Literatura Africana-II

 

^jcvnrscgogn Hotøicho gn @fäo`mcqun Cjstctutf gn Nguhoäèf å Gcstíjhco

Nxnrhàhcfs Urïtchfs

@øjcho [nho @fuzcjaf

Wrom Wr omoi oiaf af o sn snrr op oprn rnsn snjt jtog ogff o Cj Cjst stct ctut utff gn Njscjf å Gcstíjhco, Hnjtrf gn ]nhursfs gn Hac`fcf jf Hursf gn Ichnjhcoturo n` Njscjf gn Uf Ufrt rtud uduë uës, s, jo Hogn Hogncr croo gn Ic Ictn tnro rotu turo ro Olrchojo, 7f Ojf. sfm frcnjtoäèf gn;

Gr. Mnjngctf Jdfzf

Hac`fcf, Kujaf, =5=5 ?

 

Hiossclchoäèf Hotndfrcos

Cjgchogfrns

Uogrþns

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Nstruturo

Ospnhtfs frdojczohcfjocs

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Cjtrfguäèf

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Hfjtnûgf Ojïicsn gcshussèf

n

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Hfjhiusèf

Ospnhtfs dnrocs

 

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Lfr`otoäèf

 Jfr`os OUO ?.?. Gnshrnvo os horohtnràstchos prcjhcpocs go nshrcto gn @co Hfutf gnsgn o pumichoäèf gf snu  prc`ncrf icvrf otã o ohtuoicgogn......... ohtuoicgogn............................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................> ..> Urc`ncrf icvrf............... icvrf..................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .............................................> .......................> Wnrro Xfjí`muio.. Xfjí`muio........................ ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ....................................................> ..............................> ?.=. ?.=. O port portcr cr go fmr fmroo \fzns Ojfctnhcgos, hf`f ã qun sn `ojclnsto o `uitcpichcgogn ntjfhuituroi jnsto fmro........... fmro................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. .......................................... .................... Horohtnrczn o Ictnroturo Ojdfiojo njtrn fs ojfs ?173 o ?371................................. ?371................................................3 ...............3

 

?. Hf` @co Hfutf, o Ictnroturo `fäo`mchojo dojafu u` jfvf à`pntf n jfvfs `fgnifs. ?.?. Gnshrnvo os horohtnràstchos prcjhcpocs go nshrcto gn @co Hfutf gnsgn o pumichoäèf gf snu prc`ncrf icvrf otã o ohtuoicgogn. @co Hfutf (?3>>) ã u` nshrctfr, pfnto n kfrjoicsto `fäo`mchojf. Dojaogfr gf Urã`cf Ho`þns gn =5?8. Lfc ninctf poro o Ohogn`co Mroscincro gn Intros poro o hogncro j.» >.@co Hfut Hf utf, f, psnu psnugø gøjc jc`f `f gn Oj Ojtø tøjc jcff N` N`ài àicf cf In Inct ctnn Hf Hfut utf, f, jo josh shnu nu jo hc hcgo gogn gn go Mncro Mncro,, n` @fäo`mcqun, Ïlrcho, jf gco > gn kuiaf gn ?3>>. Lciaf gn Lnrjojgf Hfutf, n`cdrojtn  pfrtuduës, kfrjoicsto kfrjoicsto n pfnto qun pnrtnjhco ofs hàrhuifs cjtninhtuo cjtninhtuocs cs gn suo hcgogn. hcgogn. Hf` ?7 ojfs, @co Hfutf pumichfu snus prc`ncrfs pfn`os jf kfrjoi Jftàhcos go Mncro. N` ?34? gncxfu suo hcgogn n lfc poro o hopctoi Ifurnjäf @orquns, afkn @oputf. Cjdrnssfu jf hursf gn @ngchcjo, `os gnpfcs gn trës ojfs omojgfjfu o lohuigogn. O portcr gn ?347 gngchfusn of kfrjoics`f. Wromoiafu jo Wrcmujo, lfc gcrntfr go rnvcsto sn`ojoi Wn`pf, njtrn ?343 n ?31?, n tromoiafu jf kfrjoi Jftàhcos, otã ?31>.

Urc`ncrf icvrf N` ?318, @co Hfutf pumichfu snu prc`ncrf icvrf gn pfnscos ’]oàzns gn Frvoiaf‐. N` ?31>, omojgfjfu o horrncro gn kfrjoicsto n cjdrnssfu jf hursf gn Mcfifdco, go ^jcvnrscgogn gn Nguorgf @fjgiojn, hf` nspnhcoicgogn n` Nhfifdco.

Wnrro Xfjí`muio N` ?33=, @co Hfutf pumichfu ’Wnrro Xfjí`muio‐, snu prc`ncrf rf`ojhn, nshrctf n` prfso  pfãtcho, fjgn hf`pþn u`o mnio lïmuio possogo jf @fäo`mcqun pøs-cjgnpnjgëjhco, pøs-cjgnpnjgëjhco, u`o vnz qun nstnvn `nrduiaogf jo gnvostogfro dunrro hcvci qun sn nstnjgnu pfr gnz ojfs. N` ?33>, o fmro dojafu f Urë`cf Johcfjoi gn Lchäèf go Ossfhcoäèf gfs Nshrctfrns @fäo`mchojfs. F icvrf lfc hfjscgnrogf, pfr u` kûrc nspnhcoi go Lncro gf Icvrf gn [c`momwn, u` gfs gnz `niafrns icvrfs olrchojfs gf sãhuif QQ. O nxprnssèf ictnrïrco gn @co Hfutf ã frcdcjoiàssc`o. F snu nstcif n f `fgf gn nshrnvnr ã surprnngnjtn. F outfr jfs snus icvrfs nxcmn ju`nrfsos sctuoäþns qun sn rnlnrn` ofs `ctfs, ås injgos n of lfihifrn johcfjoi. Ossc`, os fmros hfjtrosto` hf` o vcgo frgcjïrco n `fstro`-jfs f lojtïstchf n f crrnoi. Oiã` gcssf, `fstro` f hfjlictf njtrn f `ujgf `fgnrjf n f `ujgf <

 

trogchcfjoi. Fs voifrns trogchcfjocs `ojtë`-sn pfr `ncf gn sctuoäþns roros qun fs pfrtudunsns jèf pfgn` hf`prnnjgnr. Gn `fgf qun nssos sctuoäþns qun opornhn` jfs icvrfs gn Hfutf sèf u`o lfr`o gn rnscstëjhco huituroi. @os to`mã` rnprnsnjto` o hfjsnrvoäèf go cgnjtcgogn johcfjoi `fäo`mchojo. Unif snu nstcif gn nshrcto lfc hf`porogf o outfrns tocs hf`f Domrcni Dorhào @ïrqunz, Kfrdn O`ogf n Duc`orèns ]fso. Hfutf utciczo os cjvnjäþns icjduàstchos n fs jnfifdcs`fs `os sn`prn rntrotojgf o rnoicgogn gf pfvf `fäo`mchojf. O froicgogn usogo rnlintn os `orhos go cgnjtcgogn huituroi. N` vcsto gcssf, hfjsnrvo o cgnjtcgogn `fäo`mchojo hf`mcjojgf o froicgogn qun rnprnsnjto o trogcäèf n o nshrcto qun rnprnsnjto o `fgnrjcgogn.?

?.=. O portcr go fmro \fzns Ojfctnhcgos, hf`f ã qun sn `ojclnsto o `uitcpichcgogn ntjfhuituroi jnsto fmro.

\fzns ojfutnhcgos ã u`o hfinhtíjno gn hfjtfs gn @co Hfutf. O fmro lfc pumichogo pnio  prc`ncro vnz n` ?31< n ã f snu prc`ncrf icvrf n` prfso. \fzns ojfctnhcgos prfknhtfu f nshrctfr poro f `ujgf. Otã njtèf nro hfjanhcgf sø hf`f kfrjoicsto n pfnto. Jnsto fmro f nshr nshrct ctfr fr lfr` lfr`oo f và vàjh jhui uiff njtr njtrnn f rndc rndcst stff fr froi oi n ns nshr hrct ctff f qu qunn ã u` u`oo go goss pr prcj cjhc hcpo pocs cs horohtnràstchos go suo nshrcto. N` =5?8 f icvrf lfc vnjhngfr gf Urã`cf Ho`þns. Hfutf rnioto acstørcos gn u` @fäo`mcqun gnvostogf jf pøs-dunrro. @ocs qun cssf, vn`fs f rntrotf gn dnjtn qun iuto tfgfs fs gcos pnio sfmrnvcvëjhco. sfmrnvcvëjhco. Ossc`, o `ocfrco gfs hfjtfs go hfinhtíjno `fstro os gclchuigogns n fs prfmin`os sfhcocs gos  pnrsfjodnjs.. Wroto-sn gfs ossujtfs qun cjhf`fgovo` f outfr pfrqun f icvrf lfc nshrctf jo  pnrsfjodnjs ãpfho n` qun f poàs nstovo jo dunrro hcvci. O fmro `fstro u`o joäèf qun sflrn pnio dunrro,  pnio lf`n n pfr `ngf gos `cjos. @uctos vnzns jèf pfgn`fs gntnr`cjor f dãjnrf ictnrïrcf go fmro (prfso, pfnsco) fu sn nsto`fs jf sfjaf fu jo rnoicgogn. Nstn ã u` icvrf cjtnrnssojtn pfrqun jfs invo o rnlinhtcr sfmrn o nxcstëjhco au`ojo, f possogf n f luturf n sfmrn fs snrns au`ojfs qun sf`fs. F hfjtohtf hf` u`o huituro tèf gcstcjto `ugo os hfjvchäþns n os otctugns gfs inctfrns sfmrn os prøprcos vcgos. Hfjlfr`n Inctn (=5?7, p. 7?), o dunrro hcvci n` @fäo`mcqun ã f hnjïrcf go `ocfrco gfs hfjtfs gn \fzns ojfctnhcgos. Wo`mã`, nssns hfjtfs të` u` snjtcgf trïdchf qun sn rnsfivn hf` o prnhcpctoäèf gfs njrngfs ?  Gcspfjàvni Gcspfjàvni

RfjicjnP RfjicjnP n`; attps;//www.pumichf.pt/=5?8/55) Hf` pfuhfs, pfrã`, rninvojtns gntoians f outfr  hfjsndun loznr u` lcni rntrotf gf `f`njtf gf poàs. O prnsnjäo gnssn nin`njtf n o sutcinzo hf` qun lfro` cjsnrcgfs jo jorrotcvo `fstro` o nxhniëjhco gn Iuojgcjf jo tãhjcho gnlcjcgo ?7

 

 pnif prflnssfr go ^jcvnrscgogn gn Xusqunaojjo, jo Unjjsyivojco, Wf` Mociny, n` suo tnfrco gf "scdjclchojt gntoci". Xndujgf f outfr o`nrchojf, gnvcgf ås ic`ctoäþns gn lfr`o n nspoäf go nstruturo gf hfjtf, gntoians jorrotcvfs opornjtn`njtn prfsochfs n crrninvojtns ogqucrn` c`pfrtíjhco lujgo`njtoi jo hfjstruäèf sn`íjtcho quojgf usogfs hf`f lcduros gn icjduodn`, n` nspnhcoi, o `ntïlfro n o oindfrco. Xndujgf nin, nssn rnhursf sn`prn nstnvn prnsnjtn gn u`o lfr`o gcluso jo acstørco go ic ictn tnro rotu turo ro,, `o `oss hf hf`n `näf äfuu o sn snrr sc scst stn` n`ot otcz czog ogff n us usog ogff gn lf lfr` r`oo `o `ocs cs gn gnic icmn mnro rogo go n hfjshcnjtn`njtn hfjshcnjtn` njtn jfs hfjtfs gf outfr russf r ussf Ojtfj Whanbafv. Xnus og`crogfrns, Ko`ns Kfyhn n Nrjnst An`cjdwoy invoro` nstn tcpf gn tãhjcho o u` jfvf  poto`or gn nxhniëjhco (=55?, p. ?74) Iuojgcjf ã u` outfr qun `fstro pinjf gf`àjcf jf usf gfss "gn gf "gntoi toians ans scd scdjcl jclcho chojtn jtns" s" toj tojtf tf jo hfj hfjstr struäè uäèff gn oin oindfr dfrcos cos n `n `ntïl tïlfro fros, s, quo quojgf jgf jo hfjtnxtuoiczoäèf hfjtnxtuoiczo äèf acstørcho n hfjstruäèf gn hnjïrcf. Unios suos quoicgogns ictnrïrcos n pnio suo c`pfrtíjhco jf hfjtnxtf pfiàtchf gn u`o ãpfho, o "Nstørco go Doicjao n gf Fvf", pumichogo, n` ?34=, jf icvrf gn hfjtfs "Iuoojgo," rnprnsnjto u` `orhf jo ictnroturo gn iàjduo pfrtudunso. Otrovãs go hrcoäèf gn u`o jfvo icjduodn`, cjtndrojgf f pfrtuduës ofs gcoinhtfs cjgàdnjos, n go hràtcho ås nstruturos sfhcocs hfifjcocs, Iuojgcjf sn tfrjo f frïhuif gn u`o joäèf icvrn qun nstï prnstns o joshnr. Hf` suo ictnroturo, f outfr qunr hfjtrcmucr hf` fs nin`njtfs lujgo`njtocs poro o hfjstruäèf go ujcgogn huituroi jnhnssïrco o nsso jfvo Ojdfio icvrn.  Jo hfjgcäèf gn nshrctfr ojdfiojf, Iuojgcjf sn vë c`pnicgf o usor suo ortn hf`f cjstru`njtf gn `fmciczoäèf n hfnsèf jo iuto pnio cjgnpnjgë cjgnpnjgëjhco. jhco. F inctfr sø snrco snjscmciczogf sn snjtcssn jf prfknhtf icmnrtïrcf o pfsscmcicgogn gf suhnssf. Jèf opnjos ëxctf jo n`ojhcpoäèf pfiàtcho, `os to`mã` jo hfjstruäèf gn u`o vnrgogncro joäèf. Hf` suo fmro, Iuojgcjf nstovo gcspfstf o prfpodor nssn sfjaf icmnrtïrcf. Unpntnio n f lc` go utfpco N` ?33=, lfc iojäogf f rf`ojhn "O Dnroäèf go ^tfpco", gn Unpntnio. Hnrho gn 85 ojfs f snporo` go prc`ncro ngcäèf gn "Iuojgo". F qun sn possfu n` Ojdfio gurojtn nssn pnràfgf cjliunjhcfu lfrtn`njtn o ictnroturo gf poàs, invojgf-o go utfpco prø-cjgnpnjgëjhco å gnsciusèf n hcjcs`f gfs ojfs 35. Os guos fmros sèf nspnhcoi`njtn niuhcgotcvos jf njtnjgc`njtf gnsso troknhtørco. ?>

 

F qun nro lã jf luturf n` Iuojgcjf sn trojslfr`o n` gnsciusèf, jf tromoiaf gn Unpntnio. F  prfknhtf ohoinjtogf pfr u`o dnroäèf aovco lrohossogf. Ojdfio oihojäoro suo cjgnpnjgëjh cjgnpnjgëjhco co n` ?34>, `os f prfhnssf gn hfjstruäèf gf poàs ludcrco, pfr hf`pintf, gfs piojfs gn cgnoicstos, hf`f Iuojgcjf. Ã f qun opfjto ]cto Haovns; "F prfknhtf gn u`o joäèf icvrn sn voc nstciaoäojgf jo hfjguäèf gn u` prfhnssf cjchcoi`njtn  mojaogf pnio dnjnrfscgogn dnjnrfscgogn gn u` sfjaf hfinhtcvf. O utfpco tn` hf`f ogvnrsïrcf fs prøprcfs af`njs qun cjvnstco` n` suo hfjstruäèf. Os gclnrnjäos gncxo` gn snr gcvnrscgogn poro sn trojslfr`orn` n` hopctoi gn jndfhcoäèf, n` potrc`øjcf poro fmtnjäèf gn vojtodnjs jo sfhcngogn ocjgo n` lfr`oäèf." (?333 p.==3) Gnporojgf-sn hf` f lrohossf gn u` prfknhtf gn joäèf n c`nrsf jo rnoicgogn guro gfs ojfs 35, Unpntnio musho rnspfstos. Gcojtn gnin, u` hnjïrcf gn tftoi loito gn pnrspnhtcvos. Hf`f ohrngctor, jfvo`njtn, jf luturf gn u`o joäèf fjgn f sfjaf gn u`o dnroäèf gnro iudor o u` quogrf quog rf gn hf hfrr rrup upäè äèf, f, `c `csã sãrc rcoo n vc vcfi fiëj ëjhc hco6 o6 Jn Jn` ` o nx nxpn pnrc rcëj ëjhc hcoo sf sfhc hcoi oics csto to,, jn jn` ` os trojslfr`oäþns jnficmnrocs lfro` hopozns gn opfjtor sfiuäþns `àjc`os poro fs prfmin`os gf  poàs. Jf njtojtf, Unpntnio jèf sn orrcsho o cjgchor ho`cjafs. Uoro f nshrctfr, f `f`njtf ã gn ovoicoäèf. Ojtns gn n`morhor n` u` jfvf prfknhtf poro f luturf, ã jnhnssïrcf gntnhtor n ojoicsor fs nrrfs hf`ntcgfs jf possogf. Hfjtugf, jnssn `f`njtf, o omfrgodn` gf possogf gnvnrco snr futro, mn` gclnrnjtn go njhfjtrogo n` "Iuuojgo", hfjhiuc ]cto Haovns; "Odfro cgnjtclchogf hf` f pnràfgf gn dnstoäèf go icmnrgogn, f possogf jèf ã jn` difrclchogf, jn` rnknctogf. Wrojslfr`o-sn n` fmknhtf gn rnlinxèf `ns`f poro qun` tèf vcvo`njtn portchcpfu gnssn ctcjnrïrcf" (?333 p.?>4) Hfjqucstogo o cjgnpnjgëjhco gnsgn ?34>, o ictnroturo jèf `ocs prnhcso snr usogo hf`f nin`njtf gn `fmciczoäèf. Gnsciugcgf hf` f lrohossf go utfpco icmnrtïrco n sn gnporojgf hf` o sctuoäèf prnhïrco gf poàs, Unpntnio ã c`pnicgf o ogfptor u`o pfsturo hràtcho n rnoicsto. O cjtnjäèf odfro ã gnsjugor o nvfiuäèf acstørcho go Ojdfio `fgnrjo gn lfr`o afjnsto n c`pcngfso. Hf` "O Dnroäèf go ^tfpco", f outfr musho loznr u` moiojäf lcni gnsto troknhtørco.  Jf rf`ojhn, Unpntnio hfjstrøc u`o vnrgogncro "npfpãco" go joäèf ojdfiojo of ifjdf gn 75 ojfs gnhcscvfs n` suo acstørco. @orhogf lfrtn`njtn pnio nxpnrcëjhco pnssfoi gf outfr, o jorrotcvo rnhfjstrøc, hf` mosns n` u` rnoics`f jftïvni, o nvfiuäèf pfiàtcho, nhfjø`cho n sfhcoi go joäèf olrchojo gnsgn cjàhcf gf gnmotn cjtninhtuoi pnio cjgnpnjgëjhco, jfs ojfs

 

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3. N` qun snjtcgf o fmro gn Iuojgcjf \cncro, nshrctfr ojdfiojf pfgn sn hfjlujgcr hf` o gn @co Hfutf, nshrctfr `fäo`mchojf. KFXÃ I^OJGCJF \CNC]O (?38>), jf`n ictnrïrcf gn Kfsã @otnus \cncro go Droäo, rogchogf n` Ojdfio gnsgn o cjlíjhco, ohtcvcsto pfiàtchf (prnsf 3 ojfs jf Worroloi). ^` cjfvogfr n nxpnrc`njtogfr nxpnrc`njtog fr hf`f Kfèf Duc`orèns ]fso, jèf sn ic`cto o gnshrnvnr f pfvf gn Iuojgo n suo icjduodn`, `os sumvnrtn fs høgcdfs poro hrcor u`o jfvo, frcdcjoiàssc`o icjduodn` ictnrïrco, hanco gn jnfifdcs`fs n rupturos scjtïhtchos.  Jf lfhf nstï o `ordcjoicgogn `ordcjoicgogn,, fs aomctojtns gfs `ussnquns n suos pnrcpãhcos trodchø`chos (Iuuojgo, ?3