Living Arabic a Comprehensive

To the Memory of my Sister Mis'adi

ix

(Introduction for the student)

~Lbl.J ~:a_.

r!. ·"~:a..

xiv

~I U~ : \ r-lJ U"'J.JI

v

~.J ~ •..::,.~1.~~1 J~l :'( r-lJ U"'J.JI

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~L......J I :f r-lJ U"'J.J I

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t~\JI r~i :t r-lJ '-""J.JI

H

"(}.

u.....J I J_,._.!. : o r-l J '-"" J .J I ~l,u.....JI J~

:"\ r-lJ

'-""J.JI

The Definite Article, the Sun and Moon Letters :.ul_,.i

~I :Y r-lJ U"'J.JI The Construct UW..YI :.ul_,.i

rv

illW I :A r-l J '-"" J .J I The Singular, the Dual, and the Plural :.ul_,.i

"":"'y!J I.J JS\' I :\ r-lJ '-"" J.J I wi_,J\fi.J ~Y..ll : \. r-lJ '-""J.JI 0\

" r-l J '-"" J .J I ~~ u:.t..& :~1

(\) ._,:.u..JI

c.,? ~.J 0 1o~ : JI~ ~~~ : i.,AI

possession : .u I_,.i oA

\ '( r-l J '-"" J .J I ~J"'" : ~I

("-• :............... I F l c.? .:_. l.l :.)1.,..

~

.:..~ Subject/Person Markers on the Imperfect Verb The Comparative and Superlative

:i_;al .u.l_,.:i

.)~~~:~1

yy r-AJ I.)"J.JJ

\YA _,i~ J.:!~ I

c.,? ~-'-' ....i.:!~ :~I

.:_, I.U U".W I ~ ~ J.,;.&.ll....lJo.,... : JI~

.:,J}'JI :i_;il Sound and Broken Plurals :.u.l_,.:i

\'\"0

Yr' r-AJ

I.>" J.J I

.I.:'J ! ~_,L.:...e : ~I

J.,;.&.ll

v-e ....i.:!~ ~~ ~ .:_,IJ : JI~ :1_;;1

.J-'"""'A

.:,SL.. . ~i

.~

.u.l_,.:i

The Ordinal Numbers

Y! r-l J

I.>" J .J I

_,i~ c.,? ....i.:!~ ~ V.:OI ~ : ~I

.l.:'J!

c.,? U:.WI •J4.>J .:_,IJ ~.l.:' ....i.:!~ ~~

: J I~

oiJ_,.......II :i_;;l

The Imperative

.u.l_,.:i

The Imperfect of Assimilated Verbs in ~

'0.

Yo r-lJ '-"'J.JI _,.c~

v-e lS~I ~I ~..H ....i.:!~ : ~1 .I.:'J ! .:..~

u....-... c.,? .:_, IJ : JI~ ._,....:._,:. :1 _,.AI .......i-~~1 :~1

Y\ r-l J

\0"\ ·~I

I.>" J .loll

c.,? ~.,.:JI J_,~ ....i.:!~ :e:---1 ....i.:!~ ~~ U:.u

t-" .:_,IJ : JI~ _,:.1~1

:i_;il

yy r-lJ '-"'J.JI

\'\'\"

~J~ I

v-e ~..H ~~ :e:---1

u..i...!._, ....i.:!~ ~IJJ :JI~

iii

"(A ,._l.J

\'\\

U"' J .l.11

rt =~'

....;~ ~.J •.Hl 0~ Jl,...,....J ~~

~~ -Ht ~~~I~ I :JI_,.. ~La.:.....

:1_,.ll

•.)4-1- 4(,F~ :~i "( '\ ,._1.) ,:; ~ .JA ~~~~ _,..-.JI _,i LA .. Wi _,; v-=o~l i .. l,ri J..:..j 4-J t t.....::.......~l ~LJ.l.l ~_, ,CD..:..L:. I_,J.......i ~

4--.. '-:-'~1 AI_,J.;..JI_, ~1~1_, ..:..L...1.S.ll 0 ~ .,...:.1~_, J_,l~_, ·~ ~ J~l_, . 0 ~'il ~i j •,)Lf... ~.J ·~~~ V",_.Li.JI Jl...-.:w...l •Jl.f... ~~ ..J-*'1 lolA

>~"~ .o\j>~\ ·~ ~~ ~.J~ .®~~' .~\ oW.Q ~~ Jl •• ; ...>JI (.L.w..JI.::..l.....KII ~ ~Jw ~L.UJ ~.~~i t....~~.,.::. .JA ~JL.....:JI •

.a ..JJ.A

.LA~.l:&.J ~ ~ .u~ L... ~ ~I.J '+4~ , 1 l+i .. l,rl J~ &-a Ul:&i.ll V".JJ~I ~ ~ ~ V"~Jit J.JJ,) •• , ··.: c:,i ~, ' V"JJ...tl.J t~~~ 0 ,~, ~ ~JWJI • .a~ ~L.UJ ~ ..::..44-¥' ~ v-a ~,, U:......VI ~ ~4-¥1

v-- JS

t.,...,... ":'~.J

.::..t......W I .,.Sl:a,

V' ·"':-'L:;SJI V".JJJ ~ ~t..-::a ~~ (..;w..y1 ... 1~1 '-"'"~ v-- ~ J~ dl.:..A

rla=a ~ J..d,.~ L... , V" .>~I ~ ~ i J.l....!..:. .::..L...lS.J t_,..,..,_. ~L...lS, ua,.....:..J I •lA

i .. l.,_lJI iJ4- ~~ ~.J V".J.>J (.,.A

• i : , · L....

,i V"J.UI d.Jj ~ .::..JJ.J ~I·~~~

~u_~..JJ.J

·rL£ ~ "':-'~'~', ~\j\ •lA J~.J ..JIJ.Ai I.>A.J ."':-')l.J..U l+oleJ1 ~~-' ~_,a.LJ14=J_,......J "':-'L:;SJI ~ iJ~_,.l.l c.;auVI J~l t=a

~~I UU!JI&-a rLA~4~~,·~i

.• ll.::..l.J.I .':. ',II.J Jl_,.l.l ~,:u.J t.-..,...~1 .. ~! ~UVI

,1 .::..l..WI ,l V".JJ~I ~I _,.I. I. ··:. J ·.I "':-'l:aSJI ~ 4--1,... ~ crali"il ~~ oU.J .~"il ~I..I.LJ .. . t.....:..il -

~

~ ~L-11

•

~ · '-"'"~ ~ J.,JJ-a

t.-.• ..>-~~~ .J

.~l . ...,j

.• · . l. .::..I.J.I.t:.·.!J - . .., .Jl....A.....JI IF'• ~Vl._,~l . ~ ......-:.-~w_, .::..L....J.S ,t ........u J,...t .:JL:..A .:..:.LS lj! 'll .>.: . i;!J_, c~' ~

'+I .J.....JI ~ ·~ L... 1_,~ _,t I~~ .....a......ll ~J~ ~ i .. ~ ,t ~VII~ 01 "':-')l.J..JI&-a ~

V.... L...~_, Ja.llll ~ ~ craU"il J.d......:; · •..~.t~l ~La...:..JI_, .::..l.....KII "':-'L.......lll ~I UL...;..14

c.£'U"il

v-- u....-1 4: , .L:w ~~ ~Ui dl.:..A c:,i rlallc.~tJ Jjl_, ·~I •••• ! .:..L...JSJI e-J-U... ~J

c.;auVI 0 1rl-J.I ~ .~I UW..Y4 _,t craU"il • .a J~ l+JL....a.:......l&-a V"~ )U ''-:-'~I~ iJ~,.LI ~~, ·r~ ~ u.u ~ ~ uk, ~~,, .::..L....J.SJI c:,l..i.:.! ~ i~ "':-'~' .l.£~ . ~,& ..~_, ~ c:,_,J c.;au"ir • .a

v-- u..tS eJ-U.t .~i..i,.;,. ~ r+'.>.u ~

~ ..::..ws J~.,J ~~y1 UJ.J4 ~~ ~" · ~..>£ ~ ..::..~i ~Jv .::..~..&..._, "':-'~~ ~ ~~ di~Y4 ,t ~ ~ •~.J J.LJ..jJI I~ ("4i-JI ~t.J..ll ~.J .U.,>il • .a~ '• J. ·.J iJ.J~ dl.:..A . d~ ~U!. ~~I J.W..:.S J.....J1 ":' ("~ 0 i ~ W: ·~_,.i.i "':-'~ t--

xxii

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:-

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~

ot. (.'t

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·~

I

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f'

-·

I

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.f~r;:, c... f : ~··f

f

r c. \.t ~~ ~f.•- 1 1 ~ t.

- C· • c... C· ~ V\ tc" i c . . C .

c:

1 f l.. -'-"1 ~.,...AJI &-o.J •c.JJJ'JI ~~~ &-o.J ·l:-S~ J~l . L~I :C

• ,

·.c.)~ \V L._:,tS......, J..1...C.J '~..>-0 ~ ~j V\ ~~~ ~J~ ~L.-.

, -.l...a...t ·-~

,

.

. i~.J ~J~I_, ~.J ~.J (~I) ~J ~J_,....., ~ i~l 0 .s.J.I U....

.• t.:·o!l ~ ~~,J ..~~ ~ JJ~~J_,.....,~~~ i~Lu" • ..,..L....=•~.)L.... 1. What borders Syria from the west? 2. What is the area of Syria? 3. What is its population? 4. What are some of the largest Syrian cities? 5. What is the weather like in most of Syria in the winter? (Arabic Jeopardy) ~\.._,lA. ~ (Suggestions for conducting this acitivity, a Jeopardy-type game, are found in the Arabic introduction. The questions are in Appendix 2. Make sure your teacher does not forget to do it in class. )

o.

51

a

,..

.

n 1. What does Sharif do? 2. How old is he? 3. Where does Sharifs family live? 4. How many brothers and sisters does Sharif have? What are their names? 5. How old is Sharifs father? 6. What does Sharifs mother do?

engineering (......~ to have~

... ~

to study tJM~~-tJM~J in other words ~ housewife ~ ~-J

1

This lesson marks the beginning of the second and main part of the book. There are two parallel stories, which you should keep separate. The listening selection tells the story of Sharif and his family, and the dialogue the story of an American student named Dan traveling to Jordan. Both activities, listening and speaking (dialogues}, are to be prepared at home ahead of the class meeting. For more on this, please read Suggestions for Using the Textbook in the Introduction. To help you with your dialogues, lists of the most common Arabic greetings and question words are given at the end of this lesson. 2

See Having with ~in Lesson 12 or in the Grammar appendix..

52

1. Where are the two young men? 2. Where are they going? 3. Where is the American young man from in America? 4. How long does it take by car from New Yorlc to Ithaca? S. What is the population of Ithaca?

-. ·~~

.

of course about, approximately

t...;J. ,

~_;&:>-~ 1.¥'-

going

·~IJ

which ~1 only·~

oY

53

ri ~_,j ~ ~ . ~ o' ,.~ ·•JLL..... ~ ~~ . ~~ ~;

tlA

~ ~ ~ ~ ,y, .4-J.J}JI ~ ~J! ~..1-o ~ .Jt.......... ~-'ill I~ ~1_, ~.,_.!.

· ~J!

~

~ ~ ~ . ~ o \ LA~ · ~'~;~~~ . ~~ -

I.

or

..

ri ,..l,A

.

· ~ ~ J ~_, · ~J! ~ L+£a~

54

.~J,......JI

f'!l

.

4.A..o4- ~ ~Ut y. .~ "' ,.~.~WI~~ ti ·~A~

,UJI~ ll.A

~

d:au t-o~ .d~~~

I. What is Sharifs mother's name? 2. How old is she? 3. How old is Sharifs father? 4. How many brothers and sisters does Sharif have? 5. What are their names?

.

i~oWS' this, f. •lA

this, m. ll.A

his wife ~.J,j

he lives~

second (think of ~~ · · "I) ·l!

he works~

ot

,.

55

~~ ...,., Possession Possession in nouns is expressed by attaching a pronoun suffix to the noun: his book kitaab-u her book

kitaab-ha

•

~t.:os:

~+ ~t.:os:

~t.:os:

LA+ '"="t.:os:

•

their book

kitaab-hum

~t.:os:

~+ '":-'t.:os:

your, m.s. book

kitaab-ak

~t.:os:

d f- '":-'t.:os:

your, f.s. book

kitaab-ik

~t.:os:

d + '":-'t.:os:

your, pl. book

kitaab-kum

~t.:os:

~+'":-'l.:os:

my book

kitaab-i

t.:os:

+k-JI ~ t :'\'. ~L...JI .~1

i.,..l:i.J I

ul~~

c:4-JI~ \. :'f' •• ~'II

~~I

:i.:i.:~l ~~I J.~l

..>+k-JI ~

r :\.

~L...JI.~'JI

~.)4

t 4·••••11 ~ ': 'f' • ~L...J I •..:.a.:-J I

i.,..l:i.J I

' I~~ . 1-t..........;, HIt..-~ --'1 J.. L .: 'I .. ,J~

'-"""'

~.lJ'JI (:+k-JI ~ '\':'\' . ~L...JI .~'JI

~l.,.a.JI ~~I J.~l

What is the arrival time of the foUowing flights? l. Air France ................. 2. Egypt Air ................. 3. Iraqi Arilines ................ . 4. Middle East Airlines ................ . S. Royal Jordanian Airlines from Baghdad ................. i~oWJ"

coming from

v-- t...JU

morning C: t..;.. middle ~.,i

~-

,

;;

airline~~ J._,J...A.=4_,I~ ~~

arrival time

, J.,.....,J I ~.,

,

,

afternoon .>+Ji.,J I ~

61

Having with

~

The word ~ is used to express possession in a way that parallels the use of the English verb to have in sentences like:

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

an~

I have a Japanese car.

-~44•J4-~~

He has two sisters.

. ~i.~

he has

'ind-u

.~

she has

'ind-ha

LA~

they have

'ind-hum

r--~

you, m.s., have

'nd-ak

..:J~

you, f.s., have

'ind-ik

..:J~

you, pl., have

'ind-kum

~~

I have

'ind-i

~~

we have

'ind-na

l:.~

,

Adjectives

Nouns and adjectives are generally made feminine by atttaching the U..~..>A .. L:; to the masculine form: student, m.

~U.

student, f.

~U.

my older brother ~I ~.,ai my older sister i~l ~i Ayman is living (a resident) in a house ~ ~ USL... &-:!i Maryam is living in an apartment :c i -~- ~ t:.SL... ~..>A

(Additional Activity) Translate the following into Arabic: I. He has a car. 2. She has a brother and a sister. 3. I have a big aparment. 4. They have a small car. 5. We have a big house.

''

~W,l j,\ ,::.e

..

62

1. What does Ayman do? 2. Where did he go to school? 3. How long did he work in lrbid? 4. Where does he work now? 5. Where is Jedda? 6. What does his wife do?

totake ~i

5

Think ofsafari.

•

•

married

~_,.>=o--

then·~~ to travel

heworks

~

•;.t....

now

~

history ~.) · L;j

also

·~~

63

-

.

~' 1. What is Daniel's father's name? 2. How old is Daniel? 3. What is his address in Jordan? 4. What does he do?

profession

~

• •

hotel

J~

pilot

J4J.

64

;:. -.,"·\t)\ 4.>}J\ ~\ ~\J)\ i..)\)., ~_,i-.> i..)'! !-:c;

'!~ :"':"\'t,......t

~l.l :,......yt

~~~~

~.J :U.:.WI ,......1

~.,..t .d.>~~ : •.1~_,.!1 u tS..o

:r\11 ,......1

\O..VY'/Y/YV : i.1~_,JI ~.>t.:; ~.,...1 : ~1

"'. f\JV :.>_,.l.oA.II utS..o., ~.>~..:;

V'"(oY'

v- '!.1 vJ.-.:...!.1.J

: ~1 jl~ ~.>

~u. :~1

u~

.u--J..:.\11 J~ :u.1}JI vl u i,.WI ,)~ Y' :i).':!j.Jii~

I. What is Dan's father's name? 2. What is his mother's name? 3. When was Dan born? 4. Where? 5. What is his address in Jordan? 6. How long will his visit to Jordan last?

•

I.:;

i.l~ .J

date

nationality ~

place

passport _,L, .) I~

number

~,)

issue

.>.J.l.IA

birth

.

..

,

.,

~

penod, durat1on •~

~,)

uts:. •

visit i)-~)

''U

65

r---¥1 '\

.

~I ' '

~~~'-:"'~·w~-~~~

0 1~1

"\\\YH'

w,.&.W I ~.)

~

~I

r---'/1

.,..-J I 0 ~-i~\:i

:'-:"'\'1 r-""''

:r-""''fl

:U:.Wir-""'1

: r'il r-""'1

:iJ'i_,.ll 0 LS...

:iJ'i_,JI

~JL.:;

::i " . ·.,II

:~lji~~J

:4 1 :uJJ'il

vA ul,.:.a.JI

:iJ4..>JI i~

6

Remember that in order to make a noun 'dual', you just add the suffix~ More on this in the Grammar appendix

under "Number".

'\V

68

1. When did he come to America? How? 2. How did he go from lrbid to Amman? 3. Where did the plane stop on the way from Amman to New York? 4. How long did the plane take from Amman to New York?

how~

I want to tell, speak about ~i •c.~~

before~ to fly, take off .;U.

'\A

lcame ·~

Alia• International Airport

v!_,..t.ll .. ~ .;U.:.

69

1. Where is be going? 2. Where is he from? 3. Where did he learn Arabic? 4. Cornell a big university?

Is

i~~oWS' •• welcome to you v~ -~_, -~~

you learned ;•.·J.:..

1

See "Pronouns Attached to Prepositions" in the Grammar appendix.

please, go ahead ~ you, m.s. speak

~

70

~_Jt)). ~ ~U... .;,t ~\:J\ O'.J~ i_,..\

- \N) ~ -

_\.

-

v-

.ll.;JI-u~

'1'

~~~ ..::,~~ .._i.:i_,...-u~ 0

0• •

J..L....JI

' 't

0 ••

c.}.~

·'-u! PllJj.ll ~Jt...

'(

A

0 ••

u

"

What is the taxi fare from Alia' International Airport to: downtown Amman, Jerash, Ma'an, Aqaba?

to · J= +~I downtown ~I

··

fare, rent i~i

fils (there are 1000 fils in one .;~J) ~ stop~;. ,

v.

71

,;,)\..s, J>\.a 0~

0~ c.i_jlll ~

.,.,,

·L.........-!..JI -

"nL

w.

iio\W

.,..,.,

t......4JI r__,W.

iio\Y\

Wo

.!..~WI _,I_,J.ll-.:,~ ~

if \Ti'

'f'VA

·~I

iW\o.

1.,-'

~-~It ~j

1.,-'-

~~_,.JI~.J.il

ii •.•.

.,..

_,U.....

'~ • ,• II

iiO\i\

~L..JI _,I_,J.li-.J~ ~

A\o.V\

~_,.UI ~4k

c.r-'

*****

••••• ••••• •••••

***** ".. ••••• .. **** ' .... ****

.,..

Ao\ ...

~~

.,..

****

JJ,:.AII ..........\ ..::..~_,L..-.:,~

.J! ~.~~_,A J:.:.l.,.a ,._L....J~ - ._,...WI J~~.,:...:.l

.j.J}il

J........._,"iiJ~I

...,..-i4 ~j-~j _,..-:; -4k~ l~

.J.J.Jl..-4--1-

~I

i_,.....: J,.L...;

1. What do you think the word 4 J.J stands for in this context? 2. How many rooms does the Holiday Inn have? 3. What is the address of the Holiday Inn? 4. Where is the Bawwabat Aliaa hotel located? 5. What is the phone number of the Middle East hotel? 6. How many rooms does the Ambassador (As-Safrr) hotel have? number .J~

Y\

72

Wanting with~ The word ~ is used in combination with a pronoun suffix (the same set of suffixes that are used to indicate possession) in Levantine Arabic to express the equivalent ofthe English verb to want:

Translate the following into Arabic: I. I want an apartment. 2. He wants a big car. 3. She wants a passport. 4. They want a nearby house. 5. I want to write (I wri~i) a book.

V'(

' ·~

he wants

bidd-u

she wants

bidd-ha

LA~

they want

bidd-hum

~~

you, m.s., want

bidd-ak

..t~

you, f.s., want

bidd-ik

d~

you, pl., want

bidd-kum

~~

I want

bidd-i

~~

we want

bidd-na

l.:a~

,

f

,

73

. -~ ~ ~ .:...=.:i; - \..,. .~ ..

_CJ__

1. How long was he on the plane? 2. What happened to his suitcase? 3. What did he leave at the airport? 4. How far was the hotel from the university?

·~~~WJ" noon

.,..J.

it (she) arrived .::.X..~

·w

I was .-~

tired u.

vie ~

after~

it(she)went •~ IJ

suitcase ~

• I said ..:.J.l

they said I_,Jl.i

I looked for

Ileft

·~

we don't know

•....;~

L.

I took ..:..~i

vr

74

1. When did Dan reserve a room in the hotel? 2. Did he want a room with a bathroom? 3. What happened to Dan's passport? 4. What is the number of the room where Dan will be staying?

toreserve

~

. .

you know ....;,...:; Can I leave....?

~

•~ .... ~1 ~

Mr.~

V!

service

if you please ~ (>.A

t..~

,.-., : ... _,.1

I had it (it was with me)

v- 0 1S take!!~

75

"

..

4Jil\ J~~ =v' ..

~

..dJ~~

-.

~\

o\St..JI~

(tY..?#'~)

-:'~1 .JI~I

·4->..,......., 0J->"il ~

1. How many Arab countries are in Asia? How many are in Africa? 2. What is the population of the Arab world? 3. What is its area? 4. How much of Saudi Arabia is desert? 5. Which non-Arab minorities are mentioned? Where do they live?

i~~ow.r •~I

world ,J~

most of it o ~i

more than ;.,... _,!.Si ,

for example )e.:.

desert (think of Sahara) - '~

r-A ~i

to exceed ~ ~~-.1 lj

·~ •..:~t..::.­

Christian~

Muslims r 0 _,....L..... minority ( ...:.l'.:i ej plural) :o~hj

the Kurds .11 ~I

not, other than ~

u~ I

the Circassians ~~I

that, which (f.)

most of them there is, there are

the Chechens

2

The sutTtxes l.J.J in l.J_,..J......... and .::..1 in ..::.4lli are plural markers. See Sound Plurals under Number in the Grammar

appendix.

Ar

84

Negation Verbs are generally negated in Levantine Arabic by inserting L.. before the verb to be negated:

I did not sleep well in the hotel. . J..lo4i.l I

vA ~,S. ..:,.....; L.. L:.i

They said "we don't know" . . ...J~ L.. I_,Jll

Non-verbal elements (nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases) are negated by noun, adjective, or prepositional phrase:

inserting~

before the

Their apartment is not far.. · ~ ,_;.... ~ Jedda is not the capital of Saudi Arabia. ; ~.,~_,.......JI ~ ,_;.... ·~ But I am not from the city ofNew York. . .:J J~~ ~..u

o-- ,_;.... L:.l ~

The main exceptions to these rules are the high-frequency words: .La.e "to have",~ "to want", t"A " with as a

preposition and in the sense of to haw!', and ~ "there is, there are". These words are not verbal but follow the verbal negation pattern, i.e. by using L...

I don' t have a big house.. ~ ~ '!.La.e L.. He doesn' t have a lot of money.

.~

There is no airport in lrbid . ~ .J!

vw.,U u... L..

vA .JU.... ~ L..

She doesn't want to go. · t.J~ LA~ L..

When L.. directly follows the words ~ "after" and

J.:.....i "before" it does not have a negation function; it

serves as a "buffer" between~ and J.:....l (and a few others, see the Grammar appendix}, and the following verb. So~ L..

~

translates as "after I spoke".

The Arable Sentence Arabic sentences are of two general types: those with verbs and those without verbs. Sentences that have verbs are called verbal sentences, and sentences wi~t verbs are called equational sentences.

Equational sentences The Arab world is big. . ~ c.,r.~l ~WI Note the absence of the equivalent of the English verb to be. The Arabic sentence literally translates as: The Arab world big. Equational sentences often have a pronoun that agrees with the subject in number and gender where a verb to be would be found. This is particularly true when the predicate of the sentence is a noun rather than an

Af

85

adjective:

.~,:.J.I ~"JI ~I o-iJ. (_,.A)o~ £ Jl.,a.JI w~ _;.s; Most of the population oflraq are Arab Muslims, but there are non-Arab Muslims and Christians. Remember that case endings are " ornaments" that have no bearing whatsoever on the meanings of words. So each form in column\ has the same meaning as the corresponding fonn in column ~ in the following:

94 "':-'

•I~ •1.. ~ •

~

•I~_,..

~.,..

l.u

ru

..~

•

•

~

o,..L.-

~.JJ.J'i l

o~.JJ.J'il

~

,

U! .:,.: ···

o.J:, : · . •

With ref erence to the table on p . 92, translate the following short sentences into Arabic. In case you 've forgotten, the three verbs used in the exercise are listed below.

She knew him. You, m.s., took me. Iknewber. You, m.s., took them. I lost them. We knew her. We lost them. They took me. He lost you, f.s. You, pl., lost us. he knew

...i.,>£

betook

~;

helost ~

.. '

~ . ~~~ ·~~' ~ '-:'~ '-:'~ ~ ~~

u,J ~~

J~'

o-- ~~

'-:'~I

' 0--.J ''-:'~I~ '-:'~1 0--.J . ~J~I ~~I ~I JL.....!...ll 0--.J •«.)~ ._,.-\'1 ~I

95

~

JJ .J)_.. ,

~~LA J(t;

. ~~t.JS'I

i..::;..- VJI -

\."'.J ~_, ~ c.1..:;1 ~-

~ ~~~.lr-S ~~ uts:~' · ' ~ •• 1.. I

I

·

. ':eOple '-"'L.:.

toenter ~J toretum

~J

96

YJ.,.ISJI cjiJ,.......I

~I . \

~C:,IJ~l ,.......1 ~I . Y ~~I~I .T

H~..,...\'1 i).L••JI ~ ~·~ c:,LS ~.AJI ~ . f. ~ ~~~JllcjiJ~I . o Y ~ c:,IJ.l Jll ~.AJI ~I · '

I. What is Dan's full name? 2. What is Dan's father's name? 3. What is the problem? 4. Why did the policeman want to talk to the American embassy? 5. What did Dan tell him to do instead? 6. Did the policeman agree to do that?

i~owr full J..lS

thank God

~ ~I

• .l:lo.I.J ~

middle J..:....~

towait •~t

OK~

picture i ~.,.....

embassy i~U:..

everyone

97

~..1~,~~1~1

....L,Lh.JI . ~..U I, :i-' · • • t~ '- 11J J L.,.

100

Possession: Fill in the empty cells in the following table. ~

b.;.,.,-

J-i

v-A) •

~.)_,.,_

~.;1

41--oi

. _ .-.b ·.·'·

'b.;U..... _,.A

l+i.;U.....

~

~i

I"

r-A ~.;i

~.)JNO

::.UI ~.;U......

c•la b ·• -~·

r-Ai ~ .JI~

.r

-~ ~,.~ ~4-.J ~4- . £ . -l,_...i ~,.1 . ~ .;L/ rJ.l· o .~WJI ill I~ ~f""'""'-:o "w_,..I.)Ui ~.)~· wl~ ~~ ·'

1. Who does the big black suitcase belong to? 2. What is written on it? 3. What color is the handbag? 4. Who does the passport belong to? 5. What color is the jacket? Is it a men's or a women's jacket? 6. What color is the "Parker" pen? 7. What do you think the word wI_,:..c. means in this context? 8. Translate the phrase w_,.I.)Ui ~ .;~·

written ~~

Mr.~

,

hand

'·"

~

clothes

'-"";!~

103

·,1

~

1/j,

0..

~tiJ

'1-..,,

11 i

, l.

I

I

-·

il

06

What time did Muhammad call?

~ ~~ ~ ~

l.-... ~L.... ~~

.\

What did he ask Sharif? ~ ~~ J'L..... l.-... ~~ .Y Who is Walid? ~ ¥.J ~ .r Did Sharif know what "roommate" meant?

.

if l,j l friend

night, evening

J.:.J

~l...o

to find ~~

• r) "i

to like ·~-:;.

have to, must

' .r

~roommate~ ._j~ ~~ . £

104

Where was the passport?

~ _,l.-.11 jl~

What was the problem?

0 1.S ~.J . \

~ ~~ ~ ~~ . Y

What names are written in Jordanian passports? ~ lri'J J ~I _,l.-.1 I j I~ vA t.;..,:.S... =!-LA Many of them ~migrated to EuroP'e and Arnerici in th~ second half of the twentieth century.

'. v

..u_,

108

~'""' i..>'J-' ~0'.}~ .,,~ ..>~

\ \\ \ IVIV

o\1:...

.)~ f!.,.Jti

'H \\"V~)~'_,.i.)

~fi=J I ~~ ~ ~ r~~ ~'J'

~fi..:i-4-_,aJ I i.>'J~ o\1:...

\ \ rv1£ I" A i.>'J~ f!.,.Jc

-~.J~~.J . ~' .,1~-'!.J~I ~ 1 L\i~' o\1:... ~\V"\J~

.

.... ···-' ~ ~-"

~ ~''-".?

\.A

109

~ ·~L...~_,.J'.,......., ~~-4-~ I i.>~_,l\ .:JISt.

'\rv

i.>~_,l\ ~.Jc

,_... \Y.

...

J_,k)\

.....·-" ,.,_,

~~''-".?

~i ~.;,)_;

•

,)~_,~,

~' ..,Sj

i.>'i_,)\ .;,)\St. i.>'i_,l\ ~.Jc .JI.l.L

\\"\£j\j\A

.,.......'i, .. , ,

..

-+=a~~ ~JIJ, ,all ~WI~ .~y!J I J~l ~~I J.,bl.:J.I_, .~1,;-i.JIJ

'"

lt2

What time did he walk to the university? Y4......4-iJ ~ ~L... c.F1 . \ Where did he meet Muhammad and Walid? YJ.:_J_,_, ~~I~" . Y What did they drink? Y~~~ ~~

.r

How did they go to Walid's apartment? ~ J.:_J_, U.!J I_,.IJ ~. t

How many bedrooms did Walid's apartment have? How many bathrooms?

rl.... rS YJ.:_J_, U.!. v.A (",:. U~ rS .o

Y

Was the apartment far or close to the university? Y4......4JI '->-" ~,>l J1 ·~ UAJI ·' What was the monthly rent? Y~I ~ U.!JI •~1 rS .v Did Sharif decide to live with Walid? 'i'i _,1 J.:_J_, t"" ~ J~ ~.,...!. . A

..

i~oWS'

cJA4 ..J.l;.

toride ~J

cheap, inexpensive ~~

clean~

bus stop

plus, in addition to .La I j

rent i~i

todecide J~

electricity ·4~

113

• ~~.> ;,.,~,.:;..- ~J_,

~~ ... ,.

v-

t:_... t..:-

J,..,,

~

_,----l --"- ·-r-- ·

. '

---~ ..,.._,:ai F

A-11 ~J~I

J,...LSJ I r--~ I

6~ ,~jYJ I ·~ ,~ (4 •. ol..a..J 1) ~--.l

:i:w:\,JI u..U.I

~.IJ~I.~~~.~J~I.~.l~I . ~.;JI.~,.>A-11

~Li.UI

V'.) 4:, :· .. 'I·(/.' ·) r)L..,~I ~J,.....Jia~l

'/.AA

,

. Jfi.:U I

~

,

~ ··· -dl ~

f."\ .

Jl-....!..ll &-o.J

• JI~I J~l &--LA~ . ~i ~~ ~ ~~ U.J.l ~J..,.......

. .b......_,;J.I ~~I ~I.J ul.:...:J__, ~1..>-'""1 ~_,i..JI &-o.J • u.lJ~I ~~I &-o.J ~~~

~ ~· }•i I.!IUA__, . ~.,.s.J' u.u1 u,J .k;: u-' ...... ~~ ~J.,....., utS....... ~i ·&--J~I.J .llfi\'1 ~•!h~l ~lA &-o.J .:i .t,,'. ~ ~.:A}ii,., ~~

\H

115

t\:J.\.) iJ\A\ ,:i~l .''?'II Hb ·.II_, , ~L.....JI 4 ib ·.t I~ '~J_,.... ~ :i~;L.:a..o JI J~l :iib-, o_,

-

-

,

""

"'

~

· 4-=a~l .J_,J.:JI ~~ Jt-...!...11 ~ ~.r=JI .J_,.J..:JI&-o ~L...JI 4 ib ',II~ ~

,

~

4J.J ~\_, 10l:t.....!J I~~~ ~4J.J \ . _,A :i i b ·.II o.l.A ~ iJI..rJI 4J.J .b........_,_:i....o_, "" "

. ~I~ ..,.b.ll 10l.o

, 0-o IJ i

o,:l o V~. ~~~

4-tk J~_, ..

, i,: .oil~~~

-..

UJ,.,~,

'-:-'~1 u-11 JL......!..1 I i>-o ~-' ~L....J I :i i b ·,II J~ :i ~' .·"?'II

,

. 10l..:i..!J I J~ ~ 4 i b ·.II o.l.A

b ·,II ~ ~

uk ~I J~_, .LA;:i ., ,

,

""

:i i

""

o:U._, . ~IJj.JI J_,.......JI :i ib ·. o u-l ti..JI_,JI ~.UI ~ ~J_,.... ~lS...... ~j ~

-

-

~

*-' ~l,.,_a.JI ..>+=a 0-o ~ "Lo ~-' '~J,_.... ~ :i~ .,.:\)1 ~IJ..>JI

:i

ib

·,If~

4J.Jr'( "•l£

also • 1.)· L..S::•i....ut -

the Orontes River ~WI .,..:.

located ~ 1_,

,

water ,

,

celsius~

,

to amount to, reach

may reach (see note in the~~_,... section below) ·~ ~

,

·~-t4

land, soil ~~i

When the particle ..1.-l is followed by a verb in the imperfect (present/future, see L. 21 ), it is translated into English "may" or "might". The temperature may reach 46 degrees Celsius.

·~'·'

~4S~ J~l v-a.J ,JI.,>-A-11 J~l v-a LA~ .~i ~~ ~ ~..,..c U_,J 4J,_..., - ~~~ ~'JI ~I_, ~~.J ~1.>-'-"1 ~_,i.JI

"'

v-a.J

~~JJ'JI ~~~

v-a.J

..\._1\. .y

117

(~J_, cJ"~! u~>"';_, J.,t.s:~_, '~ ..::..u~ ~)

(...l_,~ ~~) ~' u~' ~.,..J.. " •. HAo. -!

~~~~~~

'

_,

,

,

~

;1.\ t

.;.,Sl.ll

;1.\.

..!..w'J I

,

~I

~oJ,•,!I~

.

""'

·~.;,_...., JL...o.....!.JI_, J~I4J-4 ~~ ~ . ~i ~~ ~ ~~ U_,J ~~

. .b...u.~l ~"'il ~I ~_,.i.J14J-A_, ,~1.,.,.......1 ~~14J-4_,

J.:.-o ..J'Ji ~) ~~~ ~L......o ~~L.....ll ~ ~~~ J_,..UI ~j ~ ~~

... .. ., , . ..b..i...t ~ ..>-"

122

.~~~~~'&..ar-J'~i ·4 • ... ·.o~'"·'~o~o~J~ ~~ . 0 L.:a~t_, ~~~\'t_, J'~'" &..-}Jt_, ~.: ··.: b ,.I • 11 ~~' &..- ..:..~i ~~ VSJ_, 4

~h\'1 LA~_, •(0lS.....JI V..0 {.\. '='.JI~) 4 :.·. 2 L ,.It II 4 ~h\'1

!./' ..::,1 ~j ;'JI ~i_, .(/.o ~~~) 4~ ••• .J\'1

~ ~j

t?'-' . 0~1

J~ V..O /.Y'A~I~ 0 l...:...;J ~ ~~, 2 .,11 ~ F .{.\'\' ~~~ ~ .1,.11 ~ ~_, - ~~~ r-JWI ~

.-

...~~ ~ ~.) t,-ifJJ • i,:-oJI

iu ..:. II ': LWI ~ ' _. --~I .)~ ~ ' _. . L I I . ':

(~I)

you, pl. write, are writing

ti-ktub-u

~ •

I~

1.,-...:.

(~1)

I write, am writing

'a-ktub

~j

-i

(L:.i)

we write, are writing

ni-ktub

~

-w

(~1)

.-

Note that the conjugations for~ and ::....1 are identical. The prefix b- is attached to the imperfect verb in Levantine Arabic when such a verb is not preceded by another verb: He studies, is studying.

·IJ"J~

.J-11

He likes to study at night. .~I ~ IJ"·J~ ~ .J-11

Note also that in place of the English infinitive Arabic uses fully conjugated verb forms (without'":-'): He likes to travel. (He likes he travels.) . ..,.a~.....:!~ She likes to eat in the restaurant. (She likes she eats...)

·FI ~ JSb ~

We want to visit Egypt. (We want we visit ...) . ~

J.J~ L:.~

124 Hollow and Lame Verbs The same affixes are attached to the imperfect verb conjugation regardless of verb type. However, in hollow and lame verbs, it is not always clear what vowel is used in the imperfect conjugation in place of the I or I.S of the perfect conjugation. At this point, try to remember for each verb what the vowel of the imprfect conjugation is. Statistically, however, .J seems to be more common than l.j• which is more common than I. In fact, the only two verbs that you witt see in this book that have I in their imperfect conjugation are r~-rL:a ''to steep" and ..J~-..Jl.A. "to be afraid". The verbs J~-JU ''to say", r~-rL.:. ''to sleep", and~~ "to tell, narrate" are used in the following table to show how hollow and lame verbs are conjugated in the imperfect:

..

~ ~

r~

J~

(~)

rL:u

(~)

~~

,... -

J~

t u.,

t_,J ~ -

~ ~

J~

~~

(~')

I~

rL:u 1.£"L:u I,_.L:u

(~) (::..:.1)

I_,J~

(,.:UI)

~i

rt.:at

J,.at

(L:at)

~

rt..:.:.

J.,&:a

(t:...:..l)

Note that in tame verbs, the she, you, m.s., and you, fs. conjugations are identical.

The imperfect of~i The verb 41 "he came" is probably the least regular of Arabic verbs. It has only one stable element, the consonant~ · Exceptional behavior of high-frequency linguistic elements is a familiar phenomenon in all

languages. Think of English come-came-come, go-went-gone, among others. The following table shows the conjugation of this verb in the perfect and the imperfect. Imperfect Perfect yiiji

~i

(~)

~

'aja

~ yiiju '~ tiiji ~ tiiji ~

'ajat

(~)

'aju

(~) (::..:.1)

tiiji

jiit

(~')

jiiti

tiiju

I~-

jiitu

aaji

~j

jiit

niiji

~

jiina

I •

~

(,:..:.1) (L:.t) (t:...:..!)

Pronouns Attached to Prepositions The pronoun suffixes that are used to indicate possession on nouns, wanting with ~. and having with ~ and t-- can also be attached to other prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs to express the equivalent of English constructions consisting of a preposition and an object pronoun such as on it, in them, to you, etc., or a conjunction and a subject pronoun such as but he, because they, that we, etc. Examples used in this book are the following. (A more complete Hst is found in the Grammar appendix.)

125

in it, him

~

in it, her

~

on it, him

~

on them

~

from it, her

l+a-o

between, among them

~ ~

but be because I

..'i I.E'

The Comparative and Superlative The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives have the same structure: ~i ('at"' at) of the corresponding adjective: "big-bigger, biggest" _;.si-~

.l~i-.l).~

"cold-colder, coldest"

The comparative is generally followed by the preposition &--=

"Syria is bigger than Jordan in area." . ~L-.14 I.J.lJ'i I V..

,r.oSi 4 J,....

The superlative is directly by the noun compared: The largest minority is the Palestian minority. . (:\:b . .li 'I

(h'i I vA .::.(.1-e'il ~i

Most rain falls in the winter months. . ~~I J.,._.!. ~ ~I ~i J~ Lebanon is one of the smallest Arab countries in area. . ~L-.1 I ~ ~,.>A-1 I J_,.l-11

_,a,..i V;- ul.:a..:J

.~~~ ~~~ &-- r-A~i .:li • ... •• 0~ r,' uk 0l.:a..:J 0l.L .l~ ~~ . U...... "airport", which is

pluralized as ..:..I .>U.......

Broken plurals These plurals are fonned by changing the vowels of the word; the consonants are usually not affected. Think of the English words WXJSe-geese, foot-feet, woman-women. The use of the tenns sound and broken to refer to plurals might be misleading, since it might suggest that sound plurals invlove the majority of nouns. This is not the case, however. B roken plurals are at least as common as sound plurals and involve the most common types of nouns. Broken plurals follow patterns, some of which are more widespread than others. Some of the more common types are represented by the following words:

r:cU......-~

restaurant/restaurants

,

office/offices

~lS...o-~

kitchen/kitchens

. 1 U......-~ C!' , •

house/houses

..::..~-~

month/months

shop/shops

vULS.J-oLS.J

week/weeks

~L...i-t~i

book/books

~-'-:"'L:oS

boy/boys

.J"i _,i-.J~

city/cities

, -. 0 .J.A-~..1-A

door/doors

'"="'~i-'-:-'4

.)~~

,,

'

Person-Subject markers in the imperfect: Fill in the empty cells in the following table.

~

'-"" J..l

~

.) l j .).J~

V" .)~

I

..

~_,.:;

~

~_,.:;

I _,.......-.. .. -

1~_,.:;

'-"" .).Ji

..

!.J-A

-~

I.J J .J..>-!

~

~

~ .)

-~

:...,-A

I.J-~

:r-A

..

---,....,

::::....:.1

':!'~

:..:.a.:. I ,

I .J-~ :_,.:..:. I

-i :L:.i

J.Jji

~~

-~

: ~1

,

134

#"j.t' ·" ~

4JJ ~~ ,L......oWI,~L-...c ~~ .. i_.b 14 _.r:'?'ll "'

til

"

"'

;c

ib '.II ~~I

~ i)~l 4JJ L~_, .~_,.:a.... ..::..4-JJ A~~~ ~WI ~~LS ~ ~ iJI~I · ~~ 4 J J '1'0 ~~~ j;..:.. ~

.L,f'- .r ~\t)\

4.>;~, oo...J.\

..r--1' i_J.\.>~\~ i..,\j, ;..,~ i~

w..., ~ J.,...U ~ iJL-...~ Ull~ ~~' ~ u~ '-:-'.,.:;-~,.>A.JiiJWI-.a..ul ao~

.a..:aJ! ti.>~-"' ~

\W'\' f\f\o ti.>~_;l &.Jti

J_,......i ~ o.Y

.,s.s

~A'

I. When was Abdalla born? 2. What color eyes does he have? 3. How much does he weigh? 4. When was the application submitted?

i~~ow.r male ~:,

.-

grocery store u~

eyes~

hair~

0~~

height J_,.J.

weight

\Y'f

135

~'

--·

...

~~_,s ~.)! ...... ~ ....i..:!~ utS ~ ·' c;~

t)_,..!..JI -- vo-4J 1 l.i.~ ~t.- rS ·'

.

i~oWS' station

U.....:.

coming

·~

fast ~>""'

\H

145

w .....

\M.J" .. ..

0 1J~~~J~

J.,oLS.JI ~~I

~ •wiJ_,_....J~ •0 LoJJ (';·(~WI) (',.b~l

4.:, _:'·.)I w..UI

J:a4-i-JI-=.,W_, ''!-'~ l.:i .~_,..:JI ·(~.)I U.UI) ~~I

-=.,l.iU I

~

~

.'il

~..>-A.

• ..UI

(/.o) 4 1 ., 1 ,.11,(/Yo) ;; • .!!bll bJ~ .(I.V.) (')1.......~1

~

~~J~I~I

,

/'U

J~.l.JI

u......JI 'It

,

~ol•ill~

/'iA

b-W'-' ef_,l.\ -i..J I ~ ~~~~'' j.!.all.;~~~ ~ ~J~.J•c;al~l '-:-'~l4jb ••o

.(_r.a_¢1) J~~~ ~~ ~.J (~.r.ai)

~~~ ~ '"="'.r-JI ~F. .L.........:a ~~ rv ~ 0 1..~_,....,.JI 0 tS...... ..~~ ~.>=

.(!.Y. ~~~) O.Joo!. .. oi..I,.....JiotS...... .;isi ./0'\' ~~~ ~.!i.!,>-i~l ~.J .jY'\ -o ~"' ~~ u.~ - ~~! ~.ri JL-.!. ~ &~ :i ~:~ "':-'~I

j'

u,J __,.:a1~1

0-o ~L..:~·:U,_.. J , ~~I &-o ~l...o J , ~_,_..!J I ~~I 0-o .; ? : '.!I J , J_,_..!J I

159

.Jt-..!...11&-o

k...-~1 ~*'il ~I.J ·~~1&-o ~_,.til._, ·~~~

tl:J.'-' YlA' ' ~

-

.I .

< ....-.Ji

(;-!..>-A ,j--A-4~

WL-.11 v4.;*'il ~

. . ~.J ~~.J ~~ . . . .I . vI-

~

• I . -II ~L......o ..1..a • -

~ ~

-~

F.J .~~......H.., ~-d.;jl.J w~ ~"I~ v4.;*'il ~i 0sJJ

~*'il ~I ~L.., ~ JL-.!JI ~ ~.J ,.,~~1 ~L......o &-- f.Y' ~~~ ~l.;j.U ,

.k...-~1

,

, ~4 .)~.J FL:a...!JI ~ _rbl..o J~ Jl..t....!.JI ~ ~L...JI ~WI~ ~I .;

.F~~ ~ ..l.;l:aJ

1

j!,oll

~ ~4- ~L:.,~I ~.J~~~ ~WI ~.J

11

f!,oll

~

FJ ·~~.., ~J-C ul.S.....JI ~;.., .~ ~~ r" ~ .,.:a1~1 ~LS...... ..~.u ~~ .f.'(\

v-'1~

..H ..r.a.JIJ

~l.S.....JI&-o f.VY' ~~~ ~~~ ~ ~_;.J\J~~'

. ~ ~~J ~ &-o ~j I • i aS,._,, \AY' . U...., .,.:a1~1 L....:a.,>--i ~- .i; ., I

~i

4-:--A -A J.::.....o ._jJ I \ YY ~ '-:-'.;-il I L,.L.........o ~~ . :i ~ :.;-i.J I ~> I.; , . I I ~.;-i.J I '-:-'~1 a

o

, • kl:a.)l" ~..1-o ~ '-:-'~~ ~~ .~ w~ ~~" .1'>.1_, uk ~lS...... i.;,....UI w..J.I

Ju.

~~J

w-o_, ... ", ..;..: :'1 .;t.u1· ~.J..,o ~~~~"~.;~I.; o.o~ ~J · wi~J ~" b~"" ~~~J '-""u '-:-'~~ ~ \"\0

166

o-o f."\o

~~~ '"'="'~~:. : ... ·.F. ..,H~1_, '"="'~10-o '"="'..rlll wt.S....., ~i

.,r.a~l ~.J -~~~~ _,.A.J ~alJI ~~~I_,'"'="'~-' ./.Y"f ~~~ ~~1_, w~l U.UI , ~~I_, '"="'~1,'-:-'.,>lll J,Ai 0-o ~ J,.-;, ..!.J - ~~. 1 tll.JI_, ~~~~ tll.JI .. .t..o.,s.~u,., bJ~I ~ *~~,., ~~~

o-o

*

,

1F~ '"="',.,_u1

J'---' ''iJ~I ~w1 w.ri-11 ~ '"="',.,..u1 w.J .1,.11 '"'="'~~ ~J ~ · w~l,>il" ~ ~~~ ~i~ 'iJWI w.ri-JI ~_, -~~~~ ~~~ U_,alJI .J~ ~ · ·II ,J WL...........,I I.,..-.i-:._ I,J •

, \~~.)\l ."J.J

.o

·~ 11" ~L!JI ~ ~~ • II. e .:1;11 ~j ~ \A!

·r V'\" ~ ~ .1l~ ~~ i.l.;a

185

lSl.ll ."~.;-II 0_,.;LA" ~ ..! ·JI 4 i _:1;11 ~.) ~ ).A.l.)~l ~ ~~ 4~~ ~_,_,

-

...

.

-

~4.--JI U.,..JI L..-~ .ll~ .-.:•': ...LJ., ."U:J_, li:J "' lA,;-oJ ~ ~

,

,

._jjj"

..::..~~ ~ "--o..o.l ~I *"'

,

•0_,,;8 ~) ~ ~'i ~)l.....rl rJWI ~ Ul.iiJI_, i.;~ LoLA _I_)S.>-A_,

.~~~ Jl~l U.,J ~u

.-., ... oj

\\"\ ~ ~J ·\ \"oA ~ ~ J_,.til

.>\~.)C\

,"~"!.11 ~~ ·

4-=a-o ,~1..::..~ ~I ~,;l.~ e-~ i~ .;~i .ll~ ~

~ ~ .-.... "..,b ~I' "~.) tO·.-., II L.;.UI"., ·\ '\V\ ~~I~.)~~~ (#jJI ' ·\ \'foA~~~(#lJI "04-~ '?"'o"_, '·\ \YY'Y

Indicate whether the following statements are true (F) or false (F). 1. Baghdad is located on the Tigris River. 2. Baghdad is the cenier of transportation in Iraq. 3. Locally manufactured goods are sold in the markets of Baghdad. 4. Baghdad was built during the rule of the Caliph Haroun al-Rashid whose name became famous in the Arabian Nights. 5. Baghdad was an important commercial and cultural center between 1258 and 1921. 6. The Mongols rebuilt Baghdad in 1258. 7. The Abbasid Palace was built in 1179. 8. The Mustansiriyya School was founded in 1232.

cultural ~~ tosell ~-t4

local~

--

..

administrative -"

second (think of ~I)

~l.JI," ~~I u.J).J( I,!"""L:uJt ~I V.oj ~ .;U,.lj'il V.o (~Wfj~L&./~~) 4~~ ..:.J.-.J.J ~4.--Jt U.J..UI t..w.~ .ll~ .-.ji: ..u_, .·~.J ~ ....A.Ji" ..::..~~~~I

(.;.J+o!...LI/~1/ .;~)

~ •w.J_;; ~,;i V...O ~ --~I ~..u...l ~., ~J

~ ii ~·.!.'I ·JI (JJ.l.JI ~_).A ~J ·~J'-/1 fi~lWI '-:-'~1 ~I \o\"\ ~'->-- ("l.,-A~ •. L. J)ll.:&.....l ~ - 1. . ~ -~ II ..___ qt.t.:.,....., -'ld.J.:; .>+-"' ~ ~J ~.,)'- ~ ............ • ...r""'

-

_J.,.....

I

-

-

•

,

i.)_,..!J.\ ~ ~ ~).~ e-~ --

Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). 1. Damascus is close to the Lebanese borders. 2. The population of Damascus is a little under one million people. 3. The Egyptians occupied Damascus in the third millenium B.C. 4. No rivers pass through Damascus. 5. The Assyrians entered Damascus after King David. 6. By the end of the fourth century most of the inhabitants of Damascus were Christian. 7. Damascus became the capital of the Muslim state in 636 A.D. 8. Baghdad became the capital of the Muslim state in 750 A.D. 9. The Ottoman Turks ruled Damascus until 1516. 10. The French army entered Damascus after the defeat of Ottoman Turkey in WWI. 11. Syria became independent right at the end ofWWI. 12. The history of the Umayyad Mosque goes back to the Umayyad State. 13. Salah a)-Din (Saladin) is a weJJ-known Muslim commander.

u.;-

to pass (through) ~-:;..

0~ I

opening up, conquest ~

then, and then ·~~ +~ the Nabateans J.t_;.'i I

the Umayyad State ~,..'it ~,.Ut

to open up, conquer ~

among the most ancient ("~1 the Babylonians

moving, relocation JL&:..;I

in spite of

r1:,

fame;.~

to lose~

during J~+.~i

prosperity .JU.; j I

defeat ~jJ.

World War I v1,'it ~la.JI "="_,.II

landmazks ~~ · grave, tomb ~

army~

(well)-known ...;,_,-

mosque ~~4leader .l!.U

museums ....bt..i.

churches ...,..:.~

193

Passive Voice in Levantine In contrast with~ (MSA), Levantine Arabic does not have an ''internal" passive. Instead, the prefix 0 1 is attached to the verb. "He was born" is expressed in ~as -:J~and in Levantine as .J:,.:.1.

Choose the one correct word from among those given in parantheses to complete each of the following sentences. •

o..IJ~ ( .:..~L..../ ~~~~L....i) 'i~ . '

·~

c.F- (the Pyramids) ('IJ-A'il (.:...>j/ J.J~/Jlj) .~.'I' .~I c.F- t;..i (~L...:i/~~/~L..../.:..~L....) LA~ .r .( new)~~~ (1~/1~/~} r-"~ . f •

~ u..!JI

1

c..i- ~ (~/~/~/~) d~ . f

Write down the meanings and the singular forms of the following nouns:

............·.

············

............ ............ ............

............ ............ ............

J4-J.i

············

~,J...,.l

............

~l:i..o

............ ............

.:..uL.... ~L.-.o

············ ............ ............

,

''"'

............ ............ ............ ............ ............

_,.:a.....,

..:!~ I

~L....i .,.,~,

Jl.,......i

,

J.JJ

194

Match each of the words in column \ with its opposite in Column "!· There is one extra word in the second column.

' ~~

r)l.,...,

oAij; .. , ~.la

;(.i;t

. . . ... uoe,

•

~l..u

~ .la l .;

I.

ill

r.ut

t'-'3)

*l~i

~.u

~~

J~

~~1

' ~.ro *"• 'i ,JI ~l,.:.

.

,

'

~

·~ o~~-'.JiP:

Rewrite the following words, grouping them into related families. Each family consists of two or more words. For each family, identify the root and give its general meaning in English. In some cases, it might be difficult to come up with a meaning that is shared by all members of the family. In such cases, writing down one meaning is sufficient Identify the one word that is not part of a family.

'

'

"

· ~ .L~ .~ •rlla.... ··~ .J~I ,.J.J .~L.. .L.l.i.... •ou.l.i.JI .~U....O .~)L. I,_. •ou:U.... ·~ ,4j 1WI •t--4- .~1 .~ 1 ,~L.c.~ ,.J,_. ,

'

r.ui •J-.J •ou.Ui •rlW I .~1 'J~ ·•J'i.J ·~ •rS6. .~ .,.J- ·~.U ••.,._.!,

Translate into Arabic Aleppo(~)

is a large city in Syria. It has a population of about 2 million people. It is situated at an elevation of 430 meters above sea level. Aleppo is the commercial and cultural center of northern Syria. It bas a university called the University of Aleppo.

195

(Mjaddara: Rice and Lentils) i..)~ (Adapted from Classic Vegetarian Coolcingfrom the Middle East and North Africa by Habeeb Salloum) Olive oil 4 TB Brown rice 2 c. Lentils (whole) 1c S c. Water Cumin It. Ginger It. Cardamom Seeds4 (crushed, optional) Cayenne pepper 1/8 to 1/4 t. Salt 1 1/2 t. Black pepper 114 t.

Topping Olive oil Onions Cinnamon

4TB 2 medium, sliced into crescents 112t.

Heat oil in saucepan; add rice and lentils and stir-fry for about 3 minutes. Add remaining ingredients, except those for the topping, and bring to a boil. Cover and cook over low heat until rice and lentils are tender and water has been absorbed, about 25 minutes. In the meantime, heat oil in a frying pan and saute onions until light brown.

Place rice-lentil mixture on a serving platter; spread onions evenly over top. Sprinkle with cinnamon and serve. (If using white rice, you would need to cook lentils in water for about 10-15 minutes. Take lentils out of the water (and save the water). Follow the rest of the recipe.)

Cucumber· Yoghurt Salad (Goes with Mjaddara)

Mix: Plain yoghurt Cucumber, peeled, and diced Garlic, crushed Salt Fresh mint (cut up), o live oil

2c. 4c. 1 clove 112 t. to taste

\\O

196

J J

--

L:.S •oL..J r41 ,....~ ~~ ~., J-.L:.., ~.J

F

.:.l:...t .~A L.:.... i.~I_,JI t:....... \A i..la.I_,JI ~ r~l i1.:; • • - L.. .t....:........ - ·~~~

.,

&..-\ 'i~~~r1~' · ' 'i~.Jj ••.d .•••~~

u=o--' ·"

n .......)Jll ~ .:.-..)J t:....... ~ .r n .....)Jll ~~ ~ . £ 'i ~A

,,....,.) u ~~ ..H1., ~~ rl

grandmother i~

''"

~

0 LS JJ., ~ .o

sometimes l:.~i

197

'" U./~ ~,u...;, t;::# , _J;"

~.

I-

,

_r.:.; ......___

~_, --~' ~ _2.)

t> \.Q~_..)

'I C:,IJ....i~41 ~ .\

ns~rl '..J.J uJ}il v--.-1 ~ ~~.> ~-

:(.jt....

.>~I

L1 c:,IJ JL:i ~~."

'I uJ.>~ J.-.J C:,IJ ~ I .l' 'I C:,IJ ~ ~~.J

t l r5. .t

'I~ _,a-1 '..J.J ~~ c:,IJ ~l . o 'luJJ'il

guest~

opinion

C#i .>

t.? ~~j:..o~ ~ I ~I ~~.J·'

neighbor

.>4-

correct • J...H;... by herself lAJ.a,J

\\V

·[

>

-

~

g. -: (•

g

0"

-

~

·~

Q>

n· •L ~c;

:r·b~

-::- (•

~'t_

'\: ~

~

~

- i 1'[

~.

f' -!· ~

A ~L.J.I_, ~.:

:,:I. 11_, a

J.: .· < J~ ..:;.,_,~ ~-'

uL._,~I ~.)~I ~JL:; e-~

....................

~W.I

........... ........

Jal.C

~

..

................... .;:.,L.l......aJI_, d.J.A

. ~L...!t.....JI

dl_,:a\JI_,

~~',. .r

,u_, 'c..r-'.;-a-11 ~WI_, ~_,\JI J.,_.!JI :.i ib ·. ~ &

(·

tlll.JI j.SI..,.ll ~i (>A..;:.,_,~

L....o4JI .,:.,l.....o4JI db ~j 0;-J . ~l.....o4- (>A c..r-'.;-a-11 ,._JWI iJ~ (>A~ J~ [~ . ..;:.,_,~ ~ :.i~..,..s­ · ~· ~ ~ J..-.A~I .\

..::..1.;~1~~ . ,. "wei;·.• ·

....,.-!.;&. (Jette~ ....i,ro. ~I

~

.r

t-~1 ~4- ::,1 ~ ....i.::,a.,...:. r1

College of Commerce, Business i .)~I .

:4'.1< -

ticket i,.,S~ to bring, get

·~-'-:-'4-

v4J ·'

secondary .J c.:,IJ .r

~u~~u'~~~~J~~-'":'i~t.t ~~~c.:,~...J~~_,...!.-'":'i.o

subject. course i~L..

literature '-:'Ji

t--

until now, so far ~ ~

together ~

thanks a lot ~~ i~

all of it ("from its beginning to its end") LA _;.1,.'i

Lf..(,i v--

don'tmention it! !~I.J ~ i~ "J

'(. t

:< O

t ~- :r.· ~

t [r l

.C\_ ,.

r

h

'\

0

~

·~r-

-

A y. ~ ."

request, call ~-.).J..

' ~.J

sick~;..

stomach~

head '-"' 1.>

~

poor, unfortunate ~

fatigue~

to be sick ~..>-"

everything ~~ JS

to come out ~-eJ..b

pam luck, lot

,

210

,

,

,

.,.

1-i~1 ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ,J-.....J'il J_,...!.JI ~ l...o ~LS.... ~ "-'"'.uJI ~.l.-o ~

~~~J ,·~t-.,.-L- ~ \\AV ·~:::::l.oll

Indicate whether the following statements are true (I) or false (F). 1. Jerusalem is located to the southwest of the city of Tashkent and to the northwest of the city of Dar is-Salaam. 2. Jerusalem is considered holy by Jews and Muslims only. 3. The al-Aqsa Mosque is located in Jerusalem. 4. The Sacred Tomb is another name for the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. 5. The Canaanites came from the Arabian Peninsula. 6. King David built Jerusalem. 7. King Solomon built the Jerusalem wall. 8. King Cyrus of Persia destroyed Jerusalem in 538 B.C.E. 9. The Romans ruled Jerusalem during the time of Jesus Christ 10. Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 C ..E. and in 135 C.E. II . The Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem in 629 C.E, 12. The Crusaders ruled Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187 C.E. 13. The Crusaders defeated the Muslim leader Salah al-Oin in the battle ofHitteen in 1187.

places ~L.i Church of the Holy Sepulcher L41J I

~

al-AqsaMosque ~,.1 ~I

the Wailing (Western) Wall ~I .J...:.LA.

'

,~

the Holy Tomb U"i.UI

. ;

~I

tobuild ~

Dome of the Rock ·~I ~

~

the Canaanites 0~t.....:.S.l I

temple~

wall J.J--

=•~)

Nebuchednezzar;..:. l:i.~

after that +dJ j

to return (something) Jesus Christ

0l.G

a certain place L.

~I~

battle

u:;:.

Alexander

J~¥1

Peace Be on Him (")l...JI

~

212

(Synonyms) o\i.)\_)t\ •'

Match each ofthe words on line 1with its synonym in line ':-t There is one extra word in the second line.

,

t1

-

~

I

t.:....... ·~ ~~~1 ,~_rL. 'vA ~~~ .~_,\JI ·t.Fi~l .~.U.I ·~

~' v-JlJ\ ~.Jt;

. ~I 'o'V ~ 0-a '-"'~I ....................... .a

c,r._raJ I ....................... ~I->'"'""~ I ~I J:._.,.l

I ''

t A ~ ~ .J~ I.J ~.,_a.J I

. (~.J.i.JI ~.UI) .. .. ....... ............ ,~1 ~.JJ'JI ~~ ~I.J (i~~~ ~.loll) ~.UI 1

.•.1 ~~~ """" , .~......,.11 ~~ ~

~~--- ~

""v u...., .......... ... .......... , ~i ~u...., "

....................... ~ JSL!..!I ...•. o j (ro '-"'~I

"':?'

:i

....... • dJ,j

.J-,.A...a.j

•

I-"j ~4 ~ t.)"J..l4..f

_/'~-

~..,

·-

·

::x:::;:::2

~ ~

.

'

0 0

~

·1

~~ -"".llA.,...,·< v--

I~ ..1la...... ,J.Ai ~ .t

·~~oWS' to collect, save (money) ~-~ toallow ~-~

to think in any case

A- fo

JL.. JS ~

even if _,J ~

2 14

'ic.,r.~ '-/_, c.,r.~ rL- •~ .T •-""!'1 !)~ ~IJ ,.S .1

'iU-!..JI

How many?

~ ~ 1_,

r-S

furnished

for the sake of

c.}._,~

•ow. ~

~

o

-"(

'

-

•:

~

[~, ~

-) ~ \_,_b..PJI , , 4 i b-, u-o_, ~I (~If >+a) U-o ~_,:u U_,.JI ~\LA ~L.:w:._, ~-.>~ (~_;11 o

.4! .o;IJ 4-e)~· U_,,>AlJ " 6._n~~J"

\_,_b_ri.JI ~4

•(_; e-. .t;.lj6_;~1/ _;~1/ "'-' e .':. a) \_,_b_ri.JI ~LL..o '-ro

. t , -,1 1_, .~IJ,.....JI (~_,/~_,Jij~_,) · 9., iII_, '\_,_b~l t_ri-6j-AUJI ~4_,

*

·~~~~1'

; ,

I_;< ... ,

o

~~~ ~ (!.ifi=a/~l.S/ I.)LS)_,. \A~\ U..... ~ \,_b..PJI .- ....

L........I_,JI ~_;I~ j~

o

(0_;-Ajlfl.),y-:a) &-o

,.·w

~:.._, .!,)IJ_,_....JI ~ (~1/~~1/~~/~) w'i·: ?II

/4-=alS......./I.)tS......) J~ Jlj_, I ~I

""

e

o

?', ~ ..U_, .(~/6~1/6~) LA)-?.--!.i_,

..::..~L-!..11

* ""

,_

*

u-i LoLA 4-.>~ lj.SJ-4 .-. ., !'

., 0

1~

(l+ai.LJI .y!...c

Write a paragraph or two about Abu Dhabi. Follow the instructins given in LL. 34 and 35.

224

PHONE

-

\ ~ ~t:J~~~tA~~ - '

~uiS ~" ·" ~c.;~

4-l ~" v-- .r

~~ .:..:OIS ~1.£

~'-"',WI .:..:OIS ~-' .o ~I ..LoS

...,. _. '-""L.:. ...J~.,.. . '

handbag ~ Uo..:....!.

225

~ ~IJ J~.J 0 1J ~.J . \ ~ L,tJ}j.J

J-.J L,tiJ ~ I . Y

~ V"J~ 0 1J~I .l'

i~.b:- oWJ" tourist by the way

~L...

·~ u1c

you (fonnal) d.:;~ employee

....ll.;..

~

~

~

~

.

-

~ ~

~

C·

~I

1 \

-

~

'- j l~ ~ ."

\ n V U.....L.J.,......(j-0~ • 1.•.1..)-'-"1'·"' ' "'-1. '1" ~

!( John'='~~4) ~~ r--1.o

4--_,.1 i.:.J.._, ~ .J~ I ~j 4J~ ~JA-A !(Lfi-) ·~~· ~

U! :::!. ·ll_, ~I

-o J.l.C dt.:u.

cr_,..ij'

u-1' ..,...L..,

Lo_,u...

v--_,

.:(,.I ,.II

.'->-o -.c.: ,. .. ·..rAJ -

~I

-

-

-

.

·' ..::.,1~, \\ot ""'• I ~~I,J .c :.: 'J~ ~ ~.:.L.w:._,l.Lo ~ ~

.,,J.i.J ~J J~i ~J-H 0 LS_, , \\o"\ t.:w... ~ J~t.-.h i ... ,,., .~~

,

"

J)l • i ,.t

~J· ~i .\\YO~ ~,J .tJ_,.ill ~J ~j \\OV t.:w.., ~,J .i~~' U_,.ill . " i~l

t..S;_.

.isJ-.J.\ G~~ = +.llc

(political) party

'-:"~

was exiled

+i.r,"' ·•·

to try J~L.. .

,

to lead .lll

t1

I

I

peaceful means ~ J~ for life i~lc.s;..

...

.r ••.l_,.c '

return t~

.

to ·take part in d)..!. to demand

'

~~-~U.

fl~ing '-:".J~

.

resisting, resistance t.. .,u.. '

negotiations

'

.

~Lw._,LL.

to call for Lc~

'HA

249

Roots and Stems As you know by now, most Arabic words derive from three-consonant roots. Words are built from roots following regular patterns. There are verbal patterns and nominal patterns. One of the most common nominal patterns is the one that the following adjectives belong to:_&,~.~. ~._>.1, ~> ~· The verbs follow regular patterns too. There are 12 verbal patterns or forms, called ..:,lj_,i (singular w.J.J) that are commonly used in modern Arabic. One important step in recognizing the form of a specific verb is to identify its stem, which refers to the verb in its simplest form: .the third person masculine singular in the past , tense, the equivalent of he -ed in English, as in V" J.J "he studied", V" J.J "he taught", c;. _,..:,.:. "he got

.

.

married", ~I "he received", etc. If a verb is in the passive voice, its stem is the active form. So the stem of~ "it was published" is ~ "he published" and J,!:..: ~"it is considered" is

;.:.,c1 "he considered", etc.

Root Types Arabic verbs that are based on three-consonant roots are divided into categories according to their root structure. In Lesson 15, a number of verb types were identified, such as sound, hollow, and lame. It was pointed out in that discussion that, technically, such terms refer to roots rather than verbs. In this lesson, we'll apply the correct terrninolgy and use these terms in reference to roots only. In order to distinguish roots from verbs, root consonants will be separated by dots. There are five root types: Sound roots have three consonants in the three consonant positions, no doubling of any two consonants, and no ,.,, I, or I.S in any of the three root positions. Roots like "":-'· ..::... d "to write", .J. J·t. "to know", and

t.. r· V" "to hear" are sound roots. Assimilated roots have _,in the first root slot, as in .J. c;.._, "to find". Hollow roots have _, or t..! in the second root slot, which is often realized as I in the perfect tense of the verb: ..:,._,.d

(..:,~/ ..:,I.S) "to be", J ._,. J (J~/Jll) "to say", and

J·t..j· .J.

~/ JU..) "to fly".

Lame roots typically have t..! or _, in the third root slot, which are realized as I.S

c..? .l' ~~~J-A\1 ciJ ~_,...!.~ . ~_,..!.-Hi C:'iJ

~~~_,...!.~~~~_,..!.._Hi .t

" ~ ~_,...!...Hi

v-- ~ ~_,...!. r t ~i . o

"u4 ~~~_,..!.LA~~_,...!. r1 ~ ~ ~ .'

'lc.s.:... ~ 'lc.s~ ~ .v

H..IL......~I ~ ~IJ ~_,...!.-Hi ~ I. \

·~~oWJ" tatk r~

true

don't pay attention ("hear from 0Y. v-- ~J 0Y. v-- ~I here [one ear] and let fly from here [the other ear] young man ~W. female cousin (mother's side)

J~ ~

wife,woman ~Jj=i~

mind~ beware, be careful

d.J~ ~J

from a good family '-"'l.:a ~

educated~

crazy 0~

get up r_,j

J)6.) I ~

the middle of the night ·~I ~

daughter of good people

good night ~ ~ ~

254

· ~~~ ~,>i.JI ~~~~~WI~~ ~1 ('~ ri, JL-!. ~ L:J.l.JI4 ;b ·. ~ ·~ ~.;i ~ &~ u:aw ''· t ~ ~ ~.1.1_, ~1_, ti ('~ ~LS · ~ ~J ~i ..::..ULS_, . ~,.,.i.JI '? , rL...! LA-Hi ~LS · J-"'A-0 0

r\'

,

'

~~: ,J...:a..LI_,

o

"' ~~~ ~ ~.1.11

··~ ~~ i..u.l_, ..::..a.:i..i_, .l.Jli. ·ei

to memorize ~

., i,

smger ~ increase i.J4,)

.

~

,

,

.,',

tosmg ~-~ . 4 : ,J ·'. • occaston

-

singing .. t..u , clothes ~':f.. , voice ..:....,....

to dress, wear ~

v:o'.,..:v:o_;..

strong~_,.:;

short~

to become famous ~I inside J.:i.. I.J move, relocation Jl.i.:..:a I

.

to become sick

outside G:,Jla. to move, relocate Ji~ ·.J

parts .. J~i L..~~i~

--

music~.,_.

life

•t;.

to set to music ~

artist ~L::i

funeral i.J4

f -· composer~

it was said

..

+J.:,U

.

to dte

.. .

,

where, when torecord

~

Jt IS satd

-

~

••

..:..L..=~_,:i

,

+J~

toattend ~

, ~

1. Roots and Stems For the following verbs, all taken from the reading passage of this lesson, give a full translation of the verb and all affixes, identify the root and indicate its type, and identify the stem. The first ~ verbs are given as examples. Root Type assimilated

hollow lame

Root

,J.J .., ~ . .,.d

'!· ~·t

.

Translation shewasbom

..:...U.,

andshewas

~~.,

he sings

~

Verb ,

-- ,

~

257

"

;

J

o.., o )LAJI ~I .

"

~I ~1.. ............... u-114Jl...i..::UI ~ r~ .;#

-~ ~~

-

~_,J.I .J ~~I ..................

&-a .................

,

•

~

u-k ~J..u .....;~ 0 ts: ................ .

;a 0 LS Lo..L.U

.~ .JI) dJj ~ .illWI ~ ~_,JI \~->~I" Jl_;;a Jo-:Ai ~ ~J ·4..>,...._1 ~_,..&JI IJ,r.a-i.iJ ·~ iH.JJI J4-,-> ·. ·;oi...i ·~.J ~ L..~ ~ 0 i" · ~4-;.JI ~ Jo-:Aj " vk i..:..l.:a..Lal ~i ~l.S t+=a"i ..r-- ~I ~L,.,J . ~~ ~t...i 4~ ·.t-..h.JI L~l ~.JJ I J4- J

I

.

If ;,;. •

"0t

~

. ~Lo ~ ~ vtl..eJ .~1 •,.,........J (.)':' .: ,':. , J ~ • • I.: . 'i J I_;;a _,....!..:. L...~ 0

273

.~ -'":lj &~ ~ I~ Lo ~ ~.J ~

.....

~~'J'-' ~\.:-)\ ~(.._,tAl.\~

~~us~ ~4-:i J'.>-=a ~~

\\\V

~~ ~ :i ~:~' J_,.l.IJ ~.>A~

.

...

,

,

·i

.d'..>-'-: -

to leave

oLS:

0~

to be

I.)"

Fonnll Shape

J.l

.

Perfect

Imperfect

~

~

,

~

,

'

(The middle consonant of the root is doubled. This is indicated by a •~ (:.) over the doubled oonsonant.) Form II verbs often have a causative meaning.

Examples U" J.l

(F I) to study

(F II) to teach

t"!' _,

(F I) to return

(F IT) to return (something)

FonnV Shape

.

Perfect ,

J...Li

Imperfect ,, ~

This form is related to Form II. It is constructed by prefixing ..:; to Form II verbs. This form is generally the passive or reflexive of Form II.

Examples f;'

.,

~-r-Le

(F II) to teach

~-~ (F V) to Jearn, teach oneself

(F II) to found

~~-~t:; (F V) to be founded

'(Yo

276

1. Verb Forms For the fol1owing verbs, all taken from the reading passages of this lesson, and all of which belong to Forms I, ll, and V, a give a full English translation (of the verb and all suffixes and prefixes), b. identify the root (Remember that ....iJ I does not exist at the root level), c. identify the stem d. write down the form of the verb using both Ja_; and the form number. The first two are given as examples.

Form

Stem

Root

Translation

v.~

Ji,:U

J . c.J·- (.).

and he moved

I.Ja..i

~

'-:-'·uA·t

and he got angry

.. ,

.

Verb ,

Jl..:U.J

4

. ... t

eOf

•

~.;J

d~

.

~ , ,

[~.J ~u_,

I

.

..

~ ,

, ,

~~ \ •

~I

~.) Extra credit

.,-y,

277

Match each of the words in column' with its opposite in Column y . There is one extra word in the second column.

91;;

. I

J:i

~J4j

JLA::ul

.:.u..o

~IJ

~..u

~

~J~

t-""'J

J~l

~~

~j.A

~

..)lj

~

..

~

0~~,..)~ ,,. Rewrite the following words, grouping them into related families. Each family consists of two or more words. For each family, identify the root and give its general meaning in English. In some cases, it might be difficult to come up with a meaning that is shared by all members of the family. In such cases, writing down one meaning is sufficient. Identify the one word that is not part of a family. •

,

·r~' . ~; ·~ ·~~; ,.,),.,~

.~L.. ·~l.:!

til

"'

S.>-! ·0~ 'F ~~~' "'~ ·0~ .~

·r-L-- ''-'"'":'~ •l...i.A.J-4 .~j ,I e!!"': •0~ ._>SI,.ro . ~UI ~~~ ~~~ ':! ..... !: , 1;.h .~lj! .dL

.JAi ·.>SJ-O .~~

.;u- .U;...;~

4. Speaking/writing Encourage (or discourage) people (or a certain person) to visit your hometown (or another town or city). Discuss the location, the weather, services, attractions, problems, etc. Talk to the class about it in Arabic and then write it up (around 100 words) and turn it in.

"(YY

278

~(~1) e:--4-U ciJ~~ ·' ~ J~ ~IJ ~I I_,.;~~ ljl f+~'L..... ~ U t~l J~l ~ I_,Ju vuL.:...II ~I . Y ~(their answer)~~~

r;-- U

.).....£ ~ ~I.T"

~..!JWI t~'.il ~.J ~~WI t~'.il ~ vuL.:...II '":"1~ 0 l.S ~I ~..!JWI t~'.il ~ vuL.:...II '":"1~

.t

r;-- U J- ~ ~l . o

i"'-!~ o\.J.r to stand

....u_,

~4-=~ use

'(VA

i~U

279

\' 0 1J,:.,... ~ ~.,...!. ~i ~~ iJ.CL-.1.1 ~~ .' 'i oL.a.l

t"'!'~ r :/'l

oIJ ~ . ,.

H~~'il U.UI ~ U"JJ Jt-... ~ 0 1J ~I J u=---1 .Y'

.

weak ....a....-. . , ready, willing, happy to ~

.-

help .~t.....:. as you know .J~ L.. ~

280

. .. :...,,.\ . e;at..-1 C!.u. ~\J

•" .. , ·-!

he wants

•

1. Verb Forms For the following verbs, all taken from the poem b ~ ~

~ and all of which

belong to Forms I, II, and IV,

a. give a full English translation (of the verb and all suffixes and prefixes), b. identify the root (Remember that ...A.J I does not exist at the root level), c. identify the stem d write down the form of the verb using both Ja_; and the form number.

Form and#

Stem

Root

Transkztion

Verb

~~i

'-

~Jj ._j,~J

'":-'UJ

Write a paragraph or two (60-100 words) in Arabic about your favorite poet. Keep it simple, and use words you've learned in your Arabic class.

282

.~ .j.s>_, c;:,...,J_. ~' 6./,b(

'~•.;4-

v-- (borrowed) .;l.a.:w..l ~~I.\

n~li~l~(put)J.......~I.Y

n~l ·~I~ ~t.... •...~4- t.1 ~ ~~~ 4i~ ~~ .T

'~4-"~

.:,.... ·~~ ..,~La..:w...l ~ t1.;~1 ~~ ~ .t 'l~v-a i~l~ .;4JI~

.o

n~l ~ .;4JI tl•.;4J JU ~~I ·'

,

.

cooking pot ·~ to give birth .J~

.

i~olJJ" to borrow .Jt.a:......l toput

·~

283

~ ~ ~~ JI.A..,...

iJL. rS u-. .y

~~fi I)IJ~I :-0'

288

Refer to the list of Arab countries and their rulers in Lesson 15) ·

'.

v

A

'

' 0

'

v A

•

'. ~

'-1>~ ~ ~.)

~v.- !~I~J4~1~~ . \

v--.J v1 ~,..... •.u~ ~

. . -. -:.r

t~l

o'(

~

_,1

(for definition) ~_,.:.LJ . Y ~~I

~l:JI~J4

·rL£ .

0

!l:!.;,..... ~ .) . '

!(fonner) ~WI~ ~J .r U~lv-rot::~~~.t

(t....._,s.-) 'uA-l.) ~ ! ~I r-SL.a. ·' (t....,s-) ·~· ~ : ~ (anima9 0 1~ .A

t;~dLY,.i . o

-~·~ ·. -.

~J~~.v

(for negation)~ :(t.....,s.-) ....i)....... . \. . ,.

"-:'~' ti ·' (t....._,s-)

~_,J I I,("!jA-Il 0 LJ..J....J I . A

.........J.:,JI . U.....:. .\ . .. u--

•J.u• ~ !~_,.:i~.;~lc.,.A · '·

"

--Ir_ ~-- -~ ,J~~-

'I~ ""

~t-~1 4.>--

~.. I . y

~

4-i ~JI.l ~ .Y'

~~(,$~~ ul.l~l.t

~ u~ ~.,.i Ju.-'il ~ • 0 1.l~tJ ~ .o

~

tobelate ~b

J4-

accident ..!...lla..

for a long time ~L...) transport vehicle, truck Ji.:. i

..

passengers "":-'lS J

gift

(41.U. ·c::) ~,.u. strange

"':-"';!~

tohit "":-'~ ambulance ...AI.a......!

•J4-

by myself '!~.,J nextto

~

I

I

•

I

I

•

•

~

-L.

~

Lo

I

.

•'

(o

'

I

,t·~ •

c. (.~ ~I

~ •l

li\

-• C·

f

f, .[ •(;\t:

I

h C·

b'

C·

-~,.. li\

~- c:'

[.,

·f •C

·>· t. 1 : .i= l ..: .r ~

\.!." . ~ :~'-' .

v'

··~_, t.:.i ~l..j &--

A long time ago, when I was little, There was a boy, ·

·~~~lS

He came from the woods,

•U:.I~'/1 &-- ~

He and I played together,

··41_,t.:.l~l

His name was Shadi.

-~.JW.~I~lS

'I.S,._ ~ '1-JL!.-' t.:.l ,-1· .I~ L.:.....i..S: -I':. II I#~ -'1"'. Je--~ .

Shadi and I sang together, We played on the snow, ran in the wind,

•J ~It-~ • •

We wrote on the stones, Little stories,

•;l.i..-u--1

.~1 ~..:-.~_,

And love was strong between us.

·v=aJJt..::..a.J_, r~\'1 &-- r~_,

One day the world went up in flames,

•v=aJJ~ I~ V"t.:. ~ V"t.:. ,Jt.:..i.J I Jt...._,

People against people fought, And the fighting,

.J)l;Jit '-:"~ -v=aJ v=aJJ 1_,

Got closer to the hills, And everything got worse.

•t.jJI_,..II ..JI~I

And the fighting reached the edge of the valley,

t ~-'

·~~~J~JW.

Shadi ran to watch, I got scared and started calling him,

• (.J

Where are you going, Shadi?

~t.j.JL!. ~ ~IJ ~_,

I called but he did not hear me.

"1.,/ •... '".!

•..L.:a I .:::.. J-"A-' ..::...i.::io.

L.._, (.j • ..L.:al

-~.JI.,J4 ~ ~-'

And he got farther and farther in the valley, And since that day,

I haven't seen him, •t.jJW. t L..;.

Shadi disappeared,

.~1 c.IJ_,

4-1 ~1_, .~1 c.IJ_, 4-1 (r- ~~ .~1 .::.._)-'A t.:.l_,

The snow came and the snow went away,

Twenty times the snow came and went away, And I grew older,

.~ ·~t.j.JW._,

But Shadi is still little,

.~It~~

Playing on the snow,

.e-J!Jit

On the snow.

r. t

305

Verb Forms Statistically, Fonns I and II are the most common of all verb fonns in Arabic. Fonn Vis probably third in its frequency. This is reflected in the words ofFairouz's song-a ~~_, I \4\!" t:....... U! b , . I i

JL.......!. ~

~ ~ illWI .-.'_:_i! u~ ~_, .0 l:a.:J ~I ~_,.;J J~ illu ~.;-+-i . i_,_r.a.JI ~,.A USJ_, "i_,~r ~_,..; ~~ ~_, ~_,.;J J~ ~.) \\£4\ ~v-i_, .i~l r--'.11 iJ.d........... ~ .,

Jl.i .J # I ~ "J-'il .HJ. ~.;i ~ ~ .LA.,re.J • b~

~·~-'¥1 ~IJj_,JI ~.; ....il.....oi_, ~~.JJ.J ~~~I U)la.JI.l.A .,_;:.}i4 ~_,.l..ll t+U~ ~ U!_.·._.b,.lfll ..• ~L.Ai ~ JIJ

o

-.

.>-:!:-?

,J~ C-.... _. ~I;.-...,._. ·,!JIJ4 .J~I" ~L........JI ~1...>-'""tl ~IJj_,JI ~J C~-'

.,H.)_,JI ~ L....s: . .LU~ r-=WI ~-' ("_,.!J.S ("j ~Ut L..,.L:;.,_, ~,_.JI c.F>Li.'l'l ~I .J,_rb'l'l ~_,.A ~Ui ~It L...:r.......tl ,J_-)'1 «.?1~ y._, 'J~I ~ (.JI,;..i) U!-"~

.

.~_, .J.:UI...>-'""1 ~~~I U..U~ ~ ~.JJ.J .J_,_......._. ~ &-- j~ c.:, I~~

.

.

(""'!-~ ~ . ~l..r-tl J~l ~.J ~~ ~ L,oL:i.,_, J~l

..

J!.-o ·~..r:u-JI ~I '-:-'~1_, U!_···.:b ... li II

~J.JI.....e........~_,

..

'e-""I.J JL..I....:. ~.),A. j

',

o

,.1~1_, '-:"~I J~l &-a ~I

J;._,..__. ~ '-:"t.::.SJI_, '(""'""WI~ ~L!JI_, ~ J:.-.1 ~I.SJI

.;!.,)..:. ~WJ I_, f.!J_,.;. V"4J I_, c.:, I~ J..::..Li. c.:, I~_, ~ ~~_, 1.!-'l..u......J I J 1_,..:._, ~_,.:.WI V"JI.Jll ~ V"·J~ .. 1~1_, '"="'~I .. tj.A ..:..4~ &-- i.......-a c.:,l L.S ... ~~

(.,. .. O/f./H

Jo.......,_,)'l J~l ;.~~ ~) . ~1.,.....¥1 ..:..la....o4JI_,

1. Who interviewed Ariel Sharon? 2. What does Sharon envy the Palestinians for? 3. What does Mahmoud Darwish express well, according to Sharon? 4. What does Ehud Barak listen to continuously? · 5. Which songs does Benyamin Ben Eliezer like to listen to? 6. Among which segments of the Israeli population are Mahmoud Darwish's poems popular? 7. Name three Arab poets and/or writers, besides Mahmoud Darwish, whose works have been translated into Hebrew. 8. Where are some of the works of these writers and poets taught in Israel?

r\o

316

i~ow.r love, liking :;,. to speak ~-rk:-=..!1~..!.~ journalistic ~ newspaper :I e: , .•

,

c::,....

to declare poems

~l......i

meeting, interview ,.LlJ,

.

site, location ~;...

,

~-~

toenvy ~-~

continuously .J I~

to listen to ~-~1 it is mentioned, worth m~tioning .;S~

to express

Hebrew~~~

.

on a large scale t-I.J J~ uk works J~i

wtdespread

,

.

~

educated, cultured · i i \'·

.

poet ( .. 1~ - ~)~I...!, those .. "/.).A

writer ( '-:"~ . ~) ~lS ~

part -~=~

Noun Patterns The great majority of Arabic words follow regular patterns. In the preceding lessons, the major verb patterns were presented. As was pointed out at the beginning of that presentation, the great majority of verbs in modem Arabic belong to 10 forms. The number of noun patters on the other hand is quite large. But some are more common that others. Some of the most common noun patterns are: student

~U.

living, inhabitant

0SL...

~ ,

written'-:"~

known ....i,J.,>A-e

J_,....

small~

big~

~

tired o• t.....:; .

thirsty

oWJ...c

office~

restaurant ~

white ~t

black .s,....i

better J,...Ut

bigger

~i

houses..::..~

• months .J,.._.:.

schools '-"" .J I.LA

offices ~~

industry t.ct..:.....

agriculture toe I.J j

Ooo(

"~ ~ ~

J_,.,, .?.

~ ,

d.i

As the above examples show, words that follow the same pattern generally share a similar meaning. A number of noun patterns are related directly to the verb patterns. A noun derived from a verb may indicate the doer of the action of the verb, the recipient or result of such action, or the action itself. For example, from the verb~ , the following words are derived:

317

writer ~l.S (something) written '-:-'~ the act of writing ~loS: In Arabic grammar, the word ~L..S: is referred to as an active participle ~l_j ~I,'-:-'~ as a passive participle or J.,.U... r--1, and the word ~loS: as a verbal noun or J~· The form or shape of the derived noun is determined by the form of the verb from which it is derived. So the active participle of Form III verbs will be different from that of Form II verbs and so on. The following table shows the most common participle and verbal noun patterns that you have encountered or will encounter in this book. The cells marked with an x are not important for you to think about at this point.

Verbal Noun

Passive Participle

many patterns

J.,.U...

Active Participle

~

lliU:.

X

Jt.a:AI

X

J~i~

X

.

Jla.&.:.l Jt.a.::.:.l JW:.:..I

X X

X

X

X

J··.-.....'

Perfoct

~ ~

II

~u

Ill

~i

.-Ja..i.:i

IV

~I

VII

J: ~·.,

Vlll

~I

X

I

v

1. Looking up words in the dictionary With reference to Part 29 in Appendix 2 (Grammar Summary), look up the following words in your ArabicEnglish dictionary:

..

.

(..a~ I

2. Verb Forms For the following verbs, all taken from the reading passage of this lesson, and all of which belong to Forms I, II, IV, V, and VIII, a. give a full English translation (of the verb and all suffixes and prefixes), b. identify the root, c. identify the stem,

Y'\V

318 d. write down the fonn of the verb using both Ja.,l and the fonn number.

Form

Stem

Root

Translation

Verb

~

..

~ ,

.

1.1".)~

,,

3. Noun Patterns (LL. 41, 52) The foJiowing nouns, taken from the reading selection on;;:.!;.>~ ~I and from the reading selection of this lesson belong to the nominal patterns shown in the table of noun patterns shown above. For each noun, a. give a full English translation (the noun and aJI affixes), except for those words marked with xxx. b. give the stem by removing grammatical affixes such as gender markings, possessive pronouns, plural suffixes and the definite article J I. c. indicate what fonn each of them is the active participle (AP), paSsive participle (PP) or verbal noun (VN) of. The first two are given as examples.

Derivation

Stem

Translation

Noun

VN ofFonn Vlll

J~l

the occupation

J~'ll

VN ofFonn m

t..._,u...

negotiations

..:::..L.:._,t.a...

,

.

J)lll....."/1 J~l

u,.JAA

..

.

~~I

Y'\A

.. ·~ .-.

319

-

~I ~lSJI

.::..L.......4JI Extra Credit XXX

J,..........,.

XXX

.Lo...i~

XXX

.Ji.~

XXX

~I

~~\.t Create a Story A number of travelers stand in line for a long time waiting to go into the passport office. A rich man bribes the police officer who lets go ahead of the others. First make up the story orally in class, then write it down. Be as imaginative as possible.

~,., 1\~

!.)!.r. .

320

~ ~~ ~~J_,..~I . Y

~ ~~~ u_,..;...:.s ,.-1 ~ u_,..;...:.s ~_,j . '

~ o4J ~(answer •~J) 41-"'!' ulS ~I . !

~ u,_,..;...:.s~_,j..::.Jt......~ I ~I . Y'

.

i~oWS' hell -. , .

~

way, road ~).

we do not have any other than them in the house, the only ones we have in the house

'"'~ ~ C:.?~t!A :Jll

0

-~

·~L..j;:.,.... '~ ~~ ~·

,,.~, -~

t..:.i_,

. ~LS...~~

· .~~j

,,.~ , ,.~

:~~~~

.~L..j;:.,....

!~JA4J I ~) •

. ~l:L ~JA4J I ~

. ~1¥1~

!6.>4-- ~.,; ~jl

·"~wts

6 J l.........JI · J I_, _,_,.......1 I J.:a.:a_, ;

....~.• JI t~~ J.:a.:a,

~'~' •>-""'i &-- ~i

323 ~

not from grand gentlemen.

i.lL...&.o y

~

L:..)U wt.S: ~

·.)-'1 \•· .)~ ··· VUJ:-l ' · V.. v:"•-u f'"""' 1· ' · .)-;...· .)~ !(~~) · ~"· v-- ~u f'"""'l .r (~~)

""

-~~· v--~uf'"""'l ! ·~r v--~uf'"""'l.\

",._L-i"

.)~ !(~~) · ~·

v-- ~u f'"""'l .r

(~,sa..) ·~r .)~ .o

·~ ·v-- ~uf'"""'l .o

l~· .)~."\

·rp· .)~·"

v-- ~u f'"""'l .A !(~~) ·~r v-- ~uf'"""''·'·

(~~) ·~r .)~.A !(~~) ·~·

v-- ~u f'"""'l . '.

·4-i" v-- ~u f'"""''

· rrA

(~~)·.).Lt.

· ~·v--~uf'"""'l

339

Create a Story On his first day in school Kanfusheh's brother, Hassan, put on new clothes, including new shoes. He walked to school with the other boys from the neighborhood. He couldn't keep up with the other boys, because his feet hurt. The boys sat down to rest, and Hassan took off his shoes. A few days later, he found another kid wearing his shoes, and he wanted them back. Create a story telling what happened to Hassan and his shoes. First try to tell the story orally in class, then write it down. Be as imaginative as possible.

Some useful words: new~~

to hurt e:'!'~-~_,i

:'

;

•v'

/.

. 'x \

',

\

>- , •. ·

'

\

·

1

/'.

I

\f)()' 'I '-I

' I

'

\

\

\

' /

.

"'

. "'''

~

1

I

h

1'~'U ~-61 : .·!\ ·, 'c. · ~ t1\~

'

·

"

--

J

r \

'

•

•

-o·

.

.

... ~-

•.

I

-

.

~~-e,s_;:...!.l

to wear, put on

~

.:..--~ ~__:.j ~~ .....,...oil . .; _..:f~

I -..

I I ' ·! I t-'-' ':-'-. ; .> (t §: ' \}\ . , ~~ ""-' "

·. : \ ' \j... ';· '/ !.·

;

to buy

I

340

APPENDIX I READING AND WRITING

341

PART ONE: THE BASICS The Arable Alphabet)

Letter Name NC

Word-finally Word-initially and medially I

~i

Pronunciation a (cat, father)

.,L

b

......

~

.,ti

t

...:...

~

.. ~

th (thin)

..!.I

~

~

J

..

~ ·

-::a.

..~

.ft*

c:

-::a.

..Li.

chin Bach*

t

-::a.

NC

JIJ

d

J

NC

Jlj

th (the)

j

NC

"1.; r (trilled as in Spanish)

.)



.....

....

..

--<

r

r

=

_

rJ•

~ .r t ~

rt

•

~

J)

['

I.

to(.

I.

. L..

{, I!

t'

.... c.. ... ... .r .r: r. .. t [ ~ .[ ·~ .c· 't 1:.. ·~ ·~ .[ ~:~

L w:: ••

I.

:

.

(".

•

I:.. •,A

>

•

c· c· -; <

.[

~ • • .... .... ~ ~

~

~ .

~

1-

~

,-

.f.' 1'

••

'

li\

I

I

,[

-

(o

•L

C.·

.[ :,

I

lit

lit

.,

-

-•

~p ~ !t~ ·lli\ ~l ...r ~· ~· :, -: ~

(o

li\ ,[ !t

h. :[ -c; \.E- \.E- ) ~p- l

l,.

C.·

. . ~· ~ i ~ ~ tH-o( :dL· r~r~ff.fn:r~~ : : a 'J~i • 0 ~ ._,l.ji •.1.~ ·....l)

te...i . \. ,\ ,A,V ,, ,o ,t ,Y" ,Y ,\ . y •• \\.\A.

w.".

\O. H.'"".

\Y."

.r. ,Y. ,\ • .'· . ... r .. Y\ .YA .w .n ,Yo .n .n .n ,,., \ •• ,\ •• A•• V. ·'· ,o •• L

.~I,H\.

,Y"\. ,Y" •• , \\VY ,\VY ,VY ,\\\,\\

. ~ \Y u.....J I ~ . ~L....i t ~I~ ·('4i V t~'il ~ . ~L....

yt

('~I~ . a:io~ '·~WI~ .J_,.........l t u.....JI~

- ~.;JI ..t:..!JI,~~I . ~I

·'":"' j • .:,;.:..01~~

,_,.A u......ll J~

.)_,....!.~~~

·ll..>LA .t-4- ~..>,S ~ t-4-J I 4_,r. ~ ~ .t-4-JI 4_,r. ~ ~ -~~_,A.'J ~ t-4-Ji or. ~~

···t.JW.. .. ~ L~ '~ ~JL-!. ~'":"'~ . ~4-JI J_,..!- . ~4-JI '":"'~ ~ ~(i)cJSL... .:...-'14-H_, .t-4-JI '":"'~_,A .~4-J I JL-!. ~ ..:1.ll...!. ~J ~t..>w..JI ..>~ ~ t..>w..JI ~ ~ ~t..>W. c.sl ~

·•..>4-1- •lA ·~ llA ·•..>4- • .a ~uA4J4 'ii..>4-J4 ~~ ~t-4-U ~ ..;:..:.1 ~ ·•..>4-14 t......4JJ c,r'!'4 L:.i ~ i._>AWJ CJ_,A ~ C:-'~ ~ ~ u,.J ~ ~ ·•..>4J...I4 i._>AU!J C:-'-'4 •c;;.:. I f ~ 1-.1 · I~. •• 1.£" (.:.1~ • .:.1~ ''"i

c.,? ~4JI c.,?

~~_,J

uiJ

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I. Dictation ..~I Listen to the phrases of the short paragraph and write them down. Each phrase will be read twice giving you enough time to write. II. Listening e-e-l Listen to the two selections read to you twice each with a pause between the two readings. and answer the following questions in English: First Selection l. When did he travel to Damascus? 2. What time did he get to Damascus International Airport? 3. How long did the trip take? 4. What happened to his suitcase? 5. What did they tell him to do while waiting for his suitcase? Second Selection l. What does Dan Williams study? 2. Where does he live? With whom? 3. When did be arrive in Jordan? (day and time) 4. How much did Dan pay the taxi driver? 5. Where did Dan eat the second day? Ill. Reading i~l Read the following selection and answer the questions in English. ~~ ~~I

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his house, her car, I lost him, my name is Sharif., my car, she asked. I was, she beard, you, m.s., wrote, they were, she asked them. he walked. you (f.s.) arrived. they asked her, you (fern. sing.) knew, she lost me.

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1. Where is Irbid located? 2. What is lrbid the center of in Jordan? 3. What is the origin oflrbid's name? 4. What is the population oflrbid now? 5. Why did the population oflrbid increase greatly? 6. Where is Yannouk University located?

421 7. What is the name of a cheap hotel in lrbid? What is the name of an expensive one? 8. Where is al-Sa'di Restaurant located?

the Old Testament il

J;.

mentioned J~i. to come ·~·4-

IV. Flll·in the blanks ..:.Lei__,i.J I ~ I Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph using the words below.

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P•rt V. Gnmm•r(.ul_,.i)

a. Translate the following into Arabic: she asks you, m.s. .............................. . she helps .............................. . I said ............................... you. m.s. work .............................. . my wife ............................... their problem ............................... you, f.s. learned ............................... they traveled ...............................

she likes ............................... you, f.s., spoke ............................... I helped them ............................... she brought ............................... we saw she helped her ............................... you. m.s., gave me ............................... you, pl., brought ...............................

Vocobu/ary. to like :,_ wife

~.Jj

togive ~i

to speak~ to be

ui.S

to learn~

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to askJl.....

~I

tosay JU

toworlc

problem t1S..!.... to travel

~L...

to bring

'-:-'4-

to see .JW.

422 b. For any 15 of the following 25 phrases, all taken from the reading passage about .l.! J! above, indicate whether they are (Yfor yes) or are not (N for no) UW.J constructWns:

_ _ o.JJ'il '-:'~

--·~~~

__ t...-Wiol-

- - ~»--'I .J_,.J.all

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-- ~.;:.~~

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--oli.....J.u

- - iiJ;;,.JI ~ iJfi~

--~...&JI

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--·~~~ --~.J.U

- -

...

~

c:..

£.-

:!~1 J~ JL.....!. ._,A•~ ~..>£ Why dido 't Dan buy the vegetables and fruit from the third vendor? . £

t~ J~'i t:I.J · »--.J C:~-' ~.J •.J.J~~~~ ·~ 0 LS .~r,_._,

). . ~'1~~ .:,L- J,.-.1 t:I.J 0 1-l

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426

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429

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2 This is the

(.:,.L£ conjugation ofdoubled roots.

~ uses a different pattern, of which there are no examples in this book.

The same applies to other doubled verbs like :U, and JJ-. 3

The~ conjugation table for this verb is different from that ofLevantine. as shown below:

v.-.;

t.:.l

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~

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491 Form II Verbs

,..

J:;...

J;...

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general, public

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the Jordan Valley

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Music Institute

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hotel J~

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piastre (11100 of a dinar)

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law u,.:.U

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palace ;_::.

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the Holy Tomb

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the Copts J.t.;,.\' I

the Gaza Strip -~ t t..t...i tositdown ~- ~I

to welcome, receive

(~-~1)

X

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reception J4b-l

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tribes J:.~

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independent ~ minority

B.C.

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less than &-- Jli

in exchange for ~U:.

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fighting Jt..:..l

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