Linea Babcock

 

^LFXN[SFAGA IGFCG NIMV GIHG[M AN BGLGKF ’N_QNLSFML ZNAN[LGINS‒ NSQ^AFGLQN0 XG[EGS FLQ[FGEM @GOGF[G IFSKNQO

GSFELGQ^[G0 GXFC^IQ^[G  

AMCNLQN0 A[G. ZGMIG GIXG[GAM

CG[[N[G0 FLENLFN[FG GE[MZNC^G[FG

C^[SM0 ?XM SNBNSQ[N

QNBG0 IFLNG ENLNQFCG KGKCMCD

;:;7 (7) ZNAN[LGINS – BGLGKF FLQ[MA^CCFÓL

 

Nl ni trglscursm an ig ofstmrfg, igs gvns an cmrrgi ogl sfam crfgags cml afstfltms  prmpósftms anltrm an ig smcfnaga, pnrm sfnbprn bgltnlfnlam bgltnlfnlam ul ðitfbm hfl, cmbm mktnlcfól mktnlcfól an gifbnltm pgrg ni snr oubglm, ns pmr tgi bmtfvm qun ni ombkrn sn og anafcgam g bn`mrgr y bnzcigr igs nspncfns an egiiflgs pgrg crngr ulg egiiflg pmlnamrg qun sng gitgbnltn rnsfstnltn g ims âbpntus ani cifbg y igs ig s nlhnrbnagans, y qun, g su vnz, sng kunlg pmlnamrg an ounvms pgrg ni cmlsubm oubglm. Igs egiiflgs pmlnamrgs tfnlnl ig cgpgcfaga enlætfcg pgrg prmaucfr ul ergl lðbnrm an ounvms, cml ul tgbg÷m prmbnafm y punanl imergr kunl pnsm ani ounvm tnbprglgbnltn nl ni pnrâmam an pmsturg4 ul gifbnltm an kunlg cgifaga flhiufrç nl ig pmsturg an ims ounvms4 tgltm nl su cgltfaga cmbm nl su cgifaga. T CFQGQFML Cmi;: Yi ;:>? R T CFQGQFML Kgk:6 Yi ;:>? R   bnlcfmlg bnlcfmlg qun bucoms bucoms g÷ms an flvnstfegcfó flvnstfegcfól l enlætfcg enlætfcg ogl

 pnrbftfam ni ansgrrmiim an pmlnamrgs cml nxcninltns cgrgctnrns prmauctfvms, cmbm vgrfgkfifaga, prmauccfól y cgifaga an ounvm. Igs egiiflgs ifenrgs m ifvfglgs, ifvfglgs, sml gvns an tgbg÷m lm buy erglans erglans y sn cgrgctnrfzgl  prflcfpgibnltn pmr ig pmsturg an ounvms. Ankfam g niim, nstgs gvns tgbkfæl sml cmlmcfags cmbm egiiflgs an pmsturg m pmlnamrgs y sml igs bçs utfifzgags nl ig flaustrfg gvâcmig pgrg ig  prmauccfól an ounvms. Nstg cigsn an egiiflgs sn anstgcg pmr su cgpgcfaga an prmaucfr ounvms, ogkfnlam rgzgs qun punanl iinegr g prmaucfr ogstg bçs an 3:: ounvms gi g÷m. Igs prflcfpgins cgrgctnrâstfcgs ani erupm an gvns ifenrgs0 Egiiflgs nspncfgifzgags nl ig  prmauccfól an ounvms, Enlnrgibnltn sml an egiiflgs cml piubgs an gieulm an nstms 3 cmimrns0 kiglcm, rm`m m cghæ, tmams cml crnstg rm`g, Sml gvns prncmcns y pnrsfstnltns, Qfnlnl ulg kg`g eglglcfg afgrfg an pnsm, Sml gvns an tgbg÷m y pnsm bnafm. TCFQ TCFQGQFML GQFML Crf;: Yt Yi ;:>? R

Ig egiiflg Kgkcmcd pnrtnlncn gi erupm an egiiflgs ifenrgs, ns ancfr g ig cigsn an  pmlnamrg. Ns ulg an igs prflcfpgins rgzgs utfifzgags nl ig flaustrfg gvâcmig pgrg ig prmauccfól an ounvms, ankfam g qun tfnln ig cgpgcfaga an iinegr g pmlnr ogstg 3:: ounvms glugins, y ims ounvms sml an ergl tgbg÷m. Gulqun ns ulg rgzg cmbnrcfgi, tgbkfæl ns kgstgltn gprmpfgag  pgrg ig crâg cgsnrg, c gsnrg, ankfam g qun ns kgstgltn aócfi y sn gagptg hçcfibnltn g ims afstfltms tfpms an cifbgsTCFQGQFML Crf767 Yt Yi ;:>? R. Ig Kgkcmcd Krmwl ns ulg pmlnamrg bgrról rmkustg y prmauctfvg qun enlnrg gitgs cfhrgs an ounvms erglans an prfbnrg cgifaga pmr egiiflg gim`gag. ^lg rgzg nqufifkrgag, cgpgz an rnlafr rnlafr kfnl nl afhnrn afhnrnltn ltnss cif cifbgs bgs y sfstnb sfstnbgs gs an bgln`m bgln`m.. Ig Kgkcmc Kgkcmcd d Krmwl Krmwl bunstrg bunstrg nxcninltn pnrsfstnlcfg an punstg y cgifaga an cçscgrg. T CFQGQFML Dif76 Yi ;:>? R

 

Nstn tfpm an egiiflg pmlnamrg ns ulg an igs bn`mrns pgrg ig enstgcfól an ounvms yg qun lm sml buy erglans y sn cgrgctnrfzgl pmrqun sml hærtfins y prmaucnl ounvms nl tmam ni g÷m. TCFQGQFML Sfv Yi ;:>? R

BG[CM QNÓ[FCM M[FENL Ig eg egii iifl flgg Kgkc Kgkcmc mcd d sn an ansgr sgrrm rmii iió ó nl igs igs er ergl gl`g `gss an anii er ergl gl`n `nrm rm ’Bml ’Bmlrm rmnn Cgpp Cgppni ni Kgkcmcd‒, qufnl nl 763> hulam ig nbprnsg gvâcmig ’Ergl`gs gvâcmigs Kgkcmcd‒ m nl fleiæs ’Kgkcmcd Zmuitry Hgrbs‒. Cmlvfrtfælamsn nl ulm an ims bn`mrns crfgamrns an gvns an nsg enlnrg enl nrgcfó cfól, l, ansgrrm ansgrrmiig iiglam lam ig rgz rgzgg Kgkcmc Kgkcmcd d ineomr ineomrl, l, tgbkfæ tgbkfæl l iig iigbga bgagg kiglcg kiglcg,, ifvfgl ifvfglgg m  pmlnamrg, pgrg pmcm tfnbpm anspuæs anspuæs mrfeflgr ig Kgkcmcd Krmwl. Nl ig aæcgag an 76>: ig rgzg Kgkcmcd nltrm g erupm an prunkg pgrg ig punstg an ounvms oun vms,, nstgki nstgkincf ncfnla nlam m ul ræcmra ræcmra an pmstur pmsturgg g lfvni lfvni bulaf bulafgi, gi, pm pmrr im qu qunn rçpfag rçpfagbnl bnltn tn sn cmlvfrtfnrml nl igs egiiflgs cmlsnltfags an Nstgams ^lfams. Omy nl aâg ig iâlng Kgkcmcd sfeun sfnlam an igs bn`mrns bn`mrns egiiflgs pmlnamrgs, pmlnamrgs, an hçcfi crfglzg y an pmsturg an ounvms erglans, y nl `ultm cml ig nbprnsg Onlarfx enlntfcs, sn sfeunl sfeun l rngifzglam rngifzglam flvnstfegcfmlns flvnstfegcfmlns g lfvni enlætfcm y nhnctuglam nhnctuglam cruzgs cml mtrgs vgrfnagans vgrfnagans  pgrg bn`mrgr cgag aâg ig rgzg Kgkcmcd.TCFQGQFML Crf767 Crf767 Yt Yi ;:>? R

CG[GCQN[ÂSQFCG  Igs prflcfpgins cgrgctnrâstfcgs sml igs sfeufnltns0 m

Sml an cunrpm rmkustm y tgbg÷m bnafglm g erglan.

m

Ni egiim pnsg nl prmbnafm ;,>; de y ig egiiflg ;,1> de.

m

Ig egiiflg iineg g pmlnr ogstg 3:: ounvms glugins.

m

Ims ounvms tfnlnl ul pnsm prmbnafm an 83,? e.

m

Ns ul gvn trglqufig y gergagkin.

m

Qfnln ulg kunlg cgpgcfaga an gagptgcfól g afhnrnltns tfpms an cifbgs. TCFQGQFML Crf;: Yt Yi ;:>? R

m

Nxfstnl ams vgrfnagans an cmimr qun sml ig Krmwl (bgrról) y ig Uoftn (kiglcg).

m

Ig Kgkcmcd Krmwl pnsg nl prmbnafm ;,>; de bfnltrgs qun ig egiiflg Kgkcmcd Uoftn  pnsg nl prmbnafm ;,1> de.

m

[nsfstnltn g afhnrnltns tfpms an cifbgs y sfstnbgs an bgln`m.

 

m

Ns ulg rgzg an cgrçctnr aócfi y gpgcfkin.TCFQGQFML Crf767 Crf767 Yt Yi ;:>? R

Zrmauccfól Ns ulg nxcninltn egiiflg pmlnamrg qun sn vn rnhin`gag nl kunlms lðbnrms, cmbm su vfgkfifaga, pnsm ani ounvm, âlafcn an cmlvnrsfól, ntc. G cmltflugcfól, tn prnsnltgbms ulg tgkig cml ni rnsubnl an ig prmauccfól an ig Kgkcmcd.

Xgrfnagans an ig Kgkcmcd  Ns ulg vgrfnaga vgrfnaga buy cmbnrcfgifzg cmbnrcfgifzgag ag pmr ig nbprnsg nbprnsg Onlarfx Onlarfx enlntfcs y gctugibnltn gctugibnltn ig Kgkcmcd sn cmlvfrtfó nl ulg bgrcg an gvn, anbçs, an ulg rgzg an pmlnamrg. Znrm cmbm cugiqufnr rgzg an egiiflg, nxfstnl afstfltgs vgrfnagans m iâlngs. Zgrg ig rgzg Kgkcmcd sn punanl bnlcfmlgr ; iâlngs fbpmrtgltns, ig cugi sml buy sfbfig sfb figrns rns nl cugltm cugltm g sus cgrgctnr cgrgctnrâst âstfcgs fcgs cmbm cmbm tgi tgiig, ig, cmbpmr cmbpmrtgb tgbfnl fnltm, tm, prmauc prmauccfó cfól. l. Ig afhnrnlcfg bçs fbpmrtgltn ns ni cmimr an cgag egiiflg. Mktnlfnlam igs sfeufnltns0 

Egiiflg Kgkcmcd Uoftn (kiglcg).



Egiiflg Kgkcmcd Krmwl (bgrról).

 

Kgkcmcd Krmwl. - prmaucn ul ergl lðbnrm an ounvms an tgbg÷m supnrfmr. Ns ulg egiiflg cml ulg prmauctfvfaga nxcninltn nl tmags igs cfrculstglcfgs. Ns gbpifgbnltn rncmlmcfag pmr  su tnbpnrgbnltm trglqufim y su rustfcfaga.

Kgkcmcd Uoftn. - ns ulg cmbkflgcfól nqufifkrgag an gitg prmauctfvfaga y cgifaga an ounvm (f (flt ltnrl nrlgg y nx nxtn tnrl rlg). g). Kunl Kunl cm cmls lsub ubm m an gifb gifbnl nltm tm,, ou ounv nvms ms an tgbg÷ tgbg÷m m er ergl glan an y ku kunl nlgs gs  prmauccfmlns nl tmams ims cifbgs sml sus prflcfpgins prflcfpgins cgrgctnrâstfcgs0 cgrgctnrâstfcgs 0 

Znrfmam an punstgs 7?-6: snbglgs



Znsm bnafm ani ounvm 8;.? e





 Lubnrm an ounvms pmr gvn gim`gag gim`gag 173 Bgsg an ounvms pmr gvn gim`gag ;>.6 de.T CFQGQFML @ms717 Yi ;:>? R

Cmlafcfmlns an bgln`m pgrg ig egiiflg Kgkcmcd  Nstg rgzg pmsnn ul gitm pmtnlcfgi an prmauccfól an ounvms, sfl nbkgrem, pgrg nxpimtgr   kfnl nsn pmtnlcfgi sn in ankn prmpmrcfmlgr g ig egiiflg ul kunl bgln`m. bgln`m.

[ncnpcfól an pmiiunims Ni æxftm an ig crâg an ims pmiiunims flfcfg flfcfg ansan su iinegag gi cmrrgi. Sn ankn an ninefr  ninefr  anltrm ani egipól ig pgrtn cnltrgi pgrg ig rncnpcfól an pmiiunims, cml ig hflgifaga an rnaucfr ni hrfm. Anltrm ani egipól sn anknl cmlsfanrgr ims sfeufnltns hgctmrns0 

Cmimcgr cgbgs sncgs y ifbpfgs.



Igs cgbgs anknl tnlnr ul nspnsmr an > g 7: cb nl cifbgs cgifnltns y an ogstg 7> cb nl cifbgs hrâms.



Aurgltn ig prfbnrg snbglg an vfag ims pmiiunims anknl utfifzgr knknanrms an egiól.



Ni geug ankn snr prnvfgbnltn trgtgag (cimrgcfól).



; omrgs gltns an qun ims pmiiunims iineunl sn ankn cmimcgr nl ims knknanrms ulg smiucfól an gzðcgr an 1 er pmr 7:: bi an geug.



Sn ankn cmimcgr 7 knknanrm y ul cmbnamr pmr cgag 7:: pmiiunims.

Omrgs an iuz Aurgltn ims prfbnrms aâgs, ns fbpmrtgltn qun ims pmiiunims tnlegl ul ræefbnl bçxfbm an iuz an nltrn ;; g ;3 omrgs, ig cugi tfnln qun tnlnr ulg fltnlsfaga an nltrn 3: g 1: iux.

 

Im gltnrfmr gyuagrg g prmbmvnr ni cmlsubm an gifbnltm y geug an igs gvns. g ims 7> aâgs an naga sn anknrç rnaucfr pmcm g pmcm ig fltnlsfaga an iuz g 7: iux. TCFQGQFML Crf767 Yt Yi ;:>? R

Cmbpmrtgbfnltm Gi feug feugii qu qunn tm tmag agss igs igs vg vgrf rfna naga gans ns an eg egii iifl flgg Kgkc Kgkcmc mcd, d, m an ig igss rg rgzgs zgs an gv gvns ns ansgrrmiigags pmr nbprnsgs gvâcmigs, ig Kgkcmcd bgrról ns an ul cmbpmrtgbfnltm aócfi qun  punan snr gagptgag cmbm bgscmtg. Ns ul gvn qun sn gagptg hçcfibnltn g nstgr nl `guigs, cmrrgins pnqun÷ms m erglans supnrhfcfns gkfnrtgs, anpnlafnlam an cóbm sn flfcfn ig crfglzg an pmiiunim. Ganbçs, pmr snr  ulg an igs bn`mrns pmlnamrgs, sf cunltg cml kunlg gifbnltgcfól ig prmauccfól nl tnbpmrgag an flvfnrlm lm afsbfluyn, m ns buy pmcm gprncfgkin. TCFQGQFML Crf;: Yt Yi ;:>? R

CMLCI^SFMLNS Ni snr oubglm og vnlfam pnrhnccfmlglam igs rgzgs an egiiflgs pgrg tnlnr ulg bn`mr  cgifaga an ounvms, nl nstn cgsm an egiiflgs rmkustgs, lm an ergl tgbg÷m, aócfins y smkrn tmam qun tnlegl kunlg cgpgcfaga an pmsturg. Ig iâlng Kgkcmcd ns ulg an igs bn`mrns iâlngs an egiiflgs pmlnamrgs utfifzgags nl ig flaustrfg gvâcmig, ig cugi tfnln cgrgctnrâstfcgs buy kunlgs, ganbçs an ig cgltfaga y cgifaga an ounvms qun punanl iinegr g prmaucfr, nstgs tgbkfæl pmlnl ounvms aurgltn tmam ni g÷m.

Ig iâln iâlngg Kgkc Kgkcmc mcd d nl ig aæ aæcga cgagg an im imss >: hu hunn cm cmlm lmcf cfag ag cm cmbm bm ul ulgg an ig igss bn`m bn`mrn rnss  pmlnamrgs, flciusm eglgam ul rncmra bulafgi an punstg an ounvms, cmlvfrtfælamsn nl ul gvn gvn an prnh prnhnr nrnl nlcf cfgg an im imss Ns Nstg tgam amss ^lfa ^lfams ms,, gc gctu tugi gibn bnlt ltnn gð gðl l sn sfeu sfeunn og ogcf cfnl nlam am flvnstfegcfmlns pgrg bn`mrgr su enlætfcg y crucn cml mtrgs vgrfnagans.

 ^lg an igs cgrgctnrâstfcgs bçs rnprnsnltgtfvg an nstg iâlng ns qun sn gagptg g cugiqufnr  cifbg y bgln`m, ganbçs an snr ul gvn aócfi y an hçcfi bgln`m, qun sn punan crfgr nl igs cgsgs sfl lfleðl prmkinbg cml ulg kunlg gifbnltgcfól, n`nrcfnlam ulg kunlg prmauccfól an ounvms pgrg ni cmlsubm m vnltg imcgi.

Anltrm an ig iâlng Kgkcmcd sn anspifnegl ams vgrfnagans nl ig cugi nstç ig Egiiflg Kgkcmc Kgk cmcd d Uoftn Uoftn (kiglc (kiglcg) g) y Egiifl Egiiflgg Kgkcmc Kgkcmcd d Krmwl Krmwl (bgrró (bgrról), l), nstgs am amss buy kunlgs kunlgs

 

 pmlnamrgs an kunlgs cgrgctnrâstfcgs prmauctfvgs, ns buy fbpmrtgltn gprmvncogr ig cgpgcf cgp gcfaga aga an prmauc prmauctfv tfvfag faga a an nstgs nstgs gvns gvns cml ul kunl kunl bgln`m bgln`m,, ni cugi cugi vg ansan ansan ig rncnpcfól an ims pmiiunims.

KFKIFME[GHÂG Kgkcmcd. (;::6). Kgkcmcd Krmwl. Eufg an bgln`m an pmlnamrgs cmbnrcfgins. FSG, Flstut an Snincml Glfbgin K.X. Cmigvns. (;:;:). Egiiflgs Zmlnamrgs | Qmam smkrn Crfglzg, Gifbnltgcfól y Bgln`m an tus Enlæcgs Zmlnamrgs. Cmigvns. Mktnlfam an ops0//cmigvns.cmb/egiiflgs-pmlnamrgs/#0~0tnxt2Igs %;:egiiflgs%;:pmlnamrgs%;:nlnl%;:ig,cglaga%;:cmbm%;:nl%;:su%;:cgifaga. Crfgangvns. (;:76). Egiiflg Kgkcmcd, CrfganGvns. Mktnlfam an ops0//crfgangvns.cmb/egiiflgspmlnamrgs/kgkcmcd/#0~0tnxt2Ig%;:egiiflg%;:Kgkcmcd%;:pnrtnlncn%;:gi,ounvms%;:sml %;:an%;:ergl%;:tgbg%C3%K7m. Crfgangvns. (;:;:). Egiiflgs Ifenrgs, CrfganGvns. Mktnlfam an ops0//crfgangvns.cmb/egiiflgspmlnamrgs/egiiflgs-ifenrgs/#Kgkcmcd Hnrlglanz, @. (;:71). [gzgs pgrg Zrmauccfól an Ounvm pgrg pigtm. Sifansogrn . Mktnlfam an ops0//ns.sifansogrn.lnt/`msnhnrlglanzcgkrnrg61/rgzgs-pgrg-prmau ops0//ns.sifansogrn.lnt/`ms nhnrlglanzcgkrnrg61/rgzgs-pgrg-prmauccfl-an-ounvm-pgrgccfl-an-ounvm-pgrgpigtm [marfeunz, D. (;:76). Eufg an Zrmauctm KGKCMCD.  SglBgrflm. Sfvgr. (;:76). E GIIFLGS ZMLNAM[GS. W^Æ SML, SML, GIFBNLQGCFÓL, [GPGS V BÇS. Cmbnrcfgi Sfvgr . Mktnlfam an ops0//www.cmbnrcfgisfvgr.ns/egiiflgs-pmlnamrgs-qun-smlops0//www.cmbnrcfgisfvgr.ns/egiiflgs-pmlnamrgs-qun-sml-gifbnltgcfmlgifbnltgcfmlrgzgs-y-bgs];8386.otbi