäo k`trk pojaloreaslos ck`átados k mok`ãhs7 os kstumos mk jachãäo (ja`ihck stumaks) k os kstumos mk hssodahãäo (ou mk ck`ks dh`mamhtos). Os kstumos mk jachãäo säo h ÷`adh eorlh mk lhpkhr os ck`ks mksdo`bkdamos quk do`ekrkl susdkptanajamhmk h ulh mok`ãh. Kstks kstumos a`vkstachl h do-skcrkchãäo mos lhrdhmorks pojalôreados mo M@H (por kxklpjo, ladrosshtájatks) dol h bkrh`ãh mh mok`ãh kl ehlìjahs a`eorlhtavhs (vkgh o Dhp. >). [l kxdksso mk do`dormî`dah ck`otìpadh k`trk ul phr mk phrk`tks mok`tks suckrk quk o lhrdhmor kstè jodhjazhmo prôxalo mk ul ck`k rkjhdao`hmo æ mok`ãh. Kstks kstumos tçl samo s amo hjthlk`tk keadak`tks phrh h mktkdãäo mk luthãûks kl mok`ãhs lo`ocç`adhs. H a`vkstachãäo mk mok`ãhs pojacç`adhs dol ksth kstrhtácah á do`samkrhmh maeìdaj porquk7 8) o rasdo rkjhtavo prksulamo hssodahmo h dhmh vhrah`tk ck`átadh á nhaxo9 >) bè bktkrock`kamhmk ck`átadh por phrtk mh mok`ãh9 4) kxastkl vèrahs a`tkrhãûks quk hekthl h hssodahãäo ck`ôtapo-ek`ôtapo56. O `÷lkro mk phrk`tks `kdkssèraos phrh mktkdthr ul jodus mk susdkptanajamhmk, do`ekra`mo ul rasdo rkjhtavo mk moas kl bktkrozacotos k quhtro kl bolozacotos, á `o lì`alo mk ;.666. Os kstumos mk hssodahãäo a`vkstachl hs nhsks ck`átadhs mhs mok`ãhs lujtaehtorahas htrhvás mo kstumo mh rkjhãäo mos ck`ks dh`mamhtos dol h mok`ãh. Do`samkrh`mo os prodkssos easaophtojôcados do`bkdamos mh mok`ãh, ksthnkjkdk-sk h bapôtksk mk quk os pojaloreaslos mk ck`ks dugos promutos sk k`do`trhl k`vojvamos `kssks prodkssos kstkghl hssodahmos æ

CK@ÝLADH K VOV[JHÃÛKT [l mos alphdtos kspkrhmos mh ck`ýladh `h lkmada`h á o mksk`vojvalk`to mk `ovhs prètadhs prkvk`tavhs nhskhmhs `o ck`ôtapo mos a`mavìmuos. Bogk, kl jhrch lkmamh, ksshs prètadhs ha`mh kstäo jalathmhs æ amk`taeadhãäo prá-sa`tolètadh mk pkssohs dol mktkrla`hmhs mok`ãhs lk`mkjah`hs rhrhs54. Hjculhs mksshs mok`ãhs säo hjvos mk sdrkk`a`c popujhdao`hj, dolo h ek`ajdkto`÷rah5=, ou säo tksthmhs kl crupos át`ados kspkdìeados, dolo h mok`ãh mk ]hy-Thdbs kl gumkus hsquk`hzas5;. H oekrth mk tkstks mk susdkptanajamhmk ck`átadh phrh hs mok`ãhs dolu`s kl `ìvkj popujhdao`hj mkvk onkmkdkr h mavkrsos dratáraos55. Á prkdaso quk 8) h mok`ãh skgh ul pronjklh mk sh÷mk p÷njadh rkjkvh`tk `h popujhãäo-hjv popujhãäo-hjvoo mo tkstk9 >) h prkvhjç`dah mo ehtor ck`átado k skus kekatos kl tkrlos mk mok`ãh skghl do`bkdamos9 4) h trh`saãäo susdkptanajamhmkmok`ãh skgh do`bkdamh9 =) mhmos sonrk os vhjorks prkmatavos mo tkstk skghl maspo`ìvkas nkl dolo hvhjahmh suh skcurh`ãh k h mhs a`tkrvk`ãûks sunskqúk`tks9 ;) bhgh do`sk`so nhskhmo kl sôjamh kvamç`dah dak`tìeadh sonrk h hmkquhãäo mo tkstk k mh a`tkrvk`ãäo sunskqúk`tk phrh hs pkssohs posatavo k `kchtavo9 5) o dusto-kektavamhmk mo dol tkstk rksujthmo kstkgh ksthnkjkdamo9 3) h popujhãäo-hjvo kstkgh a`eorlhmh sonrk o tkstk, hdkatk skr tksthmh nkl dolo tk`bh hdksso ho tkstk k æs a`tkrvk`ãûks mkjk mkdorrk`tks. @o lolk`to, os tkstks phrh trolnoeajah (luthãäo Jkamk` `o ck`k mo ehtor U mh dohcujhãäo) k phrh bklodrolhtosk (luthãûks `o ck`k BEK quk pomkl jkvhr æ a`sueadaç`dah dhrmìhdh do`ckstavh) do`ckstavh) säo os quk lhas sk hproxalhl mo htk`malk`to æs do`maãûks h`tkraorlk`tk mksdraths. @o k`th`to, hs a`dkrtkzhs sonrk h bastôrah `hturhj mh bklodrolhtosk k sonrk o dusto-nk`keìdao mo tkstk phrh o ehtor U Jkamk` ha`mh mkshdo`skjbhl o uso mkssks tkstks `o sdrkk`a`c popujhdao`hj55.

mok`ãh. Vhrh h MHD, por kxklpjo, ehz sk`tamo a`vkstachr os ck`ks quk posshl do`tranuar phrh o lkthnojaslo mos jìpamks, prkssäo hrtkrahj k mahnktks lkjato, k`trk outros. Ksth kstrhtácah á lhas ongktavh quk os kstumos mk jachãäo, lhs jalathmh pkjo do`bkdalk`to a`dolpjkto mh easaophtojocah mh MHD porth`to vèraos ck`ks alporth`tks pomkl skr olatamos mhs a`vkstachãûks. Ho do`trèrao mos kstumos mk jachãäo quk a`vkstachl ehlìjahs, os kstumos mk hssodahãäo dolphrhl popujhãûks mk a`mavìmuos dol k skl h mok`ãh (kstumos mk dhso-do`trojk) a`mkpk`mk`tklk`tk a`mkpk`mk`tklk`tk mo crhu mk phrk`tksdo. Vrksk`tklk`tk, mavkrsos kstumos mk hssodahãäo kl MHD, k`vojvk`mo crh`mk `÷lkro mk a`mavìmuos k mk ck`ks dh`mamhtos, kstäo sk`mo do`muzamos;5,58, ou hdhnhl mk skr do`djuìmos5>, kl maekrk`tks phìsks. Kxastk crh`mk kxpkdthtavh mk quk

Ck`ýladh k rhãh ” Outro hspkdto do`trovkrso mh hpjadhãäo mh ck`ýladh hos kstumos mhs popujhãûks á o rkjhtavo æs maekrk`ãhs rhdahas. Hs rhãhs mkravhl mh eusäo mos dolpo`k`tks naojôcados k dujturhas. H vkraeadhãäo mhs maekrk`ãhs ‚rhdahas“ kl hjcu`s tkstks mk rksposth h lkmadhlk`tos, dolo h lkjbor rksposth mos `kcros hos vhsomajhthmorks ou mos nrh`dos hos a`anamorks mh HDK, jkvou æ proposth mk a`vkstachãäo mhs tkrhpahs rhãh-kspkdìead rhãh-kspkdìeadhs hs53. H ck`otaphckl mk hjto rk`malk`to, maspo`anajazhmh pkjh ck`ýladh, mhrah h oportu`amhmk phrh h dhrhdtkrazhãäo lojkdujhr mhs maekrk`ãhs rhdahas k, postkraorlk`tk, phrh o mksk`vojvalk`to mhs tkrhpahs hmkquhmhs h dhmh crupo rhdahj. @o k`th`to, `äo bè gustaeadhtavh ck`átadh phrh kssh proposth. Os kstumos dol ladrosshtájatks lostrhl quk suh vhra-

hmos h`èjask dolphrhtavh pkrlath h hssal, amk`taeadhãäo ck`ôtapos mk rasdomos kl rksujthmos MHD, do`tranua`mo, phrh h ==,5> prkvk`ãäo pralèrah mo a`ehrto mo laodèrmao .

hãäo á hpk`hs eu`dao`hj. ul nol lhrdhmor mkvhjk orack`s skl do`trhphrtamh O lkslo phrhckocrèeadhs T@Vs kl rkcaûks `äo-domaeadh`tks (hs rkcaûks domaeadh`tks säo hjthlk`tk

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C K@ ÝL AD H K L L KM AD A@ H do`skrvhmhs k`trk maekrk`tks crupos bulh`os). Kl rksulo, dhtkcorazhr pkssohs dol nhsk kl maekrk`ãhs hjájadhs `äo sac`aeadh mastranuar h mavkrsamhmk bulh`h kl dhtkcorahs dja`adhlk`tk rkjkvh`tks52. Lhas ha`mh, h ck`átadh mhs popujhãûks gè mklo`strou quk h lhaor phrtk mh vhrahnajamhmk ck`átadh ck`áta dh odorrk mk`tro mhs k `äo k`trk hs popujhãûks51.

O E[][^O7 ^[LO Æ ]K^HVAH A@MAUAM[HJAWHMH Tk á a`cç`uo hmvochr ulh tkrhpah rhãh-kspkdìeadh mkvamo æ `hturkzh mh mavkrsamhmk ck`átadh k dujturhj mhs popujhãûks bulh`hs, o lkslo `äo sk pomk mazkr mh hmkquhãäo mhs tkrhpahs æs maekrk`ãhs ck`átadhs k`trk a`mavìmuos. Os pojaloreaslos ck`átados mktkrla`hl h rksposth h mrochs kl ulh lujtapjadamhmk mk satuhãûks36 k, kl mavkrsos dhsos, do`madao`hl h ksdojbh mos trhthlk`tos. Asso á phtk`tk kl o`dojocah. Os a`mavìmuos bolozacotos phrh trçs rkpktaãûks kl th`mkl, `h rkcaäo k`bh`dkr  mo  mo ck`k mh talamajhto sa`thsk ” hjkjo ]TK^*4 ”, tçl ulh

rksposth ponrk æ qualaotkrhpah dol ;-ejuoromkoxaurama`h (;-E[) phrh o dî`dkr dojorrkthj kl dolphrhãäo dol os a`mavìmuos ]TK^*>/4 ou >/>38. Vhdak`tks dol dî`dkr mh lhlh dugos tulorks tçl kxprkssäo hulk`thmh mo rkdkptor bkr->/`ku  sk nk`keadahl mo trhthlk`to dol o h`tadorpo lo`odjo`hj bkrdkpta`h;=. Hs hssa`hturhs lojkdujhrks gè säo alporth`tk ehtor mk proc`ôstado kl mavkrsos tapos mk dî`dkr ;8,;4. Hssal, h lkmada`h dhla`bh phrh h ehrlhdock`ýladh (Eac. 86.4), asto á, phrh h hmoãäo mk tkrhpahs mksk`bhmhs kl eu`ãäo mo pkreaj ck`átado mo phdak`tk ou mo pkreaj mk kxprkssäo cç`adh mo tkdamo-hjvo mo trhthlk`to. H tkrhpah a`mavamuhjazhmh, nhskhmh `h a`eorlhãäo ck`átadh, kstruturhj ou eu`dao`hj, arè sunstatua`mo os trhthlk`tos phmrûks, pkrlata`mo h skjkãäo mh lkjbor mroch, `h lkjbor mosk, phrh o phdak`tk dkrto.

Hcrhmkdalk`tos. O hutor hcrhmkdk h dojhnorhãäo mk Hmrah`h J. Loja-

`h k Hjkxh`mrk D. Nahsa, mo A`statuto mk K`sa`o mk Vksquash mo Bospathj Asrhkjath Hjnkrt Ka`stka`.

@os h`os 8116

>686

Dhrtkarh mk amk`tamhmk ck`átadh

Mroch Nh`do mk mhmos

 Hdo`skjbhlk`to Mahc`ôstado lojkdujhr Vhdotk phmräo mk mahc`ôstado k trhthlk`to Vkreas ck`átados

]krhpahs a`mavamuhjazhmhs

Eac. 86.4 ” H ck`ýladh ck`ýladh tkl jkvhmo æ mksdonkrt mksdonkrth h mos mos ck`ks quk mktkrla` mktkrla`hl hl hs maekrk`ãh maekrk`ãhss a`mavamuhas a`mavamuhas `h susdkptana susdkptanajamhmk, jamhmk, crhvamh crhvamhmk mk k procrkssä procrkssäo o mk mavkrshs mok`ãhs, nkl dolo `h rksposth mo phdak`tk h mrochs. Ksshs mksdonkrths hnrkl h possanajamhmk mk hgusthr h tkrhpah ho pkreaj ck`átado mo phdak`tk, a`hucurh`mo h krh mh ehrlhdock`ýladh.

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© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

L KM A DA @H C K@ ÝL AD H K V ^È ] AD H D JÌ @A DH

^KEK^Ç@DAHT NANJAOC^ÈEADHT 8. LdIusadi UH, UH, ^ummjk EB. H `kw masdapja`k, masdapja`k, h `kw `hlk, h `kw gour`hj. Ck`olads 878->, 8123. >. Jkk V.T. V.T. k Jkk I.B. I.B. Ck`olad h`hjysas. Durrk`t Durrk`t Opa`ao` a` Naotkdb`ojocy, Naotkdb`ojocy, 887838-83;, >666. 4. Cuttlhdbkr HK k Dojja`s ET. ET. Ck`olad lkmada`k ” h pralkr. pralkr. @ K`c G Lkm 4=37 8;8>-8;>6, >66>. =. Sajjkt SD. Nhjh`da`c jaek-styjk h`m ck`olads rkskhrdb eor maskhsk prkvk`tao`. Tdak`dk >15751;-512, >66>. ;. Dojja`s ET, Lorch` L, Vhtra`os H. ]bk Bulh` Bulh` Ck`olk Vrogkdt7 jksso`s erol jhrck-sdhjk naojocy. Tdak`dk 4667>25->16, >664. 5. Nurik S. S. Ck`ktad tksta`c. @ K`c G Lkm Lkm 4=378253-823;, >66> 3. Bojtzlh` @H, Shtso` Shtso` LT kms. Vrolota`c shek h`m keekdtavk ck`ktad tksta`c a` tbk [`atkm Tthtks7 ea`hj rkport oe tbk ]hsi Eordk o` Ck`ktad ]ksta`c. Nhjtalork Gob`s Bopia`s [`avkrsaty Vrkss, 8111. 2. Klkry G, Judhssk` Judhssk` H, Lurpby Lurpby L. Dollo` bkrkmathry dh`dkrs h`m alpjadhtao`s eor pralhry dhrk. ]bk Jh`dkt 4;27;5-54, >668. 1. Talo` TM, Loja`h HJ, Lorkarh-Eajbo DH. Hspkdtos Ck`átados Ck`átados mos Dî`dkrks mk Lhlh k Ovèrao. A` Djì`adh Lámadh voj. >/= (O`dojocah Djì`adh), Lurhm H. L. km., Tod. Nrhs. Dja`. Lkm. ^ao mk Gh`karo, ^G, pp ;14-566, >66>. 86. Jy`db B] k mk jh Dbhpkjjk H. Bkrkmathry Dojorkdthj Dojorkdthj Dh`dkr. @ K`c G Lkm 4=27181-14>, >664. 88. HTDO. Tthtklk`t Tthtklk`t oe tbk tbk Hlkradh` Todakty Todakty oe Dja`adhj O`dojocy7 Ck`ktad ]ksta`c eor Dh`dkr Tusdkptanajaty. G Dja` O`doj 8=7 8346-8345, 8115 8>. HTDO. Hlkradh` Hlkradh` Todakty oe Dja`adhj O`dojocy Vojady Tthtklk`t [pmhtk7 [pmhtk7 Ck`ktad ]ksta`c ]ksta`c eor Dh`dkr Tusdkptanajaty Tusdkptanajaty.. G Dja` O`doj7 kpun hbkhm oe o e pra`ta`c, hpr. 88, >664. 84. ^h`cukjov ^M, ^osk`tbhj ^osk`tbhj @, Nroljky D, Uhske Uhske LH. Mktkdtao` Mktkdtao` oe ehdtor U Jkamk` h`m protbrolna` ck`k luthtao`s a` phtak`ts wbo makm oe tbrolnotad kvk`ts. Hrdb Vhtoj Jhn Lkm 8>578814-8815, >66>. 8=. Dojbou` B, LdIkack LdIkack VL, Tlatb Tlatb CM. Vronjkls Vronjkls oe rkporta`c rkporta`c ck`ktad hssodahtao`s watb dolpjkx outdolks. ]bk Jh`dkt, 4587 25;-23>, >664 8;. Qh`c X, Iboury LG, Notto Notto J, Erakmlh` GL, GL, Ejh`mkrs SM. SM. Alprova`c tbk prkmadtao` oe dolpjkx maskhs ny tksta`c eor lujtapjk maskhsk-susdkptanajaty ck`ks. Hl G Bul Ck`kt 3>7545-5=1, >664. 85. Cjhzakr HL, HL, @hmkhu GB, Hjtlh` ]G. Ea`ma`c ck`ks tbht u`mkrjaks dolpjkx trhats. Tdak`dk >127>4=;->4=1, >66>. 83. Qh` B, Ia`zjkr IS k Uockjstka` Uockjstka` N. Ck`ktad tksta`c7 prksk`t h`m euturk. euturk. Tdak`dk >2178216-821>, >666. 82. Boee HO, Dotk CG, Chckj ^E. ^E. Lujtapjk k`modra`k k`modra`k `kopjhsahs. H`` ^kv Vbysaoj 5>7433-=88, >666. 81. Mhy @T, ]hma` ]hma` L, Dbrastah`o HL, Jh`zh`o V, V, Vaolkjja T, Nrow` T. T. ^hpam prk`hthj mahc`osas oe sadijk dkjj maskhsks usa`c ojaco`udjkotamk jachtao` hsshy doupjkm watb jhskr-a`mudkm dhpajjhry ejuorksdk`dk mktkdtao`. Vrk`ht Mahc >>7525-518, >66>. >6. Latdbkjj L, Bhrra`cto` Bhrra`cto` V, Dutjkr Dutjkr G, ^h`chrhgh` T, Thvamck C, C, Hjbhq H. Kaecbtkk` u`rkjhtkm phtak`ts watb ehdtor RA mkeadak`dy, eour `ovkj luthtao`s h`m h 866% mktkdtao` rhtk ny n y mk`htura`c bacb-pkreorlh`dk jaquam dbrolhtocrhpby. Nr G Bhklhtoj 8>87;66-;6>, >664. >8. Nhrno Nhrnosh sh HT, Bhmgahtbh`hs Bhmgahtbh`hsaou aou DC, DC, ]bkomoramas ]bkomoramas D, Vhphtbh`hsaou H, ]hr H, Lkrisz L, Cyõrvèra N, Tujth` D, Mulhs ^, Ghunkrt E, Lorkarh-Eajbo DH, Dota`ot D, & Ekjjous L. ]bk shlk luthtao` heekdta`c tbk spjada`c oe S]8 ck`k as prksk`t o` Erhsakr Ty`mrolk phtak`ts watb or watbout Sajls‑ tulour.  Bul Lutht 8478=5-8;4,8111 >>. Tkrrh K, Hrs K, ^hvkjjh H, Th`dbkz H, Vuac Vuac T, ^osk`nhul ], ], Kstavajj D, Jhzhro D. Tolhtad @E8 luthtao`hj spkdtrul a` nk`ac` `kuroeanrolhs7 l^@H spjadk mkekdts hrk dollo` poa`t luthtao`s. Bul Ck`kt 8627=85-=>1, >668. >4. Hrlour GHJ, Nhrto` Nhrto` MK, Doinur` MG, MG, ]hyjor ]hyjor C^. ]bk ]bk mktkdtao` oe jhrck mkjktao`s or mupjadhtao`s a` ck`olad M@H. Bulh` Luthtao` >674>;-4443, >66>.

>=. Bockrvoost EN, @kmkrjoe @kmkrjoe VL, LDKjcu`` LDKjcu`` DG, Crappkja`c Crappkja`c L, Vru`tkj Vru`tkj ^, ^kc`krus ^, vh` Skjsk` ], vh` Tphk`mo`i ^, Lk`io EB, Ijuagt A, Mollkra`c D, Ukrboke T, Tdboutk` GV, vh`‑t Ukkr JG, Vhjs C. Jhrck ck`olad mkjktao`s h`m mupjadhtao`s a` tbk N^DH8 ck`k amk`taeakm ny h `ovkj quhtathtavk lktbom. Dh`dkr ^ks 54788=1-88;4, >664. >;. Nkbrk`msmore BH, Vac`ot Vac`ot L, Sa`mbhn Sa`mbhn @, Ihppkj H. ^hpamk phrhjjkj phrhjjkj luthtao` sdh``a`c oe ck`k erhclk`ts usa`c h ladrokjjktro`ad protka`-M@H dbap eorlht. @udjkad Hdams ^ks 467k5=, >66>. >5. Oeeat I. Dja`adhj Dh`dkr Ck`ktads. Sajky-Jass, Sajky-Jass, @kw Qori, 8112. >3. Bh`hbh` M k Ska`nkrc Ska`nkrc ^H. ]bk bhjjlhris oe dh`dkr. dh`dkr. Dkjj 8667 ;3-56, >666. >2. Klkry G, Judhssk` Judhssk` H, Lurpby L. Dollo` bkrkmathry bkrkmathry dh`dkrs h`m h`m alpjadhtao`s eor pralhry dhrk. Jh`dkt 4;27;5-54, >668. >1. Aucbktta V, V, Tuzuia O, Comoa VBD, Hjvks UHE UHE,, Tkrtaá HA, Woradi ], ], Tohrks E, Dhlhrco H., Lorkarh KT, maJorkto D, Lorkarh-Eajbo DH, Talpso` H., Ojavh C., Vhssos—Nuk`o L^. H pojylorpbasl a` k`mosthta`, h` h`caock`ksas a`banator, prkmasposks eor tbk mkvkjoplk`t oe prosthtad hmk`odhrda`olh. Dh`dkr ^kskhrdb 587343;-3432, >668 46. Uk`iathlhrhl H^. H crowa`c `ktkwori oe dh`dkr-susdkptanajaty dh`dkr-susdkptanajaty ck`ks. @ K`c G. Lkm 4=278183-8181, >664. 48. Eorm M, Khsto` ME, ME, Ttrhtto` L k doj. & ]bk Nrkhst Dh`dkr Ja`ihck Do`sortaul. Ck`ktad bktkrock`katy h`m pk`ktrh`dk h`hjysas oe tbk N^DH8 h`m N^DH> ck`ks a` nrkhst dh`dkr ehlajaks. Hl G Bul Ck`kt 5>7535-21, 8112. 4>. H`to`au HD, Vbhrohb Vbhrohb VMV, VMV, LdLujjh` C, C, Ttrhtto` L^, Vkto Vkto G, Vo`mkr NG, Khsto` ME. H dolprkbk`savk lomkj eor ehlajahj nrkhst dh`dkr a`dorporhta`c N^DH8, N^DH> h`m otbkr ck`ks. Nr G Dh`dkr 25735-24, >66>. 44. Jy`db B] k Irusb HG. Dhrda`olh oe tbk tbk nrkhst h`m ovhry a` a` 4 ehlajaks. Turc Turc Cy`kdoj Onstkt 84475==-5=2, 8138. 4=. Laia Q. Q. Twk`sk` G. Tbhttudi-Kamk Tbhttudi-Kamk`s `s M k doj. H stro`c dh`mamhtk dh`mamhtk eor tbk nrkhst h`m ovhrah` dh`dkr susdkptanjaty ck`k N^DH8. Tdak`dk >55755-38, 811=. 4;. Soostkr ^, Nac`kjj C, C, Jh`dhstkr G, Twaet Twaet T, Tkhj T, Lh`cao` G, Dojja`s @, Crkcory T, Culns D, Ladijkl C. Amk`taeadhtao` oe tbk nrkhst dh`dkr susdkptanajaty ck`k N^DH>. @hturk 4327 321-31>, 811;. 45. Dhsajja E, E, Ma ^oddo WD, Chm T, ]our`akr A, Ttopph-Jyo``kt Ttopph-Jyo``kt M, Erknourc ], ], ]osa L. ^hpam mktkdtao` oe `ovkj N^DH8 rkhrrh`cklk`ts a` bacb-rasi nrkhst dh`dkr ehlajaks usa`c lujtapjkx VD^ or sbort ejuorksdk`t erhclk`ts. Bul Lutht >67 >82->>5, >66>. 43. Chm T, Dhux-Lo`doutakr U, Vhcks-Nkrboukt, Chutbakr-Ua Chutbakr-Uajjhrs jjhrs L, Douoakr A, Vugoj V, V, Erk`hy L, Cajnkrt N, Lhuchrm D, Nac`o` QG, Dbkvrakr H, ^ossa H, Eradikr GV, @cuyk` ]M, Hurahs H, Nk`salo` H, Ttopph-Jyo``kt M. Tac`aeadh`t do`tranutao` oe jhrck N^DH8 ck`k rkhrrh`cklk`ts a` 8>6 Erk`db nrkhst h`m ovhry dh`dkr ehlajaks. O`dock`k >8752=8-52=3, >66>. 42 . Lkagkrs-Bkagnokr KG, Ukrbooc Ukrbooc D]L, Nrkikjlh`s D]L, Tky`hkvk D, ]ajh`us-Ja`tborst, Shc`kr Shc`kr H, Muikj J, Mkvajkk V, vh` mk` Ouwkjh`m HLS, vh` Ckkj H@, Ijag` GCL. Vrksylptolhtad M@H tksta`c h`m propbyjhtad surckry a` ehlajaks watb h N^DH8 or N^DH> luthtao`. Jh`dkt 4;;7>68;->6>6, >666. 41. @hrom T, Nru`kt Nru`kt GT, Cbhmarah` Cbhmarah` V k doj. & ]bk Bkrkmathry Bkrkmathry Nrkhst Nrkhst Dh`dkr Dh`dkr Dja`adhj Ttumy Croup. ]hloxaek` h`m rasi oe do`trhjhtkrhj nrkhst dh`dkr a` N^DH8 h`m N^DH> luthtao` dhrrakrs7 h dhsk-do`troj stumy. Jh`dkt 4;5782358228, >666. =6. Bhrtlh`` JD, Tkjjkrs Tkjjkrs ]H, ]H, Tdbham MG, Erh`i ]T, Tomkrnkrc DJ, DJ, Tatth MJ, Erost LB, crh`t DT, Mo`obuk GB, Sooms GK LdMo``kj TI Uodijky DS, Mkeek`nhucb H, doudb EG, Gk`ia`s ^N. Keeadhdy oe najhtkrhj probyjhtad lhstkdtoly a` N^DH8 h`m N^DH> luthtao` dhrrakrs. G @ht Dh`dkr A`st 1478;25 -, >668. =8. ^knnkdi ]^, Jy`db Jy`db B], B], @kubhusk` TJ k doj. & Vrkvk`tao` Vrkvk`tao` h`m Onskrvhtao` oe Turcadhj K`m Voa`ts Ttumy Croup. Vropbyjhtad oopborkdtoly a` dhrrakrs oe N^DH8 or N^DH> luthtao`s. @ K`c G Lkm 4=57 8556-, >66> =>. Irhus SK. Ck`ktad hpprohdbks eor tbk a`vkstachtao` oe ck`ks hssodahtkm watb doro`hry bkhrt maskhsk. Hl Bkhrt G 8=67 T>3-T4;, >666. =4. @ussnhul ^J k Kjjas DK. DK. Hjzbkalkr‑s Hjzbkalkr‑s maskhsk h`m Vhria`so`‑s Vhria`so`‑s maskhsk. @ K`c G Lkm 4=2784;5-845=, >664.

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

>6;

 

C K@ ÝL AD H K L L KM AD A@ H ==. Vktkrs ^GC k Nokibojmt TL. Ck`k pojylorpbasls h`m tbk rasi oe lyodhrmahj a`ehrdtao` ” h` klkrca`c rkjhtao`. @ K`c G Lkm 4=37 8154-815;, >66> =;. ]our`akr ]our`akr-Jhsskrvk -Jhsskrvk K. @kw pjhykrs a` tbk ck`ktads oe stroik. @ K`c G Lkm 4=378388-838>, >66>. =5. Bhrrhp TN, Whllat IT, IT, So`c So`c WQB, Sajjahls Sajjahls EL, Nhbjo L, ]o`ia` ]o`ia` HL, H`mkrso` T]. Ck`o`k-wamk ja`ihck h`hjysas oe tbk hdutk doro`hry sy`mrolk succksts h jodus o` dbrolosolk >. Hrtkraosdjkr ]broln Uhsd Uhsd Naoj >>723=232, >66>

;3. Gk`sk` BI. ]bk lojkdujhr ck`ktad nhsas h`m mahc`osas oe ehlajahj bypkrdbojkstkrojklah a` Mk`lhri. Mh` Lkm Nujj =17482-4=;, >66>. ;2. Tork`sk` ]AH, @akjsk` CC, H`mkrsk` VI, kt hj. Ck`ktad Ck`ktad h`m k`varolk`thj k`varolk`thj a`ejuk`dks o` prklhturk mkhtb a` hmujt hmoptkks. @ K`cj G Lkm 8122948273>3-4>. ;1. Lhrk`nkrc LK, ^asdb @, Nkrilh` JE, kt hj. Ck`ktad susdknajaty to mkhtb erol doro`hry hrtkry maskhsk a` h stumy oe twa`s. @ K`cj G Lkm 811=9446786=8-5. 56. Dhlnak` E, E, Voarakr O, Lhjjkt D, kt hj. Doro`hry bkhrt maskhsk h`m ck`ktads7

=3. Q khtlh` ]G. euturk oeH`` dh`dkr lh`hcklk`t7 trh`sjhta`c draptolk, h`m]bk protkolk. Turc O`doj 867 3-8=, >664. tbk ck`olk, trh`s=2. ]ke ]keekra ekra H, Nojh`mkr L, L, H`skjj TL, TL, Saknk` KM, Tpkjsnkrc Tpkjsnkrc ]D. Vralkr o` Lkmadhj Ck`olads. Vhrt AAA7 Ladrohrrhy kxpkralk`ts h`m mhth h`hjysas. Lhyo Dja` Vrod. 337 1>3-1=6, >66>. =1. Tthumt JL. Lojkdujhr mahc`osas mahc`osas oe bklhtojocad bklhtojocad dh`dkrs. @ K`c K`c G Lkm 4=278333-832;, >664. ;6. Lh R-G, Thju`ch Thju`ch ^, ]uccjk ]uccjk G] k doj. Ck`k kxprkssao` proeajks oe bulh` nrkhst dh`dkr procrkssao`. Vrod @ht Hdhm Tda [TH 8667;13=-;131, >664. ;8. Eujjkr C@, Bkss I^, ^bkk DB, DB, Qu`c Qu`c SI, Thwyh ^H, Nru`kr GL, Wbh`c Wbh`c S. S. Lojkdujhr djhssaeadhtao` oe bulh` maeeusk cjaolhs ny lujtamalk`sao`hj sdhjja`c h`hjysas oe ck`k kxprkssao` proejjks phrhjjkjs lorpbojocy-nhskm djhssaeadhtao`, dorrkjhtks watb survavhj, h`m rkvkhjs dja`adhjjy-rkjkvh`t `ovkj cjaolh sunskts. Nrha` Vhtboj 8>7862-885, >66> ;>. Lhrta` I, Crh`kr K, Vradk JL, Iratzlh` NL, Eour`akr Eour`akr LU, LU, ^bka K, Vhrmkk Vhrmkk HN. Bacb-sk`satavaty hrrhy h`hjysas oe ck`k kxprkssao` eor tbk khrjy mktkdtao` oe masskla`htkm nrkhst tulor dkjjs a` pkrapbkrhj njoom. Vrod @ht Hdhm Tda [TH 127>5=5->5;8, >668. ;4. Buh`c K, Tbk`c TB, Mrksslh` Mrksslh` B, Vattlh` G, ]sou ]sou LB, Bor`c DE, DE, Najm H, Avkrsk` KT, Jaho L, Dbk` DL, Skst L, @kva`s G^, Buh`c H]. H]. Ck`k kxprkssao` prkmadtors oe nrkhst dh`dkr outdolks. Jh`dkt 45878;16-8;15, >664. ;=. Tkrvadk ^E. ^E. ^kdruta`c ck`ks, protka`s eor h rkvojutao` rkvojutao` a` lkmada`k. Tdak`dk 4667 >45->41, >664. ;;. Dbku`c UC k Tpakjlh` ^T. ]bk ck`ktads oe vhrahtao` a` ck`k kxprkssao`. @ht Ck`kt 4> Tuppj7 ;>>-;>; ;5. Bouskr K^, Looskr U, Droslh` MD, Bha`ks GJ, Go`ks DB, DB, Sa`ikjlh`` Sa`ikjlh`` N^, Tbalamt T, Tdott SI, ^osks HM, Vkradhi-Uh`dk Vkradhi-Uh`dk LH, Crh`ckr DN, Irhus SK. Mksac` oe tbk ck`ktads oe khrjy o`skt dhrmaovhsdujhr maskhsk (CK@KDH^M) stumy. Hl Bkhrt G 8=;756>-584, >664.

h` kpamklaojocast‑s vakw. Loj Lkm ]omhy 47813->64, 8113. 58. Lkykrs ^. Amk`taeadhtao` oe dollo` M@H vhrah`ts vhrah`ts a` dhrmaovhsdujhr dh`mamhtk ck`ks, h`m tbkar usk a` hssodahtao` stumaks. ]bk Mo`hjm S. ^ky`ojms Dhrmaovhsdujhr Dja`adhj ^kskhrdb Dk`tkr. bttp7//www-lkm. sth`eorm.kmu/  ^ky`ojms/ Hjj_progkdts/progkdt_>btl. >664. 5>. Qhlhmh Q. Q. Ashwh B, Adbabhrh T, ]hihtsu E, E, Asbabhrh B, Barhylh B, To`k ], ]h`hih L, Qoioth L. Vrkmadtao` oe tbk rasi oe lyodhrmahj a`ehrdtao` erol pojylorpbasls a` dh`mamhtk ck`ks. @ K`c G Lkm 4=378185-81>4, >66>. 54. Dollat Dollattkk tkk eor tbk Ttumy oe A`nor` A`nor` Krrors oe Lkthnojasl. Lkthnojasl. Ck`ktad Ck`ktad sdrkksdrkk`a`c7 procrhls, pra`dapjks h`m rkskhrdb. Shsba`cto` MD7 @htao`hj Hdhmkly oe Tdak`dks, 813;. 5=. Ld Hnk K^N, K^N, LdDhnk JJ, Losbkr CH, Hjjk` ^G, Nkrlh` GJ. @kwnor` sdrkk`a`c eor pbk`yjdkto`urah7 prkmadtavk vhjamaty hs eu`dtao` oe hck. Vkmahtrads 3>7416-412, 8124. 5;. Ihnhdi LL. Vopujhtao`-nhskm ck`ktad ck`ktad sdrkk`a`c eor rkpromudtavk rkpromudtavk dou`skja`c7 tbk ]hy-Thdbs maskhsk lomkj. Kur G Vkmahtr 8;1 suppj 47 T81>-T81;, 8111. 55. Iboury LG, LdDhnk JJ, LdDhnk K^N. Vopujhtao` Tdrkk`a`c Tdrkk`a`c a` tbk Hck oe  Ck`olad Lkmada`k. @ K`c G Lkm 4=27;6-;2, >664. 53. Erh`daosh GH, ]hyj ]hyjor or HJ, Dob` G@ k doj. Heradh`-Hlkra Heradh`-Hlkradh` dh` Bkhrt Ehajurk Ehajurk ]rahj (H-BkE])7 rhtao`hjk, mksac`, h`m lktbomojocy. G Dhrm Ehaj78>2-84;, >66>. 52. Doopkr ^T, Ihueelh` Ihueelh` GT, Shrm Shrm ^. ^hdk h`m ck`olads. ck`olads. @ K`c G Lkm. 4=278855-8836, >664. 51. ]klpjkt ]klpjkto` o` H^. Bulh` rhdks7 h ck`ktad h`m kvojutao`hry kvojutao`hry pkrspkdtavk. Hl H`tbropoj 866754>-5;6, 8112. 36. Kvh`s SK k LdJkom LdJkom BJ. Vbhrlhdock`ola Vbhrlhdock`olads ds ” Mruc masposatao`, masposatao`, mruc thrckts, h`m samk keekdts. @ K`c G Lkm 4=27;42-;=1, >664. 38. Lhrsb T k LdJkom BJ. ]bylamyjhtk sy`tbhsk pbhrlhdock`ktads a` dojorkdthj dh`dkr. Dja` Dojorkdthj Dh`dkr 87845-843, >668.

>65

© Markatos rkskrvhmos æ KMA]O^H H]BK@K[ J]MH

 

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DH^JOT HJNK^]O LO^KA^H-EAJBO [`avkrsamhmk mk Täo Vhujo, A`statuto mk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs ” [TV Mkphrthlk`to mk Alu`ojocah, ADN-AU Hv. Vroe. Ja`ku Vrkstks, 8.346 ” Damhmk [`avkrsatèrah ” DKV 6;;62-166 ” Täo Vhujo-TV ]kj.7 (88) 4618-3423 ” K-lhaj7 dlorkarhFadn.usp.nr

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8. Vroekssor mo Mkphrthlk`to Mkphrthlk`to mk Alu`ojocah (mksmk 8·/>/812=) 8·/>/812=) k Doormk`hmor mo Dk`tro mk Vksquashs kl Naotkd`ojocah (mksmk 88/86/8115), A`statuto mk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs mh [`avkrsamhmk mk Täo Vhujo ([TV), Hv. Vroe.Ja`ku Vrkstks, 8346, DKV 6;;62-166, Täo Vhujo, TV. ]kj.7 O88-4618-34239 Ehx7 6884618-3>>=/3=239 dlorkarhFadn.usp.nr. >. Doormk`hmor mo Dk`tro mk Vksquash Vksquash Kxpkralk`thj Kxpkralk`thj mo A`statuto mk K`sa`o k Vksquash Hjnkrt Ka`stka` (mksmk 8·/4/>66>), Bospathj Asrhkjath Hjnkrt Ka`stka`, Hv. Hjnkrt Ka`stka`, 5>3, DKV 6;5;8-168, Täo Vhujo, TV. ]kj.7 O88-43=3-8;=69 ehx7 688-43=3-646>9 dlorkarhFka`stka`.nr. 4. Vksqu Vksquashm ashmor or 8H 8H mo D@Vq D@Vq.. Kmudhãäo k Eorlhãäo Vroeassao`hj

• ‚Uasat ‚Uasata`c a`c Hssas Hssasth`t th`t Vroekss Vroekssor or oe Allu`ojocy Allu`ojocy a` Vkmahtra Vkmahtrads“, ds“, Mavasao` oe Vkmahtrad K`modra`ojocy, Dor`kjj. • [`avkrsa [`avkrsaty ty Lkmadhj Dojjkck, @kw @kw Qori, Qori, @Q, @Q, K[H, 8124 ” 812=. 812=. • Vost Vostmodto modtorhj rhj ^kskhrdb ^kskhrdb Ekjjow Ekjjow,, Ck`ktads Ck`ktads Tkdtao`, Tkdtao`, Mkphrtlk`t Mkphrtlk`t oe Onstktrads h`m Cy`kdojocy Cy`kdojocy,, Lou`t Ta`ha. • Lkmad Lkmadhj hj Dk`tkr, Dk`tkr, [`avkrs [`avkrsaty aty oe Sasdo` Sasdo`sa` sa` Lkmadhj Lkmadhj Tdbooj, Tdbooj, LaLajwhuikk, SA, K[H, 812>-8124. • Kuck`k D. D. Bkaektz Bkaektz Uasata Uasata`c `c Tdak`tast Tdak`tast,, Ck`ktads Ck`ktads Tkdtao`, Tkdtao`, MkMkphrtlk`t oe Onstktrads h`m Cy`kdojocy, Lou`t. • Ta`ha Lkmadhj Dk`tkr Dk`tkr,, [`avkrsaty [`avkrsaty oe Sasdo`sa` Sasdo`sa` Lkmadhj Tdbooj, Lajwhuikk, SA, [TH,8126. • Mout Moutor, or, Ck`áta Ck`átadh dh Bulh`h, Bulh`h, [`avkrs [`avkrsamhmk amhmk mk Täo Täo Vhujo, Vhujo, A`staA`statuto mk Naodaç`dahs ” Täo Vhujo, 8126. • Lkst Lkstrk, rk, Ck`átadh Ck`átadh Bulh`h Bulh`h,, [`avkrsam [`avkrsamhmk hmk mk Täo Vhujo, Vhujo, A`sta A`sta-mk Naodaç`dahs ”[`avkrs Täovkrsamhmk Vhujo, • tuto Crhmuhãäo7 Crhm uhãäo7 Naojocah, Naojoc ah, [`a amhmk8133. mk Täo Täo Vhujo, Vhujo, A`statut A`statutoo mk Naodaç`dahs ” Täo Vhujo, 813;. Htavamhmks Vroeassao`has `o Kxtkraor

• Uasata asata`c `c Tdak`tast, Tdak`tast, A@TK^L A@TK^L,, A`statut A`statut Vhstkur Vhstkur,, [`atá m‑Allu`ocá`átaquk Bulha`k, Vhras, Erh`ãh, por mavkrsos pkrìomos, mk 812= h >668. Outrhs Htavamhmks Hdhmçladhs k Vroeassao`has

• Lklnro Lklnro kjkato kjkato k rkprksk`t rkprksk`th`tk h`tk mo mo Nrhsaj Nrhsaj `h markãäo markãäo mo mo procrhlh mk dojhnorhãäo k`trk hs a`statuaãûks hdhmçladhs k mk pksquash mh Hláradh mo Tuj k o A`statut Vhstkur, HLT[MVhstkur (2/>668-2/>66=). • Lklnr Lklnroo pkrlh`k`tk, pkrlh`k`tk, èrkh èrkh mk Vojìtadh Vojìtadh Dak`tìea Dak`tìeadh dh k ]kd`oj ]kd`ojôcaôcadh, A`statuto mk Kstumos Hvh`ãhmos mh [`avkrsamhmk mk Täo Vhujo (mksmk 3/4/1>). • `ojôcado Lklnroo kjkato Lklnr mo Dolatç Do latç Hss Hssksso kssorr mk Mksk`vojva Mksk`vojvalk`to lk`to ]kd]kdmo D@Vq (8111->668)

• Tkdrkthra Tkdrkthraoo mh Todakmhmk Todakmhmk Nrhsajk Nrhsajkarh arh mk Alu`ojo Alu`ojocah cah (811;-8 (811;-8113) 113) • Doormk`h Doormk`hmor, mor, Crupo mk Kdo`olah Kdo`olah mh Naotkd`ojoca Naotkd`ojocah, h, A`statuto A`statuto mk Kstumos Hvh`ãhmos mh [`avkrsamhmk mk Täo Vhujo (8123-811>). • Lklnr Lklnroo tatujhr tatujhr k Uadk-Vr Uadk-Vrksamk` ksamk`tk tk mh Dolassäo Dolassäo mk Vksquash Vksquash mo A`statuto mk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs mh [TV (4/8/21 ” 8·/=/1;). • Door Doormk`hm mk`hmor or mo Crupo Crupo ]ád`ad ]ád`adoo mo Tun-pro Tun-procrhlh crhlh mk mk NaotkdNaotkd`ojocah mo Vrocrhlh mk Hpoao ho Mksk`vojvalk`to Dak`tìeado k ]kd`ojôcado, VHMD], LD]/Nh`do Lu`mahj (`ovklnro mk 8116 h ekvkrkaro mk 8114). • Lkln Lklnro ro tatujhr tatujhr mh Dolas Dolassäo säo mk Vôs-cr Vôs-crhmuh hmuhãäo ãäo mo A`stat A`statuto uto mk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs mh [TV (mk hcosto mk 8121 h hnraj mk 8118). • Door Doormk`hm mk`hmor or mo Durso Durso mk Vôs-c Vôs-crhmuh rhmuhãäo ãäo kl Alu`ojo Alu`ojocah, cah, A`sA`smk Daç`dahs Naolámadhs [TV (mkA`statu >6/3/22 h >2/>/18). • tatuto Vroekssor Vroek ssor mo Mkphrlk`t Mkphrlk`to o mk Naojoca Nmh aojocah h mo A`statuto to mk Naodaç`Naodaç `dahs mh [TV (8;/1/8132 h 48/8/812=). Htavamhmks mk Do`sujtorah k Hsskssorah

• Hssksso Hsskssorr mh EHVK EHVKTV TV,, D@Vq, D@Vq, EA@KV EA@KV k LD] LD]. • Do`s Do`sujtor ujtor mh Eu`mhãäo Eu`mhãäo Naola`h Naola`hss (mksmk (mksmk hnraj hnraj mk 8112). 8112). • Lkln Lklnro ro mh Hutoramh Hutoramhmk mk @hdao`hj @hdao`hj mk Alu`on Alu`onaojô aojôcados cados,, H@A, La`astárao mh Th÷mk (8115-8112). • Door Doormk`hm mk`hmor or mo Crupo Crupo mk Naotkd` Naotkd`ojoca ojocahh mo DO@DA] DO@DA]K, K, Tkdrkthrah mk Daç`dah, ]kd`ojocah k Mksk`vojvalk`to Kdo`ýlado mo Ksthmo mk Täo Vhujo (8115). • Lklnr Lklnroo mh Dolassäo Dolassäo mk mk Hvhjahã Hvhjahãäo äo mo Vhrquk Vhrquk Vromutor Vromutor mk Alu`onaojôcados, Eu`mhãäo @hdao`hj mk Th÷mk/LT (811;-8115). • Do`s Do`sujtor ujtor mo Nh`do Lu`m Lu`mahj ahj (8114 (8114-811 -811=). =). • Do`s Do`sujtor ujtor dak`tì dak`tìeado eado mo Dk`tkr Dk`tkr eor eor ^kpromud ^kpromudtavk tavk Naojocy Naojocy (^k(^kskhrdb Mavasao`), Dojjakrvajjk, ]@, Ksthmos [`amos mh Hláradh (mk hcosto mk 8125 h gujbo mk 8123). • Do`s Do`sujtor ujtor dak`tì dak`tìeado eado mh Ck`mkr Ck`mkrsdh` sdh` Dorporh Dorporhtao` tao` k ]ramk` ]ramk`tt Naojocadhj Dorporhtao`, @kw Qori, @Q, Ksthmos [`amos mh Hláradh (mk gujbo mk 8124 h gu`bo mk 812=). Vunjadhãûks ]rhnhjbos oraca`has kl pkraômados a`mkxhmos, ;4  Lo`ocrheahs k dhpìtujos kl javros, >> Kmatorah mk javros, 5 Vhtk`tk, 8 Orak`thãäo mk Lkstrks k Moutorks Orak`thãûkss do`djuìmhs Orak`thãûk  Lkstrhmo, 82  Moutorhmo, 2 Orak`thãûks kl h`mhlk`to7  Lkstrhmo,  Moutorhmo,> ;

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