Life Ever Bitter FINAL

LIFE EVER BITTER

Faustino Aguilar

Faustino Aguilar’s “Kay Pait ng Pamumuhay”, an excerpt from the novel “Pinaglahuan”, shows the socio-economic condition at that time emphasizing mainly on social imbalance, unequal opportunities and ineffectiveness of government. It also gives us a glimpse on how socialism could be the solution to these problems. However, socialism could also worsen the situation. It is not the only answer to poverty but the cooperation between the government and individuals do.

 A. Char Char acte cters Luis Gat-Buhay, a young accountant of 24, strived for a balanced society where everyone would be given equal opportunities regardless of their social status. It was not explicitly mentioned in the story that he is an accountant but referring to the lines below we could conclude so, “Luis Gat - Buhay  Buhay pensively stares at the ledger on his desk.” (1 st  sentence,  par. 1) “With this thought in mind, Luis sprang from his seat, and left his desk, the pen and the ledger that he used to record the income and profits of the house he worked. (1 st  sentence, par. 20)” 20)” He was rash in his opinions and impatient for the real independence for he was also milked dried along with the poor majority. He longed for changes and justice for people like him. See the lines below, “He longs for a time when there would no longer be masters nor slaves…  He wants the many unfortunates to lead comfortable lives, enjoying equal opportunities regardless of their status in life or the color of their skin.” ( 1 ( 1 st  & 5th  sentence, par 4). It can be inferred from the above statements that Luis is the protagonist. He hoped for a change that will destroy the walls dividing the rich and the poor. Luis can be compared to the

character of Carl in the story entitled "Two Faces of America," an excerpt from the novel "America is in the heart," written by Carlos Bulosan. A s quoted by Carl, "...There should be law against the importation of labor..." 1 Both characters attempted to fight for the rights of the Filipino workers with a fair and  just treatment for all of the people in the story "And to think there is a God, religion and society which should care..." (par. 27) “Life is ever bitter -uttered -uttered Luis as he r eturned eturned to his desk.” (par. 45) (par. 45) With these lines, it could be ascertained that Luis possessed a dynamic characteristic. In the beginning of the story, he showed eagerness to fight for their rights however, after witnessing the commotion, he seemed to lose hope. With all the injustices, Luis could not do anything but to face reality. His thoughts remained in his mind. On the other hand, Danding, the lover of Luis, was the opposite of Luis' character. She sided with those who were on the higher footing. “He understood the girl’s reasoning when she she [Danding] said: you are poor, you could not afford me, that it would truly be in vain to admit the love affair to Don  Nicanor, and that it would only bring sorrow to her.” ( 2nd  sentence, par. 14) Danding's rejection made Luis realized that rich people were the ones who were favored in all aspects of life. Her perception towards the social status and favoring those who were on the top did not change all throughout the story. story. In the story her character shows a flat characteristic for she was only a support character to Luis Luis and her personality didn’t change throughout the story. Moreover, another character contradictory to the personality of Luis was Don Nicanor, the father of Danding. Don Nicanor was a typical father who also also sided with people who have a higher rank in the society. Just like her daughter, he discriminated discriminated the people who were at the  bottom. As an antagonist of the story, he contributed to the injustices suffered by Luis by marrying off his daughter to a rich man. See the lines below. "It is not Danding's fault, but her parents' who think that it is but proper to insist on their  position…  Don Nicanor would never agree to tie his daughter's fate to that of the poor, for it would be tantamount to adulterating the gold .” .” (1 st & 3 rd   sentence, par. 14)

The above lines clearly showed the personality of Don Nicanor being a status seeker and this personality did not change all throughout the story. Being a support role and having an unchanged personality, he is also considered as a flat character. In addition, Don Nicanor also  possessed a stock characteristic for he h e generalizes the poor as people who wh o do not no t have a capacity to do well and have no honor. "…whatever "…whatever he does, luck would be at Rojalde's side." (1 st  sentence, par. 15) Another character is Rojalde, the rich man who was to marry Danding, from the statement above it describes Rojalde as a powerful man. His character was the complete opposite of Luis. He was rich and favored favored while Luis was not. His personality remained unchanged in the story and being a support role, he could also be ascertained to be having a flat characteristic. The group of men played a minor role in the story. They could be described as the unfortunate ones. In the text: “In their nakedness, one sees poverty indicating that  they   they are the unfortunate ones who sell their labor power by carrying the load of anyone who orders them about. They are the society’s servants-in-waiting servants-in-waiting during a sumptuous banquet, standing by, waiting for anyone to throw at them, not meat bones which are still tasty, but even just fish bones already scraped clean.” ( 3rd  -4th sentences, par. 21) From the above statement, the group of men portrayed the inequality and the injustices suffered by the poor. They possessed a flat characteristic for their personality did not change all through out. The policeman, the woman, and the man wearing a dirty shirt and a shabby Baliuag also  played a minor role in the story. The policeman was responsive, but at the same he was too aggressive in carrying out his duty as a police officer. On the other hand, the woman was hypocrite and oppressive toward the man in shabby Baliuag. As evident in the text, the woman said: “You should have told me honestly, and I would have given you you food, you  sonofa…” (par. 37) (par. 37) In contrast, the man in shabby Baliuag said: “You would not have given me if I told you. I know, because I am  physically fit. You would have shooed me away like an animal, just as I was driven away from the doors I knocked at asking for work.” (par. 38) (par. 38)

The above statement can describe the man in shabby Baliuag as someone who has given up. He felt hopeless that the society could help him, thus he became a thief. All of them were also a supporting subject to represent what Luis was pointing out, and that was the unfair treatment to the poor. All of the three, being a supporting character and possessing an unchanged  personality throughout the story, could be considered to be a flat character. The group of men, the woman, policeman and the man who was wearing a dirty shirt and shabby Baliuag was used by the author to personify the people he was describing at the  beginning in the story. He used them to give example to the readers that tha t the kind of people he was referring to at the start of the story really do exist.

B . Se S etti ngs The story was set during the early 20th century where the Philippines were under the colonial rule of the United States of America. America. During those times, inequality inequality and discrimination were rampant. The walls between rich and poor widened. With the social system at that time, the rich became richer while the poor became poorer. By this reason, Faustino Aguilar, the author,  portrayed in his novel, "Pinaglahuan", particularly the Chapter VI of the novel entitled "Life Ever Bitter" the injustices suffered by the Filipinos. "Life is ever bitter-uttered bitter-uttered Luis as he returned returned to his desk. " (paragraph 45) The only place where the story transpired was at Luis' office. The author's use of one  place setting can be compared to the story entitled Wanted: A Chaperon by Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero2. The latter story talked about culture, traditions and its importance. Just like Life Ever Bitter, the story used only one place all throughout the story and that was the house of Don Francisco and Dona Petra. Though the place was limited, limited, it did not lessen the the effectiveness of the story. The technique was used by the Faustino to emphasize emphasize more on the thoughts of Luis. Luis.

C . Plo P lott The author used a descriptive type or style in writing this literary piece. Descriptive writing is a literary device in which the author uses details to paint a picture with their words. This process will provide readers with descriptions of people, places, objects, and events through the use of suitable details. (Sedillo, 2017) Using this style of writing helps the author communicate to his readers what the characters were ex periencing in the story.

“He is a young man of 24. Both parents are already dead, and he is left caring for his younger younger sisters.” (2nd  sentence, par. 1) “They wore heavil   y soiled shirts and knee-length pants which left their sunburned arms and legs exposed.” (2nd  sentence, par.21) From the above phrase, the author gave a detailed description what the main character saw when he noticed a group of men while looking outside the window. The use of these sensory words made it easier for the readers to relate to the characters and visualize the characters clearly. Furthermore, the author also used metaphors in order to create persuasive effect or appeal to the readers. Metaphors are a form of figurative language, which refers to words or expressions that mean something different from their literal definition. (Underwood, 2017) The use of metaphors made it easier for the author to communicate his ideas to the readers. (See the phrase  below) “ He looks forward to the future, a time still covered by the dark clouds that need to be dispersed by strong winds for the sun to shine in the east to illumine the road taken by people in distress and in tears” tears”(3rd   sentence par. 16) The dark clouds could be interpreted as those people who cause oppression to the lowly or to the powerless. The strong wind could be the collaborated efforts of the people who are for equality, and once the oppressive people were eradicated, there could be ease in each and every  people’s life. The plot structure used was episodic, where the sequence of events was literally unrelated  but bound by common theme or characters. For Fo r example, ex ample, the first paragraph is about hypocrisy that the main character wants to get rid of while the second paragraph talks about people who are self-centered and the main character hopes that they would consider the things that would benefit the majority. The two paragraphs quoted above say different things but what make them go together is they have common theme which is the desire for change.

In the story, the transition of events and ideas was based on the main character’s thoughts. These thoughts are of different situation but tied together by the idea of change and equality. The type of plot structure used by the author helped him supply the readers with knowledge of the different forms of inequality in our society that some readers might not able to realize until they read this literary piece.

D. Theme The main theme of “Life Ever Bitter” is the imbalance of the society and society and how people tend to obey riches and not being humane. A desirable and equal society must not have any distinction of masters and slaves, and wealth becomes the imaginary pen drawing the border of rich and poor leading to ordinary workers being abused and milked dried beyond their strength. Aguilar wants to focus on the wickedness of wealth for it is the source of all imbalances happening in society. As stated by the passage below. “He is looking for a way of life and a kind of society which does not worship money…” (1 st  sentence, par. 4) The rich and capitalists must not exploit every worker but rather think of them as human  beings with equal treatment and fairness fairness regardless of anyone’s state  state  and skin color. The self desire of money for higher status and power must not be in the minds of the people. Everyone must think of the welfare of all and and be ready for anyone’s need, entailing entailing this; there must be no more destruction of human dignity and lives, for people must be loved and riches must be owned and not the other way around. The author also wants to emphasize how a person, because of wealth, becomes less humane and dignified one, just like the woman who owned the store that furiously attack the man who did not pay on what he had eaten in her restaurant. The woman did not consider her being humane and mocked the thief in front of the crowd, not thinking the man’s situation. “- Enough,  Enough, enough you’re no longer my care, how dare a thief like you argue with me- the woman said sarcastically, which was met by laughter from  some of the curious crowd.” (   par. 39) Furthermore, commercialization of everything must be lessen, it must only limit to goods and should not include knowledge and religion, for commercializing these two would result to

the oppression of the poor. Knowledge must be shared to everyone for improvement and so that everyone would have a chance of sufficient knowledge so as not to be ignorant. Knowledge could also maximize everyone’s everyone’s mind  mind  so that new ideas would breed new inventions and innovations. On the other hand, religion must be used to give people hope and assist them in reaching their dreams. It must be used to make everyone feel happy and comfortable even though life becomes harsh. It must be maximize to give everyone faith in times of troubles, but unlike today, many religions uses faith in another way and not its principal obligation of giving hope and help everyone in need. The writer emphasizes this because of his discouragement of religion for not doing of what it was supposed to do. This was apparent when Luis said this, “-And to think there is a God, religion, or society which should care-” care- ” (1 st  sentence, par.27 & 44) What the author wish to convey here is that how come problems still exist when everyone is claiming that there’s a God? Can God just erase these problems so that there would b e no more suffering? In addition, mercy must not just for showing off to everyone. Mercy and eagerness to help must come from within. It’s It’s good to help someone  someone  with the presence and knowledge of everybody, but there’s this there’s this purity and genuineness of mercy if it is done secretly and when no one is looking. The author wants to express that charity must be pure and not just for show off for it would just be like showing how rich you are which would mislead people that you are a kind person even if you’re not. “Luis eagerly hopes for a happy a happy time when mercy is virtue, unlike now when charity is bought and bandied about by those who can afford to.” (1 st  sentence, par. 5) Also, property must be equally distributed if not free of o wnership. A concrete example is land, it was given to us by nature and by virtue of God, and it must be appropriated to everyone, enjoyed by all and must no longer subject to human avarice. However, society today tends to oppose it; people’s it;  people’s lives are destroyed because of the partitions of land land arguing who must own this and that up to the extent of taking lives just to justify one’s ownership. one’s ownership. Moreover, every person must be contented, for desiring more wealth and property would lead to arrogance and desire to rule above everyone. If someone has more he must think not only of himself but to the welfare of everyone. As our author says,

“…People should feel content of what they have… If not, there will always be, as there has always been, the poor who are oppressed by their fellow human beings; and the desire to put personal gain above above all else shall never end.” (par. 6) Lastly, government must also do their job by reflecting the will of majority and not just  by few elites and lawmakers, they must uphold the sacredness of human rights, rulers must also set aside personal gain to effectively rule and represent the nation. But on the other side of the coin, the government becomes mirror reflecting the image of deceitful past possessing people’s lives and resources to serve their own interest and consolidate their rule. Terrorism must also be  prevented at all times for it hinders the progress of the society, if a certain wish or change is asked it must be done in peaceful and legal way. In spite of all the society’s problems, problems , we should trust the power of majority, with full  belief and strong faith, that everyone could make a difference and could uphold his rights and can fight against all odds no matter what the struggles are. The author still expresses his hope that one day all of this could end, as he said, “A time shall come when real freedom is established, when there will no longer be lords and kings, when basic rights are no longer held hostage by the  guns of the powerful.” (par. powerful.” (par. 12) The title “Life Ever Bitter” truly reflects the theme that the author wishes to convey. The negativity of the story presented by the title is consistent throughout the story emphasizing the diminutive and substantial problems of society. It also illustrates how the problems are chained to each other by describing every link of problems to imprison the characters while giving exception to others. The “Bitter” in the title coveys the heaviness of the story, it shapes the reason on what we can expect from the story. However in the end, the character had a wishful thinking that everything could change, that the utopia that he fervently wishes would be fulfilled.

E . D i alogue/ logue/ L anguage The first part of the story uses inner dialogue that reveals the main character’s  personality. It was used to employ stream of consciousness and dramatic monologue to set the atmosphere of the story. The choice of words was wise and appropriate, ref lecting lecting the character’s

visions and opinions. The words were so distinctive and comprehensible but have a deeper meaning compare to what you are expecting it to be. “These are his ardent dreams in life, even while the sea is still rough, darkness still prevails, and old and new ideas are struggling with each other. But not one side wobbles: both are still strong. At this very moment, the moneyed ones still peddle the wrong ideas about the  poor.”(par.  poor.”(par. 13) The above passage shows how the author presented the sentences figuratively with simple words but with deep meaning. It effectively influenced the readers of what the writer wants to express by comparing the real-life situation to a calamitous natural phenomena. The choice of words makes the sentence colorful while the character is ranting and complaining about the issues of the system and the society. The sentence length is sufficient. Every sentence and tone gives the feeling of bitterness of Luis. Every word that represents a feeling was clearly expressing its thought, for example the line “He wants to destroy arrogant power, ostentatious display of wealth which which Luis’ thinking only further offends the needy.” (1 st  sentence, par. 7) Even if you’re already in the middle of the story you could feel the tension arising from Luis that truly define of what the author wanted to convey about Luis. For instance, “In the face of all these, Luis could only depend on the power of  people, on the suffering of majority who are now starting to stir; the so called nation which becomes all powerful when in wrath and no longer be able to bear the pain, and are especially capable of making miracles  surpassing those of God’s.”(1 st  sentence, par. 19) The text above shows the aftermath of the burning of the heart and the yearning for change of Luis. It shows a glimpse of hope, a feeling of courage and fervor that soothes the fire that’s  burning within us showing that no matter how bad things are as long as we look at the  bright side of the situation there’s always this faith and hope.

The language presented by Luis shows what kind of person he is, the 2 nd paragraph of the story tells us about what he wanted to change and what made him want to have change. Luis was not a believer of God or religion or the society, the passage “And to think there there is a God or Religion and society which should care.”(par. care.”(par. 27 & 44) At the latter part of the story, when Luis’ Luis ’ attention was directed to a group of men, the dialogue becae an outer dialogue in which it is a simple conversation between two or more characters. (literarydevices.net) The group of men specifically the pale-faced guy and the man-who-first-spoke represented the ordinary people at that time, as the author describes, “In their nakedness, one sees poverty, indicating that they are the unfortunate ones who sell their labor power by carrying the load of anyone who orders them about”(3rd  sentence, par. 21) The words they used were more of like people begging and in grief about the things that they were deprived about, which was work and opportunities, and how tired and hopeless they were thinking that their life could improve. As the conversation goes, “One of the men spoke: Of all commodities, labor power is the most most difficult to sell. I left my wife and three children who had not yet eaten breakfast… b reakfast… but I’ve not earned anything until now and I don’t know where to get money to buy food for the family.  As if on cue, his companions simultaneously answered –  answered  –  You’re right” (Par. 22 and 23) The store owner and the police showed the example of what Luis wanted to give emphasis to-the kind person kind person who doesn’t d oesn’t think  think about the welfare of others. We could see clearly how the Spanish language was used by the store owner and the police. By using this foreign language we could notice their distinction from other characters. The emphasis was directed unto them when the foreign language was used.

“-Este hombre, tekas, sabe tekas? Este chow, despues vamus, mucho vamus, like this, like this- and the woman woman acted like running” (Par. 32 ) “-Yes, mi sabe- the policeman answered smiling- Now, hombre- he told his catch- Sigue, Sigue, to calaboose you go.” (Par 33 ) The store owner represented the aristocrat that only gives charity if everyone knew of the charity she did. “You should have told me honestly and I would have given you food, you  sonofa” (   par. 37) At the time she said this with a loud voice, there were many people surrounding them who were curious of what was happening; only showing of what kind of person the store owner is. The police represented how the authorities or the government act by just doing as they told by those elite people and not thinking the welfare of the all. He should have had a fair treatment on the man who did not pay his meal, but instead he stroked the man with his club and was always saying yes to what the store own er wants to do with the thief. “-You take este hombre- she[the store owner] gratingly told the police “-Yes yes, com’on, sigue prontopronto- said the police to the man, striking him with his club” club” (par. 40 & 41) Judging on how they used the language, the readers could comprehend that they are  belittling the man who did not pay pa y for his meal. Luis’ Luis’ description of the two at the earlier part of the story was being personified giving the readers a tangible example. The language used by the author is a mix of Tagalog3  and Spanish language. The language played an important role in comprehension for it distinguished and relates the characters from one to another.

F . Sym S ymb bolism li sm One of the vital tools that the author used to convey meaning and also add power to catch the attention of the readers is the use of symbolism. symbolism. In the beginning of the story, story, the ledger was mentioned. The ledger symbolizes symbolizes balance. Ironically, Ironically, all throughout throughout the story nothing seemed to be balanced in the society. "He is poor while Rojalde is rich. rich. Whatever he does, luck would be at  Rojalde's side. " (1 st  sentence, par. 15) "...he is subjugated but could bot point out any other source of his troubles but the injustice of the prevailing system and philosophy. " (2nd  sentence, par. 16) Luis emphasized that the society favored those who were on the top and took for granted those who were at the bottom. The latter's potentials were disregarded. Another symbolism symbolism used was in the character of Luis. See the phrase below. "He believed from the very start that it was his duty to unite with people whose  sole purpose has been to fight for their right. From that time on, he served the cause of the poor. " (4th & 5th sentence, par. 2) In the lines mentioned, Luis represents the Filipino laborers who had worked so hard yet they got nothing in return. The compensation they they were worthy of was not given given to them. They were treated as if they were machines. "Luis fervently wishes that the poor be treated fairly as human beings, and not as machines forced to produced anything yet are not given enough compensation to meet their daily needs. " (4th sentence, par. 3) The character of Don Nicanor symbolizes s ymbolizes the US government. Refer to the line below. "Don Nicanor would never agree to tie his daughter's fate to that of the poor man... " (3rd  sentence, par. 14) The above line showed the characteristic of Don Nicanor being a strict, protective but not too much controlling of his daughter. He wanted to direct the life of his daughter. Jut like the

US government controlling the Philippines. They oppressed and deprived the Filipinos. The US government controlled the Philippines and disregarded the voices of the suffering Filipinos. However, Rojalde represents the Americans. In the line following line, “He is poor while Rojalde Rojalde is rich. Whatever he does, luck would be at  Rojalde’s side.” (1 side.” (1st sentence, par. 16) Rojalde and Don Nicanor both have the characteristics of being favored and rich. When Rojalde was chosen by Don Nicanor to be the husband of the latter’s daughter , it clearly showed the biased treatment between the rich and poor. Those people at the higher rank or people who  possessed wealth were favored and adored. Danding symbolizes the Motherland or the Philippines while Rojalde symbolizes the America and Don Nicanor symbolizes the Filipino elites who wanted to be with America so that their wealth could grow more. It is obvious in the story on how the author wanted to represent these three. The marriage of Danding to Rojalde could symbolize the giving up of Motherland to the oppressors for Luis, which represents the ordinary Filipinos, could not do anything anymore  because they are helpless h elpless against the oppressors. If we relearn our history we could relate these to what happened to the Philippines during the American colonization. In the last part where there was a commotion, the police officer represents authority and  power. "...striking hin with his club. " (paragraph (paragraph 41) The previous line clearly showed the oppressive treatment of those who were in authority. The police officer took the law in his hand and punished the man without a fair and  just trial. "...a time still covered by dark clouds that need to be dispersed by a strong wind for the sun to shine in the east... " (3rd  sentence, par. 16) In this line, the dark clouds symbolize the US colonialism while the strong wind symbolizes unity and nationalism and the sun symbolizes freedom.

G . Po P oi nt of V i ew This story is from the point of view of the third person. The third person is not n ot a character on the story and it is the most commonly used point of view in writing. The third person's perspective in the story is omniscient, which means that the narrator knows everything. He's not limited by what one character knows and he can know things that other characters don't. It represents not only of the main character's thoughts but also the events and opinions of other people around his life. As a result, this style of narration brings to life an entire world of events and characters and gives them significant depth.

H . To T one In the beginning of the story, it is evident that the author, Faustino Aguilar, was contemplative on what was the situation in the society. In the story, the author said, “He wants to destroy arr ogant ogant power, ostentatious display of wealth, be it on one’s body, in his dwelling, or whole lifestyle, which in Luis thinking only further offend the needy.”( 1 st  sentence, par. 7) It showed bitterness and anger towards the current system and how the poor are being oppressed by the rich. One paragraph states, “He longs for a time when there would no longer be masters nor slaves, no superiors nor downtrodden.”( 1 st  sentence, par 3) This exhibited Luis’ persistent desire or longing for change and showed his hopes his hopes for a  better time where no one would be treated less than whom they are. The author showed Luis’ hatred with what was happening not only to him, but also to his fellow men. In addition to the tones given, the author was also being cynical to those who are in  power during that time, and to those who are greed y and concerned only with their own interests. An example of this is when the narrator said, “The words me first may be heard spoken by anyone expecting some benefits, and he hates them. He want   s people’s thinking to be motivated by the

well-being of all, not by the self-interest of a few, which is commonly practiced nowadays.”(1 st  sentence, par 10) The tones used by the author such as bitterness, anger, longing, hatred, and cynical are appropriate for the subject of the story, especially given the background of the character used in the story: Luis being parentless at a young age of 26 while supporting her sisters with his monthly wages. Being angry and bitter about the system and everyone oppressing others is  justifiable from someone who is actually seeing how h ow the poor are being bein g treated by the rich, and how the less fortunate are willing to bend over backwards just to survive. This was an apparent situation in the story when a woman was badgering a man for stealing from her, and when a group of men were talking on how they would want to sell their labor just so they could bring something home from their family. This to the author seemed to be what the reality of the society; hence the tones mentioned above are truly reasonable. The story does not just focuses on imbalances, unequal opportunities and ineffectiveness of government. It also emphasizes on how an individual person contributed to these problems and an ideology of equality among all people. The author wants to suggest socialism as an answer. But socialism could not be the only solution, for there must be a joint effort of individuals and the government. Equality alone could result to dependency and resilience to the government. As we can see in the story, a collaboration of people and government must be the solution. The government must always consider the welfare of people without looking at their status, and every individual must strive to give all their strength and effort to improve their lives.

 NOTES 1

 p. 176 “Two Faces of America”America”-  Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology by Anthology by Lumbera,

Lumbera

2

 p. 123 “ Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology” Anthology” by Lumbera, Lumbera

3

Referring to original version. The version in Lumbera’s book was a translation by Mario

Ignacio Miclat. p. 163 Philippine 163 Philippine Literature: A history and anthology by anthology by Lumbera, Lumbera.

REFERENCE LIST: Lumbera, B. & Lumbera, C.N. (2016). Philippine Literature: A History and Anthology. Mandaluyong City. Anvil Publishing, Inc.

Sedillo, A. (2017).Descriptive Writing: Definition, Techniques & Examples. Retrieved from http://study.com/academy/lesson/descriptive-writing-definition-techniques-examples.html

Underwood, A. (2017). Metaphors. Retrieved from https://www.grammarly.com/blog/metaphor/ 

http://www.literarydevices.net/outerdialogue

ZLI 111/7:30-9:00/TTH/BBG GROUP 2 “Life Ever Bitter” 1. Cadoy, Kristine Bernadette 2. Encluna, John Davin 3. Ejanda, Miladel May 4. Maza, Princess Hannah 5. Yabes, Trisha 6. Sisican, Maeca Joyce 7. Diuco, Japoy