Light Wight Concrete

SEETHI SAHIB MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE TIRUR-5

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2014-2015

Seminar report on

Lightweight Concrete

Submitted by:ANOOP.K Roll Roll No: 5 Reg.No: Reg.No: 12011146 12011146

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

SSM POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE TIRUR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 2014-2015

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of seminar on Lightweight Concrete has been presented by ANOOP.K , sixth semester

Civil Engineering, SSMPTC, Tirur on……………………………. In pa rtial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Diploma in Com puter Engineering under Directorate Of Technical Education, Kerala State during the year 2014-2015.

Staff in charge:

Head of Section:

External Examiners:

Internal Examiner:

Place: Date: 2 Dept. of Civil Eng.

S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I would like to praise the god for blessing me to com plete this seminar successfully.I am deeply incepted to Mr. Mohammed Iqbal M (Head of department in Civil engineering, Seethi Sahib Memorial Polytechnic College ,Tirur) for providing me the opportunity to present the seminar on this topic. I extended my unexplainable gratitude towards all of my teachers; especially to Mr. Abdul Naser Kokkodi(Lecturer in Civil engineering, Seethi Sahib Memorial Polytechnic College, Tirur) & librarians who gave me a lot of information and supports for this seminar.I gave my heart full thanks to my friends & family, whom offered me all kind of supports for this.

3 Dept. of Civil Eng.

S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

CONTENTS 

ABSTRACT

05



INTRODUCTION

06-07



BASIC CHARECTERS

08-09



HISTORY OF LWC

10-11



ADVANTAGES OVER NWC

12-13



APPLICATIONS

14

 NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

15-16



CONCLUSION

17



REFERENCE

18



4 Dept. of Civil Eng.

S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

ABSTRACT Lightweight concretes can either be lightweight aggregate concrete, foamed concrete or autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). Such lightweight concrete blocks are often used in house construction. Nearly all LWACs are fire resistant. In addition, depending upon the densities and strength, the concrete can be easily cut, nailed, drilled, and chased with ordinary wood working tools. Lightweight concrete is expensive, but the cost is calculated not just on the basis of aggregates or LWAC. The  bond between the aggregate and the matrix is stronger in the case of LWAC than in normal concrete. Cement paste penetrate inside the aggregates due to their porous nature. Thus, there is very little or no ITZ between the aggregates and the matrix. Simply, it’s a type of concrete made with lightweight aggregates.

5 Dept. of Civil Eng.

S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

INTRODUCTION Lightweight concrete (brick) as known as AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) is a well-known constructing material all over the world; it was first invented by a Swedish Architect named Johan Axel Eriksson in 1923.Lightweight concrete contains no aggregate larger than sand, lime, thermal ash, synthetic fiber, cement, aluminum powder and water as  binding agent. When AAC is mixed and cast in forms, several chemical reactions take place that give AAC its light weight (20% of the weight of concrete) and thermal properties. Therefore, lightweight concrete is quite light and may suffer extreme pressure as well as insulate the high and low temperatures.

Wet (Uncompleted) Lightweight concrete at Thien Nam Phuong Ltd

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

In Japan, lightweight concrete is used to support the building foundation against the earthquakes. Lightweight concrete technology is quite friendly with the environment by reducing five times the amount of carbon dioxide of the production from the raw material process till the recycle wastes process. Since the born of lightweight concrete in building industry, baked  bricks (made from natural clays) in developed countries are  banded to protect the environment and national resources. On the other hand, lightweight concrete with the gas bubbles structure (up to ⅛ inch in diameter) is applied popularly by developed countries with high technologies such as United States of America, Germany, France, Japan, etc. in handling multiple geography technical issues such as making the foundation for highways, anti-slip subsidence in the mountainous areas or weak land areas to bring back huge economic benefits. Because of its advantages, lightweight has taken an im portant part of developed countries such as Europe, North America, and North Asia as well as the attention of some developing countries in replacing its traditional building material which is red brick, regular concrete and clay block.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

BASIC CHARACTERS Lightweight concrete, similar to normal weight concrete, is a mixture of water, Portland cement or Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and aggregate. It is classified as structural or nonstructural concrete depending on strength and compression rating, generally determined by the type of aggregate material used in the concrete mix. Lightweight aggregate concrete uses a variety of aggregates with lower density than normal weight concrete. Structural concrete, whether an approved lightweight or a normal weight concrete, is used for applications calling for a high level of strength and compression rating. These might be highway overpasses,  bridges, high-rise buildings, and construction in areas prone to earthquakes. Advantages of structural lightweight aggregate concrete with a correspondingly reduced weight load include reduced dead loads, or weight of the structures it's used to build, and more efficient transport. While not approved for many structural applications, nonstructural lightweight concrete is used where normal or a more dense structural lightweight mix would be impractical. Roof tiles made of lightweight concrete are lighter and require less robust truss systems. The combination of strength, weather resistance, and reduced weight often makes lightweight aggregate concrete mix and lightweight blocks a good choice for non-traditional residential buildings.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

Aggregates used to make lightweight aggregate concrete vary. Ex panded shale, slate, and clay, often fired in a kiln to increase porosity, are among aggregates used for structural lightweight concrete. Other porous material, such as air-cooled blast furnace slag, is often used. Insulation is often a factor in selecting an aggregate for nonstructural lightweight concrete. A lightweight aerated concrete may be used to make both lightweight panels and lightweight blocks suitable for a variety of construction, including some foundation stem walls. Lightweight aerated concrete may be made in a variety of ways, such as forcing air into slurry of OPC and a porous material, or by using a stable foam product as an aggregate. Perlite and vermiculite are natural minerals that, when heat-treated, can be mixed with OPS to produce a nonstructural lightweight aggregate concrete. The product is often used for decorative concrete treatments, roof tiles, and other lightweight applications. This lightweight concrete is often used in jobs requiring insulation from heat and sound. Structural lightweight aggregate concrete might typically require a density or unit weight of 90 to 115 lb/ft³ or (1440 to 1840 kg/m³) and a compression rating of 2500 psi or (1700 MPa), which is about 65% of the density or unit weight of normal concrete. Nonstructural lightweight concrete might have a density or unit weight as low as 35 lb/ft³ or (561 kg/m³). When considering lightweight concrete for a construction job, it is generally a good practice to consult a qualified engineer or architect for specifications.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

HISTORY OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE The use of lightweight (LWAC) can be traced to as early as 3,000BC, when Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built during the Indus Valley civilization. In Europe, the use of LWCA occurred 2,000 years ago when the Romans built Pantheon, the aqua ducts, and the Coliseum in Rome. The pumice is still used today in certain countries, such as Germany, Italy and Japan. In some places like Malaysia, palm oil shells are used for making LWAC.

The Roman Temple Constructed using LWAC

Earlier lightweight aggregates (LWAs) were of natural origin, mostly volcanic: pumice, tuff. They function as active pozzolanic materials when used when used as fine aggregates. Techniques have been developed to produce them in factories. These are produced from the natural raw materials like expanded clay, shale, slate, etc., as well as from by products such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, etc.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

Pont du Gard built by romans (2000 years ago)

Today, lightweight aggregates are produced in a very wide range of densities varying from 50kg/m3 from expanded perlite to 1000kg/m3 for clinkers. It is possible to make LWAC of 80Mpa compressive strength  Nearly all LWACs are fire resistant. In addition, depending upon the densities and strength, the concrete can be easily cut, nailed, drilled, and chased with ordinary wood working tools.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

ADVANTAGES OVER NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE One of the main advantages of conventional concrete is the selfweight of concrete. Density of normal concrete is of the order of 2200 to 2600. This self-weight will make it to some extend an uneconomical structural material. 

Self -weight of light weight concrete varies from 300 to 1850 kg/m3.

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It helps reduce the dead load, increase the progress of building and lowers the hauling and handling cost.

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The weight of building on foundation is an important factor in the design, particularly in case of weak soil and tall structures. In framed structure, the beam and column have to carry load of wall and floor. If these wall and floor are made of light weight concrete it will result in considerable economy.

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Light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity. In extreme climatic condition where air condition is to install the use of light weight concrete with low thermal conductivity is advantageous from the point of thermal comfort and low power consumption.

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Only method for making concrete light by inclusion of air. This is achieved by :o

Replacing original mineral aggregate

o

By introducing gas or air bubble in mortar

o

By omitting sand fraction from concrete. This is called no – fine concrete.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

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Lightweight Concrete

Light weight aggregate include pumice, saw dust rice husk, thermo Cole beads, formed slag. Etc.

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Light weight concrete aggregate exhibit high fire resistance.

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Structural lightweight aggregate’s cellular structure provides internal curing through water entrainment which is especially beneficial for high-performance concrete

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lightweight aggregate has better thermal properties, better fire ratings, reduced shrinkage, excellent freezing and thawing durability, improved contact between aggregate and cement matrix,

less

micro-cracking

as

a

result

of

better

elastic

compatibility, more blast resistant, and has better shock and sound

absorption,

High-Performance

lightweight

aggregate

concrete also has less cracking, improved skid resistance and is readily placed by the concrete pumping method 

Aerated concrete is made by introducing air or gas into a slurry composed of Portland cement.

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No fine concrete is made up of only coarse aggregate, cement and water. This type of concrete is used for load bearing cast in situ external walls for building. They are also used for temporary structures because of low initial cost and can be reused as aggregate.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

APPLICATIONS Light weight concrete is a good alternative for normal weight concrete. It widely uses in the following areas:

Building industry

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Road Construction

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Mining

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Land filling

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Tunnels

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S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES When constructing buildings, especially high-rise building, the investor always tries to make the structures sustainable and cost-effective. The way to acquire both of these two depends mostly on the foundation of the building. However, the foundation depends on the geology and the total mass of the whole project. Changing the geology is difficult, more feasible is to find ways to reduce the loading capacity. Hence, the birth of light weight brick is considered as a revolution for the construction industry. Light weight bricks are made from cement; thermal ash, synthetic fi bers (possible) and foaming agent to make the composition inside possess chambers forming as a honeycomb. This helps the brick become porous and reduce the weight of brick from 600 kg/m3 to 900kg/m3 (D600 D900) as ½ lighter than common brick, and easier to drill, cut or nail directly onto the tile surface. The brick can even float on water. There are various kinds and sizes of lightweight concrete to be used widely from small projects to high rise buildings. The costs also suit each project. Lightweight concrete is a great construction material. It is not only low derivative, high thermal resistant, envi-ronmental protected  but also energy-cost saving compared to traditional materials. Pro-ducing traditional materials waste industrial land, coal and in the same time, causes greenhouse effect by eliminating millions tons of CO2. Conversely, lightweight con-crete limits environmental bad impacts and recycles a significant amount of industrial waste, turning waste into useful materials. Due to its benefits, lightweight concrete has become the general trend of the world. In China, the new type of building materials accounts for more than 55% in 2010. In Brit-ain, lightweight concrete is about 70% 15 Dept. of Civil Eng.

S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

of the total building materials. With the global trend, Vietnam Government is trying to take full advantage of lightweight concrete as well by approving the Decision No. 121/2008/QD-TTg dated 29/08/2008 of the Prime Minister. The Decision shows the master plan and route for developing materials in Vietnam till 2020: lightweight concrete in 2010 will account for 10% to 15% and in-crease from 20% to 25% in 2015 and in 2020 the rate will reach 30% to 40%. Under-standing the great opportunity, Thien Nam Phuong Co., Ltd is established to manufac-turer lightweight concrete with development objective not only to cover South Market of Vietnam but also the whole domestic market and export to other countries in the near fu-ture. The company’s goal is to produce and sell 150,000 m3 / year. Although using lightweight concrete provides much economical and technical efficiency, there are still a lot of challenges that Government and manufacturer have to confront.

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Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

CONCLUSION 

As a construction material, lightweight concrete is a good alternative for normal weight concrete.it has so many advantages over normal weight concrete.

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The use of lightweight (LWAC) can be traced to as early as 3,000BC, when Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were built during the Indus Valley civilization.

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Today, lightweight concrete is widely used for Building industry, Road Construction, Mining, Land filling, Tunnels, etc.

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There are several new opportunities and challenges in the field of lightweight aggregate building industry.

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S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur

Seminar Report 2014-2015

Lightweight Concrete

REFERENCE

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http://www.concretecentre.com/

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http://www.nrmca.org/aboutconcrete/cips/36p.pdf 

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http://foamconcreteindia.in/

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http://www.stalite.com/uploads/engineeringproperties.pdf 

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http://www.litebuilt.com/lightweight -concrete-handbook.html

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http://www.ecosmarte.com.au/construction/lightconcrete.htm

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S.S.M Polytechnic College, Tirur