Link Budget Calculation Enabling_For Customer

Link Budget Calculation NPO Thailand

For internal use only 1 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Agenda Introduction Pathloss Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 2 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Introduction Coverage dimensioning steps

Pathloss Propagation model L = f(d)

Cell range Site layout

d Site area

Area under investigation Number of sites

For internal use only 3 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Agenda Introduction Pathloss Link Budget Release 99 HSDPA HSUPA CPICH

Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 4 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Pathloss – Link Budget Introduction  Output of the link budget calculation is a

LINK BUDGET

maximum path loss estimated from transmit antenna to the received antenna

 Link budgets are used during dimensioning to estimate the maximum allowed path loss and the corresponding cell range

 The result of the Link Budget can be used as input for the further step of dimensioning – traffic calculations

MAX ALLOWED PATH LOSS

 Maximum Allowable Pathloss 



is calculated to take into account the building penetration loss and combined standard deviation as well as receiver sensitivity and additional margins is basis for cell range calculation

 Maximum Mean Pathloss 

is not taking shadowing margin in to account

For internal use only 5 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

CELL RANGE

Pathloss – Link Budget Link Budget  The following equation is the link budget formula – calculation of the max allowable pathloss (Lmax). The formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB. The formulas are valid for all frequency bands. Uplink

Lmax_UL  PUE  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Gant, NB  L feeder , NB  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFNB 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

Downlink

Lmax_ DL  PBTS _ per _ user  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Linsertion  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFUE 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

Tx End For internal use only 6 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Rx End

Propagation related

Pathloss – Link Budget Noise, Sensitivity, Min RX Level Effective noise [dBm/Hz]

N  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NF Total effective noise [dBm/Hz]

Ntotal  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NF  M Interference  M additional Rx sensitivity

Rx _ Sensitivit y  N total  Information _ Rate 

Eb N0

Min Rx level

Min _ Rx _ Level  Rx _ Sensitivit y  GASH  GSHO  Goth  M fastfading  Gant  L feeder  Lbody

For internal use only 7 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget BTS Power PBTS [dBm]  Maximum output power of the BTS  Depends on RF Module used  Link Budget is calcualted “per carrier”

PBTS [dBm]  10  logPBTS [W ]  30 P [W]

8

15

20

30

40

60

P [dBm]

39

41.76

43

44.77

46

47.78

For internal use only 8 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget UE Power

PUE [dBm]  Maximum output power of the user equipment  Possibility to choose different UE types:    

UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/ RXdiv) – 24 dBm UE Power Class 3 (Data Card w/o RXdiv) – 24 dBm UE Power Class 3 (Handset w/o RXdiv) – 24 dBm UE Power Class 4 (Handset w/o RXdiv) – 21 dBm

 UE type has impact on:   

Total UE TX Power UL Body Loss EbNo Selection (w/ or w/o RxDiversity)

For internal use only 9 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget BTS Antenna Gain / UE Antenna Gain Gant, BTS [dBi ]  Antenna gain of the BTS antenna.

Gant,UE [dBi ]  Antenna gain of the user equipment antenna.

 Each UMTS band enforce implementation of antenna types designed such to cover desired frequency range.

 Antennas transmitting signals of lower frequencies are characterized by lower antenna gain.

For internal use only 10 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Typical values of Gant,UE Typically assumed to be 0–2 dBi For data card 2 dBi can be assumed

Pathloss – Link Budget Feeder Loss / TMA Insertion Loss L feeder, BTS and L feeder,UE [dB]

Linsertion[dB]

 Feeder loss between the BTS and the antenna

 Additional loss that is assumed only in DL

connector, respectively the user equipment and the antenna connector

 In terms of improvement for uplink coverage, a tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is proposed, which will compensate for the feeder loss between receiver antenna and BTS.

Feederless Solution

/

Feeder with TMA

S Mo M du le RF

S Mo M du le RF

SM

For internal use only 11 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Feeder

Feeder

TMA

Fiber

S Mo M du le RF

 TMA benefits  Feeder loss reduction for UL  Lower Noise Figure in UL

Typical values of Linsertion 0,3dB or 0,5dB

RF Module

Typical value of Lfeeder,BTS 0,05dB / 1m

direction which has to be noticed when TMA is mounted

Feeder without TMA

Pathloss – Link Budget Body Loss Lbody[dB]  The user’s body affects the radiation and receiving performance of the radio waves while the user is talking on the phone.

 When the antenna is positioned at shoulder level, the receiving signal level decreases by about 3 dB.

 When the user is using the portable handheld phone for data communication, a body loss of 0 dB can be assumed.

For internal use only 12 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Information Rate Information _ Rate[dB / Hz]  Information rate is the channel bit rate. Rb is the bit rate in [bps] of the considered bearer.

RAB

NB-AMR Speech

Traffic Class

Conversational

CS/PS

CS

 Information Rate is related to the service bit rate

Information _ Rate  10  log( Rb )

Packet

Interactive / Background

PS

 Processing Gain could be expressed using the Chip Rate and the Processing Gain

ProcessingGain[dB]  ChipRate[dB]  InformationRate[dB]

For internal use only 13 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Bit Rate [bps]

Information Rate [dB/Hz]

12200

40,86

7950

39,00

5900

37,71

4750

36,77

8000

39,03

16000

42,04

32000

45,05

64000

48,06

128000

51,07

256000

54,08

384000

55,84

Pathloss – Link Budget Thermal Noise Density Thermal _ Noise _ Density[dBm / Hz]  Thermal Noise Density is the noise generated by

 The thermal noise density is at room temperature (20 0C = 293 K) about –174 dBm/Hz.

k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38 10-23 J/K T = temperature in Kelvin (0 °C = 273 K)

Thermal _ Noise  k  T  B

Noise Power [dBm]

thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor.

5MHz

Frequency [Hz]

For internal use only 14 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Noise Figure NFBTS and NFUE [dB]  A receiver’s noise figure is the amount of noise caused by e.g. the signal processing in active electronic components, added to the thermal noise density within the receiver’s noise bandwidth.

 The Noise Figure of the user equipment of the 850/900 MHz band equals to 9 dB

NFBTS 850/900 MHz -> NF = 2.3 dB 2000 MHz -> NF = 2 dB

 The Noise Figure of the user equipment of the 2 GHz band equals to 7 dB

 It is strongly recommended to consult the operator about the value of NFUE .

 Noise Figure depends on  

NFUE 850/900 MHz -> NF = 9 dB 2000 MHz -> NF = 7 dB

Node B (TMA) Frequency

For internal use only 15 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Eb/No Eb [dB] No  Eb/No is the minimum value of received energy per bit to noise ratio (N + I) where the receiver is still able to decode the received signal at the required BER.

 The number of active users per sector or cell is limited in order to keep the suitable Eb/(No+Io) ratio.

 Eb/No changes with      

Bearer Link (uplink, downlink) Cell type Channel Model Frequency (for Veh. 3km/h and Ped. 3km/h is no changes) Coding scheme

For internal use only 16 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss - Link Budget Interference Margin

M [dB]

 The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and inter-cell interference.

 The total noise increases with the increase in number of users in the system.  With this margin, the dependency of cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (Cell Breathing)

For internal use only 17 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget

RNC

Soft Handover Gain

GSHO[dB]  This gain is considered at the cell edge. Soft HO

 It is achieved due to macro diversity. This phenomenon reduces the negative effect of small scale fast fading.

 It allows to lower the transmit power  This parameter is covering gain connected with

Softer HO

soft and softer handover.

Macro Diversity It is a transmission scheme which assume using several transmitter and receiver antennas. The distance between antennas is much longer than the wavelength.

For internal use only 18 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Fig. Soft and Softer Handover Typical values of GSHO Rel.99: DL 2.5 dB UL 1.5 dB HSDPA: 0 dB HSUPA: 1.5 dB

Pathloss – Link Budget Gain Against Shadowing

GASH [dB]  This gain is considered at the cell edge.  This is roughly the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the best BTS can always be chosen (based on minimal transmission power of MS) against a hard handover algorithm based on geometrical distance.

 Gain Against Shadowing can be also calculated as difference between shadowing margin calculated for multi-cell coverage and single-cell coverage model. Typical values of GASH 3.25 dB

For internal use only 19 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Fast Fading Margin (1/2) M fastfading[dB]  Fast fading margin reflects the amount of power of the closed loop fast power control algorithm to follow the steep fluctuations of the link loss caused by the fast fading channel.

 Fast fading margin (Tx power increase) corresponds to a power backup at the transmitting end.

 This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading

 In downlink, Fast fading is not usually applied due to lower power control dynamic range

 Fast fading margin depends on:  

Operating band Channel Model

For internal use only 20 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Fast Fading Margin (2/2)

Chart. Exemplary Fast Fading Probability Example For probability of Fast Fading occuring equals to 90% Fast Fading is up to 5 dB For probability of Fast Fading occuring equals to 30% Fast Fading is up to -1 dB For internal use only 21 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Shadowing Margin (Slow Fading Margin) (1/2) M shadowing[dB] Max Mean Pathloss

 The shadowing margin is the amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without causing system performance to fall below a specified threshold value.

 The shadowing margin is defined to maintain coverage with a certain location probability.

0%

50%

100%

 Shadowing Margin is required in order to achieve higher coverage quality, Coverage Probability 

Smaller cell, less coverage holes over cell area

 There are two different ways to describe the

Location Probability In Whole Cell

outage probability.  

related to the cell edge related to the cell area

95 %

At Cell Edge

Standard Deviation of the signal level

Log-normal Fade Margin

86,9 %

9 dB

10,1 dB

86,0 %

8 dB

8,6 dB

84,9 %

7 dB

7,2 dB

78,7 %

4 dB

3,2 dB

Tab. Examples of the Shadowing Margin For internal use only 22 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Pathloss – Link Budget Shadowing Margin base on Std.Dev. And Location Prob.

Area Location Probability

Outdoor St. Dev.

Indoor St. Dev.

Combined St. Dev.

Shadowing Margin based on Combined St. Dev.

93 %

8

4

8,94

8,4

93 %

8

6

10,00

9,8

93 %

8

8

11,31

11,5

Tab. Examples of Shadowing Margin (Urban clutter; one slope model, antenna height 30m)

For internal use only 23 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Link Budget Penetration Loss Lpenetration [dB]  Penetration Loss is caused because of signal penetration over the obstacles. The UE suffers increased propagation loss as the signal penetrates the objects to reach the BTS.

Lpenetration = -3 ...-15 dB

 It occurs when UE is operated   

Inside a building Inside a vehicle Within forest area

 Building penetration loss decreases, on average, by 2 dB at 900 MHz, compared to 1800 MHz. This is taken into account while setting values of Lpenetration for the UMTS 850.

 There are big differences between rooms with window and “deep indoor” (10 ..15 dB)

For internal use only 24 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

signal level increases with floor number :~1,5 dB/floor (for 1st ..10th floor)

Lpenetration = -7 ...-18 dB

Pathloss – Other Parameters Area Location Probability over Cell  Area Location Probability over Cell Area means the probability that the average received field strength is better than the minimum needed received signal strength (in order to make a successful phone call) within the cell.

 Cell edge location prob is lower than areal lower than areal loc prob.

Cell Edge Location Probability 0%

Area Location Probability

For internal use only 25 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

50%

100%

Agenda Introduction Pathloss General information Release 99 General Information, Changes, Parameters, Additional Information HSDPA HSUPA CPICH Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 26 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Release 99 Link Budget  The following equation is the link budget formula – calculation of the max allowable pathloss (Lmax). The formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB. The formulas are valid for all frequency bands. Uplink

Lmax_UL  PUE  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Informatio n _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFNB 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

Downlink

Lmax_ DL  PBTS _ per _ user  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Linsertion  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFUE 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

Tx End For internal use only 27 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Rx End

Propagation related

Pathloss – Release 99 Bearer (1/2) 



The Link Budget calculation is performed differently for Rel99 users differs from the one for HSDPA or HSUPA users. That is why we distinguish the three groups of RABs: Rel99, HSDPA and HSUPA RABs.

Exemplary Release 99 bearers cell range relation

RAMR12.2

RAB

NB-AMR Speech

WB-AMR Speech

Conversational

Conversational

CS/PS

CS

CS

Streaming

Streaming

CS

UDI

Conversational

CS

UL

DL

12.2

12.2

7.95

7.95

5.9

5.9

4.75

4.75

12.65

12.65

8.85

8.85

6.65

6.65

14.4

14.4

57.6

57.6

64

64

any combination of:

RPS16 Packet

RCS64

Traffic Class

Max Rates [kbps]

Interactive / Background

PS

0 8 16 32 64 128 256 384

Rel. 99 single RAB combinations For internal use only 28 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

0 8 16 32 64 128 256 384

Pathloss – Release 99 Bearer (2/2)  For the first offer planning, a subset of bearers is most probably sufficient and not every bearer listed above has to be considered.

Fig. Cell range vs Area Location Probability for different bearers (UMTS2000)

For internal use only 29 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Release 99 Power per user PBTS _ per _ user[dBm]  Power of the BTS dedicated to one user.  In CDMA the base station serves all active users simultaneously. As a result, the total power of the BTS must be divided into the power reserved for the signaling and the served users N.

PBTS _ total  10 log(1  signaling )  10 log( N ) PBTS _ per _ user  min  Pmax where

N

Pole_Capac ity of 3 sectors  Cell_Load Data_Rate  No_of_sect ors

For internal use only 30 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Release 99 Max Transmit Power  Power that is assigned to a single user can (Pmax) not exceed certain limitation that is coming from RNC.

 CPICHTxPower [dBm] – Power of the CPICH given in dBm  SRB Bit Rate [kbit/s] – Throughput value for signaling RAB bearer  SRB EbNo [dB] – EbNo value for signaling RAB bearer  PtxDLabsMax [dBm] – defines the absolute maximum link power for any service = 38 dBm

For internal use only 31 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – Release 99 Signaling (1/2)  Signalling is amount of BTS output power, which is trasmitted for the common pilot channel (CPICH) and other broadcast signaling channels

Signaling 

   

 

CPICH W  P  SCHW  S  SCHW  P  CCPCH W  S  CCPCH W  AICH W  PICH W BTS _ outputpowe r

P-SCH (Primary Synchronization Channel) S-SCH (Secondary Synchronization Channel) P-CCPCH (Primary Common Control Physical Channel) S-CCPCH (Secondary Common Control Physical Channel)  PCH (Paging Channel)  FACH (Forward Access Channel) PICH (Paging Indicator Channel) AICH (Acquisition Indication Channel)

For internal use only 32 © Nokia Siemens Networks

vb

/

Pathloss – Release 99 Signaling (2/2) Relative to CPICH

Activity

Other signaling is 10.72%, so totally signallng = CPICH Power + Other signaling = 20.72%

[dB]

[W]

[%]

[W]

CPICH

33

2,0

100

2,0

P-SCH

-3

1,0

10

0,1

S-SCH

3

1,0

10

0,1

P-CCPCH

-5

0,6

90

0,6

Signaling [W ]  4,14

S-CCPCH PCH/FACH

0

2,0

37

0,7

Signaling [%]  20,72%

AICH

-8

0,3

100

0,3

PICH

-8

0,3

100

0,3

For internal use only 34 © Nokia Siemens Networks

vb

/

P[W ]  20

Pathloss – Release 99 Interference Margin

M [dB]  The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and intercell interference.  The total noise increases with the increase in number of users in the system.  With this margin, the dependency of the cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (cell breathing).

IMargin [dB]

approximated with

20

M Interference [dB]  10  log(1  CellLoad UL ) 10 6 3 1.25 25%

For internal use only 35 © Nokia Siemens Networks

50% /

75%

99%

Load factor 

Agenda Introduction

Pathloss General information Release 99 HSDPA General Information, Changes, Parameters, Additional Information HSUPA CPICH

Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 36 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSDPA HSDPA Link Budget  The following equation is the link budget formula – calculation of the max allowable pathloss (Lmax). The formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB. Parameters described in this chapter

HSDPA/Rel 99 Uplink

Lmax_UL  PUE  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  M HS  DPCCH  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Informatio n _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFNB 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

HSDPA/Rel99 Downlink

Lmax_ DL  PBTS _ per _ user _ per _ TTI  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Linsertion  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFUE 

Eb  M Interference  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0 Tx End

For internal use only 37 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Rx End

Propagation related

Pathloss – HSDPA Genereal information UPLINK  Overall same approach as normal R99 uplink link budget

DOWNLINK  One of two approaches can be adopted  Target downlink bit rate at cell border can be specified and Link Budget will return the maximum allowed path loss

 In uplink new parameter is only a Peak Overhead for the HS-DPCCH

 The total transmit power assigned to the HS-

 HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependent upon the

PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends on RNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH traffic load

selected associated DCH (16/64/128/384). It is assumed in UE Transmit Power

 HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover (SHO Gain equals to 0 dB)

For internal use only 38 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSDPA Changes in refference to Release 99

1 HSDPA Data Rate at cell edge is input value

2 Different calculations of BTS power than in Rel.99

PBTS _ per _ user _ per _ TTI

3 No SHO Gain in downlink

GSHO

4 HS-DPCCH Overhead calculation in uplink

M HS  DPCCH

5 Interference Margin calculated in uplink like in

M interference

Rel.99. New calculation method in downlink.

For internal use only 39 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSDPA Bearer  In HSDPA applies for PS Interactive/Background calls, and streaming QoS class.  HSDPA traffic can be held on the shared HSDPA channel using UEs of the Release 5 and 6. This includes configurations with: UL: DCH/ DL: HS-DSCH and UL: E-DCH/ DL: HS-DSCH.

RAB

For internal use only 40 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Traffic Class

CS/PS

Max Rates [kbps] UL

DL

Packet

I/B

PS

16

HSDPA

Packet

I/B

PS

64

HSDPA

Packet

I/B

PS

128

HSDPA

Packet

I/B

PS

384

HSDPA

Packet

PS Streaming

PS

16

HSDPA

Packet

PS Streaming

PS

64

HSDPA

Packet

PS Streaming

PS

128

HSDPA

/

Pathloss – HSDPA HSDPA Power (per user in one TTI) (downlink) PBTS _ per _ user _ per _ TTI [%]  The part of Tx power is dedicated to one user and depends on:  Setting of RNC data base parameter (PtxMaxHSDPA)

 Power per user can be used by one or multiple HS-DPSCH codes assigned to thise one user

PBTS _ per _ uesr _ per _ TTI  PBTS _ total  10  log( PBTS _ per _ user _ per _ TTI [%])

For internal use only 41 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSDPA Interference Margin (Rel.99 uplink) (1/3)

M [dB]

The same approach like in Rel. 99

 The interference margin takes into account the noise rise due to intra-cell and inter-cell interference.  The total noise increases with the increase in number of users in the system.  With this margin, the dependency of the cell range on traffic load in the cell is considered (cell breathing).

IMargin [dB] 20

M Interference [dB]  10  log(1  CellLoad UL ) 10 6 3 1.25 25%

For internal use only 42 © Nokia Siemens Networks

50% /

75%

99%

Load factor 

Pathloss – HSDPA Interference Margin (downlink) (2/3) M [dB]  Interference Margin describes the impact of intra- and intercell interference on the receiver sensitivity

      1  M [dB]  10  log W   E  (1   )  (1   )  i  1   Eb  No  

where α – orthogonality factor i – other-to-own cell interference factor γ – part of the Tx power of the own BTS dedicated to the single user in TTI



HSDPA _ power _ per _ user Actual _ total _ TX _ power

Actual_Tot al_TX_power  Signaling  HSDPA_power_per_user  Other_user_power  Rel99_powe r  HS  SCCH_power For internal use only 43 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSDPA Interference Margin (downlink) (3/3)  Inside cell α and i parameters depends on distance from BTS At the cell edge: α = 0.6 i = 1.7 Inside cell (close to BTS): α≈1 i≈0

Other-to-own cell interference factor

1,8

1,6

1,4

1,2

1

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0 0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

0,9

1,0

Orthogonality factor

Normalized distance from antenna 1,00 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

Normalized distance from antenna For internal use only 44 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

0,8

Pathloss – HSDPA HS-DPCCH overhead (Rel. 99 uplink) M HS  DPCCH [dB]  Requirement to include an overhead for the HSDPCCH

 HS-DPCCH includes the ACK/NACK and CQI

 Average overhead generated by HS-DPCCH depends upon activity of ACK/NACK and CQI

 Overhead impacts both uplink coverage and uplink capacity HS-DPCCH offset for link budget [dB]

 HS-DPCCH overhead can be included in uplink EbNo in same way as DPCCH overhead

 Link budgets consider peak rather than average overhead

For internal use only 45 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

16 kb/s

64 kb/s

128 kb/s

384 kb/s

w/o SHO

2.42

1.3

0.7

0.5

With SHO

4.57

2.8

1.6

1.1

Agenda Introduction Pathloss General information

Release 99 HSDPA

HSUPA General Information, Changes, Parameters, Additional Information I-HSPA CPICH Overview (Transmiting End, Receiving End) Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 46 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSUPA HSUPA Link Budget  The following equation is the link budget formula – calculation of the max allowable pathloss (Lmax). The formula is given in logarithmic scale, so all values are in dBm, dBi or dB.

HSDPA/HSUPA 99 Uplink

Lmax_UL  PUE  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  M HS  DPCCH  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFNB 

Eb  M Interference  GSHO  M OCI  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

HSDPA/HSUPA Downlink

Lmax_ DL  PBTS _ per _ user _ per _ TTI  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Linsertion  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Lbody  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFUE 

Eb  M Interference  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0 Tx End

For internal use only 47 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Rx End

Propagation related

Pathloss – HSUPA Genereal information  Similar to an HSDPA also in HSUPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted  Target uplink bit rate at cell border can be 

specified and link budget will return the maximum allowed path loss Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget via graphs can determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge

For internal use only 48 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSUPA Changes in refferences to HSDPA 1 HSUPA Data rate at cell edge is input value

2 No SHO Gain in downlink

GSHO

3 Own connection interference calculation added

M OCI

4 Interference Margin in uplink as in Rel99

M interference

For internal use only 49 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – HSUPA Own Connection Interference Margin M OCI [dB]  The own connection interference factor reduces the uplink interference floor by the UE’s own contribution to the uplink interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power.

 This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget because uplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink interference contribution from each UE can be more significant.

M OCI

For internal use only 50 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Eb   No   10 10  R   10  LOG1    W    

Agenda Introduction Pathloss General information Release 99 HSDPA HSUPA CPICH Conclusion (Tx End, Rx End) Cell Range Site Area

For internal use only 51 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – CPICH CPICH Link Budget Parameters described in this chapter

CPICH

Lmax_ CPICH  PCPICH  Gant, BTS  L feeder , BTS  Linsertion  Gant,UE  L feeder ,UE  Information _ Rate  Thermal _ Noise _ Density  NFUE 

Ec  M Interference  GSHO  G ASH  M fastfading  M shadowing  L penetration N0

Tx End

For internal use only 52 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Rx End

Propagation related

Pathloss – CPICH General information (1/2) Why additional CPICH calculation should be performed?

 All mobility functions (Cell Selection, Reselection, Handover) are based on CPICH measurements

 CPICH cell range shall be at least as large as smallest cell range of the traffic channels of the bearers that are to be supported

 Cell range of the CPICH shall not be significantly higher than the smallest cell range of the traffic channels of the bearers that are to be supported, because this is waste of power resulting lower capacity

 CPICH power equals to about 10% overall BTS signalling power CPICH range

For internal use only 53 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – CPICH General information (2/2) Total TX Power equals to percentage “CPICH power Ratio” 1 CPICH multiplied by NodeB Total TX power. Default value is 10%

PCPICH

2 Different Interference Margin calculation comparing to Rel99

M interference

3 Chip Rate further used for “RX Sensitivity at Antenna Connector”

W

calculation

4 Ec/(No+Io) instead of Eb/(No+Io) is assumed for calculations. Default value equals -15 dB

5 No Fast Fading Margin

M fastfading

6 Soft Handover Gain equals to 0

GSHO

7 CPICH RSCP at cell edge For internal use only 54 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Ec No

Pathloss – CPICH Pilot Power Planning Threshold (RSCP)  Pilot power planning threshold is the minimum outdoor pilot level which is required in order to achieve the required Coverage Probability

Antenna gain

 Pilot power planning threshold is based on link budget calculations and planning margin definitions    

Antenna line losses

Bit rate Eb/N0 Location probability  Slow fading margin Indoor/outdoor coverage

 Pilot power planning threshold have to be defined separately for each service and area type 

Select the threshold for limiting service

CPICH EIRP Received pilot power = Pilot transmit power – Antenna line losses + Antenna gain - (Max. Mean pathloss – Planning margins)

For internal use only 55 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Pathloss – CPICH Pilot Power Planning Threshold (RSCP)

For internal use only 56 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Agenda Introduction Pathloss Cell Range

General Information Frequency Band Clutter Type

Channel Model Propagation Model Deployment Class

Site Area

For internal use only 57 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Cell Range Genereal information LINK BUDGET

 Cell Range is the estimation of the Link Budget

 Cell Range changes with  Bearer  Link (uplink or downlink)

MAX ALLOWED PATH LOSS

 Cell Range allows to determine the limiting link and get estimation about the number of required sites in analyzed area

CELL RANGE

For internal use only 58 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Cell Range Frequency Band Operating Band

Frequency Band

Common Name

UL Freq. UE transmit (MHz)

DL Freq. UE receive (MHz)

Region

I

2100

IMT

1920-1980

2110-2170

Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, Brazil

II

1900

PCS

1850-1910

1930 - 1990

North America (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers), Latin America

III

1800

DCS

1710-1785

1805 - 1880

Europe, Asia, Oceania

IV

1700

AWS

1710-1755

2110 - 2155

USA (T-Mobile), Canada (WIND Mobile, Mobilicity, Videotron)

V

850

CLR

824-849

869 - 894

Americas (AT&T, Bell Mobility, Telus, Rogers), Oceania (Telstra, Telecom NZ)

VI

800

830-840

875 - 885

Japan (NTT docomo)

VII

2600

IMT-E

2500-2570

2620 - 2690

Europe (future)

VIII

900

GSM

880-915

925 - 960

Europe, Asia, Oceania (Optus, Vodafone AU, Vodafone NZ), Venezuela (Digitel GSM)

IX

1700

1749.9-1784.9

1844.9 - 1879.9

Japan (E Mobile, NTT docomo)

X

1700

1710-1770

2110 - 2170

XI

1500

1427.9-1447.9

1475.9 - 1495.9

Japan (Softbank)

XII

700

SMH

698-716

728 - 746

USA (future) (lower SMH blocks A/B/C)

XIII

700

SMH

777-787

746 - 756

USA (future) (upper SMH block C)

XIV

700

SMH

788-798

758 - 768

USA (future) (upper SMH block D)

For internal use only 59 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Cell Range Clutter Type (1/2) It’s area with a highly concentrated building density.Height of the buildings can be above 40m

Suburban

Dense Urban

Urban

Road

It is areas of housing found bordering the urban areas. Average height is below 15m.

It s region outside city areas without large development: villages, smaller vegetation.

For internal use only 60 © Nokia Siemens Networks

Areas found mostly in urban environments with large buildings (height is below 40m) offices, shops. Some small vegetation can be included.

/

Rural

It is open area without buildings, water trees etc.

Cell Range Clutter Type (2/2)

 Clutter types:     

Dense Urban Urban Suburban Road (Quasi Open) Rural

 Choice of clutter type has impact on:    

Propagation path loss model Shadowing margin i.e. slow fading due to large obstacles

Antenna height Penetration loss

For internal use only 61 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Cell Range Channel Model  Environment has big impact on the link budget calculation

 This parameter impact on e.g. Eb/No,

Macro

Micro

Vehicular A at 120 km/h

X

-

Vehicular A at 50 km/h

X

-

Vehicular A at 30 km/h

X

-

Vehicular A at 3 km/h

X

-

Pedestrian A at 50 km/h

-

X

Pedestrian A at 3 km/h

X

X

hand-off gain and Tx power increase

 Recommended Channel Model in dimensioning  

Vehicular A Pedestrian A

 Velocity    

120 km/h 50 km/h 30 km/h 3 km/h

Tab. Possible environments

 Recommended assigment for Rel99 bearers 

 

Macro Cell Dense Urban, Urban, Suburban: Veh. A 50 km/h Macro Cell Road, Rural: Veh. A 120 km/h Micro Cell: Ped. 3 km/h

 Recommended assigment for HSPA bearers 

All clutters: Veh. A 3km/h and Pedestrian 3 km/h

For internal use only 62 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Path Loss (1/3)

Propagation Model – Cost 231

For internal use only 63 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Path Loss (2/3) Propagation Model – Cost 231

For internal use only 64 © Nokia Siemens Networks

/

Path Loss (3/3)

Propagation Model – Cost 231 L(d) = slope·log(d) + intercept 

 Two Slope Model

One Slope Model    

   

hBS = 30 m hMS = 1.5 m slope = 35.22 intercept – from table

hBS = 30 m hMS = 1.5 m s – from table intercept – from table

Intercept UMTS 850

UMTS 900

UMTS 1500

UMTS 1700/2000

UMTS 1900

UMTS 2000

UL

DL

UL

DL

UL

DL

UL

DL

UL

DL

UL

DL

836 MHz

881 MHz

897 MHz

942 MHz

1440 MHz

1488 MHz

1732 MHz

2132 MHz

1880 MHz

1960 MHz

1950 MHz

2140 MHz

DU

128.58

129.18

129.38

129.94

134.76

135.13

138.67

141.73

139.88

140.49

140.42

141.79

U

125.58

126.18

126.38

126.94

131.76

132.13

135.67

138.73

136.88

137.49

137.42

138.79

SU

115.82

116.27

116.43

116.86

120.47

120.74

123.81

126.20

124.76

125.24

125.18

126.24

Ro

102.37

102.75

102.87

103.22

106.00

106.20

108.92

110.79

109.67

110.04

110.00

110.83

Ru

97.37

97.75

97.87

98.22

101.00

101.20

103.92

105.79

104.67

105.04

105.00

105.83

Slope UMTS 850

d