LIBRO EVALUACION DE PROYECTOS

July 24, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

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Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

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Ons cgdns h` sd lrcstnocznh usunokdhtd p`rqud, nuhqud chclcnh su dfdlulcüh, su gdsnrròo` ds gds`rgdhng` y kno ponhclng`: ds gdlcr, h` sd prdpnrü y kulm` kdh`s sd s`kdtcü n uhn ngdlungn dvnounlcüh l`k` pr`ydlt` n sdr ckpodkdhtngns, ecdh sdn p`r ons dkprdsns y/` chstctulc`hds prcvngns ` p`r ons dhtcgngds pöeoclns. Th pr`ydlt` sd gdhd l`k` do l`hfuht` gd nhtdldgdhtds qud pdrkctdh dstcknr ons vdhtnfns y gdsvdhtnfns, tãlhclns, dl`hükclns y bchnhlcdrns qud sd gdrcvnh gd gdstchnr lcdrt`s rdlurs`s (yn sdnh pr`pc`s, s`lc`s, pr`vdhcdhtds gd prãstnk`s, g`hnlc`hds ` np`rtds prdsupudstnods, dhtrd `tr`s.) pnrn on pr`gullcüh gd gdtdrkchng`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s, on ckpodkdhtnlcüh gd sdrvclc`s pöeocl`s ` gdsnrròo` gd pràrnkns gd edhdlc` s`lcno, pdr` pnrn p`gdr gdtdrkchnr ons vdhtnfns y gdsvdhtnfns qud pudgd tdhdr uh pr`ydlt` pnrn sdr ckpodkdhtng`, ds hdldsnrc` fnr uhn kdt`gòàën `rgdhngn qud pdrkctn b`rkuonlcüh y bnlcoctd on dvnounlcüh rdspdltcvn. Gd nmë qud do l`hfuht` gd mdrrnkcdhtns qud pdrkctdh dstcknr on vcnecocgng gd uh pr`ydlt`, ds o` qud sd l`h`ld l`k` on DRNOTNLC@H GD YU@SDLW@\: sch dkenra` dkenra ` dh uhn ngdlungn YUDYNUNLC@H YUDYNUNLC@H S B@UKTONLC@H dstîh do ãxct` gd on ckpodkdhtnlcüh, yn qud sd mn oàrng` chtdarnr t`gns ons vnrcneods qud nbdltnh no pr`ydlt` n l`rt`, kdgcnh` y onra` ponz`. Dstns mdrrnkcdhtns gdedh sdr trntngns l`h `rgdh oüacl`, gd tno knhdrn qud prdsdhtdh uhn rngcàrnbën gd t`g`s o`s nhtdldgdhtds (eudh`s y kno`s) qud nbdltnh do gdsnrròo` gdo pr`ydlt`. Nsë, l`k` do kãgcl` od mnld dxîkdhds n uh pnlcdhtd, od dslulmn on mcst`rcn loëhcln y od t`kn rngcàrnbëns nhtds gd gcnah`stclnr y rdl`kdhgnr uh trntnkcdht`, do dvnoung`r gd uh pr`ydlt` gded rdl`pconr

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

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t`gn on chb`rknlcüh hdldsnrcn pnrn qud od gã lonrcgng sèrd sus ‟pr`s‛ y ‟l`htrns‛, puds on rdl`kdhgnlcüh ` t`kn gdlcscüh pnrn p`hdro` dh knrlmn gdpdhgd gdo gcnahüstcl` (b`rkuonlcüh y dvnounlcüh). Ds chgugneod qud, p`r kuy ecdh dstugcng` qud dstã uh pr`ydlt` h` p`grî l`htdhdr o`s gdtnoods rdontcv`s n t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s qud chlcgdh dh ão, hc prdvdr t`gns ons gcluotngds qud mnerî qud rdsòvdr dh do tdrrdh` kcsk`, dh lunht` n `ranhcznlcüh pudstn dh knrlmn y buhlc`hnkcdht`, pdr` do pr`ydlt`,, rdprdsdhtn on ensd pnrn rdgulcr on chldrtcgukerd pr`ydlt` dh ons gdlcsc`hds ngkchcstrntcvns. Nm`rn, h` t`g`s o`s pr`ydlt`s s`h vcneods, ds gdlcr tcdhdh kîs ‟l`htrns‛ qud ‟pr`s‛, lnusnhg`dh gdsl`hlcdrt` y prd`lupnlcüh p`r ds do gchdr` chvdrtcg` on chvdstcan chvdstcanlcüh. lcüh. \ch dkenra`, prdbdrceod dhl`htrnr n tcdkp` on chl`hvdhcdhlcn gd oodvnro` ngdonhtd, qud gdsluercr kîs tnrgd qud t`gn on chvdrscüh mn scg` uh brnlns`. N ^TCDH RN GCUCACG@ S LTNO D\ \T @UANHCVNLC@H

Do ocer` vn gcrcacg` n t`g`s o`s dstugcnhtds: n o`s pr`bdsc`hnods gd t`gns ons gcslcpochns, rdsp`hsneods gd dfdlutnr pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh pöeocln prcvngn, nckpodkdhtnr o`s adrdhtds pr`ydlt`s adhdrnods y gd pr`ydlt`s qud `hdldsctnh pr`gultcv`s y dbdltcv`s dh tcdkp`s dspdlcnods, ds gdlcr n t`gns ons pdrs`hns qud gdsddh ckpodkdhtnr cgdns l`h ldrtdzn. Do ocer` dstî `ranhczng` dh sdcs (2) lnpëtuo`s, qud chtdarnh o`s dodkdht`s buhgnkdhtnods gd on prdpnrnlcüh y dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s: pnrtcdhg` gdsgd on cgdhtclnlcüh y hnturnodzn gd o`s pr`ydlt`s, pnsnhg` p`r su b`rkuonlcüh, do dstugc` gdo kdrlng`, do dstugc` tãlhcl` ` on chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt`, o`s nspdlt`s bchnhlcdr`s y on dvnounlcüh bchnhlcdrn,

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>4

dl`hükcln y s`lcno. Ngclc`hnokdhtd, l`htcdhd l`htcdhd eceocàrnbën ngclc`hno qud `rcdhtn sèrd o`s tdkns dspdlël`s, dsp dlël`s, nsë l`k` nut`dvnounlc`hds nut`dvnounlc `hds no tdrkchnr lngn lnpëtuo` pnrn l`h`ldr do arng` gd nut`nprdhgcznfd gdo dvnoung`r. Ods gdsd` kulm`s ãxct`s n t`g`s o`s dkprdhgdg`rds gdsd`s`s gd ckpodkdhtnr sus cgdns gd uhn knhdrn ngdlungn y ldrtdrn: dspdrnhg` qud dstd ocer` ods gd on `rcdhtnlcüh hdldsnrcn.

F@UAD DHUC^TD RNUAN\ KNHWCOON

>2

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Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>1

Lnpëtuo` C O@\ YU@AUNKN\ GD GD\NUU@OO@ S O@\ YU@SDLW@\ GD\LUCYLC@H GDO LNYCWTO@ Dh dstd lnpëtuo` sd prdtdhgd ueclnr no pr`ydltcstn gdhtr` gd

on buhlcüh dspdlëln gd b`rkuonr y dvnounr pr`ydlt`s, gnhg` mdrrnkcdhtns adhdrnods gd tcp` l`hldptuno, mnlcdhg` ãhbnscs dh ons dtnpns gdo pr`ydlt`, su hnturnodzn, gcluotngds y hdldscgngds gdo kcsk` l`k` tnkecãh su gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` gd snrròo` y pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh: sd prdsdhtn su gdpdhgdhlcn y lük` o`s pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` dstîh l`hb`rkng`s p`r pr`ydlt`s. Nsë kcsk`, sd chtr`guld dh do gdsnrròo` y b`rkuonlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` qud sdrî èfdt` gd on dvnounlcüh hno y sdrî on ensd pnrn on l`hb`rknlcüh, `fnoî gd dkprdsn y/` chstctulcühs ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y pr`ydlt`s rdnods qud rdguldh dh edhdlc`s. Ds ckp`rtnhtd qud no hnocznr dstd lnpëtuo` sd tdhanh lonr`s o`s l`hldpt`s trntng`s, puds ds on ensd gd o`s tdkns gd o`s p`stdrc`rds lnpëtuo`s.

@EFDWCR@\ >.

Udl`h`ldr on ckp`rtnhlcn gd on B`rkuonlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s

5.

Cgdhtclnr on hdldscgng gd ponhdnr ons nltcvcgngds dl`hükclns y gd b`kdhtnr do us` gd dstn mdrrnkcdhtn.

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F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

.> HNWTUNODVN GD O@\ YU@AUNKN\ GD GD\NUU@OO@ W`g` pr`lds` gd gdsnrròo`, sd knhcdstn gd knhdrn dvòutcvn, adhdrnhg` dh b`rkn l`htchun gdlcsc`hds gd chvdrscüh, qud tcdhdh l`k` èfdtcv` do kdf`rnkcdht` gd ons l`hgclc`hds gd vcgn gd on l`kuhcgng. Ds nsë, l`k` uh pràrnkn gd gdsnrròo` sd buhgnkdhtn dh ons hdldscgngds prck`rgcnods gd uh sdlt`r, p`r gcbëlcods qud sdnh, puds gd su arng` gd gcluotng gdpdhgd dsdhlcnokdhtd su ponhclnlcüh. Gd nmë su ãxct` ` brnlns`, yn qud dh vnrcns `lnsc`hds o`s pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` h` dhknrlnh ons hdldscgngds sdlt`rcnods, hnlc`hnods ` rdac`hnods y p`r tnht` sd gdsbnsnh gd su èfdtcv`. Ds p`r o` tnht` l`hvdhcdhtd adhdrnr pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh, qud dh b`rkn ponhclngn y l`mdrdhtd mnrîh bnltceod do lukpockcdht` gd kdtns. \ch dkenra`, on kntdrcnocznlcüh gd uh pràrnkn gd gdsnrròo` h` scdkprd dstî dh ons gdlcsc`hds gd chvdrscüh prdsdhtngns n trnvãs gd uh pr`ydlt`, sch` gngn p`r ons kdgcgns gd pòëtcln dl`hükcln y s`lcno gd uh pnës (slno, k`hdtnrcn, prdlc`s, snonrc`s, dhtrd `tr`s…). Chb`rtuhngnkdhtd gdedk`s gdedk`s nardanr on knon b`rkuonlcüh y dvnounlcüh gd o`s pr`ydlt`s, kulmns vdlds dvnoung`s n ‟prc`rc‛, qud `lnsc`hnh uh arng` enstnhtd enf` gd nlcdrt`s d ckpoclnh sdrc`s pdrfuclc`s pnrn uhn hnlcüh. Dstns rdsp`hsnecocgng h`tns sd trndh dhqud lònlcüh, l`h pr`püsct` k`strnr on sdrcn sd tcdhd no do b`rkuonr uhgd YU@AUNKN

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>3

GD GD\NUU@OO@, do luno aunrgnhg` ons pr`p`rlc`hds pudgd sdr tdhcg` dh ludhtn, no qudrdr gdsnrròonr uhn dkprdsn y/ ` chstctulcüh. W`kdk`s l`k` dfdkpo` gd l`kpnrnlcüh, uh pràrnkn gd lrdlckcdht` dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh (Nkpocnlcüh gd on lèdrturn gdo kdrlng`) y uh pràrnkn pr àrnkn gd gdsnrròo` s`lcno (Nkpocnlcüh gd on lèdrturn dgulntcvn dh do hcvdo prcknrc` gdo pnës). Dh do sdauhg` lns` gclm` pràrnkn dstî l`hb`rkng` p`r uhn sdrcd gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh qud pdrkctcrîh uhn ngdlungn lèdrturn pnrn do hcvdo y o`s scaucdhtds, nsë l`k` uh ckpnlt` dh do gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` gd on l`kuhcgng pnrn o`s tcdkp`s vdhcgdr`s. Dh on prckdrn lcrluhstnhlcn ckpocln uhn gdlcscüh gd chvdrscüh qud gded sdr l`htdkpongn gdpdhgcdhg` gd on b`rkn l`k` sd oodvn n lne`: l`hstctuyãhg`sd pr`ydlt`s qud pdrkctnh èsdrvnr ons vdhtnfns y gdsvdhtnfns dstd sdhtcg`, sd gdedh l`htdkponr nspdlt`sdl`hükclns tnods l`k`6 l`k`6 dh Nkpocnlcüh gd onpuds ponhtn, l`st`s gd ckpodkdhtnlcüh, Chbrndstrulturn gd on l`kpdtdhlcn, Lnrnltdrëstclns gdo kdrlng`, Onhznkcdht` pueoclctnrc`, dhtrd `tr`s. O`s pr`ydlt`s nhtdrc`rds dstîh noa` gds`rgdhng`s: sch dkenra` t`knrîh b`rkn dh on kdgcgn qud sd trntdh dh o`s scaucdhtds lnpëtuo`s.

>.5 UDONLC@HD\ GDO YU@SDLW@ L@H DO GD\NUU@OO@ DL@H@KCL@ S \@LCNO Lunhg` pdhsnk`s dh do gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno y su ckp`rtnhlcn, pnrn on l`hsòcgnlcüh gd ons s`lcdgngds, h` h`s p`gdk`s npnrtnr gd trds dodkdht`s buhgnkdhtnods, qud mdk`s kdhlc`hng` dh lngn uh` gd o`s nspdlt`s lctng`s nhtdrc`rkdhtd6 q q q

Ons vnrcneods chvòulrngns dh do lrdlckcdht` lrdl ckcdht` dl`hükcl` Ons hdldscgngds gd `ptckcznr ons chvdrsc`hds Ons gcluotngds qud sd tcdhdh pnrn nukdhtnr on lnpnlcgng

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59

gd nm`rr`. Dst`s s`h bnlt`rds qud nbdltnh o`s pr`ydlt`s y qud dvcgdhtdkdhtd o`s fustclnh l`h kny`r sdvdrcgng. N l`htchunlcüh sd gdsnrròon lngn uh` gd o`s bnlt`rds y gdtdrkchnrî do p`r quã gd su chlcgdhlcn gdhtr` gd uh pr`ydlt`, gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn gd su rdonlcüh l`h do gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno.

>.5.> ON\ RNUCNEOD\ CHR@OTLUNGN\ DH DO LUDLCKCDHW@ DL@H@KCL@

Do lrdlckcdht` gd uh pnës dstî kdgcg` p`r su lnpnlcgng gd chvdrscüh, gd nm`rr`, gd pèonlcüh rdnokdhtd dkpodngn dh on pr`gullcüh gd ecdhds y sdrvclc`s y gd o`s chards`s qud adhdrnh lngn uh` gd o`s sdlt`rds qud o` l`kp`hdh. Dst` qucdrd gdlcr qud n kdgcgn qud o`s gcstcht`s dodkdht`s d odkdht`s gd uhn hnlcüh np`rtnh l`h su trnenf`, chvdrsc`hds y nm`rr`, dstî rddfîhg`sd do lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` gd dsd pnës, do luno gdedrî rdvdstcrsd dh gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno. Rdnk`s nm`rn n trnvãs gd uh sdhlcoo` dfdkpo`, dfdkpo`, o` qud dstd p`stuong` scahcln6 \c do pnës chvcdrtd gd su chards` chard s` hnlc`hno do >4% y sc on pr`gultcvcgng gd on chvdrscüh ds gdo >9%, do pnës do dstnrën lrdlcdhg` dh 7% uh >.4%. \c dh dstns lcrluhstnhlcns dkpod` lrdlcdrd sò` dh uh y do trnenf` pnrtclcpnrn l`h do 79% gdo ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, do lrdlckcdht` lrdlckcdht ` ntrceucrod no trnenf` sdrën gdo >.2%. Nm`rn sc suknk`s do lrdlckcdht` p`r chvdrsc`hds y p`r dkpod`, gcrënk`s qud do pnës lrdlcü uh %. Nhnocldk`s do dfdkpo` y èsdrvdk`s l`k` do lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` gd lngn vnrcneod chgdpdhgcdhtd, tcdhd uhn pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno, gd tno knhdrn qud lngn vnrcneod pudgn sdr trnenfngn l`k` pr`ydlt`s chgdpdhgcdhtds, uh` pnrn chlrdkdhtnr do chards` hnlc`hno erut` y `tr` pnrn nukdhtnr

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5>

on pnrtclcpnlcüh gdo trnenf` dh do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s chtdrh`. Gdo dfdkpo`, rdsnotdk`s dspdlcnokdhtd do nukdht` gdo trnenf` l`k` kdgc` gd pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do lrdlckcdht` gdo chards`. Dstd prchlcpc` dl`hükcl` sd mnld enstnhtd l`hvdhcdhtd, nhtd o`s lnkec`s dh o`s k`gdo`s gd ngkchcstrnlcü ngkchcstrnlcüh h y o`s surackcdht`s gd l`hldpt`s, tnods l`k`, on lnocgng t`tno, on rdchadhcdrën, dkp`wdrkdht, y dh h ons td`rëns sèrd on pr`gultcvcgng, pnrtcdhg` gdo gdsnrròo` pdrs`hno dh o`s trnenfng`rds, l`k` kdgc` pnrn o`s lrdlckcdht`s lr dlckcdht`s dl`hükcl`s, yn qud süo` doo`s pudgdh mnldr np`rtds ckp`rtnhtds n o`s chards`s gd ons dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh l`kdrlcnoc ldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y gdo scstdkn sc su nltctug dstî dhb`lngn no kdf`rnkcdht` gdo trnenf`: sch dkenra` dst` p`grî sdr dh on kdgcgn qud dogd scstdkn y ondh dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh knhtdhanh not`s dh hcvdods dstëkuo` on eösqudgn gd not`s hcvdods gd pr`gultcvcgng, lnocgng n enf`s l`st`s.

DFDULCLC@ H`. >

Done`rd uhn ocstn gd p`r o` kdh`s >4 vnrcneods n l`hscgdrnr pnrn do lrdlckcdht` gd uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh (` gd su dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh). Eîsdsd dh sus l`h`lckcdht`s d chtuclcüh. L`hsãrvdo`s y dvnoödo`s sdaöh do gdsnrròo` gd o`s lnpëtuo`s.

>.5.5 HDLD\CGNG GD @YWCKCVNU ON\ CHRDU\C@HD\

\daurnkdhtd yn tdrkchü gd done`rnr on ocstn gd ons vnrcneods chvòulrngns dh do lrdlckcdht` gd uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh:

55

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

p`r tnht` pudgd èsdrvnr uh bnlt`r l`köh: on hdldscgng gd `ptckcznr ons chvdrsc`hds pnrn prdsdhtnr ëhgclds gd lrdlckcdht` y gdsnrròo`, nsë l`k` dodkdht`s gd ponhdnlcüh y l`htrò pnrq qud h` sd prdsdhtdh gdse`rgnkcdht`s dh o`s pns`s qud sd t`kdh pnrn ètdhdr do kdhlc`hng` lrdlckcdht`. Do rdsuotng` ètdhcg` nhtdrc`rkdhtd kudstrn qud on l`htrceulcüh gdo pr`lds` gd chvdrscüh no lrdlckcdht` lrdn dh dsd lns` do >.4% p`r nþ`. Dstn l`htrceulcüh p`grën nukdhtnr kdgcnhtd uh dsbudrz` dh do lrdlckcdht` gd on chvdrscüh chvdrscüh t`tno. Dstd dsbudrz` dxcad dxcad uh nukdht` dh do nm`rr` hnlc`hno (` ecdh uh nukdht` dh on gdugn dxtdrhn) nspdlt`s gcbëlcods gd oàrnr oàrnr.. \ch dkenra`, sd p`grî scdkprd nukdhtnr p`r kdgc` gd uhn rdnscahnlcüh gd ons chvdrsc`hds gdsgd o`s sdlt`rds g`hgd rchgdh p`l` mnlcn g`hgd rchgdh kîs. Lunhg` uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh nhnoczn do dfdrlclc` gdo nþ` nhtdrc`r y dhludhtrn no rdvcsnr o`s ëhgclds hnhlcdr`s gd pntrck`hc` y nltcv`s, nltcv`s, qud su lrdlckcdht` lrdlckcdht` dh rdonlcüh rdonlcüh l`h do pdrë`g` nhtdrc`r budr`h gdo 7 ` 4%, surad surad on prdauhtn: luîods dodkdht`s adhdrnr`h dstd lrdlckcdht`0 S sdaurnkdhtd tdhgrî qud vdrclnr sus nltcv`s f`s, do k`vckcdht` gd lcrluonhtd, do pnscv` n l`rt` y onra` ponz` y tno vdz gdtdltnrî qud do pdqudþ` ëhgcld sd knhtuv` n lnusn gdo hcvdo gd dhgdugnkcdht` qud ds kdh`r,, n rnëz gd on gcbëlco lnpnlcgng gd nm`rr` pnrn chvdrtcr. kdh`r Nsë l`k` uhn hnlcüh gded vdrclnr su lnpnlcgng gd chvdrscüh pnrtcdhg` gdo rdlurs` chtdrh`, on rdhtnecocgng gdo sdlt`r dl`hükcl` y s` s`lc lcno no y su ln lnpn pnlc lcgn gng g gd dh dhgd gdug ugnk nkcd cdht ht`, `, uh uhn n dk dkpr prds dsn n y/` chstctulcüh gded kdgcr sus ëhgclds gd tno knhdrn qud on chvdrscüh rdhtd o` sulcdhtd pnrn `ptckcznr on pr`gultcvcgng gd on kcskn, puds nsë sd l`hscaud rdlclonron: ètdhcãhg`sd uhn kdf`r rdhtnecocgng, o` qud sdaurnkdhtd prdsdhtnrî uh ngdlung` lrdlckcdht`.

>.5.< GCBCLTOWNGD\ YNUN NTKDHWNU ON LNYNLCGNG GD NM@UU@

Nsë l`k` ds gcbëlco nukdhtnr do l`dlcdhtd gd nm`rr` hnlc`hno p`r

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5<

vnrc`s k`tcv`s dl`hükcl`s, pòëtcl`s y s`lcnods: on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s dhludhtrnh gcluotng dh nukdhtnr su lnpnlcgng gd nm`rr`, do luno pdrkctcrî nukdht` dh do l`dlcdhtd hnlc`hno, ngdkîs gd anrnhtcznr chvdrsc`hds l`h rdlurs`s pr`pc`s sch rdlurrcr n dhgdugnkcdht`s chl`htròneods. Noauhns l`hscgdrnlc`hds nordgdg`r gdo tdkn6 Do nm`rr` ds p`r gdhclcüh, cauno no chards` kdh`s do hcvdo gd l`hsuk`: dh l`hsdludhlcn sc sd l`htrnd do l`hsuk` qudgnrî uhn p`rlcüh gd chards` pnrn nm`rr`. \ch dkenra`, q

dstn p`sturn ds ckprèneod dh pnësds l`k` do hudstr`, dh g`hgd on pèonlcüh oodan n su hcvdo këhck` gd l`hsuk`, scdhg` dst` luecdrt` p`r uh chards` h`rknokdhtd gdlctnrc`. Wrnsongnhg` dst`s nspdlt`s n ons dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s: sd pudgd ponht ponhtdnr dnr on scauc scaucdhtd dhtd nhno` nhnoàën6 aën6 Gdh`kch Gdh`kchdk`s dk`s o`s chards`s, n t`g`s o`s rdlurs`s pr`vdhcdhtds gd ons vdhtns y no l`hsuk` n on suknt`rcn gd o`s l`st`s y anst`s hdldsnrc`s pnrn lò`lnr dh vdhtn uh gdtdrkchng` ecdh ` sdrvclc`. Y`r gdhclcüh, sd p`grën gdlcr qud on utcocgng erutn sdrën on lnpnlcgng këhckn gd nm`rr`: sch dkenra`, gdedk`s gdgulcr o`s ckpudst`s mnldr uhnhtds ponhtdnkcdht` gd ons utcocgngds n gcstrceucr. H`yèstnhtd è stnhtd gd pr`ldgdr, pr`ldgdr, tdhgrënk`s qud rdvcsnr o`s ëhgclds gd dhgdugnkcdht` y ocqucgdz, nsë l`k` ons pãrgcgns gd dfdrlclc`s nhtdrc`rds y pr`ldgdr n done`rnr uh pràrnkn gd prc`rcgngds, pnrn dstneodldr do p`rldhtnfd gd nm`rr` qud rdchvdrtcrî dh lrdlckcdht`.

Do dhgdugnkcdht` chl`htròng` brdhn on chvdrscüh, yn qud dh ons prc`rcgngds dstî on lnhldonlcüh gd lrãgct`s qud gcskchuydh on rdhtnecocgng gd ons chvdrsc`hds ngclc`hnods. O` qud qucdrd gdlcr qud on ètdhlcüh gd lrãgct`s pnrn lnhldonr l`hsuk` ds gcbdrdhtd n on ètdhlcüh gd lrãgct`s pnrn chvdrscüh, dh g`hgd on rdhtnecocgng q

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

57

sdn supdrc`r no l`st` gd lrãgct`. Lunhg` o`s lrãgct`s vnh gdstchng`s n luercr do gãlct pr`vdhcdhtd pr`vdhcd htd gd o`s chards`s, on p`scecocgng gd nm`rr` y p`r dhgd gd chvdrscüh, sd rdguld sustnhlcnokdhtd, mnlcdhg` kîs gcbëlco do lrdlckcdht`. Nsë kcsk`, do h` kdgcr y dvnounr do l`st` y pudstn dh knrlmn gd uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh, pudgd nlnrrdnr sctunlc`hds gd gdsdqucocerc` qud mnrîh brnlnsnr lunoqucdr dxpdltntcvn dl`hükcln y s`lcno.

>.5.7. L@HLOT\C@HD\ N knhdrn gd l`hlousc`hds nldrln gd ons rdonlc`hds gdo pr`ydlt` l`h do gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno p`gdk`s gdlcr6 q

q

q

Do lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl`, dstî ocang` l`h do ngdlung` knhdf` gd pr`ydlt`s, gd chvdrscüh. \ch dkenra`, dstd lrdlckcdht` h` sd p`grî gnr sc h` sd tcdhd dh ludhtn vnrcneods gcvdrsns qud sd chvòulrnh dh do gdsnrròo` knrlnhg` su pnutn. W`gn chvdrscüh gded mnldrsd üptckn pnrn qud sd rdlclod y pudgn np`rtnr np`rtnr not`s ëhgclds gd rdhtnecocgng y lrdlckcdht`. Do nm`rr` bnlcoctn on chvdrscüh, pdr` h` sd gded snlrclnr l`hsuk` p`r nm`rr`. \d gded rnlc`hnocznr rnlc`hnocznr do l`hsuk` pnrn qud o`s ëhgclds nukdhtdh.

>.< NHWDLDGDHWD\ S DODKDHW@\ EN\CL@\ YNUN ON DONE@UNLC@H GD YU@SDLW@\

>. D W N Y N \ YUD\DHWNLC@H

NHWDUC@UD\ GD YU@SDLW@\

N

ON

Mnstn do k`kdht` sd mnh prdsdhtng` o`s ochdnkcdht`s adhdrnods adhd rnods gd

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

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o`s pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` y on rdonlcüh qud tcdhdh o`s pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh l`h ãst`s, mnlcdhg` lonrcgng gd lük` o`s pr`ydlt`s l`hb`rknh pràrnkns. Y`r tnht` sd mn sdaucg` uhn kdt`gòàën `rgdhngn, qud prdsdhtnh o`s pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` y s`lcno l`k` o`s nspdlt`s knlr`s qud rdöhdh o`s pr`ydlt`s, pnrn ètdhdr rdsuotng`s hnods, rdbdrcg`s dh o`s ëhgclds gd lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` gd o`s gcvdrs`s sdlt`rds pr`gultcv`s. Thn vdz nlonrngn on ckp`rtnhlcn gd ãst`s dh do gdsnrròo` gd uh pnës, vnk`s n `lupnrh`s gd o`s pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh dstneodlcdhg` lük` sd gdedh done`rnr y luîods s`h sus dodkdht`s l`hstctutcv`s: gd tno knhdrn qud t`gns nqudoons pdrs`hns qud odnh dstd ocer` tdhanh dh ão uh g`lukdht` qud ods bnlcoctd on b`rkuonlcüh y dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s. On hnocgng gdo pr`ydlt`, l`k` g`lukdht` gd nhîocscs, ds np`rtnr dodkdht`s gd fuclc` pnrn t`knr gdlcsc`hds sèrd su dfdlulcüh ` sèrd do np`y` qud sd gdedrënh prdstnr n su rdnocznlcüh. Ynrn doo` gdedh nhnocznrsd gcvdrs`s tcp`s gd prèodkns, o`s lunods mdk`s lctng` nhtdrc`rkdhtd y qud o`s dhknrlnrënk`s dh tãlhcl`s, dl`hükcl`s, hnhlcdr`s, ngkchcstrntcv`s d chstctulc`hnods. Dst`s gcvdrs`s nspdlt`s dh lngn dstugc` pnrlcno qud gd doo`s sd done`rd, gdedh sdr l`rrdonlc`hng`s y nsë fustclnh on done`rnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. No oodanr n onmnedrsd dtnpn gd nhtdpr`ydlt` gdhctcv`, t`g`s dst`s prèodkns gdedh nlonrng` gd k`g` qud sd pudgn t`knr l`h sdaurcgng on gdlcscüh gd np`ynr ` h` on chvdrscüh ckpoclngn dh on cgdn `rcachno `rcachno gdo pr`ydlt`. Dst` èocan èocan mnedr pnsng`, g`s dtnpns prdvcns6

>..> CGDHWCBCLNLCÜH GD ON CGDN

\d trntn gd rdl`h`ldr, ensîhg`sd dh on chb`rknlcüh dxcstdhtd d chkdgcntnkdhtd gcsp`hceod, sc mny ` h` noauhn rnzüh pnrn rdlmnznr on cgdn gdo pr`ydlt`. \c h` on muecdsd, sd ng`ptnrî on gdlcscüh gd pr`sdaucr l`h do nhîocscs y sd dspdlclnrî dspdlclnrîh h o`s dstugc`s pnrn on on dtnpn scaucdhtd. Nquë mny qud tdhdr enstnhtd lucgng`,

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

52

yn qud no h` tdhdr t dhdr lonrn on cgdn n gdsnrròonr gdsnrròonr,, sd l`rrd do rcdsa` gd t`knr uhn gdlcscüh n on ocadrn qud lrdnrî dxpdltntcvns bnosns pnrn o`s scaucdhtds dstugc`s, chlurrcãhg`sd dh l`st`s chhdldsnrc`s qud ecdh pugcdr`h dvctnrsd: tnkecãh, sd pudgd tdhdr on sctunlcüh `pudstn, dh g`hgd sd gckdhsc`hd ngdlungnkdhtd do nolnhld gd on cgdn sèrd l`stdn, hudvnkdhtd l`h l`st`s chhdldsnrc`s. Ynrn doo` y l`h do h gd dvctnr nkens sctunlc`hds, dh dstn prckdrn dtnpn sd trntnrën gd gdhcr y gdockctnr on cgdn gdo pr`ydlt`, cgdhtclnhg` sus p`sceods sòulc`hds y notdrhntcvns, tãlhclns y dl`hükclns. Dhtdhgcãhg`sd p`r sòulc`hds, nqudoons b`rkns ` lnkch`s pnrn ètdhdr uh rdsuotng` y p`r notdrhntcv notdrhntcvn, n, o`s gcvdrs`s pr`ldgckcdht`s pnrn ètdhdr uh gdtdrkchng` rdsuotng` pnrtcdhg` gd l`hgclc`hds sckconrds.

>..5 NHWDYU@SDLW@ YUDOCKCHNU @ D\WTGC@ YUDRC@ GD BNLWCECOCGNG

\d trntn gd vdrclnr qud p`r o` kdh`s uhn gd ons notdrhntcvns notdr hntcvns gd sòulcüh ds rdhtneod, ngdkîs gd sdr tãlhcln y dl`hükclnkdhtd vcneod. Dstn dtnpn dxcad yn gnt`s kîs prdlcs`s prdlcs`s sèrd ons gcstchtns gcstchtns notdrhntcvns ponhtdngns, pnrn lnrnltdrcznr su rdhtnecocgng y su vcnecocgng. No prènrsd qud mny p`r o` kdh`s uhn sòulcüh tãlhclnkdhtd vcneod y dl`hükclnkdhtd rdhtneod, pudgd fustclnrsd on gdlcscüh gd pr`buhgcznr o`s dstugc`s, o` luno sup`hd chlurrcr dh kny`rds anst`s, luyn rdlupdrnlcüh gdpdhgd gd on dbdltcvn rdnocznlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. Dstd ocer` sd l`hlrdtn dh on prdsdhtnlcüh gd ons sòulc`hds gd

o`s prèodkns rdontcv`s l`h do gdsnrròo` gdo pr`ydlt` dh së. \d trntn gd `rgdhnr ons notdrhntcvns gd sòulcüh no pr`ydlt`, sdaöh o`s lrctdrc`s pr`pc`s gd lngn dstugc`, tnht` pnrn do sdlt`r

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

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pöeocl` l`k` l`k` prcvng`. prcvng`. Nquë sd chlouyd on rdhtnecocgng prdvcstn prdvcstn n trnvãs gd o`s chards`s y anst`s pr`ydltng`s pnrn t`gn on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt` y sus dbdlt`s dh do gdsnrròo` y lrdlckcdht` gd on dl`h`kën gd uh pnës. On l`kechnlcüh ngdlungn gd o`s lrctdrc`s dl`hükcl`s pdrkctdh `rgdhnr ons notdrhntcvns gd sòulcüh tãlhcln, dl`hükcln y hnhlcdrn gd lngn pr`ydlt`. Dstn dtnpn gd on done`rnlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s oodan n rdl`kdhgnr on notdrhntcvn gd sòulcüh l`hscgdrngn l`k` on kdf`r,, gng`s o`s rdlurs`s kdf`r rdlurs`s gcsp`hceods. \d fustcln nsë on gdlcscüh gd rdnocznr on chvdrscüh hdldsnrcn, ètdhdr do hnhlcnkcdht` ngdlung` y dh lns` qud sdn hdldsnrc`, on nprènlcüh gd ons nut`rcgngds, n ons lunods t`ln dvnounr do pr`ydlt` sdaöh sus pr`pc`s y gdtdrkchng`s lrctdrc`s. Ds hdldsnrc` gdhcr ecdh o`s tãrkch`s qud sd dkpodnh y on ueclnlcüh gd ons tnrdns gd dvnounlcüh, dvnounlc üh, dh do tcdkp` y dh ons dtnpns suldscvns gd on b`rkuonlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. ON L@\WTKEUD MN

OODRNG@ N CKY@HDU ON CGDN GD ^TD ON DRNOTNLC@H GD TH YU@SDLW@ D\ THN NLWCRCGNG ^TD \D OODRN N LNE@ \@EUD TH G@LTKDHW@ GDWDUKCHNG@, l`h t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s gd fuclc` rdqudrcg`s. \ch dkenra`, dkenra`, dstn p`sturn gd dvnounlcüh ds rcdsa`sn d chl`rrdltn, yn qud hchaöh pr`ydlt` p`r pdrbdlt` qud nsduhn qucdrn prdsdhtnr, pudgd sdr >99% rdnocstn, yn qud dstî sufdt` sdrcd gd ockctnlc`hds qud n l`htchunlcüh sd dhukdrnh6

>.

Lnrdhlcn gd chstrukdht`s vîocg`s y l`hneods pnrn cgdhtclnr y nhnocznr l`st`s, ckpnlt`s, dbdlt`s y edhdlc`s.

5.

Lnrdhlcn gd chstrukdht`s pnrn rdonlc`hnr rdonlc`hnr,, l`rrdonlc`hn l`rrdonlc`hnrr y schtdtcznr o`s köotcpods bnlt`rds qud pnrtclcpnh dh do pr`lds`.

.5 Y U @ S D L W @ \ G D U C R N G @ \ G D T H YU@AUNKN

AO@ENO GD GD\NUU@OO@

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

75

\c dxcstd uh pràrnkn gd gdsnrròo`, ons pr`ydllc`hds y èfdtcv`s gd pr`gullcüh sdþnong`s dh gclm` pràrnkn gnrîh on pnutn pnrn sdodllc`hnr o`s pr`ydlt`s qud mnh gd dstugcnrsd. Nsë l`k` dh do lns` nhtdrc`r, o`s pr`ydlt`s èdgdldh n ons hdldscgngds gd gdsnrròo` gd uh sdlt`r, nquë o`s pr`ydlt`s rdsp`hgdh p`r uh pràrnkn gd gdsnrròo` t`tno, qud naoutchn gcvdrs`s nspdlt`s gd chtdarnlcüh tnods l`k`6 hdldscgngds tãlhclns, adàrîlns, kdrlng` gd `p`rtuhcgngds, dtl. Th dfdkpo` gd dstn lcrluhstnhlcn (tãlhcln), sdrën do gdsnrròo` gd uh pr`ydlt` tdhgcdhtd n bnv`rdldr on chgustrcn gd pnpdo n trnvãs gd uh pràrnkn gd rdb`rdstnlcüh y pr`tdllcüh gd e`squds.

5.> .>.< .< YU@SDLW@\ YU@SDL W@\ GDUCR GDUCRNG@\ NG@\ GD D\WTG D\WTGC@ C@ GD KDULN G@\ S GD L @HRDH C@\ CHWDUHNLC@HNOD\

O`s g`s tcp`s nhtdrc`rds b`rknh pnrtd gd o`s prchlcpnods ` vnrc`s tcp`s gd pr`ydlt`s qud s`h ponhtdng`s p`r do sdlt`r pöeocl` (Dstng`) pnrn sdr gdsnrròong`s. N knhdrn gd coustrnlcüh, lctnrdk`s noauh`s pr`ydlt`s qud sd gdrcvnh gd dstugc`s gd kdrlng` y qud sdaöh do Ocer` gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl` gd on @ranhcznlcüh gd ons Hnlc`hds Lnpëtuo` (@HT)>, dh o`s pnësds p`l` gdsnrròong`s, sd dsqudkntcznh dh6

N.

KDULNG@\ GD D]Y@UWNLC@H GD ECDHD\ YNUN LTSN YU@GTLLCÜH DO YNC\ D\WN D\YDLCNOKDHWD G@WNG@

Nqudoo`s ecdhds qud sd dxp`rtnh gcrdltnkdhtd ` qud rdsuotnh gd on knhubnlturn gd kntdrcns prckns gd pr`gullcüh usuno gdo pnës.

E.

KDULNG@\ GD D]Y@UWNLC@H GD ECDHD\ LTSN YU@GTLLCÜH H@ GDYDHGD GD L@HGCLC@HD\

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

7<

HNWTUNOD\ D]LDYLC@HNOD\ \d trntn gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s lnpnlds l npnlds gd l`kpdtcr dh do kdrlng` chtdrhnlc`hno, nöh lunhg` dh do pnës h` mnyn sulcdhtd kdrlng` chtdrh`.

L.

\T\WCWTLC@H GD CKY@UWNHLC@HD CKY@UWNHLC@HD\ \

@edgdld n pòëtclns hdldsnrcns pnrn sustctucr ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s ckp`rtnhtds qud dstîh dh p`scecocgng gd pr`gulcrsd dh do pnës, lrdnhg` chldhtcv`s no kdrlng` chtdrh`.

G. \T\WCWTLC@H GD ON YU@GTLLC@H NUWD\NHNO Y@U YU@GTLLCÜH BNEUCO Udsp`hgd no gdsnrròo` qud uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh nrtdsnhno pudgd tdhdr dh do tcdkp` y on hdldscgng gd ntdhgdr uhn kny`r gdknhgn, on luno edhdlcnrî n t`g` do npnrnt` dl`hükcl` gd uh pnës.

D. LUDLCKCDH LUDLCKCDHW@ W@ GD ON GDKNHGN CHWDUHN On prdlcscüh gd lrdlckcdht`s gd on gdknhgn gd ecdhds y sdrvclc`s yn ntdhgcg ntdhgcgn n p`r dkprds dkprdsn n y/` chstct chstctulcüh ulcüh ` chstctu chstctulc`hds lc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s dstneodlcgns gdpdhgdrî buhgnkdhtnokdhtd gdo lrdlckcdht` gd on pèonlcüh, gd o`s nukdht`s dh do hcvdo gd chards`s, gd o`s prdlc`s y gd on b`rkn gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh, vnrcneods qud pudgdh suadrcr nsë kcsk`, do

>

Knhuno gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Gdsnrròo` @HT, >32>

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

77

dstugc` gd pr`ydlt`s dspdlël`s.

B. GDKNHGN CH\NWC\BDLMN Lunhg` on gdknhgn ds kny`r qud on `bdrtn: ds gdlcr gdlcr,, lunhg` o`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s `brdlcg`s s`h chbdrc`rds n o`s l`hsukcg`rds dh lnpnlcgng gd gdknhgnro`s, suacdrdh do dstugc` gd pr`ydlt`s dspdlëbcl`s l`k`6 dhsnhlmd gd ponhtn, sue-gcstrceucg`rds, gupoclnlcüh gd turh`s, dtl. Ons gdslrcplc`hds nhtdrc`rds sc ecdh s`h l`htdkpongns y sd gdrcvnh gd pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` ` gd dstugc`s gd kdrlng`s l`h lnrnltdrëstclns knlr`dl`hükclns qud nbdltnh gd uhn u `trn b`rkn do gdsnrròo` gd uh pnës, ds chgugneod qud lrdnh dxpdltntcvns dhtrd do sdlt`r prcvng`, gdpdhgcdhg` gd su hcvdo y gdo sdlt`r n qud pdrtdhdzlnh. Y`r tnht` do sdlt`r prcvng` ds k`vcg` p`r gcvdrs`s chtdrdsds, n gdsnrròonr pr`ydlt`s dspdlël`s gd chvdrscüh: scdkprd dspdrn lò`lnr sus ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s gdhtr` gdo kdrlng` n sntcsbnldr, ds nsë l`k` ons octdrnods l, g, d, y b gdo hukdrno hukdrno 5.>.< lctng` nhtdrc`rkdhtd rdsp`hgd n t`gns ons k`tcvnlc`hds gdo sdlt`r prcvng` chgdpdhgcdhtdkdhtd gdo sdlt`r dh g`hgd sd uecqud, puds ons chtdrrdonlc`hds dhtrd ons lnhtcgngds pr`gultcvns gdtdrkchnh uhn vnrcdgng gd pr`ydlt`s.

5.>.7 YU@SDLW@\ DH DO \DLW@U YUCRNG@

Dh do sdlt`r prcvng` o`s pr`ydlt`s sd prdsdhtnh p`r vnrcns rnz`hds dhtrd ons lunods tdhdk`s6

>.

Do Aècdrh` lcdrrn ons ckp`rtnlc`hds d chldhtcvnrî on sustctulcüh gd ckp`rtnlc`hds, èocanhg` n qud sd adhdrdh chgustrcns y dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s qud `brdzlnh o`s ecdhds y sdrvclc`s nhtds ckp`rtng`s.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5. 99.99 .11 >.5= >.55 >.>4 >.>7 >.91 9.3=

5=.95 5.9< 5.77 9.

Ans Nrrcdhg` @tr`s

9.>2 >3.73 9.

CHD, Chstctut` Hnlc`hno gd Dstngëstcln, Auntdknon, >337. Lîoluo`s gdo nut`r, ensng`s dh ons lcbrns gd on prckdrn dgclcüh y nfustng`s dh ûdtznods: pnrn do dfdrlclc` nlngãkcl`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

@tr`s (nm`rr`, gcvdrscüh)

14

3.92

Budhtd6 CHD Auntdknon >337

On nhtdrc`r ds uhn tneon qud `rcdhtn sèrd, lük` anstn do Auntdknotdl` kdgc` (dstrnt` kdgc` y enf`) su chards` dh o`s nrtëluo`s kîs kîs scahclntcv`s gd on Lnhnstn Bnkcocnr Bnkcocnr.. Gded sdr nltunoczngn gd nludrg` no pdrë`g` qud sd chvdstcaud y sdaöh ons hdldscgngds qud sd rdnocld. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, qud sc uh gdtdrkchng` ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s h` b`rkn pnrtd gd dstn ocstn y vn gcrcacg` no dstrnt` kdgc` y enf` tcdhd uh këhck` gd gcstrceulcüh gdhtr` gd uh chards`. Dfdkpo`6 Th dkpodng` qud rdlced gd snonrc` snonrc` ^.>9,999.99 (Nsuknk`s qud h` tcdhd gdsludht`s) gdstchn pnrn su l`hsuk` o` scaucdhtd6

NOCKDHW@\ RCRCDHGN

^. >9.999 ] 9.999 ] >9,% ; ^.>,9 ^.>9.999 ] 3,92% ; ^. 392

\up`hank`s qud s`k`s bnerclnhtds gd oîkpnrns y do nltuno dstugc` gd kdrlng` vn gdstchng` n dstneodldr do tcp` y lnrnltdrëstclns gd on oîkpnrn qud sdrî ngqucrcgn p`r uh arup` gd l`hsukcg`rds gdtdrkchng`, do luno süo` ludhtn ludh tn l`h ^.>,9 gcsp`hceods pnrn tno h y do luno pudgd tdhdr vnrcns notdrhntcvns pnrn on gcstrceulcüh gd dstd chards`. Gd nmë do l`hsukcg`r l`hsukcg`r p`grî gcstrceucro` pnrn lunoqucdr l`hsuk`, ` t`kn on gdlcscüh gd nm`rrnro` ` l`kprnr on oîkpnrn y nm`rrnr do snog`. L`k` vdk`s s`h trds gdlcsc`hds, qud do l`hsukcg`r l`hscgdrnrî pnrn chvdrtcr sus dxldgdhtds gdo chards` dh nrtëluo`s gcbdrdhtds n o`s gd on Lnhnstn Bnkcocnr Bnkcocnr.. Dstn chb`rknlcüh scrvd pnrn l`h`ldr do p`gdr gd chards`. l`kprn gd noauh `s noauh`s l`hsukcg`rds dstrntclng`s sdaöh su hcvdo gd \caucdhg`

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

12

l`h hudstr` dfdkpo`, sup`hank`s qud do 79% gd on pèonlcüh dl`hükclnkdhtd nltcvn tcdhd dstd chards` y qud o`s `tr`s dstrnt`s s`h kîs pdqudþ`s y kdh`s scahclntcv`s. \d gdedh pr`gulcr oîkpnrns qud dstãh gdhtr` gd ons lnpnlcgngds gd l`kprnr gdo dstrnt` no qud gdsd` gcrcacrkd y qud p`r o` kdh`s do prdlc` h` supdrd do p`rldhtnfd gd chards` qud sd dstî dh l`hgclc`hds gd gdstchnr dh nrtëluo`s gcbdrdhtds n o`s gd on Lnhnstn Bnkcocnr. Dst` h` qucdrd gdlcr qud H@ \D YTDGN pr`gulcr l`h prdlc`s p`r dhlckn gd dst`s vno`rds: sch dkenra`, gded tdhdrsd dh ludhtn dstn vnrcneod, nsë l`k` `trns qud sd dstugcnrîh kîs ngdonhtd y qud tcdhdh qud vdr l`h ons dstrntdacns gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh y vdhtn. Gd nmë on ckp`rtnhlcn qud dh do pr`ydlt` sd lnoluod y dhludhtrd do hcvdo nltuno y tnsn gd lrdlckcdht` gdo chards` gd on pèonlcüh qud dstnrën dh l`hgclc`hds gd gdknhgnr p`tdhlcnokdhtd do ecdh ` sdrvclc` èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`: lonsclîhgòn sdaöh sus dstrnt`s y dstugcnhg` o`s p`sceods lnkec`s dh su gcstrceulcüh. Y`r tnht` do chards` ds uhn vnrcneod scahclntcvn dh on sdodllcüh gd on pèonlcüh n qucdh vn gcrcacg` do ecdh ` sdrvclc` èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`.

DFDULCLC@ 1

>. L`hsuotd o`s `ranhcsk`s gd @rgdh Hnlc`hno y Gdpnrtnkdhtno dhlnrang`s dh mnldr dstugc`s gd pèonlcüh y mnan uhn lonsclnlcüh gd lük` dstî gcstrceucgn on pèonlcüh n dstd hcvdo 5. Gd on chb`rknlcüh nhtdrc`r dstneodzln o`s dstrnt`s gd gclmn lonsclnlcüh sdaöh on gcstrceulcüh gdo chards`. ^>

Y @>

Y9->

@

G

Y9 Y>

Y>^> >

Y9^9

G

^9

nmë

qud

do

prdlc` sd knhtdhan l`hstnhtd kcdhtrns qud nukdhtn ons lnhtcgngds n sdr

Y9^9 @

gd

^>

Lnhtcgngds ^

gdknhgngns. N trnv ãs gdo nhtdrc`r arîbcl` sd l`kprdhgdrî kdf`r do bdhükdh`6

\daöh do arîl`, do prdlc` sd knhtcdhd l`hstnhtd gdecg` n qud on prdscüh pnrn gdknhgnr kîs lnhtcgngds sd gded n uhn dslnsn gdknhgn GG– sd `bdrtn gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s. Ds nsë l`k` on gdknhgn

gdsponzn mnlcn on gdrdlmn adhdrnhg` uh hudv` dqucocerc` dh Y ^ , qud l`rrdsp`hgd n ons lnhtcgngds ^, qud hdldsctn on gdknhgn >

>

pnrn qudgnr sntcsbdlmn: nuhqudl`hstnhtd. nukdhtnh Dstn ons lnhtcgngds n l`hsukcr do prdlc` pdrknhdld sctunlcüh sd

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

=1

prdsdhtn l`köhkdhtd lunhg` dslnsdnh o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s. Cknachdk`s qud dh uhn gdtdrkchngn gdtdr kchngn rdacüh mny uhn pèonlcüh dh dgng dslònr >4 nþ`s gd 59.999 y nsuknk`s qud süo` s`h dhtrd sntcsbdlm`s (kntrcluon t`tno)pdrs`hns do 49% (>9.999), dstd gãlct pudgd sdr luecdrt` p`r `tr`s pr`vddg`rds qud l`h`zlnh do mdlm` dh on rdacüh. Gd nmë qud do nltuno ^9 (>9.999) pnsnrî n gdknhgnr ^ (59.999) pdr` no prdlc` Y . Dh dstd lns` ds ecdh l`hvdhcdhtd do pr`ydlt` y nukdhtn nsë sus p`scecocgngds gd gdsnrròo` dh do tcdkp`. >

>

L. D^TCOCEUC@ DH DO KDULNG@ On tdrldrn lcrluhstnhlcn sd prdsdhtn lunhg` on `bdrtn sntcsbnld t`tnokdhtd on gdknhgn, ds gdlcr dstî dh dqucocerc` do kdrlng` y lunoqucdr nukdht` ` dslnsdz gd `bdrtn, pudgd adhdrnr vnrcnlc`hds dh do prdlc` qud k`gcln k`gcln do l`kp`rtnkcdht` l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo kdrlng`. kdrlng`. Lunhg` do kdrlng` dstî dh dqucocerc` y nukdhtnh o`s nudhtds gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s: ds gdlcr sd mnld kny`r on `bdrtn qud on gdknhgn, sd prdsdhtn uhn enfn dh do prdlc` y ons lnhtcgngds gdknhgngns h` nukdhtnh, sctunlcüh l`kdhtngn dh do octdrno N y rddfngn dh do Arîl` rdspdltcv`. Lcrluhstnhlcn gcbdrdhtd sd prdsdhtn lunhg` p`r noaöh k`tcv` on `bdrtn gcskchuyd ons lnhtcgngds n `brdldr: adhdrîhg`sd uh nukdht` gdo prdlc` p`r on dslnsdz dsons lnsdz gd o`s ecdhds lnhtcgngds y/` sdrvclc`s, pdr` n gcbdrdhlcn gd o` suldgcg` dh do octdrno h` E, Yrdlc` nukdhtnh sch` qud Yuht` gd Y G sd gcskchuydh. Do Dqucocerc` gdo @–– Arîbcl` dspdlëbcl` Kdrlng` Y9^9 Y9-> Y>^> @ y Y>^> nsë o` dxpocln. Dstn G Y9 Y>

sctunlcüh pudgd `lnsc`hnrsd p`r uh ldsd dh on pr`gullcüh gd ons prchlcpnods

G–

Y9^9 @ G–

@

^9

^>

Lnhtcgngds ^

l`kpnþëns Y`r dfdkpo`6` budhtds. Lunhg` mny dslnsdz gd

==

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

ldkdht` ` mcdrr`, ds p`rqud ons nldrëns y ldkdhtdrns ldsnh su pr`gullcüh p`r noaöh k`tcv`: lunhg` sued do nzölnr, on sno, ` do nrr`z, sd lrdn onn oonkngn dspdluonlcüh, gdecg`prdlc`s n on dslnsdz gd ãst`s y èocanhg` o`s l`hsukcg`rds n lnhldonr enstnhtd not`s. Do dspdluonr ds uh gdoct`, gdecg` gdecg` n qud o`s qud qud tcdhdh o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s o`s dsl`hgdh y dspdluonh l`h doo`s. Ons lcrluhstnhlcns nquë ponhtdngns s`h lonrns dh on kdgcgn dh qud sd gã do l`h`lckcdht` y prdlcscüh gd ons l`hgclc`hds dh do rãackdh(ldrtdzn furëgcln) y l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo kdrlng`, tnods l`k`6 su dstnecocgng one`rno, su sctunlcüh bchnhlcdrn (dhgdugnkcdht`), dstrulturn gd on dl`h`kën rdac`hno ` hnlc`hno nordgdg`r gd uh gdtdrkchng` ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, ds gdlcr sc sd gdpdhgd gd ds`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s pnrn on suescstdhlcn y trnhsb`rknlcüh gd `tr`s ecdhds pnrn ètdhdr ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s. Y`r dfdkpo` 6 Lunhg` mny dslnsdz gd nzölnr, nzölnr, ons p`lns lnhtcgngds qud sd dhludhtrnh, sd vdhgdh enstnhtd lnrns y süo` ons l`kprnrî do qud kdf`r prdlc` gd l`kprn `brdld. \c mny ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s qud s`h gd ckp`rtnlcüh y do Aècdrh` gdlrdtn lcdrrd gd ckp`rtnlc`hds, ds prèneod qud suen do prdlc` gd o`s p`l`s nrtëluo`s qud ons l`kpnþëns ckp`rtng`rns gdo ecdh, knhtdhënh dh chvdhtnrc`. Gd nmë, qud tno l`k` o` prdsdhtnh do Arîl`, on `bdrtn @@– sd gdsponzü n on czqucdrgn adhdrnhg` on `bdrtn @––@–––, gcskchuydhg` sus lnhtcgngds ^9, n ^9-> pdr` nukdhtnhg` su prdlc` n Y> dhl`htrîhg`sd do hudv` puht` gd dqucocerc` dh Y ^ Y`r öotck`, sd gded l`hscgdrnr on lcrluhstnhlcn qud sd prdsdhtn prdsdht n lunhg` on `bdrtn gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gcskchuyd p`rqud on gdknhgn sd rdguld gdecg` n qud h` mny chtdrãs dh o`s dst`s. >

>

Dst` suldgd tcdhdh dh tdkp`rngns (Dfdkpo`6 o`slunhg` ecdhdso`s y/ècdhds sdrvclc`s gdgdknhgn ons ocerdrëns nukdhtnh su gdknhgn dh dhdr`, sch dkenra` gcskchuydh rîpcgnkdhtd

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

=3

dh o`s scaucdhtds pdrë`g`s), o` qud mnld enfnr o`s prdlc`s y p`r tnht` ons lnhtcgngds n gdknhgnr gdknhgnr.. Wnkecãh pudgd suldgdr dstn lcrluhstnhlcn lunhg` mny ecdhds y/`kdf`r sdrvclc`s sustctut`s qud lukpodh buhlc`hds sckconrds y tcdhd prdlc` qud do ecdh prchlcpno: dst` mnld qud o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s prchlcpnods sdnh gdknhgng`s gdknhgng`s süo` p`r l`kprng`rds l`kprng`rds kuy dods. Rdk`s do bdhükdh` dh on Arîln. Enfü do prdlc` gd Y n Y9 y gcskchuydh ons lnhtcgngds gdknhgngns gd ^ n ^9 adhdrîhg`sd uh hudv` puht` gd dqucocerc` dh Y9^9 chbdrc`r n Y ^ . >

>

>

>

W`gns ons lcrluhstnhlcns nhnoczngns y l`kdhtngns rntclnh on ckp`rtnhlcn gd l`h`ldr do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on `bdrtn nsldhgdhtd y dh do bu butu tur` r` ch chkd kdgc gcnt nt`, `, pn pnrn rn ns nsëë sn sned edrr on onss p` p`sc scec ecoc ocgn gngd gdss gdo pr`ydlt` pnrn suadrcr knhdf`s gd ãstns y rdl`kdhgnr on l`hvdhcdhlcn ` chl`hvdhcdhlcn gd oodvnr n lne` uh pr`ydlt`.

@–

DR@OTLC@H Yuht` gd Dqucocerc` gdo Kdrlng` Y9^9 y Y>^>

Y9^9

Y> ^9

^>

L n gn u hn gd on s lcr luh stn hlc ns

lctngns dh do prckdr nspdlt` èdgdldh

G–

@

YUDRC\CEOD

Lnhtcgngds ^

n gcvdrs`s bnlt`rds, qud k`gcbclnh do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on `bdrtn sdaöh

on ckp`rtnhlcn gdo mdlm` qud pr`guzlnh su lnkec` lnkec`.. Nsë do pr`ydltcstn gded pr`lurnr chvdstcanr dhtrd `tr`s nspdlt`s.

N.

L@KY@UWNKCDHW@ S DR@OTLC@H GDO \DLW@U GD CHWDUD\ YNUN DO YU@SDLW@ GD\GD DO YTHW@ GD RC\WN DL@H@KCL@

Dstn chb`rknlcüh kudstrn lük` o`s l`kpdtcg`rds mnh dvòulc`hng` y dh quã b`rkn su gdsnrròo` mn scg` l`hvdhcdhtd y p`sctcv` pnrn doo`s. Gd on chb`rknlcüh l`hsuotngn n trnvãs gd o`s `ranhcsk`s l`kdhtng`s dh puht`s nhtdrc`rds, sd l`hscaud l`h`ldr do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo sdlt`r y su dvòulcüh, puds sd prdsdhtn chb`rknlcüh chb`r knlcüh dstngëstcln dh rdonlcüh l`h6 on pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do kdrlng` p`r hökdr` gd dkprdsn y/` chstctulc`hds ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, lnpctnods t`tnods chvdrtcg`s, nltcv`s f`s, knh` gd èrn dkpodngn, np`rtds gd ckpudst`s, dhtrd `tr`s. W`gns dstns lcbrns `rcdhtnh no pr`ydltcstn, pnrn dhl`htrnr o`s bnlt`rds kîs rdprdsdhtntcv`s pnrn kdgcr on dvòulcüh qud pudgd tdhdr on `bdrtn dh do tcdkp` y nsë snedr do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo kdrlng` sdaöh on lcrluhstnhlcn qud sd prdsdhtd.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

E.

3>

L@KY@UWNKCDHW@ L@KY@UWNKCDH W@ GD O@\ YUDLC@\

Ds gd gd on dvòulcüh gd o`s ckp`rtnhtd prdlc`s, yn rdl`pconr qud nsë sdchb`rknlcüh pudgd tdhdrnldrln lonrcgng ons gcstchtns lcrluhstnhlcns n qud mn dstng` s`kdtcgn on `bdrtn y sd bnlcoctn p`r tnht` on prdlcscüh gd o`s o`s l`kp`rtnkcdht`s butur`s n sdaucr. sdaucr. O`s lclo`s dh qud mnoon do knhcdst` nhtdrc`r nhtdrc`r.. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, sc o`s prdlc`s mnh vnrcng` l`hstnhtdkdhtd mnlcdhg` gcskchucr ` nukdhtnr on `bdrtn ` sc p`r do l`htrnrc` do prdlc` sd knhtcdhd nsë suen on gdknhgn. Dstn chb`rknlcüh rdonlc`hngn l`h o`s l`kp`rtnkcdht`s lctng`s, l`h on pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do kdrlng`, knrln o`s bnlt`rds qud dh kntdrcn gd `bdrtn gdedh sdaucr do knhdf` gd uh pr`ydlt` dh rdonlcüh l`h su kdgc` nkecdhtd dh g`hgd sd k`vdrî do ecdh qud sd dspdrn vdhgdr.

L.

BNLW@UD\ NODNW@UC@\ S HNWTUNOD\

Dst`s s`h enstnhtd l`kpodf`s gd kdgcr, p`r lunht` èdgdldh n bdhükdh`s hnturnods ` lcrluhstnhlcns ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gdo nznr, pdr` nöh nsë, ds bnltceod l`h`ldr noauhns lnrnltdrëstclns qud pudgdh `rcdhtnr no no pr`ydltcstn dh dst`s nspdlt`s. Rdnk`s noauh`s dfdkpo`s6 \dkernr lnbã dh do Ernsco, ds rcdsa`s` p`r ons mdongns qud nlnenh ons l`sdlmns (do bdhükdh` hnturno gd ons mdongns sd prdsdhtn lunhg` lunhg ` dh ãp`lns sdlns, mny dh on kngruangn enfns gd tdkpdrnturn lnrnltdrëstcln lnrnltdrëstcln gdo trüpcl`). Gdsnrròonr uh pr`ydlt` qud gdpdhgn gd pòëtclns gd Aècdrh`, lunhg` ãstd dstî tdrkchnhg`, sd l`rrd do rcdsa` gd qud no scaucdhtd Aècdrh` h` od chtdrdsd p`rqud h` o` l`hscgdrn prc`rctnrc`. prc`rctnrc`. L`k` sd vdh s`h bnlt`rds qud h` sd pudgdh prdgdlcr, pdr` qud sd pudgdh ngvdrtcr p`r o` kdh`s y dstî dh do chvdrsc`hcstn on gdlcscüh gd nlàdr on rdl`kdhgnlcüh gdo pr`ydltcstn, on luno gded sdr dqucocerngn, nhnocznhg` o`s pr` y l`htrns gd lngn uh` gd doo`s. Mnstn nquë sd mnh prdsdhtng` o`s nspdlt`s lunoctntcv`s y do

35

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

nhîocscs qud sd gded mnldr n on chb`rknlcüh qud gd on `bdrtn sd ètdhanh: ds ckp`rtnhtd qud ustdg \dþ`r pr`ydltcstn trntd gd nkpocnr dodkdht`s nquë suadrcg`s p`r doydstugc` on `bdrtn: puds nsëo`s dhrcqudldrî sus l`h`lckcdht`s p`grî gd ètdhdr uh kdf`r pr`ydlt`: pr`lurd p`r tnht` sdr lrdntcv` d cknachntcv`, nsdsürdsd gd su tut`r. tut`r. Dstn chb`rknlcüh gded sdr knhdfngn, ngdkîs gd on üptcln lunoctntcvn, gdsgd uh dhb`qud lunhtctntcv` qud pdrkctn mnldr on pr`ydllcüh pr`ydll cüh hno gd on `bdrtn: `bdrtn: nspdlt` trntng` n l`htchunlcüh y qud l`rrdsp`hgd no lunrt` puht`.

G. YU@SDLLC@H BCHNO GD ON @BDUWN L`k` sd mn p`gcg` dstneodldr n trnvãs gdo dstugc` gd on `bdrtn, ãstn fudan uh pnpdo ecdh ckp`rtnhtd dh on gdlcscüh qud sd gded t`knr dh rdonlcüh l`h do onhznkcdht` gdo ecdh ` sdrvclc` èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`. \d mn rdlnolng` on pr`ydllcüh y l`h`lckcdht` gd on sctunlcüh buturn l`k` nspdlt` l`hscgdrneod n tdhdrsd dh ludhtn pnrn l`h`ldr on vcnecocgng y p`scecocgngds gdo pr`ydlt` dh do chkdgcnt` butur`. \üo` sd mnh l`hlrdtng` o`s o`s nhîocscs lunoctntcv`s qud gdedh sdr ntdhgcg`s dh ludhtn dh do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on `bdrtn, mnlcãhg`sd chgcspdhsneod do lîoluo` y dstcknlcüh lunhtctntcvn gd o` qud sdrî on `bdrtn dh butur` prüxck`. L`h tno h, dstugcnrdk`s uh` gd o`s kãt`g`s kîs l`kuhds pnrn mnldr pr`ydllc`hds, ngdkîs p`rqud usunokdhtd sd dhludhtrn qud on `bdrtn tcdhd uh l`kp`rtnkcdht` ochdno dst` h` qucdrd gdlcr qud h` tdhan puht`s gcspdrs`s ` qud su l`kp`rtnkcdht` h` sdn lurvcoëhd`. Do kãt`g` l`kdhtng` sd gdh`kchn gd UDAUD\C@H OCHDNO, l`h`lcg` l`k` gd KCHCK@\ LTNGUNG@\ y prdtdhgd rdonlc`hnr ochdnokdhtd do l`kp`rtnkcdht` qud tcdhd g`s vnrcneods dhtrd së, gdh`kchngns ] ,S, ons lunods uhn gdpdhgd gd on `trn: ds gdlcr ] (chgdpdhgcdhtd) mnld qud S (gdpdhgcdhtd) gdpdhgn gd doon y dstîh rdonlc`hngns gdhtr` gd uhn rdltn gd tcp` S ; kx + e dh g`hgd k y e s`h g`s vno`rds vno`rds l`hstnhtds (pnrîkdtr`s n sdr gdtdrkchng`s)

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

3<

qud mnldh qud o`s puht`s gd on rdltn y/` ldrln n doon sd gdsponldh mnlcn on gdrdlmn ` czqucdrgn. Gdbhnk`s noauh`s tãrkch`s6

gdo rdsuotng` rdsuotng` nbdltng` p`r on vnrcneod S ; Rno`r qud gdpdhgd gdo gdpdhgcdhtd (]) y o`s pnrîkdtr`s l`hstnhtds y qud dqucvnodh no vno`r nfustng` y pr`ydltng`. ] ; Rnrcneod chgdpdhgcdhtd, qud sd gdsponzn sèrd do dfd gd ons neslcsns notdrhnhg` do rdsuotng` gd S.

k ; Ydhgcdhtd gd on rdltn. S ; k] + e (>) dlunlcüh gd on rdltn èfdt` gd nfustd y rdsuotng` gd o`s lîoluo`s.

No gdsnrròonr on dlunlcüh, sd dhludhtrn qud tdhdk`s g`s chlüahctns k y e y sòn uhn dlunlcüh: p`r tnht` gdedk`s adhdrnr p`r o` kdh`s uhn kîs kîs pnrn bnlcoctnr do trnenf`. \c rdl`rgnk`s, ds lonr` qud uhn rdltn dstî l`hb`rkngn p`r uhn sdrcd gd puht`s, ds gdlcr h tãrkch`s. Dh tno sdhtcg` sd tcdhd6 Ý \uknr o`s h tãrkch`s pnrn ètdhdr ∞S ; k∞] + eh (5) Ý Kuotcpoclnr on dxprdscüh S ; k] +e p`r x, pnrn ètdhdr ∞S] ; k∞]µ + e∞] () h` ckpocln hdldsnrcnkdhtd qud dxcstn l`rrdonlcüh dhtrd ons vnrcneods (on l`rrdonlcüh pudgd sdr uhn ludstcüh gd nznr). Do hökdr` gd gnt`s nbdltn nbdltn kulm` on vnocgdz ckp`rtnhlcn gd uh eudh eudh nhîocscs lunoctntcv` lunoctntcv` gd ons gd U. Gd nmë on ckp`rtnhlcn vnrcneods chtdrvchcdhtds. Ons sdrcds qud sd vnynh n l`rrdonlc`hn l`rrdonlc`hnrr gdedh sdr gdpurngns `rdnods, nhnoczngns prdvcnkdhtd. prdvcnkdhtd. Ds l`hvdhcdhtd trnenfnr chards`s pdrlîpctn, prdlc`s l`hstnhtds, l`st`sl`h f`ssdrcds l`h chlrdkdht`s nhunods l`hstnhtds, dtl., pnrn qud on l`rrdonlcüh sdn kîs scahclntcvn. Ons pr`ydllc`hds ensngns dh rdardsc`hd rdardsc`hdss ochdnods y l`rrdonlc`hds s`h vîocgns sònkdhtd sc pdrscstdh ons l`hgclc`hds dh ons lunods sd ensnr`h: dh l`hsdludhlcn, pcdrgdh su vnocgdz no vnrcnr ãstns hudvnkdhtd. Ds gdlcr ons pr`ydllc`hds pr`ydllc`hds dstîh rdonlc`hngns rdonlc`hngns l`h uhn sctunlcüh eîscln qud s`h ons l`hgclc`hds chclcnods adhdrng`rns gd on pr`ydllcüh, p`r tnht`, sc ãstns lnkecnh h` mnerî rdspnog` pnrn

on pr`ydllcüh lnoluongn. Dfdkpo`6 On l`kpnþën bnerclnhtd gd lungdrh`s Do Unyng`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

34

tcdhd l`k` gnt`s mcstürcl`s gd o`s öotck`s >9 nþ`s on `bdrtn dh lnhtcgngds gd t`g` do kdrlng` Do adrdhtd gd kdrlng` gdsdn l`h`ldr luîo sdrî on `bdrtn dstckngn pnrn o`s nþ`s, >331, 5999 y 5995.

Lnhtcgngds t`tnods `brdlcgns p`r t`g`s gd lungdrh`s, no kdrlng`, dhtrd >3=2 y >334 l`h vnrcneod vnrcneodss x,y

Nþ`

h

Lnhtcgngds S

>3=2 >3=1 >3==

> 5 <

7=,999 74,999

>3=3 >339 >33> >335 >33< >337 >334

7 4 2 1 = 3 >9 ∞

45,999

44,999 41,999 2>,999 29,999 24,999 25,999 19,999 414,999 On dlunlcüh dstckngn gd on rdltn gd y ; kx + e pdr` pnrn lnoluonr

k y e ds hdldsnrc` l`h`ldr x, xy, xµ, yµ, y sus suknt`rcns. Done`rdk`s pnrn bnlcoctnr do trnenf` y on scaucdhtd tneon6

Uddkponznhg` dh ons dlunlc`hds dstugcngns sd ètcdhd6 § § § § § §

e;(∞S - k∞])/h, e;(414,999 9)/>9, e; 41,499 k;(h∞S] - ∞S)/(h∞]µ + ∞]) k;(>9*79>,999-414,999)/(>9 k;(>9*79>,99 9-414,999)/(>9* >335 >33< >337 >334

41 2> 29 24 25 19

4 2 1 = 3 >9

41,999 2>,999 29,999 24,999 25,999 19,999

-> > < 4 1 3

414,999

xy

yµ

=> 73 54 3

(724,999)

5, 3 54 73 =>

(41,999) 2>,999 >=9,999 331

>>

2=,349.99

>33= >333

>< >4

1>,9.=5 1>1

14,>34.74

599>

>3

11,511.51

5995

5>

13,331, 5999 y 5995, sd chgclnh lonrnkdhtd dh on tneon H`.< H`.<

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

31

Ynrn l`kpodtnr do nhîocscs gdo kãt`g` gd këhck`s lungrng`s, èsdrvnk`s n trnvãs gd ons scaucdhtds arîlns o` qud sd l`hscaud l`h do nfustd. Ynrn tno tno dh hont`knrdk`s o`s gnt`s gnt`s gd >3=2 >3=2 dh ngdonhtd, vcsunoczîhg`sd arîln H`.26 On gdslrcplcüh y nhîocscs gdo kãt`g` gd o`s këhck`s lungrng`s prdtdhgd coustrnro` nldrln gd lük` gded dstcknr on `bdrtn buturn y su l`kp`rtnkcdht` dh do tcdkp`, tnht` gdo pr`ydlt` qud oodvnrî ngdonhtd l`k` trnenf` hno gdo lurs`, l`k` gd o`s scaucdhtds pr`ydlt`s qud qud dkprdhgn.

Gdsnrròo` arîbl` gd o`s këhck`s lungrng`s

Ynrtn gd on chb`rknlcüh rdlòdltngn y l`kdhtngn dh o`s puht`s nhtdrc`rds y dstneodzln on pr`ydllcüh gd ons vnrcneods kîs rdprdsdhtntcvns gdo pr`ydlt` sdaöh o` dstckd l`hvdhcdhtd. Dstn pr`ydllcüh od sdrvcrî pnrn l`h`ldr do tdrrdh` dh qud sd pcdhsn gdsnrròonr y lük` sd l`kp`rtnrîh sus prchlcpnods l`kpdtcg`rds. Wno l`k` sd prdsdhtü prdsdht ü dh do dfdkpo`, gd dstn b`rkn pudgd snedr quã lnhtcgng gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s sdrvclc`s sdrîh `brdlcg`s `brdlcg`s no kdrlng` kdrlng` dh o`s prüxck`s nþ`s, gd tno knhdrn qud no tdrkchnr on gdknhgn (do scaucdhtd tdkn gd dstn lnpëtuo`), pudgn dstneodldrsd sc dstî snturngn ` chsntcsbdlmn ` dh dqucocerc`, l`h do pr`püsct` gd gdsnrròonr ons dstrntdacns buturns gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh sc ds l`hvdhcdhtd gdsnrròonr do pr`ydlt`.

on `bdrtn dhl`htrnrën sntcsbnllcüh yn qud vdhgdrën ons lnhtcgngds no prdlc` prdlc` qud od adhdrnh kîs utcocgng: pdr` no mnedr mnedr snturnlcüh, on gdknhgn l`hsuk` ^ lnhtcgngds no prdlc` Y chbdrc`r dh enstnhtd pr`p`rlcüh n Y9->. Y`r tnht` rdnokdhtd do puht` gd dqucocerc` sd gdsponznrën n ^ Y pdrgcdhg` on `bdrtn yn qud nuhqud nukdhtnh ons lnhtcgngds gd ^9 n ^> gcskchuyd do prdlc` gd Y9 n Y . Dh tno sdhtcg`, pnrn vòvdr n rdauonr r dauonr do kdrlng` ds gdlcr l`hsukcg`rds y `bdrdhtds dh ^9Y9, ds hdldsnrc` qud on `bdrtn rdguzln sus lnhtcgngds n `brdldr dh do kdrlng` gd ^ n ^9 y dstnecocld do prdlc` dh Y9. >

>

>

>

>

>

Dh do lns` l`htrnrc`, lunhg` on gdknhgn dstî chsntcsbdlmn mnecdhg` dslnsdz gd `bdrtn, on sctunlcüh kdf`rn y ds kîs l`hvdhcdhtd pnrn do vdhgdg`r kîs h` ds kuy bnv`rneod pnrn do l`kprng`r, vdnk`s o`s k`vckcdht`s dh on arîln y gdspuãs o`s l`kdhtnrc`s. dslnsdz gd `bdrtn,gdknhgnr, ds gdlcr kdh`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s gd No o`smnedr qud on adhtd hdldsctn on `bdrtn sd

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

33

sctön dh ^9-> vdhgcdhg` n Y9-> prdlc` p`r dhlckn gdo dqucocerc` Y9: gd nmë qud no nukdhtnr o`s `bdrdhtds gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s o`s l`hsukcg`rds tuvcdrdh kîs notdrhntcvns y prdsc`hnh pnrn qud do

prdlc` sd rdguzln mnstn on p`sclcüh gd dqucocerc`, ngdkîs p`rqud ^9-> nukdhtn mnstn ^9: p`r tnht` sd pudgd vdhgdr n Y9. Chb`rtuhngnkdhtd dstd nhîocscs h` sd pudgd mnldr sch tdhdr dh ludhtn do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn n trnvãs gdo tcdkp` y l`k` vdh, gn lonrcgng rdspdlt` rdspdl t` n quã mnldr dh do k`kdht` dh qud sd dhludhtrn lunoqucdrn gd dstns sctunlc`hds: ons lunods l`k` sd l`kdhtü, ds kîs l`hvdhcdhtd dhl`htrnr gdknhgns chsntcsbdlmns,

>99

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

scdhg` kuy usuno dh pnësds l`k` do hudstr` dh g`hgd t`gnvën bnotn kulm` p`r mnldrsd. Kulmns vdlds sd dhludhtrn qud mny enstnhtd l`kpdtdhlcn, pdr` sch mnldr uh dstugc` sdrc` gd gdknhgn y `bdrtn ds nvdhturng` mnldr dstd tcp` gd nrknlc`hds, yn qud on l`kpdtdhlcn ds snhn sc dxcstdh y gdtdrkchn gdtdr kchn dqucocerc` y l`hgclc`hds gd kdrlngd`, ngdkîs kudstrn dh g`hgd y n quã puht` gded gcrcacrsd ons nllc`hds gd vdhtn y pr`k`lc`hds gdo ecdh ` sdrvclc` èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`. Dh sëhtdscs, do dstugc` gd on gdknhgn h`s scrvd pnrn l`h`ldr l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on `bdrtn, luîo ds y sdrî do gdsnrròo` gdo kdrlng` y h`s dhsdþn lük` pnrtclcpnr gd ão gd knhdrn dquctntcvn y rdhtneod pnrn on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh. N trnvãs gd o`s scaucdhtds dfdkpo`s rdprdsdhtntcv`s gd ons trds sctunlc`hds nhtdrc`rds, nhtdrc`rds , sd pudgd gdtdrkchnr on chlcgdhlcn gd lngn uhn gd doons dh do dstugc` gdo kdrlng`.

7

\d gdhd on gdknhgn gdo kdrlng` l`k` on suknt`rcn gd ons gdknhgns chgcvcgunods (suknt`rcn gd o`s l`kprng`rds chgcvcgunods l`h p`gdr gd l`kprn)

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

§

>9>

@BDUWN Kdrlng`) KNS@U ^TD GDKNHGN (\nturnlcüh gdo

Dh uhn pèonlcüh gd 5.999 mnectnhtds, mny tcdhgns gd lnozng` pnrn lnenoodr`s: gd o`s 5.999 mnectnhtds. =99 s`h m`kerds, =99 kufdrds y 799 hcþ`s kdh`rds gd 4 nþ`s, pnrn o`s lunods o`s noknldhds noknldhds h` tcdhdh znpnt`s. znpnt`s. Lngn noknlãh (tcdhgn) (tcdhgn) tcdhd p`scecocgng gd vdhgdr kîxck` 599 pnrds, pnrn gdfnr dh dqucocerc` do kdrlng` y nsukcdhg` qud t`g`s o`s kdsds l`kprnh znpnt`s o`s =99 m`kerds. \ch dkenra` ons luntr` tcdhgns s`h gdscaunods y on tcdhd799: p`scecocgngds gd `brdldr 299pnrds pnrdskdhsunods, kdhsunods ykîs onsarnhgd `trns trds pnrn uh t`tno gd >.999 adhdrîhg`sd uh dxldgdhtd gd 599 pnrds dh rdonlcüh l`h on gdknhgn. Dstd dfdkpo` h`s `rcdhtn pnrn t`knr g`s gdlcsc`hds6 on prckdrn h` ds l`hvdhcdhtd k`htnr noknldhds gd lnozng` dh on pèonlcüh y on sdauhgn, sc gdlcg` dhtrnr, l`rr` uh not` rcdsa`, puds gde` pr`lurnr l`hvdhldr n o`s l`hsukcg`rds gd qud l`kprdh kîs gd uh pnr gd znpnt`s kdhsunods.

§

GDKNHGN CH\NWC\BDLMN (@bdrtn kdh`r qud gdknhgn)

Ydhsdk`s dh do dfdkpo` nhtdrc`r, sc ons lcrluhstnhlcns budrnh gcbdrdhtds, sc muecdsd süo` uh noknlãh (tcdhgn) qud dstuvcdsd dh lnpnlcgng gd `brdldr süo` 599 pnrds kdhsunods, gdfnhg` n l`hsukcg`rds chsntcsbdlm`s y `lnsc`hnhg` uh gãlct gd 299 pnrds. O`s l`kprng`rds tcdhdh g`s notdrhntcvns6 dspdrnr qud do kds scaucdhtd sdnh o`s prckdr`s dh ngqucrcro`s ` snocr gdo pudeo` n `trns rdac`hds n l`hsdaucro`s.

Ds pdrbdltnkdhtd lonr` pnrn do l`kdrlcnhtd o` bnv`rneod gd dstn lcrluhstnhlcn: sch dkenra`, l`h do tcdkp` pudgd snturnrsd y

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>95

suldgdrîh p`r tnht` o`s prèodkns gdo dfdkpo` uh`: lunhg` sd gdsdqucocerü y mue` prèodkns dl`hükcl`s pnrn o`s vdhgdg`rds. §

D^TCOCEUC@ GDO KDULNG@ (Cauno `bdrtn qud gdknhgn)

Dstns s`h sctunlc`hds cgdnods qud sd prdsdhtnh tdkp`rnokdhtd y qud s`h gcbëlcods gd knhtdhdr knhtdhdr,, p`r gcvdrs`s bnlt`rds. Dstugcdk`s dh do kcsk` dfdkpo` nhtdrc`r do mdlm` gd qud sd `brdzlnh pnrds y qud `rds. sd l`kprd do kcsk` hökdr` gd ãst`s p`r pnrtd=99 gd o`s l`hsukcg l`hsukcg`rds. \ctunlcüh ecdh l`hvdhcdhtd l` hvdhcdhtd pnrn nkens pnrtds, pnrtds, yn qud t`g`s dstnrënh sntcsbdlm`s. sntcsbdlm`s. \ch dkenra`, dkenra`, bnlt`rds chnotdrneods `lnsc`hnh gdsdqucocerc` tnods l`k`6 prèodkns gd trnhsp`rtd gd on kdrlnhlën gdsgd do bnerclnhtd mnstn do pèong` gd vdhtn, no nozn dh do prdlc` gd pr`gullcüh qud `lnsc`hn nozn dh do prdlc` gd vdhtn, lnocgng dh uh o`td gd lnozng` qud vch` gdbdltu`s` y `tr`s qud sd pudgdh prdsdhtnr prds dhtnr y qud sdrîh l`kdhtng` kîs ngdonhtd. O`s l`kdhtnrc`s nhtdrc`rds, kudstrnh do scahclng` gdo dstugc` gd on gdknhgn y su chlcgdhlcn dh do pr`ydlt` pnrn t`knr gdlcsc`hds dh rdonlcüh l`h sus p`scecocgngds: gd nmë on hdldscgng gd trntnr g`s nspdlt`s buhgnkdhtnods dh do pr`ydlt`6 §

\CWTNLC@H NLWTNO (Lük` dstî l`haurngn on gdknhgn y qucãhds s`h l`hsukcg`rds p`tdhlcnods y rdnods.

§

\CWTNLC@H BTWTUN (Yr`ydllc`hds y prdlcsc`hds gd o` qud p`grî sdr on gdknhgn gdo kdrlng` dh do butur` pnrn t`gn on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`).

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>9<

9 pdrë`g`s gd dvnounlcüh. \d lctnh n l`htchunlcüh o`s nhtdldgdht nhtdldgdhtds ds n l`htdkponr dh do l`h`lckcdht` gd on sctunlcüh nltuno gd on gdknhgn.

N. \drcds Dstngëstclns Nsë l`k` bud hdldsnrc` rdl`pconr on chb`rknlcüh dstngëstcln

>97

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

dh rdonlcüh l`h on `bdrtn dhl`htrnhg` do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd o`s pr`vddg`rds gdhtr` gdo kdrlng`, tnkecãh ds chgcspdhsneod rdl`pconr sdrcds ydstngëstclns qudecdhds dh kntdrcn gd pr`gullcüh, l`kdrlc` ons dxtdrc`r l`hsuk` gd ` sdrvclc`s dxcstnh rdspdlt` n o`s chtdrdsds gdo pr`ydlt`. O`s gnt`s sèrd pr`gullcüh, ckp`rtnlcüh, dxp`rtnlcüh y lnkec`s dh on dxcstdhlcn, mnldh rdontcvnkdhtd sdhlcoo` gdtdrkchnr sc s`h l`rrdltns ` chl`rrdltns ons lcbrns sèrd l`hsuk`: p`r bnotn gd chb`rknlcüh sd sudod nldptnr l`k` lunhtën gdo l`hsuk` do oonkng` ‟L`hsuk` Npnrdhtd‛ : qud rdsuotn gd rdstnr n on pr`gullcüh do snog` dhtrd ons ckp`rtnlc`hds y dxp`rtnlc`hds. Dh o`s lns`s dh qud o`s lnkec`s gd dxcstdhlcns sdnh kuy ckp`rtnhtds y dh on kny`rën gd o`s dstugc`s gd ecdhds narëlòns gd bîlco l`hsdrvnlcüh, do us` gd lcbrns gd l`hsuk` npnrdhtd dh ouanr gd lcbrns gd l`hsuk` dbdltcv` pudgd oodvnr n sdrc`s drr`rds: pdr` mny kulmns `lnsc`hds dh qud gclmns lcbrns pudgdh rddkponznr sntcsbnlt`rcnkdhtd n ons gd l`hsuk` dbdltcv` l`k` sdrën do lns`, p`r dfdkpo`, gd o`s ecdhds pdrdldgdr`s gd l`hsuk`. Gdpdhgdrî gd on knahctug gdo pr`ydlt`, gd su nolnhld y gdo tcp` (prcvng` ` pöeocl`) do lîoluo` gd on gdknhgn p`tdhlcno y rdno, qud uh gdtdrkchng` ecdh ` sdrvclc` tdhgrî dh do tcdkp`. Ons budhtds gd chb`rknlcüh kîs usngns s`h ons dstngëstclns `lcnods, o`s ldhs`s, o`s dstugc`s dspdlcnods gd chstctut`s gd chvdstcanlcüh, o`s ardkc`s, ns`lcnlc`hds, dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s pnrtcluonrds pnrtcluonrds vchluongns no sdlt`r, lcbrns chgcrdltns ns`lcngns (lnhtcgng gd t`hdongns trnhsp`rtngns p`r lnrrdtdrn gd uh gdtdrkchng` ecdh, dtl.). Lunhg` dstns budhtds sdnh chsulcdhtds ` gdlcdhtds, ds hdldsnrc` rdnocznr dstugc`s gd lnkp` (chvdstcanlcüh gd kdrlng` n trnvãs gd dhludstns)4, luyn knahctug gdpdhgdrî gd on hnturnodzn gdo pr`ydlt`, gd o`s rdlurs`s qud sdnh rnz`hneods gdstchnr n dstd èfdt` y gd on prdlcscüh gd ons lcbrns l`h qud sd vn n trnenfnr dh do dstugc`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>94

Thn vdz ueclng` do l`hsuk` gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s dh d h lnhtcgngds, dstrnt`s (arup`s gd sdakdht` dh g`hgd ecdh ` sdrvclc` tcdhd kîs nldptnlcüh), lnhtcgngds k`hdtnrcns qud do gdstchnh o`s l`hsukcg`rds pnrn su ètdhlcüh: sd gded l`h`ldr `tr`s nspdlt`s rdontcv`s no ecdh ` sdrvclc` qud h` o` kudstrnh ons dstngëstclns y qud ds ecdh ckp`rtnhtd pnrn do l`h`lckcdht` rdno gd ons lnrnltdrëstclns gdo l`hsukcg`r. E. Ts`s y dspdlcblnlc`hds gdo ecdh

` sdrvclc` qud sd qucdrd l`kdrlcnocznr L`k` su tëtuo` o` gdbchd, nquë sd prdtdhgd dstneodldr ons lnrnltdrëstclns qud gdhdh l`h dxnltctug o`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s qud sd pr`gulcrîh pnrn sntcsbnllcüh gd o`s l`hsukcg`rds (gdknhgnhtds): nvdrcaunhg` nspdlt`s tnods l`k`6 qucãhds o`s usnh l`h kîs brdludhlcn (nuhqud ons sdrcds `rcdhtdh dstn chb`rknlcüh, ds l`hvdhcdhtd prdlcsnron pnrn dhb`lnr ons dstrntdacns gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh), l`kdrlcnocznlcüh), quã tcp` y lnrnltdrëstclns tcdhd do ecdh.

Rdnk`s uh qud dfdkpo` sdhlcoo`6 trnvãs gdknsluochn uh nhîocscsdhtrd dstngëstcl` sd l`h`lcü uh arup` gd npèonlcüh o`s 92

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

lonrcgng kdrcgcnhn nldrln gdo l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn y ons dstrntdacns qud sd gdedh sdaucr pnrn l`hsdaucr uh ngdlung` p`sclc`hnkcdh p`sclc`hnkcdht` t` gdhtr` gdo kdrlng`. Rdnk`s noauh`s dodkdht`s n sdr l`htdkpong`s dh uhn chvdstcanlcüh gd lnkp`6 (L`hsuotd dh tdxt`s gd chvdstcanlcüh gd kdrlng`s, dh g`hgd o` `rcdhtnrîh kdf`r dh do gcsdþ` gdo chstrukdht` gd npoclnr). >.

Ts`s. (°ûcãhds o` usnh y lük` o` usnh0).

5.

H`rkns qud dxcstnh dh rdonlcüh l`h do l`hsuk` y bnerclnlcüh. (H`rkns gd mcacdhd pnrn do us` gd brnsl`s gdsdlmneods pnrn ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s oîltd`s).

.4 gd dstd lnpëtuo` -chards`s-). Udnllc`hds sdaöh do dkpnqud gd prdsdhtnlcüh, pueoclcgng, pr`k`lcüh y `trns

Dh do sdlt`r s`lcno mny `trns b`rkns gd chvdstcanlcü chvdstcanlcüh h lunoctntcvn, l`k` do KDW KDWNYONH NYONH y KNUL@ O@ACL@: sch dkenra` gdedh t`knrsd l`k` ensd y sdaucr do kcsk` pr`lds` gd dvnounlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, yn qud p`r h` chloucr t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s dst`s brnlnsnh ` h` tdrkc tdrkc-hnh l`k` sd dspdrnen

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>91

vnrcneods qud do pr`ydltcstn l`hscgdrd chgcspdhsneod. 4.

Kdlnhcsk` gd nltcvcgngds Gcstrceulcüh. \d dhtcdhgd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh, do l`hfuht` gd rdonlc`hngns l`hp`r on lcrluonlcüh gd o`s ecdhds y sdrvclc`s gdsgd o`s sctc`s g`hgd sd pr`guldh mnstn oodanr no l`hsukcg`r hno. Nuhqud dstd nspdlt` nspdlt` sdrî trntng` kîs ngdonhtd, ngdonhtd, ds chgcspdhsneod qud dh on chvdstcanlcüh sd oàrd gdtdrkchnr o`s sctc`s gd prdbdrdhlcn prdbdrdhlcn pnrn pnrn l`kprn gd ecdhds y sdrvclc`s. sdrvclc`s. \c utcocznh arnhgds ‟lngdhns‛ gd tcdhgns, ` sc vnh no bnerclnhtd gcrdltnkdhtd, sc chtdrvcdhdh vnrc`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s, luîht`s kny`rcstns dxcstdh, dtl. Dstn chb`rknlcüh scrvd pnrn fnr lrctdrc`s gd vdhtn y gcstrceulcüh nl`rgd l`h do kdrlng`.

L.

Dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn nltuno .

On rdlòdllcüh gd on chb`rknlcüh nhtdrc`r, pdrkctd mnldr uh nhîocscs gd l`kp`rtnkcdht` nltuno gd on gdknhgn gnhg` o`s pnrîkdtr`s pnrn su gdsnrròo`, gd tno knhdrn qud sd bnlcoctd do ponhtdnkcdht` gd ons dstrntdacns gd kdrlngd` y l`kdrlcnocznlcüh pnrn on pudstn dh knrlmn gdo pr`ydlt`.

Ynrn do nhîocscs ds l`hvdhcdhtd dstugcnr o`s nhtdldgdhtds, l`h nyugn gd o`s l`hldpt`s gd donstclcgng, pdrkctcdhg` dstcknr on lunhtën rdno gd on gdknhgn gd uh k`kdht` gng`. Dh `trns pnonerns, tno nhîocscs pudgd nyugnr n l`kprènr uhn gdknhgn nltuno chsntcsbdlmn y n dstcknr su knahctug. Ds hdldsnrc` ngvdrtcr qud do knhdf` gd o`s l`dlcdhtds gd donstclcgng s`h uh dodkdht`, kîs gd nhîocscs y h` gded pdrgdrsd on chudhlcn qud dh ons sdrcds dstngëstclns utcoczngns pudgdh mnedr tdhcg` bnlt`rds o`lnods ` lcrluhstnhlcnods qud nltunr`h tdkp`rnokdhtd dh do kdrlng` y qud sd dslnpnh n ons oëhdns gd uhn pnutn adhdrno, l`k` on qud nquë sd chgcln. Ds gdlcr, gd on rdnocgng y dxnltctug gd on chb`rknlcüh rdlòdltngn, gdpdhgd sustnhlcnokdhtd do knhdf` y npoclnlcüh gd dst`s dst`s l`dlcdhtds. l`dlcdhtds. Y`r doo` ds

>9=

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

enstnhtd gdoclng`, qud do pr`ydltcstn sdsaud o`s gnt`s dhl`htrng`s, puds süo` l`hsdaucrî nukdhtnr o`s drr`rds gd lîoluo`, mnlcdhg` on dstcknlcüh kîs l`kpodfn y gcbëlco.

Do nhîocscs gd on gdknhgn gdedrî mnldrsd gd gcstchtns knhdrn sdaöh sd trntd gd ecdhds gd l`hsuk`, chtdrkdgc`s ` gd lnpctno. On lnhtcgng gdknhgngn gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s gd l`hsuk` dstnrî gcrdltnkdhtd rdonlc`hngn l`h do chards` y l`h o`s prdlc`s y sd p`grî nhnocznr n on ouz gd o`s l`dlcdhtds gd donstclcgng - prdlc` y donstclcgng ; chards`. Dh lnkec`, on lnhtcgng gdknhgngn gd ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s y gd lnpctno, sc ecdh sd vd chucgn p`r do hcvdo y gcstrceulcüh gd o`s chards`s y p`r o`s prdlc`s prdl c`s rdontcv`s, dstnrî tnkecãh l`hgclc`hngn gd knhdrn kuy ckp`rtnhtd p`r o`s lnkec`s dstrulturnods gd on dl`h`kën. L`h do pr`püsct` gd dxpoclnr ngdlungnkdhtd do nhîocscs gd on gdknhgn, sd mnrî on npoclnlcüh gd o`s l`dlcdhtds gd donstclcgng pnrn dhtdhgdr on gdtdrkchnlcüh gd on gdknhgn gd ecdhds gd l`hsuk` y ouda` sd l`kdhtnh o`s bnlt`rds ngclc`hnods qud sd gdedh tdhdr dh ludhtn pnrn nhnocznr o`s ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s chtdrkdgc`s y gd lnpctno. Ydr` nhtds nhtds gd chclcnr o`s nhîocscs o`s l`dlcdhtds, rdl`rgdk`s o`s lnkec`s qud tcdhd on lurvn gd gdknhgn.

Nhtd t`g` snedk`s qud on buhlcüh gdknhgn tcdhd uh l`kp`rtnkcdht` chvdrs` no gd on `bdrtn, ds gdlcr, no nukdhtnr do prdlc` gcskchuydh ons lnhtcgngds gdknhgngns y vcldvdrsn. No l`hscgdrnr on buhlcüh gdknhgn GG–, sd èsdrvnh qud do prdlc` Y9-> od l`rrdsp`hgdh ^9-> lnhtcgngds n l`hsukcr, dh ^9 do prdlc` gcskchuyd y sd sctön dh Y9, sdaöh o` prdsdhtn Y9^9. Y9^9. Ydr` sc no kcsk` Y9-> sd tcdhd uhn gdknhgn ^>, dstn l`kechnlcüh l`rrdsp`hgd n uh puht` Y9->^> ueclng` dh on lurvn gd gdknhgn G––G–––: nsë kcsk`, sd kudstrn `tr` puht` Y9^5, dh g`hgd ons lnhtcgngds ^5 s`h ngqucrcgns n `tr` prdlc` Y9. Lnkec`s dh

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>93

on lurvn G–G–– h` dstîh rdonlc`hng`s l`h k`gclnlc`hds dh on gdknhgn, sch` p`r lnkec`s dh on `bdrtn (rdvcsnr ons Arîlns 5 yn Y9^5 < gd dstd Dh lnkec` o`s gdsponznkcdht`s gd Y>^5 y gdlnpëtuo`). Y>^> n Y>^>9

§

δ;(G^/GY)*Y/^, , δ ;(^>-^9)*Y/(Y>-Y9)*^ (>)

Dstn gdhclcüh, ds vîocgn v îocgn pnrn donstclcgng prdlc` l`k` pnrn kcskn on donstclcgng - chards`, süo` qudono`s l`dlcdhtds vnrcnrîh gd scah` sdaöh do lns`. (Yrdlc` ` Chards`). Lunhg` sd trntn gd o`s prdlc`s do l`dlcdhtd sdrî hdantcv` y lunhg` sd trntn gd o`s chards`s ãstd sdrî p`sctcv`, ds gdlcr6 § donstclcgng

prdlc`, δ ;-(G^/GY)*Y/^, δ ;(^>-^9)*Y/(Y>-Y9)*^ (5)

Y.

^. § donstclcgng

chards`, δ ;(G^/GY)*Y/^, δ ;^>-^9)*Y/(Y>-Y9)*^ (>>

donstclcgng ds kny`r n uh` . Dst` sd prdsdhtn lunhg` o`s ecdhds

y/` sdrvclc`s n l`hsukcg`r s`h kdh`s chgcspdhsneods qud `tr`s (Dfdkpo`6 o`s ecdhds sdrvclc`s oonkng`s kcsldoîhd`s, tcdhdh uh not` l`dlcdhtd gdy/` donstclcgng). Thn gdknhgn sdrî chdoîstcln lunhg` do l`dlcdhtd ds kdh`r n uh`:   prdsdhtîhg`sd l`h o`s ecdhds qud s`h rdontcvnkdhtd

chgcspdhsneods pnrn o`s o`s l`hsukcg`rds. l`hsukcg`rds. Y`r dfdkpo`, do pnh y o`s nockdht`s gd not` l`htdhcg` lnoürcl`, tcdhdh uh l`dlcdhtd chbdrc`r n uh`. Dh noauhns lcrluhstnhlcns sd dhludhtrn uh l`dlcdhtd luyn rdonlcüh ds cauno n uh`, scdhg` on donstclcgng THCWNUCN

chgclnhg` uhn gdpdhgdhlcn ochdno dh do lnkec`, tnht` gd lnhtcgngds l`k` dh do prdlc` y sd pudgd nrknr qud dh cauno lnhtcgng gd lnhtcgngds gdknhgngns lnkecnrî do prdlc` y on k`gclnlcüh qud sd prdsdhtn h` nbdltn on gdknhgn hc on `bdrtn dh hchaöh sdhtcg` puds lrdld ` gcskchuyd dh cauno pr`p`rlcüh. L`h dst`s dodkdht`s l`hldptunods nldrln gd o` qud ds on buhlcüh gdknhgn y gd o`s lrctdrc`s gd donstclcgng - prdlc` d chards`: sd pudgd l`htchunr dh on dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn, chtdrprdtnhg` prckdr` on donstclcgng-prdlc` gd on gdknhgn, on donstclcgngchards` gd on gdknhgn, on gdknhgn gd ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s y on gdknhgn gd ecdhds gd lnpctno.

Dh lunht` n on DON\WCLCGNG-YUDLC@  gd gd on gdknhgn gdedk`s tdhdr o`s scaucdhtds dodkdht`s pnrn su nhîocscs6

>.

Yrdlc`s y lnhtcgngds l`hsukcgns dh uh gdtdrkchng` tcdkp`. Dstn chb`rknlcüh on ètdhdk`s gd ons dstngëstclns rdlòdltngns, tdhcdhg` l`k` ensd do l`hsuk` dbdltcv` ` gdknhgn rdno.

5.

L`hldpt`s y chdoîstcl` donstclcgng, pnrn do tcp` gd ecdh qudgd ds:chdonstclcgng yn qud uh ecdh tcdhd uhcgdhtclnr l`kp`rtnkcdht`

ecdh gcbdrdhtd no doîstcl`, gd nmë on gcbdrdhlcn dh ons dstrntdacns gd

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>>5

l`kdrlcnocznlcüh y p`r tnht` do knhdf` gd sus pr`ydllc`hds. 99 p`r lnkcsn y qud su l`dlcdhtd gd donstclcgng-prdlc` sdn gd >.4. No suecr do prdlc` prdlc` dh >% n ^.>9> do l`hsuk` p`r lnkcsn gcskchucrî dh 5%, ` sdn sdrën gd >,31 lnkcsns. \c sd trntnrn gd uhn pèonlcüh pèonlcüh dh g`hgd vcvdh >9.999 l`hsukcg`rds gd lnkcsns, do vòukdh gd vdhtns qud drn gd g`s kcoo`hds (59.999 lnkcsns p`r ^.>99) lnkecnrî dh6 Nhtds 6 >9.999 x 5 x ^.>99 ; ^.5,999.999,99 Gdspuãs6 >9.999 x >,31x^.>9> ; ^.>,3=3,199,99 Ds gdlcr, TH LNKEC@ DH DO YUDLC@ THCWNUC@ MNLCN MNLCN NUUCEN H@ NTKDHWN NTKDHWN DO CHAUD\@ CHAUD\@ GD ON\ RDHWN\ NTH^TD ON Y@EONLC@H L@H\TKCG@UN YDUKNHDVLN L@H\WNHWD.

\daöh on DON\WCLCGNG-CHAUD\@   gd on gdknhgn, sd gded l`htdkponr o`s scaucdhtds nspdlt`s6

>. 5.

><

p`grën dstcknr do dbdlt` qud uhn rdgcstrceulcüh gdo chards` tuv` ` p`grën tdhdr sèrd sèrd on gdknhgn. Wnkecãh sd pudgd utcocznr l`k` dodkdht` prdlc`luîo pnrngdedrën lunhtclnr gdknhgn gdo p`tdhlcno, yn qud ql`h ud pdrkctcrëngd dstcknr sdr ononknahctug l`hsuk` lcdrtn dvòulcüh gdo chards`. Dst`s g`s dodkdht`s (donstclcgng prdlc` y donstclcgng chards`) tcdhdh gcrdltn rdonlcüh l`h do nhîocscs gd o`s ecdhds gd l`hsuk` y gdedh sdr lrctdrc`s eîscl`s pnrn on dstcknlcüh gd su gdknhgn.

Nm`rn vdnk`s l`k` sd gded nhnocznr on gdknhgn gd ecdhds

chtdrkdgc`s y ecdhds gd lnpctno. Wno l`k` yn dstugcnk`s, o`s ecdhds chtdr chtdrkdgc`s kdgc`s y gd lnpctno scrvdh pnrn on trnhsb`rknlcüh gd chsuk`s o`s prckdr`s y pnrn on pr`gullcüh gd ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s o`s sdauhg`s: sus l`kp`rtnkcdht`s gd gdknhgn, dstîh sufdt`s no eudh lrdlckcdht` gd o`s ecdhds gd l`hsuk`, gdecg` n6

>.

Dh o`s ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s, on gdknhgn dstî dh buhlcüh gd on gdknhgn gd o`s ecdhds dh luyn pr`gullcüh pnrtclcpn, nuhqud do chards` nbdltd su l`kprn.

5.

Nuhqud do ecdh chtdrkdgc` dstã rdonlc`hng` l`h uh` ` kîs ecdhds gd l`hsuk`, ãstd h` sd pudgd ocanr gd on gdknhgn gd o`s gdkîs, rcacãhg`sd dht`hlds p`r on kny`r gdknhgn.

>7

l`kpnþën qud pr`guld lnogdrns h` nukdhtnrî sus vdhtns sc o`s m`tdods h` ons rdqucdrdh. 4.

On gdknhgn gd ecdhds gd lnpctno, tnkecãh dstî `rcdhtngn p`r o`s pràrnkns gd rdp`sclcüh qud tdhanh on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s qud yn ngqucrcdr`h dst`s ecdhds y qud lukpocdr`h su vcgn ötco.

2.

Do gdsnrròo` tdlhòüacl` y lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` gd uh gdtdrkchng` sdlt`r, sdlt`r, gn pnutns pnrn fnr o`s lrctdrc`s gd gdknhgn gdo ecdh rdspdltcv`.

Ds ckp`rtnhtd fnrsd tcp` gdo`s ecdh qud sd gdsdn pr `gulcr pnrn l`kdrlcnocznrsd y nsë do `rcdhtnr dodkdht`s n sdr pr`gulcr l`hscgdrng`s dh on dstcknlcüh dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn: gd tno knhdrn, knhdrn, qud o`s o`s gnt`s rdlòdltng`s tdhanh on scahcbclnlcüh ngdlungn y pr`vddr do l`kp`rtnkcdht` butur` gd on gdknhgn gdo rdspdltcv` ecdh ` sdrvclc` èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`. L`hlouyãhg`sd vnrc`s nspdlt`s rdodvnhtds gdo dstugc` gd on gdknhgn6 §

°Luîo ds on lnhtcgng gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s n qud sd rddrd do pr`ydlt` y qud o`s l`hsukcg`rds dstîh gcspudst`s n ngqucrcr0

§

°ûã tcp` gd l`hsukcg`rds tdhgrîh o`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s n sdr pr`gulcg`s: ds gdlcr, luîods s`h o`s sdakdht`s gd kdrlng` qud gdknhgnh dh gcstchtn pr`p`rlcüh kcs ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s.

§

°Gühgd dstîh ueclng`s dst`s gdknhgnhtds0

§

°Luîo ds su p`gdr gd l`kprn rdno0

§

°Luîods lnrnltdrëstclns adhdrnods kudvdh n o`s l`hsukcg`rds n gdknhgnr uh ecdh ` sdrvclc` dspdlël`0

§

°Mnerî sulcdhtd gdknhgn (kny`r qud `bdrtn) qud fustcqud on

chstnonlcüh gd uhn hudvn lnpëtuo` gd pr`gullcüh0

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>>4

W`g`s dst`s chtdrrànhtds gdedh qudgnr sulcdhtdkdhtd lonr`s no tdrkchnr on dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn y l`rrdonlc`hnron l`h on `bdrtn pnrn vdr su l`kp`rtnkcdht` fustcln sdaucr ngdonhtd l`h do pr`ydlt`, ` scscp`r do l`htrnrc` h` tcdhd sdhtcg` dkenrlnrsd dh chvdrsc`hds notns qud süo` sdrvcrîh pnrn ètdhdr eudh`s rdsuotng`s p`r uh pdqudþ` onps` gd tcdkp` ` sc p`r do l`htrnrc` on `bdrtn dstî snturngn y h` mny lnecgn pnrn `tr` ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s. Udludrgd ‟\c on `bdrtn ds kny`r qud on gdknhgn, on l`kpdtdhlcn ds kîs gurn y sd l`rrd do rcdsa` gd brnlnsnr bîlcokdhtd, puds mny uh kdrlng` snturng` gd `bdrtn y o`s prdlc`s s`h lngn vdz kîs enf`s on dlcdhlcn y dlnlcn mnrîh on gcbdrdhlcn.

Lunhg` sd trntü on `bdrtn sd chscstcü pdrknhdhtdkdhtd sèrd do dqucocerc` gdo kdrlng` (dqucocerc` gd `bdrtn y gdknhgn) y sèrd on pdrknhdhtd rdonlcüh gd on `bdrtn l`h on gdknhgn, puds gded cr scdkprd gd on knh` sc sd qucdrd trnenfnr dh kdrlng`s gd ocerd l`kpdtdhlcn l`k` do hudstr`. Y`r doo`, sd dstugcü su ckp`rtnhlcn y knhdf` sdaöh do tcp` gd ecdh: do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on `bdrtn y do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn: nhîocscs ocang` dh ons Arîlns 1 y =. Gd on rcqudzn gd on chb`rknlcüh rdlòdltngn dh ons sdrcds dstngëstclns y gd on ngdlungn dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn gdpdhgd do lîoluo` gd on sctunlcüh buturn gd on gdknhgn, on luno èdgdld nhtd t`g` n uhn pr`ydllcüh y nfustd enf` noauhns vnrcneods rdodvnhtds gd su l`kp`rtnkcdht` nltuno.

2

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

qud anrnhtcznrî on pdrknhdhlcn gdo pr`ydlt` gurnhtd uh eudh pdrë`g`, g`hgd sd rdlupdrnrîh ons chvdrsc`hds prdockchnrds y ètdhgrîh ngdlungns utcocgngds. Dst` ds gcbëlco gd prdgdlcr süo` l`h do l`kp`rtnkcdht` nltuno: ckpocln p`r o` tnht` mnldr uhn pr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn, h` süo` gd o` qud sd dspdrn vdhgdr dh do pr`ydlt`, sch` gdo l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn gdo kdrlng` pnrn l`h`ldr su pnrtclcpnlcüh buturn gdhtr` gd ão. \d kdhlc`hü dh pnrtds nhtdrc`rds, nhtdrc`rds, qud no no dstugc` gdo l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn l`hvcdhd gnrod uhn vcgn ötco gd kdh`s gd lchl` n gcdz nþ`s pnrn pr`ydlt`s gdo sdlt`r prcvng` y gd p`r o` kdh`s quchld nþ`s pnrn pr`ydlt`s gdo sdlt`r pöeocl`. H` èstnhtd, o`s nhtdrc`rds pdrë`g`s gdedh sdr gd nludrg` n ons lcbrns y rdsuotng`s qud sd ètdhanh gdnfustng`s on pr`ydllcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, gd on gdknhgn dh së: puds dst` ds on ensd qud gdtdrkchnrî do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`, yn qud p`r dfdkpo`6 sc on gdknhgn ds pnrn trds nþ`s, on chbrndstrulturn chbrndstrult urn qud sd gded k`htnr, sc sd rdnoczn, gded sdr këhckn. Dh do hukdrno 2 gd dstd lnpëtuo`, sd dstugcnrî on rdonlcüh qud dxcstd dhtrd gdknhgn dspdrngn, tnknþ` gd lnpnlcgng ` rdlurs`s gcsp`hceods: o`s lunods fnh on p`scecocgng gdo pr`ydlt`. Y`r nm`rn h`s ldhtrnrdk`s dh do dstugc` gd on pr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn, n pnrtcr gd o`s kãt`g`s dstngëstcl`s yn dstugcng`s pnrn on pr`ydllcüh gd on `bdrtn (rdardscüh ochdno këhck`s lungrng`s) ` tdhcdhg` l`k` ensd gd nhîocscs do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd l`dlcdhtds donstclcgng-chards` n trnvãs gdo tcdkp`: l`hscgdrnhg` t`g`s o`s bnlt`rds l`hgclc`hnhtds qud mnldh qud on gdknhgn buturn sd pudgn gnr. Dh do hukdrno 5.7 gd dstd lnpëtuo` sd dstugcü, dh on pr`ydllcüh gd on `bdrtn, do kãt`g` gd o`s këhck`s lungrng`s. lungrng`s. Yuds ecdh, dh on pr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn no knhdf` kntdkîtcl` ds cauno: sch dkenra`, su chtdrprdtnlcüh ds gcbdrdhtd, yn qud nooë prdtdhgënk`s

l`h`ldr luîhtns lnhtcgngds sd gdeënh `brdldr dh o`s prüxck`s

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>>1

nþ`s sdaöh do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd o`s pdrë`g`s nhtdrc`rds. Ydr` sd èsdrvn qud dstn chb`rknlcüh h` ds ensd pnrn prdvdr do butur` gd uhnsë pr`ydlt`, sd pr`ydltn sckuotîhdnkdhtd gdknhgn pnrn l`h`ldrsch` do vdrgngdr` p`tdhlcno gdo pr`ydltòny nsë fustclnro`. Do dfdkpo` qud sd prdsdhtn prdsdhtn n l`htchunlcüh, l`htchunlcüh, nlonrn nlonrn lük` lük` do pr`ydltnr ons lnhtcgngds vdhgcgns p`r pnrtd gd uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh, sdaöh sus lcbrns mcstürclns, gdedh sdr rdvcsngns l`h do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn gdo kdrlng`. \up`hank`s qud on l`kpnþën NEL vdhgd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s ] y gdsdn l`h`ldr luîo sdrî su l`kp`rtnkcdht` pnrn o`syprüxck`s (2) nþ`s. chb`rknlcüh. Dh tno sdhtcg` sd rdvcsü su nrlmcv` sd ètuv`sdcs on scaucdhtd

L`k` sd pudgd vdr tcdhd uhn eudhn pnrtclcpnlcüh gdo kdrlng`, kns tcdhd l`kpdtcg`rds. l`kpdtcg`rds. Y`r tnht`, dh prckdrn chstnhlcn gdedk`s l`h`ldr luîo mn scg` su pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do tcdkp`, lîoluo` qud h`s gnrî on `rcdhtnlcüh nldrln gd on tdhgdhlcn gd on gdknhgn y on pnrtclcpnlcüh gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh dh gclmn gdknhgn. Gd nquë sd pudgd l`hloucr6

>.

Dhtrd >339 y >337 su pnrtclcpnlcüh `slcon dh uh pr`kdgc` gd 4=% y sd gcspnrn n pnrtcr gd >334.

5.

Dst` sd gc` p`r uh nukdht` dh ons lnhtcgngds `brdlcgns y uhn enfn gd on gdknhgn.

>=

gdknhgngns sdrîh 739 y ons vdhgcgns 719 knhtdhcãhg`sd t`gnvën uhn gdknhgn kny`r n on `bdrtn: dh do pdrë`g` scaucdhtd on gdknhgn sdrën süo` 727 lnhtcgngds on pr`ydllcüh gd on `bdrtn n 7=2gdadhdrîhg`sd kny`r y`bdrtn qud gdknhgn, o` nsldhgdrën qud h` ds l`hvdhcdhtd.

7.

Ttcocznr do l`dlcdhtd gd donstclcgng chards` pnrn on rdnocznlcüh gd on pr`ydllcüh, scdkprd y lunhg` do chards` sdn o` sulcdhtdkdhtd, rdprdsdhtntcv` rdprdsd htntcv` dh on gdknhgn gdo ecdh ` sdrvclc`.

Do kãt`g` sd utcoczn dh pr`ydlt`s gd arnh dhvdrangurn, puds sd rdqucdrd kulmn chb`rknlcüh, gd tno knhdrn qud sd pudgn l`h`ldr sustnhlcnokdhtd ons vnrcnlc`hds ons lnhtcgngds gdknhgns gdknhgns p`r o`s lnutcv`s dh do chards`. chards`dh . Y`r doo`, süo` nquë trntnrdk`s y rdl`rgnrdk`s do kãt`g` gdslrct` nhtdrc`rkdhtd, yn qud su knhdf` ds bîlco y nl`rgd l`h o`s pr`ydlt`s qud gdsnrròonrî dh su vcgn pr`bdsc`hno, sdaöh do dhb`qud gd on lnrrdrn. Thn vdz dstugcngn on pr`ydllcüh gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn lunhtctntcv`, ds l`hvdhcdhtd nhnocznr o`s bnlt`rds qud l`hgclc`hnh gd lcdrtn knhdrn on pr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn, pdrkctcãhgòd l`hgclc`hnron n lcdrt`s l`kp`rtnkcdht`s dxtdrh`s.

Gdhtr` gd o`s prchlcpnods bnlt`rds sd tcdhdh6

>.

Wnsn gd lrdlckcdht` pèonlc`hno y nukdht` dh do hcvdo gd chards`.

5. ). Do Aècdrh` gdlcgd

dstckuonr on lrdnlcüh gd lnbãs Chtdrhdt kuhclcpnods y bnlcoctnrî lrãgct`s (Dfdkpo` 5), do Aècdrh` nukdhtn do ckpudst` no l`hsuk`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>>3

gd ldrvdzn gdsdstckuonhg` su l`hsuk` y gcluotnhg` on vdhtn. 4.

Bnlt`rds nodnt`rc`s hnturnods. dh (Dfdkpo` H`dr`scüh, ds l`hvdhcdhtd gdsnrròonr pr`ydlt`syl`kdrlcnods z`hns gd>)notn (Dfdkpo` 5) Ons l`hldsc`hds gd tcdrrns auedrhnkdhtnods dh ouanrds turëstcl`s bnlcoctnh do hda`lc` y gdsnrròon ons rdac`hds. Wdhdr Wdhdr dh ludhtn dst`s bnlt`rds y nhnocznro`s gdsgd on l`hvdhcdhlcn gdo pr`ydlt`, pudgd, dh lcrluhstnhlcns gdtdhdro`.

Gd nmë on ckp`rtnhlcn gd uhn ngdlungn dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn y su l`hscaucdhtd pr`ydllcüh, knhtdhcdhg` l`k` rdstrcllc`hds o`s bnlt`rds kdhlc`hng`s: nsë l`k` do nhîocscs gd on `bdrtn, do gd o`s y/` sdrvclc`s, dh do sdakdht` gd pèonlcüh Dkprdsn NEL pnrtclcpnlcüh do kdrlng` yl`h`lckcdht` on gcstrceulcüh gdecdhds su chards`.

gdo pr`gult` ] pnrn do pdrë`g` >339->33=

Mnstn nquë sd mnh dstugcng` o`s lrctdrc`s qud s`h eîscl`s pnrn Ynrtclcpnlcüh Lnhtcgngds Gdknhgn t`tnopnrn do dstugc` gdo kdrlng`, gnhg` o`s dodkdht`s gdofustclnr kdrlngòn

Nþ`

Rdhgcgns

gdo kdrlng`

>339 >33> >335 >33<

794.99 799.99 779.99 337 >334 >332 >331 >33=

499.99 759.99 779.99 799.99 739.99

=99.99 219.99 299.99 449.99 449.99

254

uh kdf`r luerckcdht`.

E. L`hscgdrnlc`hds sèrd do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s Gd ons lnrnltdrëstclns gdo ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gdpdhgd dh arnh pnrtd su l`kdrlcnocznlcüh, yn qud su prdsdhtnlcüh ds gdoclngn, su l`kp`sclcüh tãlhcln dstî dxpudstn n notdrnlc`hds lockîtclns, dtl., ` su prdlc` h` bnv`rdld pnrn gdfnr kîradhds gd l`kcscüh n vnrc`s vnrc`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s. Y`r dstns y `trns kîs, do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s fudan uh pnpdo ckp`rtnhtd dh dstns gdlcsc`hds. q

Rno`r Thctnrc` Do vno`r uhctnrc` gd uh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s chuyd

sèrd on lnhtcgnglunht` gd b`hg`s gcsp`hceods pnrn on gcstrceulcüh. Dh l`hsdludhlcn, kîs sdn do vno`r uhctnrc`, kny`rds p`r o` adhdrno sdrîh o`s lnhnods gd gcstrceulcüh. Lunhg` ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gd p`l` vno`r uhctnrc` s`h vdhgcg`s dh arnhgds lnhtcgngds, ` s`h l`kechng`s l`h `tr`s ecdhds, gd tno knhdrn qud do pdgcg` sdn arnhgd, sd pudgd dl`h`kcznr utcocznhg` lnhnods kîs l`rt`s. q

Lngulcgng Lunhg` o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s dxpudst`s n uhn lngulcgng bëscln (kuy usuno) dh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s nockdhtclc`s

pdrdldgdr`s) ` pnsnrn trnvãs gd k`gn (prdhgn vdstcr),- gdedh sdr nacoczng`s y r`tng`s gd ecdhds y/`gdsdrvclc`s gdtnoocstns - l`hsukcg`rds, scdhg` do lnhno rdontcvnkdhtd l`rt`. q

Hnturnodzn tãlhcln gd uh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s Ecdhds gd notn tdlhòàën, usunokdhtd ecdhds chgustrcnods, s`h gcstrceucg`s gcrdltnkdhtd no usunrc` chgustrcno: kcdhtrns qud, sc o`s ecdhds s`h gd l`hsuk` p`puonr, dh g`hgd on vdhtn h` ds dspdlcnoczngn, pudgdh pud gdh sdr dkpodng`s lnhnods qud bnlcoctdh su vdhtn, l`k` supdrkdrlng`s. Lunhg` on vdhtn ds dspdlcnoczngn, do bnerclnhtd gded tdhdr uh arup` gd vdhgdg`rds ecdh lnpnlctng`s dh do îrdn, on luno sd edhdlcnrî gdo ecdh rdspdltcv`.

>52

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

L. L`hscgdrnlc`hds sèrd do Chtdrkdgcnrc` On sdodllcüh gd chtdrkdgcnrc`s gdpdhgd usunokdhtd gd o`s sdrvclc`s qud `brdzln, gcsp`hcecocgngds, dxpdrcdhlcn, dhtrd `trns. Ds `trn gd ons l`hscgdrnlc`hds n sdr tdhcgns dh ludhtn pnrn do

k`htnfd y sdodllcüh gd lnhnods gd gcstrceulcüh. Mnstn nquë, sd mnh l`htdkpong` dodkdht`s rdontcv`s no l`hsuk` gdo kdrlng` y no ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s sdrvclc`s kcsk`. Ydr` gd on sdodllcüh gd ngdlung`s lnhnods gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh n trnvãs gd chtdrkdgcnrc`s gdpdhgd dh eudh arng` do ãxct` gd ons vdhtns gd uhn l`kpnþën y pudgd anrnhtcznr on pdrknhdhlcn gd uh pr`ydlt` dh kdrlng`. q

1

\drvclc`s pr`p`rlc`hng`s p`r do chtdrkdgcnrc` No sdodllc`hnr do

Budhtd6 Buhgnkdht`s gd Knrjdtcha Q. \tnht`h

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>51

chtdrkdgcnrc`, s`h ckp`rtnhtds qud ãstd `brdzln o`s sdrvclc`s qud pnrn o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s s`h l`st`s`s y gcbëlcods gd `brdldr. Gd tno knhdrn qud sdo`s knhtdhanh lnrnltdrëstclns gd ntdhlcüh no locdhtd qud tcdhdh ecdhds y/ònssdrvclc`s. Mny `lnsc`hds dh qud do pr`gult`r pr`gult`r gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s sdrvclc`s h` tcdhd tcdhd rdlurs`s pnrn l`kdrlcnocznr uh ecdh y ds p`r kdgc` gdo chtdrkdgcnrc` (gdtnoocstn) qud oàrn oodanr n o`s l`hsukcg`rds ngdlung`s. q

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd o`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s gdsdng`s H` scdkprd dstîh gcsp`hceods o`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s qud ds l`hvdhcdhtd tdhdr, p`r sdrcdgng, lukpockcdht` dh do pna` y `trns rnz`hds: y vdh nbdltng`s, gdecg` qud o`s kcsk` gcstrceuydh ecdhds y/`

sdrvclc`s gd on l`kpdtdhlcn. Ydr` kcdhtrns chgugneodkdhtd chgugneodkdhtd dspr`lds` usuno qud dkprdsnrc`s pdqudþ`s y kdgcnh`s, chclcnh su gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh: gdedh rdacrsd p`r ons rdaons gd o`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s kîs ckp`rtnhtds sc gnh lnecgn n hudstr`s ecdhds.

G. L`hscgdrnlc`hds sèrd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh Thn vdz rduhcg`s y lunhtclng`s o`s lrctdrc`s qud gnh on pnutn pnrn on sdodllcüh gd uh lnhno gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh, dh g`hgd sd mnh rdvcsng` tnods l`k`, do kdrlng`, ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, o`s nspdlt`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s: qudgnh p`r trntnro`s y vno`rnr ons l`hscgdrnlc`hds gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh: nqudoons vnrcneods qud do pr`ydltcstn gded dstugcnr y nkpocnr dh `tr`s npnrtds gd on dvnounlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, o`s lunods sd trntnrîh kîs ngdonhtd. Wnknþ` gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh Mny dkprdsns y/` q

chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s arnhgds, kdgcnhns y pdqudþns d chgcslutceodkdhtd pnrn uhns ds kîs sdhlcoo` k`htnr lnhnods gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh gcrdlt`s, p`r l`htnr l`h uh`s rdlurs`s rdlurs`s dl`hükcl`s qud nsë sd o` pdrkctd. Ds nsë l`k`, ds l`hvdhcdhtd gdtdrkchnr do tnknþ` gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh pnrn l`h`ldr sus ockctnlc`hds y nolnhlds y nsë p`gdr fnr o`s

gdrr`tdr`s gdo pr`ydlt`. \c uhn dkprdsn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh h` tcdhd

>5=

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

kdgc`s pnrn mnldr uhn gcstrceulcüh knscvn, sd dhludhtrn nhtd on hdldscgng gd podanrsd n chtdrkdgcnrc`s qud sc od bnlcoctdh dstn q

gcsp`hcecocgng. Udlurs`s Dl`hükcl`s Thn l`kpnþën dl`hükclnkdhtd budrtd, hdldsctn kdh`s kdh`s n o`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s chtdrkdgcnrc`s qud nqudoon qud ds dl`hükclnkdhtd dl`hükclnk dhtd gãeco. Thn l`kpnþën l`h `pdrnlc`hds dl`hükclns dl`hükclns ngdlungns pudgd dstneodldr su pr`pcn pr`pcn budrzn gd vdhtns. Wnkecãh pudgd noknldhn sus ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y l`hldgdr lrãgct`s, kcdhtrns qud uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh gãeco tdhgrî qud utcocznr chtdrkdgcnrc`s pnrn ètdhdr dst`s sdrvclc`s. Dstns nrknlc`hds s`h ckp`rtnhtds tdhdrons dh ludhtn dh on kdgcgn dh qud on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh sd gdsnrròod, scdhg` l`hvdhcdhtd qud rdsp`hsneod do pr`ydltcstngdo kcrpr`ydlt` kcrd d n su nordgdg`r y fd o`s hcvdods gd l`kpdtdhlcn qud tdhgrî.

q

Mnecocgng gd ngkchcstrnlcüh W`gns ons dkprdsns y/` chstctulc`hds chstctul c`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tcdhdh ãxct` ` brnlnsnh, gdpdhgcdhg` gd lük` sd ngkchcstrn. \èrd dstd nspdlt` h` pr`buhgcznrã, puds on b`rknlcüh rdlcecgn n trnvãs gd on lnrrdrn, od gdtdrkchn o`s dodkdht`s hdldsnrc`s pnrn sdr uh eudh ngkchcstrng`r. \ch dkenra`, l`h`zln sus ockctnlc`hds, puht`s budrtds y gdecocgngds l`tcgcnhns y tãhanons dh ludhtn no sdodllc`hnr do lnhno gd gcstrceulcüh.

O`s bnlt`rds nhtdrc`rkdhtd gdslrct`s, ngdkîs gd `tr`s h` l`kdhtng`s, pudgdh sdr lonsclng`s dh bnlt`rds notdrneods d chnotdrneods, gdpdhgcdhg` gdpdhgcdhg` gdo arng` gd l`hclt` qud ãst`s prdsdhtdh. prdsdhtdh.

Erdvdkdhtd sd l`kdhtn dstn lonsclnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`.

BNLW@UD\ NOWDUNEOD\

L`k` sd mn ponhtdng`, t`g`s o`s bnlt`rds, s`h dodkdht`s susldptceods gd lnkec` gd nludrg` n ons vnrcneods qud ons scaudh.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>53

Ds gdlcr, sc do pr`ydlt` dstî dhknrlng` gdhtr` gd uhn dkprdsn y/ ` ch y/` chst stct ctul ulcü cüh h l` l`h h rd rdlu lurs rs`s `s ds dsln lns` s`s, s, pd pdr` r` l` l`h h dx dxld ldod odht htds ds pdrspdltcvns, sdaurnkdhtd sc sd mnld uh eudh ponhdnkcdht` sd ètdhgrî arnhgds rdsuotng`s y kîs ngdonhtd p`grî notdrnr su l`hgclcüh, gd dstnr gdpdhgcdhg` gdo chtdrkdgcnrc` n fnr ons rdaons gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh. Ds ckp`rtnhtd, qud sd dstneodzlnh ponz`s dh qud sd dspdrn k`gcbclnr o`s bnlt`rds l`hgclc`hnhtds qud s`h notdrneods, chlouyãhg`sd gdhtr` gdo pr`ydlt` l`k` vnrcneod lunoctntcvn n su kdgcgn l`h on pr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn y ons p`scecocgngds gdo pr`ydlt`: ãstns gdedhnosdr o` sulcdhtdkdhtd dxceods, l`h do pr`püsct` gd anrnhtcznr pr`ydlt` do lukpockcdht` gd kdtns n l`rt`, n kdgcnh` y onra` ponz`. \up`hank`s qud dh dstd k`kdht` h` sd ludhtn l`h o`s rdlurs`s sulcdhtds pnrn fnr pòëtclns gd lrãgct`: sc ons vdhtns sd l`kp`rtnh gd lcdrtn b`rkn, ds bnltceod ètdhdr uh knradh gd utcocgngds qud pdrkctn dh uh gdtdrkchng` k`kdht` hnhlcnr n o`s l`kprng`rds qud rdöhnh o`s kdf`rds rdqucsct`s. Dstd ds uh bnlt`r l`hgclc`hnhtd qud dstî sufdt` n vnrcnlc`hds dh uh tãrkch` gd tcdkp` gdhcg` lonrnkdhtd. lonrnkdhtd. Do luno no sdr chgdecg` dh do pr`ydlt` bnlcoctn su dvnounlcüh y pdrkctd fnr on e`hgng gdo kcsk` dh do tcdkp`. Y`r tnht` rdludrgd chloucr, dhl`htrnr do ponz` dh qud o`s bnlt`rds notdrneods lnkecnrîh gd l`hgclcüh bnv`rdlcdhg` ` gdsbnv`rdlcdhg` do pr`ydlt`.

>335 >33< >337 >334

753 7,499 ^554,999 ^55=,499 ^5332 >331

715 713

^715,999 ^713,999

^5. 5.

On gdknhgn gcskchuydhg` dh do tcdkp`. Ydqudþ`s dkprdsnrc` no vdr on enfn dh on gdknhgn gdscstcdr`h gd `brdldr do ecdh.

H` òvcgdh qud sd prdvdën uhn pr`ydllcüh pnrn o`s prüxck`s sdcs nþ`s y süo` mue` gdknhgn pnrn trds nþ`s. °\c tdha` qud mnldr chvdrsc`hds hudvns pnrn l`htchunr dh do kdrlng` y p`gdr lrdldr, tdhgrën nraukdht`s pnrn fustclnr gclmns chvdrsc`hds lunhg` on vcgn ötco süo` nolnhzn pnrn trds nþ`s0.

\d p`grën dstneodldr on hdldscgng gd knhtdhdr on kcskn chbrndstrulturn chbrndstru lturn y trntnr gd `ptckcznron pnrn sntcsbnldr on gdknhgn, pdr` do tnknþ` gded gded knhtdhdrsd. Lns` l`htrnrc`, l`htrnrc`, sc tdha` qud dhsnhlmnrkd p`rqud on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt` ds kny`r n o`s sdcs nþ`s dspdrng`s. Do tnknþ` sdrî dstugcng` l`h ouf` gd gdtnoods dh do scaucdhtd lnpëtuo` (Dstugc` Wãlhcl`).

.

5.

9%. \d dspdrn qud dst` nukdhtd ons vdhtns dh qudtznods gdo nrtëluo`, dh uh 4%. °Luîo sdrënt`tnods do pr`hüstcl` l`rrdacg` gd vdhtnsònkdhtd p`r uhcgng0 Th gcstrceucg`r no p`r kny`r gd rdpudst`s pnrn nut`küvcod nut`küvcodss dhl`htrü qud do hökdr` gd entdrëns gd uh gdtdrkchng` tcp` qud sd mn vdhcg` gdknhgnhg` dh o`s öotck`s scdtd nþ`s mn tdhcg` uh l`kp`rtnkcdht` noa` gcspnrdf`. Ngdkîs tcdhd on chb`rknlcüh gd on gdknhgn t`tno dh do kcsk` pdrë`g` y sned tnkecãh luîht`s `bdrdhtds mny mny..

n) e) l) 4.

Gdtdrkchd on pnrtclcpnlcüh pnrn lngn pdrë`g` y quã l`rrdsp`hgdhlcn tcdhd l`h onp`rldhtuno `bdrtn rdstnhtd. Lnoluod on dlunlcüh gd on oëhdn rdltn gd këhck`s lungrng`s. °Luîhtns lnhtcgngds gded vdhgdr pnrn o`s nþ`s 3, >5 y >4, sc mnerî gdknhgn sulcdhtd0 Dh do lungr` scaucdhtd npnrdldh gnt`s mcp`tãtcl`s pnrn uh l`hsukcg`r.. Lnoluod o`s l`dlcdhtds gd donstclcgng, l`hsukcg`r donstclcgng, prdlc` y donstclcgng - chards` pnrn t`g`s o`s pdrë`g`s. Udludrgd qud do chards` gded pdrknhdldr l`hstnhtd lunhg` sd lnoluonh on donstclcgng - prdlc` y qud o`s prdlc`s gdedh pdrknhdldr l`hstnhtds lunhg` sd lnoluon on donstclcgng - chards`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>. 5. 9. >>. >5.. >5

Gdhn do tãrkch` ‟Kdrlng`‛. °Dh quã l`hscstd on sdakdhtnlcüh gd kdrlng`s0 °ûã s`h o`s gdrcvng`s, o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s sustctut`s y o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s l`kpodkdhtnrc`s gdo ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s prchlcpno0 °Y`r quã ds ckp`rtnhtd mnldr on pèonlcüh o` kîs m`kàãhdn p`sceod0 °Ynrn quã scrvd on dstcknlcüh gdo uhcvdrs` y on sdakdhtnlcüh gdo kdrlng` dh uh pr`ydlt`0 Gdslrcen y gdhn do pr`lds` qud sd lukpod dhtrd do chards` hnlc`hno y°Lük` do p`gdr rdno gd l`kprn. °ûã dodkdht`s o` l`kp`hdh0 sd gded usnr on gcstrceulcüh gdo chards` pnrn do lîoluo` gd uhn gdknhgn gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s0 Gdhn kdrlng` òca`pòc` y k`h`püocl`. °ûã ds uh kdrlng` gd ocerd l`kpdtdhlcn0 °ûã gcbdrdhlcn mny dhtrd ecdhds prcknrc`s ` gd l`hsuk`, ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s y ecdhds gd lnpctno0 °ûã sd dhtcdhgd l`h on dxprdscüh ‟AUNG@ GD L@KYDWDHLCN GD O@\ YU@RDDG@UD\‛0 Dh uhn sctunlc sctunlcüh üh gd dqucoce dqucocerc` rc` gdo kdrlng`, sc on `bdrtn sd

gdsponzn mnlcn on gdrdlmn p`r gdenf` gdo puht` gd dqucocerc`, °quã scahcln0 >7. °ûã ds od kãt`g` gd o`s këhck`s lungrng`s y dh quã l`hscstd0 >4. °Luîo gd o`s scaucdhtds l`dlcdhtds gd l`rrdonlc`h l`rrdonlc`hds ds ds do kîs l`hvdhcdhtd y p`r quã0 (9, =2, -9, 17, ->, >, 5) >2.. °ûã ockctnlc`hds tcdhd do l`dbclcdhtd gd l`rrdonlcüh gd ons >2 pr`ydllc`hds enf` do kãt`g` gd rdardscüh ochdno0 >1. Gdhn o`s tãrkch`s ‟D]LDGDHWD\‛ y ‟D\LN\DV‛ gd `bdrtn y l`hgclc`hds qud ons `lnsc`hnh. >=. °ûã dodkdht`s sd gdedh l`htdkponr dh uhn chvdstcanlcüh gd

lnkp`0

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>79

>3.. >3

°ûã lrctdrc`s gdedh l`hscgdrn l`hscgdrnrsd rsd pnrn on dstcknlcüh gd on gdknhgn0 59.. Gdbchn do l`hldpt` gd donstclcgng gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn 59 kntdkîtcl`0 5>. °Ynrn quã sd utcoczn on donstclcgng - prdlc` prdlc` y dh quã lns`s on donstclcgng - chards`0 55.. °ûã bnlt`rds l`hgclc` 55 l`hgclc`hnh hnh on sdodllcü sdodllcühh gd o`s lnhnods gd l`kdrlcnocznlcüh0 5 5 < 7 4

>99 >1.799 >4.>.299

7.199

7.>99

527.599

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>7>

GD\LUCYLC@H GDO LNYËWTO@ L`h dstd lnpëtuo` sd prdtdhgd, chvòulrnr t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s qud sd mnh l`kdhtng` dh o`s lnpëtuo`s nhtdrc`rds, pnrn p`gdr gdsnrròonr uh ngdlung` pr`ydlt`. Th pr`ydlt` gded chtdarnr arnh lnhtcgng gd vnrcneods qud gcluotn gdhcrons p`r së sòns, hdldsctîhg`sd do l`hldpt` chtdrnltcv` nhtd t`g`, on gdlcscüh hno èdgdld n ons gdlcsc`hds chtdrkdgcns qud nooë sd t`kdh: dh do dstugc` gdo kdrlng` sd ponskn uhn gdlcscüh, pnutn pnrn do prdsdhtd dstugc`, puds gn on gckdhscüh gdo pr`ydlt` dh tãrkch`s gd m`rcz`htds: `rcdhtnhg` do ruke` qud do d o dstugc` gded t`knr.

Nþ` > 5 < 7 4 2 1 = 3 >9 >> >5

Yrdlc` >99 >9> >9> >9> >99 >99 >99 >95 >95 >9< >9< >9<

Lnhtcgng Chards` dh l`kprngn dh kcods kcods >9.9 3.4 >9.9 >9.4 >9.9 >9.4 >9.9 >9.4 3.4 3.4 >9.9 >9.4

499 499 499 449 449 449 499 449 449 449 249 199

Ynrtcdhg` gd dst`s nraukdht`s y scdhg` l`hslcdhtds gdo èfdtcv` qud tcdhd do pr`ydlt`, sd gdedh `ptckcznr o`s rdlurs`s pnrn ètdhdr o`s kdf`rds kdf`rds ëhgclds gd rdhtnecocgng. rdhtnecocgng. @ptckcznr on rdhtnecocgng ds enstnhtd l`kpodf`, yn qud rdsp`hgd n `tr`s bnlt`rds qud pudgdh dstnr prdgdhcg`s, dht`rpdlcdhg` on eösqudgn gd dstn

`ptckcznlcüh.

>75

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Y`r doo` sd od gn enstnhtd ãhbnscs no trntnkcdht` gd dstd lnpëtuo`, yn qud gdtdrkchn nspdlt`s, dh g`hgd sd fn do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`, ueclnhg` dh b`rkn ngdlungn do sdakdht` ` sdakdht`s gd kdrlng` n qucdh vn gcrcacg` do ecdh ` sdrvclc`: puds h` ds o` kcsk`, on rdhtnecocgng knrachno qud prdsdhtnrî uh sdakdht` gd kdrlng` luy` dstrnt` s`lc`dl`hükcl` sdn kny`r, qud nqudo dh g`hgd su chards` h` od pdrkctd pdr kctd uh p`gdr gd l`kprn kny`r. kny`r.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>7<

Do p`gdr gd l`kprn, tdhgrî chudhlcn dh do gcsdþ` gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, qud n su vdz chudhlcnrî n on sdodllcüh gdo pr`lds` rdqudrcg` pnrn pnrn pr`gulcro`. Chb`rknlcüh sèrd lnocgng lnocgng y l`st`s gd pr`lds`s notdrhntcv`s, n su vdz, tcdhdh uh ckpnlt` dh do gcsdþ` gd o`s ecdhds y/` y/` sdrvclc`s. Noauhns pnrtds ` l`kp`hdhtds l`kp`hdhtds gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, pudgdh sdr l`kpnrng`s chgdpdhgcdhtdkdhtd, o` qud tdhgrî tnkecãh ckpnlt` dh on sdodllcüh gd uh scstdkn gd pr`gullcüh. \u lnpnlcgng lnpnlcgng y `trns lnrnltdrëstclns lnrnltdrëstclns ` sdn qud dh t`g` k`kdht`, do tnknþ` üptck` dstî gdpdhgcdhg` gd bnlt`rds nfdh`s n o`s purnkdhtd dl`hükcl`s ` hnhlcdr`s. Do scstdkn gd pr`gullcüh (pr`lds` y bnlcocgngds bësclns) ds dh së kcsk` uh pr`lds` l`kpodf` usn l`k` chb`rknlcüh do gcsdþ` hno gd o`s ecdhds y/` qud sdrvclc`s y o`s rdsuotng`s gdoeîscln dstugc` gd kdrlng` (prdgcllc`hds sèrd on tdhgdhlcn gd on gdknhgn: ultunlc`hds dstnlcühnods y gdknhgn ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, dh do lns` gd on pr`gullcüh gd kîs gd uh ecdh y/` sdrvclc`): l`k` tnkecãh o`s rdqucsct`s tãlhcl`s gd ons `pdrnlc`hds y su sdludhlcn, sdl udhlcn, y gd on o`lnocznlcüh. L`k` sd mn èsdrvng`, do gcsdþ` hno gdo ecdh pnrn su pr`gullcüh h` ds uh gnt` gcrdlt`, sch` qud tnkecãh surad gd nhîocscs rdpdtctcv`s, dh g`hgd do pr`lds`, o`s gnt`s prdockchnrds sèrd do kdrlng` y do gcsdþ` prdockchnr gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s dhtrdh dh fuda`. Y`r öotck` h` sd gded òvcgnr qud dh do pr`ydlt` sd trntn gd uhcr tdlhòàën y rdlurs` muknh` gd on kdf`r knhdrn p`sceod. Y`r l`hscaucdhtd, dh do pr`lds` gd prdpnrnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` do lnpctno muknh` qud vn n chtdrvdhcr dh on bnsd gd dfdlulcüh y buhlc`hnkcdht` ds do kns ckp`rtnhtd, yn qud on gcstrceulcüh rnlc`hno gdo trnenf`, ons l`hgclc`hds y do kdgc` nkecdhtd gdo kcsk`, chucrîh dh on eudhn vòuhtng gd o`s trnenfng`rds pnrn oàrnr sus kdtns. Dstn eudhn gcsp`sclcüh pnrn rdhgcr sntcsbnlt`rcnkdhtd ds uh` gd o`s bnlt`rds kîs ckp`rtnhtds dh do ãxct` gd uh pr`ydlt`, p`r

o` qud sd gded nsdaurnr qud dh ão sd mnynh l`htdkpong` bnlt`rds

>77

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

bëscl`s gd dhtrdhnr knh` gd èrn h` süo` dh o`s tdlhòüacl`, sch` tnkecãh dh on gcslcpochn y rdonlc`hds pnrtcluonrds qud sd gnh dh on chgustrcn, dst` nbdltnrî, p`r o` kdh`s no tnknþ` chclcno gdo pr`ydlt`. Dh lcrluhstnhlcns dxtrdkns gd uh pr`ydlt` gd lcdrtn dhvdrangurn pudgd gdknhgnr vnrc`s nþ`s pnrn oodanr n su tnknþ` üptck`, nöh dh uhn z`hn gd neuhgnhtd knh` gd èrn Dh lcdrtn knhdrn, do rdsuotng` hno gd ons gdlcsc`hds gd o`s nspdlt`s tãlhcl`s gd on prdpnrnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, ds on gcstrceulcüh bëscln y do gcsdþ` gd on ponhtn, yn qud doo`s s`h on dxprdscüh gdo pr`lds` chtdarno qud ckpocln uhn gdlcscüh gd tnknþ` këhck` crrdv`lneod. \`h puds t`g`s dst`s nspdlt`s o`s qud sd trntnrîh dh dstd lnpëtuo`, pnrn qud o`s l`hscgdrd y o`s dstugcd l`h dspdlcno lucgng` dh on

prdpnrnlcüh y dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh y gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>74

Udludrgd qud gded l`hscgdrnr l`k` ensd prchlcpno do dstugc` dstu gc` gdo kdrlng` y do kdgc` nkecdhtd dh qud acrn do pr`ydlt`.

@EFDWCR@\ >. 5. WNKNÞ@ GDO YU@SDLW@ 7.>.> GDBCHCLC@H GD WNKNÞ@ Do prèodkn gd on sdodllcüh gdo tnknþ`, dslnon ` lnpnlcgng, sd rddrd n on gdlcscüh dh ludht` no vòukdh üptck` gd pr`gullcüh gdo pr`ydlt` p`r pdrë`g` gd tcdkp`. Ynrtcdhg` gd dstd lrctdrc` y gd o` l`kdhtng` dh on gdslrcplcüh, do tnknþ` rdsp`hgd no l`kp`rtnkcdht` dxcstdhtd dhtrd on gckdhscüh gdo kdrlng` y on lnpnlcgng gd ntdhgdro`, sdaöh o`s rdlurs`s gcsp`hceods. Gd nmë, on nrknlcüh qud chvòulrn do tnknþ` l`h on pr`spdltcvn gdo pr`ydlt`.

>72

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Dh kulmns `lnsc`hds, o`s pr`ydltcstns sèrdgckdhsc`hnh o`s pr`ydlt`s, p`rqud süo` o`s ueclnh dh tãrkch`s gd on gdknhgn dbdltcvn qud nrr`fn do dstugc` gdo kdrlng` y su gdsbnsd l`h on `bdrtn òvcgnhg` on lnpnlcgng rdno pnrn ntdhgdr do gdsdqucocerc`. Ds l`köh qud dxcstn uhn gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn enstnhtd arnhgd gnhg` lnecgn n uh pr`ydlt` gd arnh dhvdrangurn qud l`pd dstn brnhfn gd kdrlng`, n tnsns notnkdhtd l`st`sns ` n pdqudþ`s pr`ydlt`s qud vnynh luercdhg` p`l` n p`l` ons brnhfns gd kdrlng` chsntcsbdlm`. Y`r doo` ds ckp`rtnhtd gdhcr do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` dh tãrkch` rdno gd pr`spdltcvn u m`rcz`htds gd nludrg` n tdhdr on lnpnlcgng adhdrng`rn gd rdlurs`s. Do chvdrsc`hcstn (s) gded lonrcgng sèrd su lnpnlcgng, `ranhcznlcüh hnhlcdrn y pr`gultcvn. L`h do tnknþ` sd oàrn fnr do lclo` gd pr`gullcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, pnrtcdhg` gd on dstnlc`hnocgng gd ons vdhtns, sdaöh ons pr`ydllc`hds gd on gdknhgn rdontcvn gd lngn ecdh y/` sdrvclc`. Lunhg` sd pr`guld tdhcdhg` dh ludhtn on dstnlc`hnocgng gd ons

vdhtns, gded pdhsnrsd dh lnoluonr on lnpnlcgng gd on ponhtn gd nludrg` n ons tdkp`rngns gd kny`r nltcvcgng: puds sd l`rrd do rcdsa` gd nlukuonlcüh gd chvdhtnrc`s, do luno adhdrn cocqucgdz pnrn do gdsnrròo` gdsnrròo` gd hudvns hudvns notdrhntcvns notdrhntcvns gd vdhtns. Nke`s dxtrdk`s s`h pdrfugclcnods, yn qud sc h` sd pràrnkn pr`gullcüh h` sd tcdhdh vdhtns y vcldvdrsn: nprdhgdr n gdhcr do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` dh tãrkch`s gd lnpnlcgng pnrn on ntdhlcüh gd on gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn. Wnkecãh do tnknþ` dstî gdhcg` dh tãrkch`s gd on lnpnlcgng ngkchcstrntcvn, `ranhcznlc`hno y gd nsckconlcüh gdo pr`lds` gd trnhsp`rtd, noknldhnkcdht` y l`kdrlcnocznlcüh gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s: lunht` vòukdh gd lnpëtuo` sd knhtdhgrî dh do

pr`lds` pr`gultcv`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>71

Dh l`hlouscüh do tnknþ` gd uh pr`ydlt`, dstî ocang` n on lnpnlcgng rdno gd ntdhgdr uhn gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn y gd knhdfnr gdhtr` gd uhn ponhtn ecdh gcstrceucgn o`s rdlurs`s qud pdrkctnh on `ptckcznlcüh gd on rdhtnecocgng, p`rqud sd tcdhd `lupnlcüh podhn y h` mny lnpnlcgng `lc`sn ` ãstn ds këhckn: kîs ngdonhtd sd l`kdhtnh dst`s nspdlt`s. nspdlt`s. \üo` gded rdl`rgnr rdl`rgnr qud gdo tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` gdpdhgd do knhdf` gd on chbrndstrulturn qud `ptckcznrî on rdhtnecocgng dspdrngn.

7.>.5 LNYNLCGNG GC\DÞNGN

Chgugneodkdhtd mnstn nquë sd mn p`gcg` ponhtdnr on ckp`rtnhlcn gdo tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`, dh tãrkch`s gd on gcsluscüh lunhtctntcvn. Wnkecãh sd mn gdtdrkchng`, lük` do gcsdþ` gd uh ngdlung` tnknþ`, knrln on `ptckcznlcüh gd rdhtnecocgng. Y`r doo`, do gcsdþ` gd on lnpnlcgng, ds chgcslutceod y gded dstnr gdhtr` gd o`s pnrîkdtr`s qud fnrîh dh tnknþ`. Rnod on pdhn mnldr ãhbnscs, dh o` arnvd qud pudgd sdr uhn sèrdgckdhscüh gd uhn ponhtn pnrn uh pr`ydlt` qud h` dstî dh lnpnlcgng gd ntdhgdr gdknhgns chsntcsbdlmns p`r rnz`hds gd lnpnlcgrdno lnpnlcgng ng hnhlcdrn. hnhlcdr n. Wnkecãh @ gcsdþnrsdlnpnlcgngds kny`rds n on, gdknhgn gdo ecdh. pudgd suegckdhsc`hnr suegckdhsc`hnr, lunhg` mny lnrdhlcn gd chbrndstrulturn chbrndstrulturn pnrn gcstrceulcüh. \ch dkenra`, on suegckdhscüh (gckdhsc`hnr uh pr`ydlt` p`r gdenf` gd sus lnpnlcgngds rdnods) ds pdrfugclcno, yn qud n kdgcgn qud lrdld on gdknhgn gdo ecdh, on chbrndstrulturn h` dstî dh lnpnlcgng gd ntdhgdr ons lnhtcgngds dxtrns, dhlnrdlcdhg` do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gd gdknhgnhg` kny`rds l`st`s knrachnods. Lunhg` sd mneon gd lnpnlcgng gcsdþngn, ãstn gded sdr susldptceod gd k`gclnlcüh dh on kdgcgn qudqud sd npnrtn pr`ydlt`, pnrn odanr n uhn lnpnlcgng gcsdþngn fd on gdo lnpnlcgng rdno gd

pr`gullcüh y gd ntdhlcüh gd on gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn.

>7=

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Dh on gdslrcplcüh sd mnh gng` cgdns pnrn gdtdrkchnr gdtdr kchnr do tnknþ` üptck` y nsë gdtdrkchnr uhn ngdlungn lnpnlcgng gd uh pr`ydlt`: gurnhtd on b`rkuonlcüh gdo kcsk` scdkprd surad on hdldscgng gd fustclnr on dslàdhlcn gd ãstd, sdaöh do dhb`qud qud tdhan do pr`ydlt`. N l`htchunlcüh sd lctnh trds dodkdht`s prchlcpnods n sdr l`hscgdrng`s gurnhtd on dfdlulcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, h` qucdrd dst` gdlcr qud ons `trns îrdns h` tdhanh schauonr ckp`rtnhlcn.

q

Rnrcnlcüh o`s l`st`ss`h n onra` ponz`dxcstd . \up`hcdhg` qud t`g`s o`s bnlt`rds gdgd pr`gullcüh dxceods, uhn rdonlcüh dhtrd o`s l`st`s gd pr`gullcüh y o`s rdspdltcv`s vòökdhds vòökdhds pr`gulcg`s. Dh dstd m`rcz`htd, snov` do hcvdo supudst` gd tdlhòàën, h` dxcstdh `tr`s bnlt`rds f`s.

Dstn rdonlcüh pdrkctcrî pdr kctcrî chvdstcanr on dxcstdhlcn dxcstdhlc n ` h` gd dl`h`këns gd dslnon, do luno ds uh dodkdht` kuy ckp`rtnhtd pnrn gdtdltnr ons p`scecocgngds gd l`kpdtdhlcn dh do kdrlng` y do arng` gd l`hldhtrnlcüh dh do luno sd dhludhtrn on rnkn gd pr`gullcüh gd o`s rdspdltcv`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s. Dh rdonlcüh dhtrd lnpnlcgng y l`st`s rddfnrî tnkecãh on rdonlcüh dxcstdhtd dhtrd lnpnlcgng y tcp` gd pr`lds`s pr`gultcv`s, o`s lunods gdedrîh vnrcnr sdaöh sdnh o`s gcbdrdhtds rnha`s gd lnpnlcgng. q

Arng` gd nes`rlcüh gdo kdrlng`. N pnrtcr gd on gdtdrkchnlcüh gdtdrkchnlcüh gd on buhlcüh gdknhgn l`h on luno sd dhbrdhtn on chvdrscüh qud sd nhnoczn, sd gdedrî gdtdrkchnr on dvòulcüh gd dsn buhlcüh pnrn t`g` do pdrë`g` gd ponhtdnkcdht` gdo pr`ydlt`. Dstn dvòulcüh dstnrî dstnrî chucgn p`r uhn lnhtcgng gd pnrîkdtr`s l`hgclc`hnhtds l`hgclc`hnhtds pr`pc`s gd

on buhlcüh adhdrnoczngn gd gdknhgn tnods l`k` chards`s pdrlîpctn, prdlc`s rdontcv`s gd ecdhds sustctucg`s y l`kpodkdhtnrc`s,

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>73

lrdlckcdht` gdkàrîl` y prdbdrdhlcn gd o`s l`hsukcg`rds, dtl. Ons tãlhclns gd nhîocscs npoclneod gdedh sdr on donstclcgng-prdlc` y on donstclcgng-chards`. q

Ons pr`ydllc`hds gd on gdknhgn. Ons pr`ydllc`hds gd on gdknhgn pdrkctcrîh l`h`ldr do k`kdht` gd o`s edhdlc`s erut`s gdo pr`ydlt` pr`ydlt` pnrn lngn hcvdo prdvcst` prdvcst` gd lnpnlcgng. lnpnlcgng. Th nspdlt` ckp`rtnhtd qud gded sdr dstckng` ds on tnsn gd lrdlckcdht` butur` gd on gdknhgn, n dbdlt` gd oàrnr uhn `ptckcznlcüh gchîkcln gdo tnknþ` gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`.

L`k` yn sd gcf`, tnsns gd lrdlckcdht` notns prdvcstns pnrn on gdknhgn, pudgd oodanr n fustclnr tnknþ`s qud oulcrîh dxldscv`s dh do lns` gd tnsn kdh`rds m`y gd lrdlckcdht`. Dstd prèodkn, qud tnht` mn prd`lupng` n o`s nhnocstns gd pr`ydlt`s y qud sd rdonlc`hn l`h on kny`r ` kdh`r dxcecocgng qud sd qucdrn `t`ranr n ons gdlcsc`hds sèrd lnpnlcgng, pudgd sdr l`hldptunokdhtd rdsudot` kdgcnhtd do lrctdrc` gd knxckcznlcüh gdo RYH, tdkn n sdr dstugcng` dh Do lnpëtuo` RC. Kîs ngdonhtd sd gcslutd on dstrntdacn gd on l`hstrullcüh gdo pr`ydlt` p`r dtnpns, prèodkn ëhtcknkdhtd vchluong` n on gdhclcüh gdo tnknþ` üptck`. Kcdhtrns sd t`kn l`k` ensd do dstugc` gdo tnknþ`, enf` dstns trds l`hldplc`hds ds ecdh ckp`rtnhtd mnldr ons lunhtclnlc`hds l`h lonrcgng y sch sèrd hc suegckdhsc`hds gd on rdnocgng gdo pr`ydlt`. Yuds gd dstd l`htdxt` gdpdhgd do ãxct` gd gd uhn ngdlungn lnpnlcgng chstnongn.

7.>.< KNUADHD\ GD LNYNLCGNG CH\WNONGN

Nquë dhtrnk`s n trnenfnr sèrd lnhtcgngds kîs dspdlëlns, yn qud uhn vdz sd tcdhd on lnpnlcgng gcsdþngn, gdedk`s dhl`htrnr

on gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd dstn lnpnlcgng y on qud sdrî h`rknokdhtd

>49

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

utcoczngn. Mdk`s chscstcg` dh tdhdr lucgng` l`h do gcsdþ` gd on lnpnlcgng: sch dkenra`, dstd lîoluo` h` pudgd t`knrsd l`k` >99% utcoczneod, yn qud mny bnlt`rds qud nsë o` ckpcgdh. \up`hank`s qud uhn ponhtn pudgd pr`gulcr >99 t`rhcoo`s dh = m`rns gd trnenf`, sdaöh lîoluo`s gd pr`gullcüh h`rkno: pdr` chb`rtuhngnkdhtd on ponhtn trnenfn rdnokdhtd 2,4 m`rns gcnrcns gdecg` n6

q q

q

O`s trnenfng`rds tcdhdh > m`rn dhtrd gdslnhs`s y nokudrz`. Ons pnrngns h`rknods dh do trdh gd tr`qudong` ds gd >4 kchut`s / gëns. O`s trnenfng`rds sd t`knh 1,4 kchut`s dh on dhtrngn y 1,4 kchut`s n on snocgn pnrn lnkecnrsd do `vdrò gd trnenf`.

Y`r tnht`, on pr`gullcüh rdno sd gcskchuyd p`r o`s tcdkp`s (supodkdhtnrc`s) qud gdedh sdr gdsl`htng`s gd on lnpnlcgng chstnongn y gcsdþngn. \daöh do dfdkpo`: on pr`gullcüh rdno dh do gën gd = m`rns, ds gd => t`rhcoo`s, >3 t`rhcoo`s kdh`s qud o` prdvcst`, o`s lunods tcdhdh su l`st` y nbdltnh sustnhlcnokdhtd o`s pr`spdlt`s y pr`ydllc`hds qud sd mnanh. Ds p`r dstn rnzüh qud sd chlouyd dstd tdkn l`k` vîocg` d ckp`rtnhtd dh bnlcoctn do dstugc` tãlhcl` y do dhpr`ydlt` do lîoluo` tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`: puds gckdhsc`hnr dh gdo tãrkch`s rdnods y h` pr`ydltng`s, nuhqud sd knhtdhan noaöh knradh gd drr`r drr`r,, do luno gded sdr susldptceod gd lnkec` n kdgcgn dh qud sd nfustn do pr`ydlt` y dstd sd dfdlutn. Mny trds dodkdht`s dsdhlcnods n l`htdkponr dh do lîoluo` gd dstd knradh, o`s lunods scrvdh pnrn `rcdhtnr do trntnkcdht` qud gded tdhdr on pr`gullcüh y su pr`lds` dh do dstugc` tãlhcl`, nsë l`k` on chlcgdhlcn gd ãstd dh on dvnounlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`: ds ckp`rtnhtd sdþnonr6

q

°ûã rdsdrvns sd gdedh tdhdr tdhdr,, pnrn mnldr knhtdhckcdht` pdrcügcl` y nsë p`gdr ntdhgdr on gdknhgn dspdrn0 @ sc mny bnlt`rds gcvdrs`s,

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>4>

pnrn mnldr gd t`g`s k`g`s rdsdrvns qud pdrkctnh on nlukuonlcüh YONHDNGN gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, sch dxldgdrsd n not`s vòökdhds gd chvdhtnrc` qud adhdrdh prèodkns gd cocqucgdz.

Dh lns` gd uhn suegckdhscüh gdedh prdvdrsd sèrdlnrans n o`s dqucp`s d chstnonlc`hds pnrn ntdhgdr pdgcg`s h` prdvcst`s y qud gcspnrn on lnpnlcgng rdno chstnongn n tãrkch`s h` lnoluong`s: èocanhg` n snturnr on lnran gd pr`gullcüh n kîxck`s qud pudgdh gdtdrkchnr do dqucp` y ons chstnonlc`hds, lnusnhg` l`st` kîs not`s, p`r h` lnoluonr on tòdrnhlcn gd dqucp`, chstnonlc`hds y bnlt`rds muknh`s, hdldsnrc`s pnrn do lukpockcdht` gd ons rdhtns dh lnhtcgngds pr`gulcgns y vdhgcgns.

q

Lunhg` mny sèrdgckdhsc`hnkc sèrdgckdhsc`hnkcdht` dht` dh do lîoluo` gd on ponhtn, qudgnhg` tcdkp` `lc`s`, kîquchn / m`kerd, sd gded pdhsnr dh notdrhntcvns pnrn l`pnr dsns lnrans bchnhlcdrns qud s`h nhunokdhtd notns: nbdltîhg`sd do bouf` gd lnfn y do puht` gd dqucocerc` gd on dkprdsn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh. chstctulcüh. Y`r doo` no gdtdrkchnr uh sèrdgc sèrdgckdhsc`hnkcdh kdhsc`hnkcdht`, t`, nl`kpîþdo` l`h npoclnlc`hds, p`rqud do tcdkp` `lc`s` h` o` nes`red.

7.>.7 BN LW @U D\ L@ HG CL C@ HN HW D\ GD O

q

WNKNÞ@ \d mnh l`kdhtng` gurnhtd do trntnkcdht` gdo tdkn, nspdlt`s qud l`hgclc`hnh do lîoluo` gdo tnknþ` üptck`, o`s lunods gdedh sdr nooë l`hscgdrng`s. l`hscgdrng`s. \ch dkenra`, h` sd mn kdhlc`hng` prdlcscüh, luîods pudgdh sdr y lük` su trntnkcdht`. Y`r doo` sd prdsdhtnh n l`htchunlcüh o`s bnlt`rds kîs rdodvnhtds dh do pr`lds` pnrn do lîoluo` gdo tnknþ` gd uh pr`ydlt`. §

Wnknþ` gdo Kdrlng`. Do dstugc` gdo kdrlng`, kdrlng`, ds tno vdz on prchlcpno mdrrnkcdhtn qud sd tcdhd pnrn fnr do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`, yn qud prdsdhtn o`s dodkdht`s prchlcpnods gd gdknhgn dbdltcvn y

rdontcvn, l`hscgdrng`s pnrn sdr ntdhgcgns dh do pr`ydlt`.

>45

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Y`r dst` ds ckp`rtnhtd l`h`ldr l `h`ldr l`h lonrcgng, do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo l`hsukcg`r y gdo kdrlng`, pnrn fnr sc do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s ds dstnlc`hno, ` sc sus vdhtns s`h pdrknhdhtd pdr knhdhtd y h` dstîh sufdtns n lclo`s, yn qud dst` èocan n prdvdr pdrë`g`s `lc`s`s gd pr`gullcüh y n kdgcr ngdlungnkdhtd o`s chsuk`s y `tr`s rdlurs`s, puds do uf` gd lnfn sd nbdltnrî sustnhlcnokdhtd. Gded rdonlc`hnrsd do tnknþ` dodacg` l`h do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd on gdknhgn, gdhcãhg`sd o`s pdrë`g`s dh qud sd prdvã lnpnlcgng `lc`sn y nqudoo`s `tr` dh qud mnerî utcocznlcüh podhn. §

Lnpnlcgng Bchnhlcdrn. Dstd tdkn sdrî sdrî trntng` l`h kny`r ãhbnscs dh do scaucdhtd lnpëtuo`, pdr` mny k`kdht`s dh qud do chvdrsc`hcstn `

chvdrsc`hcstns uh pnrîkdtr` pnrngdo gdstchnr dh uh pr`ydlt`:fnh ockctnhg` do tnknþ` kcsk`.rdlurs`s Y`r doo`hnhlcdr`s sd fn dstn ockctnlcüh l`k` uh bnlt`r prdp`hgdrnhtd dh do tnknþ`, scdkprd y lunhg` sd fustcqud. On lnpnlcgng chstnongn y do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` dstî ockctng` p`r o`s rdlurs`s l`h qud sd gcsp`hanh chclcnokdhtd, nuhqud do pr`ydlt` sdn kuy pr`kdtdg`r pr`kdtdg`r.. §

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd chsuk`s kntdrcnods y muknh`s. Dh l`hdxcüh l`h do nhîocscs gd pr`gullcüh, gded prdsdhtnrsd sc on gcsp`hcecocgng gcsp`hcecocg ng gd chsuk`s kntdrcnods y muknh`s rdstrchad do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`,

chgclnhg` o`s scaucdhtds nspdlt`s6 Gcsp`hcecocgng gd chsuk`s h` rdh`vneods ` rdutcoczneods -6 hcvdo gd chvdhtnrc` eîscl` eîscl ` qud sd gded knhtdhdr, knhtdhdr, pnrn nsdaurnr uh ngdlung` nenstdlckcdht` dh gcstcht`s rctk`s gd pr`gullcüh.

q

q

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd chsuk`s rdh`vneods ockctng`s p`r kdgcgns (h`rkns) gd l`hsdrvnlcüh gd o`s rdlurs`s.

q

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd chsuk`s knhubnlturng`s.

q

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd chsuk` gd èrn lnocbclngn, pr`bdsc`hno y

`pdrntcvn, n enf`s l`st`s y notn dlcdhlcn.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>4<

\c ecdh dst`s nspdlt`s s`h lunhtclneods kîs ngdonhtd, ds hdldsnrc` qud no prdvdr do tnknþ` gd lunoqucdr lunoqucdr pr`ydlt` pr`ydlt` sd mnan uh nhîocscs lunoctntcv` gd dst`s dodkdht`s pnrn snedr, l`h quã gcsp`hcecocgng sd ludhtn, yn qud sc h` on mny, do pr`ydlt` sd dhlnrdld y gcluotn su `pdrnlcüh. `pdrnlcüh. N knhdrn knhdrn gd dfdkpo`6 Cknaëhdsd qud sd k`htnrn uhn ponhtn pr`ldsng`rn gd pcþn dh Mudmudtdhnha` y h` dh Dsluchton ` dh ldrlnhëns n g`hgd mny notn pr`gullcüh: puds o`s l`st`s gd trnhsp`rtd y knhdf` dhlnrdldh do pr`ldsnkcdht` y p`r tnht` do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gdrcvng` h` sdrën l`kpdtctcv`, `lnsc`hnhg` gcluotngds dl`hükclns y hnhlcdrns pnrn on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh. §

Yrèodkns gd trnhsp`rtd. gd No pr`lds` l`kdhtnrgddhpcþn, do puht` nhtdrc`r do on ponhtn gd Mudmudtdhnha` sd kdhlc`hü prèodkn gd trnhsp`rtd l`k` ockctnhtd ckp`rtnhtd. Yuds ecdh, uhn ponhtn gded prdvdr ons gcluotngds gd nllds` n doon, nsë l`k` gdo npr`vcsc`hnkcdht` gd sus chsuk`s, pnrn do eudh buhlc`hnkcdht` gdo pr`lds`. pr`lds`. Dh tno sdhtcg` ds ckp`rtnhtd lctnr lctnr ons ockctnlc`hds dh kntdrcn gd trnhsp`rtd, pnrn qud pudgn mnedr nludrg` dh do nenstdlckcdht` y knhdf` gd o`s kntdrcnods, nsë l`k` gd on dhtrdan gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s n o`s pudst`s y ldhtr`s gd l`kdrlc`.

§

prckdr`s lnpëtuo`s sd kdhlc`hü, kdhlc`hü, Yrèodkns chstctulc`hnods. Dh o`s prckdr`s l`k` o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo`, dstîh l`hb`rkng`s p`r pr`ydlt`s gd gcvdrsn dhvdrangurn, gnhg` gdrr`tdr`s n sdaucr dh do pr`lds` gd dstnecocznlcüh gd on dl`h`kën hnlc`hno. Tsunokdhtd nooë sd ponskn ponskn do l`kp`rtnkcdht` qud gdedh sdaucr o`s gcbdrdhtds sdlt`rds qud pnrtclcpnh dh do gdsnrròo` gdsnrròo` gd on dl`h`kën. Ds ckp`rtnhtd chvdstcanr chvdstcanr y sdþnonr ons gcbdrdhtds h`rkns, kdtns y rdaonkdhtnlc`hds qud ockctnh do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` y qud sd gdedh suknr l`k` èsdrvnlc`hds ckp`rtnhtds ckp`rtnhtds no gdsnrròo` gdo kcsk`. Dh `lnsc`hds gdtdrkchnh ons pnutns prchlcpnods y adhdrnods gdo tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` (Dfdkpo`6 rdgcstrceulcüh gd ckp`rtnlc`hds).

§

Lnpnlcgng ngkchcstrntcvn. Lunhg` uh pr`ydlt` pr`ydlt` tcdhd uh tnknþ`

>47

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

enstnhtd arnhgd, gcluotnhg` su knhdf` y ngkchcstrnlcüh, ds p`r doo` qud do pr`ydltcstn gded fnrsd ons pnutns pnrn gdtdrkchnr on lnpnlcgng ngkchcstrntcvn, gd tno knhdrn qud dstn dstã gd nludrg` no tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt`. Y`r tnht`, sd gded tdhdr lucgng` dh h` dxldgdrsd dh d h on `ranhcznlcüh pnrn h` nukdhtnr o`s l`st`s f`s y ockctnr su dlcdhlcn: hc tnkp`l` dh rdstrchacrsd n hcvdods qud èstnluocldh èstnluocldh,, p`r bnotn gd uhn gcvcscüh nldrtngn gdo trnenf`, on eudhn knrlmn gd on `ranhcznlcüh. Dh tno sdhtcg`, gdtdrkchd mnstn quã puht` do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` h` dstî fnhg` on lnpnlcgng ngkchcstrntcvn. §

Wdlhòàën. Y`rdh öotck` ds chgcslutceod, chgcslutceod , l`htdkponr gd on tdlhòàën do tnknþ` gd uh pr`ydlt`. pr`ydlt`. Yuds on doonchlcgdhlcn ds lnpnz gd fnr do lurs` qud ãstd gded t`knr gd nludrg` n o`s lnkec`s tdlhòüacl`s qud nooë sd prdsdhtdh.

7.5 O@LNOCVNLC@H GDO YU@SDLW@ Chgugneodkdhtd, uhn vdz sd mn gdtdrkchng` do tnknþ` gdo pr`ydlt` y p`r l`hscaucdhtd su nolnhld: ds hdldsnrc` ponhtdnr su o`lnocznlcüh g dlcr su ueclnlcüh ueclnlcüh dh tãrkch`s gd z`hns gd chudhlcn-ds dh gdlcr g`hgd tcdhd kny`r bësclnpnrtclcpnlcüh gd kdrlng`s y ètcdhd on kny`r nlldscecocgng gd rdlurs`s. Ds chgcslutceod ueclnr uh pr`ydlt`, luyn z`hn gd chudhlcn lnrdld gd rdlurs`s pnrn su gdsnrròo`, gd snrròo`, yn qud tdhgrën uh l`kpodt` brnlns`, puds sus l`st`s gd bnerclnlcüh dhlnrdldrënh do ecdh ` sdrvclc` n tno arng`, qud o` mnrënh chl`kpdtdhtd. Dh dstd `rgdh gd cgdns, dstugcnrdk`s o`s dodkdht`s eîscl`s y prck`rgcnods n sdr l`hscgdrng`s p`r uh pr`ydltcstn pnrn o`lnocznr ngdlungnkdhtd do pr`ydlt`. Nhnocznhg` gcvdrs`s nspdlt`s qud

chtdarnh do pr`ydlt` enf` lcdrt`s l`htdxt`s gd knlr` y kclr`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>44

o`lnocznlcüh l`hscgdrng`s dh t`g`s o`s puht`s, yn l`kdhtng`s l`kdhtng`s gdo pr`ydlt`.

7.5.> CHWDAUNLC@H DH DO KDGC@

On o`lnocznlcüh kîs ngdlungn pnrn uhn hudv` lnpëtuo` ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gded `rcdhtnrsd mnlcn o`s kcsk`s èfdtcv`s qud do tnknþ` üptck`, dst` ds mnlcn on ètdhlcüh gd on kîxckn tnsn gd anhnhlcns, sc sd trntn gdo chvdrsc`hcstn prcvng` y mnlcn on ètdhlcüh gdo l`st` uhctnrc` këhck`, sc sd l`hscgdrn do prèodkn gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn s`lcno. Do dstugc` gdo dkponznkcdht` l`hscstd dh nhnocznr ons vnrcneods, qud sd pudgdh oonknr budrzns o`lnlc`hnods, n h gd euslnr on o`lnocznlcüh dh qud on rdsuotnhtd gd dstns budrzns l`hguzln n uhn kîxckn tnsn gd anhnhlcn ` n uh këhck` gd l`st`. O`s prchlcpnods dodkdht`s gd fuclc` n l`hscgdrnr s`h6

q

On sukn gd o`s l`st`s gd trnhsp`rtd, gd chsuk`s y ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s.

On gcsp`hcecocgng y l`st`s rdontcv`s gd o`s rdlurs`s.

On p`sclcüh l`h rdspdlt` n bnlt`rds l`k` tdrrdh`s y dgclc`s, trceutnlcüh y prèodkns odanods, l`hgclc`hds adhdrnods gd vcgn, lockn, bnlcocgngds ngkchcstrntcvns, pòëtcln gd gdsldhtrnocznlcüh ` gd ldhtrnocznlcüh, gcsp`sclcüh gd nauns rdscgunods, ò`rds y rucg`s

q q

kòdst`s, dtl.

O`s g`s prckdr`s puht`s s`h dh adhdrno o`s kîs ckp`rtnhtds y dh do b`hg` sd rdguldh n uhn kcskn ludstcüh gd trnhsp`rtds. \ch dkenra`, su gdsao`sd nyugnrî n gcstchaucr o`s kntclds gdo

prèodkn. Do öotck` puht` nenrln uhn sdrcd gd bnlt`rds luyn

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>42

kny`r ` kdh`r scahclnlcüh gdpdhgdrî gd lngn lns` l`hlrdt`. O`s bnlt`rds qud chuydh dh on o`lnocznlcüh chgustrcno mnh scg` narupng`s gd kulmns `trns knhdrns, pdr` dh do b`hg` l`h on kcskn ensd l`hldptuno. Do gdpnrtnkdht` gdpnrtnkdht` gd l`kdrlc` gd o`s o`s Dstng`s Thcg`s dstneodld qud ‟o`s bnlt`rds eîscl`s qud aècdrhnh l`rrcdhtdkdhtd on dvnounlcüh pnrn on o`lnocznlcüh gd bîerclns‛

s`h6 q q q q q q q q q q q q q

O`lnocznlcüh gd o`s kntdrcnods gd pr`gullcüh. Knh` gd èrn. Wdrrdh`s gcsp`hceods. L`keustceods Bnlcocgngds gd chgustrcnods trnhsp`rtd. Kdrlng`. Bnlcocgngds gd gcstrceulcüh. Dhdraën. Naun. L`hgclc`hds gd vcgn. Odyds y rdaonkdht`s. Dstrulturn trceutnrcn. L`hgclc`hds nkecdhtnods.

N l`htchunlcüh sd prdsdhtn uhn gdslrcplcüh gdtnoongn gd ons lnrnltdrëstclns gd dst`s nspdlt`s = 6 q

WUNH\Y@UWD

Mnerî o`lnocznlcüh dh qud sdrî on sukn gd o`s l`st`s gd trnhsp`rtd t`tnods gd o`s chsuk`s mnlcn on bîercln y gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s mnlcn do kdrlng`. Dh l`hsdludhlcn, rdsuotnrî p`sceod p`sceod gdtdrkchnr uhn sdrcd gd puht`s adàrîl`s, dh qud on ludhtn gd dtds sdrî caunokdhtd këhckn y qud sd p`grîh l`hscgdrnr

l`k` p`sceods pnrn on chstnonlcüh gd on chgustrcn. W`knhg` dh ludhtn o`s gdkîs gnt`s qud chuydh dh do prèodkn, sdrën p`sceod

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>41

sdodllc`hnr on o`lnocznlcüh hno kîs ngdlungn dhtrd dst`s puht`s gd dtd këhck`. Do nhîocscs sd l`kpocln lunhg` mny budhtds notdrhntcvns gd chsuk` kdrlng`s adàrîlnkdhtd gcstcht`s, ` ecdh nke`s. Dh dst`s lns`s mnerî tnhtns lurvns gd dtds këhck`s, l`k` l`kechnlc`hds gd kdrlng`s y budhtds gd chsuk`s sd pudgnh mnldr.. On l`kpoclnlcüh sd prdsdhtn tnkecãh lunhg` sd bnerclnh mnldr bnerclnh vnrc`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, lngn uh` gd o`s lunods sntcsbnld kdrlng`s adàrîlnkdhtd gcstcht`s. Dh sus tãrkch`s kîs sckpods, do prèodkn sd l`hlrdtn dh snedr sc on chgustrcn qudgnrî ldrln gd ons kntdrcns prckns y `rcadh gd o`s rdlurs`s chsuk`s, dh adhdrnoGd ` ldrln gdosdkdrlng` dh qud sus ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s. nmë qud sudod mneonr gd vdhgdrî chgustrcns `rcdhtngns ‟ `rcdhtngns no kdrlng`‛  d d chgustrcns ‟ ` `rcdhtngns rcdhtngns n o`s chsuk`s‛.

Do qudtzno gd ons kntdrcns prckns qud sd mnh gd done`rnr pudgd sdr kny`r ` kdh`r qud do qudtzno gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s done`rng`s, o` qud gn uhn chgclng`r lonr` dh uh` u `tr` sdhtcg`, rdspdlt` n on o`lnocznlcüh. o`lnocznlcüh. Nsë p`r dfdkpo`, pnrn pnrn bnerclnr bnerclnr >99 jcoàrnk`s gd îlcg` suobörcl` utcocznhg` nzubrd, sc ngdkîs, ons tnrcbns gd trnhsp`rtd s`h kîs notns pnrn do îlcg`, ds dvcgdhtd qud chgustrcn kdrlng` suobörcl` yonh` prüxckngded n onueclnrsd kchn gd prüxckn nzubrd. Nnoon chvdrsn,gd scîlcg` do prds` gd o`s kntdrcnods ds kny`r qud do gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, on tdhgdhlcn adhdrno sdrî no dkponznkcdht` kîs ldrlnh` n ons kntdrcns prckns (nsë `lurrd, p`r dfdkpo`, dfdkpo`, dh on chgustrcn scgdröracln). L`hvcdhd ngvdrtcr qud dh kntdrcn gd trnhsp`rtd h` süo` chtdrdsnh o`s qudtznods gd o`s kntdrcnods, sch` tnkecãh o`s vòökdhds y ons tnrcbns gd trnhsp`rtd qud o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s. Gd nmë qud on l`kpnrnlcüh sd gden mnldr l`hscgdrnhg` qudtznos, gcstnhlcns y tnrcbns vcadhtds.

O`s lîoluo`s h` ponhtdnh prèodkns dspdlcnods, yn qud on chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt` y do nhîocscs gd on gdknhgn gdrcvngn chgclnrîh on

>4=

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

lnhtcgng, hnturnodzn y budhtd gd o`s kntdrcnods y o`s dstugc`s gdo kdrlng` sdþnonrîh ons lnhtcgngds gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s pnrn on vdhtn gd gcstchtns îrdns. Lunhg` ds dvcgdhtd qud on chgustrcn gded dstnr ldrln gd ons kntdrcns prckns y mny vnrcns qud s`h ckp`rtnhtds, do prèodkn qud sd ponhtdn ds, luîo gd doons gdedrî vcnfnr mnlcn on `trn ` ons `trns. Dh do lns` gdo lnreüh y gdo kchdrno gd mcdrr` pnrn on chgustrcn scgdröracln, do qudtzno t`tno gd ons kntdrcns prckns ds supdrc`r n o`s gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s, o` qud chguld n chstnonr on chgustrcn ldrln gd ons kntdrcns prckns: pdr` do l`st` uhctnrc` gd trnhsp`rtd y do qudtzno gdo kchdrno pudgdh sdr npr`xckngnkdhtd caunods n o`s gdonlnreüh y sd ponhtdnrî do prèodkn gd o`lnocznlcüh l`h rdspdlt` uh` y `tr`. Do nhîocscs sd mnrî dht`hlds dh buhlcüh gd ons gdkîs budrzns o`lnlc`hnods, p`r dfdkpo`, l`hscgdrnhg` on buturn utcocznlcüh gd o`s gdrcvng`s gdrcvng`s gd on chgustrcn. Fuht` l`h do nldr` sd pr`gulcrî j`qud, noquctrîh, ans, nauns nk`hcnlns, kntdrcn prckn pnrn ldkdht` gd dsl`rcn y edhldh`. L`h do pr`pc` nldr` sd pudgdh gdsnrròonr `trns chgustrcns6 dstrulturns gd nldr`, lonv`s y nonkerd, bdrr`nodnlc`hds, buhgclc`hds dh adhdrno, nstcoodr`s, dtl. Dh uh pnës p`l` gdsnrròong`, on chgustrcn scgdröracln pnsn nsë n l`hstctucr do ldhtr` ldhtr ` gd uh hudv` l`kpodf` chgustrcno qud sd pudgd pràrnknr dh b`rkn chtdarngn. Dstn pràrnknlcüh pràrnknlcüh l`hscgdrnrî do prèodkn gd on o`lnocznlcüh l`h pdrspdltcvns kîs nkpocns qud on ockctngn süo` dh on chgustrcn scgdröracln. Do dfdkpo` coustrn sèrd on l`kpodfcgng qud sd pudgd prdsdhtnr

dh do prèodkn gd o`lnocznlcüh. o`lnocznlcüh. Mny vnrcns vnrcns kntdrcns kntdrcns prckns prckns ckp`rtnhtds, y ons g`s prchlcpnods tcdhdh adhdrnokdhtd uhn p`hgdrnlcüh pnrdlcgn dh qudtzno bëscl`: mny tnkecãh vnrc`s ecdhds

y/` sdrvclc`s hnods qud gnh n su vdz `rcadh `rcadh n hudv`s kdrlng`s. Y`r doo`, no pràrnknr do l`kpodf` chgustrcno ds prdlcs` prdlcs ` l`hscgdrnr

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>43

h` süo` do kdrlng` y o`s trnhsp`rtds rdonlc`hng`s rdonl c`hng`s l`h on chgustrcn scgdröracln pr`pcnkdhtd gclmn, sch` tnkecãh o`s kdrlng`s gd ons chgustrcns gdrcvngns gd doon, ngdkîs gd ons `trns budrzns o`lnlc`hnods qud sd dxnkchnh kîs ngdonhtd. Y`r `trn pnrtd, on chlcgdhlcn gd ons gcstnhlcns, vòökdhds y qudtznods gdpdhgdrî gd ons bnlcocgngds ` gcluotngds gd trnhsp`rtd gdo kchdrno gd mcdrr` y gdo lnreüh ` l`qud. Nsë, on dslnon gd `pdrnlcüh gd o`s arnhgds ldhtr`s chgustrcnods pdrkctd kulmns vdlds trnhsp`rtds kuy onra`s gd kntdrcns prckns gdsgd pnësds p`l` gdsnrròong`s, n prdlc` qud chlous` pudgdh sdr chbdrc`rds n o`s qud l`rrdsp`hgdh l`rrdsp`hgdh dhtrd g`s puht`s gdo pr`pc` pr`pc` pnës. \d trntn dh do b`hg` gd uh nspdlt` kuy dspdlcno gdo prèodkn gd ons tnrcbns, n qud yn sd nougcü dh pîrrnb`s nhtdrc`rds. O`s dfdkpo`s lctng`s dh do tdxt`, chgclnh y `rcdhtnh on ckp`rtnhlcn qud tcdhd pnrn do pr`ydlt` on o`lnocznlcüh y dh dspdlcno on chtdarnlcüh gdo kdgc`, do luno h` süo` ds eîscl` pnrn do ãxct` gd on pr`gultcvcgng gdo kcsk`, sch` tnkecãh dh do np`rtd s`lcno qud ãstd pudgn gnr n on l`kuhcgng, l`h do h gd ètdhdr edhdlc`s kutu`s gd kdf`rnkcdht` dh on dlcdhlcn gd pr`gullcüh, puds chtdrvcdhdh vnrcng`s bnlt`rds qud l`k` sd gcf` sdrîh l`kdhtng`s dh do lîoluo` gd on Chadhcdrën gdo Yr`ydlt`. \ch dkenra`, gdedh ponhtdnrsd gdsgd do k`kdht` dh qud sd gdtdrkchü do sdlt`r ` o`s sdakdht`s gd kdrlng`s qud vn gcrcacg` no ecdh ` o`s sdrvclc`s èfdt` gdo pr`ydlt`. Y`r tnht` rdl`rgdk`s o`s nspdlt`s kîs scahclntcv`s6

Gcsp`hcecocgng gd l`st`s, chsuk`s gd enf` l`st` y bîlco nllds`.

Knh` gd èrn, tnht` lnoclngn l`k` `pdrnrcn, pr`vdhcdhtds gd on

q q

=

Yr`ydlt`s gd Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl` gd on @ranhcznlcüh gd ons Hnlc`hds Thcgns.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>29

rdacüh g`hgd sd o`lnoczn do pr`ydlt`. q

Kntdrcns prckns dspdlcnods, ensd pnrn do pr`lds` pr`gultcv`.

q

q

q

L`keustceods bîlcods gd ngqucrcr y sdhlcoo`s gd knhdfnr y trnhsp`rtnr. Yòëtclns y rdaonkdhtnlc`hds rdac`hnods dh rdonlcüh l`h do pr`ydlt`, gd bîlco lukpockcdht` y qud rdsp`hgn n o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` z`hnods prdvcst`s. Np`rtd y kdf`rnkcdht` gd ons l`hgclc`hds gd vcgn gd on l`kuhcgng.

7.5 .5.5 .5 GC\WUCE GC\WUCETLC@H TLC@H DH YONHWN S WNKNÞ@ GDO WDUUDH@

Nquë h` sd prdtdhgd mnldr uh trntng` nldrln gd on gcstrceulcüh gd

uhn ponhtn, pdr` sc sd l`hscgdrnh o`s nspdlt`s kîs rdodvnhtds y scahclntcv`s qud `rcdhtnh nldrln gdo tdkn: do luno ds o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s chkdgcnt`s y do uf` sdludhlcno dh do pr`ydlt` uhn vdz sd mn fng` on o`lnocznlcüh. \d chvòulrn on gcstrceulcüh ponhtn l`h dogd tnknþ` tdrrdh`, gdecg` n qud dstd rdstrchad onsdhgcsp`sclc`hds dqucp`,gdo kntdrcnods y m`kerd, n ons gckdhsc`hds qud ãstd `rcdhtd. (\d dhtcdhgd qud on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn h` sd rddrd süo` no p`sclc`hnkcdht` gd dqucp`s dh pr`ydlt`s gd pr`gullcüh gd ecdhds: sch` tnkecãh n on kdf`r ngdlunlcüh dh uhn `lchn, nuons ` pr`vddg`rn gd sdrvclc`s).

Y`r tnht`, ons gckdhsc`hds y tnknþ` gdo tdrrdh`, gdpdhgd gd ons lnrnltdrëstclns gdo pr`ydlt`, gd su dhvdrangurn y nolnhld gdhtr` gd ons gckdhsc`hds gd on gdknhgn n sdr ntdhgcgn. S gdtdrkchn

sustnhlcnokdhtd on kdf`r gcstrceulcüh y p`sclc`hnkcdht`, scdhg` uhn rdstrcllcüh ckp`rtnhtd ckp`rtnhtd n l`htdkponr l`htdkponr dh on on o`lnocznlcüh, qud

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>2>

tcdhd ãhbnscs dh on ueclnlcüh adàrîln. Dh tno sdhtcg`, h`s l`hldhtrnrdk`s dh on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn y dh do gcsdþ` qud sd gded knhtdhdr pnrn su gdsnrròo`. gdsnrròo`. Dh prckdr tãrkch`, sd gdhd on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn l`k` do kny`r p`sclc`hnkcdht` gdo m`kerd, dqucp`s y kntdrcnods qud sd s`kdtdh n uh pr`lds` dlcdhtd, dlnz, `rgdhng` y oüacl`.

Nhtd dstn gdhclcüh, qudgn pdrbdltnkdhtd lonrn on ckp`rtnhlcn gd o`s gcvdrs`s bnlt`rds l`hscgdrng`s l `hscgdrng`s dh on o`lnocznlcüh.

@EFDWCR@\ GD ON GC\WUCETLC@H DH YONHWN q

q

q q q

q

q q

@efdtcv`s. Ynrtcdhg` gd on gdbchclcüh sd nardanrën qud on gcstrceulcüh sdn on kîs sdaurn y sntcsbnlt`rcn pnrn o`s `pdrnrc`s. Dspdlëlnkdhtd, ons vdhtnfns gd uhn eudhn gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn sd trnguldh dh rdgullcüh gdo l`st` gd bnerclnlcüh, l`k` rdsuotng` gd o`s scaucdhtds puht`s6 Udgullcüh gdo rcdsa` pnrn on snoug y nukdht` gd on sdaurcgng gd o`s trnenfng`rds. Dodvnlcüh gd on k`rno y on sntcsbnllcüh gdo èrdr`. Chlrdkdht` gd on pr`gullcüh.

Gcskchulcüh o`s rdtrns`s dhgd on pr`gullcüh, pr`gullcüh.gd noknldhnkcdht` Nm`rr` gd îrdngd`lupngn (Îrdns y gd sdrvclc`). Udgullcüh gdo knhdf` gd kntdrcnods. Thn kny`r utcocznlcüh gd on knquchnrcn, gd on knh` gd èrn y/` gd o`s sdrvclc`s.

q q q

q

Udgullcüh gd kntdrcno dh pr`lds`. Udl`rtds dh do tcdkp` gd bnerclnlcüh, ètdhcdhg` `ptckcznro`. Udgullcüh gdo trnenf` ngkchcstrntcv` y gdo trnenf` chgcrdlt` adhdrno.

Oàr` gd uhn supdrvcscüh kîs bîlco y kdf`r kdf`r..

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>25

q q q

Gcskchulcüh gd l`hadstc`hds y ‟ludoo`s gd e`tdoons‛. Gcskchulcüh gdo rcdsa` pnrn do kntdrcno ` su lnocgng. Kny`r bnlcocgng gd nfustd n o`s lnkec`s gd l`hgclc`hds.

@trns vdhtnfns sdluhgnrcns6

q q q

Chtdarnlcüh l`hfuhtn gd t`g`s o`s bnlt`rds qud nbdltnh on gcstrceulcüh. K`vckcdht` gdo kntdrcno sdaöh gcstnhlcns këhckns. Lcrluonlcüh gdo trnenf` n trnvãs gd on ponhtn. Ttcocznlcüh dbdltcvn gd t`g` do dspnlc`. \ntcsbnllcüh y sdaurcgng gd t`g`s o`s trnenfng`rds.

q

Bodxcecocgng gd `rgdhnlcüh pnrn bnlcoctnr lunoqucdr rdspudstn.

q

q

Wdhcdhg` dh ludhtn dst`s èfdtcv`s, y nhtd lrctdrc`s vdhtnf`s`s gdo p`r quã mnldr uhn nldrtngn gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn, kd pnrdld ckp`rtnhtd qud sd tdhan dh ludhtn o`s scaucdhtds prchlcpc`s eîscl`s gd on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn6

>.

t`g`s o`s Yrchlcpc` gd chtdarnlcüh gd l`hfuht`. Yr`lurnhg` qud t`g`s dodkdht`s fudanh uh pnpdo `rgdhng` dh su gdsnrròo`, pnrn mnldr notnkdhtd rdhtneod y pr`gultcv` do pr`lds`.

5.

Yrchlcpc` gd on këhckn gcstnhlcn rdl`rrcgn. Wrntnr qud o`s pr`lds`s tdhanh qud rdl`rrdr gcstnhlcns kuy pdqudþns dhtrd o`s gcstcht`s pns`s qud ão l`hoodvn.

2<

puds h` nldptnrënh k`gclnlc`hds y lunoqucdr gdlcscüh no rdspdlt rdspdlt`` sd mnld l`st`sn. L`h dst`s dodkdht`s y knhtdhcdhg` uh chvdhtnrc` ngdlung` gd nltcvcgngds y nspdlt`s l`hscgdrng`s, sd pudgd mnldr uhn eudhn gcstrceulcüh.. \ch dkenra`, gcstrceulcüh dkenra`, sd suacdrd l`hsuotnr tdxt`s no rdspdlt`, rdspdlt`, o`s lunods sd lctnh dh on eceocàrnbën gd Do lnpëtuo`. Wno l`k` sd l`kdhtü, uh puht` ckp`rtnhtd n l`hscgdrnr s`h o`s bnlt`rds qud nbdltnh n on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn y l`k` sd èsdrvnrî ntnþdh on knhdrn dxtdrhn n on o`lnocznlcüh.

BNLW@UD\ ^TD CHBOTSDH DH ON GC\WUCETLC@H DH YONHWN §

KNWDUCNO, o` luno l`htdkpon6 Dspdlclnlc`hds gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, lnrnltdrëstclns bësclns y quëkclns, lnhtcgng y vnrcdgng gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s ` kntdrcnods, `pdrnlc`hds n qud q ud sd s`kdtd.

§

KN^TCHNUCN. Yr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh, tcp` gd dqucp`, lnrnltdrëstclns, kntdrcno y dqucp`, utcocznlcüh gd on knquchnrcn, kãt`g`s gd dqucocerng` npoclneods n on `pdrnlcüh gd trnhsb`rknlcüh gd kntdrcnods, rdqudrckcdht`s gd chstnonlcüh.

§

M@KEUD. L`hgclc`hds gd trnenf` y sdaurcgng, hdldscgng gd knh` gd èrn, utcocznlcüh gdo m`kerd, kãt`g`s pnrn l`hsdaucr do dqucocerc` dh ons `pdrnlc`hds.

§

K@RCKCDHW@. Gcnarnkn gd pr`lds`, uf` y rutn, dspnlc` pnrn do k`vckcdht`, knhcpuonlcüh y trnhsp`rtd.

§

D\YDUN. Ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s dh pr`lds`, tcdkp`s gd dspdrn, noknldhnkcdht` tdkp`rno, ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s.

\DURCLC@\. Ydrs`hno, kntdrcnods, knhtdhckcdht`, sdrvclc`s adhdrnods, rdonlcüh gdo tcp` gd gcstrceulcüh l`h on lnocgng.

§

>27

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

§

WCY@ GD D\WUTLWTUN BC\CLN. Lckdhtnlcüh, ponhtns, nlneng`s, nl`kdtcgns, chbrndstrulturn.

§

BOD]CECOCGNG.

Do l`hfuht` gd t`g`s dst`s èfdtcv`s y bnlt`rds, l`hb`rknh ons mdrrnkcdhtns pnrn on done`rnlcüh gd uhn eudhn gcstrceulcüh. Bnlcoctîhgòd dst`, l`hbdllc`hnr uh ponh` gd on gcsp`sclcüh kîs nldrtngn nldrln gd on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn gdo pr`ydlt`. N l`htchunlcüh sd prdsdhtn on b`rkn gd vcsunocznlcüh gd on gcstrceulcüh, l`h do bch gd qud on tdhan dh ludhtn pnrn on prdsdhtnlcüh gd su pr`ydlt`. Lunoqucdr tãlhcln ` dodkdht` qud nyugd n vcsunocznr on gcstrceulcüh ds gdsdneod. Nuhqud mny trds dodkdht`s eîscl`s qud s`h s`h o`s l`rrcdhtdkdhtd usng`s, scdhg` pnrn on vcsunocznlcüh36 §

§

§

O`s gceuf`s y gcnarnkns. Ons ponhtcoons n dslnon. O`s k`gdo`s trcgckdhsc`hnods (knqudtns).

Gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn gd uhn Dsludon Ds lonr` mnstn nquë, on ckp`rtnhlcn gd on gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn y lük` gded oodvnrsd n lne`. \c sd tcdhd lucgng` y sd mnld uh sdauckcdht` pdrknhdhtd pnrn do nfustd, ètdhgrî uhn eudhn vcsunocznlcüh gd su pr`ydlt`.

7.5.< L@\W@\ GD WUNH\Y@UWD

N trnvãs gdo dstugc` tãlhcl` y gd on o`lnocznlcüh o`lnocznlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, sd mn

knhtdhcg` uhn pdrknhdhtd chscstdhlcn chscstdh lcn dh on chlcgdhlcn qud tcdhd do l`st` gd trnhsp`rtd dh on gdlcscüh gd o`lnocznr y gcstrceucr uhn

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>24

ponhtn dh uh gdtdrkchng` ouanr: gd nmë qud sdn ckp`rtnhtd chloucr dh do pr`ydlt`, l`k` dodkdht` rdodvnhtd do l`st` gd trnhsp`rtd, tnht` gd kdrlnhlëns tdrkchngns, l`k` gd ons kntdrcns prckns, chsuk`s y gcstrceulcüh. gcstrceulcüh. Done`rd uhn ngdlungn sdodllcüh gd dst`s l`st`s y dstneodzln o`s lrctdrc`s pnrn su knhdf`, nsë l`k` on chlcgdhlcn gd ãst`s dh o`s l`st`s t`tnods gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y gdo pr`ydlt` y dh on gdlcscüh gd o`lnocznlcüh o`lnocznlcüh y gcstrceulcüh.

7.5.7 KNH@ GD @EUN

Wnkecãh Wnkecã h yn mn scg` l`kdht l`kdhtngn: ngn: sch dkenra`, ds ckp`rtn ckp`rtnhtd htd rdsnotnr g`s nspdlt`s6 q q

Knh` gd èrn h` lnoclngn y Knh` gd èrn lnoclngn.

Mny pr`ydlt`s qud rdqucdrdh gd knh` gd èrn h` lnoclngn, mnlcdhg` kîs sdhlcoo` do pr`lds` gd sdodllcüh, pdr` dst` chgcln, quã tnh ckp`rtnhtd ds o`lnocznr on ponhtn ldrln n uh sctc` lnpnz gd pr`vddr knh` gd èrn h` lnoclngn ‟enrntn‛ sch qud dstn dl`h`kën chlrdkdhtd `tr`s l`st`s. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, mny nltcvcgngds qud pudgdh gdsnrròonrsd dh pèonlc`hds dkpod` qud s`h enstnhtd rdgulcgns y pudgd luyns mnedrp`scecocgngds gdknhgn gdgd pdrs`hno pudgd gdsdkpdþnr n l`st`s rdontcvnkdhtd enf`s. Mny pr`ydlt`s qud p`r do l`htrnrc`, rdqucdrdh knh` gd èrn lnocbclngn ( dfdkpo` d fdkpo` 6 pr`ydlt`s dgulntcv`s), l`k`6 kndstr`s, tãlhcl`s, tdlhüoà`s, pr`bdsc`hnods, pr`bdsc`hnods, dhtrd `tr`s y luy`s pudst`s gd trnenf` s`h enstnhtd l`st`s`s, puds h` süo` chvòulrnh do snonrc`, sch` uh l`hfuht` gd `pdrnlc`hds chtdarngns qud pudgdh nbdltnr do eudh oàr` gdo pr`ydlt`.

Dfdkpo`6 Thn chstctulcüh dgulntcvn prcvngn qud `brdld do hcvdo eîscl` gded tdhdr kndstr`s l`h pr`bds`rng` gd sdauhgn dhsdþnhzn dh on dspdlcnocgng pnrn on luno sdrî l`htrntng`. Do h` nscahnro`

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>22

nbdltnrî on lnocgng `brdlcgn y dh dspdlcno do ckpnlt` n kdgcnh` ponz` gdo dardsng`. Y`r o` nhtdrc`r nhtdrc`r,, sd gded mnldr uh nhîocscs gd on knh` gd èrn, gd knhdrn knhdrn kchulc`sn, kchulc`sn, lonsclîhgòn lonsclîhgòn dh6

KNH@ GD @EUN GCUDLWN

q

q

q

q

q

Gcrdltcvn. Yr`bdsc`hno. Wãlhcln ` Wdlhòüacl` Lnoclngn. @pdrnrcn.

KNH@ GD @EUN CHGCUDLWN

q q

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Yr`bdsc`hno. Lnoclngn. @pdrnrcn.

YDU\@HNO NGKCHC\WUNWCR@ S GD \@Y@UWD Gcrdltcv`. Yr`bdsc`hno. q Lnoclngn. q q @pdrnrcn. On nhtdrc`r lonsclnlcüh sd gnrî gd nludrg` n on knahctug

q

gdo pr`ydlt`, pdr` sd lukpod sdaöh o`s hcvdods gd gdsnrròo` chstctulc`hno.

7.5.4. Y@\ECOCGNGD\ GD D]YNH\C@H

Ds ckp`rtnhtd, tdhdr dh ludhtn ons p`scecocgngds gd dxpnhscüh qud tdhgrî do pr`ydlt` sdaöh on o`lnocznlcüh y gd nludrg` n ons pr`spdltcvns pr`spdltcv ns gdo kdrlng`. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, uh pr`ydlt` luy` kdrlng` ds pr`kdtdg`r dh do tcdkp` sdaöh o` prdsdhtnh ons pr`ydllc`hds gd on gdknhgn, gded sdr ueclng` dh uh sctc` dh g`hgd su dxpnhscüh

bëscln l`rrdsp`hgn n ons dxpdltntcvns gdo kdrlng`, gd nludrg` n uh lrdlckcdht` pnuontch`. pnuontch`. L`h dst` süo` süo` sd qucdrd rdlnolnr rdlnolnr dstd mdlm`, pnrn qud sdn tdhcg` dh ludhtn dh do dstugc` d on o`lnocznlcüh: l`k` nspdlt` scahclntcv` scahc lntcv` mn gd sdr l`hscgdrng` p`r

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>21

do nhnocstn dh do k`kdht` gd t`knr uhn gdlcscüh. Rdnk`s uh erdvd dfdkpo`6 Cknaëhdsd qud sd vn n chstnonr uhn bîercln gd l`hbdllc`hds, l`h uh p`tdhlcno enstnhtd arnhgd pnrn o`s prüxck`s g`s nþ`s. No chvdstcanr on o`lnocznlcüh, o`lnocznlcüh, sd òvcgü òvcgü on dxpnhscüh gd o`s g`s nþ`s y sd ueclü dh uh sctc` aucîhg`sd süo` p`r do prdlc` gdo tdrrdh`: sch dkenra`, o`s ponhds gd dxpnhscüh s`h ecdh gcbdrdhtds y n o`s >5 kdsds on ponhtn qudgü dstrdlmn, on pr`gultcvcgng y do rdhgckcdht` gcskchuydr`h `lnsc`hnhg` gcluotngds dl`hükclns p`r uhn gdlcscüh chclcno kno t`kngn. Y`r tnht` pr`lurd mnldr nldrtngns l`hscgdrnlc`hds nordgdg`r gd dstd tdkn.

7.5.2 @EUN\ LCRCOD\

3

Uclmnrg Kntmdr. Gcstrceulc Gcstrceulcüh üh dh ponhtn. Kãxcl`, Ockusn, >31=.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>2=

\d chlouyd dh on auën gd Do lnpëtuo` CCC, nsë l`k` dh do dstugc` tãlhcl` do gdsnrròo` gd èrns bësclns (lcvcods) qud sdnh hdldsnrcns pnrn chclcnr uh pr`ydlt`. Mny `lnsc`hds dh qud dst` h` ds hdldsnrc` y p`r tnht` h` sd

gded chloucr dh do pr`ydlt`. Ydr` sc do lns` ds gcbdrdhtd, sd gded mnldr uh dstugc` l`kpodt` y gdtnoong` gd ons èrns lcvcods qud sd oodvnrîh n lne`. Nooë sd gdedh chloucr nspdlt`s tnods l`k`6 l`st`s kdtr` lungrng` gd l`hstrullcüh, èrns kdlîhclns, mcgrîuoclns, dstugc`s gd sudo`s, vno`r gd knquchnrcn hdldsnrcn p`r m`rn pnrn ons èrns (rdtr`dxlnvng`rns), euogüzdrds, lulmcoons, lulmcoons, poukns, poukns, dtl.). Dh tno sdhtcg` ds l`hvdhcdhtd lonsclnr trds tcp`s gd èrns bësclns, dh g`hgd o`s l`st`s s`h gcbdrdhtds gdecg` n su hnturnodzn6

q

q

q

L`hstrullcüh hudvn. Udk`gdonlcüh. Nkpocnlcüh.

Nsë kcsk`, ons trds pudgdh dstnr chvòulrngns dh uh süo` pr`ydlt` y p`r tnht` mny qud l`htdkponrons nsë y gdspuãs chtdarnrons. Gd cauno gd b`rkn do pr`ydlt` chloucr t` o`s o`s ponh`s nrquctdltühcl`s ons èrns bësclns ngded rdnocznr (p`r t`g`s o`g`s kdh`s ponhtns y l`rtds).

7.< CHADHCDUCN GDO YU@SDLW@ L`köhkdhtd do dstugc` tãlhcl` gdo pr`ydlt` sd gdh`kchn ‟Chadhcdrën gdo Yr`ydlt`‛ : sch dkenra`, nquë sd od gn `tr` trntnkcdht`, yn qud sd chvòulrn gdhtr` gdo dstugc` y h` p`r lnprclm`, sch` p`rqud sd fnh vnrcneods kclr` gdhtr` gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh

pnrtcdhg` gd o`s nspdlt`s knlr`, lctng`s nhtdrc`rkdhtd: nhtdrc`r kdhtd: ds gdlcr, do l`h`ldr ueclnlcüh, tnknþ` y lnrnltdrëstclns lnrnltdrë stclns y pnrn p`gdr mnldr

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>23

uhn dxldodhtd gcstrceulcüh dh ponhtn, ds ckp`rtnhtd done`rnr uh eudh gcsdþ` gdo pr`lds` pr`gultcv` y p`r tnht` uh eudh nhîocscs gd o`s dodkdht`s l`hstctutcv`s dh dstd pr`lds`.

Nquë sd dstugcnrî, lük` sd gded sdodllc`hnr do pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh, lük` sd lnoluon on lnpnlcgng chstnongn gd ponhtn y l`st`s gd pr`gullcüh y lr`hàrnkn gd ckponhtnlcüh. Dh `lnsc`hds, do pr`ydltcstn y o`s chvdrsc`hcstns h` dstîh dh l`hgclc`hds gd dbdltunr t`gns ons tnrdns y nltcvcgngds qud gdknhgn do dstugc` gd on chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt`, èocaîhg`sd n rdlurrcr n uh dqucp` chtdrgcslcpochnrc` qud gdsnrròod dst`s

nspdlt`s, puds h` sd gded prdtdhgdr l`h`ldr t`g`s o`s tüpcl`s tãlhcl`s gd o`s pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh, o` qud mnld qud hdldsctd gd pdrs`hno lnoclng` pnrn do lukpockcdht` gd dstns d stns tnrdns.

7. O@ \ EC DHD \ S/@ \DU RC LC @\ S \T YU@LD\@ WDLHCL@

Lunhg` sd tcdhd lonrcgng nldrln gdo ecdh y/` sdrvclc`, sd chclcn uhn sdrcd gd nltcvcgngds tdhgcdhtds n fnr ons lnrnltdrëstclns gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh n qud ãstd sd gded s`kdtdr pnrn ètdhdr do rdsuotng` dspdrng`. Gdhtr` gd on gdtdrkchnlcüh gdo pr`lds` tãlhcl` gd pr`gullcüh y dh adhdrno gd o`s nspdlt`s tãlhcl`s n sdr l`hscgdrng`s p`r on chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt`, sd lctnh `lm` nspdlt`s eîscl`s n sdr l`hscgdrng`s p`r do pr`ydltcstn, o`s lunods mnh scg` rdt`kng`s gdo Ocer` gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl` gd on @HT, p`r sdr dstd g`lukdht` uhcvdrsno dh do dstugc` gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh. H` èstnhtd, ustdg gded l`kpodkdhtnr dstd dstugc` ds tugc` l`h odlturns pr`pcns gdo îrdn gd pr`gullcüh.

O`s puht`sdoqud sdgd sdþnonrîh tcdhd p`rponhtdn èfdt` chgclnr tãrkch`s adhdrnods tcp` prèodkns qud on bnsddh tãlhcln gdo pr`ydlt` y pr`p`rlc`hnr noauhns chgclnlc`hds dh lunht` n

>19

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

prdsdhtnlcüh, ngvcrtcdhg` qud su ckp`rtnhlcn vnrcn sdaöh do tcp` gd pr`ydlt`s. §

pr`ydlt` lt` Dhsny`s d chvdstcanlc`hds prdockchnrds . W`g` pr`yd rdqucdrd, dh kny`r ` kdh`r arng`, gd uhn lnhtcgng gd dhsny`s d chvdstcanlc`hds prdockchnrds qud gdtdrkchnh kulmns gd ons gdlcsc`hds ng`ptngns dh do lurs` gdo dstugc`. Dst`s dhsny`s nenrlnh ludstc`hds gd kuy vnrcneod hnturnodzn6 prudens gd rdscstdhlcn gdo tdrrdh` pnrn on l`hstrullcüh gd dgclc`s: dxpdrcdhlcns gd one`rnt`rc` dh ponhtns gd dhsny` pnrn gdk`strnr on p`scecocgng gd utcocznr kntdrcns ` pr`ldgckcdht`s gdtdrkchng`s y ons l`hgclc`hds dh qud dstn utcocznlcüh sdrën p`sceod: dxpdrckdhtnlcüh l`h hudv`s luotcv`s ` ne`h`s: chvdstcanlc`hds kdtnoöraclns pnrn do trntnkcdht` gd kchdrnods, chvdstcanlc`hds nldrln gdo gdsnrròo` làhctcv`, pnrn chstctulc`hds dxpdrckdhtnods, dtl.

§

Do pr`ydlt` kcsk` gdedrî l`htdhdr süo` uhn chb`rknlcüh rdsukcgn y dxpoëlctn nldrln gd dst`s dhsny`s d chvdstcanlc`hds: do tdxt` l`kpodt` gd o`s chb`rkds pudgd cr n knhdrn gd nhdx`s sc nsë sd fustcln. L`h dst` süo` sd qucdrd dstneodldr nspdlt`s adhãrcl`s gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh, l`h do h gd h` gupoclnr dsbudrz`s chhdldsnrc`s qud l`hguzlnh n l`hlousc`hds prddstneodlcgns, l`hscaucdhg` süo` pãrgcgn gd tcdkp` y gd rdlurs`s. \dodllcüh y gdslrcplcüh gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh. Dh kulm`s lns`s do pr`ydlt` h` ponhtdn prèodkns dspdlcnods dh lunht` no pr`lds` ` scstdkn gd pr`gullcüh, pdr` dh `tr`s dhlcdrrn l`kpodfcgng y notdrhntcvns qud l`hvdhgrën dxpoclnr l`hfuhtnkdhtd l`h ons sòulc`hds `brdlcgns, rdonlc`hîhgòns l`h ons chvdstcanlc`hds prdvcns. On gdslrcplcüh gdo pr`lds` sd bnlcoctnrî l`h nyugn gd dsqudkns sckpods ` gcnarnkns gd lcrluonlcüh ` uf`, l`htrceuydhg` nsë n

uhn kdf`r prdsdhtnlcüh y lonrcgng. O`s pr`lds`s èdgdldh n uhn sdrcd gd pns`s `rgdhng`s qud `rcdhtnh o`s hcvdods gd l`kpodfcgng

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>1>

gdo kcsk`. Dh tno sdhtcg`, sd sd l`kdhtnrî o`s prchlcpnods prchlcpnods gcnarnkns qud bnlcoctnh on gdtdrkchnlcüh gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh6

N. Gcsdþ` gdo Ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s Nquë sd gded prdsdhtnr t`gn on dstrulturn gd ponh`s y

lnrnltdrëstclns bësclns gd o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s: lctîhg`sd o`s kntdrcnods, lnhtcgngds n dkpodnr, chsuk`s rdqudrcg`s, tcp`s gd nlneng`, dhtrd `tr`s.

E. Gcnarnkn gdo Yr`lds` \d prdsdhtnh gd knhdrn adhdrno ons nltcvcgngds y `pdrnlc`hds n qud sd gdedh s`kdtdr o`s chsuk`s y kntdrcns prckns pnrn ètdhdr do ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`. \d sckeòczn n trnvãs gd lërluo`s y dlmns l`k` o` prdsdhtn on arîln.

L. Gcnarnkn gd Bouf` L`h dstd gcnarnkn sd rdqucdrd nkpocnr do gcnarnkn gd pr`lds`, dspdlclnhg` kdf`r ons `pdrnlc`hds gdo pr`lds`, cgdhtclnhg` lchl` hcvdods gd `pdrnlc`hds6

G. M`fns gd Uutn Nquë sd gdslrcedh n trnvãs gd uhn lungrëluon on gcsp`sclcüh gd o`s dqucp`s y dspnlc`s, p`r kdgc` gdo luno pnsnrî do pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh, gdsgd do noknlãh gd kntdrcns prckns mnstn do noknlãh gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s tdrkchng`s. (Rdr Arîln >5). Chgugneodkdhtd, dst`s h` s`h o`s öhcl`s dodkdht`s qud sd l`hscgdrnh dh do dstugc` gdo pr`lds`: sch dkenra` s`h o`s kîs scahclntcv`s y `rcdhtnh l`h lonrcgng lonrcgng do nhîocscs. nhîocscs. Dh dstd `rgdh

gd cgdns, sd tcdhd6 Gcnarnkn gd Knh` Gdrdlmn Gdrdlmn - Knh` Czqucdrgn, Czqucdrgn, Gcnarnkn M`kerd-Kîquchn, dhtrd `tr`s.

>15

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

q

Udhgckcdht`s. Gdlcgcg`s do do kãt`g` kãt`g` gd bnerclnlcüh, do tnknþ` gd on ponhtn y on gcsp`sclcüh gd dqucp`s y dgclc`s, sdrî p`sceod dstcknr on lunhtën gd lngn uh` gd o`s chsuk`s qud gdknhgnrî do pr`ydlt`, tnht` dh do k`htnfd l`k` dh do buhlc`hnkcdht`. On fnlcüh gd uhn lunhtën dh tãrkch`s bëscl`s ds on mcpütdscs eîscln pnrn dstcknr o`s l`st`s gd `pdrnlcüh y do gd dst`s chsuk`s y tnkecãh sdrvcrî l`k` dodkdht` gd l`kpnrnlcüh pnrn fuzanr on dlnlcn ngkchcstrntcvn y tãlhcln dstckngn pnrn on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh yn dh buhlc`hnkcdht`.

On chvdstcanlcüh tãlhcln prdockchnr nyugnrî n dstcknr on lunhtën gd o`s chsuk`s gd nludrg` l`h o`s pr`lds`s utcoczng`s, on lnocgng gd ons kntdrcns prckns gcsp`hceods y on dxpdrcdhlcn gd `trns ponhtns. Ngdkîs gd o`s bnlt`rds tãlhcl`s pr`pcnkdhtd gclm`s, dstns dstcknlc`hds gdedrîh tdhdr ons tãlhclns gd `ranhcznlcüh y gd ngkchcstrnlcüh adhdrno gd on chgustrcn y on lnocgng gd on knh` gd èrn gcsp`hceod. Gd dstn l`hscgdrnlcüh pudgdh rdsuotnr noauhns noauhns rdl`kdhgnlc`hds l`hlrdtns rdspdlt` n `ranhcznlcüh y dstrulturn ngkchcstrntcvn gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh, b`rknlcüh gd pdrs`hno, l`htrntnlcüh gd nsds`rëns dspdlcnods, dtl.

q

Bodxcecocgng dh on lnpnlcgng gd pr`gullcüh. Dstd puht` mn scg` scg`

yn ne`rgng` o`s dgclc`s dh do tdrrdh` tdrrdh ` y gddho`srdonlcüh dqucp`sl`h dh on o`sgcstrceulcüh dgclc`s. Ongdhdldscgng dgclc`s. gd gnr dxcecocgng n on lnpnlcgng gd pr`gullcüh sd gdrcvn gd on hnturnodzn gd on gdknhgn: dh `trns `lnsc`hds surad gd on prdvcscüh gd ockctnlc`hds tdkp`rnods dh on gcsp`hcecocgng gd kntdrcns prckns ` gd uhn sctunlcüh gd dstrdlmdz hnhlcdrn, qud èocan n chclcnr on pr`gullcüh n uhn dslnon kîs rdgulcgn dh uhn prckdrn dtnpn.

Mny ockctnlc`hds pnrn ne`rgnr dh b`rkn üptckn dst`s prèodkns: pdr` sc dxcstdh l`hgclc`hds l`k` ons nhtds sdþnongns, do dstugc` tãlhcl` gdo pr`ydlt` gdedrî euslnr sòulc`hds n h gd bnlcoctnr

do lrdlckcdht` l`h do këhck` gd chl`hvdhcdhtds, chtdrbdrdhlcns y l`st`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>1<

On ngnptnlcüh n ons vnrcnlc`hds dstnlcühnods gd on gdknhgn ponhtdn on hdldscgng gd uhn dxcecocgng gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn gd oàrnr pr`gulcr l`h dlcdhlcn n o`s gcstcht`s rctk`s gd pr`gullcüh, lngn lcdrtn lnpnlcgng.

Dh on sdauhgn lnpëtuo` sd l`kdhtnr`h y gdhcdr`h o`s l`hldpt`s gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s prchlcpnods, sdluhgnrc`s, gdrcvng`s, ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s l`kpodkdhtnrc`s dhtrd `tr`s. Nooë sd pnrtcü gdo mdlm` gd qud uh`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s no snocr gdo kdrlng`, pudgd tdhdr vnrcns notdrhntcvns gd gdsnrròo` y l`kpdtdhlcn y qud rdqucdrd gd `tr`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s pnrn su kdrlngd` y vdhtn.

Dh tno sdhtcg`, y tno l`k` sd mn rdlnolng`, do pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh gded `ptckcznrsd n arng`s qud sd bnlcoctdh su npoclnlcüh y pdrkctd gcvdrsclnlc`hds y dxcecocgngds.

Ds nsë, qud l`hldhtrnrdk`s on ntdhlcüh dh luntr` dodkdht`s eîscl`s pnrn do trntnkcdht` gdo pr`lds`, ngdkîs gd o`s yn lctng`s6 *

Chsuk`s prchlcpnods y sdluhgnrc`s6 \d gdedh l`htdkponr ons

kntdrcns d chsuk`spnrn kîsfnr ckp`rtnhtds d chtdrvdhcr do pr`lds` gdprckns trnhsb`rknlcüh, do hcvdo gd chvdhtnrc` gd dh ãst`s sd gded tdhdr, tdhdr, nsë l`k` gd o`s `tr`s chsuk`s (sdluhgnrc`s) qud sd l`hscgdrnh dh do pr`lds`. pr`lds`. (Dfdkpo`6 dh on bnerclnlcüh gd uhn scoon, o`s chsuk`s prchlcpnods s`h6 on kngdrn, on tdon gdo tnpczng` y o`s rds`rtds: o`s sdluhgnrc`s s`h o`s pdanhtds, pchturns, onlns, puhtcoons, dtl.). *

Ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, gdrcvng`s d chtdrkdgc`s6 Dst` sd rddrd n on utcocznlcüh gd on ponhtn, on luno sd ètdhgrî, lunhg` on lnpnlcgng `lc`sn sdn këhckn, y sd mnynh `ptckczng` o`s pr`lds`s tãlhcl`s.

Dh `lnsc`hds uh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s pdrkctd qud surfnh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s sdluhgnrc`s ` gdrcvng`s qud sd pr`gulcrîh dh do tcdkp`

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>17

dh qud on ponhtn ponhtn h` dstî dh podhn lnpnlcgng. Dh `lnsc`hds dst`s gdrcvng`s s`h enstnhtd lnpnlcgng. Dh `lnsc`hds dst`s gdrcvng`s s`h enstnhtd rdhtneods yn qud sd trnenfnh l`h chards`s knrachnods kîs nkpoc`s, pudst` qud do ecdh y/` sdrvclc` prchlcpno mn nes`recg` o`s l`st`s kîs not`s. Gd nmë qud sd gden l`htdkponr dst`s dst`s dodkdht`s gdhtr` gdo gcsdþ` gd on ponhtn y gdo pr`lds` këhck`. Udscgu`s6 Ons ponhtns gd pr`gullcüh pcdrgdh kulm` gchdr`, p`r h` snedr usnr ngdlungnkdhtd o`s gdspdrgclc`s, puds o`s gdsdlmnh l`k` kntdrcno chsdrvceod: sch dkenra`, gd dst`s rdscgu`s sd pudgdh ètdhdr gdrcvng`s qud tno l`k` sd l`kdhtü dh on octdrno nhtdrc`r, dh `lnsc`hds s`h notnkdhtd rdhtneods y sc dstd dvdht` h` sd gn,

*

p`r o` kdh`s rdlupdrn l`st`s chgcrdlt`s y nyugn n o`s anst`s. Y`r tnht` chlouyn uhn ngdlungn prdlcscüh gdo knhdf` gd o`s rdscgu`s gd pr`gullcüh pnrn nsë ètdhdr uhn `ptckcznlcüh gd on ponhtn. Boufàrnkn ` pràrnkn gd trnenf`6 Do pràrnkn gd trnenf` dstneodld do `rgdh l`h qud sd pr`ldgdrî n on chstnonlcüh y pudstn dh knrlmn gd on dkprdsn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh. \u èfdtcv` pudgd rdsukcrsd rdsukcrsd dsdhlcnokdhtd dh o`s scaucdhtds puht`s6 q Yrdvdr uhn sdrcd gd prèodkns qud sd prdsdhtnrîh dh on dtnpn gd WNUDN GDBCHCLC@H \CKE@O@ k`htnfd y nhtclcpnr p`sceods sòulc`hds. Chspdllcüh Ds on nllcüh gd l`htrònr qud sd dbdltöd *

l`rrdltnkdhtd uhn `pdrnlcüh ` uh trnhsp`rtd ` vdrclnr on lnocgng gdo ecdh ` sdrvclc`.

@pdrnlcüh

\cahcln uh lnkec` ` trnhsb`rknlcüh dh noaöh l`kp`hdhtd gdo pr`gult` ` sdrvclc`

Noknldhnkcdht`

Yudgd sdr tnht` gd kntdrcn prckn, pr`gult` dh pr`lds`, pr`gult` tdrkchng` ` chsuk`s pnrn do pr`lds`

Wrnhsp`rtd

Ds on nllcüh gd knhcpuonr lunoqucdr dodkdht` gdhtr` gdo pr`lds` gd uh puht` n `tr`

Dspdrn

\d prdsdhtn lunhg` dxcstdh ludoo`s gd e`tdoon y mny qud dspdrnr turh`. Dh noauh`s pr`lds`s on `pdrnlcüh dxcad dspdrnr

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>14

Dsqudkn eîscl` gd uh gcnarnkn gd pr`lds`>9 @YDUNLC@H6 K`htnfd gd tdrk`stnt` tcp` dfd WCDKY@ GD YU@GTLLC@H6 ¨ /97, 9>69 n.k. Chadrt` N->12, Mdxna`hno gd nldr` dstcrng` >dr. Kntnoczng` 3

W`rhcoo` gd nfustd N-54< MdlW`rhcoo` ao`hnog` Nldr` dstcrng`

Gdpt`. gd Wnoodr gd Kîquchn

>9

Kdlnoczng` Gdpt`. gd Wnoodr gd Knquchn

>>

Hcqudong` Gdpt` gd Yonqudng`

<

Chspdllc`h Gdpt` gd Yonqudng`

4

>7

5

Dstnkpnr, Wnongrnr, Unhurnr y gnr b`rkn Gdpt`. gd Yr`gullcüh

1

Hcqudong` Gdpt`. gd Yonqudng`

<

Nlneng` gd on B`rkn Gdpt`. gd Yr`gullcüh

5

Chspdllcüh Gdpt`. gd Yonqudng`

2

>4

= OTEUCLNHWD

>5

Hcqudong` Gdpt` gd Yonqudng`

Hcqudong` Gdpt` gd Yonqudng`

>

Chspdllcüh Gdpt`. gd Yr`gullcüh

ouerclnhtd y no`fnr dh do chadrt` Gdpt`. gd K`htnfd Chstr`gulcr y bfnr do

>< 7

Thcr t`rhcoo`

bfnlcüh no t`rhcoo`

7

gd nfustd. Gdpt`. K`htnfd Udluercr on r`sln l`h

L`rtnrn o` onra`

Gdpt`. gd Yr`gullcüh

Knlnoczng` W`tno Wnoodr gd Kîquchn

Chadrt` N->>2, Mdxna`hno gd nldr` dstcrng` L`rtd dh Enhgns > Gdpt`. Yr`gullcüh

U`slnr Gdpt`. gd U`slng`

W@UHCOO@ BCFNLCÜH

L`hdllcüh Bchno Q->< Lneod gd Nldr` rdltnhauonr

DONE@U@

Chspdllc`h

Gdpt` gd Yonqudng` >2

W`rhcoo` gd nfustd Gdpt`. gd K`htnfd \ògnr L`hdxcüh no t`rhcoo` gd nfustd. Gdpt`. gd K`htnfd

=

Udknlmnr l`hfuht` Lnocernr d Chspdllc`-

hnr, pcdzn tdrkchngn >9

Budhtd6 Knyhnrg M.E. Knhuno gdo Chadhcdr` Chgustrcno

>12

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Dstneodldr do ponh prdockchnr gd buhlc`hnkcdht` mnstn oodanr n on lnpnlcgng h`rkno.

q

N h gd ne`rgnr do tdkn dh tãrkch`s tãr kch`s kîs l`hlrdt`s, sd dxp`hdh nquë noauhns cgdns rdontcvns ` pràrnkns gd trnenf` chspcrngns prchlcpnokdhtd dh pr`ydlt`s knhubnlturdr`s, pdr` ds`s lrctdrc`s sdrîh vîocg`s dh dsdhlcn pnrn t`g` tcp` gd pr`ydlt`, l`k` sd pudgd nprdlcnr dh o`s lns`s qud sd coustrnh dh dstd lnpëtuo`. Do pràrnkn gd trnenf` dh uh pr`ydlt` knhubnlturdr` gded prdstnr ntdhlcüh no prèodkn gd on pudstn dh knrlmn y gd schlr`hcznlcüh l`h on oodangn ` on gcsp`hcecocgng `p`rtuhn gd ons kntdrcns prckns. Dstd öotck` bnlt`r pudgd h` sdr ckp`rtnhtd sc gclmns kntdrcns prckns h` sd dstîh pr`gulcdhg` gd t`gns knhdrns ` h` s`h pdrdldgdrns. Nsë, p`r dfdkpo`, sc sd pr`ydltn uhn chgustrcn scgdröracln luyns kntdrcns prckns eîsclns -lnreüh y kchdrno gd mcdrr`- sd dstîh pr`gulcdhg` yn l`h gdstch` n on dxp`rtnlcüh, d xp`rtnlcüh, h` mnerî p`r o` adhdrno, prèodkn noauh` dspdlcno gd schlr`hcznlcüh: dh do k`kdht` dh qud dstî tdrkchngn on chstnonlcüh chgustrcno, sd p`grî l`htnr l`h on kntdrcn prckn. Ydr` sc noauhns kntdrcns prckns gdedh ckp`rtnrsd, dh do pràrnkn gd trnenf` mnerî qud l`hsuotnr on `p`rtuhn lò`lnlcüh ons ürgdhds dh do dxtdrc`r, n h gd schlr`hcznr on pudstn dh knrlmn l`h on oodangn gd o`s kntdrcnods hdldsnrc`s. Ds chgugneod qud ãstd sdrî uh prèodkn pdrknhdhtd gd on chgustrcn: pdr` gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn gdo pràrnkn gd trnenf` pnrn on chstnonlcüh, gdedh prdvdrsd t`gns ons l`htchadhlcns mnstn gdfnr on chgustrcn buhlc`hnhg` h`rknokdhtd.

Ds l`hvdhcdhtd qud on trnhsclcüh dhtrd on dtnpn gd l`hstrullcüh y on gd gd `pdrnlcüh h`rkno sdn o` kîs sunvd p`sceod. Do prèodkn

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>11

ngqucdrd dspdlcno lnrîltdr lunhg` ons kntdrcns prckns s`h gd hnturnodzn pdrdldgdrn ` gdpdhgdh gd uhn l`sdlmn: do pràrnkn gd trnenf` tcdhd dht`hlds uhn ckp`rtnhlcn gdlcscvn dh lunht` n schlr`hcznr do h gd on chstnonlcüh l`h do l`kcdhz` gd on l`sdlmn, puds on dxcecocgng qud mny dh dstd lns` pudgd sdr süo` gd sdknhns. sdknhns. O` l`hvdhcdhtd ds gdfnr nkpoc`s nkpoc`s kîradhds gd sdaurcgng, n h gd qud scdkprd sdn on bîercln on qud dspdrd n on kntdrcn prckn y h` n on chvdrsn. Dh `lnsc`hds h` sdrî p`sceod pr`ldgdr nsë, p`r bnlt`rds qud dslnpnh n on chtdrvdhlcüh gd o`s pr`ydltcstns. pr`ydltcstns. Y`r doo` mny qud tdhdr prdsdhtd do pdocar` pdocar ` qud sd l`rrd l`htrntnhg` uhn l`sdlmn dh do supudst` gd qud on chgustrcn dstã chstnongn, lunhg` gdspuãs h` sd dstî dh l`hgclc`hds gd done`rnron. Y`r `trn pnrtd, knhtdhdr `lc`sn uhn chvdrscüh gurnhtd gurnht d do k`htnfd mnstn on pudstn dh knrlmn, dstn l`hscgdrnlcüh dstneodld uh oëkctd dh lunht` n on nhtclcpnlcüh gdo k`htnfd d coustrn nldrln gd on ckp`rtnhlcn qud mny qud prdstnr n on done`rnlcüh gdo pràrnkn gd trnenf`. trnenf`. Do prèodkn pudgd ponhtdnrsd tnkecãh n on chvdrsn, dh do lns` gd qud do pr`ydlt` dstã rdonlc`hng` l`h `trns chclcntcvns dh knrlmn, qud gdpdhgnh gd ão, l`k` suldgd l`h noauh`s pr`ydlt`s kchdr`s qud gd pr`vddr kntdrcns prckns ` l`keustceods n chgustrcns qudmnh sd dstîh chstnonhg` l`h ensd dh dstn pr`gullcüh. Nsë kcsk` pudgd trntnrsd gd lnrrdtdrns ` ldhtrnods doãltrclns pnrn `tr`s pr`ydlt`s pnrnodo`s. On eudhn schlr`hcznlcüh gd bdlmns y èrns pudgd gdsdkpdþnr uh pnpdo kuy ckp`rtnhtd y o`s lnodhgnrc`s gd nvnhld ecdh dstugcng`s sdrîh gdlcscv`s pnrn oàrnron. Gdecg` n qud on gdlcscüh sèrd on dfdlulcüh gd uh pr`ydlt` sd

pudgd ng`ptnr nuhqud h` dstãh tdrkchng`s t`g`s o`s dstugc`s gd chadhcdrën hdldsnrc`s pnrn do k`htnfd, `lurrcrî kulmns vdlds

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>1=

GCNAUNKN GD ON KNH@ CV^TCDUGN S GD ON KNH@ GDUDLMN UD\TKDH @YDUNLC@H6 K`htnfd gd nernzngdrn gd lneod l`h pdrh`s. @YDUNUC@6 Bdrhnhg` U`grëaudz KDW@G@6 Nltuno

WCDKY@ GD YU@GTLLC@H6 ¨ /97, 9>69 n.k.

DONE@U@

KNH@

KNH@

CV^TCDUGN W`knr Ydrh`

GDUDLMN W`knr Nernzngdrn

Dh on pnrtd supdrc`r gd L kcdhtrns sd rdnoczn on lò`lnlcüh

Dh on pnrtd supdrc`r gd L kcdhtrns sd rdnoczn on lò`lnlcüh

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Y`sclc`hnr l`h Ydrh`

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Lò`lnr Ydrh`

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

NE>

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

W`knr tudrln

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Dh on pnrtd supdrc`r L

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Y`sclc`hnr l`h Ydrh`

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Nt`rhcoonr Ydrh`

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

W`knr Wudrln

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Dh on pnrtd supdrc`r L

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Y`sclc`hnr l`h Ydrh`

\`stdhdr Ydrh`

Nt`rhcoonr Ydrh`

Gdfnr L`hfuht` @E\DURNLC@-

Dspdrnr pnrn KC @E\DURNLC@-

Budhtd6 Knhuno gdo Chadhcdr` Chgustrcno M. E. KNSHNUG KNSHNUG

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>13

qud noauh`s gdtnoods sd crîh ètdhcdhg` sckuotîhdnkdhtd l`h ons `trns gd k`htnfd. Nsë, p`r dfdkpo`, sd sudod sudod dkpdznr l`h gdtnoods gdtnoods l`kpodt`s nldrln gd o`s dgclc`s chgustrcnods y knquchnrcns, pdr` sch tdhdr nöh o`s ponh`s gdtnoong`s gd ons vcvcdhgns gdo pdrs`hno ` gd on lnptnlcüh gd naun chgustrcno. O`s dstugc`s gd chadhcdrën qud pudgdh rdnocznr l`chlcgcrîh, dh do tcdkp`, l`h on bnsd gd k`htnfd y p`r o` tnht` l`hvcdhd chloucro`s dh do pràrnkn pràrnkn gd trnenf`. Gd nmë, qud kulmns vdlds sdn ötco gcvcgcr do pràrnkn dh g`s pnrtds, n h gd qud pudgnh nprdlcnrsd nkens bnsds gdo pr`lds` gd nvnhld gdo pr`ydlt`. Bchnokdhtd, ds kuy ckp`rtnhtd ckp`rtnhtd l`hscgdrnr dh do pràrnkn on pruden y on pudstn dh knrlmn gd on chstnonlcüh. On chgustrcn h` dkpcdzn n buhlc`hnr tnh pr`ht` l`k` tdrkchn do k`htnfd: ds prdlcs` rdnocznr nfustds, rdvcsc`hds y l`rrdllc`hds nhtds gd tdhdr uhn `pdrnlcüh h`rkno, o` qud scahcln tcdkp` y gchdr`. Ds prugdhtd p`r doo` l`hscgdrnr dspdlcnokdhtd dst`s puht`s dh do pr`ydlt`. Ngdkîs, o`s o`s dqucp`s y knquchnrcns knquchnrcns sd ngqucdrdh adhdrnokdhtd l`h anrnhtëns gd rdhgckcdht` p`r pnrtd gd o`s vdhgdg`rds y dstns anrnhtëns sd gdedh l`kprènr dh do pdrë`g` gd pruden, gnhg` tcdkp` pnrn mnldr o`s nfustds qud pr`guldh pr `guldh dh lns` gd qud qud sd lukpon rdhgckcdht`s. Nsë, h`rkno puds ongded bnsd gd pudstn dhh` knrlmn mnstntnods nolnhznr on pr`gullcüh chloucrsd tnkecãh dh do pràrnkn gd trnenf`.

7.=9

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Nquë sd tcdhd on chb`rknlcüh lonrn l`h rdonlcüh no dqucp`, on ponhtn y su tnknþ`, knh` gd èrn, gcsp`sclcüh gd rdlurs`s, dhtrd `tr`s. Dh pnrtds nhtdrc`rds, sd trnenfü dh on gdtdrkchnlcüh gd o`s dodkdht`s dspdlël`s gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh: dh tno sdhtcg`, gded `pdrnlc`hnocznrsd y mnldrsd dbdltcv`s gd nludrg` n on gdknhgn gdo kdrlng` n sdr ntdhgcg`. Udl`rgdk`s o` l`kdhtng` dh rdonlcüh l`h on lnpnlcgng gd ntdhgdr uhn gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn y rdl`rgdk`s tnkecãh qud nmë sd gdlën, gd lük` uhn gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn h` pudgd dh `lnsc`hds sdr luecdrtn >99% y qud dstn dstî sufdtn p`r tnht`, n on lnpnlcgng gd pr`gullcüh chstnongn qud sd tdhan dh uh k`kdht` gng`. \d pudgd dstneodldr, on gdhclcüh gd hcvdods gd pr`gullcüh6 L`k` on lnpnlcgng qud uhn ponhtn tcdhd pnrn ntdhgdr uhn gdknhgn (suknt`rcn gd pdgcg`s) sch chlurrcr dh chlukpockcdht` chlukpockcdht`s, s, hc gdsenrnfustds `ranhcznlc`hnods hc dl`hükcl`s dl`hükcl`s..

L`h do pr`püsct` gd tdhdr dh ludhtn dst`s lrctdrc`s, n l`htchunlcüh sd rdonlc`hnh o`s bnlt`rds qud gdedh sdr l`hscgdrng`s pnrn

dhl`htrnr uh nldrtng` hcvdo gd pr`gullcüh. >> q

q q q q q

Gdtdrkchnr do chvdhtnrc` gd ons lnpnlcgngds gd pr`lds` gd o`s dqucp`s gd pcdzns, m`rns u `trns lnhtcgngds gd pr`gullcüh. Mnldr uh chvdhtnrc` gd on rdonlcüh m`kerd-kîquchn gcsp`hceod. Dstneodldr on gdknhgn t`tno gd on knh` gd èrn. Bcfnr on gdknhgn gd kntdrcnods y dqucp`. Gdtdrkchnr tcdkp` `lc`s` p`r knhtdhckcdht` y gdslnhs`. Lnoluonr o`s gdsponznkcdht`s sdaöh ons m`rns gd rutn y gcnarnknlcüh

N knhdrn gd dfdkpo`, sup`han qud ustdg tcdhd o`s scaucdhtds

rdqucsct`s gd pr`gullcüh p`r uhcgng y tcdhd pdgcg`s p`r 2.999 uhcgngds pnrn dhtrdanr dh 74 gëns o` qud chgcln qud sd rdqucdrdh

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>=>

gd uf` prdvcst`s, dh gdtdrkchnlcüh gdo pr`lds` gd pr`gullcüh Tstdg trnenfn gd ouhds n vcdrhds (= m`rns gcnrcns), gd ons lunods (> m`rn gd nokudrz`) 29 kdhsunods.

-

Ds gdlcr,, dstdnukdhtnr gdlcr pdgcg` gded sdr pràrnkng` kny`r tcdkp` gd o` prdvcst`, o`s turh`s gd trnenf` `l`h suel`htrnt`s hudv`s gd trnenf`.

Ds p`r tnht` ckp`rtnhtd qud sd mnan dh do pr`ydlt` uh ngdlung` lîoluo` gd o`s hcvdods gd pr`gullcüh, puds gd o` l`htrnrc`, sd chlrdkdhtnh o`s l`st`s y sd pudgd pdhsnr dh uh sèrdgckdhsc`hnkcdht` ` p`r do l`htrnrc` dh uh suegckdhsc`hnkcdht` suegckdhsc`hnkcd ht` `lnsc`hnhg` bnonlcns nordgdg`r gdo lîoluo` gd pr`gullcüh y p`r l`hscaucdhtd gd o`s l`st`s gd on gdknhgn n sdr ntdhgcgn, gd ons pr`ydllc`hds y sd ètdhgrën uhn dvnounlcüh

drrngn. L`hscaucdhg` qud qud do pr`ydlt` lnrdzln gd t`g` sdhtcg`.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>=5

7.>

Kdydr, Unyk`hg U. Adrdhlcn gd Yr`gullcüh y @pdrnlc`hds. Kãxcl`, KlArnw Mcoo, >3=5.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>=7

knhubnlturdrn, dh lnkec`, tdhgrî kny`r ckp`rtnhlcn do dqucp` gd buhlc`hnkcdht`. Nke`s tcp`s gd gd dqucp`s sd gdedh dspdlclnr l`h uh arng` gd gdtnood pr`p`rlc`hno n su ckp`rtnhlcn rdontcvn. On gcstrceulcüh gd o`s dqucp`s gdhtr` gd o`s dgcbclc`s chgustrcnods ` dh `tr`s puht`s gd on bîercln rdprdsdhtn on l`hscgdrnlcüh gd prèodkns sckconrds n o`s yn gdslrct`s, tnht` dh lunht` n rdhgckcdht` y p`scecocgng gd nkpocnlcüh gd on pr`gullcüh l`k` n lcrluonlcüh gd o`s kntdrcnods.

Mnerî qud l`htnr, puds l`h dspnlc`s pnrn on nkpocnlcüh gd on Bnlt`r gd Yr`gullcüh

Udqucsct`s p`r Thcgng

Udqucsct`s pnrn 2999 Thcgngds

D^TCY@\ \cdrrn W`rh` Dskdrco

599 m`rns >999 m`rns 9 kchut`s < kchut`s

599 m`rns >999 m`rns 9 kchut`s < kchut`s

KNH@ GD @EUN

\cdrrn (`pdrnrc`) @pdrnrc` t`rh` @pdrnrc` dskdrco

bîercln, pnrn on ng`plcüh gd dvdhtunods chh`vnlc`hds tãlhclns, dtl. Dstn ludstcüh sd l`hscgdrnrî l`hscgdrnrî l`h kny`r ` kdh`r gdtnood gdtnood sdaöh do tcp` gd pr`ydlt`s gd qud sd trntd. Y`r dfdkpo`, tdhgrî kdh`s scahclnlcüh rdontcvn dh o`s pr`ydlt`s nar`pdlunrc`s: su ckp`rtnhlcn, dh lnkec` sdrî dxtrn`rgchnrcn dh o`s pr`ydlt`s knhubnlturdr`s. On dlcdhlcn gd on `pdrnlcüh knhubnlturdrn gdpdhgd dh arnh kdgcgn gd on gcsp`sclcüh gd o`s dqucp`s, puds ãstn rdguhgn dh dl`h`këns gd k`vckcdht`, tcdkp` y kntdrcnods, y dh adhdrno dh on bnlcocgng gchîkcln gdo pr`lds`. On kcskn lnhtcgng y lnocgng gd bnlt`rds pr`gultcv`s pudgd rdhgcr kîs `

kdh`s brut`, sdaöh sdn on b`rkn dh qud sd `ranhcld on l`kechnlcüh

y on lcrluon lcrluonlcüh lcüh gd doo`s dh buhlcü buhlcüh h gd on gcsp` gcsp`sclcüh sclcüh gd o`s dqucp dqucp`s `s

gd pr`gullcüh. Dh on kdgcgn dh qud dst`s prèodkns sd prdvãh dh on dtnpn gd dstugc`, sd bnlcoctnrî on tnrdn gd o`s qud sd mnanh

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>=4

lnra` gdo buhlc`hnkcdht` gd on chgustrcn.

7.5 Ynrtcdhg` gd dstn lonsclnlcüh, pr`lurd lnoluonr do l`st` uhctnrc` gd pr`gullcüh, nsë l`k` o`s l`st`s gd chvdrsc`hds fns y l`st`s gd `pdrnlcüh pdrcügcln.

7.=2

DFDULCLC@ >9 Gded oodvnr n lne` do dstugc` tãlhcl` gdo pr`ydlt` qud dstî gdsnrròonhg` pnrtcdhg` gdo dstugc` gd kdrlng` y rdlàcdhg` dst`s dodkdht`s, prdsdhtd do nhîocscs gd su pr`ydlt`, gdtdrkchng` su tnknþ`, o`lnocznlcüh d chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt`. YU@EODKN N. \d mn mdlm` uh lîoluo` gdo hökdr` gd l`hfuht`s, knhubnlturdr`s gd lcdrt` tcp` qud sdrîh pdgcg`s gurnhtd uhn sdknhn gdtdrkchngn. Gd on ocstn gd kntdrcno kntdrcno gd dstd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s, on b`rkn gdtdrkchngn, do hökdr` gd pnrtds l`kp`hdhtds eudhns qud gdedh bnerclnrsd pnrn sntcsbnldr dstn gdknhgn. Ngdkîs, l`h ensd dh on dxpdrcdhlcn pnsngn, sd mnld uh lîoluo` gdo p`rldhtnfd gd pr`gullcüh gd lngn uhn gd dstns pnrtds qud prèneodkdhtd sdrî rdlmnzng`. O`s rdsuotng`s pudgdh rdsukcrsd l`k` scaud6 E. Th pr`hüstcl` gd vdhtns gd uh l`hfuht` chgcln qud pudgd dspdrnrsd vdhgdr =99 =99 lnhtcgngds lnhtcgngds dh uh kds gdtdrkchng`. On ocstn gd kntdrcnods gd dst`s ecdhds chgclnNqud l`hstn gd g`s pnrtds l`kp`hdhtds, N y E. Ngdkîs, on pnrtd ds knhubnlturngn, knhubnlturng n, y on pnrtd E ds l`kprngn. l`kprngn. Bchnokdhtd, sd rdqucdrdh g`s lnhtcgngds gd on pnrtd N y uhn gd on pnrtd E pnrn lngn l`hfuht`. On m`fn gd `pdrnlc`hds gd on pnrtd N chgcln qud o`s scaucdhtds bnlt`rds gd pr`gullcüh sd dhludhtrnh dhtrd o`s rdqudrcg`s pnrn

pr`gulcr uhn lnpëtuo` gd on pnrtd N. Done`rd o`s rdqudrckcdht`s gd pr`gullcüh y quã tcdkp` rdqucdrd

pnrn dhtrdanr ons =99 lnhtcgngds.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>=1

NTW@DRNOTNLC@H

>.

°Y`r quã do tnknþ` gdtdrkchn o`s hcvdods gd gdlcscüh pnrn `ptckcznr on pr`gullcüh0.

5.

°Luîods s`h o`s trds dodkdht`s prchlcpnods n l`hscgdrnr gurnhtd on dfdlulcüh gdo pr`ydlt`0 Dxpoëqudo`s.

9.

°ûã l`st`s sd chvòulrnh dh on bnerclnlcüh0

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>==

Lnpëtuo` R N\YDLW@\ BCHNHLCDU@\ GD\LUCYLC@H GDO LNYËWTO@ Dh dstd lnpëtuo` sd dstugcnrîh o`s dodkdht`s hnhlcdr`s gdo pr`ydlt`: rdt`knhg` on lunhtclnlcüh gd t`g`s o`s vno`rds, tnht` chards`s dspdrng`s, adhdrng`s p`r o`s pr`hüstcl`s gd vdhtns prdsdhtng`s dh do dstugc` gdo kdrlng`, nsë l`k` on vno`rnlcüh gd t`g`s o`s dards`s `lnsc`hng`s p`r on pudstn dh knrlmn gdo pr`ydlt` y rdvdonlcüh dh do pnsng` dstugc` tãlhcl`. Dh tno sdhtcg`, sd trntnrîh trds nspdlt`s eîscl`s y adhdrnods6 Ons chvdrsc`hds dh do pr`ydlt`, do k`vckcdht` gd chards`s y dards`s -kîs l`h`lcg` l`k` uf` gd lnfn-, y ons budhtds gd hnhlcnkcdht`, pnrn p`hdr dh knrlmn do pr`ydlt`, luokchnhg`

l`h do dstneodlckcdht` pnrn do pr`ydlt` gdo puht` gd dqucocerc`: ds gdlcr do hcvdo dh g`hgd do pr`ydlt` dkpcdzn n sdr ntrnltcv` pnrn o`s chvdrsc`hcstns. \c sd gdsdn pr`buhgcznr pr`buhgcznr dh o`s tdkns gd gd dstd lnpëtuo`, lnpëtuo`, rdl`kcdhg` rdvcsnr g`lukdht`s y kntdrcnods gd L`htnecocgng y Ngkchcstrnlcüh Bchnhlcdrn. Y`r o` tnht`, nquë süo` sd lctnrî do trntnkcdht` gd ons vnrcneods gdhtr` gdo pr`ydlt` y h` sus gdhclc`hds l`hldptunods.

>5

Rdodz, KlAucoo. Chtr`gullcüh n on L`htnecocgng. Kãxcl`, >3=9.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>=3

4.> ON\ CHRDU\C@HD\ DH DO YU@SDLW@ @EFDWCR@\ Ons gdlcsc`hds sd ng`ptnh dhgdo do dstugc` tãlhcl` >. Udnocznr doqud nhîocscs hnhlcdr` pr`ydlt`, fnhg`l`rrdsp`hgdh o`s hcvdods gd chvdrscüh, pr`ydllc`hds gd `pdrnlcüh (Anst`s d Chards`s). 5. Yrdsdhtnr on chb`rknlcüh hnhlcdrn gd knhdrn `rgdhngn bnlcoctnhg` on dvnounlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`.

39

n uhn utcocznlcüh qud gded fustcbclnrsd gd gcvdrs`s k`g`s gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn hnhlcdr`. Dh prckdr ouanr ouanr,, mny qud gdk`strnr qud o`s chvdrsc`hcstns ludhtnh l`h rdlurs`s hnhlcdr`s sulcdhtds pnrn mnldr ons chvdrsc`hds y o`s anst`s l`rrcdhtds qud ckpoclnh on sòulcüh gngn n o`s prèodkns gd pr`lds`, tnknþ` y o`lnocznlcüh.>231 54=> 5395 71>9

19 >79 1> 5>9

UDLMNV@ D\YDUNG@ %

< 4 > 5

4.>.> HDLD\CGNGD\ W@WNOD\ GD LNYCWNO

\d gded prdsdhtnr do lükput` gd t`g`s o`s l`st`s l`rrdsp`hgcdhtds n on chvdrscüh fn fn (tdrrdh`s, dgclc`, dgclc`, dqucp`s) y no lnpctno hdldsnrc` hdldsnrc` gd acr` pnrn on chstnonlcüh y `pdrnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` (kntdr cn prckn, chsuk`s, kntdrcnods, knh` gd èrn y anst`s f`s). (kntdrcn \c sd `ranhcznh o`s gnt`s gd on scaucdhtd b`rkn, sd bnlcoctnrî on tnrdn6

N.

Ynrn luercr on chvdrscüh fn. Ds l`hvdhcdhtd dspdlclnr y lonsclnr o`s dodkdht`s rdqudrcg`s pnrn on ckponhtnlcüh f`). L`htdkponhg` L`htdkponhg` BNLW@U GD YU@GTLLC@Hgdo pr`ydlt` (Lnpctno UD^TC\CW@\ dh dstd kcsk`, anst`s gd dstugc`, chvdstcanlc`hds D^TCY@\ Y@U THCGNG prdockchnrds, Wnongr` Ldpcoo` KNWDUCNO Buhgclcüh >1=<

9.913 m`rns 9.>2= m`rns >

KNH@ GD @EUN @pdrng`r gd Wnongr` @pdrng`r gd Ldpcoo`

9.913 m`rns 9.>2= m`rns

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

>3>

ngqucsclcüh gd gdrdlm`s gd pntdhtds (sc o` mny), `ranhcznlcüh gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh, pna` gd pdrkcs`s y ocldhlcns: l`kprn gd tdrrdh`s y rdlurs`s hnturnods, chloucg`s anst`s ngclc`hnods qud ckpoclnh `trns l`kprns: anst`s gd l`hstrullcüh gd èrns bësclns (sc mny), l`kprn gd knquchnrcns, dqucp`s, npnrnt`s, chstrukdht`, anst`s gd trnhsp`rtd y k`htnfd, l`st`s hnhlcdr`s, dtl.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>35

E.

Acr` gd lnpctno. \d l`h`ld tnkecãh l`k` ons hdldscgngds gd lnpctno gd trnenf` qud rdqucdrd do pr`ydlt` pnrn su `pdrnlcüh, ueclnhg` o`s l`st`s qud sd rdqucdrdh pnrn ons kntdrcns prckns (l`h`lcdhg` su r`tnlcüh), trnhsp`rtd, gdsponznkcdht`s, gdsponznkcdht`s, knh` gd èrn. Gdtdrkchnhg` nhtd nhtd t`g`, o`s dodkdht`s gd l`st`, ecdh scahclntcv`s gdhtr` gdo pr`lds` gd `pdrnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`.

L.

Lnodhgnrc` gd chvdrsc`hds. Ons chvdrsc`hds s`h pnrn np`ynr do lurs` tãlhcl` gdo pr`ydlt`, gd nmë qud gdenh mnldrsd `p`rtuhnkdhtd: dh tno sdhtcg` ãstns gdedh dstnr lonsclngns p`r dtnpns, ds gdlcr n l`rt`, kdgcnh` y onra` ponz`: gd tno knhdrn, qud ãstns l`hludrgnh l`h do ponhdnkcdht` tãlhcl` gdo pr`ydlt` y do pràrnkn gd trnenf` qud do pr`ydlt` sd mn fng`  fng` pnrn su ckponhtnlcüh.

4.>.5 LNYCWNO GC\Y@HCEOD

\d mn dhbntczng` dh on hdldscgng gd fustclnr on lnpnlcgng hnhlcdrn gd o`s chvdrsc`hcstns: scdhg` nsë, l`k` dh on pnrtd nhtdrc`r sd mnld uhn gdslrcplcüh lonrn gd ons hdldscgngds t`tnods

gd lnpctno, sd lctn do lnpctno gcsp`hceod gd o`s chvdrsc`hcstns, on luno ockctn dh arnh kdgcgn do gdsnrròo` gdo pr`ydlt` y fn o`s dodkdht`s gd hnhlcnkcdht` dxtdrh` hdldsnrc` pnrn lukpocr l`h o`s èfdtcv`s gdo pr`ydlt`. Y`r tnht`, sd gded prdsdhtnr dh do pr`ydlt` uhn rdonlcüh gd o`s np`rtds gd lnpctno pr`pc` qud mnrîh o`s chvdrsc`hcstns gdo pr`ydlt`, dspdlclîhgò`s gd gd nludrg` no lnodhgnrc` lnodhgnrc` gd hdldscgngds. Ynrn tno dbdlt`, gcvcgn o`s np`rtd gd lnpctno nsë6

-

Lnpctno rdnoczneod n l`rt` ponz` Lnpctno rdnoczneod n kdgcnh` y onra` ponz`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

-

>3<

Np`rtds dh ecdhds gd lnpctno d chtnhaceods.

Ds bnltceod qud o`s chvdrsc`hcstns h` tdhanh t`g` t `g` do gchdr` pnrn do k`htnfd gdo pr`ydlt`: sch dkenra`, pudgdh p`sddr `tr`s ecdhds ötcods pnrn do pr`ydlt`, l`k` knquchnrcn, tdrrdh`s, dgclc`s, pntdhtds, dtl. Gd nmë qud dst`s np`rtds np`rtds gdenh sdr lunhtclng`s y l`htdkpong`s gdhtr` gdo lnpctno gcsp`hceod. gcsp`hceod.

4.>.< LN YN LC GN G GD CH RD U\ C@ H GD ON DKYUD\N S/@ CH\WCWTLCÜ CH\WCWTLCÜH H

Wno l`k` sd l`kdht l`kdhtü ü dh do dstug dstugc` c` tãlhc tãlhcl`, l`, gd nludr nludrg` g` n on lnpnlcgng chstnongn, h` scdkprd dxcstd on p`scecocgng gd luercr uh kdrlng`, sc h` sd ludhtn l`h on t`tnocgng gd o`s rdlurs`s. Gd nmë qud npocqudk`s dstd kcsk` l`hldpt` y lrctdrc` pnrn dhtdhgdr, l`k` do pr`ydlt` pudgd tdhdr arnhgds pdrspdltcvns, pdr` on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh h` dstî dh l`hgclc`hds gd mnldr t`g` dstd tcp` gd chvdrsc`hds, yn p`rqud h` ons adhdrü ` p`rqud h` tcdhd do lnpctno gcsp`hceod hdldsnrc` pnrn tno h. Ds nsë, l`k` ds l`hvdhcdhtd prdsdhtnr uh nhîocscs lonr` gd on lnpnlcgng rdno gd chvdrscüh gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` gd o`s s`lc`s chvdrsc`hcstns dh rdonlcüh l`h do pr`ydlt`, puds nquë sd gdrcvn on hdldscgng gd ètdhdr budhtds gd hnhlcnkcdht` `pdrnlc`hnods.. H` òvcgd tdhdr dh ludhtn o`s uf`s gd lnfn `pdrnlc`hnods prdvcst`s dh o`s dstugc`s gd kdrlng` y tãlhcl`.

4.5 YUD\TYTD\W@ GD CHAUD\@\ S AN\W@\ L`k` su h`kerd o` chgcln, nquë sd gded prdsdhtnr uh nhîocscs

gdslrcptcv` gd o`s prdsupudstng`s dh do gd tcdkp`, gd tno b`rkn qudchards`s bnlcoctd ydoanst`s dstneodlckcdht` gd uf` lnfn pr`ydltîhgò` pr`ydltîhgò ` gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`. pr`ydlt`. \ch ouanr n gugns,

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>37

sd tcdhd dh ludhtn l`k` ensd, on chb`rknlcüh rdlòdltngn dh o`s dstugc`s gd kdrlng` y tãlhcl`, yn qud uh` `lnsc`hnrî o`s chards`s y do `tr` o`s anst`s d chvdrsc`hds. Ons pr`ydllc`hds hnhlcdrns gd o`s chards`s èdgdldh n `trns vnrcneods ngclc`hnods, tnods l`k`6 lòdllcüh gd dxldgdhtds gd lnfn dh do kdrlng` hnhlcdr`, o` luno adhdrn chtdrdsds y rdhgckcdht`s qud scrvdh pnrn nlukuonr o`s chards`s. Dhb`lnhg` p`r tnht` dst`s l`hldpt`s, do pr`ydlt` gded chloucr g`s tcp`s gd pr`ydllc`hds6

-

Yr`ydllc`hds gd o`s anst`s y Yr`ydllc`hds gd o`s chards`s.

4.5.> YU@SDLLC@H GD O@\ AN\W@\>7

Nquë sd prdsdhtn on sdludhlcn gd o`s anst`s prdvcst`s, n pnrtcr gd on bnsd gd dfdlulcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. Ynrn doo` t`kd l`k` ensd do lnodhgnrc` gd ons chvdrsc`hds prdvcstns y ons prdlcsc`hds pnrn on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`: dh o`s lunods o`s anst`s anst `s gd `pdrnlcüh y `tr`s sd l`kp`rtnh gd k`g` npr`xckngnkdhtd l`hstnhtd. Gcstrceuyn o`s anst`s gd `pdrnlcüh dh g`s rdhao`hds buhgnkdhtnods6 q

Anst`s gd Chvdrscüh. Ttcocld o`s o`s gnt`s gnt`s qud dstîh gcslrckchng`s dh do lnodhgnrc` y k`htnfd nhnoczng`s dh do dstugc` tãlhcl`. Mnan ons sukns nhunods dh do lnodhgnrc` gd chvdrsc`hds y dstneodzln o`s gcbdrdhtds ruer`s pnrn o`s nþ`s rdspdltcv`s.

q

Anst`s gd @pdrnlcüh. Ynrtcdhg` gd o`s gnt`s gdo dstugc` gd ensd pnrn do lîoluo` gd on lnpnlcgng chstnongn, dh do dstugc` tãlhcl`, sd pudgd prdvdr do l`st` `pdrnlc`hno dh o`s nþ`s gd vcgn ötco gdo

pr`ydlt`. W`kd ons suknt`rcns y prdsãhtdons prdsãhtdons pnrn lngn nþ`. >

COYD\. Auën pnrn on prdsdhtnlc prdsdhtnlcüh üh gd pr`ydlt`s. Eà`tî, \cao` ]]C, >3=34

4.5.5 YU@SDLLC@H GD O@\ CHAUD\@\

Nsë l`k` sd done`rn uhn pr`ydllcüh pnrn o`s anst`s, gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`, gd cauno b`rkn sd gded mnldr uhn pr`ydllcüh gd o`s chards`s, qud anrnhtcld do lukpockcdht` gd ons èocanlc`hds qud od adhdrnrîh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gd on dfdlulcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. Lonsclnrdk`s o`s chards`s dh luntr` nspdlt`s n l`htdkponr6 q

Chards`s gd lnpctno. Lunhtcqud o`s np`rtds qud sd mnh fng` o`s chvdrsc`hcstns, y ons gcsp`hcecocgngds gd lnpctno yn l`kdhtngns dh dstn lnpëtuo`. \ökdons y prdsdhtd prdsdhtd on chb`rknlcüh nhuno gurnhtd gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`.

q

Chards`s gd @pdrnlcüh y @tr`s. Dstn chb`rknlcüh pnrtd gd ons vnrcnlc`hds gd on gdknhgn y gd o`s prdlc`s gdo ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s prdvcst`s dh do dstugc` gdo kdrlng` y prdsdhtd on dstcknlcüh gd o`s chards`s chards`s p`r vdhtns, vdhtns, nþ` p`r nþ`. Chgcqud caunokdhtd t`g`s o`s gdkîs tcp`s gd dhtrngns, tnods l`k` on lò`lnlcüh gd nltcv`s hnhlcdr`s, vdhtns gd nltcv`s f`s, vno`rds gd snovnkdht`, dhtrd `tr`s.

q

Chards`s W`tnods. L`hscstd dh on lunhtclnlcüh gd nþ` dh nþ` gd

o`s chards`s qud sd pdrlcecrîh gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`. Dstn chb`rknlcüh ds ensd pnrn on dvnounlcüh n tãrkch`s rdnods (R.Y (R .Y.H.) .H.) gdo pr`ydlt`, nsë l`k` pnrn l`h`ldr l`h`l dr o`s supdrîvct ` gãlct qud nrr`fnrîh on gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd o`s chards`s t`tnods y o`s l`st`s t`tnods. Bnlcoctnhg` g`s tcp`s gd gdlcsc`hds6 gdlcsc`hds6 \c mny supdrîvct, dh pòëtclns gd chvdrscüh y kdf`rnkcdht` gd on rdhtnecocgng y sc p`r do l`htrnrc`, sd prdsdhtn gãlct, sd gnh ons ensds pnrn hnhlcnkcdht` ngclc`hno. q

Bchnhlcnkcdht` Ngclc`hno . Nquë sd prdsdhtn on gcbdrdhlcn

(Gdlctnrcn) dhtrd o`s chards`s y dards`s y sd fnh ons hdldscgngds

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

>32

gd hnhlcnkcdht` ngclc`hno, tnht` pnrn on chvdrscüh fn l`k` pnrn on `pdrnlcüh. Y`r doo` on ckp`rtnhlcn ckp`rtnhlcn gd knhtdhdr ngdlungn chb`rknlcüh nldrln gd ons budhtds gd hnhlcnkcdht` y lrãgct` kîs npr`pcngns pnrn do pr`ydlt`. Dh do hukdrno scaucdhtd, sd l`kdhtn l`h kny`r prdlcscüh dstd nspdlt`. \ch dkenra`, gded sdr ecdh l`hscgdrng` gdhtr` gd o`s chards`s gdo pr`ydlt`, l`h do h gd h` mnldro` gdlctnrc`.

4.< BCHNHLCNKCDHW@ L`h o`s gnt`s rdsuotnhtds gdo dstugc` nhtdrc`r, `ranhcld uh pràrnkn gd hnhlcnkcdht`, tdhcdhg` dh ludhtn ons budhtds dxtdrhns d chtdrhns gd rdlurs`s hnhlcdr`s qud sd hdldsctnh dh do pr`ydlt`. Yrdsdhtd on chb`rknlcüh gd knhdrn gdsnardangn sdaöh do ruer` qud nsë o` adhdrd. Dh dstn tdrldrn pnrtd do dstugc` hnhlcdr` sd pr`p`hgrî uhn ` kîs notdrhntcvns pnrn ètdhdr o`s rdlurs`s hdldsnrc`s n h gd ntdhgdr o`s anst`s gdo pr`ydlt` (dh lns` gd sdr gdlctnrc`) dh sus bnsds gd prdpnrnlcüh, prdpnrnlcüh, dfdlulcüh y `pdrnlcüh. Ynrn doo` sd pnrtcrî gd o`s gnt`s yn prdsdhtng`s sèrd hdldscgngds gd lnpctno y o`s

anst`s d chards`s gd `pdrnlcüh prdvcst`s. \d dxnkchnrî tnkecãh do us` gd dst`s b`hg`s dh lngn bnsd y do uf` gd lnfn rdsuotnhtd.

4. D\WUTLWTUN S BTDHWD\ GD BCHNHLCNKCDHW@ >4

Nquë sd nlonrn do `rcadh, on lr`hòàën y ons b`rkns gd pnrtclcpnlcüh prdvcstns dh do hnhlcnkcdht` t`tno gdo pr`ydlt`, sdaöh sd chgcln n l`htchunlcüh.

q

knhdrn gdslrcptcvn gdslrcptcvn @rëadhds gd Bchnhlcnkcdht`. Nquë sd lctnh gd knhdrn y dsludtn, ons budhtds gd hnhlcnkcdht`, pnrn do lnpctno f` y do

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

q

q

q

>31

lnpctno gd trnenf`, lonsclîhgòns lonsclîhgòns sdaöh sdaöh sdnh6 Lnpctno pr`pc`, pr`pc`, lrãgct`s, rdlurs`s gd `pdrnlcüh, np`rtds dxtrn`rgchnrc`s. Gcstrceulcüh dh do Wcdkp`. \daöh do lnodhgnrc` gd chvdrsc`hds y do pràrnkn gd trnenf`, gdslrcen o`s pdrë`g`s dh qud sd gded mnldr dbdltcv` do hnhlcnkcdht`, pnrn qud l`chlcgn l`h ons hdldscgngds gdo pr`ydlt` y nsë ãstd h` subrn rdtnrg`s. K`gnocgngds gd Lrãgct`. \c mny hdldscgng gd nlugcr no lrãgct`, p`rqud h` nolnhzü on b`rknlcüh gdo lnpctno pr`pc`: ds hdldsnrc` p`r o` tnht`, dspdlclnr ons k`gnocgngds lrdgctclcns, gnhg` pnrn lngn oëhdn gd lrãgct` ons scaucdhtds chb`rknlc`hds6 Dhtcgng, k`ht`, tnsn gd chtdrãs, ponz`s gd nk`rtcznlcüh, anrnhtëns dxcacgns, dtl. L`h dst` sd qucdrd sdodllc`hnr on kdf`r k`gnocgng k`gnocgng gd lrãgct` qud od l`hvdhan no pr`ydlt`: ds nsë l`k` gded nhnocznr y dstugcnr gcstchtns budhtds (lrãgct` gd b`kdht`, chldhtcv`s gd dxp`rtnlcüh, dhgdugnkcdht` hnhlcdr`, ckp`rtnlcüh, dtl.).

4.2

4.7 YTHW@ GD D^TCOCEUC@

>3=

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

L`h do puht` gd dqucocerc` sd qucdrd rdsnotnr on ckp`rtnhlcn gd ãstd gdhtr` gdo dstugc` gdo pr`ydlt`, dh do knhdf` gd ons l`hlousc`hds qud bnlcoctdh on t`kn gd gdlcsc`hds, dh rdonlcüh l`h do knhdf` hnhlcdr` gdo pr`ydlt`. Do puht` gd dqucocerc` ds uh dodkdht` kîs pnrn do nhîocscs y on pon ponhdn hdnlcü lcüh h gd on dkp dkprd rdsn sn y/` chs chstct tctulc ulcüh üh y scr scrvd vd pnr pnrn n rdspnognr on t`kn gd gdlcsc`hds dh sctunlc`hds p`l` l`kpodfns y ngdkîs pdrkctd lnptnr l`h kny`r bnlcocgng kulm`s nspdlt`s dl`hükcl`s gd o`s hda`lc`s. \ch dkenra`, do scstdkn dh së enstnhtd dsqudkîtcl` y sus npoclnlc`hds hdldsctnh ngnptnlc`hds no pnrtcluonr y tnkecãh prugdhlcn. Gdedh tdhdrsd dh ludhtn ons ockctnlc`hds gdo puht` gd dqucocerc`, puds ãstd `rcdhtn on dstcknlcüh gdo dqucocerc` dhtrd anst`s d chards`s, kns h` scrvd pnrn prdvdr `trns pdrspdltcvns dh rdonlcüh l`h o`s ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y su l`kp`rtnkcdht` dh do kdrlng`. \ch dkenra`, gded prdsdhtnrsd dh do pr`ydlt` do lîoluo` gd ãstd y mnldrsd uh arîl` gd gclm` l`kp`rtnkcdht`. N l`htchunlcüh sd prdsdhtn on on arîln gdo nhîocscs y su b`rkuonlcüh6 b`rkuonlcüh6 \daöh on arîln, y rdl`rgnhg` do scahclng` gdo puht` gd dqucocerc`, chtdrvcdhdh6 o`s l`st`s f`s, o`s l`st`s vnrcneods, o`s l`st`s t`tnods y o`s chards`s t`tnods. Chgclîhg`sd qud p`r gdenf` gdo puht` gd dqucocerc` sd dhl`htrnrî, tnht` dh lnhtcgngds k`hdtnrcns (Yu) l`k` dh lnhtcgngds pr`gulcgns ` vdhgcgns (û). Ons b`rkuonlc`hds sd prdsdhtnh pnrn do lîoluo` gd ons lnhtcgngds vdhgcgns (û), gd on scaucdhtd knhdrn6

Chards`s W`tnods Erut`s ; L`st`s f`s + L`st`s vnrcneods >7

COYD\, `p. Lct., p.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

(Y x û) (Y x û) - (LR x û) û (Y - LR)

; LB + (LR x û) ; LB ; LB

û

; LB /(Yu LRu)

>33

Dh do kcsk` sdhtcg`, sd pudgd lnoluonr do puht` gd dqucocerc` dh ons lnhtcgngds k`hdtnrcns (Yu). \d pnrtd gd on kcskn dlunlcüh6 Chards`s W`tnods Erut`s ; L`st`s f`s + L`st`s vnrcneods Gng` qud do prdlc` gd vdhtn y o`s l`st`s vnrcneods sd nsukdh l`hstnhtds dh do nhîocscs gd puht` gd dqucocerc`, on rdonlcüh LR/R ds tnkecãh l`hstnhtd. Sn qud do LR ds uh p`rldhtnfd l`hstnhtd gd ons vdhtns. Chards`s W`tnods Erut`s ; L`st`s f`s + L`st`s vnrcneods

(Yu)

; (LB + (LR x û))/û

DFDULCLC@ >> Lnoluod o`s l`st`s t`tnods d chards`s t`tnods gdo pr`ydlt` qud dstî oodvnhg` n lne`, nsë l`k` ons chvdrsc`hds t`tnods y rdl`f rdl`fn n t`g`s o`s nspdlt nspdlt`s `s hnhlc hnhlcdr`s dr`s gdo pr`ydl pr`ydlt` t` y dhtrãaudons n su tut`r pnrn on dvnounlcüh.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

599

NTW@DRNOTNLC@H >.

Gdslrcen o`s dodkdht`s l`kp`hdhtds gd ons hdldscgngds gd Lnpctno.

5.

°ûã gcbdrdhlcn mny dhtrd on lnpnlcgng gd chvdrscüh gdon dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh y dh do lnpctno gcsp`hceod0

4

COYD\, `p. ltc., p.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

59>

Wrngclc`hnokdhtd o`s dstugc`s`s gd on dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s, chvòulrnh dh o`s kcsk`s süo` nspdlt`s gd tcp` dl`hükcl`, gd tno knhdrn qud sd rdbodfnh nooë t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s qud np`rtnrîh no gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` gd uhn rdacüh, l`kuhcgng ` hnlcüh. Udl`rgdk`s on prckdrn lnpëtuo` lnpëtuo` gdo küguo`, dh g`hgd l`kdhtnk`s qud o`s pràrnkns gd gdsnrròo` sd l`hbdllc`hnh l`h pr`ydlt`s: mnlënk`s l`kpnrnlc`hds dhtrd o`s arnhgds ponhds gd ons dkprdsns y/` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` y /` sdrvclc`s y o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` qud do sdlt`r pöeocl` sd fnen no chclcnr uh Aècdrh`. Yuds ecdh, mdk`s oodang` no lnpëtuo` hno gd dstd ocer`, ocer `, dspdrnhg` qud mnyn nsckcong` o`s l`h`lckcdht`s hdldsnrc`s pnrn done`rnr y dvnounr pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh: y nsë nsë kcsk`, mnyn gdsnrròong` pnrnodo` no dstugc` gd dstn nscahnturn, uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh, do luno gded nm`rn dvnounro` gdsgd g`s üptclns6 on Dvnounlcüh Bchnhlcdrn y on Dvnounlcüh Dl`hükcln. N gcbdrdhlcn gd o`s tdxt`s trngclc`hnods, nquë sd dvnoön do pr`ydlt` tnht` dh o` rdbdrdhtd n o` hnhlcdr` -on rdhtnecocgng y l`hvdhcdhlcn Npoclnlcüh gd o`s b`hg`s

L`kprn gd Nltcv`s

Chlrdkdht`

Gdlrdkdht`

Nukdhtn

Yna` gd Ynscv`s

Udgullcüh

Yna` gd gcvcgdhg`s

Udgullcüh

L`kprn gd nllc`hds

Nukdhtn

Chvdrsc`hds Wdkp`rnods

Nukdhtn

Budhtd gd o`s B`hg`s

Chlrdkdht`

Gdlrdkdht`

Rdhtn gd Nltcv`s

Udgullcüh

Udtcr` gd chvdrsc`hds

Udgullcüh

Ttcocgngds Hdtns nhtds gd

Udgullcüh

gdprdlcnlc`hdss y nk`rtcznlc`hds gdprdlcnlc`hd Ynscv`s

Nukdhtn

Rdhtn gd nllc`hds pr`pcns

Nukdhtn

Gcskchulcüh ` chlrdkdht` hdt` gdo lnpctno gd trnenf`

Gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd o`s chlrdkdht`s y o`s gdlrdkdht`s

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

595

pnrn do chvdrsc`hcstn- nsë l`k` o`s ludstc`hnkcdht`s gd `rgdh dl`hükcl` vcst`s gdsgd o`s îhauo`s gdo \dlt`r Yrcvng` y do \dlt`r Yöeocl` y on vcscüh dl`hükcln s`lcno, yn qud ons pdrspdltcvns gd lngn uh` h` gcdrdh dh on kdt`gòàën yn lctngn: sch` dh do ckpnlt` gdo kcsk` y sus l`hvdhcdhlcns gd gdsnrròo`.

N trnvãs gdo lnpëtuo` sd rdvcsnrîh tdkns y trntng`s dh on Kntdkîtclns Bchnhlcdrns, l`k`6 -

On tnsn chtdrhn gd rdt`rh` Do vno`r prdsdhtd hdt` Do l`st` nhuno uhcb`rkd dqucvnodhtd On rdonlcüh edhdlc`-l`st`.

Gd cauno b`rkn sd trntnrîh nspdlt`s gdo Nhîocscs Bchnhlcdr` vcst` gdsgd on ckp`rtnhlcn gd on dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn y su np`rtd n on t`kn gd gdlcsc`hds. Ds kc gdsd` l`k` nut`r gd dstd ocer`, qud sdn uhn eudhn auën pnrn do gdsdkpdþ` gd su pr`bdscüh, lunhg` tdhan hdldscgng gd prdpnrnr y dvnounr pr`ydlt`s gd gd chvdrscüh y gdsnrròo`. gdsnrròo`. Dspdr` qud gugns prdsdhtngns dh do trnhslurs` gd o`s tdkns sd mnynh nlonrng` l`h do su pr`bds`r y l`hsuotnhg` on eceocàrnbën suadrcgn.

@EFDWCR@\ GD DO LNYËWTO@

.    u     Y    s    `     c    l    d    r     Y

YTHW@ GD D^TCOCEUC@

Yu

Chards`s W`tnods

L`st`s W`tnods L`st`s Bcf`s

L`st`s Rnrcneods

Lnhtcgngds û

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

59<

>.

Dstugcnr o`s prchlcpnods lrctdrc`s gd dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn, tdhcg`s

5.

dh ludhtn pnrn on dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh. @etdhdr ons mdrrnkcdhtns gd dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn hdldsnrcns pnrn on t`kn gd gdlcscüh dh lunht` n on l`hvdhcdhlcn gd uh pr`ydlt`.

DRNOTNLC@H BCHNHLCDUN Dh do lnpëtuo` R sd dstugcnr`h o`s dodkdht`s hnhlcdr`s n sdr l`hscgdrng`s dh uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh, l`k` rdsuotng` gd `pdrnlc`hds hdtnkdhtd l`htneods: k`strnhg` ons pr`ydllc`hds gdo pr`ydlt`s dh kntdrcn gd chards`s y dards`s n trnvãs gdo tcdkp`: ponhtdîhg`sd hdldscgngds gd hnhlcnkcdht` chlouscvd. \ch dkenra`, h` sd mnld uhn dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn gd dstn

chb`rknlcüh, pnrn `l`h`ldr do vno`r gd gdordhtnecocgng pr`ydlt` dhpnrn do n tcdkp` n qudtznods gd m`y su dxpdltntcvn pnr qud uh chvdrsc`hcstn t`kd gdlcsc`hds. gdlcsc`hds. Gd cauno cauno b`rkn b`rkn h` sd rdvdonh rdvdonh

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

597

o`s ëhgclds hnhlcdr`s kîs scahclntcv`s pnrn do trntnkcdht` `pdrntcv` gdo pr`ydlt` dh do tcdkp`. Ds nsë l`k`, dh dstn prckdrn pnrtd gd Do lnpëtuo`, trntnrdk`s on b`rkn gd chtdrprdtnr dst`s ëhgclds y vnrcneods y su ckp`rtnhlcn dh on dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s.

2.>.> WN\N CHWDUHN GD UDW@UH@ (WCU)

On prckdrn vnrcneod n dstugcnr ds on tnsn chtdrhn gd rdt`rh` l`h`lcgn l`k` WCU: on luno rdbodfn on tnsn gd chtdrãs ` gd rdhtnecocgng qud do pr`ydlt` nrr`fnrî pdrë`g` n pdrë`g` gurnhtd t`gn on vcgn vcgn ötco. Lunhg` t`g` pr`ydlt` chclcn, sd oodvnh n lne` dards`s qud gdh`kchnk`s chvdrsc`hds, ons lunods sd dspdrnh rdlupdrnr dh on kdgcgn qud o`s chards`s gdo pr`ydlt` nsë o` pdrkctn: ds p`r doo` l`köh dslulmnr on dxprdscüh ‟W`g` hda`lc` y rdnokdhtd o` qud suldgd ds qud sd dstî no prchlcpc` gn pãrgcgns‛  y rdlupdrnhg` on chvdrscüh sch qud sd ètdhanh arnhgds edhdlc`s. Gd nmë qud sdn hdldsnrc` l`h`ldr on tnsn gd chtdrãs l`h qud do chvdrsc`hcstn dstî rdlupdrnhg` su chvdrscüh, pnrn qud t`kd on gdlcscüh gd chvdrtcr dh do pr`ydlt` ` sc p`r do l`htrnrc` dstn tnsn ds tnh enfn qud od l`hvcdhd gdfnr su gchdr` dh uh Enhl` anhnhg` chtdrãs ` dh `trns chvdrsc`hds. Y`r doo` ds ckp`rtnhtd qud dstugcdk`s dst`s l`hldpt`s gd uhn knhdrn chtdarno, yn qud dh noauhn lcrluhstnhlcn on WCU h` ds tnh l`hvdhcdhtd l`k` dh `trns chvdrsc`hds, pdr` pudgdh l`h do tcdkp` adhdrnr `trns dxpdltntcvns, gd `rgdh dl`hükcl`, tnods l`k`6 Adhdrnr rcqudzn, trnenf`, gdsnrròo` dl`hükcl` dhtrd `tr`s. Gded dhtdhgdrsd on WCU, l`k` uh bnlt`r qud ds dvnoung` gurnhtd t`gn on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt` y h` süo` no prchlcpc` ` no hno y p`r

tnht` dstd bnlt`r tcdhd dh ludhtn t`g` do uf` gd lnfn l`htdkpong` l`htdkpong` pnrn do pr`ydlt`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

594

N l`htchunlcüh rdl`rgnrdk`s o`s lrctdrc`s kntdkîtcl`s qud on gdhdh, o`s lunods gdedh sdr l`hscgdrng`s pnrn on dvnounlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`. Kntdkîtclnkdhtd sd gdhd l`k`6 Nqudoon tnsn qud sd npocln n o`s vno`rds prdsdhtd hdt`s gd on chvdrscüh -` sdn n ons gcbdrdhlcns dhtrd o`s chards`s y dards`s gd lngn pdrë`g` gd vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`- caunokdhtd. Gngn on Dlunlcüh

(>) ‟ (Ch-Dh)*(>+ WCU)h - ‟ J + (>+ WCU)-h ; 9 dh g`hgd6

Ch Dh Jh WCU h

; Chards`s dbdltcvnkdhtd dhtrng`s dh lnfn dh do pdrë`g` h ; Dards`s dbdltcvnkdhtd pnang`s dh do pdrë`g` h ; K`ht` gd on chvdrscüh rdnoczngn dh do pdrë`g` h ; Wnsn Chtdrhn gd Udt`rh` ; Rcgn ötco gd pr`ydlt `, chloucg` dh do pdrë`g` gd chvdrscüh. Ds l`hvdhcdhtd l`hscgdrnr, on chvdrscüh l`k` rdnoczngn dh uhn kcskn bdlmn, l`h do pr`püsct` gd bnlcoctnr do lîoluo`. \ch dkenra`, sc on chvdrscüh sd gdhd gurnhtd uh pdrë`g` enstnhtd onra`, p`r dfdkpo`6 do hnhlcnkcdht` gd uhn kîquchn, dh lu`tns n pnanr, suknrî dards`s y süo` l`htdkponrî uhn chvdrscüh on lu`tn chclcno.

On dlunlcüh qudgnrî6 (5) ‟ (Ch-Dh)*(>+ WCU)-h - J ; 9

Mnstn nquë mdk`s dhknrlng` on WCU, gdhtr` gd uh l`htdxt` adhdrno y lunoctntcv` qud gcluotn su lîoluo`: gd nmë qud gdenk`s

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

592

rdl`rgnr l`k` uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh, tcdhd ngdkîs gd su WCU g`s tnsns chtdrãs qud s`htcdhd èfdt` nhîocscs nhtds gd dvnounron: pudsgd t`g` chvdrsc`hcstn uhngddxpdltntcvn këhckn pnrn rdlupdrnr su chvdrscüh y tcdhd `trn supdrc`r, qud o` `rcdhtn nldrln gd on rdhtnecocgng pr`kdgc` qud uh pr`ydlt`, gdhtr` gd uh gdtdrkchng` sdlt`r, sdlt`r, gded rdhtnr rdhtnr.. Ds nsë, l`k` sd gcld qud uh pr`ydlt` pudgd tdhdr kîs gd uhn tnsn gd rdt`rh`, rdt`r h`, ons lunods gdedh sdr l`hscgdrngns dh on dlunlcüh scaucdhtd.

On WCU npr`xckngn sdrî6 (.5.

DFDKYO@ YNUN DO LNOLTO@ GD ON WCU. Th chvdrsc`hcstn np`rtn dh uhn s`lcdgng gd kudeods ^.4.999 m`y y dspdrn qud od pr`guzlnh ^.>999 nhunods gurnhtd gcdz nþ`s y ^.1.999 no hno gd o`s gcdz nþ`s. nþ`s. °Luîo sdrî on tnsn gd rdt`rh`0

>.

Done`rnr do gcnarnkn gd uf` gd lnfn.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

591

No utcocznr on Dlunlcüh Hökdr` 5, tdhdk`s6

9 ; -4.999 + >999 (Y/N, c%, >9) + 1.999 (Y/B, c%, >9)

Do chvdrsc`hcstn l`hscgdrn l`k` këhckn uhn tnsn gdo 4% gd nmë qud6

9 ; -4.999 + >999 (9,115>2) + 1.999 (9,2>2 21,2 + 7.534,59

\d nldrln n ldr` rdqucsct` pnrn dhl`htrnr on WCU: sch dkenra`, mny lnhtcgngds n l`hscgdrnr dh uhn tnsn supdrc`r, on luno sd dstckn dh 2%.

9 ; -4.999 + >999 (Y/N, 2%, >9) + 1.999 (Y/B, 2%, >9) -999 (9,19%. Dh adhdrno, gngns ons tdhgdhlcns p`r do ong` gd on `bdrtn dh do kdrlng` gd trnenf`, dh do butur` sdrî hdldsnrc` vòvdr kîs pr`gultcvn on dgulnlcüh pnrn dvctnr qud on tnsn gd rdt`rh` sd vudovn chnldptneodkdhtd enfn.‛ >=

2.>.5 DO RNO@U YUD\DHWD HDW@ (RYH)

Wnkecãh sd l`h`ld l`k` do vno`r nltuno hdt` (R (RNH): NH): gdhcãhg`sd l`k` on gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd o`s chards`s y dards`s (chloucgn l`k` dards` on chvdrscüh) n vno`rds nltunoczng`s.

Dh do dfdkpo` nhtdrc`r, o`s >999 rdlcecg`s dh do nþ`, hudvd (3) h` s`h o`s kcsk`s >999 gdo nþ` ldr` (>), ckpoclnhg` uhn nltunocznlcüh gd ãst`s n uhn tnsn gd chtdrãs c: ons lunods gdpdhgdh gd l`hscgdrnlc`hds dl`hükclns l`htdkpongns p`r do kdrlng` gd lnpctnods y p`r do chvdrsc`hcstn. chvdrsc`hcstn. Gd nmë, on ckp`rtnhlcn ckp`rtnhlcn gd dhl`htrnr on WCU, puds dstn b`rkn sd tcdhd uh vno`r dxnlt` gd

nltunocznlcüh. Kntdkîtclnkdhtd on Dlunlcüh gdo vno`r prdsdhtd o` gdhd6

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

593

(7) RYH (c) ; ‟ (Ch-Dh)*(>+ c)-h - ‟ Jh* (>+c)-h Wdhcãhg`sd l`k`6 lnfn dh do pdrë`g` h Ch ; Chards`s dbdltcvnkdhtd dhtrng`s dh lnfn Dh ; Dards`s dbdltcvnkdhtd pnang`s dh do pdrë`g` h Jh ; K`ht` gd on chvdrscüh rdnoczngn dh do pdrë`g` h WCU ; Wnsn Chtdrhn gd gd Udt`rh` ; Rcgn ötco gd pr`ydlt pr`ydlt`, `, chloucg` dh do pdrë`g` gd h chvdrscüh. RYH ; Rno`r prdsdhtd hdt` \caucdhg` do dfdkpo` nhtdrc`r, do vno`r prdsdhtd gd on chvdrscüh no 4% sdrën6

RYH 4% ; -4.999 + >999 (Y/N, 4%, >9) + 1.999 (Y/B, 4%, >9) ; -4.999 + >999 (9,115>2) + 1.999 (9,2>2 + 7.534,59 ; 21.9

öotckn sd l`hvcdrtd dh uhn sdrcd gd pna`s nhunods dqucvnodhtds, qud sd pudgdh suknr o`sgdo o`s gdkîs gdsdkeòs`s nhunods pnrn ètdhdr uh l`st` t`tno l`h nhuno pr`ydlt`. \u b`rkuonlcüh sd rdprdsdhtn, l`k`6 (4) LNTD ; Y*(c* (>+c) h / (>+c) h - >

; Y* (b.r.l) (bnlt`r gd rdlupdrnlcüh gd lnpctno) Dh g`hgd6

Y c h

; Chvdrscüh Chclcno ; tnsn gd chtdrãs ; Rcgn ötco gd pr`ydlt`, chloucg` dh do pdrë`g` gd chvdrscüh. LNTD ; L`st` Nhuno Thcb`rkd Dqucvnodhtd Dqucvnodhtd Npoclnhg` do LNTD LNTD no prèodkn nhtdrc`r6

(2) LNTD

; ; ;

Y*(c* (>+c) h / (>+c) h - > 4999*(9.94>2*(>.247/9.247)) 4999*(9.94>2*(>.247/9. 247)) 245.42

On lcbrn chgcln, ono`s lnhtcg lnhtcgng ng nhuno qud mny qud chvdr chvdrtcr tcr nhunokdhtd pnrn ètdhdr kcsk` kcsk`s s rdsuotng`s n on kcskn tnsn gd chtdrãs.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5>>

2.>.7 UDONLC@HD\ BCHNHLCDUN\ EN\CLN\ (Ocqucgdz, lnrtdrn, dhgdugnkcdht` y lnpctno)

Do vno`r prdsdhtd hdt`, nsë l`k` on WCU, rdbodfnh nspdlt`s ckp`rtnhtds gdo pr`ydlt` l`k` s`h on rdhtnecocgng y su l`st` n uh vno`r nltunoczng`, gurnhtd gurnhtd su vcgn ötco. Y`r sc sò`s h` s`h dodkdht`s pnrn t`knr gdlcsc`hds dh rdonlcüh l`h do pr`ydlt`: p`r tnht` ds l`hvdhcdhtd l`htrnstnr dstn chb`rknlcüh l`h do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdpr`ydllcüh ons rnz`hds scahclntcvns l`hscgdrngns dh on gd hnhlcdrns o`s dstng`s kîs hnhlcdr`s. L`k` sd rdl`rgnrî, ons rnz`hds hnhlcdrns s`h uhn rdonlcüh dhtrd g`s lnhtcgngds gd o`s dstng`s hnhlcdr`s gd uhn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh, ètdhcãhg`sd uh bnlt`r, qud sdaöh ons lnhtcgngds rdonlc`hngns rdbodfnh sctunlc`hds gcvdrsns dh ludht` n on ngkchcstrnlcüh hnhlcdrn. Nquë h` prdtdhgdk`s gnr trntng`s nordgdg`r gd ons rnz`hds hnhlcdrns gdecg` n qud budr`h dstugcngns dh su lurs` gd Ngkchcstrnlcüh Bchnhlcdrn C y npoclngns l`h nldrtngn chscstdhlcn dh on Ngkchcstrnlcüh Bchnhlcdrn CC: mnrdk`s rdodvnhlcn dh luntr` rnz`hds ecdh scahcbclntcvns dh do knhdf` bchnhlcdr` gd uhn l`kpnþën y qud s`h ngdkîs ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s gd nhîocscs gdo uf` gd lnfn gdo pr`ydlt`: do luno mn scg` eîscl` dh on chvdstcanlcüh rdonlc`hngn l`h do vno`r prdsdhtd hdt` y on WCU. ∖

Unz`hds gd Ocqucgdz. Ons rnz`hds qud kîs sd utcocznh

dh dstn lntda`rën s`h ons gd lcrluonhtd y on l`h`lcgn ‟pruden

>2

O`s bnlt`rds l`rrdsp`hgdh n ons tnsns gd Chtdrãs Do us` gd m`fns gd lîoluo` bnlcoctn ons `pdrnlc`hds: sch dkenra` su lnocgng gdpdhgdrî gd o n ngdlungn b`rkuonlcüh gdo prèodkn y gd on eudhn dstrulturn gdo uf` gd lnfn. GD O@ L@H-

>1

WUNUC@ DO T\@ GD ON BTHLC@H DH ON M@FN GD LNOLTO@, D\WNUN GC\W@U\C@HNGN.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

5>5

îlcgn‛. Do pr`ydlt` ds bnltceod, qud h` ludhtd l`h uhn sdrcd gd chb`rknlcüh l`htneod y hnhlcdrn, qud èstnluoczn do knhdf` gd dst`s lrctdrc`s. Y`r tnht`, pr`lurd l`hstrucr uh enonhld y dstng`s hnhlcdr`s -sc do pr`ydlt` ds hudv`- ` sckuod o`s scaucdhtds gd nludrg` n dstng`s gd pruden qud pdrkctnh lnoluonr lnoluonr,, dh dspdlcno on ‟pruden îlcgn‛ yn qud ãstn h`s chgclnrî rdnokdhtd do lcrluonhtd (gchdr` dbdltcv` dh lnfn) pnrn ntdhgdr ons èocanlc`hds chkdgcntns (pnscv`s lcrluonhtds), l`htdkponhg` o`s vòökdhds gd chvdhtnrc` qud nooë sd l`htdkpodh.

Yruden îlcgn ;

(Nltcv` lcrluonhtd Chvdhtnrc`) / Ynscv` Lcrluonhtd

No l`kcdhz` uh pr`ydlt` h` tcdhd uh nltcv` lcrluonhtd o` sulcdhtdkdhtd sulcdhtdkd htd not`, y p`r do l`htrnrc` tdhgrî uh not` vòukdh gd chvdhtnrc` qud prdtdhgd prdtdhgd k`vdr pnrn adhdrnr rdlurs`s. Ds gdlcr n kdgcgn qud do chvdhtnrc` sd rdguld do dbdltcv` lcrluonhtd nukdhtn, pdrkctcdhg` tdhdr kny`r luerckcdht` gdo pnscv` chkdgcnt`.

Dfdkpo`6 Thn l`kpnþën tcdhd l`k` Nltcv` Lcrluonhtd ^.3=4 y dh >3=2 tdhën gd nltcv`s o`s kcsk`s ^.=–599.999, ^.=–599.999, pdr` nukdhtü sus pnscv`s ^. 2–>99.999: 2–>99.999: vdnk`s kntdkîtclnkdhtd o` qud suldgcü6 Hcvdo gd Dhgdugnkcdht` ; ^. 7–>99.999/^. =–599.999 ; 49% >3=4 Hcvdo gd Dhgdugnkcdht` ; ^. 2–>99.999/^. =–599.999 ; 17% >3=2

Dhtrd >3=4 y >3=2 nukdhtü sus gdugns, rdgulcdhg` rdgul cdhg` su p`scecocgng gd dhgdugnkcdht`: yn qud kcdhtrns kcd htrns dh do =4 tdhën pnrn pnanr, p`r

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5>1

lngn qudtzno gdeën lchludhtn ldhtnv`s, nm`rn süo` tcdhd vdchtcsãcs ldhtnv`s. Y`r tnht`, ds >3=4, kîs l`kpoclng` l`kp oclng` qud uh prdstd gchdr` dh >3=2 qud dh yn qud ludhtn l`henhl` kdh`sodnltcv`s pnrn anrnhtcznr do dkprãstct`. Dstd hcvdo gd dhgdugnkcdht` gded sdr rdvcsng` y l`htròng` pdrcügclnkdhtd, pnrn dvctnr gcbcluotngds gd tcp` bchnhlcdr` dh on ngkchcstrnlcüh gd on `ranhcznlcüh, nsë l`k` gd sus pr`ydllc`hds. ∖

Unz`hds gd Lnpctno. L`köhkdhtd o`s trntngcstns gdo nhîocscs hnhlcdr`, chvòulrnh dh ons rnz`hds gd npnonhlnkcdht` hnhlcdr`, oonkngns tnkecãh gd dhgdugnkcdht`, on rnzüh gd lnpctnocznlcüh, lnpctnocznlcüh, p`r l`hscgdrnr qud ons gdugns nbdltnh gd noauhn b`rkn do lnpctno gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh - nsë dstã l`hb`rkng` p`r uh süo` s`lc`, y gd pdqudþn, kdgcnhn ` arnhgd -, yn qud dstn rnzüh chgcln on p`rlcüh gdo lnpctno qud sd hnhlcn l`h dhgdugnkcdht`: o` luno süo` chgcln qud on dstnecocgng gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh h` ds süocgn dh on kdgcgn qud do lnpctno dstã rdsp`hgcdhg` p`r uhn eudhn pnrtd gd ons gdugns, l`rrcãhg`sd do rcdsa` gd pdrgdr l`htrò sèrd on kcskn y qud on nsukdh o`s nlrddg`rds.

Lunhg` su pr`ydltcstn dstî dvnounhg` uh pr`ydlt`, gded l`htrònr su dhgdugnkcdht` y lnpctnocznlcüh dh do tcdkp`, pr`ydltnhg` su uf` gd b`hg`s gd tno knhdrn qud sd prdvdn on lnpctnocznlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` y su nut`sulcdhlcn. Kntdkîtclnkdhtd on dxprdscüh qud dstneodld on rnzüh gd lnpctnocznlcüh ds6

Unzüh gd Lnpctno ; Gdugn n onra` ponz` / gdugn n onra`

ponz`

Lnpctno l`htneod

Dh on kdgcgn qud on brnllcüh gdo gdh`kchng`r sdn enstnhtd kny`r qud on gdo hukdrng`r, sd dstnrî nhtd uhn lnpctnocznlcüh

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

5>=

kîs süocgn qud sc do gdh`kchng`r sd npr`xckn no hukdrng`r nes`recdhg` lnpctno. Nsuknk`s qud uhn pdqudþn l`kpnþën tcdhd gdugns n onra` ponz` p`r ^.>–999.999 y tcdhd uh lnpctno l`htneod gd ^. 7–999.999 dh >3=7. \ch dkenra` dh >3=4 tcdhd gdugns p`r p`r ^. 499.999 499.999 y su lnpctno l`htneod o` rdguf` n ^. –999. 999/(>–999. 999+7–999. 999); 59% >3=7 UgL ; 499. 999/499. 999 + >.3=7 tcdhd l`kpr`kdtcg`s do =9% gdo lnpctno pdrknhdhtd, nm`rn tcdhd do =3,1%: pugcdhg` nsë knhdfnr su hcvdo gd dhgdugnkcdht`. L`h do ponhtdnkcdht` y prdsdhtnlcüh gd dstns rnz`hds, sd qucdrd rdb`rznr on dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn pnrn qud ãstn sdn kîs èfdtcvn y lonrn y pudgn np`rtnr no chvdrsc`hcstn kîs dodkdht`s d odkdht`s pnrn on t`kn gd gdlcsc`hds, qud od nyugnrî chgcslutceodkdhtd no pr`ydltcstn n rdl`kdhgnr o` kîs l`hvdhcdhtd. H` scdkprd ds bîlco ` ötco dkpodnr t`gns ons rnz`hds dh on dvnounlcüh: p`r doo` do nhnocstn y pr`ydltcstn gded mnldr uhn chspdllcüh prdvcn no pr`ydlt` pnrn dstneodldr sus lnrnltdrëstclns l nrnltdrëstclns hnhlcdrns y nsë fnr ons vnrcneods kîs rdprdsdhtntcvns n sdr dvnoungns. Wnk W nkp` p`l` l` ò òvv cg cgdd qu qudd on onss rn rnz` z`hd hdss bc bchn hnhl hlcd cdrn rns, s, ns nsëë l` l`k` k` do

RYH, do LNTD y on WCU, p`r së sòns, süo` gnh pnrîkdtr`s gd `rcdhtnlcüh pnrn on fnr p`sclc`hds l`hY`r o`s tnht` tãrkch`s gd rdbdrdhlcn, pnrn dvnounlcü dvnounlcüh h gddh uhrdonlcüh pr`ydlt`. GDED KNHDFNU D\WN\ RNUCNEOD\ L@H TH LUCWDUC@ CHWDAUNO,

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5>3

D\WNEODLCDHG@ DO \CAHCBCLNG@ GD LNGN TH@ GDHWU@ GDO L@HWD]W@ GDO YU@SDLW@ . Ds gdlcr, su scahclng` kntdkîtcl` - lunhtclntcv` ds süo` uh puht` gd pnrtcgn pnrn do

nhîocscs lunoctntcv` y su chlcgdhlcn dh do gdsnrròo` gdo pr`ydlt`. \ch dkenra`, tdhan lucgng` l`h on ‟D\YDLTONLC@H‛.

∖

NHNOC\C\ GD \DH\CECOC \DH\CECOCGNG GNG

Do nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng y su l`htdhcg` budr`h gdhcg`s p`r Uèdrt Eonhhcha>3, enf` g`s scahclng`s dspdlël`s6

>.

5.

Dxpdrckdhtnr l`h do k`gdo` pnrn lnoluonr do l`st` y gdsdkpdþ` nhtclcpng`s gd gdlcsc`hds pr`pudstns (sckuonlc`hds) ` lnoluonr vnrcneods gd gdlcscüh qud kchckcznh ` knxckcznh uhn kdgcgn öhcln gd l`st` ` gdsdkpdþ` l`h rdstrcllc`hds sèrd `trns kdgcgns ( `ptckcznlcüh) Kdgcr on tnsn gd lnkec` gdo rdsuotng` gdo k`gdo` (ons kdgcgns gd l`st` y gdsdkpdþ`) l`h rdspdlt` n ons dhtrngns (ons gdlcsc`hds y do nkecdhtd)

Do nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng ds uh pr`lds` lëlocl` y rdpdtctcv` mnstn qud ons vnrcneods èfdt` èfdt` gd nhîocscs `ptckcldh on pr`pudstn y adhdrã ons sòulc`hds bnltceods gd l`htchadhlcn y nyugn n uhn kny`r l`kprdscüh gdo pr`ydlt`. On scaucdhtd arîln kudstrn do dxnkdh pdrknhdhtd pnrn uh nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng.. On vdrgngdrn vcscüh qud sd ètcdhd gdo dsbudrz` gd b`rkuonlcüh adhdrnokdhtd surad gurnhtd gurnht d dstn dtnpn gdo nhîocscs. Ds nsë l`k` sd pnrtd gd dst`s nhîocscs pnrn do rdponhtdnkcdht` y sdodllcüh gd o`s chgclng`rds gd kdgclcüh sdaöh o`s ckpnlt`s dspdrng`s. On vcscüh

qud sd anhn gdo nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng pr`vdd no ngkchcstrng`r hnhlcdr` uh kdgc` qud nyugn dxldodhtd pnrn ldrrnr on erdlmn gd lrctdrc` dhtrd o`s rdsuotng`s gdo k`gdo` y do kuhg` rdno.

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Dh l`hlouscüh o`s kãt`g`s gd nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng nyugnh n on lnocgngscdkprd gd on dvnounlcüh y p`r tnht` do ãxct` gdol`kpodkdhtnr pr`ydlt`: k`strnhg` o`s scaucdhtds trds tcp`s gd nhîocscs6

ø

Nhîocscs gd vno`r. \d ockctn no lnkec` gdo vno`r gd uhn vnrcneod dh uh k`gdo` Nhîocscs gd rnha`. °Luîht` pudgd lnkecnr uh vno`r nhtds gd gdfnr

ø

L`rrdsp`hgdhlcn. Do vno`r gd dhtrngn sã l`kpnrnr l`h on kdgcgn

ø

gd sdr `ptck`0 gd rdsuotng` pnrn lngn vno`r dh do rnha` gdscahng`.

Dh tno sdhtcg`, on l`hscgdrnlcüh kîs ckp`rtnhtd rdspdlt` no us` gdo nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng dh t`gns ons îrdns gd done`rnlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s, dstî dh do l`hldpt` gd l`htrò gd lnkec`: lnkec`: yn qud kcgd do ckpnlt` prdlcs` gd lngn bnlt`r gd dhtrngn sèrd on kdgcgn gd rdsuotng`.

2.>.4 L@HLOT\C@HD\ S UDL@KDHGN UDL@KDHGNLC@HD\ LC@HD\

Wno vdz ds uhn gd ons pnrtds kîs ckp`rtnhtds y kîs sulchtn gdo pr`ydlt`, yn qud sd gnh ons l`hgclc`hds gd on dvnounlcüh, fîhg`sd lrctdrc`s chtdarnods qud pdrkctnh t`knr gdlcsc`hds nldrln gdo l`kp`rtnkcdht` hnhlcdr` gdo pr`ydlt`, puds sd dstneodld su vcnecocgng y l`hvdhcdhlcn gdhctcvn. Nsë l`k` do Dstugc` gdo Kdrlng` sd gdlën gd su ckp`rtnhlcn, yn qud `rcdhtnen lurs` gd prdbnltcecocgng y dstneodlën sc tdhën noaöh sdhtcg` l`htchunr l`h ons scaucdhtds chvdstcanlc`hds mnstn oodanr n ãstn. Yuds ecdh, yn mdk`s oodang` n on dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn y sd mnh gng` uhn sdrcd sd rcd gd mdrrnkcdhtns lunhtctntcvns, qud bnlcoctnh on dvnounlcüh nldrln gd ons l`hgclc`hds hnhlcdrns dh qud sd dstnrën pnrn do k`htnfd y gdsnrròo` gdo pr`ydlt`.

Gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn gdo lurs` mnstn nquë trntng`, gdedh chclcnrsd ons l`hlousc`hds hnhlcdrns, tnkecãh l`h ons qud sd dxtrnltdh gd o`s `tr`s dstugc`s: ds gdlcr, qud sd l`hlouyn dh do

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

55>

dstugc` gd kdrlng`, l`k` rdodvnhtd rdodvnht d pnrn on pudstn dh knrlmn gdo pr`ydlt` y qud L`hlousc`hds chgugneodkdhtd chlcgcrî dh on sctunlcüh hnhlcdrn gdo pr`ydlt`. tãlhclns nldrln gd on chadhcdrën gdo pr`ydlt`, gdedh sdr l`hscgdrngns dh on ckponhtnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` y qud nbdltnrîh do gdsnrròo` hnhlcdr` gdo gdo kcsk`. Y`r dstn rnzüh, on chscstdhlcn dh do knhdf` chtdarno gd dstn dvnounlcüh, puds gd dst` gdpdhgd on èfdtcvcgng gdo pr`ydlt` y p`r o`s tnht` su ãxct`. Udludrgd nkca` dstugcnhtd, qud dstn dvnounlcüh od gnrî ngdkîs, gd l`hlousc`hds lunhtctntcvns nldrln gdo l`kp`rtnkcdht` hnhlcdr` gdo pr`ydlt`, `rcdhtnlc`hds sèrd su `ranhcznlcüh y knhdf`, suprckcdhg` dstrntdacns y pòëtclns n fnr dh su ngkchcstrnlcüh. Ds p`r doo`, qud ons l`hlousc`hds gdedh sdr prdlcsns, lonrns y èfdtcvns y h` sd gdedh l`hbuhgcr l`h ons rdl`kdhgnlc`hds, gd ons lunods mneonrdk`s mneonrdk`s kîs ngdonhtd. Udludrgd qud dh ons l`hlousc`hds sd ponsknh o`s dodkdht`s lnrnltdrëstcl`s gdo pr`ydlt` dh lunht` n kdrlng`s, rdlurs`s bëscl`s, rdlurs`s hnhlcdr`s y rdlurs`s dl`hükcl`s, nsë l`k` lrctdrc`s gd `pdrnlcüh y knhdf`: kîs h` sd suacdrdh pr`ldgckcdht`s, hc on `pdrnlcüh pnrn on pudstn dh knrlmn, yn qud dst` sd l`htdkpon dh ons rdl`kdhgnlc`hds. Ds buhlcüh gd t`g` pr`ydltcstn, suadrcr o`s kdlnhcsk`s y pr`ldgckcdht`s hdldsnrc`s pnrn on ckponhtnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, gd nludrg` n ons l`hlousc`hds l`hlousc`hds ètdhcgns. ètdhcgns. Tsunokdhtd do pr`ydltcstn pr`ydltcstn ds do kcsk` chvdrsc`hcstn, -dst` suldgd lunhg` gdsdnk`s chclcnr uh hudv` hda`lc` y h` tdhdk`s do gchdr` pnrn hnhlcnr on chvdstcanlcüh-: sch dkenra`, gded pr`lurnr su èfdtcv` nuhqud dkpërclnkdhtd lrdn dh on e`hgng gdo pr`ydlt`, puds ds su gchdr` do qud nrrcdsan. nrrcdsan. Nsë kcsk` gded sdr, sdr, lunhg` gdsnrròod do

pr`ydlt` pnrn chvdrsc`hcstn. Y`r tnht`, dh ons rdl`kdhgnlc`hds gded chgclnr on kdf`r knhdrn pnrn pudstn dh knrlmn pr`ydlt`, sc ãstd ds l`hvdhcdhtd sdaöhonons l`hlousc`hds ` dh gdo su gdbdlt` gded rdl`kdhgnr su nponznkcdht`. Nquë qucdr` mnldr

555

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ãhbnscs, yn qud do pr`ydltcstn tdkd suadrcr qud uh pr`ydlt` sdn nponzng` p`rdsrnz`hds tãlhclns, gd kdrlng`: rdludrgd, ustdg uh nsds`r y gded hnhlcdrns sdr lonr`, ds` prdbdrceod h` sdaucr ngdonhtd t`g` uh dharnhnfd, sc h` sd rdöhd o`s rdqucsct`s y h` sd gnh ons ons l`hgclc`hds hdldsnrcns, tdhan p`r sdaur` qud sd o` narngdldrîh. Udt`knhg` ons rdl`kdhgnlc`hds, ãstns gdedh sdr `rgdhngns y rddfnrîh ons prc`rcgngds, qud n fuclc` gdo pr`ydlt` gdedh sdr l`hscgdrngns pnrn on pudstn dh knrlmn gdo kcsk`. Yr`lurd done`rnr y prdsdhtnr uh ponh pnrn ckponhtnr do pr`ydlt`, fnhg` lr`hàrnkns gd nltcvcgngds, ponz`s këhck`s y kîxck`s, `ranhcznlcüh d chbrndstrulturn hdldsnrcn, rdlurs`s chkdgcnt`s y n onra` ponz` y pr`ldgckcdht`s gd `pdrnlcüh.

2.5 DRNOTNLC@H DL@H@KCLN On dvnounlcüh gd uh pr`ydlt` h` sd pudgd l`hldhtrnr süo` dh on dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn, puds sc ds lcdrt`, qud ãstn ds enstnhtd scahclntcvn dh on t`kn gd gdlcsc`hds pnrn on ckponhtnlcüh gd uh pr`ydlt` y knrln uh arnh k`g` gd gdsnrròo` gdo kcsk`. Ydr` mny tnkecãh lrctdrc`s ckp`rtnhtds qud s`h dkpodng`s dh on dvnounlcüh gd pr`ydlt`s y qud sd l`htdkponh gdhtr` gd on dvnounlcüh dl`hükcln, gnhg` ons `rcdhtnlc`hds hdldsnrcns nldrln gd on l`hvdhcdhlcn ` rdlmnz` qud pudgd tdhdr uh pr`ydlt` gdhtr` gdo kdgc`. O`s scstdkns dl`hükcl`s dstîh dhknrlng`s enf` g`s arnhgds eo`quds: do sdlt`r prcvng` y do sdlt`r pöeocl`. pöeocl`. \cdhg` pdrbdltnkdhtd lonr` qud do sdlt`r pöeocl` ds nqudo rdacg` p`r o`s dstnkdht`s auedrhnkdhtnods, gd `rgdh hnlc`hno, auedrhnkdhtno ` kuhclcpno:

y do sdlt`r prcvng` gd t`g` do arup` s`lcno dh lnpnlcg lnpnlcgng ng gd adhdrnr ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s pnrn rdauonr uh kdrlng`. >3

‟Wmd \ùrlds nhg Tsds `b \dhsctcvcty Chb`rkntc`h‛, Chb`rkntc`h‛, Chtdrbnlds, Chtdrbnlds, na`st` >317 pna. DO YU@SDLW@ RC\W@ Y@U DO \DLW@U YUCRNG@ On dkprdsn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh prcvngn prcvngn pnan o`s o`s kãrct`s kãrct`s gd uh pr`ydlt` dsdhlcnokdhtd dh tãrkch`s gd ons utcocgngds qud pr`gulcrën y dsd ds, p`r tnht` do dodkdht` qud kîs od chtdrdsn pnrn oàrnr uh kîxck` gd edhdlc`s. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh dspdrn pr`gulcr y ètdhdr ons kîxckns utcocgngds no kîs enf` l`st`: chgugneodkdhtd tnkecãh dh vdhtn t`g`s o`s nspdlt`s yn l`kdhtng`s: pdr` huhln ntdhtnrî l`htrn su dstnecocgng dl`hükcln. O`s nspdlt`s hnhlcdr`s gdedh rdb`rknr ons chvdrsc`hds y su l`st`, rdvcsnr ons pr`ydllc`hds gd o`s chards`s gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`, pnrn vdr su l`kp`rtnkcdht` adhdrno y l`htrnstnro` l`h o`s rdsuotng`s y l`hlousc`hds ètdhcgns dh on dvnounlcüh hnhlcdrn, tnods l`k` WCU, RYH y LNTD. \ch dkenra`, mny uhn vnrcneod l`hvdhcdhtdkdhtd scahclntcvn, qud nyugn enstnhtd no

dstneodlckcdht` gd o`s dodkdht`s gd rdhtnecocgng, gdh`kchngn on

UDONLC@H EDHDBCLC@ -L@\W@. \d gdhd ãstn, l`k` do np`rtd qud mnldh o`s chards`s, dh vno`r

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prdsdhtd, sèrd o`s l`st`s, gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`. Lunhg` ds kny`r qudo`s uh`dards`s (>), do pr`ydlt` ds l`hvdhcdhtd, yn qud o`s chards`s supdrnh y p`r tnht` gdfnrî uh knradh, gdo luno chgcln su vdhtnfn. Dstd knradh ds on utcocgng gd ons `pdrnlc`hds gdo pr`ydlt`, n vno`rds nltunoczng`s. Nsë kcsk`, lunhg` sd mnld cauno n uh` (>), ds gdlcr o`s dards`s s`h caunods n o`s chards`s, sd tcdhd qud do pr`ydlt` h` gnrî utcocgngds, pdr` tnkp`l` nrr`fnrî nrr`fnrî pãrgcgns: Chgclnhg` qud do chtdrãs n qud bud dvnoung` do vno`r prdsdhtd hdt`, dqucvnod n on tnsn chtdrhn gd rdt`rh` (WCU). Dh cauno sdhtcg`, lunhg` o`s dards`s supdrnh n o`s chards`s, nrr`fnhg` do pr`ydlt` pãrgcgns, on rdonlcüh sdrî kdh`r qud uh` (>), suacrcdhg` qud do pr`ydlt` h` ds ntrnltcv` pnrn ckpodkdhtnro`. Dstd l`hldpt` l``rgchng` n o`s nhîocscs gd ons rdonlc`hds hnhlcdrns, hnhlcdrns, do nhîocscs gd sdhscecocgng, do RYH, LNTD LNTD y on WCU, bnlcoctnrîh no pr`ydltcstn do trnenf` gd rdl`kdhgnr y suadrcr on l`hvdhcdhlcn pnrn on on ckponhtnlcüh ckponhtnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt` no chvdrsc`hcstn. L`k` sd èsdrvn, on dvnounlcüh gded sdr lonrn y nhtd t`g` sch bnv`rctcsk`s qud chlcgdh dh do nhîocscs, gd nmë, qud fudaudh dh doon tnhtns vnrcneods, yn qud pudgd mnedr lcrluhstnhlcns qud chgcqud qud uhn eudhn tnsn gd rdt`rh`, pdr` su vno`r prdsdhtd chgcln qud ons chvdrsc`hds y s`stdhckcdht` s`h enstnhtd notns pnrn mnldr ntrnltcv` ntrnltcv` do pr`ydlt`. H` ds l`hvdhcdhtd p`r p`r o` tnht`, tdhdr l`k` lrctdrc` süo` uhn vnrcneod, hc gnr rdl`kdhgnlc`hds, sc h` sd mn ètdhcg` uh nldrtng` nhîocscs lunhtctntcv` y lunoctntcv` gdo pr`ydlt` gd knhdrn chtdarno.

2.5.5 DO YU@SDLW@ RC\W@ Y@U DO \DLW@U YTEOCL@

Eîsclnkdhtd t`g`s o`s dodkdht`s pnrn on prdpnrnlcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, s`h o`s kcsk`s: yn qud tnht` do Dstng`, l`k` uh chvdrsc`hcstn pnrtcluonr, no qudrdr chclcnr uh pr`ydlt`, gded l`h`ldr su nldptnlcüh - dstugc` gd kdrlng` -, chbrndstrulturn - dstugc`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

554

tãlhcl` - l`st`s y hnhzns, nspdlt`s hnhlcdr`s y süo` gcdrdh nkens lcrluhstnhlcns gd o`s lrctdrc`s gd dvnounlcüh qud sd tdhanh pnrn dstneodldr on l`hvdhcdhlcn gdo pr`ydlt`. Nsë l`k` do sdlt`r prcvng` dstugc` on l`hvdhcdhlcn gd uh pr`ydlt` gdsgd su rdhtnecocgng y vno`r prdsdhtd, pnrn l`h`ldr do vno`r gdo gchdr` dh do tcdkp` y o`s rdhgckcdht`s qud dh dsd tcdkp` prdsdhtnrî on chvdrscüh. Do sdlt`r pöeocl`, do luno pnrn pnrn t`g`s t`g`s ds lonr` qud ds do Dstng`, eusln nhtd t`g` prdstnr uh sdrvclc` n on l`kuhcgng y uh ecdhdstnr s`lcno chgdpdhgcdhtdkdhtd gdo l`st` gd on chvdrscüh, ds gdlcr, do Dstng` gded vdonr p`r do ecdhdstnr gd on s`lcdgng y pnrn doo` mnld chvdrsc`hds dh èrns gd chbrndstrulturn l`k`6 pudhtds, lnrrdtdrns, m`spctnods, dsludons, nsë l`k` pr`ydlt`s gd sdrvclc` s`lcno, dh dgulnlcüh, dh snoug, trnhsp`rtd, dhdraën dhtrd `tr`s. Ynrn t`g`s ds l`h`lcg` qud dst`s pr`ydlt`s tcdhdh l`st`s enstnhtd not`s, gd nmë qud ons vnrcneods qud adhdrnh on dvnounlcüh, h` sdnh, p`r tnht` o`s lrctdrc`s gd rdhtnecocgng: sch`, nqudoons vnrcneods qud chgcqudh edhdlc` s`lcno, lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` y gdsnrròo` muknh`. Udl`rgdk`s o`s nspdlt`s lctng`s dh on prckdrn lnpëtuo`, dh g`hgd sd chvòulrü do l`hldpt` gd ponh gd gdsnrròo` y su hnturnodzn, dst` l`h do h gd dhknrlnrsd gdhtr` gd on ckp`rtnhlcn gd o`s ecdhds gd gdsnrròo` gdsnrròo` pnrn do lrdlckcdht` gd uh pnës. Nooë kcsk`, ods chvct` n oodvnr n lne` uhn chvdstcanlcüh n knhdrn gd dfdrlclc`, sèrd o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` gd o`s öotck`s aècdrh`s. Dh tno sdhtcg`, do sdlt`r pöeocl` tcdhd l`k` dodkdht`s gd dvnounlcüh, eîsclnkdhtd trds lrctdrc`s6

n. e. l.

Dvnounlcüh Do np`rtd gd\`lcno o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` Lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl`.

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2.< DRNOTNLCÜH \@LCNO L`rrdsp`hgd no np`rtd dh vno`r nardang` qud dstî rdlcecdhg` on l`kuhcgng. Gdhcãhg`s Gdhcãhg`sdd vno`r nardang`, l`k` l`k` on gcbdrdhlcn dhtrd do vno`r gd on vdhtn gd on pr`gullcüh dstckngn dh do pr`ydlt` y ons l`kprns qud sd gdedh mnldr n `trns dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s (kntdrcns prckns, dhdraën, dhdraën, ouerclnhtds, rdpudst`s, dtl.). Do vno`r nardang` ds hukãrclnkdhtd cauno n on sukn gd sudog`s, snonrc`s, nrrcdhg`s, chtdrdsds y utcocgngds gd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh. Ds gdlcr, gdlcr, qud n kdgcgn qud uh pr`ydlt` k`tcv` p`r do \dlt`r Yöeocl`, dstã np`rtnhg` uh kdf`r vno`r nardang`, yn qud adhdrn dkpod` gcrdlt` d chgcrdlt` (dh `trn dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh ` chstctulc`hds qud l`kdrlcnocldh ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s: do pr`ydlt` gdsgd do puht` gd vcstn s`lcno sd dstî fustclnhg`.

2. Do np`rtd gd o`s Yonhds gd Gdsnrròo`.

@tr` nspdlt` qud sd l`hscgdrn dh on dvnounlcüh gd uh pr`ydlt` dh do \dlt`r Yöeocl`, ds on l`mdrdhlcn gd ãst`s l`h o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` pr`pudst`s p`r do Dstng`, pnrn ètdhdr ëhgclds gd lrdlckcdht` kny`rds. Dh on Yrckdrn Lnpëtuo`, Lnpëtuo`, sd kdhlc`hü qud o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` dstîh l`hstctucg`s p`r pr`ydlt`s lonr`s, oüacl`s y l`mdrdhtds l`mdrdhtds l`h do l`htdxt` hnlc`hno. hnlc`hno. Th ponh gd gdsnrròo` gded rdsp`hgdr n ons hdldscgngds gd uhn l`kuhcgng y gd o`s sdlt`rds pr`gultcv`s kîs rdprdsdhtntcv`s.

2.6 \d gdhd l`k` do chlrdkdht` pr`kdgc` nhuno gdo chards` hnlc`hno, kns uh dqucvnodhtd dqucvnodhtd gd on enonhzn gd gd pna`s dh uhcgngds gdo chards` chards` hnlc`hno.

L.

Do np`rtd gd o`s Yonhds gd Gdsnrròo`6 @tr` nspdlt` qud sd l`hscgdrn dh on dvnounlcüh s`lcno s`l cno gd uh pr`ydlt` ds on l`mdrdhlcn gd ãst`s l`h o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` pr`pudst`s p`r

do sdlt`r pöeocl`, pnrn ètdhdr ëhgclds gd lrdlckcdht` lrdlckcdht` kny`rds. O`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo` dstîh l`hstctucg`s lonr`s, oüacl`s y l`mdrdhtds l`h do l`htdxt` l`h tdxt` hnlc`hno. p`r Th pr`ydlt`s ponh gd gdsnrròo` gded gded rdsp`hgdr n ons hdldscgngds gd uhn l`kuhcgng y gd o`s sdlt`rds

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55=

pr`gultcv`s kîs rdprdsd rdprdsdhtntcv`s. htntcv`s. G.

Lrdlckcdht` Dl`hükcl`6 Y`r öotck`, tnht` on dvnounlcüh s`lcno, l`k` on l`mdrdhlcn gd o`s pr`ydlt`s dh o`s ponhds gd gdsnrròo`, sd pudgdh gdlcr lunhtctntcvnkdhtd, l`h o`s ëhgclds gd lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl`, l`h`lcg`s l`k` do pr`gult` chtdrh` erut` (YCE) y do chards` hnlc`hno erut` (CHE),

D.

Ëhgcld gd Gdsnrròo` Muknh`6 L`hstctuyd uhn knhdrn pnrlcno gd kdgcr ons `plc`hds gdo gdsnrròo` muknh` y sd ensn dh chgclng`rds gd chards`, dspdrnhzn gd vcgn y gd dgulnlcüh. Auntdknon dh >333, prdsdhtü uh CGM gd 9.43, ueclîhgòn dh do pudst` >71 gdhtr` gd ons hnlc`hds gdo kuhg`.

B.

Do Bnlt`r gd Adstcüh16 Dstd bnlt`r rdonlc`hn on kdtn ponhdngn (kdgcgod) l`h do lukpockcdht` gd on kcskn dh do tcdkp` dstneodlcg` y kudstrn trnhsct`rcnkdhtd do arng` gd nvnhld qud sd tcdhd pnrn su lukpockcdht`.

A.

Udonlcüh l`st` - dbdltcvcgng=6 On lnpnlcgng qud tcdhd uh sdrvclc` gd gnr vno`r n on l`kuhcgng, `ptckcznhg` o`s rdlurs`s.

M.

Arng` gd Yrdpnrnlcüh brdhtd n on aoènocznlcüh36 Kcgd on lnpnlcgng gd adhdrnr chards`s y dkpod` brdhtd no pr`lds` gd aoènocznlcüh. Wcdhd trds chgclng`rds6

Chgclng`rds gd dodacecocgng ( lrctdrc`s brdhtd n on @KL y WOL, NOLN)

`

`

Chgclng`rds gd Yrdpnrnlcüh dstrulturno ( b`rtnodldrsd l`k` z`hn

`

gd ocerd l`kdrlc`) Chgclng`rds gd Yrdpnrnlcüh gd Yòëtclns. ( @etdhlcüh gd o`s kîxck`s edhdlc`s s`lcnods)

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

553

DFDULCLC@ >5 Dh dstd k`kdht` su pr`ydlt` mn gdecg` oodanr n su h y gded dbdltunr p`r tnht` t nht` su dvnounlcüh pnrn l`h`ldr su l`hvdhcdhlcn, l`hlousc`hds y rdl`kdhgnlc`hds. Od nlonr`, do lurs` h` prdtdhgd qud ustdg dvnoöd uh pr`ydlt` y o` mnan l`hvdhcdhtd, sdsanhg` sdsanhg` on chb`rknlcüh. chb`rknlcüh. Y`r tnht`, sc l`hlouyd l`hlouyd qud do pr`ydlt` h` ds l`hvdhcdhtd y su rdl`kdhgnlcüh ds h` gdsnrròonro`, gdsnrròonro `, sd lukpocü l`h o`s èfdtcv`s gd on dvnounlcüh. Gd nmë h` prdtdhgn ‟dhanþnrsd‛ trntnhg` gd nl`k`gnr on chb`rknlcüh.

NTW@DRNOTNLC@H >.

°Luîo ds on ckp`rtnhlcn gd on Wnsn Chtdrhn gd Udt`rh`, gdhtr` gd on dvnounlcüh dl`hükcln gd uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh0

5.

°ûã scahcln do Rno`r Chmdrdhtd Hdt` y lük` gded chtdrprdtnrsd gdhtr` gd on Dvnounlcüh Bchnhlcdrn gd uh pr`ydlt` gd chvdrscüh0

9.

Do lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` gd uh pnës, sd kcgd enf` g`s ëhgclds ckp`rtnhtds qud `rcdhtnh do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gd uh pdrë`g` dspdlël`: °Luîods s`h dst`s ëhgclds0

UD\YTD\WN\ N ON\ NTW@DRNOTNLC@HD\ YNUWD C KDW@G@O@ACN ADHDUNO

NTW@DRNOTNLC@H >.B

5.B

YNUWD CC

. N. W@G@ YU@AUNKN GD GD\NUU@OO@ GD\NUU@OO@66 Chgdpdhgcdhtd gd su knahctug, ensn su hnturnodzn dh ons hdldscgngds qud tcdhd do m`kerd, uhn l`kuhcgng ` uhn s`lcdgng gd sdr gchîkcln y dvòulc`hnr dh do kdf`rnkcdht` gd ons l`hgclc`hds gd on vcgn.

E.

TH YU@AUNKN GD GD\NUU@OO@6 Ds noa` kîs qud uh pnqudtd gd pr`ydlt`s, p`rqud sup`hd vchluonlc`hds dhtrd o`s pr`ydlt`s qud od l`kp`hdh.

L.

ON HNWTUNODVN GD O@\ YU@AUN YU@AUNKN\6 KN\6 Dstî dh on eudhn b`rkuonlcüh gd o`s prèodkns n rdsòvdr n trnvãs gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh.

5. N.

Do lrdlckcdht` dl`hükcl` dstî ocang` l`h do ngdlung` knhdf` gd pr`ydlt`s gd chvdrscüh. chvdrscüh. \ch dkenra`, dkenra`, dstd lrdlckcdht` lrdlckcdht` h` sd p`grî gnr, sc h` sd tcdhdh dh ludhtn vnrcneods qud sd chvòulrnh dh do gdsnrròo` knrlîhgòd su pnutn.

E. W`gn chvdrscüh gded mnldr üptckn L.

Do nm`rr` bnlcoctn on chvdrscüh, pdr` h` sd gded snlrclnr l`hsuk` p`r nm`rr`. \d gded rnlc`hnocznr rnlc`hnocznr do l`hsuk` pnrn qud o`s ëhgclds nukdhtdh.

59 5>

K``rd A, A, Lrdnhg` Lrdnhg` vno`r dstrntãacl` dh do sdlt`r pueocl`, Kãxcl` >33= YK\ ; (R-L+E*r) / J, dh g`hgd6

∖

R ds do vno`r erut` gd on pr`gullcüh gdo pr`ydlt`, l`rrdacg` p`r suescgc`s suescgc`s,,

∖   ∖   ∖   ∖

ckpudst`s y dl`h`këns dxtdrhns, y gdo luno sd mnh rdstng` o`s chsuk`s ckp`rtng`s. L ds do l`st` t`tno gd o`s bnlt`rds hnlc`hnods E ds do dbdlt` hdt` t`tno sèrd on enonhzn gd pna`s r s`h ons uhcgngds gd chards`s hnlc`hno dqucvnodhtds J ds do chlrdkdht` gd lnpctno. (chvdrscüh (chvdrscüh))

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

5.

L`k` on chtdarnlcüh gd dodkdht`s gcvdrs`s qud rddfnh nspdlt`s rdodvnhtds nordgdg`r gd uhn sctunlcüh gngn ` qud sd pudgn gnr gnr..

>5.

Y`rqud dstî dh pdrknhdhtd rdlclonfd y nhtd dxpdltntcvn gd vnrcnlcüh, sdaöh o` gdknhgn do l`kp`rtnkcdht` gdo kdrlng`.

>.

n. qudqud gdrcvnh gd gd dstugc`s sdlt`rcnods. e. Yr`ydlt`s Yr`ydlt`s gdrcvnh su pràrnkn aoèno gd gdsnrròo`.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5=.>72,72

GDKNHGN W@WNO S3 ; 52.31>,74 S>5 ; 57.7=4,17 S>4 ; 55.999,99

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

5.

Kdrlng`6 Ydrs`hns l`h hdldscgngds ` gdsd`s, kîs gchdr` pnrn anstnr,, kîs gdsd` gd anstnro`. anstnr

5.

Dh on sdodllcüh gd o`s pntr`hds gd pèonlcüh luyns lnrnltdrëstclns gd l`hsuk` o`s l`hvcdrtd dh gdknhgn dbdltcvn.

. Anst`s Dsdhlcnods pnrn nockdht`s, r`pns,

y trnhsp`rtd o`lno. 5. Anst`s f`s gd noqucodr, noqucodr, pna`s gd mcp`tdln, sdaur`s y pna`s gd gdugns).

UD\TOW UD\TOWNHG@ NHG@ DO Y@GDU GD L@KYUN6 Lnhtcgng gd chards` pdrs`hno

gcsp`hceod p`r dhlckn gd ons èocanlc`hds fns. 1.

L`h do pr`püsct` gd l`h`ldr pdrbdltnkdhtd on lnpnlcgng gd l`kprn gd uhn pèonlcüh rdno y dbdltcvn.

=.

K`h`püocl`6 Dxcstd uh süo` `bdrtnhtd y vnrc`s gdknhgnhtds. gdknhgnhtds.

@oca`püocl`6 Dxcstdh vnrc`s `bdrtnhtds qud l`kpctdh p`r on gcstrceulcüh gd on gdknhgn.

3.

\d dhtcdhgd p`r kdrlng` gd ocerd l`kpdtdhlcn nqudo qud on lò`lnlcüh y l`hsuk` gd ecdhds y sdrvclc`s dstî sufdtn n ons odyds

gd on `bdrtn y on gdknhgn. >9.

Ecdhds Yrcknrc`s 6 Nqudoo`s qud dstîh gdstchng`s n sntcsbnldr

ons hdldscgngds eîsclns y gd l`hsuk` pèonlc`hno (kntdrcns

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

57>

prckns).

Ecdhds sdluhgnrc`s ` chtdrkdgc`s6 \`h nqudoo`s ecdhds qud

dstîh pnrn do l`hsuk`, kîs trnhsb`rknlcüh.

s`h s`kdtcg`s n pr`lds`s gd

Ecdhds gd Lnpctno6 \`h ecdhds qud scrvdh pnrn on dxpo`tnlcüh y gdsnrròo` gd ecdhds prcknrc`s y pnrn on done`rnlcüh gd ecdhds chtdrkdgc`s.

>>.

\d dhtcdhgd l`k` do hcvdo gd pnrtclcpnlcüh dh do kdrlng` gd o`s

l`kpdtcg`rds l`h lnrnltdrëstclns sckconrds n ons gdo pr`ydlt`. >5. Mny dxlds` gd `bdrtn, ds gdlcr do kdrlng` dstî snturng` gd ecdhds y p`r tnht` enfnrî do prdlc` gdo ecdh `brdlcg`. >7. Ds uh kãt`g` gd pr`ydllcüh qud prdtdhgd rdonlc`hnr octdrnokdhtd do l`kp`rtnkcdht` qud tcdhd g`s vnrcneods dhtrd së, ons lunods uhn gdpdhgd gd on `trn. >4.

9,=2 p`rqud dstî kîs ldrlnh` n uh` (>), chgclnhg` kdf`r arng` gd l`rrdonlcüh dhtrd ons vnrcneods.

>2.

N. Th mnedr l`dlcdhtd gd l`rrdonlcüh U >, h` h` scdkprd chgcln chgcln not` arng` gd l`rrdonlcüh: gd nmë on ckp`rtnhlcn gd uh eudh nhîocscs.

E.

Ons sdrcds n sdr nhnoczngns gdedh sdr gdpurngns y nhnoczngns prdvcnkdhtd.

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

575

L.

Ons pr`ydllc`hds ensngns dh rdardsc`hds ochdnods y l`rrdonlc`hds,

s`h vîocgns sc pdrscstdh ons l`hgclc`hds dh ons lunods sd ensnr`h. >1. ‟D]LDGDHWD‛6 Lunhg` dh do kdrlng` kdrlng` on `bdrtn `bdrtn ds kny`r n on gdknhgn. \d prdsdhtn dh ãp`lns gd l`sdlmn ` lunhg` uh uh kdrlng` sd snturn.

‟D\LNLD\‛6 Lunhg` dh do kdrlng` on gdknhgn ds kny`r qud on `bdrtn sd prdsdhtn dh sctunlc`hds gd gdknhgn chsntcsbdlmn, p`r bnotn gd `bdrtnhtds.

>=. e.

n. Ts`s. qud dxcstdh dh rdonlcüh l`h do l`hsuk` y bnerclnlcüh. H`rkns6 Yrdlc`s y l`st`s nltunods. Cgc`schlrnscn gd o`s l`hsukcg`rds.

l. g.

d.

Kdlnhcsk`s gd gcstrceulcüh.

>3. N. Lnhtcgng gd ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s n qud sd rddrd do pr`ydlt` y qud o`s l`hsukcg`rds l`hsukcg`rds dstîh gcspudst`s n ngqucrcr. ngqucrcr.

E.

°ûã tcp` gd l`hsukcg`rds tdhgrîh o`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s n sdr pr`gulcg`s: ds gdlcr luîods s`h o`s sdakdht`s gd kdrlng` qud gdknhgnrîh dh gcstchtn pr`p`rlcüh o`s ecdhds ` sdrvclc`s0.

L.

°Gühgd dstîh ueclng`s dst`s gdknhgnhtds0

G.

°Luîo ds uh p`gdr gd l`kprn rdno0.

D.

Lnrnltdrëstclns adhdrnods qud kudvdh n o`s l`hsukcg`rds n gdknhgnr uh ecdh ` sdrvclc` dspdlël`.

B.

Mnerî kny`r gdknhgn qud `bdrtn, qud fustcqud on chstnonlcüh gd uhn hudvn lnpëtuo` gd pr`gullcüh.

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

57<

59. Donstclcgng6 Lnkec` rdontcv` rdontcv` dh on lnhtcgng gdknhgngn.

Lnkec` rdontcv` dh do prdlc` ` ‟chards`‛ 5>. Nke`s chgclng`rds scrvdh pnrn do nhîocscs gd ecdhds gd l`hsuk`: sch dkenra`, uh` kcgd on dxpnhscüh gdo prdlc` dh rdonlcüh l`h ons lnhtcgngds gd gdknhgn u do `trn dstneodld on dxpnhscüh gdo chards` rdno (p`gdr gd l`kprn) gdo l`hsukcg`r l`h ons lnhtcgngds gdknhgngns.

55. N. L`hscgdrnlc`hds gdo kdrlng`. E. L`hscgdrnlc`hds gd ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s.

L. G.

do chtdrkdgcnrc`. L`hscgdrnlc`hds sèrd on dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh.

5.

Dh on kdgcgn dh qud uh pr`ydlt` sd `ptckcld y h` sd sèrdgckdhsc`hdh o`s hcvdods gd pr`gullcüh gdedrîh sdr ngdlung`s fîhg`sd uh lrdlckcdht` nldrtng`.

5. E. L.

N. Rnrcnlcüh gd o`s l`st`s n onra` ponz`. Arng` gd nes`rlcüh no kdrlng`. Yr`ydllcüh gd on gdknhgn.

9. Dstîh gdslrct`s dh do lungr` 7.4. LNYËWTO@ R N\YDLW@\ BCHNHLCDU@\ NTW@DRNOTNLC@H

>.

- Chvdrscüh fn - Acr` gd lnpctno - Lnodhgnrc` gd chvdrsc`hds - Lnpctno gcsp`hceod

5.

Lnpnlcgn g gd chvdrscüh l`hscstd dh do rdlurs` qud tcdhd on Lnpnlcgng dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh n trnvãs gd sus s`lc`s qud gdsnrròonh chvdrsc`hds pnrn on pudstn dh knrlmn gdo pr`ydlt`: kcdhtrns do lnpctno gcsp`hceod èdgdld no lnpctno gd trnenf` l`h qud ludhtn dstd dkprdsn y/` chstctulcüh.

LR)/R

LNYËWTO@ RC DRNOTNLC@H DR NOTNLC@H GDO YU@SDLW@ NTW@DRNOTNLC@H

>.

On WCU, rddfn on tnsn gd rdhtnecocgng ` tnsn gd chtdrãs qud do

pr`ydlt` nrr`fnrî pdrë`g` n pdrë`g` gurnhtd su vcgn ötco. 5. \d gdhd l`k` on gcbdrdhlcn dh vno`rds nltunods gd o`s ckprds`s l`h o`s dards`s, dards`s, gurnhtd on vcgn ötco gdo pr`ydlt`. Chgclnhg` do l`st` l`st`

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

571

t`tno gdo pr`ydlt` n vno`rds nltunods ` prdsdhtds. 9.

Yr`gult` Chtdrh` Erut` ; YCE. - Chards` Hnlc`hno Erut` ; CHE.

ECEOC@AUNBCN ENHL@ CHWDUNKDUCLNH@ GD GD\NUU@OO@. Kãt`g`s y Yr`ldgckcdht` gd Dvnounlcüh gd on Nscstdhlcn pnrn do Gdsnrròo`. >3=7. LNUUDF@\, Edocsnrc`. O`s Ecdhds y/` sdrvclc`s y do Yrdlc`. Eà`tî, H`rkn, >3=>.

L@\\ Eru, Unöo. Nhîocscs y Dvnounlcüh Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh. Kãxcl`, >3=>. BDUAT\@H, A.

Wd`rën Kclr`dl`h`kë Kclr`dl`h`kën. n. Kãxcl`, B`hg` gd

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

573

Luoturn Dl`hükcln, >31=. MNUANG@H, Edrhnrg`. L`htnecocgng Adhdrno, Dgct`rcno H`rkn >3=1 CH\WCWTW@ ONWCH@NKDUCLNH@ GD YONHCBCLNLC@H DL@H@KCLN S \@LCNO. Auën pnrn on Yrdsdhtnlc Yrdsdhtnlcüh üh gd Yr`ydlt`s. Kãxcl`, \cao` ]]C, >3=3=5. >3=5. O@YDV Eà`tî, NATGDO@, GHY, >3=4.\denstcîh. Ocer` gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh. KNUCH, Ao`rcn. Auën gd @rcdhtnlcüh no Dstugcnhtd. Eulnrnknhan, RC\, >3=4. KDSDU, Unyk`hg U. Adrdhlcn gd Yr`gullcüh y @pdrnlc`hds, Kãxcl`, KlArnw Mcoo, >3=5. Kyhnrg, Knhuno gdo Chadhcdr` Chgustrcno @UANHCVNLCÜH GD ON\ HNLC@HD\ THCGN\. Ocer` gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`. >315. \NUUNK@HN, Fnckd. Dgulnlcüh n Gcstnhlcn. Kãxcl`, LDNL, >3=7. \WNHW@H, Qcoocnk. Buhgnkdht`s gd Knrjdtcha. Kãxcl`, Ockusn, >3=319.

549

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

54>

545

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

Yrdpnrnlcüh y Dvnounlcüh gd Yr`ydlt`s gd Chvdrscüh y Gdsnrròo` Dl`hükcl`

54<

547

F`rad Dhrcqud Rnrans Knhtcoon Knhtcoon

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