Life.: Zarlino, Gioseffo (Gioseffe)

 

[mrl`ag, J`gsfbbg XJ`gsfbbf^ Dlmuef R. _ml`sdm

cttps;//eg`.grj/=?.=?04/jng/0:3=62=60924?.mrt`dlf.4?363 _uil`scfe `a pr`at; 9? Kmaumry 9??= _uil`scfe gal`af; 9??= (i Dc`gjj`m, prgimily Kma  Kma 4=, =6=:8 e Rfa`df,  Rfa`df, Bfi 5, =60?). @tml`ma tcfgr`st mae dgnpgsfr. Cf wms m lfme`aj tcfgr`st gb dguatfrpg`at `a tcf =2tc dfatury. dfatury. @a c`s iggh  Lf  Lf `st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf, m lmaenmrh `a tcf c`stgry gb nus`d tcfgry tcfgry,, cf mdc`fvfe ma `atfjrmt`ga gb spfdulmt`vf mae prmdt`dml tcfgry mae fstmil`scfe Z`llmfrt‐s nftcges ms ngefls bgr dgatrmpuatml wr`t`aj.

=.   L`bf. Imle`, wcg hafw [mrl`ag pfrsgamlly mae wcgsf i`gjrmpcy gb c`n `s emtfe 9? Agvfnifr =606, stmtfe tcmt cf wms igra ga 4= Kmaumry =6=0/9?, iut tcfrf mrf ag egdunfats tg suppgrt tc`s emtf, mae gtcfr emtfs tcmt cf d`tfe mrf `adgas`stfat w`tc `t. @a c`s c` s gwa c`stgry gb tcf Dmpudc`a br`mrs gb Rfa`df (=6:0) (=6:0) [mrl`ag rfdmllfe tcmt wcfa cf wms vfry snmll c`s uadlf Imrtglgnfg [mrl`ag fatfrfe tcf Brmad`sdma grefr ga 95 Kuly =69= tgjftcfr w`tc m Brm _mulg, wcg ifdmnf m strgaj `ablufadf `a c`s dc`lecgge. Cf rfdf`vfe c`s fmrly feudmt`ga mngaj tcf Brmad`sdmas. Mddgre`aj tg Imle` cf stue`fe jrmnnmr w`tc J`mdgig Ftfrag Tmafsf, mr`tcnft`d mae jfgnftry w`tc J`grj`g Mtmamj` mae nus`d w`tc Brmadfsdg Nmr`m Eflb`dg. Mrdc`vml egdunfats j`vf tcf emtfs gb c`s rfl`j`gus prgngt`gas; tcf b`rst tgasurf ga  =5  Mpr`l =6498 n`agr n`agr grefrs ga 4 Mpr`l =64:8 mae m efmdgasc`p ga 99 Mpr`l =640 (brgn wc`dc c`s prfsunfe emtf gb i`rtc `s efeudfe ga tcf ims`s gb m rfjulmt`ga tcmt gaf cme tg if 99 tg if fl`j`ilf bgr tc`s pgs`t`ga). Cf `s rfdgrefe mt Dc`gjj`m Dmtcferml ms m s`ajfr `a Kuly  Kuly =642 mae ms grjma`st `a =640—5? =640—5?.. Cf nust cmvf iffa grem`afe iy =65? =65?,, ifdmusf ga 9: Mpr`l cf wms flfdtfe –dmpfllmag‐ mae nmas`gamr`g gb tcf Tduglm e` T Brmadfsdg, Dc`gjj`m. Cf ngvfe tg Rfa`df `a =65= mae ifdmnf m pup`l gb Z`llmfrt.  Mddgre`aj tg Imle` cf mlsg stue`fe stue`fe lgj`d mae pc`lgsgpcy w`tc Dr`s Dr`stgbgrg tgbgrg em L`jamnf, Jrffh w w`tc `tc Jujl`flng B`mnn`ajg mae Cfirfw w`tc m afpcfw gr jrmaesga gb Fl`m Ufsi`tf.  Mbtfr tcf rfs`jamt`ga gb Ygrf, m bfllgw bfllgw pup`l gb Z`llmfrt, [mrl`ag wms mppg`atfe nmfstrg e` dmppfllm gb T Nmrdg, Rfa`df, ga 6 Kuly =626, mae cf cfle tc`s pgst uat`l c`s efmtc. @a tcf smnf yfmr cf wms flfdtfe m dcmplm`a gb T Tfvfrg. @a  =634 cf wms nmef m dmaga gb tcf dcmptfr gb Dc`gjj`m Dmtcferml8 mlsg `a tcmt  yfmr cf wms agn`amtfe bgr tcf gbb`df gb i`scgp iy m eflfjmt`ga brgn Dc`gjj`m iut lgst tcf flfdt`ga.  Mngaj c`s pup`ls wfrf Dlmue`g Dlmue`g Nfrulg, J`gvmaa` Drgdf, J`rglmng J`rglmng E`rutm, R`adfazg Jml`lf` mae J`gvmaa` Nmr`m Mrtus`.

9.   Zgrhs.  Lf `st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf (=663) `s gaf gb tcf ngst `npgrtmat wgrhs gb nus`d tcfgry tcfgry.. [mrl`ag m`nfe `a `t `t

tg ua`tf spfdulmt`vf tcfgry w`tc tcf prmdt`df gb dgnpgs`t`ga ga tcf jrguaes tcmt –nus`d dgas`efrfe `a `ts ult`nmtf pfrbfdt`ga dgatm`as tcfsf twg pmrts sg dlgsfly kg`afe tcmt gaf dmaagt if sfpmrmtfe brgn tcf gtcfr‐ (`, 9). Ucf dgnpgsfr nust agt if dgatfat tg nmstfr c`s drmbt8 cf scgule hagw tcf rfmsga bgr wcmt cf egfs, mae tc`s dma if e`sdgvfrfe tcrgujc ma mll`madf gb tcf rmt`gaml mae sfasgry bmdult`fs. Ucf b`rst twg pmrts (tcfy mrf efs`jamtfe –igghs‐ `a tcf =6:4 fe`t`ga) prfsfat tcf trme`t`gaml durr`dulun gb  nus`dm

_mjf = gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

tcfgr`dm brgn m brfsc v`fwpg`at. @a pmrt ` [mrl`ag rfv`fwfe tcf pc`lgsgpc`dml, dgsnglgj`dml mae

nmtcfnmt`dml ims`s gb nus`d. _mrt `` sfts bgrtc tcf Jrffh tgaml t gaml systfn mae supplmats `t w`tc m ngefra tcfgry gb dgasgamadfs mae tua`aj. [mrl`ag syatcfs`zfe dr`t`dmlly m vmst l`tfrmturf ga nus`d, pc`lgsgpcy, pc`lgsgpcy, tcfglgjy,, nmtcfnmt`ds mae dlmss`dml c`stgry mae l`tfrmturf. tcfglgjy Cmv`aj gisfrvfe, l`hf Ymn`s ef _mrf`m, Jmbbur`us, Tpmtmrg mae Lgegv`dg Bgjl`mag ifbgrf c`n, tcmt 4res mae 2tcs wfrf agt dgasgamat `a tcf rmt`gs cmaefe egwa iy _ytcmjgrfma tcfgry tcfgry,, cf sgujct m systfn tcmt wgule pfrn`t swfft-sguae`aj `npfrbfdt dgasgamadfs, wc`dc wfrf fssfat`ml dgnpgafats gb ngefra pmrt-wr`t`aj. Ucf _ytcmjgrfmas cme l`n`tfe tcf dlmss gb `atfrvmls tcfy dmllfe dgasgamat tg tcgsf prgeudfe iy tcf b`rst bgur e`v`s`gas gb m str`aj; tcf gdtmvf, 9;=8 6tc, 4;98 5tc, 5;48 gdtmvf plus 6tc, 4;=8 mae eguilf gdtmvf, 5;=. [mrl`ag fxtfaefe tcf uppfr l`n`t tg tcf e`v`s`gas gb tcf str`aj `atg twg, tcrff, bgur,, b`vf mae s`x fquml sfjnfats. Ucus tcf aunifr s`x, –aunfrg sfamr`g‐, fp`tgn`zfe tcf bgrnml dmusf bgur — tcf –sgagrgus aunifr‐ (–aunfrg sgagrg‐) — tcmt jfafrmtfe dgasgamadfs gut gb tcf –sguae`aj igey‐ (–dgrpg sgagrg‐). Ucf flfvmt`ga gb tcf t cf eftfrn`amat gb dgasgamadf brgn bgur tg s`x pfrn`ttfe tcf men`ss`ga gb sfvfrml ngrf `atfrvmls; tcf nmkgr 4re, 6;58 tcf n`agr 4re, 2;68 mae tcf nmkgr 2tc, 6;4. Ucf n`agr 2tc, 3;6, wc`dc rfnm`afe guts`ef tc`s smadtumry, smadtumry, cme tg if rmt`gaml`zfe ms tcf kg`a`aj gb m pfrbfdt 5tc mae m n`agr 4re. Ifbgrf tcf afwly jm`afe dgasgamadfs wfrf lfj`t`nmtfly prmdt`dmilf, m tua`aj tcmt y`flefe tcfn dgas`stfatly cme tg if efv`sfe. Ucf syatga`d e`mtga`d, wc`dc _tglfny cme prm`sfe (ms [mrl`ag lfmrat brgn Jmbbur`us) ifdmusf `ts tftrmdcgre wms nmef up fat`rfly gb supfrpmrt`dulmr rmt`gs (efsdfae`aj 0;=?, 3;0, =6;=2), b`ttfe [mrl`ag‐s affes, mae `t dgule if memptfe tg tcf Zfstfra msdfae`aj sdmlf (``, 40), brgn D tg d; 0;3, =?;0, =2;=6, 0;3, =?;0, 0;3, =2;=6. Uc`s sdmlf lmdhfe tcf synnftry gb tcf twg t wg efsdfae`aj e`skuadt tftrmdcgres gb tcf Jrffhs, ms `a  f tg F  F, iut bgr [mrl`ag `t cme tcf gvfrr`e`aj v`rtuf gb dgatm`a`aj, rfeudfe tg ma gdtmvf, tcf dgasgamadfs ms jfafrmtfe iy tcf b`rst s`x e`v`s`gas gb tcf str`aj `a tcf grefr gb tcf sgagrgus aunifrs — gdtmvf, 6tc, 5tc, nmkgr 4re, n`agr 4re. Ucf grefr gb tcf sgagrgus aunifrs fxplm`afe mlsg [mrl`ag‐s prfbfrfadf bgr tcf nmkgr gvfr tcf n`agr 4re mae bgr `ts plmd`aj iflgw tcf n`agr 4re `a m dcgre. Cf e`sdgvfrfe ma mee`t`gaml rfmsga bgr tc`s plmdfnfat `a tcf mad`fat egdtr`af gb tcf cmrnga`d mae mr`tcnft`dml nfmas. @b tcf tcrff agtfs, bgr  F, J, mrf rfprfsfatfe iy str`aj lfajtcs, ms 4?, 95, 9?, tcf n`eelf tfrn, 95, `s tcf cmrnga`d fxmnplf D, F

nfma. Uc`s wms tcf ngst pfrbfdt mrrmajfnfat gb dgasgamadfs, `a wc`dc tcf lmrjfr `atfrvml wms e`v`efe cmrnga`dmlly.. Ucf rfvfrsf mrrmajfnfat gb 4res, prgeudfe iy tcf mr`tcnft`dml nfma, –`s sgnfwcmt cmrnga`dmlly rfngvfe brgn pfrbfdt`ga gb cmrngay, cmrngay, ifdmusf `ts flfnfats mrf agt mrrmajfe `a tcf`r amturml lgdmt`gas‐ (```, 4=). M burtcfr dgasfqufadf gb tcf sgagrgus aunifrs, iut gaf wc`dc [mrl`ag e`e agt efeudf uat`l c`s E`ngstrmt`ga`   E`ngstrmt`ga` cmrnga`dcf gb  =6:= (Ymj.v (Ymj.v,, efb`.3, =5), wms tcf rfaunifr`aj gb tcf  M tg m ms ngefs. Ms `s fv`efat brgn tcf sdmlf j`vfa migvf, c`s pr`nmry gdtmvf wms  D tg d rmtcfr tcma M

w`tc Igftc`us mae c`s bgllgwfrs. Ucf spfd`fs gb dgasgamadfs scgule, tcfrfbgrf, if aunifrfe brgn D   M. T`adf tcf ngefs wfrf fssfat`mlly spfd`fs gb gdtmvfs, tcfy tgg rmtcfr tcma, ms trme`t`gamlly, trme`t`gamlly, brgn M

scgule if aunifrfe brgn D sg tcmt D mutcfat`d `s =, D plmjml 9, E mutcfat`d 4 ftd. [mrl`ag scgwfe tcmt tc`s systfn cme twg burtcfr mevmatmjfs; `t stmrtfe brgn tcf ut gb sgln`zmt`ga8 mae tcf `atfrvmls iftwffa tcf b`amls gb tcf b`rst tcrff mutcfat`d ngefs wfrf pmrmllfl tg tcgsf tcmt sfpmrmtfe tcf Jrffh Egr`ma, _cryj`ma mae Lye`ma ngefs (tgaf—tgaf—sfn`tgaf). Cf e`e agt, cgwfvfr, cgwfvfr, usf tcf Jrffh amnfs bgr c`s ngefs.

_mjf 9 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

[mrl`ag mdhagwlfejfe tcmt tcf aunfr`dml dr`tfr`m tcmt cf fstmil`scfe `a pmrts ` mae `` bgr tcf tua`aj gb tcf dgasgamadfs e`e agt mpply tg `astrunfatml nus`d, wc`dc fnplgyfe mrt`b`d`ml tua`ajs nmef afdfssmry iy tcf `npfrbfdt`ga gb `astrunfats. Iut `a tcf amturml nfe`un gb tcf vg`df `t wms pgss`ilf, cf nm`atm`afe, tg rfml`zf mll tcf `acfrfat pfrbfdt`ga gb cmrngay. cmrngay. @t wms `a tcf vgdml nfe`un tcmt cf wms milf tg ir`aj tg ifmr ga nus`dm prmdt`dm, tcf mrt gb dguatfrpg`at, tcf dgasfqufadfs gb c`s tcfgry gb dgasgamadfs. Dguatfrpg`at wms buaemnfatmlly ma mrt gb ir`aj`aj cmrngay gut gb e`vfrs`ty; –m h`ae gb cmrngay tcmt dgatm`as e`vfrsf vmr`mt`gas gb sguaes gr stfps, us`aj rmt`gaml `atfrvmll`d prgpgrt`gas mae tfnpgrml nfmsurfnfats … ma mrtbul ua`ga gb e`vfrsf sguaes rfeudfe tg dgadgremadf‐ (```, =). [mrl`ag‐s rulfs fstmil`scfe dfrtm`a dgae`t`gas tcrgujc wc`dc e`vfrsf flfnfats wfrf irgujct `atg mjrffnfat; (=) e`ssgamadfs wfrf suigre`amtfe tg dgasgamadfs iy if`aj mllgwfe ga tcf egwa- gr upifmt (tcf b`rst mae tc`re n`a`n `a  ) galy wcfa cfle gvfr brgn m syadgpmtfe dgasgamadf, tcmt `s, `a suspfas`gas8 e`ssgamadfs gb snmll vmluf mae gb lgdml ngt`ga wfrf pfrn`ttfe ga suie`v`s`gas gb tcfsf ifmts8 (9) dgatrmry ngt`ga mae `aefpfaefadf gb nflgey nm`atm`afe ma fqu`l`ir`un mngaj tcf pmrts8 (4) m dgnpgs`t`ga wms grjma`zfe mrguae m eftfrn`amtf ngef, wc`dc cmrnga`zfe e`bbfrfat sfdt`gas tcrgujc pfrn`ss`ilf dmefadfs mae l`n`tfe tcf `atrgeudt`ga gb agtfs guts`ef tcf e`mtga`d stfps8 (5) tcf stfmey rfdurrfadf gb egwa- mae upifmts `atfjrmtfe tcf e`vfrsf rcytcns w`tc`a m rmt`gaml sdcfnf gb nfmsurfnfat. Ucf rulfs gb dguatfrpg`at efvflgpfe iy [mrl`ag brgn tcf tfmdc`ajs gb Z`llmfrt wfrf prgpmjmtfe `a tcf afxt jfafrmt`ga iy c`s pup`l Mrtus`, wcg rfeudfe tcfn tg tmiulmr bgrn `a  L L‐mrtf efl dgatrmpgatg dgatrmpgatg r`egttm `a tmvglf (=632), mae iy Grmz`g U`jr`a` `a m dgnpfae`un gb  =633. Urmaslmt`gas mae memptmt`gas iy Kfma

lf Bgrt mae Dlmuef Cmrey mae cfmvy igrrgw`aj iy Tmlgnga ef Dmus mae Nfrsfaaf `a Brmadf mae pmrmpcrmsfs iy Twffl`adh mae c`s pup`ls `a tcf Aftcfrlmaes mae Jfrnmay prgv`ef fv`efadf gb tcf w`ef e`bbus`ga gb c`s tcfgr`fs gb dgnpgs`t`ga. C`s tcfgrft`dml bguaemt`gas cme m scgrtfr l`bf, cgwfvfr. cgwfvfr. Mlngst `nnfe`mtfly tcf sd`fat`st J`gvmaa` Imtt`stm Ifafeftt` `a twg lfttfrs tg Ygrf gb migut =624 (lmtfr puil`scfe `a c`s E`vfrsmrun  E`vfrsmrun spfdulmt`gaun, =636) efngastrmtfe nmtcfnmt`dmlly tcmt m dcg`r s`aj`aj dgas`stfatly mddgre`aj tg tcf `atfrvmls gb tcf syatga`d e`mtga`d wgule efv`mtf prgjrfss`vfly burtcfr mae  E`mlgjg gb  =63= rm`sfe s`n`lmr gikfdt`gas mae mlsg pg`atfe burtcfr brgn tcf stmrt`aj p`tdc. Jml`lf` `a c`s E`mlgjg

gut aunfrgus `astmadfs `a wc`dc [mrl`ag cme n`suaefrstgge c`s mad`fat sgurdfs. [mrl`ag rfpl`fe mt jrfmt lfajtc `a c`s Tgppl`nfat` nus`dml` (=633), `a wc`dc cf e`splmyfe nudc jrfmtfr pfaftrmt`ga `atg tcf mad`fat mutcgrs, pmrt`dulmrly Mr`stgxfaus mae _tglfny, _tglfny, wc`dc cme iffa puil`scfe `a  =629 `a m Lmt`a trmaslmt`ga iy Jgjmvm, tcma `a Lf  Lf `st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf8 iut cf bm`lfe tg rfbutf Jml`lf`‐s vml`e dr`t`d`sns. [mrl`ag‐s dgnpgs`t`gas, tcgujc lfmrafe mae pgl`scfe, mrf gb sfdgaemry `atfrfst. C`s ngtfts mrf ngefls gb dmaga`d prgdfeurfs, igtc w`tc mae w`tcgut m dmatus b`rnus. Cf wms fxtrfnfly mttfat`vf tg tfxt-  sftt`aj mae uaefrlmy mddgre`aj tg tcf amturml rcytcn mae mddfat gb spffdc, ma mspfdt gb dgnpgs`t`ga tcmt cf efmlt w`tc efb`a`t`vfly `a Lf  Lf `st`tut`ga` (`v, (`v, 44). C`s nmer`jmls mrf dgasfrvmt`vf `a tcf`r usf gb e`ssgamadf mae dcrgnmt`d`sn, mae fvfa cgngpcga`d tfxturfs mrf rmrf. Mltcgujc dgavfat`gaml wgre-  pm`at`aj `s dgnnga, tcf fxprfss`vfafss dcmrmdtfr`st`d gb Z`llmfrt‐s lmtf wgrhs `s nmtdcfe galy rmrfly, rmrfly, ms `a tcf sftt`aj gb _ftrmrdc‐s sp`r`tuml sgaaft @‐  @‐ vg p`majfaeg. p`majfaeg.

Zr`t`ajs  Lf `st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf (Rfa`df, =663/ Y  Y, 4/=6:4/ Y  Y8 Faj. trmas. gb pt.```, =023/ Y  Y, ms Ucf Mrt gb Dguatfrpg`at8 Faj. trmas. gb pt.`v, =034, ms Ga tcf Ngefs) _mjf 4 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

 E`ngstrmt`ga` cmrnga`dcf (Rfa`df, =6:=/ Y  Y, 9/=6:4) Tgppl`nfat` nus`dml` (Rfa`df, =633/ Y  Y)

 Ef tuttf l‐gpfrf efl r. r. n. J. [mrl`ag [mrl`ag (R (Rfa`df, fa`df, =633—0) X`adl. tcf migvf 4 wgrhs ms vgls.`—``` mae aga-nus`dml wgrhs `a `v^

Zgrhs Emtfs mae ags. `a pmrfatcfsfs `ae`dmtf fea, pt. gr ih, mae dcmp. rfbfrfadfs `a Lf `st`tut`ga`

cmrnga`dcf.

Fe`t`ga

J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag; Agvf nmer`jml` m d`aquf vgd` trmtt` em vmr`f rmddgltf, fe. T. D`s`l`ag (Rfa`df, =024) XD^

Tmdrfe Ngeul` ngtfdtm vuljg agadupmtm l`ifr pr`nus, 6vv (Rfa`df, =650) X=650^ Ngeulmt`gafs pfr _c`l`ppun @usifrtun … dgllfdtmf, 2vv (Rfa`df, =622) X=622^ :

3

5

Zgr grhs hs `a =6 =650 50´, ´, =650 =650 , = =65 650 0 ,= =62 624 4 ,= =62 62:´ :´ 3

Me`urg vgs, b`l`f, 6vv, =650

 @- 

Mnmv`t fun Egn`aus, 2vv,

URe

Mptmig dytcmrf, 6vv, =650 Msdfaeg me pmtrfn, 2vv, =622,  NGf Mvf rfj`am dgflgrun, 6vv, =650 Ifmt`ss`nus Nmrdus, 6vv, =650 Dmp`tf agi`s vulpfs, 6vv, =650 (=663 ```, 938 `v, =08 =6:4 ```, 938 `v, 9=) Dlge`m qufn jfau`t, 6vv, =650

_mjf 5 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

Dgab`tfigr t`i`, 6vv, =650 5

Fddf `mn vfa`t, 5 5vv, vv, =624 8 fe. `a Dw Dw,, lxxv`` ((=02?), =02?), =4

 Y), Fddf tu puldcrm fs, 6vv, =650 (=663 ```, 228 =6:4 ```, 22)8 fe. `a MN@, ` (=30:/ :0 Fjg rgsm Tmrga, 6vv, =650 (=663 ```, 938 `v, =08 =6:4 ```, 938 `v, 9=) Fjg vfa` `a cgrtun, 6vv, =650 (=663 `v, 938 =6:4 `v, =3) Fxmue` Efus grmt`gafn, 2vv, =622 Bfrdulun bfd`t s`i`, 6vv, =650 (=663 `v, 9?8 =6:4 `v, 99) Cge`f Dcr`stus amtus, 2vv, =622 Cge`f smadtus Ifafe`dtus, 6vv, URe @a lfdtulg nfg, 6vv, =650 @a pr`ad`p`g Efus, 2vv, =622 (=663 ```, 228 =6:4 ```, 22) L`t`jmimat @uemf`, 2vv, =622 (=663 ```, 228 =6:4 ```, 228 `v, =0) 5

Nmaus tuf, Egn`af, 5vv, =624

N`sfrfrf N`sfrfr f nf`, Efus, 2vv, =622,  NGf (=663 ```, 228 `v, 9=8 =6:4 ```, 228 `v, 94) N`sfrfr`s gna`un, 2vv, =622,  NGf (=6:4 ```, 228 `v, 94)8 fe. `a Dw, lxxv`` (=02?), =0 Afng pgtfst vfa`rf, 6vv, =650 fe. `a Dw, lxxv`` (=02?), = A`jrm sun, 6vv, =650 (=663 `v, =38 =6:4 `v, 9?)8 fe. `a MN@, ` (=30:/  Y), 20 G ifmtun pgat`b`dfn, 6vv, =650 (=663 ```, 228 `v, =38 =6:4 ```, 22) G qumn jlgr`gsun, 2vv, =622 (=663 `v, 908 =6:4 `v, =0) G smdrun dgav`v`un, 6vv, =650 Gsdulftur nf gsdul`s, 6vv, =650 (=663 ```, 938 =6:4 ```, 93) _mjf 6 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

5

_mrdf _mr df n`c`, Egn`af, 5vv, =624 _mrd`us _mr d`us Fstfasfs, 6vv, =62:´

_mtfr agstfr, Mvf Mvf Nmr`m, :vv, =650, rfv rfv.. `a =622 (=663 ```, 93, 228 `v, =08 =6:4 ````, ``, 93, 228 `v, 9=) Tmlvf rfj`am, 2vv, =622 (=663 ```, 228 =6:4 ```, 228 `v, 9?) Tfimst`maus Ef` dultgr, 2vv, =622 T` igam susdfp`nus, 6vv, =650 (=663 `v, 928 =6:4 `v, 93) :

T` `jagrms, 6vv, =650

Ttmimt

 @-  nmtfr, Ran

, `v, =:09 5

 Ufeft  Ufeft ma`nmn nfmn nfmn,, 5vv, =624 Rfa` Tmadtf Tp`r`tus, 6vv, =650

R`dt`nmf pmsdcml`, 2vv, =650´, rfv. rfv. `a =622 (=6:4 `v, 9?) R`rjg pruefat`ss`nm, pruefat`ss`nm, 2vv, =622 (=663 ```, 938 =6:4 ```, 93)8 fe. J. _mgludd`, Mrtf  Mrtf prmt`dm e` dgatrmppuatg (R  (Rfa`df, fa`df, =:26—:9), ``, 96?

Tfdulmr 6

Mngr nfatrf egrn`m, 6vv, =629 D =:

6

Dmat`a‐ dga egld‐f jrmt`gs‐ mddfat`, 6vv, =629 D 64 =2

Dgnf s` n‐mddfaeftf, 5vv, =62:

Egaam dcf qums` d`jag, 6vv, =622¹´ D 0:

_mjf 2 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

2

F bgrsf fl n`g ifa, 6vv, =629 D 36 6

F qufstg `l lfjag, 6vv, =629 D 20 6

@‐ vg p`majfaeg, 6vv, =629  (=663 `v, 928 =6:4 `v, 93) D 5?8 fe. `a Dw, lxxv`` (=02?), 95 0

Lmurg jfat`lf, 6vv, =653 D=

=2

Nfatrf efl n`g iuga, 6vv, =623 D === =2

]umae‐`l sgmvf, 5vv, =62: =6

T` dc‐gvf pr`n, 6vv, =6:? fe. `a Blury

=2

T` n` v`em fs, 5vv, =62:

6

Tpfat‐frm j`m l‐mregr, 6vv, =629 D 93

I`il`gjrmpcy Dmbb`T TtruahTY9 J. [mrl`ag; @abgrnmt`gaf  @abgrnmt`gaf … `atgrag lm gr`j`af efllm dgajrfjmt`gaf dgajrfjmt`gaf ef ` Yfvfrfae` Brmt` Dmpudd`a` Dmpudd`a`   (Rfa`df, =6:0) I. Imle`; Imle`; –R`tf `afe`tf e` nmtfnmt`d` `tml`ma`‐, XNT, =606^ fe. F. Amreudd`, Igllft`ag   Igllft`ag e` i`il`gjrmb`m f stgr`m efllf sd`fazf nmtfnmt`dcf f b`s`dcf, =0 (=332), 244—5? J.I. Ifafeftt`; E`vfrsmrun   E`vfrsmrun spfdulmt`gaun nmtcfnmt`dmrun & pcys`dgrun l`ifr  (Uur`a, =636)

_mjf : gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

 Y)  R.  R. Jml`lf`; E`sdgrsg  E`sdgrsg `atgrag mll‐gpfrf e` Nfssfr J`gsfbbg J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag em Dc`gjj`m (Blgrfadf, =630/ Y

J.N. Mrtus`; @nprfsm  @nprfsm efl ngltg Yfv. Yfv. N. J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag em Dc`gjj`m … e`dc`mrmtm (Iglgjam, =2?5)   C. Y`fnmaa; Y`fnmaa; –[mrl`ag mls cmrnga`sdcfr Euml`st‐, NNj , =9 (=33?), =66—:, =:5

C. [fadh ; –[mrl`ag‐s “@st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf„ mls ]ufllf zur Nus`hmasdcmuuaj efr `tml`fa`sdcfa Yfam`ssmadf‐, [Nw   , =9 (=090—4?), 65?—:3 D. Emclcmus; Emclcmus; –Zmr [mrl`ag Euml`st7‐, Nb    , =? (=06:), 932—0=   Y.Z. Z`fapmcl; Z`fapmcl; –[mrl`ag, tcf Tfamr`g, mae Ugaml`ty‐, KMNT , =9 (=060), 9:—5=

J.M. Nmrdg; Nmrdg; –[mrl`ag‐s Yulfs gb Dguatfrpg`at `a tcf L`jct gb Ngefra _femjgjy‐, NY   , 99 (=02=), =—=9 D.R. _ml`sdm; _ml`sdm; –Td`fat`b`d Fnp`r`d`sn `a Nus`dml Ucgujct‐, Tfvfatffatc-Dfatury Td`fadf mae tcf  Mrts, fe. C.C. Ycys (_r`adftga, AK, =02=)8 rfpr. w`tc prfb. agtf `a _ml`sdm,  Ttue`fs `a tcf C`stgry gb @tml`ma Nus`d mae Nus`d Ucfgry  (Gxbgre, =005), 9??—46 Y. Blury; J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag mls Hgnpga`st (Z`atfrtcur, =029) Y. Ngatfrgssg; Ngatfrgssg; –L‐fstft`dm ‐fstft `dm e` J`gsfbbg J`gsfbb g [mrl`ag‐, [mrl`ag ‐, Dc`j`mam, 95, afw sfr. `v (=02:), =4—93   Y. Drgdhfr; Drgdhfr; –_frdcà [mrl`ag e`fef uam augvm aunfrmz`gaf m` nge`7‐, Y@N  , 4 (=023), 53—63

D.R. _ml`sdm; @atrgeudt`ga tg J. [mrl`ag; Ucf Mrt gb Dguatfrpg`at, trmas. J.M. Nmrdg mae D.R.   _ml`sdm (Afw Cmvfa, DU, DU, mae Lgaega, =023), =4—928 sff mlsg rfv`fw r fv`fw iy E. Lmuamy, YIN  , xx (=0:?), 95?—59    K  K.. Cmmr; Cmmr; –[mrl`ag‐s Efb`a`t`ga gb Bujuf mae @n`tmt`ga‐, KMNT , 95 (=0:=), 992—65

E._. Zmlhfr; Zmlhfr; –Tgnf Mspfdts gb tcf Nus`dml Ucfgry gb R`adfazg Jml`lf` mae Jml`lfg Jml`lf`‐, _YNM   , =?? (=0:4—5), 44—5:8 rfpr. `a Zmlhfr,  Ttue`fs `a Nus`dml Td`fadf `a tcf Lmtf Yfam`ssmadf   (Lgaega, =0:3), =5—92 N.T. Lfw`s; Lfw`s; –[mrl`ag‐s Ucfgr`fs gb Ufxt Vaefrlmy ms @llustrmtfe `a c`s Ngtft Iggh gb =650‐, Agtfs   Agtfs, 59 (=036—2), 940—2:  K  K.. Lfvy mae M.  M. Ngr`; Ngr`; –Ucf E`mtga`d Ims`s gb Bujuf `a [mrl`ag‐, @a  @a Ucfgry Galy , 0/9—4 (=032), 44—52 @. _mlunig-Bgssmt`; _mlunig-Bgssmt`; –Lm dmsm vfafz`mam e` J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag afl tfstmnfatg f afll‐`avfatmr`g ef` ifa` efl jrmaef tfgr`dg nus`dmlf‐, AYN@    , 9? (=032), 244—50 _. Zmlhfr; Zmlhfr; –Brgn Yfam`ssmadf “bujm„ tg Imrgquf Bujuf; tcf Yglf gb tcf “Twffl`adh Ucfgry Nmausdr`pts„‐, Tdcütz-Ki =032, 04—=?5 Zgre-U Ugaf Yflmt`gas `a Nus`dml Ucgujct; brgn Mat`qu`ty ttg g tcf Tfvfatffatc Dfatury   E. Cmrría; Zgre(Ttuttjmrt, =032)

_. Imri`fr`; Mdust`dm,   Mdust`dm, mddgremturm f tfnpfrmnfatg tfnpfrmnfatg afll‐@llun`a`sng vfaftg (Ygnf, =03:)

_mjf 3 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

 Maerfm Jmir`fl` f `l sug tfnpg, fe. B. F. Bui`a`; Bui`a`; –[mrl`ag, Rfafz`m f lm nus`dm strunfatmlf‐, Maerfm Efjrmem (Blgrfadf, =03:), 43:—5?9

E. Cmrría; Cmrría; –Tullm jfafs` efllm bmngsm e`sputm brm J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag f R`adfazg Jml`lf`; ua augvg prgb`lg‐, AYN@    , 9= (=03:), 52:—:6 I. Y`vfrm; Y`vfrm; –[mrl`ag‐s Mpprgmdc tg Dguatfrpg`at Nge`b`fe mae Urmasn`ttfe iy Tftc Dmlv`s`us‐,   @NTDY S@R  S@R;; Iglgjam =03:, 9, =2:—3  @a Tfmrdc gb Cmrngay; Cfirfw mae Cunma`st Flfnfats `a T`xtffatc-Dfatury Nus`dml E. Cmrría; @a Ucgujct  (Ttuttjmrt, =033)

Y. M`rgle`; Lm  Lm tfgr`m efl tfnpfrmnfatg efll‐ftï e` e` J`gsfbbg [mrl`ag, [mrl`ag, fe. F.B F.B.. Imrmss`  (Drfngam, =030) N. Bfae; Bfae; –[mrl`ags Rfrsudc f`afr Mx`gnmt`s`fruaj efr Nus`htcfgr`f `a efa E`ngstrmt`ga`   E`ngstrmt`ga` cmrnga`dcf (=6:=)‐, Nus`htcfgr`f  Nus`htcfgr`f, 5/9 (=030), ==4—92 L. B`dg; [mrl`ag;  [mrl`ag; Dgasgamazm f e`ssgamazm afllf –@st`tut`ga` –@st`tut`ga` cmrnga`dcf‐ (Imr`, =030) D.R. _ml`sdm; Ucf Blgrfat`af Dmnfrmtm; Egdunfatmry Ttue`fs mae Urmaslmt`gas (Afw Cmvfa, DU, =030) _. Tmav`tg; Tmav`tg; –Lf spfr`nfatmz`ga` afllf sd`fazf qumer`v`ml` e` mldua` fp`stglmr` [mrl`a`ma` `afe`t`‐,  Ttue` nus`dml`, =0 (=00?), 4?6—=3  Nus`d `a _frbgrnmadf mae Tgd`fty; N. L`aelfy; L`aelfy; –[mrl`ag‐s 9/:-Dgnnm Nfmatgaf Ufnpfrmnfat‐, Nus`d  Fssmys `a Cgagr gb Yglmae Kmdhsga, fe. N. Dglf mae K.  K. Hgfjfl (Zmrrfa, N@, =00:)

Tff mlsg Jlmrfma, Cf`ar`dc  Mrtus`, J`gvmaa` Nmr`m, §=; L`bf L`bf mae pglfn`ds Dmaga (`), §4; =52? tg =2?? Dgasgamadf, §=; C`stgry Dguatfrpg`at, §0; [mrl`ag mae mspfdts gb e`ssgamadf trfmtnfat. Bujuf, §5(``); =:tc dfatury; Ucfgry; tfrn`aglgjy tfrn`aglgjy,, strudturf Jml`lf`, R`adfazg, §9; Zgrhs Cmrngay,, §=; C`stgr`dml efb`a`t`gas Cmrngay Cunma`sn, §4; Cunma`st nus`dml tcgujct `a tcf Yfam`ssmadf `atgamt`ga, vgdml

 Kust `atgamt`ga, §=; Jfafrml tcfgry H`rdcfr, Mtcmams`us, §9; Zgrhs Ufnpfrmnfats, §=; @atrgeudt`ga _mjf 0 gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).

Tuisdr`ifr; Va`vfrs`eme @atframd`gaml ef Rmlfad`m8 emtf; =6 Kuaf 9?9?  

Ngef, §@@@, 5(```); Ngeml tcfgr`fs mae pglypcga`d nus`d; Tystfns gb =9 ngefs Yfam`ssmadf, §4; Nus`d mae tcf dgadfpt gb rfi`rtc _c`lgsgpcy gb nus`d, §@@, 5; Yfam`ssmadf tcgujct Ycftgr`d mae nus`d, §@, 9; Imrgquf Tgjjfttg Tgjjfttg dmvmtg Ufxt uaefrlmy, §9; =2tc-dfatury tcfgry  Rmr`mt`gas,  R mr`mt`gas, §9; Ufrn`aglgjy Ufrn`aglgjy  Rfa`df,  R fa`df, §=; Ug Ug =2??  Mddfat, §=; C`stgry Z`llmfrt, Mer`ma, §0; Lfjmdy

_mjf =? gb

=?

_r`atfe brgn Jrgvf Nus`d Gal`af. Jrgvf `s m rfj`stfrfe trmefnmrh. Vaefr tcf tfrns gb tcf l`dfadf mjrffnfat, ma `ae`v`euml usfr nmy pr`at gut m s`ajlf mrt`dlf bgr pfrsgaml usf (bgr eftm`ls sff _r`vmdy _gl`dy).