Licenciatura - Griego GB-221 - Tarea - Monografía Sobre La Lengua Griega

 

  OM^POPRPH RMOUBT^OPCT RMOUBT^OPCTOH OH    

^HNOH FRKCMO^PONH

 

@B UBMBWRBLC

ATOBAH/ AD-443 Fosthroc `b lc Lbmauc Arobac (Khmharceëc)

Nurscmtb7 _barbs Nf. , B`acr Ghsï (>1)  Mhvobkdrb 4:33 3

 

@bscrrhllh

LBMARC ATOBAC Omelubmnoc om`hburhpbc bm lc lbmauc arobac CMPOAÜB@C@ @B LC LBMARC Pbstokhmoh prokotovh

>

Zbnulocro`c` `b lc lbmauc arobac BVZCM^OÞM _ @OCLBNPH^ ATOBAH^.

0

LOPBTCPRTC NLÃ^ONC

2

ATOBAH NHK×M

1

ATOBAH KB@OBUCL

6

ATOBAH KH@BTMH Cntuclbs `oclbnths

?

OKZHTPCMNOC @BL ATOBAH NHKH LBMARC @B NRLPRTC

33

NHMNLR^OÞM

34

DODLOHATCEËC / QBDATCEËC

3>

LBMARC ATOBAC 4

 

Bstc lbmauc ronc y elbxodlb qub fc so`h bl kh`blh `b th`cs lcs lbmaucs phstbrohrbs mh bs somh umc `b lcs ehrkcs qub thkþ lc lbmauc om`hburhpbc h, kbghr `onfh, bl nhkplbgh `b lbmaucs om`hburhpbcs qub `bs`b bl quomth kolbmoh c. N. eubrhm trcë`cs phr fhr`cs mþkc`cs c Burhpc. Bstc lbm Bstc lbmauc, auc, ehrk ehrkcm cm umc sude sudecko ckolo locc `b lbm lbmauc aucss om`hbur om`hburhpbc hpbcss bstrbn bstrbnfck fckbmt bmtbb bkpcrbm bkp crbmtc` tc`cs cs qub omn omnluy luybm bm tcm tcmth th cmtoau cmtoaucs cs vcrocm vcrocmtbs tbs bxt bxtomt omtcs, cs, nhkh nhkh lbmaucs lbmaucs lot lotbrcr brcrocs ocs tckdoïm bxtomtcs (arobah nlãsonh, arobah fblbmëstonh), csë nhkh sus kh`brmhs supbrvovobmtbs9 bmtrb bllhs lc lbmauc heonocl `b Arbnoc9 bl arobah `okhtoië  kh`brmh.  kh`brmh.

Omelubmnoc om`hburhpbc bm lc lbmauc arobac Bs kunfh lh qub bm Arbnoc qub`þ vovh `b lc nulturc om`hburhpbc9 y kunfh tckdoïm lh qub bl lïxonh arobah aucr`c nhkh rbsth `b bsc nulturc, omnlush `b sus blbkbmths yc `bscpcrbno`hs y hlvo`c`hs. ^o lc lbmauc arobac bs lc nhmtomucnoþm `b lc lbmauc om`hburhpbc, kãs bxcntckbmtb `b claumh `b sus `oclbnths, lc nulturc arobac bs nhmtomucnoþm `b lc nulturc om`hburhpbc h `b umc `btbrkomc`c ecsb tbkphrcl y lhncl `b lc koskc. _ lbmauc y nulturc vcm umo` umo`cs cs.. Fb Fbkh khss `b vbr nþ nþkh kh cl claum aumcc pc pcrt rtbb `b `bll lï lïxo xonh nh aroba arobahh nh nhmt mtom om÷c ÷c bl lï lïxo xonh nh om`h om`hbur burhpb hpbh, h, do dobm bm bm lc kb`o kb`o`c `c bm qu qubb nh nhmt mtom om÷c ÷c rbelb rbelbgc gcm` m`hh lc ko kosk skcc nu nult ltur urc, c, do dobm bm nckdocm`h su sbkãmtonc pcrc c`cptcrsb c htrcs nornumstcmnocs.

CMPOAÜB@C@ @B LC LBMARC Pbstokhmoh prokotovh Fcstc 3?2> sb nrbëc qub lhs tbxths kãs cmtoauhs bsnroths bm arobah brcm lcs omsnropnohmbs clecdïtoncs qub `ctcdcm cprhxokc`ckbmtb `b 142 c.N. Bsb cóh, som bkdcrah, Konfcbl Ubmtros `bsnoerþ lc bsnroturc lombcl D y khstrþ qub lcs tcdlollcs omsnrotcs bm bstb so sost stbk bkcc `b bs bsnro nrotu turc rc,, bmnhm bmnhmtr trc` c`cs cs bm lc lcss ruo ruomc mcss `b lc lcss cm cmto toau aucs cs no nou`c u`c`b `bss ko konï nïmo moncs ncs,, rbelbgcdcm umc ehrkc prokotovc `b arobah7 sb trctc `bl `oclbnth konïmonh, qub mhs fc so`h trcmskoto`h bm ehrkc `b `hnukbmths c`komostrctovhs, mh lotbrcrohs, tbstokhmoh `b bstc`hs kuy nbmtrclozc`hs. Bl lombcl D bs umc bsnroturc solãdonc, nhm umhs 60 c 61 soamhs. ^u c`cptcnoþm cl arobah bs dcstcmtb `beonobmtb7 `beonobmtb7 mh sb `ostomaub `ostomaubmm hnlusovcs shr`cs `b shmhrcs, mh sb sbóclc lc >

 

csporcnoþm, mo lc ncmto`c` `b lcs vhnclbs, mo lcs nhmshmcmtbs eomclbs... _ bs qub lhs cqubhs c`cptcrhm bstb sostbkc `b bsnroturc `b lhs nrbtbmsbs (lombcl C), lhs nuclbs lc fcdëcm o`bc`h  pcrc bsnrodor umc lbmauc nuyc ehmïtonc e hmïtonc brc `ostomtc `b lc `bl arobah. ^or Crtfur Bvcms, c eombs `bl s.VOV, yc fcdëc cnlcrc`h lc fosthroc `b lc bsnroturc bm Nrbtc. Rm prokbr pbrëh`h `b pontharckcs nhmvbmnohmclozc`hs -gbrhalëeonh- (`osnh `b Ebsth) eub sunb`o`h phr htrh bm qub lhs "`odughs" eubrhm rb`uno`hs c sokplbs trczhs lombclbs nhm vclhrb vcl hrbss ehm ehmït ïton onhs, hs, bs `b `bno nor, r, rb rbprb prbsb sbmt mtcm cm`h `h nc nc`c `c so soamh amh um sh shmo mo`h `h.. Bm bstb bstb bs bstc tc`o `ohh sb `ostomaubm bl lombcl C, qub nhmstc `b umhs ?4 soamhs y sb usþ pcrc bsnrodor umc lbmauc mh arobac fcdlc`c bm Nrbtc, y bl lombcl D, qub eub bl usc`h phr lc novolozcnoþm konïmonc pcrc lc bsnroturc `bl arobah.

Zbnulocro`c` `b lc lbmauc arobac Lh prhp prhpoh oh y so soma maul ulcr cr `b bs bstc tc lb lbma mauc uc bs lc cp cpcr cron onoþ oþmm `b lb lbma mauc ucss lo lotb tbrc rcro rocs cs bstcm`crozc`cs bm thrmh cl cóh 4::: c. N. y bstã tbstokhmoc`h phr bl konïmonh y phr lh qub fcy `b crnconh bm Fhkbrh. Nhm Fhk Fhkbrh brh nhkobm nhkobmzc zc mh sþlh sþlh lc lot lotbrct brcturc urc aro arobac bac,, somh somh lc trc trc`on `onoþm oþm lo lotbr tbrcro crocc hnno`bmtcl. Bstc eub nhmhno`c b okotc`c bm th`h bl kum`h arobah. ^us `hs arcm`bs phbkcs, lc Oloc`c y lc H`osbc, bsths nhmstotuybrhm prhmth bm lhs tbxths eum`cnohmclbs `b th`c lc lotbrcturc cmtoauc.

BVZCM^OÞM _ @OCLBNPH^ ATOBAH^. Bm lc lotbrcturc arobac sb rbelbgc `bs`b sus nhkobmzhs umc ercakbmtcnoþm bm vcrohs `oclbnths, qub tobmbm su dcsb bm lc fosthroc y abharceëc `b lhs `ovbrshs pubdlhs `b lc Arbnoc cmtoauc. Lcs lbmaucs arobacs `b lc cmtoaüb`c` sb fcdlcdcm mh sþlh bm lc cmtoauc Arbnoc  pbmomsulcr, somh tckdoïm bm lcs nhlhmocs, `cm`h luacr c lcs `ostomtcs vcrocmtbs qub nhmhnbkhs nhmhnbk hs bm bl pbrëh`h nlãson nlãsonhh y prbnlãsonh. prbnlãsonh. Bstc rbpcrto rbpcrtonoþm noþm `oclbntcl bstcdc `ostroduo`c `ostroduo`c `b lc soauobmtb kcmbrc7

0

 

3. Bþ Bþlo lonh nh,, qu qubb sb fcdl fcdlcdc cdc bm lc pcrt pcrtbb mh mhrt rtbb `b lc nhstc nhstc `b Csoc Csoc Kbmh Kbmhr, r, bm lc oslc `b Lbsdhs, bm Pbscloc y bm Dbhnoc. 4. Gþmonh Gþmonh-ãtonh. -ãtonh. Aruph `o `oclbnt clbntcl cl ehrkc ehrkc`h `h phr7 Bl Gþmonh, ïstb sb fcdlcdc bm Budbc, bm lcs oslcs `bl Kcr Babh y bm Ghmoc (lc rbaoþm nhstbrc `b Cmcthloc Cmcthloc qub  qub nhkprbm`b c lcs nïlbdrbs nou`c`bs `b Bskormc, Ïebsh y Kolbth). Kolbth). Bstb `oclbnth bs lc dcsb `b lc lbmauc `b Fhkbrh, Fbsëh`h cl Fbsëh`h cl oaucl qub Fbrþ`hth. Fbrþ`hth. _ bl Ãtonh, fcdlc`h bm Ctbmcs y lc pbmëmsulc `bl Ãtonc. >. @þronh y aro arobah bah mhrhnno`b mhrhnno`bmtcl. mtcl. Cdcrncdc Cdcrncdc bl mhrhbstb `b Arbnoc, promnopcl promnopclkbmtb kbmtb arcm  pcrtb `bl Bporh, Khlhsoc Khlhsoc y  y Kcnb`hmoc, csë nhkh lc pbmëmsulc `bl Zblhphmbsh, lc pcrtb sur `b lc nhstc `b Csoc Kbmhr, lcs oslcs `b Nrbtc y Th`cs y arcm pcrtb `b lc Kcamc Arbnoc. 0. Crnc`h Crnc`h-nfopro -nfoprohtc7 htc7 Fcdlc` Fcdlc`hh bm Crnc`oc Crnc`oc y lc lc osl oslcc `b Nfoprb. Nfoprb. Bsths `ovbrshs `oclbnths mhs shm nhmhno`hs c pcrtor `bl soalh UOOO c. N7 dobm `orbntckbmtb, phr omsnropnohmbs bm pob`rc y nbrãkonc, shdrb th`h9 dobm om`orbntckbmtb, c trcvïs `b lc trc`onoþm lotbrcroc qub mhs llbac phr vëc kcmusnrotc. ^b trctc `b `hs nlcsbs `b tbxths7 lhs `bl arobah fcdlc`h bm lcs `ovbrscs nou`c`bs, qub nhmhnbkhs shdrb th`h phr bscs omsnropnohmbs9 y lhs `bl arobah lotbrcroh, lbmaucs nhkumbs qub bm umc nobrtc kb`o`c mhs llbacm phr lcs omsnropnohmbs, bm htrc phr lc vëc kcmusnrotc notc`c.

LOPBTCPRTC NLÃ^ONC Lhss arob Lh arobah ahss om omvb vbmt mtcr crhm hm lu lubah bah lc lcss eh ehrk rkcs cs lo lotb tbrc rcroc rocss nl nlãso ãsonc ncs, s, qub bm bmnub nubmt mtrcm rcm cnbptcnoþm omnlush eubrc `bl ãrbc `oclbntcl bm qub sb hroaomcrhm. Cquë lh qub prbvclbnb bs bl  prbstoaoh nulturcl. C. Lb Lbma mauc ucss `b lc ph phbs bsëc ëc.. ^b nc ncrc rcnt ntbr broz ozcm cm ph phrr fb fbnf nfhs hs `b vh vhnc ncdu dulc lcro rohh (u (ush sh `b nhkpubs nhk pubsths ths,, crnc crncosk oskhs, hs, mbh mbhlha lhaosk oskhs hs y pclcdrc pclcdrcss `bsusc`c `bsusc`cs), s), phr bl rbnursh rbnursh c gubahs gubahs ehmïtonhs (clotbrcnoþm, fhkhtblbuthm) y bstolëstonhs (kbtãehrcs, kbthmokocs, quocskh). Lc ercsb sublb sbr sbmnollc, nhm bsncsh `bscrrhll `bscrrhllhh `b lc sudhr`omcnoþm. sudhr`omcnoþm. ^hm eum`ckbmtclk eum`ckbmtclkbmtb bmtb nomnh7  ‐ lbmauc "fhkïronc" h ïponc7 `b ncrãntbr thtclkbmtb crtoeonocl, mumnc sb fcdlþ. Bs umc kbznlc `b vcrohs `oclbnths, cumqub `b ehm`h ghmoh.

2

 

 ‐ lbmauc `b lc lëronc mh nhrcl ((blbaëc, blbaëc, bpoarckc, yckdh-trhnconc y bhloc)7 prþxokc c lc lbmauc fcdlc`c, pbrh nhm cdum`cmtbs fhkbroskhs. ^b utolozcm `ovbrshs `oclbnths, sba÷m lc  prhn b`bmnoc `bl phbtc, so dobm lc yckdh-trhnconc bkplbc mhrkclkbmtb bl gþmonh.  ‐ lbmauc `b lc lëronc nhrcl7 `b bxtrchr`omcroc roqubzc y drollcmtbz, hstbmtc eubrtb  dcrmoz `hmoh, pbrh mh bs cgbmc c lc omelubmnoc `b lc ïponc.  ‐ lbmauc `b lc trcab`oc ãtonc7 bm lhs `oãlhahs rbvostb lcs ehrkcs `bl ãtonh purh, cumqub nhm ghmoskhs9 bl vhncdulcroh tobmb um thmh mhdlb. Lhs nhrhs herbnbm "nhlhr" `hroh.  ‐ lbmauc `b lc nhkb`oc. Lc nhkb`oc sonolocmc bs bsnrotc bm lc prhpoc lbmauc `b su nou`c` `b hroabm, ^orcnusc. Lc nhkb`oc ãtonc cpcrbnb dcgh lc ehrkc `bl ãtonh purh bm sus kcmoebstcnohmbs kãs vovcs y bsphmtãmbcs, cumqub c vbnbs sb rbnurrb c htrhs `oclbnths nhm eombs nþkonhs. D. Lbmaucs `b lc lc prhsc (Mh fcy bg bgbkplhs bkplhs `b pr prhsc hsc crtës crtëstonc tonc cmtbs cmtbs `b lc sbaum`c kotc` kotc` `bl soalh U). ^b ncrcntbrozcm phr bl thmh omtblbntucl y phr bl ph`brhsh `bscrrhllh `b mbhlhaoskhs y tbnmonoskhs, csë nhkh phr lhs gubahs rbtþronhs. Zbrh su rcsah kãs mhtcdlb bs bl ckploh `bscrrhllh qub bm bllcs clncmzc lc ercsb7 lc mbnbso`c` `b prbnoscr y kctozcr lcs o`bcs llbvc c lhs prhsostcs cl ush roaurhsh `b lc lbmauc. Lcs lbmaucs `b lc prhsc mh plcmtbcm  prhdlbkcs `oclbntclbs, yc qub sþlh clncmzcm rcmah rc mah lotbrcroh lcs prh`unnohmbs bm gþmonh-ãtonh. ^ë sb pub`b fcdlcr `b trbs pbroh`hs `ostomths7  prhsc cmtoauc7 bsnrotc bm lc llckc`c "ihomï gþmonc", vbr`c`brc lbmauc `b novolozcnoþm  ‐  prhsc mcno`c bm lcs nou`c`bs ghmocs `b Csoc.  ‐  prhsc  prhsc nlãsonc ãtonc7 bm bllc sb c÷mcm bl roahr omtblbntucl `b lc prhsc ghmoc y bl drollh d rollh

qub bl austh phr lc rbtþronc llbaþ c okprokor c lc lbmauc `b Ctbmcs.  ‐  prhsc  prhsc fblbmëstonc y arbnhrrhkcmc7 utolozcm prbebrbmtbkbmtb lc ihomï `b dcsb ãtonc c

qub cdhnþ bl arobah lotbrcroh. Fcy bm ïphnc arbnhrrhkcmc kubstrcs `b prhsc purostc qub bm nobrths khkbmths nulkomþ bm lc nhrrobmtb "ctonostc".

5

 

Bm bstc koskc ïphnc, bl solcdcroh konïmonh bs sustotuo`h phr um "clecdbth" `b 40 soamhs `brovc`h `b lc bsnroturc ebmonoc. Bstc `brovcnoþm bs bvo`bmtb phr vcrohs om`onohs7 lc ehrkc `b lcs lbtrcs arobacs bs sbkbgcmtb c lc `b lcs sbkotcs9 bm bl clecdbth ebmonoh lcs lbtrcs tobmbm um mhkdrb nhm soamoeonc`h (clbpf ; "duby" 9 dbtf ; "ncsc", btn.) kobmtrcs qub lhs mhkdrbs `b lcs lbtrcs arobacs, `brovc`hs `bl `b cqubllcs (clec, dbtc... ) mh tobmbm soamoeonc`h claumh9 bl hr`bm `b prbsbmtcnoþm bs bl koskh, y `b bstb hr`bm rbnodbm um vclhr mukïronh9 bl arobah, nhkh lhs clecdbths sbkotcs, bkpbzþ c bsnrodorsb `b `brbnfc c ozquobr`c, so dobm  phstbrohrkbmtb sb bsnrodb `b `brbnfc c ozquobr`c y `b ozquobr`c c `brbnfc ` brbnfc cltbrmctovckbmtb,  pcrc cncdcr bsnrodoïm`hsb `b ` b ozquobr`c c `brbnfc c pcrtor `bl soalh U c.N.). Lc ÷monc, pbrh `beomotovc `oebrbmnoc bs qub, kobmtrcs qub bl clecdbth sbkotc sb nhkphmëc `b 44 soamhs, nc`c umh `b lhs nuclbs `bmhtcdc umc nhmshmcmtb, bl clecdbth arobah nrbþ lcs vhnclb vhnclbs, s, utolozcm` utolozcm`hh pcrc bllcs lbtrcs ebmono ebmonocs cs qub rbprbsbmtcdcm rbprbsbmtcdcm shmo`hs bxtrcóhs cl arobah. Bsth supush nhmvbrtor bl clecdbth bm bl kb`oh kãs c`bnuc`h `b rbprbsbmtcnoþm ehmïtonc y, phr bllh, pub`b ceorkcrsb qub lhs arobahs nrbcrhm bl clecdbth, fbnfh qub `bdoþ tbmbr luacr bm claumc nhkumo`c` koxtc arbnh-ebmonoc c kb`oc`hs `bl soalh UOOO.

BL ATOBAH NHK×M Bl kum`h fblïmonh bstcdc `bstomc`h c `bscrrhllcrsb nulturcl y phlëtonckbmtb umo`h `bs`b qub eub umoeonc`h phr lhs nhmquostc`hrbs nhmquostc`hrbs kcnb`hmoh kcnb`hmohs. s. Rm mubvh `oclbnt `oclbnthh nhk÷m eub `bscrrhllc`h `bscrrhl lc`h nhm eombs c`komost c`komostrctovh rctovhss y audbrmckbmtcl audbrmckbmtclbs, bs, lc "ihomï", "ihomï", qub rbbkpl rbbkplczþ czþ c lhs cmtoauhs `oclbnths lhnclbs. Bstb `oclbnth tobmb su dcsb bl ãtonh, y bs eãnol `b bmtbm`br bl phr  quï `b bsth. Bl prbstoaoh qub clncmzþ Ctbmcs trcs lcs Aubrrcs Kï`oncs sb rhdustbnoþ nhm bl cukbmth `b su ph`br phlëtonh. Ctbmcs llbaþ c nhmvbrtorsb bm lc kbtrþphlos `b um okpbroh qub ctrcëc c kolbs `b bxtrcmgbrhs, qub eubrhm bmroqubnobm`h lc lbmauc. Bl ãtonh eub pcscm`h `b sbr um `oclbnth lhncl c nhmvbrtorsb bm um omstrukbmth lomaüë lom aüësto stonh nh pcm pcmfbl fblïmo ïmonh. nh. Fos Fostþr tþronc onckbm kbmtb tb `bnosov `bnosovhh rbsult rbsultþþ bl eol eolhfb hfblbm lbmosk oskhh `b Eol Eoloph oph `b Kcnb`hmoc, quobm bkplbþ c Crostþtblbs nhkh tuthr `b su fogh Clbgcm`rh y c`hptþ bl ãtonh nhkh su lbmauc heonocl. 1

 

Nucm`h Clbgcm`rh `bstruyþ bl okpbroh pbrsc, th`h bl kum`h `bl bstb sb cdroþ c lc nulturc arobac. @b bstb kh`h, lc ihomï kcnb`hmoc sb fozh mh sþlh lc lbmauc `b ahdobrmh y c`komostrcnoþm, somh tckdoïm lc lbmauc usc`c phr th`hs lhs fhkdrbs b`unc`hs `b su ckploh tbrrothroh y `b lhs `ovbrshs stctus shnoclbs. Cumqub Cumq ub bl ok okpbr pbroh oh um umov ovbr brscl scl `b Cl Clbg bgcm cm`rh `rh sb er ercak cakbmt bmtþþ bm vc vcro rohs hs rbomh rbomhs, s, sb kcmtuvh lc umo`c` nulturcl supbrpubstc c lcs lbmaucs lhnclbs. Lc lbmauc nhk÷m arobac h ihomæ `oclbitþs, sb okpush nhkh umc bspbnob `b lomauc ercmnc bm th`h um omkbmsh `hkomoh

nulturcl (`bs`b lcs erhmtbrcs `b lc Om`oc fcstc Baopth y `b cllë fcstc bl sur `b Otcloc) nhkh bl vbfënulh `b lc novolozcnoþm y lc nulturc, nhm um okpulsh crrhllc`hr.

ATOBAH KB@OBUCL Bl arobah kb`ob kb`obvcl vcl (ΜβώγοϏλοη (ΜβώγοϏλοηέέ Βιιαλο Βιιαλοηέ) ηέ) bs um tïrkomh tïrkomh lomaü lomaüëston ëstonhh qub `bsnrodb `bsnrodb bl tbrnbr pbrëh`h bm lc bvhlunoþm fostþronc `bl o`ohkc arobah. ^u `bscrrhllh sb sot÷c nhmvbmnohmclkbmtb bmtrb lhs cóhs >>: (eum`cnoþm `b Nhmstcmtomhplc) y 302> (ncë`c `b lc nou`c` bm ph`br `bl Okpbroh hthkcmh) hthkcmh),, cumqub lomaüëstonckbm lomaüëstonckbmtb tb lcs trcmsehrkcnohmbs trcmsehrkcnohmbs kãs okphrtcmtbs sb prh`ugbrhm c pcrtor `bl soalh UOOO. Zubsth qub nhomno`oþ nhm lc fosthroc `bl Okpbroh dozcmtomh, rbnodb c kbmu`h bl mhkdrb `b arobah dozcmtomh. Bm bl so soal alhh OU, OU, nu nucm cm`h `h lc ncpo ncpottcl `b `bll Okpb Okpbro rohh rh rhkc kcmh mh eu eubb trc rcsl slc` c`c` c`cc c Nhmstcmtomhplc, lc lbmauc heonocl `bl bstc`h brc th`cvëc bl lctëm, so dobm lc lbmauc, tcmth hrcl nhkh lotbrcroc, `b th`c lc pcrtb hrobmtcl `bl Okpbroh brc bl arobah. Bl arobah brc tckdoïm bl o`ohkc `b lc Oalbsoc y `b lc b`uncnoþm. Bxostoþ umc sotucnoþm `b `oalhsoc bmtrb bl arobah y bl lctëm `urcmtb kãs `b `hs soalhs, pbrh lhs bkpbrc`hrbs dozcmtomhs nhkbmzcrhm kuy prhmth c ecvhrbnbr bl ush `bl arobah. Bl lctëm sb kcmtuvh, som bkdcrah, bm lcs omsnropnohmbs y cnuócnohmbs khmbtcrocs fcstc bl soalh VO. Bm lhs soalhs U y UO sb prh`ugh umc prharbsovc fblbmozcnoþm `bl Okpbroh `b Hrobmtb, qub nc ncusþ usþ bl `b `beo eomo moto tovh vh `bs `bspl plcz czck ckob obmt mthh `bl lc lctë tëmm ph phrr bl ar arob obah ah nhk nhkhh lb lbma mauc uc `b lc c`komostrcnoþm okpbrocl. Mh hdstcmtb, lhs fcdotcmtbs `bl Okpbroh dozcmtomh mh `bgcrhm mumnc `b nhms nhmso` o`br brcrs crsbb rhk rhkcmh cmhss (σ (σϏμγ ϏμγΨη Ψηθο θο rh rhkc kcoi oiho ho), ), y `o `obrh brhmm c su bs bstc tc`h `h bl mh mhkd kdrb rb `b (cmcthloiï) Thkcoiï Cuthircthrëc (Γλγπθιοηέ ΣϏμγχηέ ΓςπθησγπθσΨγ), sudrcycm`h csë su 6

 

nhm`ono nhm` onoþm þm `b fbrb fbrb`brh `brhss `bl Okp Okpbro brohh rhkcmh rhkcmh y lc lbaoto lbaotoko` ko`c` c` `b sus rbo rbovom vom`on `oncno cnohmb hmbss tbrrothroclbs shdrb Hnno`bmtb.

ATOBAH KH@BTMH Bl arobah kh`brmh sb nhmso`brc lc ÷ltokc btcpc bm lc bvhlunoþm `bl o`ohkc arobah, y sb nhrrbsphm`b c lc vcrocmtb `b bstb o`ohkc fcdlc`c `bs`b lc B`c` Kh`brmc fcstc lc cn cntu tucl clo` o`c` c`.. ^b th thkc kc so sokd kdþl þlon onck ckbm bmtb tb nh nhkh kh eb ebnf nfcc `b su su sura raok okob obmt mthh lc nc ncë` ë`cc `b Nhmstcmtomhplc (302>), cumqub `onfc ebnfc mh sb nhrrbsphm`b nhm umc erhmtbrc lomaüëstonc nlcrc y kunfcs `b lcs ncrcntbrëstoncs ehmïtoncs kh`brmcs `bl o`ohkc yc fcdëcm cpcrbno`h soalhs cmtbs. @urcmtb arcm pcrtb `b bstb tobkph, bxostoþ umc sotucnoþm `b `oalhsoc, nhm `oebrbmtbs `oclbnths hrclbs rbaohmclbs cl lc`h `b ehrkcs bsnrotcs crnconcs. @urcmtb lhs soalhs soalh VOV y VV eub okphrtcmtb lc phlïkonc lomaüëstonc bm thrmh c lc vcrocmtb phpulcr h `bkþtonc (`okhtoië ) y lc nultc crncozcmtb (iczcrïvusc). Bl arobah kh`brmh cntucl bstã  dcsc`h bm lc vcrocmtb `bkþtonc y bs lc lbmauc heonocl `b Arbnoc Ar bnoc y Nfoprb.

Cntuclbs `oclbnths Kunfh kãs sb scdb `b lhs `oclbnths cntuclbs, mcno`hs ncso sobkprb bm sbkbgcmtbs nhm`onohmbs `b coslckobmth, pbrh nuyc fosthroc bs ncso sobkprb purc nhmgbturc. ^b pobmsc qub, bm tïrkomhs abmbrclbs, prhnb`bm `bl arobah dozcmtomh, mh `bl cmtoauh, pbrh fcy tckdoïm rbsths `b lhs cmtoauhs `oclbnths Lhs `oclbnths mbharobahs bstãm bm rbtrhnbsh. Lc ncusc bs, `b umc pcrtb, lc `oeusoþm nc`c vbz kcyhr `b lc kh`brmc ihomï, bl qub llckckhs arobah kh`brmh9 `b htrc, bl nhmstcmtb rbplobaub `bl fblbmoskh `bs`b lcs omvcsohmbs bslcvcs y ãrcdbs `bl nhkobmzh `b lc B`c` Kb`oc, pcscm`h phr lc sbly÷no`c `bl s. VO y soauobmtbs y lc hthkcmc `bl VOU y VU, pcrc llbacrsb c lhs khvokobmths `b phdlcnohmbs yc bm mubstrh soalh c qub cmtbs fonokhs rbebrbmnoc7 lhs omtbrnckdohs `b phdlcnohmbs nhm Purquëc bm 3?4> (y cmtbs nhm Dulacroc) y lc ncso `bscpcronoþm `b lhs arobahs `b Clbgcm`rëc, Nhmstcmtomhplc y bl ^ur `b Tusoc. Bstcs  phdlcnohmbs sb rbeuaocrhm bm bl nhmtombmtb arobah, ar obah, shdrb th`h bm Ctbmcs. C nhmtomucnoþm sb kbmnohmcm claumhs `oclbnths qub sb fcdlcm cntuclkbmtb bm claumhs tbrrothrohs7 ?

 



Zþmtonh-ncpc`hnoh fcdlc`h fcstc 3?43 bm lcs nhstcs cmctþloncs `bl Kcr Mbarh (phr 

bgbkplh bm lcs nou`c`bs `b Prcpbshmtb Prcpbshmtb y  y ^omhpb), lc `brrhtc qub suerobrhm lhs arobahs phr   pcrtb `b lhs turnhs bm bshs cóhs, `brrhtc sbauo`c `b abmhno`oh phr pcrtb `b lhs hthkcmhs fozh qub -nhkh lc kcyhrëc `b lhs arobahs `b Nhmstcmtomhplc, Ghmoc y Prcnoc Hrobmtcl- lhs fcdlcmtbs supbrvovobmtbs sb rbeuaocrcm bm bl tbrrothroh kcmtbmo`h phr bl bstc`h arobah, c÷m claumhs kollcrbs `b pbrshmcs fcdlcm bstb `oclbnth, bm bspbnocl bl pþmtonh, bm su rbaoþm cmnbstrcl. 

Pscnþmonh, `oclbnth `b `orbntc prhnb`bmnoc `þronc fcdlc`h bm lc pbqubóc rbaoþm `b

Pscnhmoc bm lc nhstc mhrbstb `bl Zblhphmbsh cl bstb `b lc nou`c` `b Prophlos. 

arbnãmo arb nãmonh, nh, `oc `oclbn lbnth th fcd fcdlc` lc`hh bm cla claumhs umhs pumths nhstbrhs nhstbrhs `bl bxtrbk bxtrbkhh sur `b lc

 pbmëmsulc otclocmc, bl m÷kbrh `b sus fcdlcmtbs sb fc rb`uno`h kunfh, sobm`h umhs 2.::: bm bl 4::5, umc `b lcs ncrcntbrëstoncs `oebrbmnoclbs kãs bvo`bmtbs `b bstb `oclbnth bs qub sb bsnrodb nhm ncrcntbrbs lctomhs. 

aronh h arobah sclbmtomh, `oclbnth fcdlc`h bm `hs ãrbcs fhy coslc`cs `bl bxtrbkh

su`bstb `b lc pbmëmsulc otclocmc bm lcs prhxoko`c`bs `b Lbnnb bl promnopcl bmnlcvb y ncso omkb`octckbmtb cl sur `b Pcrbmth bl sbaum`h bmnlcvb (kãs bxcntckbmtb bm Pclscmh). Bs `b mhtcr qub fcnoc 3?:: bl 6:% `b lhs fcdotcmtbs `b lc Zbmëmsulc ^clbmtomc (bl tcnþm `b lc «dhtc otclocmc¹) fcdlcdc bl aronh kobmtrcs qub fcnoc bl 4::3 bl phrnbmtcgb sb fcdëc rb`uno`h c cprhxokc`ckbmtb um >:%. Bl aronh fhy bstã cnbptc`h phr Otcloc nhkh umc lbmauc `b komhrëc ïtmonc mctovc bm lc llckc`c Arbnoc ^clbmtomc.

OKZHTPCMNOC @BL ATOBAH NHKH LBMARC @B NRLPRTC Lc lbmauc arobac bs lc `b lc fosthroc kãs lcrac `b th`cs lcs qub nhmhnbkhs. @bs`b kb`oc`hs `bl sbaum`h kolbmoh cmtbs `b Nrosth fcstc mubstrhs `ëcs llbacm lhs tbstokhmohs `bl arobah. Lc kuy ronc `hnukbmtcnoþm bm tbxths kuy `ovbrshs `b ïphncs kuy `ostomtcs mhs herbnb um bxtbmsh nhmhnokobmth `b su bvhlunoþm y sus `oclbnths. 3:

 

Bs phr htrc pcrtb, umc lbmauc `b bstrunturc arckctoncl arckctoncl nhkplbgc, qub fc nhmsbrvc`h nhmsbrvc`h  dobm lhs rcsahs lomaüëstonhs `b lc eckoloc om`hburhpbc. _ um o`ohkc `b arcm elbxodolo`c` ehrkcl, ãaol somtcxos y bxtrchr`omcroc roqubzc lïxonc. Bs um omstrukbmth vbrdcl `b arcm  prbnosoþm y blbacmnoc pcrc bxprbscr lhs kctonbs y cspbnths `bl kum`h rbcl. Zhr th`h bllh kbrbnb umc bstcnc`c ctbmnoþm `b lhs bstu`ohshs. Zbrh bl nhmhnokobmth `b lc lbmauc arobac rbsultcc kunfh kãs okphr rbsult okphrtcmtb tcmtb c÷m phr htrc rczþm7 lc `b su luacr bm lc Fosthroc nhkh pumth `b pcrto`c `b lc nulturc hnno`bmtcl. Bm Arbnoc bmnhmtrckhs lcs rcënbs `b mubstrh kh`h `b pbmscr y bxprbscr bl kum`h, y kunfhs `b lhs lharhs omonoclbs y `bnosovhs `bl rukdh `b lc nulturc burhpbc sb bxprbscrhm y  pbmscrhm phr prokbrc vbz bm pclcdrcs y nhmnbpths arobahs. Lc curhrc `bl pbmsckobmth hnno`bmtcl sb `oh bm Arbnoc fcnb kãs `b `hs kol quomobmths cóhs. Bm Arbnoc mcnobrhm lhs aïmbrhs aïmb rhs lot lotbrcr brcrohs ohs nlã nlãson sonhs, hs, c`bkãs c`bkãs `b lcs ehrk ehrkcs cs crt crtëst ëstonc oncss ncmþmon ncmþmoncs cs `b lc trc trc`on `onoþm oþm hnno`bmtcl.

NHMNLR^OÞM Lc lbmauc arobac, kb`ocmtb omelugh `orbnth h om`orbnth, fc nhmvbrto`h nhmvbrto`h bm lbmaucs lbmaucs `b nulturc c th`cs lcs lbmaucs burhpbcs, bm rbclo`c` c th`cs lcs lbmaucs `bl kum`h. Puvh su nhkobmzh nhkh umc `b lcs vcrocs lbmaucs `b lc ÷ltokc ecsb `bl om`hburhpbh,  pbrtbmbnobm`h cl aruph kãs crnconh. 33

 

Nbrnc `bl sbaum`h kolbmoh sb nrbcrhm `hs lbmaucs bspbnoclbs7 bl konïmonh, lbmauc `b lc durhnrcnoc `b lhs rbomhs konïmonhs9 y bl cqubh ïponh, lbmauc `b lc phbsëc ïponc, qub brc hrcl, phr supubsth. Pbmëcm kunfh bm nhk÷m nhm lhs `oclbnths `oclbnths clu`o`hs, `b lhs qub sclobrhm lhs `oclbnths phstbrohrbs9 y rcsahs `oebrbmnoclbs, tckdoïm. @bscpcrbno`h bl konïmonh, soauoþ bl prhnbsh `b ercakbmtcnoþm `bl arobah hrobmtcl9 tckdoïm `bl arobah hnno`bmtcl, yc `bmtrh `b Arbnoc. ^b nrbcrhm `ovbrshs `oclbnths `bmtrh `b umh y `b htrh aruph. Nc`c vcllb, nc`c pbqubóc rbaoþm tbm`ëc c nrbcr su prhpoh `oclbnth. _ fcstc su prhpoh clecdbth nucm`h, `bs`b bl soalh OV, suraoþ lc mubvc bsnroturc, `brovc`c `b lc ebmonoc. Lc lbmauc arobac omeluyþ eubrtbkbmtb bm lbmaucs lotbrcrocs nhmsbnutovcs qub tckdoïm brcmm omtb brc omtbrm rmcno cnohmc hmclb lbss y qu qubb rbnod rbnodëc ëcmm um eubrt eubrtbb bl blbk bkbm bmth th ïp ïpon onhh y, sh shdr drbb th th`h, `h, gþ gþmo monh, nh, sbauo`ckbmtb bm ãtonh y eomclkbmtb bm ihomï, umc lbmauc nulturcl y nobmtëeonc, lc prokbrc `bl kum`h. Lc arcm okphrtcmnoc qub hnupc lc lbmauc arobac bs kuy trcsnbm`bmtb y mhthroc. Bstc lbma lbmauc uc Nh Nhmst mstot otuy uybb lc dcs dcsbb `b lc kcyhr kcyhrëc ëc `b lc lcss lb lbma maucs ucs hnno` hnno`bmt bmtcl clbs bs cn cntu tucl clbs bs y `b okphrtcmtbs cvcmnbs bm bl nhmhnokobmth nobmtëeonh Zhr lcs ncrcnt ncrcntbrësto brëstoncs ncs `b lc lbmauc arobac y lcs vonosot vonosotu`bs u`bs fostþroncs lc nrbcnoþm `b mubvhs tïrkomhs y vhncdlhs clncmzþ bm arobah um bmhrkb rbm`okobmth, fcstc bl pumth `b qub cntuclkbmtb sbauokhs rbnurrobm`h cdum`cmtbkbmtb c lhs kbncmoskhs `bl arobah nlãsonh  pcrc nrbcr pclcdrcs. C lhs arobah arobahss sb lbs `bdb lc nrbcnoþm nrbcnoþm `b lhs arcm`bs bstolhs lotbrcrohs lotbrcrohs nultovc`hs nultovc`hs c÷m bm mubstrhs `ëcs.

DODLOHATCEËC 

C@TC C@ TC@H @H^, ^, ETCM ETCMNO NO^N ^NH H T. T.(3 (3??? ???). ).  Fosthroc `b lc Lbmauc Arobac. Kc`ro`7 Kc`ro`7 B@OPHTOCL ATB@H^, ^. C.

QBDATCEËC

34

 



fttp7//p`e.romnhm`blvcah.nhk/fosthroc-`b-lc-lbmauc-arobac.ftkl



fttp7//bs.woiopb`oc.hra/woio/lbmaucsXarobacs



fttp7//bs.woiopb`oc.hra/woio/ArobahXkb`obvcl



fttp7//bs.woiopb`oc.hra/woio/ArobahXkh`brmh



fttp7//www.bnurb`.nu/om`bx.pfp/O`ohkcXarobah#CntuclbsX`oclbnths

3>