Libro Word Ultimo
August 28, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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APKE M@ JKGSLWLH] QLSM
ECSKS TSLASEJE 5. Ecrkr `b prlareje m` Jkgrlslht Qlrm, Qlrm, mlguj`ftl `f cbefgl. 3. W`b`ggklfer mlguj`ftl `f cbefgl.
7. Ltrl jëtlml pere egg`m`r eb prlareje m` Jkgrlslht Qlrm.
+ S : QKFQLSM QKFQLSM X@F]EFE M@ JKGSLWLH] QLSM
S@GLFLG@S BEW HKGIEW GLF WPW ASPTLW M@ I@SSEJK@F]EW [ GLJEFMLW. 5. Lcs`rv` be v`ftefe m` Jkgrlslht Qlrm. 3. W`b`ggklfer be hkgie Hlrjetl, lcs`rver`jls qu` fls ju`stre su gkfte m` lpgklf`s.
7. ¼Guåftls arupls m` i`rrejk`ftes `fglftrejls `f `ste hkgie tejckëf glflgkme gljl Q`c l www , `f `bbe plm`jls gljckfer t`xtls
(e
trevës
m`
mlguj`ftls
ikp`rt`xtls),
slfkmls,
kjåa`f`s
y
efkjegklf`s,, aregkes e bls `fbeg`s (bkfns) qu` m`sm` sus mlguj`ftls `stecb`g`f efkjegklf`s glf ltrls mlguj`ftls l hkgi`rls (PSB) qu` s` `fgu`ftref `f be r`m Kft`rf`t.
Glfhkauregk÷f? ✗
Bls 7 prkj`rls pårrehls tk`f`f kft`rbkf`eml m` 5.4
✗ ]EJEÕL M@ TET@B? E= ✗ LSK@F]EGKLF? X@S]KGEB ✗ JESA@F@W? T@SWLFEBK_EML (3 gj) ✗ ]K]PBL? ‒tkj`s f`w rljef‚ / tejeõl? 38
✗ TESSEHLW? ‒Erkeb‚ / tejeõl? 53
5.0 ✗ @b = pårrehl tk`f` uf kft`rbkf`eml m` 5.0 ✗ Bes pebecres sucreyemes •
Glblr? rlol
•
]ejeõl? 5=
•
]kpl m` b`tre? ‒EBA@SKEF‚
✗ Geme pårrehl tk`f` su ebkf`egk÷f ✗ @b 3 pårrehl tk`f` sefarêe
9
KFW@S]ES XKÕ@]EW Bes vkõ`tes, tejckëf bbejemes ‒Cubb`ts‚, pu`m`f s`r usemls pere lrm`fer y o`rerqukzer
bkstes m` uf mlguj`ftl. E glftkfuegk÷f, s` lcs`rverå gljl eõemkr fu`ves vkõ`tes, ye s`ef fujërkges, skjc÷bkges l ebhecëtkges. Tesls pere kfs`rter vkõ`tes 5. Ieg`r gbkg `f be T`steõe Kfkgkl 3. vkõ`te Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte 7. Ieg`r gbkg `f uf jlm`bl m` vkõ`te Teês`s m` ejërkge ✗ Era`ftkfe ✗ Creskb ✗ Clbkvke ✗ Glbljcke ✗ Gikb` ✗ @guemlr ✗ Tereauey ✗ T`rÿ ✗ Pruauey ✗ X`f`zu`be
Pser sêjclbl m` vkõ`tes 5. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Xkõ`tes 3. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ, s`b`ggklfer be lpgk÷f M`hkfkr fu`ve vkõ`te.
7. Ieg`r gbkg `f `b clt÷f Wêjclbl
;
=. Ieg`r gbkg `f `b gejpl s`b`ggk÷f Hu`ft`, pere `b`akr ufe hu`ft` mksplfkcb`. Bes hu`ft`s Q`cmkfas, Qkfamkfas y Wyjclb gu`ftef glf verk`mem m` lpgklf`s y ÿtkb`s sêjclbls qu` pu`m`s `sgla`r.
0. Ieg`r Ieg`r gbkg gbkg `f `f uf sêjclbl qu` s` ju`stre `f `b guemrl eft`rklr. y flterås qu` eper`g`rå ufe pr` vksuebkzegk÷f. 8. Eg`pter
1. Gbkg `f `b cltlf Eg`pter fu`vej`ft` pere kfs`rter be vkõ`te. @o`jpbl? Mkstrktls m` bkje?
Kfm`p`fm`fgke Gljes Et` Wurqukbbl Xkbbe `b sebvemlr
Wurgl Wef Clroe
54
@o`rgkgkl m` vkõ`tes? Aestrlfljêe p`ruefe Emlcl m` giefgil Eauemktl Eokegl m` pepes Eoê m` aebbkfe Ebv`roeml m` plbbl Errlz e be oermkf`re Errlz glf petl Gecrktl e be flrt`õe G`ckgi` m` glfgies f`ares Geu geu Geuse M`plrt`s pere lbkjpkemes Etb`tksjl S`jl Cåmjkftlf Ceblfg`stl Clx`l Geflteo` Gkgbksjl @gu`str` @sarkje Hÿtclb Akjfeske Iebt`rlhkbke Ceblfjefl Ilgn`y Ouml
Iërl`s m` Jerv`b Gljkgs
Cebe m` Geõ÷f (Jerv`b Gljkgs) Cebm`r (Jerv`b Gljkgs)
Cefsi`` (g÷jkg) Cettb` Auy C`en (g÷jkg) C`besgl C`stke (Jerv`b Gljkgs) Ckbb Hlst`r (g÷jkg) Cksilp Cbem` (g÷jkg) Cbkfn (g÷jkg) Cblfm` Tieftlj Cllj-Cllj (g÷jkg) Cruoe @sgerbete Cugny
Ev`s m` @speõe
Ec`oerugl p`rse Ec`o`rl `urlp`l Ecuckbbe Eg`ftlr ebpkfl Eg`ftlr gljÿf
Eaegiemkze gikge Eaegiemkze gljÿf Eaegiemkze r`eb Eaet`emlr `urleskåtkgl Eaet`emlr `urlp`l Åaukbe gebzeme Åaukbe kjp`rkeb kcërkge Åaukbe kjp`rkeb lrk`fteb Åaukbe jlt`eme
Sêls m` åhrkge
Skl Fkbl-Skl Fkbl-Skl Nea`re Skl Glfal Skl Fêa`r Skl _ejc`z` Skl Neser Skl Wiec``bb` Skl Lrefa` Skl Bkjplpl Skl Lnevefal Skl Xlbte Skl Bljejk Skl W`f`aeb Skl Gierk-Luiej Skl Mrãe Skl Xeeb Skl Lucefauk
Skl Oucce
Kmkljes jes iecbemls Gikfl @speõlb Kfab`s Ikfmk Årec` Tlrtuauës Susl Oeplfës Tufyecê
55
KFW@S]ES FPJ@SEGK×F Be i`rrejk`fte Fuj`regk÷f p`rjkt` fuj`rer m` hlrje eutljåtkge pårrehls m` t`xtl. Be fuj`regk÷f s` pu`m` `stecb`g`r glf fÿj`rls, b`tres l fÿj`rls rljefls. Tere kfkgker be i`rrejk`fte Fuj`regk÷f egtkvejls `b kglfl glrr`splfmk`ft` m`ftrl m`b arupl m` lpgklf`s Tårrehl? Tesls pere kfs`rter fuj`regk÷f =. Ieg`r gbkg `f be T`steõe Kfkgkl 0. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Fuj`regk÷f 8. Ieg`r gbkg `f uf jlm`bl m` Fuj`rl Teês`s m` ejërkge 5. Era`ftkfe 3. Creskb 7. Clbkvke =. Glbljcke 0. Gikb` 8. @guemlr 1. Tereauey 9. T`rÿ ;. Pruauey 54. X`f`zu`be
M`hkfkr fu`vl hlrjetl m` fÿj`rl 9. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Fuj`regk÷f ;. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ, s`b`ggklfer be lpgk÷f M`hkfkr fu`vl hlrjetl m` fÿj`rl 54. Gbkg `f `b guemrl m`spb`aecb` m` stkbl
m`
y s`b`ggklfe `b `stkbl e treceoer. 55. W`b`ggklfe `b clt÷f Eg`pter y Eg`pter. fÿj`rl
53
@o`rgkgkl m` Fuj`regk÷f? Aestrlfljêe p`ruefe 45. Emlcl m` giefgil 43. Eauemktl 47. Eokegl m` pepes 4=. Eoê m` aebbkfe 40. Ebv`roeml m` plbbl 48. Errlz e be oermkf`re 41. Errlz glf petl 49. Gecrktl e be flrt`õe 4;. G`ckgi` m` glfgies f`ares 54. Geu geu 55. Geuse
M`plrt`s pere lbkjpkemes
k. Etb`tksjl kk. S`jl kkk. Cåmjkftlf kv. Ceblfg`stl v. Clx`l vk. Geflteo` vkk. Gkgbksjl vkkk. @gu`str` @gu`str` kx. @sarkje x. Hÿtclb xk. Akjfeske xkk. Iebt`rlhkbke xkkk. Ceblfjefl xkv. Ilgn`y Ilgn`y xv. Ouml Ouml Iërl`s m` Jerv`b Gljkgs
e. c. g. m. `. h. a. i. k. o. n. b. j. f.
Cebe m` Geõ÷f (Jerv`b Gljkgs) Cebm`r Cefsi``(Jerv`b (g÷jkg)Gljkgs) Cettb` Auy C`en (g÷jkg) C`besgl C`stke (Jerv`b Gljkgs) Ckbb Hlst`r (g÷jkg) Cksilp Cbem` (g÷jkg) Cbkfn (g÷jkg) Cblfm` Tieftlj Cllj-Cllj (g÷jkg) Cruoe @sgerbete
Ev`s m` @speõe
5¿. Ec`oerugl p`rse 3¿. Ec`o`rl `urlp`l 7¿. Ecuckbbe =¿. Eg`ftlr ebpkfl 0¿. gljÿf 8¿. Eg`ftlr Eaegiemkze gikge 1¿. Eaegiemkze gljÿf 9¿. Eaegiemkze r`eb ;¿. Eaet`emlr `urleskåtkgl 54¿. Eaet`emlr `urlp`l 55¿. Åaukbe gebzeme 53¿. Åaukbe kjp`rkeb kcërkge 57¿. Åaukbe kjp`rkeb lrk`fteb 5=¿. Åaukbe jlt`eme Sêls m` åhrkge
5) Skl Fkbl-Skl Fkbl-Skl Nea`re 3) Skl Glfal 7) Skl Fêa`r =) Skl _ejc`z` 0) Skl Neser 8) Skl Wiec``bb` 1) Skl Lrefa` 9) Skl Bkjplpl ;) Skl Lnevefal 54) Skl Skl Xlbte 55) Skl Skl Bljejk 53) Skl Skl W`f`aeb 57) Skl Skl Gierk-Luiej 5=) Skl Skl Mrãe 50) Skl Skl Xeeb 58) 51) Skl Skl Lucefauk Skl Oucce Kmkljes jes iecbemls
K. Gikfl KK. @speõlb KKK. Kfab`s KX. Ikfmk X. Årec` XK. Tlrtuauës XKK. Susl XKKK. Oeplfës KY. Tufyecê
l.
Cugny
57
KFW@S]ES BKW]E JPB]KFKX@B Bes bkstes jubtkfkv`b`s slf bkstes glf jÿbtkpb`s fkv`b`s qu` t` p`rjkt`f lraefkzer be kfhlrjegk÷f m` ufe j`olr hlrje. @st` tkpl m` bkstes su`b`f s u`b`f s`r juy ÿtkb`s e be ilre m` `sgrkckr `b êfmkg` m` uf mlguj`ftl l qu`r`r ieg`r uf r`suj`f m` bls t`jes y suct`jes m` uf mlguj`ftl. Tesls pere kfs`rter bkste jubtkfkv`b 1. Ieg`r gbkg `f be T`steõe Kfkgkl 9. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Bkste jubtkfkv`b m`b arupl pårrehl. ;. Iez gbkg slcr` `b `stkbl m` vkõ`te l Fuj`regk÷f qu` quk`res user. X`rås qu` eper`g` epbkgeml `f `b mlguj`ftl. 54. Pckge tu gurslr eb hkfeb m`b ÿbtkjl êt`j m` be bkste y pubse be t`gbe @ft`r pere eõemkr ufe fu`ve vkõ`te. Tere gejcker bls fkv`b`s e ufe bkste ye gr`eme 53. Pckge `b gurslr eb kfkgkl m` be bêf`e m` be vkõ`te y pr`sklfe be t`gbe ]ec pere kfgr`j`fter uf fkv`b e be vkõ`te. jk`ftres 57. Jeftëf pr`sklfeme be t`gbe Wikht be vkõ`te pubses be t`gbe ]ec pere r`ar`ser eb fkv`b eft`rklr.
TES]@W M@ BE GLJTP]EMLSE ❘
Iermwer` ➣ Jlfktlr ➣ ]`gbeml ➣ Ges` ▯ Jlti`r Clerm ▯ Trlg`semlr ▯ Mksgl Murl ▯ J`jlrke Sej ➣ ➣ ➣ ➣
Jlus` Terbeft`s Kjpr`slre ]ero`te m` `xpefsk÷f ▯ ]. S`m ▯ ]. Xkm`l ▯ ]. Wlfkml ❘ Wlhtwer` ➣ W. m` prlp÷sktl `sp`gkhkgl ▯ Jkgrlslht Qlrm ▯ Jkgrlslht @xg`b ▯ Jkgrlslht Egg`ss ➣ W. Wkst`je Lp`retkvl ▯ Qkfmlws ▯ Pfkx ▯ KLW
5=
@o`rgkgkl m` Bkste Jubtkfkv`b 5 GBEW@ 5 HPFMEJ@F]LW M@ KFHLSJE]KGÅ 5. 5. @B GLJTP]EMLS 5.5. Iermwer` 5.5. 5.5.5. 5.5.5. Mksplsktkvls m` `ftreme 5.5.3. 5.5.3. Mksplsktkvls m` sebkme 5.5.7. 5.5.7. Mksplsktkvls m` ebjeg`fejk`ftl 5.5.7.5. 5.5.7.5. Pfkmem`s m` j`mkme 5.5.7.3. 5.5.7.3. Gepegkmem m` prlg`sl 5.5.=. 5.5.=. Pfkmem g`ftreb m` prlg`sl 5.3. Wlhtwer` 5.3. 5.3.5. 5.3.5. Wkst`je lp`retkvl 5.3.3. 5.3.3. Trlarejes y Epbkgetkvls 5.3.7. 5.3.7. Qkfmlws 5.3.=. 5.3.=. X`rsklf`s m` Qkfmlws 5.7. @fg`fmkml m`b `qukpl 5.7. 3. 3. @WGSK]LSKL M@ QKFMLQW 3.5. Be kjplrtefgke m` be kfhlrjegk÷f 3.5. 3.3. @b ret÷f 3.3.
GBEW@ 3 ]@GBEML, @YTBLSEMLS M@ QKFMLQW [ I@SSEJK@F]EW ASEHKGEW M@ TEKF] 7. 7. @B ]@GBEML =. =. @B @YTBLSEMLS M@ QKFMLQW =.5. Gr`egk÷f m` gerp`tes =.5. =.3. @strugture m` ergikvls =.3. =.7. Glpker y glrter `b`j`ftls =.7. =.=. @bkjkfer `b`j`ftls =.=. =.0. S`steurer `b`j`ftls `bkjkfemls =.0. 0. 0. I@SSEJK@F]E I@SSEJK@F]EW W M@ ASEHKGEW TEKF] 0.5. Kfar`sl eb prlareje 0.5. 0.3. @ftlrfl arehkgl 0.3. 0.7. Psl m`b prlareje 0.7. 0.=. Epeaeml m`b gljputemlr 0.=.
GBEW@ 7 TSLG@WEMLS M@ ]@Y]LW QLSM 3458 8. 8. JKGSLWLH] LHHKG@ QLSM 3458 8.5. Glfg`ptuebkzegk÷f 8.5. 8.3. @o`gugk÷f m`b prlareje 8.3. 8.7. @ftlrfl arehkgl 8.7. 8.=. Kfs`rgk÷f m` t`xtl 8.=. 8.0. W`b`ggk÷f m` t`xtl 8.0. 8.8. T`steõe ergikvl 8.8. 8.8.5. 8.8.5. Mlguj`ftl fu`vl 8.8.3. 8.8.3. Ecrkr mlguj`ftls
50
TSEG]KGE ➣
@YTBLSES QLSM Kfkgker Qlrm Mkh`r`fgke y flv`mem`s ]receoer glf v`ftefes Pser gljefmls m`b j`fÿ Jlstrer i`rrejk`ftes
➣
Webkr m` Qlrm
PWES HPFGKLF@W CÅWKGEW CÅ WKGEW M@ MLGPJ MLGPJ@F]LW @F]LW Kfar`ser t`xtl `f uf mlguj`ftl Auermer uf mlguj`ftl fu`vl G`rrer `b mlguj`ftl Gr`er mlguj`ftl fu`vl Ecrkr mlguj`ftl `xkst`ft` `xkst`ft` M`spbezers` usefml `b jlus` M`spbezers` usefml `b t`gbeml W`b`ggklfer `b t`xtl
➣
PWES @MKGK×F CÅWKGE CÅ WKGE M@ ]@Y]L 5. @bkjkfer geregt`r`s 3. @bkjkfer r``jpbezer t`xtl s`b`ggklfeml Glrter/jlv`r y p`aer t`xtl
➣
Pser m`sieg`r y r`ieg`r
S@XKWES LS]LASEHÊE/ ASEJE]KGE K. KK.
➣
Ear`aer mkggklferkl p`rslfebkzeml Glj`fzer be r`vksk÷f lrtlaråhkge ✗ W`b`ggklfer lpgklf`s arejetkgeb`s ✗ Glj`fzer be r`vksk÷f
KJTSKJKS 0. X`r uf uf mlguj`ftl mlguj`ftl `f vkste pr`vke pr`vke 0.5. Kjprkjkr `b mlguj`ftl egtueb 0.5.5. Kjprkjkr be påakfe egtueb 0.5.5.5. Kjprkjkr verkes glpkes
➣
➣
PWES HLSJE]L M@ GESEG]@S@ GESE G]@S@W W 54.-* 55.-*
Epbkger hlrjetl e geregt`r`s geregt`r`s Gejcker ufe hu`ft` `xkst`ft`
53.-* 57.-* 5=.-* 50.-* 58.-* 51.-*
Jlmkhkger `b tejeõl m` hu`ft` Gejcker `b hlrjetl m` be hu`ft` h u`ft` Wucreyer `b t`xtl Epbkger `h`gtl m` hu`ft` hu`ft` S`sebter t`xtl Glpkes y hlrjetls
PWES HLSJE]L M@ TESSEHLW ✗ ebkf`er pårrehls ✗ jlmkhkger `b `spegkl ✗ glpke hlrjetl
58
GLBPJFEW @s ufe i`rrejk`fte qu` p`rjkt` mkvkmkr be iloe m`b mlguj`ftl `f pert`s prlplrgklfeb`s. Be mkvksk÷f `f glbujfes `s ÿtkb pere `sgrkckr r`vkstes, p`rk÷mkgls l pucbkgegklf`s egemëjkges. TEWLW TESE KFW@S]ES GLBPJFEW?
5. W`b`ggklfer `b t`xtl qu` s` mkvkmkrå bes glbujfes. 3. Ieg`r gbkg `f be p`steõe Hlrjetl 7. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Glbujfes
=. W`b`ggklfe `b fÿj`rl m` glbujfes qu` m`s`es kfs`rter `f `b mlguj`ftl GLBPJFEW EXEF_EMEW?
5. W`b`ggklfe `b t`xtl mkakteml. 3. Ieg`r gbkg `f be p`steõe Hlrjetl. 7. Pckgers` `f `b arupl m` i`rrejk`ftes Glfhkaurer Teakfe. =. Ieg`r gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Glbujfes. 0. Ieg`r gbkg `f Jås Glbujfes. 8. Eper`g`rå be v`ftefe Glbujfes Glbujfes
W`b`ggklfer`ff ÿj`rlm` glbujfes,B ê f`e`ftr` f`e`ftr` glbujfes,`spegkeml`tg.
1. Ieg`r gbkg `f Eg`pter.
51
@O@SGKGKL M@ GLBPJFEW
@b vêm`l prlplrgklfe ufe jef`re `hkgez pere eyumerb` e m`jlstrer `b puftl. Guefml ieae gbkg `f Xêm`l `f bêf`e, pu`m`
m`s`e ear`aer. ]ejckëf pu`m` `sgrkckr ufe pebecre gbev` pere cusger `f bêf`e `b vêm`l qu` j`olr s` emept` e su
p`aer `b g÷mkal pere kfs`rter m`b vêm`l qu`
mlguj`ftl.
plrteme y mks`õls m` guemrl m` t`xtl qu` s` gljpb`j`ftef `ftr` sê. Tlr `o`jpbl, pu`m` ear`aer ufe plrteme glkfgkm`ft`, `b
`fgec`zeml y be cerre bet`reb. Ieae gbkg `f Kfs`rter y `bkoe bls `b`j`ftls qu` m`s`` m` bes mkstkftes aeb`rêes.
Bls t`jes y `stkbls tejckëf eyumef e jeft`f`r su mlguj`ftl gllrmkfeml. Guefml ieae gbkg `f Mks`õl y s`b`ggklf` uf t`je fu`vl, gejckeråf bes kjåa`f`s,
fu`vl t`je. Eb epbkger bls `stkbls, bls têtubls gejckef pere glkfgkmkr
aråhkgls y aråhkgls WjertErt pere qu` glkfgkmef glf `b
glf `b fu`vl t`je.
Tere ltlraer e su mlguj`ftl uf esp`gtl prlh`sklfeb, Qlrm prlplrgklfe `fgec`zemls, pk`s m` påakfe, påakfes m`
E
ilrr` tk`jpl `f Qlrm glf fu`vls cltlf`s qu` s` ju`stref mlfm` s` f`g`skt`f. Tere gejcker be hlrje `f qu` s` eouste ufe kjea`f `f `b mlguj`ftl, ieae gbkg y eper`g`rå uf
clt÷f m` lpgklf`s m` mks`õl ouftl e be kjea`f. Guefml treceo` `f ufe tecbe, ieae gbkg mlfm` m`s`` ear`aer ufe hkbe l glbujfe y, e glftkfuegk÷f, ieae gbkg `f `b skafl jås.
Be b`gture `s jås hågkb, tejckëf, `f be fu`ve vkste m` b`gture. Tu`m` glftre`r pert`s m`b mlguj`ftl y g`ftrers` `f `b t`xtl qu` m`s``. Wk f`g`skte m`t`f`r be b`gture eft`s m` bb`aer eb hkfeb, Qlrm b` r`glrmerå m÷fm` m`o÷ be b`gture, kfgbusl `f ltrls mksplsktkvls. @b vêm`l prlplrgklfe ufe jef`re `hkgez pere eyumerb` e m`jlstrer `b puftl. Guefml ieae gbkg `f Xêm`l `f bêf`e, pu`m` p`aer `b g÷mkal pere kfs`rter m`b vêm`l qu` m`s`e ear`aer. ]ejckëf pu`m` `sgrkckr ufe pebecre gbev` pere cusger `f bêf`e `b vêm`l qu` j`olr s` emept` e su mlguj`ftl. Tere ltlraer e su mlguj`ftl uf esp`gtl prlh`sklfeb, Qlrm prlplrgklfe `fgec`zemls, pk`s m` påakfe, påakfes m` plrteme y mks`õls m` guemrl m` t`xtl qu` s` gljpb`j`ftef `ftr` sê. Tlr `o`jpbl, pu`m` ear`aer ufe plrteme glkfgkm`ft`, `b `fgec`zeml y be cerre bet`reb. Ieae gbkg `f Kfs`rter y `bkoe bls `b`j`ftls qu` m`s`` m` bes mkstkftes aeb`rêes.
59
GLBLS M@ TEAKFE 5. Kr e be p`steõe Mks`õl, arupl Hlfml m` påakfe. 3. Gbkg `f be i`rrejk`fte Glblr m` påakfe. 7. W`b`ggklfe `b glblr m`s`eml.
JESGE M@ EAPE 5. Kr e be hkgie Mks`õl, arupl hlfml m` påakfe. 3. W`b`ggklfer `b gljefml Jerge m` eaue. 7. Gbkg `f be lpgk÷f Jerge m` eaue p`rslfebkzemes.
=
W`b`ggklfe be 0
lpgk÷f jerge m` eaue m`
9
8
kjea`f pere epbkger ufe kjea`f
=. 0. 8. 1. 9. ;.
@f guemrl m` t`xtl, mkakter `b t`xtl pere be jerge m` eaue. W`b`ggklfer be hu`ft` pere `b t`xtl mkakteml. @b`akr uf tejeõl m` hu`ft`. W`b`ggklfer `b glblr pere be jerge m` eaue. @b`akr be mkstrkcugk÷f m`b t`xtl Gbkg Eg`pter.
1
5;
CLSM@ M@ TEAKFE 5. Kr e be p`steõe Mks`õl, arupl Hlfml M` Tåakfe. 3. W`b`ggklfe be i`rrejk`fte Clrm` M` Tåakfe Tåakfe. 7. ]` jlstrere be skauk`ft` v`ftefe.
0
8 =
=. 0. 8. 1. 9.
Lol? ]k`f` be lpgk÷f Ert`, pere ltres lpgklf`s m` clrm`s.
1
W`b`ggklfe `b veblr m` clrm`. @stkbl m` bêf`e. Glblr m` bêf`e. @b efgil m` bêf`e. W`b`ggklfer `b clt÷f Eg`pter pere auermer bes jlmkhkgegklf`s r`ebkzemes.
FL]E? Clrm`s. -
@ste lpgk÷f p`rjkt` epbkger clrm`s eb pårrehl l t`xtl
Clrm`s m` påakfe. - @ste lpgk÷f p`rjkt` epbkger clrm`s eb tlme be peakfe Wljcr`eml. ‗ p`rjkt` epbkger uf sljcr`eml eb pårrehl l t`xtl.
34
TSEG]KGE M@ JKGSLWLH] QLSM 5. Glfhkaurer Tåakfe? Jåra`f`s? Jlm`reml ]ejeõl? Gerte
3. Mkakter `b skauk`ft` t`xtl?
7. Epbkger bls skauk`ft`s hlrjetls? Arupl? Hu`ft` t ` f ` u H
]ktubl 5`r Tårrehl 3ml Tårrehl 7`r Tårrehl =tl Tårrehl 0tl Tårrehl 8tl Tårrehl
Sevk`
m ` t ` r f l ` b l u G h
Ezub Slol X`rm` Jerr÷f Eferefoeml Jlreml Ezub
t e õ l k e r a j ` e F ]
59
53 Jeaf`tl 55 ; Jkfklf Trl Glfm Crkteffkg Clbm 54 9 Clmlfk J] ]reoef Trl 54 =. Epbkger uf clrm` m` påakfe m` tkpl Ert`.
0.
C`rbkf Wefs HC
G u r s kv e
s e b u g s ÿ y e J
f k ÷ g e ` f k b E
M`r`gie
Kzquk`rme Oustkhkger Oustkhkger Kzquk`rme G`ft Oustkhkger
m e ` f k l b r ` t f K
5.4 5.0 5.4 5.50 5.50 5.4 5.50
Auermer `b mlguj`ftl glf `b fljcr` ‒Tregtkge 445‚.
35
TSEG]KGE MKSKAKME 5. Jåra`f`s? Wup`rklr? 7 gj Kzquk`rml? 3.0 gj M`r`gil? Kfh`rklr? 7 gj 3.0 gj 3. ]ejeõl? E= 7. Mkakter `b skauk`ft` t`xtl?
=. Glblr m` påakfe? Ejerkbbl 0. Jerge m` eaue? ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
Hu`ft`? ‒Eba`rkef‚ ]`xtl? ‒KFHLSJE]KGE 3451‚ Glblr? ‒Slol‚ Mkr`ggk÷f? ‒Mkealfeb‚
8. Clrm` m` påakfe?
33
1. S`ebkzer bls skauk`ft`s hlrjetls? HLSJE]L HLSJE ]L HP@F HP@F@ @ ]êtubls Wuctêtubls Tårrehls
]ktubl Wuctêtubls 5ª pårrehl 3ml pårrehl 7`r pårrehl =tl pårrehl
` t f ` u H C`rferm J] Glfm`fs`m Crlemwey Emlc` Gesblf Trl Clbm @res M`jk K]G Bugkme Wefs Wgiemlw C]
r l b l G Slol Slol Ezub Ezub Jlreml Jlreml
WEFAS E l õ e j e ] 59 5= 55 54 55 55
l b k t s @
e m r ` k u q z K
e i g ` r ` M
e ` f ê b e r 5
e s ` g f e r H
F N N F F
s u y e J s r u k t f r k ` v J f l l / G y
EBKF@EGK F e m e r r i e ` g r k u ` t q r ` f ` z K M G
r e g k h k t s u O
B@]SE GETK]E B
✗ ✗
3 gj 3 gj
3 gj 7 gj
5.0 gj
3.0 gj
✗ ✗ ✗ ✗
@f t`xtl @f t`xtl = bêf`es
9. Kfs`rter uf `fgec`zeml y pk` m` påakfe glf tus ep`bbkmls y fljcr`s. ;. Arecer `b mlguj`ftl gljl ‒Tregtkges 443‚
37
KFW@S]ES KJEA@F 5. Kr e be hkgie Kfs`rter Kfs`rter,, arupl m` i`rrejk`ftes i`rrejk`ftes bustregklf`s y y s`b`ggklfe s`b`ggklfe `b gljefml gljefml jåa`f`s. Kjåa`f`s `f bêf`e `s guefml t`faes glf`xk÷f e kft`rf`t
3= kfs`rter y y gbkg `f `b 3. W`b`ggklfer be uckgegk÷f `f mlfm` s` `fgu`ftre be kjea`f e kfs`rter clt÷f kfs`rter
7. Gljl r`subteml t` jlstrere be kjea`f.
EOPW]@W M@ ]@Y]L M@ KJEA@F KJEA@F
5. W`b`ggklfe be kjea`f y s`b`ggklfe `b gljefml lpgklf`s m` mks`õl .
30
3. s`b`ggklfer `b eoust` m`s`eml.
➣ Guemreml ➣ @str`gil ➣ ]refsper`ft` ➣ Errkce y eceol ➣ M`trås m`b t`xtl ➣ M`beft` m`b t`xtl
@W]KBLW M@ KJEA@F
5. W`b`ggklfer be kjea`f ` kr e be hkgie Hlrjetl m` be hkgie glft`xtueb I`rrejk`ftes M` Kjea`f. 3. Pckgert` `f `b arupl m` i`rrejk`ftes @stkbl M` Kjea`f, Kjea`f, pere s`b`ggklfer `stkbl m`s`eml.
JLMKHKGES ]EJEÕL, AKSES [ JLX@S KJEA@F 5. W`b`ggklfer be kjea`f y jlmkhkger `b tejeõl m` be kjea`f e trevës m` bls flmls.
Akrer kjea`f
38
Jlv`r kjea`f
Flmls pere jlmkhkger tejeõl
S@GLS]ES KJEA@F 5. Gepturer be peftebbe m` Qlrm ( jpr Teft) y p`aerbl `f `b mlguj`ftl. 3. W`b`ggklfer be kjea`f ` kr e be hkgie Hlrjetl m` be hkgie glft`xtueb Kjea`f. I`rrejk`ftes M` Kjea`f. 7. Kr eb arupl m` i`rrejk`ftes tejeõl y y s`b`ggklfer `b gljefml tejeõl
S`glrter S`glrter.. =. W`b`ggklfer be lpgk÷f r`glrter.
Flmls pere r`glrter
S`glrter e be hlrje…
HLSJEW Bes hlrjes slf mkcuols pr``stecb`gkmls `f Jkgrlslht Qlrm, s` utkbkze pere r`sebter `b glft`fkml m`b mlguj`ftl e trevës m` bêf`es, hb`gies, `tg. Bes hlrjes `ståf earupemes `f? Bêf`es, hlrjes cåskges, hb`gie m` cblqu`, mkeareje m` hbuol, `tg. TEWLW TESE KFW@S]ES HLSJEW? 5. W`b`ggklfer be hkgie KFW@S]ES , y uckgert` `b arupl m` i`rrejk`ftes kbustregklf`s.
31
3. W`b`ggklfe `b gljefml HLSJEW. 7. Gbkg `f be hlrje e Kfs`rter.
=. Mkcuoer be hlrje j`mkeft` `b errestr`.
Epbkger Hlrjetl e bes Hlrjes Eb s`b`ggklfer ufe hlrje, Jkgrlslht Jkgrlslht Qlrm jlstrere `f be Gkf Gkfte te m` lpgklf`s bes I`rrejk`ftes I`rrejk`fte s m` mkcuol mkcuol mlfm` v`r`jls bes Hkgies Hlrjetl. Tere epbkger `stkbl skae bls pesls? 5. W`b`ggklfer be hlrje e quk`f s` b` jlmkhkgere `b mks`õl. 3. Gbkg `f be hkgie Hlrjetl m` be hkgie glft`xtueb I`rrejk`f I`rrejk`ftes tes m` mkcuol.
39
7. W`b`ggklfer jås `stkbls pere v`r bls mkh`r`ft`s hlrjetls m` hlrje. hl rje. =. W`b`ggklfer `b `stkbl m`s`eml.
S`bb`fl m` hlrje W`b`ggklfer `b gljefml S`bb`fl m` hlrje, pere epbkger mkh`r`ft`s hlrjetls m` r`bb`fl (Wlbkml, m`arememl, t`xture, kjea`f.).
Glftlrfl m` hlrje. Fls p`rjkt` jlmkhkger `b glftlrfl m` be hlrje s`b`ggklfeme (glblr, auklf`s, arlslr).
QLSM 3458
@
b vêm`l prlplrgklfe ufe jef`re `hkgez pere eyumerb` e m`jlstrer `b puftl. Guefml ieae gbkg `f Xêm`l `f bêf`e, pu`m` p`aer `b g÷mkal pere kfs`rter m`b vêm`l qu` m`s`e ear`aer. ]ejckëf pu`m` `sgrkckr ufe pebecre gbev` pere cusger `f bêf`e `b vêm`l vêm`l qu` j`olr s` emep emept` t` e su mlguj`ftl. Tere ltlraer e su mlguj`ftl uf esp`gtl prlh`sklfeb, Qlrm prlplrgklfe `fgec`zemls, pk`s m` påakfe, påakfes m` plrteme y mks`õls m` guemrl m` t`xtl qu` s` gljpb`j`ftef `ftr` sê. Tlr `o`jpbl, pu`m` ear`aer ufe plrteme glkfgkm`ft`, `b `fgec`zeml y be cerre bet`reb. Ieae gbkg `f Kfs`rter y `bkoe bls `b`j`ftls qu` m`s`` m` bes mkstkftes aeb`rêes.
Bls t`jes y `stkbls `stkbls tejckëf eyumef e jeft`f jeft`f`r `r su mlguj`ftl gllrmkfeml. gllrmkfeml. Guefml ieae gbkg `f Mks`õl y s`b`ggklf` s`b`ggklf` uf t`je f fu`vl, u`vl, gejckeråf bes kjåa kjåa`f`s, `f`s, aråhkgls y aråhkgls WjertErt pere qu` glkfgkmef glf `b `b fu`vl t`je. Eb epbkger bls `stk `stkbls, bls, bls têtubls têtub ls gejcke gejckef f pere glkf glkfgkmkr gkmkr glf `b f fu`vl u`vl t`je t`je.. Eilrr` tk`jpl `f Qlrm glf fu`vls cltlf`s qu` s` ju`stref mlfm` s` f`g`skt`f. Tere gejcker be hlrje `f qu` s` eouste ufe kjea`f `f `b
mlguj`ftl, ieae gbkg y eper`g`rå uf clt÷f m` lpgklf`s m` mks`õl ouftl e be kjea`f. Guefml treceo` `f ufe tecbe, ieae gbkg mlfm`
m`s`` ear`aer ufe hkbe l glbujfe y, e glftkfuegk÷f, ieae gbkg `f `b skafl jås.
e b`gture `s jås hågkb, tejckëf, `f be fu`ve vkste m` b`gture. Tu`m` glftre`r pert`s m`b mlguj`ftl y g`ftrers` `f `b t`xtl qu` m`s``. Wk f`g`skte m`t`f`r be b`gture eft`s m` bb`aer eb hkfeb,
Qlrm b` r`glrmerå m÷fm` m`o÷ be b`gture, kfgbusl `f ltrls mksplsktkvls.
B
Glfhkauregk÷f?
✗ tejeõl m` t`xtl 55 / Jera`f? Flrjeb ✗ Epbkger ufe treje gljl r`bb`fl m` peakfe eaue glf `b t`xtl ‒QLSM 3458‚ `f Ilrkzlfteb Ilrkzlfteb ✗ Epbkger ufe jerge m` eaue ✗ Epbkger uf clrm` ertêstkgl ✗ Epbkger sljcr`eml eb 3 y 7 pårrehl
3;
]SECEOL
b ]receol `s tlml tkpl m` eggk÷f r`ebkzeme plr `b iljcr` `b iljcr` kfm`p`fmk`ft`j`ft` m` sus geregt`rêstkges l gkrgufstefgkes> skafkhkge tlme be egtkvkmem iujefe qu` s` pu`m` l s` m`c` r`glflg`r gljl treceol `ftr` bes jÿbtkpb`s egtkvkmem`s m` bes qu` `b iljcr` `s gepez y e bes qu` `stå pr`mkspu`stl plr be fetureb`ze
@
Be f`g`skmem m` treceoer qukzås tuvl su lrka`f, ieg` jkb`fkls, `f `b kfstkftl cåskgl m`b iljcr` m` slcr`vkvkr y p`rp`tuers` gljl `sp`gk`. @f equ`b jufml slbl y ilstkb, `b iljcr` m`ck÷ utkbkzer tlmes
¼JEW ]SECEOL<
sus plt`fgkebkmem`s pere prlv``rs` m` ebkj`ftls, `beclrer su rlpe y vkvk`fme, hecrkger sus ut`fskbkls, i`rrejk`ftes y erjes, pere prlt`a`r e sus ikols.
M`sm` `b puftl m` vkste kfmkvkmueb, `b treceol `s tlml bl qu` `b iljcr` ieg` pere su setksheggk÷f, eb`arêe y ck`f`ster> tlme be aeje m` egtkvkmem`s egtk vkmem`s qu` setksheg`f sus f`g`skmem`s prkjerkes, esê gljl ebgefzer be rkqu`ze jet`rkeb y `spkrktueb pere `b jksjl, bls suyls y su peês. Be p`rslfe Be p`rslfe guefml r`ebkze uf treceol pu`m` t`f`r mkh`r`ft`s hkfebkmem`s. Wk `b treceol s` r`ebkze pere lct`f`r aefefgkes `glf÷jkges qu` fls aereftkg`f be sucskst`fgke, bl bbejejls ‒treceol prlmugtkvl‚ l ‒r`juf`reml‚. Guefml ufe egtkvkmem qu` `s gljÿf e tlmls, qu` fl g`se y m` be gueb m`p`fm` fu`strl ck`f`ster y s`aurkmem> `bbe `s ‒`b jeft`fkj jeft`fkjk`ftl k`ftl y glfs`rvegk÷f‚ glfs`rveg k÷f‚ l ‒treceol gltkmkefl‚. @s kjplskcb` glfg`ckr be vkme skf `st` treceol> m`sm` err`aber be geje guefml fls b`veftejls ieste gejcker uf geugil m`b gerrl l eglfmkgklfer be j`se m` treceol. @b ‒treceol slgkeb‚ `s be eyume qu` b` pr`stejls e ltrl s`j`oeft` skf ltre kft`fgk÷f qu` be eyume jksje> bl qu` skafkhkge ltre hlrje m` `h`gtuer eggklf`s `f be slgk`mem qu` m`c` geme v`z tljer kjplrtefgke y s`r pert` m`b treceol mkerkl m` geme jk`jcrl m` be slgk`mem.
S@WT@]E ]P ]SECEOL Glfhkauregk÷f? ✗ ]`xtl? ‒tkj`s f`w Sljåf‚ / tejeõl? 55/ têt ubl? Eba`rkef /tejeõl ?58 ✗ Glblger uf glblr m` påakfe y be pebecre treceol gljl jerge m` eaue
74
GS@EGK×F M@ ]ECBEW Pfe tecbe `s uf guemrl mkvkmkml `f g`bmes, qu` `ståf lraefkzemes `f mkr`ggk÷f v`rtkgeb y ilrkzlfteb. @s ufe cu`fe i`rrejk`fte pere lraefkzer kfhlrjegk÷f l pr`s`fter gkhres. Tu`m`s gr`er ufe tecbe `f cbefgl, glfv`rtkr t`xtl `f ufe tecbe l epbkger guebquk`re m` bes verk`mem`s m` `stkbls y hlrjes m` tecbes qu` `xkst`f.
GLJL KFW@S]ES PFE ]ECBE @F CBEFGL 5. 5. Pckge `b puftl m` kfs`rgk÷f `f `b buaer mlfm` quk`r`s uckger be tecbe. Kfs`rter y y ebbê iez gbkg `f `b gljefml gljefml ]ecbe ]ecbe.. 3. 3. W`b`ggklfe be p`steõe Kfs`rter
7. 7. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ mlfm` v`rås ufe s`rk` m` guemrêgubes. Tese `b jlus` slcr` bes guemrêgubes pere s`b`ggklfer `b fÿj`rl m` hkbes y glbujfes qu` t`fmrå be tecbe.
=. =. Eb hkfebkzer, iez gbkg pere gr`er be tecbe. 0. Pckge `b puftl m` kfs`rgk÷f `f guebquk`r pert` m` be tecbe pere eõemkr t`xtl. Tere sebter e be skauk`ft` g`bme, pr`sklfe be t`gbe ]ec. Wk ieg`s `stl m`sm` bbe e ÿbtkje g`bme, s` gr`erå ufe fu`ve hkbe.
75
G×JL JLMKHKGES PFE ]ECBE M`spuës m` gr`er l kfs`rter ufe tecbe `f Qlrm, pu`m`s jlmkhkgerbe hågkbj`ft`. Guefml s`b`ggklfes ufe tecbe `f Qlrm 3458, v`rås qu` `f be be Gkfte m` lpgklf`s eper`g`rå be p`steõe I`rrejk`ftes m` tecbe, qu` e su v`z `stå gljpu`ste plr ltres mls p`steões qu` slf Mks`õl y Tr`s`ftegk÷f. Tr`s`ftegk÷f. ☿ @f be p`steõe Mks`õl plmrås jlmkhkger `b `stkbl m` be tecbe l ear`aerb` clrm`s. ☿ @f be p`steõe Tr`s`ftegk÷f plmrås ear`aer l `bkjkfer pert`s m` be tecbe, gejcker `b tejeõl m` bes g`bmes y gejcker be mkr`ggk÷f m`b t`xtl `ftr` ltres glses.
73
GLJL EÕEMKS PF HKBE L GLBPJFE E PFE ]ECBE 5. 5. Ju`v` `b gurslr m`b ret÷f g`rge m`b sktkl mlfm` quk`r`s eõemkr be hkbe l be glbujfe. 3. 3. Eper`g`rå uf sêjclbl (+) jås `f `b qu` m`c`s ieg`r gbkg. 7. 7. Pfe fu`ve hkbe l glbujfe eper`g`rå `f be tecbe.
Ltre lpgk÷f `s ieg`r gbkg m`r`gil slcr` `b buaer mlfm` quk`r`s eõemkr be hkbe l be glbujfe. ]` eper`g`rå uf j`fÿ `f mlfm` m`c`s s`b`ggklfer be lpgk÷f Kfs`rter y y `b`akr `b tkpl m` glbujfe l hkbe qu` quk`r`s kfs`rter.
G×JL CLSSES PFE HKBE L GLBPJFE? 5. 5. W`b`ggklfe be hkbe, glbujfe l g`bme qu` quk`res `bkjkfer y iez gbkg m`r`gil slcr` `bbe. 3. 3. @f `b j`fÿ m`spb`aecb` s`b`ggklfe be lpgk÷f @bkjkfer g`bmes.
77
7. 7. W` ecrkrå uf guemrl m` mkåblal mlfm` plmrås s`b`ggklfer `ftr` verkes lpgklf`s, m`p`fmk`fml m`p`fmk`fm l qu` `s bl qu` quk`r`s `bkjkfer. `bk jkfer. @f fu`strl `o`jpbl s`b`ggklfer`jls be lpgk÷f @bkjkfer tlme be glbujfe.
=. =. Pfe v`z qu` seb`ggklf`s ufe lpgk÷f, iez gbkg `f clt÷f Eg`pter y be hkbe, glbujfe l g`bme s` clrrerå.
ETBKGES PF @W]KBL E BEW ]ECBEW M@ M@ QLSM 3458 5. 5. Iez gbkg `f be p`steõe Mks`õl m` I`rrejk`ftes m` ]ecbe. 3. 3. Iez gbkg `f guebquk`r pert` m` be tecbe.
7. 7. Blgebkze `b arupl @stkbls m` tecbes `f be Gkfte m` lpgklf`s. Ebbê iez gbkg `f be hb` hb`gie gie Jås pere m`spb`aer `b j`fÿ m` `stkbls.
7=
=. =. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ mlfm` plmrås cusger `b `stkbl m` tecbe qu` pr`hk`res. Iez gbkg `f `b `stkbl qu` quk`res user y s` epbkgerå kfj`mketej`ft`.
G×JL EÕEMKS CLSM@W E PFE ]ECBE 5. 5. W`b`ggklfe bes g`bmes e bes gueb`s b`s eõemkrås uf clrm`. Mks`õl,, m` I`rrejk`ftes m` tecbe, tecbe, s`b`ggklfe `b tkpl m` bêf`e, `b arlslr 3. 3. @f be p`steõe Mks`õl y `b glblr m`b clrm`. clrm`.
7. 7. M`spuës, iez gbkg `f `b clt÷f `f hlrje m` hb`gie m`b gljefml Clrm`s Clrm`s.. =. =. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ mlfm` m`c`s s`b`ggklfer `b tkpl m` clrm` qu` quk`r`s ear`aer. 0. 0. @b clrm` eper`g`rå ebr`m`mlr m` bes g`bmes qu` s`b`ggklfest`.
GLJCKFES G@BMEW 5. W`b`ggklfe bes g`bmes e bes gueb`s gljckferes
3. 3. Wlcr` guebquk`re m` bes g`bmes s`b`ggklfemes, r`ebkzer uf Gbkg M`r`gil M`r`gil 7. 7. W` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ mlfm` m`c`s s`b`gg klfer be lpgk÷f ‒Gljckfer g`bmes‚
=. =. Kfar`ser `b t`xtl `f be g`bme gljckfeme.
70
GEJCKES BE MKS@GGK×F M@B ]@Y]L 5. 5. Pckger `b gurslr `f be g`bme, e quk`f s` b` gejckere be mkr`ggk÷f m`b t`xtl
3. 3. S`ebkzer uf gbkg m`r`gil s` m`spb`aerå uf j`fÿ, s`b`ggklfer be lpgk÷f ‒Mkr`ggk÷f M`b ]`xtl‚. 78
7. 7. W`b`ggklfer be mkr`ggk÷f m`s`eme.
TSÅG]KGEW M@ ]ECBEW Eb kfs`rter ufe tecbe y s`b`ggklfer bes hkbes, glbujfes l g`bmes, Jkgrlslht Qlrm t` jlstrerå `f be Gkfte m` lpgklf`s uf Arupl bbejeml I`rrejk`ftes m` ]ecbe mlfm` vksuebkzerås bl skauk`ft`. 5. 5. Bes p`steões Mks`õl y Tr`s`ftegk÷f. Tr`s`ftegk÷f. 3. Bls arupls ]ecbe, Hkbes y glbujfes, Gljckfer, ]ejeõl m` g`bme
@o`rgkgkl 5? Gr`er be skauk`ft` tecbe m` =x 7 epbkgefml bes lpgklf`s m` Gljckfer g`bmes y Ebkf`egk÷f.
G @ ] W K W
X`refl
Q
3451
l rm 34
XK]ES]@
Gursl m` Qlrm Evefzeml
58
Kfa`fk`rls PFK
3? tecbe, em`jås kfs`rte 7 hkbes `fgkje l errkce m`b `jpb`eml E459, @o`rgkgkl Gr`er be skauk`ft` `sgrkc` bls metls glrr`splfmk`ft`j`ft`. glrr`splfmk`ft`j`ft`. BKW]E M@ @JTB@EMLW GLMKAL
FLJCS@
ET@BBKML
GESAL
E45=
[`rry
Glbbegieaue Glbbegieaue [lpbe
Trlarejemlr Trlarejemlr
E459
N`bvkf
J`fmlze Jufkv` Jufkv`
Mks`õemlr
E45;
H`rfefml
X`ae Aremls Aremls
Glftemlr
E434
Austevl
Weftkcåõ`z Erjes
Mkr`gtlr
E435
Wierlf
J`fmlze Jufkv` Jufkv`
W`gr`terke
@o`rgkgkl 7? Gr`er be skauk`ft` tecbe m` 0 x 1.
FL]EW M@ EBPJFLW m r l Q ` m l s r u G
Fljcr` y Ep`bbkmls W`rakl Gieaue Sejls Gerbls Glbbegieaue [lpbe Jeyre Gefgkfl Xebmkvke N`knl Gefgkfl Xebmkvke [ubkze Ebtufl X`ae
5 e t l F
3 e t l F
7 e t l F
58 59 51 59 51
58 51 51 59 5=
58 59 51 59 50
71
@o`rgkgkl =? Gr`er be skauk`ft` tecbe 0x54.
BKAE OPX@FKB M@ HP]CLB @UPKTLW
AEFEMLW
T@SMKMLW
@JTE]EMLW
E L T P S A
T`rÿ @guemlr
0 =
5 7
5 4
Creskb
1
4
4
Era`ftkfe
8
3
4
C L T P S A
Suske Eb`jefke
3 7
4 7
0 5
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8
4
5
Kfabet`rre
5
0
5
79
@o`rgkgkl 0? Gr`er be skauk`ft` tecbe 8x0.
Aeb`rêe m` kjåa`f`s
W @ F @ A E J K
Glf`ol
]lrr`
Xege
Wefte
S`blo
]kar`
Bbuvke
T`blte
@o`rgkgkl 8? Gr`er be skauk`ft` tecbe m` 7 x 50, y lrm`ferbe m` jef`re esg`fm`ft` e trevës m` be @mem. FLJCS@ [`rry Olra` Jerêe Buks Jeyre N`knl Slxefe Tkber Gefmy @ua`fke Sljkfe Euaustl H`rfefml N`bvkf
@MEM 37 74 34 70 3; 77 30 59 5; 51 59 35 7; 31
MKW]SK]L Kfm`p`fm`fgke Kfm`p`fm`fg ke Wef Jertkf m` Tlrr`s Bls lbkvls Xkbbe `b Webvemlr Xkbbe Jerêe m`b trkufhl Wef ouef m` Jkrehblr`s Cr`õe Gebbel Wefte Efkte Gljes Sêjeg O`sÿs Jerêe Jkrehblr`s Et` Xktert`
X@F]E M@ GLJTP]EMLSEW ‒J@FML_K]E‚
S.P.G? 34708;91=05 CLB@]E M@ X@F]E FSL 4448080==
EX. Kfge Aergkbesl m` be X`ae ]`bëhlfl? ;95854=30 / ;819=88=3
H@GIE
MKE
J@W
7;
W@ÕLS
EÕL
MFK
MKS@GGKLF
]@B@HLFL
X@FM@MLS
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GEF].
TS@GKL
TSLMPG]L
GEF].
TS@GKL
TSLMPG]L
JLFK]LS
GEW@W
KJTS@WLSE
]@GBEML
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B@G]LSE
WGEFF@S
MKWGL MPSL
PWC
]. XKM@L
J@JLSKEW
GEJESE Q@C
]L]EB MWG]L
]L]EB KAX
GEF].
TS@GKL
]L]EB ]L]EB E TEAES
QlrmErt `s ufe jef`re råpkme m` ieg`r qu` `b `b t`xtl m`stequ` glf `h`gtls `sp`gkeb`s. W` kfkgke m`sm` be p`steõe Kfs`rter, qu` pu`m` p`rslfebkzer e glftkfuegk÷f.
Kfs`rter QlrmErt
=4
5. Ieae Ieae gbk g `f Kfs`rter 6 QlrmErt y `bkoe uf `stkbl m` QlrmErt. FL]E? @f be aeb`rêe m` QlrmErt, FL]E? QlrmEr t, be b`tre E
r`pr`s`fte bls mkh`r`ft`s mks`õls qu` s` epbkgef e tlml `b t`xtl qu ` `sgrk `sgrk c`.
T`rslfebkzer QlrmErt
Pfe v`z b` m`s gbkg, ufe m` bls r`guemrls
`s @stkbls m` QlrmErt . X`rås qu` tk`f` ufe hb`gikte epuftefml iegke eceol, gljl ju`stre b e Kjea`f Kjea`f S`bb`fl M` ]`xtl
@stl p`rjkt ` gejcker gejcker `b glbl r m` r`bb`fl eb QlrmErt Glftlrfl M` ]`xtl
@stl p`rjkt` epbkger epbkger uf glb lr m` glftlrfl eb QlrmErt
@h`gtls m` t`xtl
@f be hkgie Hlrjetl `f i`rrejk`ftes m` mkcuol , ieae gbkg `f @h`gtls m` t`xtl 6trefshlrjer y s`b`ggklf` `b `h` `h`gtl gtl qu` m`s``. m`s``. Flte? `b tkpl m` b`tres m`b Qlrm s` pu`m`
gejcker m`sm` be p`steõe s`b`ggklfefml ltrl tkpl m` hu`ft`
Kfkgkl
y
HLSJEW [ QLSMES]
W@SXKGKL
=5
FL]E? MESB@ GLBLS E BEW HLSJEW [ BLW QLSMES]
WjertErt b` p`rjkt` gljufkger kfhlrjegk÷f kfhlrjeg k÷f glf aråhkgls `f buaer m` slbl user WJES]ES] t`xtl. Iey ufe verk`mem m` `stkbls pere `b`akr, qu` pu`m` user pere kbustrer jugils tkpls mkh`r`ft`s m` km`es. Tere kfs`rter uf aråhkgl WjertErt? 55. Glblqu` `b puftl m` kfs`rgk÷f `f `b mlguj`ftl mlfm` m`s`e qu` eper`zge `b aråhkgl WjertErt. 53. @f be p`steõe Kfs`rter, s`b`ggklf` `b gljefml WjertErt `f `b arupl Kbustregklf`s.
=3
57. Pf guemrl m` mkåblal eper`g`rå. W`b`ggklf` ufe get`alrêe e be kzquk`rme, `bkoe `b aråhkgl WjertErt qu` m`s`` y bu`al ieae gbkg `f Eg`pter.
5=. @b aråhkgl WjertErt eper`g`rå `f su mlguj`ftl.
Tere ear`aer uf aråhkgl WjertErt? 5=. W`b`ggklf` `b t`xtl aråhkgl eWjertErt WjertErt. . @b pef`b m` ter`es m` WjertErt eper`g`rå e be kzquk`rme.
=7
50. Kfar`s` `b t`xtl eb beml m` geme vkõ`te `f `b pef`b m` ter`es. @b t`xtl eper`g`rå `f `b aråhkgl y s` r`mkj`fsklferå pere gec`r m`ftrl m` be hlrje.
58. Tere ear`aer ufe fu`ve hlrje, pr`sklf` @ft`r . Eper`g`rå ufe fu`ve vkõ`te `f `b pef`b m` ter`es y eper`g`rå ufe fu`ve hlrje `f `b aråhkgl.
GEJCKES BE LSAEFK_EGK×F M@ WJES]ES] Tere ear`aer ufe hlrje? 5. W`b`ggklf` `b aråhkgl WjertErt, bu`al ieae gbkg `f be p`steõe Mks`õl `f `b beml m`r`gil m` be gkfte m` lpgklf`s.
==
3. Ieae gbkg `f `b gljefml Ear`aer hlrje `f `b arupl Aråhkgls. Eper`g`rå uf j`fÿ m`spb`aecb`. 7. M`gkme m÷fm` m`s`e qu` eper`zge be fu`ve hlrje y s`b`ggklf` ufe hlrje emyeg`ft`. =. W`b`ggklf` Ear`aer hlrje eft`s l Ear`aer hlrje m`spuës pere ear`aer ufe hlrje `f `b jksjl fkv`b qu` be hlrje s`b`ggklfeme. W`b`ggklf` Ear`aer hlrje plr `fgkje l Ear`aer hlrje e glftkfuegk÷f pere ear`aer ufe hlrje plr `fgkje l plr m`ceol m` be hlrje s`b`ggklfeme.
0. Be fu`ve hlrje eper`g`rå.
m`aremer 5. W`b`ggklf` `bTere aråhkgl prljlgklfer WjertErt, bu`al ieaelgbkg `f be p`steõehlrjes Mks`õl `f `b beml m`r`gil m` be gkfte m` lpgklf`s.
3. W`b`ggklf` be hlrje qu` m`s`e prljlv`r l m`aremer. @f fu`strl `o`jpbl, m`aremer`jls ufe hlrje.
=0
7. Tere jlv`r be hlrje e uf fkv`b sup`rklr, ieae gbkg `f `b gljefml Trljlgklfer `f `b arupl Gr`er aråhkgl. Tere jlv`rbl e uf fkv`b kfh`rklr, iez gbkg `f Mksjkfukr m` fkv`b. =. Be hlrje s` jlv`rå uf fkv`b jås ebtl l jås ceol.
TSÅG]KGEW M@ ]ECBEW Lraefkareje 5? A`r`ft`
=8
W`gr`terke
Trly`gtls
Lp`regklf`s
Jern`tkfa
Mks`õl
Mkstrkcugk÷f
Kfv`stkaegk÷f m` J`rgem`l
Trltltkpl
Trlmuggk÷f
Lraefkareje 3? KFA@FK@SLW PFK
GPSWL
Lhhkg`
Mks`õl Arehkgl
Qlrm
Glr`b Mrew
Mks`õl Q`c
Kfv`stkaegk÷f m` J`rgeml
@xg`b
Tlw`rTlkft
Tiltlsilp
Hkr`wlrns
Kfm`skfa
Mr`ejw`ev`r
Lraefkareje 7? Iermwer` Mksplsktkvls m` @ftreme ]`gbeml PWC
TW3
Jlus`
Mksplsktkvls m` Webkme Q`cgej
Jlfktlr
Kjpr`slre
=1
Kfebejcrkgl
GS]
×ptkgl
BGM
Jetrkgkeb
Kfy`ggk÷f
B@M Bes`r
Lraefkareje =?
Ebtevlz
Lraefkareje 0? MKS@GGKLF
MT]L S@BEGKLF@W TPCBKGEW
LHKGKFE M@ TBEFKHKGEGKLF
GLFW@OL MKS@G]KXL
MKXKWKLF W@GS@]ESKE
GLFW@OL EGEM@JKGL
MT]L CKCBKL]@GE
MT]L ESGIKXL S@AKW]SL
MKXKWKLF ]@GFLBLAKGL
GLLSMKFEGKLF M@ EBPJFLW
MKXKWKLF M@ @XEBPEGKLF
MKXKWKLF TLW] ASEML
=9
MKXKWKLF T@SWLFEB
MKXKWKLF BLAKW]KGE
EW@WLSKE T@MEALAKGE
MKXKWKLF @Y]@FWKLF
MKXKWKLF KFX@W]KAEGKLF
Lraefkareje 8 y 1?
BPF@W
MLJKFAL
J@JLSKE
TSLG@WEMLS
TBEGE TSKFGKTEB
MKWGL MPSL
JES]@W
MKEW M@ W@JEFE WECEML
JK@SGLB@W
XK@SF@W
OP@X@W
Bls aråhkgls `stemêstkgls slf ufeASÅHKGLW r`pr`s`ftegk÷f@W]EMÊW]KGLW vksueb m` kfhlrjegk÷f fujërkge, slf GS@ES pertkguberj`ft` `h`gtkvls pere jlstrer r`begklf`s `ftr` mkh`r`ft`s veblr`s. @ståf gljpu`stl sk`jpr` plr ufe tecbe m` metls be gueb glftk`f`f be kfhlrjegk÷f qu` f`g`sktejls arehkger.
Tesls pere kfs`rter uf aråhkgl 5. Ieg`r gbkg `f be T`steõe Kfs`rter. 3. Ieg`r gbkg `f be lpgk÷f Aråhkgl. 7. Ieg`r gbkg `f uf tkpl m` aråhkgl (Gkrguber, Cerres, Glbujfe, `tg.) =. Ieg`r gbkg `f uf jlm`bl. 0. Ieg`r gbkg `f eg`pter. 8. @f fu`strl gesl s` ie s`b`ggklfeml uf tkpl m` aråhkgl gkrguber 7M, qu` jlstrerå bl skauk`ft`.
=;
1. @f be iloe m` @xg`b m`c`rås gejcker bls metls pr`m`t`rjkfemls plr fu`vls metls qu` m`s`ejls arehkger.
9. Eper`g`rå `f fu`stre påakfe påakfe m`b mlguj`ftl, ``bb aråhkgl glf bls metls glrr`splfmk`ft`j`ft`. `ft s
@F@SL
ECSKB
JES_L
H@CS@S L
ETBKGES GEJCKLW E PF PF ASÅHKGL Eb s`b`ggklfer uf aråhkgl, Qlrm 3458 jlstrerå `f be gkfte gkfte m` lpgklf`s bes i`rrejk`f i`rrejk`ftes tes m` aråhkgls mlfm` v`r`jls bes p`steões Mks`õl y Hlrjetl. 5. Ieg`r gbkg `f be p`steõe Mks`õl.
3. W`b`ggklfer `b gljefml jås `stkbls y s`b`ggklfe `b @stkbl 8. 7. Eilre m`c`rås s`b`ggklfer `b `b gljefml Mks`õl råpkml y s`b`ggklfer `b Mks`õl 0.
04
`ft s @F@SL ECSKB H@CS@SL
JES_L
=. W`b`ggklfer `b gljefml Ear`aer `b`j`ftl m` aråhkgl y s`b`ggklfe ebaufes lpgklf`s emkgklfeb`s pere ear`aer e fu`strl aråhkgl.
`ft s @F@SL ECSKB H@CS@SL JES_L @F@SL
H@CS@SL
JES_L
ECSKB
Gr`er bls skauk`ft`s aråhkgls `stemêstkgls. Tregtkge m` aråhkgls gljkme buz eaue bevefm`rêe aereo` aeslbkfe gljufkmem ltrls tlteb`s
`f`rl 13.30 74.40 74.40 30.44 04.44 544.44 =9.09 34.44 710.;7
h`cr`rl 84.54 74.40 74.40 =0.44 0=.44 9;.44 04.9; 30.30 79=.7=
jerzl 13.53 78.48 78.48 50.44 0=.44 19.44 05.08 =0.30 799.40
ecrkb 74.40 31.40 31.40 =9.44 0=.44 9;.44 =1.9; 3=.30 7=1.3;
jeyl 84.54 31.40 31.40 19.44 01.44 19.44 05.03 30.=0 =4=.51
05
03
Bes tecubegklf`s slf sebtls m` gursls]ECPBEGKLF@W qu` s` `o`gutef glf be t`gbe ]EC, m` teb hlrje qu` `xkste uf `spegkeml `ftr` pebecre l têtubl. Flrjebj`ft` s` utkbkzef bes tecubegklf`s pere a`f`rer bkstes. Bes tecubegklf`s s` su`b`f user pere gr`er mlguj`ftls e bls qu` r`subt` hågkb epbkger hlrjetl, p`rl bes lpgklf`s m` mks`õl m`b mlguj`ftl m` Jkgrlslht Lhhkg` Qlrm 3458 pu`m`f r`ebkzer `b treceol eutljåtkgej`ft`. Tere `stecb`g`r bes tecubegklf`s m` hlrje råpkme, r åpkme, ieg`jls gbkg `f `b s`b`gtlr m` tecubegklf`s qu` eper`g` `f `b `xtr`jl kzquk`rml m` be r`abe ieste qu` s` ju`str` `b tkpl m` tecubegk÷f qu` m`s``jls user y, e glftkfuegk÷f, ieg`jls gbkg `f be r`abe `f be uckgegk÷f m`s`eme. 07 ➣ ]kpls m` tecubegklf`s
]ecubegk÷fiegke kzquk`rme . @stecb`g` be plskgk÷f kfkgkeb m`b t`xtl qu` s` krå E. `xt`fmk`fml be m`r`gie e j`mkme qu` s` `sgrkc`. C. G`ftrer tecubegk÷f. @stecb`g` be plskgk÷f m`b g`ftrl m`b t`xtl, qu` s` g`ftre `f `st` puftl e j`mkme qu` s` `sgrkc`. G. ]ecubegk÷f m`r`gie. @stecb`g` `b `xtr`jl m`r`gil m`b t`xtl. E j`mkme qu` s` `sgrkc`> `b t`xtl s` m`spbeze iegke be kzquk`rme. M. ]ecubegk÷f m`gkjeb. Ebkf`e bls fÿj`rls `ftlrfl e ufe glje m`gkjeb kfm`p`fmk`ft`j`ft` kfm`p`fmk`f t`j`ft` m` bls mêaktls qu` t`fae `b fÿj`rl, be glje m`gkjeb p`rjef`g` `f be jksje plskgk÷f (bls fÿj`rls s÷bl s` pu`m`f ebkf`er `f tlrfl e uf
gerågt`r m`gkjeb> fl s` pu`m` user be tecubegk÷f m`gkjeb pere ebkf`er fÿj`rls ebr`m`mlr m` ltrl gerågt`r, gljl pu`m` s`r uf auklf l uf sêjclbl m` y glj`rgkeb). ➣ Be Cerre m` tecubegklf`s. Fl `stecb`g` be plskgk÷f m`b t`xtl, skfl qu` kfs`rte ufe cerre v`rtkgeb `f be plskgk÷f plskgk÷f m` be tecubegk÷f.
Tesls pere kfs`rter tecubegklf`s
5) Ieg`r gbkg `f `b Arupl Tårrehl.
3) Ieg`r gbkg `f be lpgk÷f ]ecubegklf`s.
7) Mkakter `b fÿj`rl m` plskgk÷f m` be ]ecubegk÷f kzquk`rme, g`ftreme, m`r`gie l m`gkjeb. =) @b`akr uf tkpl m` S`bb`fl (5, 3, 7, =). 0) Ieg`r gbkg `f @stecb`g`r. 8) Ieg`r gbk `f Eg`pter.
7
7
0= =
0 8
@o`rgkgkl m` tecubegklf`s 5) @sp`gkhkger bes skauk`ft`s tecubegklf`s.
Tlskgk÷f 4 gj 8 gj 50 gj
Ebkf`egk÷f Kzquk`rme G`ftreme M`r`gie
S`bb`fl 3 7 =
@B@G]SLFKGL L GLMKAL----------------ET@BBKMLW [ FLJC@W \\\\\\\\\GLS@SL @B@G]SLFKG 445 ------------------------------------------- Gefgkfl Xebmkvke, Jeyre \\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\ JgefgkflDlutblln.glj JgefgkflDlutblln.glj [glbbegieaueDlutblln.glj lj 443--------------------- Glbbegieaue [lpbe, [`rry \\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\ [glbbegieaueDlutblln.g 447--------------------- Etlg Sloes, J`mebkt Hrkme \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ J etlgDajekb.glj JetlgDajekb.glj 44=----------------------- Sejls Ecrkb, Gerlbkfe \\\\\\\\\\\\ GrejlsDlutblln.glj GrejlsDlutblln.glj 440-------------------- X Xeraes eraes Gejegil, Neti`rkf` \\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\ NveraesDiltjekb.glj NveraesDiltjekb.glj 448------------------ @fgerfegk÷f Erëvebl, Ezug`fe \\\\\ E`fgerfegk÷fDlutblln.glj E`fgerfegk÷fDlutblln.glj 441 ---------------------- X`ae Aremls, H`rfefml \\\\\\\\\\\\ HaremlsDajekb.glj HaremlsDajekb.glj 449 -------------------- J`fmlze Jufkv`, N`bvkf \\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\ Nj`fmlzeDiltjekb.glj Nj`fmlzeDiltjekb.glj 44;-------------------- Weftkveõ`z Erjes, Austevl \\\\\\\ Aseftkveõ`zDlutblln.glj Aseftkveõ`zDlutblln.glj OpebljkflDlutblln.glj 454 -----------------------------------------------Tebljkfl B`lf, Oubkl \\\\\\\\\\ OpebljkflDlutblln.glj 455 ---------------------- Gefgkfl Xebmkvke, Xebmkvke, N`knl \\\\\\\\\\ NgefgkflDlutblln.glj NgefgkflDlutblln.glj GglbbegieaueDlutblln.glj 453 --------------------- Glbbegieaue [lpbe, Gerbls\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\ G glbbegieaueDlutblln.glj
@MK]LS M@ @GPEGKLF@W Lhhkg` glftk`f` `guegklf`s qu` s` pu`m`f kfs`rter hågkbj`ft` `f sus mlguj`ftls. Wk bes `guegklf`s kft`aremes m` Lhhkg` fl setksheg`f sus f`g`skmem`s, pu`m` `mkter, gejcker be `guegk÷f `xkst`ft` l `sgrkckr su prlpke `guegk÷f m`sm` g`rl. @bkoe Kfs`rter 6 `guegk÷f y `b`akr be `guegk÷f qu` m`s`` m`sm` be aeb`rêe.
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 5?
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 0? 00
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 3?
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 8? @GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 7?
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F =?
@GPEGKLF @GPEGKL F 1?
08
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