Libro Digital

 

VAPVM \NXN AJ N\XAEFBYNIA

Fa jn Qebfnf Fbfîdtbdn9

HNEDN FA BEWAXTBÔE

Nfobebstrndbôe fa Eacmdbms Nfobebstrndbôe Hnednrbms y Gbenedbarms DBDJM BW

 

\XATAEVNDBÔE FA JN QEBFNF FBFÎDVBDN (QF) \rmpôsbtm fa jn QF Jn uebfnf fbfîdtbdn Hnedn fa bevarsbôe dmrraspmefa n jn dnrrarn fa Nfobebstrndbôe fa Eacmdbms Hnednrbms y Gbenedbarms, hnim jn omfnjbfnf prasaedbnj dme dnrîdtar taôrbdm-prîdtbdm. N trnvâs fa ajjn sa husdn qua aj astufbneta nfobebstra y

dmoardbnjbda fa onearn adbaeta y âtbdn jms prmfudtms y sarvbdbms fa jn aetbfnf enedbarn nsbcenfms n su pjntngmron, befncnefm jns eadasbfnfas faj djbaeta y mgradbâefmja smjudbmeas faetrm fa jn dnrtarn fa prmfudtms qua sntbsgncne su eadasbfnf. \mr \mr ajjm, aj astufbneta fasnrrmjjn dnpndbfnfas qua ja parobtne mgradar nj djbaeta jms fbstbetms prmfudtms fa jn hnedn fa bevarsbôe. Ae asa saetbfm, jn uebfnf fbfîdtbdn nhnrdn nspadtms dmom avnjundbôe fa dnrtarn

fa prmfudtms, vaetns y nsasmrnobaetm fa smjudbmeas enedbarns pnrn parsmen enturnj y iurïfbdn, bestruoaetms fa dmhrnezn, dmoardbm axtarbmr a bestruoaetms fa bevarsbôe.

Dôom aopjanr asta taxtm pnrn aj npraefbznia Fahaoms ravbsnr y rasmjvar dnfn uen fa jns ndtbvbfnfas, pracuetns m dnsms qua sa prmpmecne furneta aj fasnrrmjjm fa dnfn befbdnfmr. Astm jm pmfaoms ranjbznr netas fa jjacnr n djnsa, furneta jn djnsa m faspuâs fa djnsa. Jns pnrtas qua dmopraefa dnfn befbdnfmr sme9

Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn

Xagjaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm

Ta bevbtn n rasmjvar ue dnsm m ndtbvbfnf rajndbmenfn rajndbmenfn nj befbdnfmr y dmesbfarnefm jms snharas dme qua sa duaetn.

Xanjbznr astns ndtbvbfnfas parobtae tmonr dmesdbaedbn fa dôom sa npraefbô.

Dmeaxbôe fa snharas

Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm

Ta prasaetn begmrondbôe, aejndas

As aj omoaetm fmefa sa sbetatbzn jn

m ue dmeiuetm fa ndtbvbfnfas qua nj jaar m rasmjvar parobtae qua sa ranjbdae jns dmeaxbmeas eadasnrbns pnrn dmetrnstnrjn dme jn prmhjaoîtbdn prmhjaoîtb dn bebdbnj.

begmrondbôe dmopraefbfn.

Vrnesgbrbaefm jm npraefbfm

Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnr dmopjaoaetnrbns bns fa nutmnpra nutmnpraefbznia efbznia

Ta prasaetne uem m vnrbms dnsms qua

Nj rasmjvar asta dmeiuetm fa dnsms

npraefbznia jmcrnfm.

npraefbfm.

nj rasmjvarjms astnoms raainefm aj

m sbtundbmeas sa husdn nneznr jm

Jms neaxms sme ndtbvbfnfas qua puafae rasmjvarsa ae djnsa y aetracnrjms pnrn su ravbsbôe. 8

 

N\XAEFBYNIAT N JMCXNX DME JN QF Dnpndbfnf Nfobebstrnr jms radursms fa hnedn fa eacmdbms nsbcenfms ae jn pjntngmron, ntaefbaefm ntaefbaef m nj pùhjbdm aoprasnrbnj faetrm fa jns pmjïtbdns mparntbvns, dmoardbnjas

y fa dnjbfnf fa jn bestbtudbôe enedbarn.

Befbdnfmras fa jmcrm y ndtbtufas >.>. Ajnhmrn ue jbstnfm fa prmfudtms ndtbvms y pnsbvms, qua pufbarne npjbdnr n jms djbaetas vbcaetas y pmtaedbnjas, fa nduarfm n jns pmjïtbdns fa jn Bestbtudbôe Gbenedbarn.

>.8. Xaspatn jns emrons astnhjadbfns ae jn bestbtudbôe. 8.>. Nsasmrn n jms djbaetas vbcaetas y pmtaedbnjas smhra njtarentbvns fa eacmdbms, rajndbmeîefmjms dme jms prmfudtms ndtbvms, pnsbvms y sarvbdbms fa bevarsbôe fa jn Bestbtudbôe Gbenedbarn, Gbenedbarn, dmesbfarnefm dmesbfarnefm jms fbvarsms tbpms fa rbascms vbedujnfms n jns

mparndbmeas hnednrbns y enedbarns. 8.8. Xanjbzn aj dbarra fa jn vaetn fa smjudbmeas fa prmfudtms ndtbvms y pnsbvms, fa nduarfm n jns eadasbfnfas fa jns aoprasns djbaetas y jns pmjïtbdns fa jn Bestbtudbôe Gbenedbarn.

8.4. Onebastn `meastbfnf ae jn betarnddbôe dme sus pnras y djbaetas. 4.>. Nrcuoaetn n jms djbaetas smhra jms sarvbdbms fa bevarsbôe ae aj onrdm faj racjnoaetm fa trnespnraedbn.

4.8. Ta dmouebdn fa onearn agadtbvn nj betarndtunr dme sus pnras y djbaetas.

4

 

AT^QAON CAEAXNJ FA JN QF AWNJQNDBÔE FA DNXVAXN FA \XMFQDVMT  R TAXWBDBMT, \MX TACOAEVM, TAC OAEVM, ^QA TA MGAXVNE AE JN NCAEDBN 

\XMFQDVMT NDVBWMT

\XMFQDVMT \NTBWMT

\râstnom jbhra

Duaetn dmrrbaeta

Vnriatns

Duaetn

fa drâfbtm

fa n`mrrm

Drâfbtms

Fapôsbtm n pjnzm

 WAEVN R NTATMXNOBA NTATMXNOBAEVM EVM N JMT DJBAEVAT, \AXTMENT ENVQXNJAT R IQXÏFBDNT

Tmjudbmeas fa enedbnobaetm

Tmjudbmeas fa dmhrnezn

Tmjudbmeas fa dmoardbm axtarbmr

BETVXQOAEVMT GBENEDBAXMT R FA BEWAXTBÔE

Xaetn in

6

Xaetn vnrbnhja

Gmefms outums

 Nfobebs trndbôe  Nfobebstrndbôe fa pmrtngmjbms

 

ÏEFBDA

\rasaetndbôe \rasaet ndbôe fa jn uebfnf fbfîdtbdn (QF) Npraefbzniass n jmcrnr dme jn QF Npraefbznia Asquaon caearnj fa jn QF

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm > ............................ 3 Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn9 Qen jud`n pmr jn hnednrbzndbôe fa jn begmronjbfnf be gmronjbfnf ............... 3 Dmeaxbôe fa snharas9 \rmfudtms ndtbvms .. 0

Vrnesrbaefm jm npraefbfm9 Jn Hnednrbzndbôe ae aj \arù .................. .................................... .................................. ................ 84

Xaaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ................... 84 Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm ........................ ........................ 86 Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnrbns fa nutmnpraefbznia nutmnpraef bznia ................ .................................. ......................... ....... 86

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm 8.> ....................... 87 Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn9 Jn nvarsbôe nj

rbascm graeta n jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe ... 87 Dmeaxbôe fa snharas9 Gbenedbnobaetm Gbenedbnobae tm Waetn y nsasmrnobaetm n jms djbaetas

sacoaetm eacmdbms ................. .................................. ................. 83 Vae rnesrbaefm jm npraefbfm9 Jn hnednrbzndbôe aj \arù .................. .................................... .................................. ................ 41 Xaaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ................... 47 Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm ........................ ........................ 47 Ndtbvbfnfas

dmopjaoaetnrbns

fa

nutmnpraefbznia ................ .................................. ......................... ....... 47 47

1

 

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm 8.8 ....................... 40 Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn9 Jn oatn varsus jn eadasbfnf ................ .................................. ................................... ................. 40 Dmeaxbôe fa snharas9 Dmoardbm axtarbmr .................................... .................. .................................... .................................. ................ 42

Vrnesrbaefm jm npraefbfm9 Jns smjudbmeas fa pncm y aj dradbobaetm fa jns \ROA ... 64

Xaaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ................... 64 Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm ........................ ........................ 64 Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnrbns fa nutmnpraefbznia nutmnpraefb znia ................. .................................... ........................ ..... 66

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm 4 .......................... 61 Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn9 prmhjaoîtbdn9 Npmstnefm pmr jms

gmefms fa bevarsbôe ................................... ................................... 61 Dmeaxbôe fa snharas9 Dmemdbaefm jms

bestruoaetms enedbarms fa bevarsbôe .... 67 Vrnesrbaefm jm npraefbfm9 Jms obtms smhra jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe ae aj \arù ........... 62 Xaaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ................... 62 Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm ........................ ........................ 1< Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnrbns fa nutmnpraefbznia nutmnpraefb znia ................. .................................... ........................ ..... 1<

7

 

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm

>

Ajnhmrn ue jbstnfm fa prmfudtms y pnsbvms, quandtbvms pufbarne npjbdnr n jms djbaetas vbcaetas y pmtaedbnjas, fa nduarfm n jns pmjïtbdns fa jn Bestbtudbôe Gbenedbarn.

 X   a  g   j    a  x   b     m  e  n  r   d   y   m  o  p  n  r  t    b     r 

Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn

Cubjjaroben jjacn n Jbon y ae aj prboar fïn ae jn dbufnf snja n pnsanr dme su tïn. Furneta su radmrrbfm dmemda uen ncaedbn hnednrbn y quafn smrpraefbfn. Ae su puahjm em `ny ncaedbns y tmfm ja pnrada euavm. N dmetbeundbôe, raspmefnoms jns sbcubaetas betarrmcnetas9 o 

½^uâ as uen ncaedbn hnednrbn= o  ½Dmemdaoms quâ prmfudtms y sarvbdbms sa trnesnddbmene ae uen ncaedbn hnednrbn= o  ½Tmoms usunrbms fa njcuem fa astms prmfudtms m sarvbdbms=

Qen jud`n pmr jn hnednrbzndbôe fa jn begmronjbfnf

Jn prasaedbn fa jms hnedms ae jms prmfudtms ndtbvms y pnsbvms nùe as fa jbfarnzcm ae aj oardnfm jmdnj. Tbe aohnrcm, as bopmrtneta em

qubtnr faj onpn n jn guarta beuaedbn qua vbaeae omstrnefm jns dnins y enedbarns dmom guarta dmopataedbn n jms hnedms, prbedbpnjoaeta ae sadtmras fmefa jn begmronjbfnf as oîs prmeuedbnfn y jms prmdasms fa hnednrbzndbôe sme oîs aecmrrmsms. Jns dnins y enedbarns suajae dnptnr gmefms pncnefm tnsns hnstneta njtns, pnrn juacm dmjmdnrjns ae aj oardnfm n tnsns ndtbvns tnohbâe hnstneta njtns, qua ae oud`ms dnsms jjacne n pmear dmetrn jn pnraf n jms paquaþms aoprasnrbms

m parsmens enturnjas, qubaeas ndufae n astns bestbtudbmeas n e fa mhtaear ue enedbnobaetm rîpbfm sbe oud`m pnpajam. Jm dmoaetnfm ems pjnetan jns sbcubaetas pracuetns9 ½Tme jns dnins uen varfnfarn smjudbôe n jn paquaþn hnednrbzndbôe fa euastrm pnïs=

3

 

½Fahae jms hnedms axbhbjbznr sus sbstaons fa rbascm drafbtbdbm n e fa duhrbr jms sadtmras fa njtn begmronjbfnf=

½^uâ mpbebôe ems oarada jns tnsns pnsbvns qua oud`ns dnins y enedbarns pncne pmr sus n`mrrms= ½Tme dmenhjas astns bestbtudbmeas=

Dmeaxbôe fa snharas

\rmfudtms ndtbvms

>. Fagbebdbôe fa jms prmfudtms ndtbvms Aj mhiatbvm faj sbstaon enedbarm as hîsbdnoaeta jn betaroafbndbôe enedbarn. Asta as aj prmdasm pmr aj dunj sa dnptne jms gmefms faj pùhjbdm dmen fbgaraetas tbpms fa fapôsbtms (prmfudtms pnsbvms) pnrn dmjmdnrjms trnvâs fa mparndbmeas enedbarns (prmfudtms ndtbvms), sacùe jms raquarboba raquarbobaetms etms faj oardnfm. Nsbobso Nsbobsom, m, betaroafbn betaroafbne e ae jn dmjmdndbôe fa radursms prmvaebaetas fa bestbtudbmeas

cuharenoaetnjas, dmom as DMGBFA ae aj dnsm parunem (hnedn fa sacuefm pbsm). Jms prmfudtms ndtbvms vaefrïne n sar aj oafbm n trnvâs faj dunj

jns bestbtudbmeas enedbarns fasaohmjsne uen dnetbfnf fa fbearm (enedbnobaetm) n dnohbm fa uen tnsn, jn dunj puafa sar pndtnfn n ue pjnzm fatarobenfm. Astms fasaohmjsms sa fne n trnvâs fa fbstbetms prmfudtms sacùe jn eadasbfnf y dmevaebaedbn faj djbaeta. Nfaoîs, dmesbfarnoms n jms prmfudtms ndtbvms dmom drâfbtms

fbradtms, qua sacùe jn faebdbôe fa jn THT, jns raprasaetne jms enedbnobaetms qua, hnim dunjqubar omfnjbfnf, aoprasns faj sbstaon enedbarm mtmrcuae n sus djbaetas. Ae asa saetbfm, astms taefrïne jn mhjbcndbôe fa aetracnr uen suon fa fbearm fatarobenfn ae uem m vnrbms ndtms, jm qua dmopraefa bedjusm jns mhjbcndbmeas

farbvnfns fa raenedbndbmeas y raastrudturndbmeas fa drâfbtms m faufns axbstaetas.

(Euoarnj 8 sustbtubfm pmr jn Xasmjudbôe THT E¼ >6414-8.7. Gbenedbnobaetm ajadtrôebdm As aj sbstaon betacrnj bet acrnj fa pncm ajadtrôebdm fa gndturns. Haeadbms9   Gbenedbnobaetm

fa pncms mpmrtuems n prmvaafmras ae aj pnïs y

ae aj axtrneiarm.

Aj enedbnobaetm ajadtrôebdm fa dmoprns as uen `arrnobaetn, n dmrtm pjnzm, qua parobta n jn aoprasn fbspmear fa sus uims fa dmhrnezn, `ndbâefmjms dmbedbfbr dme jms uims fa pncm

 

prmcrnonfms prmcrnonf ms pmr pjneanobaetm fa dnin.   Ta mtmrcn nj usunrbm smjbdbtneta fasduaetms pmr

prmetm pncm, pnrn oaimrnr su pmsbdbôe dmoardbnj dmoardbnj y duopjbr sus mhjbcndbmeas dme jms prbedbpnjas prmvaafmras.

4<    

Ta rafuda aj tbaopm fa faomrn y sa sbopjbdn jms trîobtas nfobebstrntbvms. Ae jms hnedms sa dnedajne jns gndturns pmr duaetn

 

fa jn aoprasn y sa ranjbzn aj pncm nj prmvaafmr.   Ta

ranjbzn jn dmhrnezn fa jms prmvaafmras vïn nhmem ae duaetn

y sa radbhae jns emtns fa nhmem ajadtrôebdns (vïn vbrtunj) dme aj rapmrta fa jms pncms ranjbznfms.

>.3. Jansbec Aj jansbec m nrraefnobaetm enedbarm as ue prmfudtm dmegmronfm pmr ue dmetrntm fa nrraefnobaetm dme mpdbôe fa dmoprn, oafbneta

aj dunj uen parsmen m aoprasn (nrraefntnrbm) smjbdbtn n ue hnedm, bestbtudbôe enedbarn m smdbafnf fa jansbec (nrraefnfmr), qua nfqubarn jn prmpbafnf fa ue hbae (pmr jm caearnj onqubenrbn), pnrn qua pmstarbmroaeta ja dafn su usm n dnohbm faj pncm fa

raetns parbôfbdns (jm nrrbaefa) pmr ue pjnzm fatarobenfm y uen vaz dmedjubfm sa taecn jn mpdbôe fa dmoprnrja aj hbae.

Nj jansbec sa dmesbfarn dmom uen onearn fa enedbnobaetm, yn qua aj hnedm m smdbafnf fa jansbec ems enedbne jn nfqubsbdbôe fa ue ndtbvm im, pufbaefm aj usunrbm `ndar usm fa asta sbe eadasbfnf fa taear qua bevartbr m pncnr aj vnjmr tmtnj faj hbae. Ae ue dmetrntm fa jansbec sa fahae dmesbfarnr jms ajaoaetms sbcubaetas9

\arsmen m aoprasn qua `nrî usm faj hbae n dnohbm faj pncm fa  Nrraefntnrbm m usunrbm

dumtns parbôfbdns nj nrraefnfmr furneta aj tbaopm qua fura aj

dmetrntm y qua, uen vaz dujobenfm fbd`m parbmfm, taefrî jn mpdbôe fa dmoprnrja aj hbae.

Hnedm, bestbtudbôe enedbarn m smdbafnf fa jansbec qua n smjbdbtuf  Nrraefnfmr

\rmvaafmr

Hbae

faj nrraefntnrbm nfqubara jn prmpbafnf fa ue fatarobenfm hbae n ue fatarobenfm prmvaafmr, pnrn juacm nrraefîrsajm.

Aoprasn n jn dunj aj nrraefnfmr ja vn n dmoprnr aj hbae.

Mhiatm fa nrraefnobaetm, ndtbvm im caearnjoaeta dmestbtubfm pmr onqubenrbn m aqubpm.

Mpdbôe fa dmoprn

Mpdbôe fa dmoprn qua tbaea aj nrraefntnrbm m usunrbm faj hbae uen vaz dujobenfm aj dmetrntm. Astn mpdbôe faha astnr mhjbcntmrbnoaeta ae tmfm dmetrntm fa jansbec.

\radbm fa vaetn faj hbae

Dujobenfm aj pjnzm pravbstm ae aj dmetrntm, aj usunrbm puafa mptnr aetra nfqubrbr aj hbae m favmjvar aj hbae n jn smdbafnf fa jansbec.

4>  

>.0. Drâfbtm n jn dmestruddbôe Ta faea dmom tmfm nquaj enedbnobaetm fa prmyadtms fa dmestruddbôe, jms obsoms qua suajae dnedajnrsa dme aj prmfudtm fa jns

vaetns. Aj enedbnobaetm suaja ndmrfnrsa fapaefbaefm faj prmyadtm y axparbaedbn faj dmestrudtmr dme uen bebdbnj oïebon faj 8< %. Nfaoîs9 Jns cnrnetïns suajae fnrsa pmr `bpmtadns, dnrtn nezn m pncnrâ.

 

  Aj

pjnzm sarî prmcrnonfm sacùe aj parbmfm fa dmestruddbôe fa jn mhrn oîs jm astnhjadbfm pnrn aj tbaopm fa vaetns.

  Jms

fasaohmjsms sa prmcrnone sacùe aj nvneda fa jn mhrn.

Nfajnetm fa pncms As aj bopmrta astnhjadbfm fa outum nduarfm aetra jns pnrtas n uen trnesnddbôe admeôobdn m nj pncm fa uen faufn m snjnrbm qua

as nhmenfn dme netarbmrbfnf n jn gad`n ndmrfnfn. \mr aiaopjm, jms netbdbpms snjnrbnjas m pncms radbhbfms pmr aj trnhninfmr, n duaetn fa jm yn trnhninfm, sa prmdafae n fasdmetnr ae aj oas sbcubaeta. Nsbobsom, dme jms netbdbpms n prmvaafmras, dme aj mhiatbvm fa prmpmrdbmenr nj

prmvaafmr gmefms pnrn aopaznr m fasnrrmjjnr aj sarvbdbm m prmfudtm, y/m pnrn rasarvnr m prasarvnr fatarobenfms hbaeas m sarvbdbms dmom,

pmr aiaopjm, ue afbdbm ae dmestruddbôe.   Vbpms fa pncm nfajnetnfm9

Dnedajn ue eùoarm fatarobenfm fa dumtns pmr nfajnetnfm, parm

astm em omfbdn tus betarasas, as fadbr, sa dmetbeùn pncnefm jn obson dnetbfnf fa fbearm ae jns dumtns sbcubaetas, dme jn fbgaraedbn fa qua aj eùoarm fa dumtns sa rafuim y em sa rafuda ebecùe ometm fa fbearm, jm qua sa rafuda as aj eùoarm fa dumtns. \mr aiaopjm9

Ae ue drâfbtm n fbaz dumtns fa 8. Dmoardbm axtarbmr Aj dmoardbm axtarbmr as aj betardnohbm fa hbaeas y sarvbdbms aetra

uem m oîs pnïsas husdne sntbsgndar sus eadasbfnfas fa faonefn betaren dmequa jns bopmrtndbmeas y fa faonefn axtaren dme jns axpmrtndbmeas. Aj dmoardbm axtarbmr sa racujn oafbneta nduarfms aetra jms cmhbarems y aoprasns prbvnfns. Aj dmoardbm axtarbmr husdn

supjbr uen faonefn betaren qua em puafa sar sntbsgad`n pmr jms hbaeas prmfudbfms faetrm faj obsom pnïs. Vnohbâe husdn nuoaetnr dme jn faonefn axtaren jn vaetn fa jn prmfuddbôe fa hbaeas y sarvbdbms qua smhrapnsne jn faonefn betaren.

Nvnjas y gbnezns Jn nezn sbaopra tbaea su mrbcae ae jn jbhra vmjuetnf fa jns pnrtas9 ndraafmr y nfmr. As pradbsm befbdnr qua, jn nezn qua sa prasta taefrî su mrbcae ae jn jbhra vmjuetnf fa ue nfmr qua dmevaecn ae prastnrjn, fnfm qua enfba puafa mhjbcnr n mtrm n dajahrnr ue dmetrntm. Ae ranjbfnf, jn mhjbcndbôe jacnj m iufbdbnj surca, oîs qua

pnrn aj nfmr, pnrn aj faufmr. Asta ùjtbom astî mhjbcnfm n mhtaear njcuen parsmen qua jm cnrnetbda.

\mr jns dmefbdbmeas ae qua sa prastn9 Jn nezn sbaopra `n sbfm djnsbdnfn ae sbopja y smjbfnrbn9 Jn nezn sbopja as dunefm aj nfmr dmesarvn aj haeadbm fa axdusbôe, fa omfm qua sb as smjbdbtnfm pnrn aj pncm, puafa mpmearjm y mhjbcnr nj ndraafmr n qua prboarm betaeta aj dmhrm faj faufmr prbedbpnj.

Jn nezn smjbfnrbn as mhiatm fa oùjtbpjas fahntas dmom fmdtrben. Axbstae aspadbnjbstns a bedjusm jacbsjndbmeas dmom jn Euavn Jay Caearnj fa Tmdbafnfas, qua smstbaeae jn mhjbcndbôe, ae astms dnsms, n jns racjns fa jn smjbfnrbfnf.

\mr jns parsmens n qubaeas sa cnrnetbzn9 Tacùe n jns parsmens ae duym gnvmr sa mtmrcn jn nezn, astn puafa sar sbopja m fmhja. As sbopja dunefm sa cnrnetbzn nj mhjbcnfm prbedbpnj y

fmhja dunefm sa mtmrcn n gnvmr fa mtrm nfmr, curn dmemdbfn dmom suhnezn. \mr jn axtaesbôe dme qua sa dmestbtuya9 Jn nezn as jbobtnfn m bjbobtnfn, axbsta jbobtndbôe pmr onefntm jacnj qua aj nfmr em puafa smhrapnsnr. Faetrm fa asta dmetaxtm, aj nfmr dmetrna su mhjbcndbôe fa fms gmrons fbstbetns9 saþnjnefm ue ometm oîxbom pmr aj dunj raspmefarî m sbe befbdnr tnj jïobta oîxbom. Ae

aj prboarm fa jms dnsms, ems aedmetrnoms graeta n jn jjnonfn nezn jbobtnfn. Ae jn nezn bjbobtnfn, aj nfmr sa mhjbcn n raspmefar pmr tmfn jn mhjbcndbôe prbedbpnj, bedjusm sus nddasmrbms.

42  

Fbgaraedbns aetra nezn y nvnj9 GBNEYN

NWNJ

Jn nezn as mtmrcnfn pmr dunjqubarn fa jms Aj nvnj as mtmrcnfm pmr dunjqubarn fa jms betarvbebaetas a bedjusm pmr ue tardarm, axdaptm pmr betarvbebaetas ae aj tïtujm vnjmr m pmr ue tardarm. aj mhjbcnfm prbedbpnj. Tmjm aj mhjbcnfm prbedbpnj em puafa mtmrcnr nvnj.

Jn nezn dmestn ae aj obsom tïtujm vnjmr m ae aj racbstrm Aj nvnj dmestn ae aj nevarsm m ravarsm faj obsom raspadtbvm, fapaefbaefm sb asta as ontarbnjbznfm m tïtujm vnjmr m ae `min nf`arbfn n âj. fasontarbnjbznfm.

>.>. Dnrtns fa drâfbtm Jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm m drâfbtm fmduoaetnrbm as ue bestruoaetm fa

pncm aobtbfm pmr uen aetbfnf enedbarn, caearnjoaeta ue hnedm. Jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm as befapaefbaet befapaefbaeta a faj dmetrntm qua ja fbm mrbcae. Jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm sa aopjan ae târobems caearnjas ae jn dmoprn y vaetn fa oardnedïn m hbaeas; sbe aohnrcm, asta bestruoaetm fa pncm puafa utbjbznrsa ae mtrms dmetrntms. Jns mhjbcndbmeas faj hnedm puafae astnr supafbtnfns n jn aetracn

fa fmduoaetms fa ïefmja dmoardbnj (dmemdbobaetm fa aohnrqua, gndturn dmoardbnj), nfunearm (dartbdnfm fa mrbcae) m tâdebdm (dartbdnfm fajndnjbfnf) puafae sacùe jns bestruddbmeas fa qubae mrfaea nparturny fa fbd`m vnrbnr drâfbtm. Betarvbaeae ae ajjn9

Mrfaeneta

As aj bopmrtnfmr m dmoprnfmr fa jn oardnedïn. As qubae smjbdbtn jn nparturn faj drâfbtm fmduoaetnrbm a bestruya nj hnedm aobsmr smhra jns dmefbdbmeas pnrn jjavnrjm

n dnhm. As aj mhjbcnfm enj n pncnr y faharî raaohmjsnr nj hnedm aobsmr dunetns dnetbfnfas m cnstms netbdbpa asta.

Hnedm aobsmr

As aj hnedm smhra aj qua radna jn mhjbcndbôe prbedbpnj pnrn dme aj haeadbnrbm y aj qua faharî nhrbr aj drâfbtm fmduoaetnrbm n gnvmr fa asta. Mhrn n pafbfm y hnim jns bestruddbmeas faj mrfaeneta.

As aj axpmrtnfmr m vaefafmr oardnedïnbopuastns y aj qua tbaea farad`mAsfa ae guedbôe faj duopjbobaetm fa fa jns jn dmefbdbmeas ae ajajdrâfbtm. aj dmhrm radaptmr Haeadbnrbm

faj fmduoaetm qua sustaetn aj drâfbtm y aj qua radbhbrî uen cnrnetïn fa pncm, sbaopra qua astâ ae pmsbdbôe fa prasaetnr jn fmduoaetndbôe raquarbfn ae jms pjnzms dmrraspmefbaetas. Tacùe jn raspmesnhbjbfnf qua taecn, sa jjnonrî hnedm pncnfmr sb faha aetracnrja

Hnedm dmrraspmesnj

Hnedm ndaptnfmr

fbearm n jn vbstn nj haeadbnrbm dmetrn aj duopjbobaetm fa sus mhjbcndbmeas (pncm n jn vbstn); hnedm eacmdbnfmr, sb astuvbarn aednrcnfm fa fasdmetnr jatrn(s) nj haeadbnrbm dmetrn aj duopjbobaetm fa sus mhjbcndbmeas (pncm fbgarbfm). Tb ndaptn jn(s) jatrn(s) faj haeadbnrbm pnrn pncîrsajns nj vaedbobaetm m hnedm nvbsnfmr, sb smjm ndtùn emtbdnefm nj haeadbnrbm, haea dbnrbm, fa jn nparturn faj drâfbtm n su gnvmr. g nvmr.

Jms usms y dmstuohras `ndae qua aj hnedm dmrraspmesnj puafn bevastbr jn curn fa oîs fa ue suiatm, pmr taear raspmesnhbjbfnfas fbgaraetas (pmr aiaopjm, puafa sar hnedm nvbsnfmr y hnedm eacmdbnfmr n jn vaz).

6<  

>.8. Cnrnetïns hnednrbns Tme mparndbmeas drafbtbdbns n trnvâs fa jn dunj uen bestbtudbôe

enedbarn aobta ue fmduoaetm n gnvmr fa ue tardarm, nvnjnefm aj duopjbobaetm fa uen mhjbcndbôe dmetrndtunj dme aj haeadbm fa jn cnrnetïn aobtbfn. Tuajae fnrsa duntrm omfnjbfnfas9  

Cnrnetïns fa pncm pncm netbdbpnfm

 Cnrnetïns fa

 Cnrnetïns fa duopjbobaetm

Cnrnetïns fa onetaebobaetm fa mgartn

 

>.4. \ncms betarendbmenjas Vrnesgaraedbn nj axtarbmr9 Jn trnesgaraedbn ajadtrôebdn as uen trnesgaraedbn faj pncm fa uen duaetn hnednrbn n mtrn duaetn hnednrbn y astî aobtbfn pmr aj pncnfmr,

em pmr aj haeadbnrbm. D`aquas m cbrms faj axtarbmr9 Aj cbrm hnednrbm (tnohbâe dmemdbfm dmom d`aqua fa dnin) dmesbsta ae qua njcubae aevïn uen dnetbfnf fa fbearm n mtrn parsmen oafbneta

ue d`aqua aobtbfm pmr ue hnedm (aj hnedm aobsmr). Aj d`aqua m cbrm qua sa aobta faha duopjbr dme njcuems raqubsbtms9 aj emohra fa jn

aetbfnf hnednrbn y fa jn sudursnj aspadïdn, jn dnetbfnf fa fbearm, jn bfaetbfnf faj haeadbnrbm y faj raobtaeta, aj eùoarm fa duaetn y aj hnedm fôefa sa aevbnrîe jms gmefms y, dmom dmopjaoaetm, uen sarba fa oafbfns fa sacurbfnf ae aj gmrontm faj fmduoaetm (onrdns aspadïdns, tbetns m `bjms). Jn enjbfnf faj cbrm hnednrbm as cnrnetbznr jn sacurbfnf ae aj dmhrm y avbtnr aj usm fa omeafn gïsbdn. OMFNJBFNFAT FA CBXM HNEDNXBM D@A^QA BEVAXENDBMENJ

As nquaj qua sa aobta ae jn omeafn jmdnj, nuequa jm oîs `nhbtunj as ae fôjnras. Ta trntn fa ue d`aqua parsmenj y qubae jm aobta, aj cbrnfmr, as ue pnrtbdujnr.

As hnstneta pnradbfm nj d`aqua dmevaedbmenj y qubae jm aobta emronjoaeta CBXM DMOAXDBNJ

as uen aetbfnf m aoprasn qua aevïn uen dnetbfnf fa fbearm n uen duaetn hnednrbn prmpbn ae mtrm pnïs.

CBXM HNEDNXBM DXQYNFM

Dmesbsta ae qua aj fmduoaetm aobtbfm betrmfuda fms rnyns m jïeans aetra aj emohra faj hnedm fastbenfm nj dmhrm, pnrn qua smjnoaeta astn aetbfnf

puafn gndbjbtnr aj pncm n trnvâs fa uen duaetn dmrrbaeta y euedn ae agadtbvm.

>.6. Gbenedbnobaetm fa axpmrtn axpmrtndbmeas dbmeas Ndtunjoaeta, jns bestbtudbmeas enedbarns vbaeae prmpmrdbmenefm oud`ns smjudbmeas n jn axpmrtndbôe, njaetnfns, prbedbpnjoaeta, pmr jn nparturn fa jms oardnfms prmfudtm fa jms fbstbetms trntnfms

betarendbmenjas ronfms pmr euastrm pnïs dme aj ouefm, aetra jns prbedbpnjas smjudbmeas taeaoms9

6>  

Dmoprn fa fmduoaetms9 aj hnedm dmoprn jms fmduoaetms fa ue drâfbtm fmduoaetnrbm, parobtbaefm parobtbaefm nj djbaeta mhtaear fbspmebhbjbfnf

fa gmefms netas faj pjnzm befbdnfm ae jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm. Emronjoaeta aj hnedm avnjùn y npruahn pravbnoaeta jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm ae duastbôe.

Gndtmrbec betarendbmenj9  betarendbmenj9  aj hnedm nsuoa aj dmhrm fa jns gndturns obebobznefm aj rbascm fa besmjvaedbn faj dmoprnfmr. dmoprnfmr. Aj hnedm avnjùn pravbnoaeta nj dmoprnfmr.

\ra y pmstaohnrqua9 \raaohnrqua9 sa \raaohnrqua9  sa utbjbzn pnrn enedbnr jn dmoprn fa oardnfarïn aetra mtrns eadasbfnfas faj axpmrtnfmr. Aj axpmrtnfmr faharî

prasaetnr n jn aetbfnf enedbarn jn dnrtn fa drâfbtm fa jn mparndbôe. \mstaohnrqua9 sa mtmrcn dunefm jn oardnfarïn yn gua aohnrdnfn \mstaohnrqua9 sa y aj enedbnobaetm as dnedajnfm dunefm sa radbhae jms gmefms farbvnfms fa jn axpmrtndbôe. Astn trnesnddbôe sa ranjbzn dme jn

prasaetndbôe fa jn gndturn y jms fmduoaetms fa trnespmrtas fa jn mparndbôe.

Tapyoax9 as ue prmfudtm mrbaetnfm prbedbpnjoaeta pnrn aoprasns qua em tbaeae gndbjbfnfas fa nddasm n jïeans fa enedbnobaetm fa praaohnrqua. Astn pôjbzn enda n trnvâs fa ue gmefm fa raspnjfm raspnjfm qua aj OAG nsbcen n DMGBFA ($ 1.1. Gbenedbnobaetm fa bopmrtn bopmrtndbmeas dbmeas As uen mparndbôe fa drâfbtm oafbneta aj dunj aj hnedm enedbn aj parbmfm eadasnrbm pnrn jn dmoardbnjbzndbôe y pncm faj prmfudtm

bopmrtnfm. Ae dmesaduaedbn, aj bopmrtnfmr smjbdbtn enedbnobaetm pmr9

Dnradar fa gmefms pnrn aj pncm nj dmetnfm.

 

  Mhtaear oaimras pradbms fa

dmoprn.

Ae astn mparndbôe betarvbaeae tras pnrtbdbpnetas9   Bopmrtnfmr jmdnj   Axpmrtnfmr axtrneiar axtrneiarm m 

Hnedm

Mparntbvn9 n.  Axbstaedbn fa ue nduarfm dmoardbnj fa dmoprn-vaetn aetra bopmrtnfmr y axpmrtnfmr.

h.  Aj axpmrtnfmr aetracn jn oardnfarïn nj bopmrtnfmr.

68    

d. Bopmrtnfmr smjbdbtn aj enedbnobaetm nj hnedm, pnrn qua asta ùjtbom ranjbda aj pncm nj axpmrtnfmr.

f. Aj hnedm faj bopmrtnfmr pncn nj axpmrtnfmr axpmrtnfmr.. a.   Nj vaedbobaetm, aj bopmrtnfmr nomrtbzn aj enedbnobaetm n su a. hnedm dme aj prmfudtm fa sus vaetns.

Vrnesgbrbaefm npraefbfm jm

Jns smjudbmeas fa pncm y aj dradbobaetm fa jns \ROA Aj 1< % fa jns \ROA aspnþmjns pravâ ue dradbobaetm fa nj oaems ue 6 % aj 83 y ue >3 % pjnebdn `ndarjm ae nj oaems ue 0 %, sacùe Noarbdne Axprass. Astm sa faha prbedbpnjoaeta n su betaesm bevmjudrnobaetm dme jns smjudbmeas fa pncm prmpmrdbmenfns

pmr jn hnedn, jm qua jas `n parobtbfm avbfaedbnr jn smjbfaz fa su trnesnddbmenjbfnf y sar suiatm n drâfbtms y raspnjfms hnednrbms pnrn pmfar jjavnr sus prmfudtms y sarvbdbms n mtrms jucnras faj ouefm. Vmonefm ae duaetn jm axpuastm, fahntboms ae crupm jm sbcubaeta9 ½^uâ prmfudtms pmfrïne sar eadasnrbms dmom raspnjfm pnrn qua euastrms aoprasnrbms jmcrae axpmrtnr= ½^uâ mtrns aetbfnfas puafae duhrbr astns eadasbfnfas=

½^uâ rbascms y haeadbms prmpmrdbmen n jms aoprasnrbms astms sarvbdbms enedbarms=

Xagjaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ½As bopmrtneta dmemdar aj oadnebsom faj dmoardbm axtarbmr= ½\mr quâ=

½^uâ euavms dmemdbobaetms `a jmcrnfm nfqubrbr= ½\nrn quâ oa sarvbrîe=

Xasuoae npraefbfmfa jm Xanjbdaoms ue mrcnebznfmr vbsunj qua raprasaeta jns smjudbmeas fa enedbnobaetm qua

`aoms fasnrrmjjnfm.

64    

Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnrbns fa nutmnpraefbznia Dmesbfarnefm Dmesbfarn efm jm npraefbfm npraefbfm,, ravbsaoms jms sbcubaetas dnsms9

DNTM > Jn aoprasn \aruatt`p \aruatt`p tbaea >8 nþms ae aj oardnfm fa dajujnras y `n taebfm ue dradbobaetm faj 4 % ae tmfm asta parbmfm. Jms fuaþms dmoaeznrme jn aoprasn fa darm y `my ae fïn sa aeduaetrne ouy mrcujjmsms fa jm jmcrnfm. Jms `bims fa jms fuaþms vae dmom sus nobcms, tnohbâe aoprasnrbms, `my ae fïn vbnine dnsb tmfms jms oasas n fbstbetms pnïsas ae rauebmeas fa eacmdbms y asm jas dnusn dbartn bedmomfbfnf puas sbaetae qua ajjms tnohbâe faharïne astnr ae asms ebvajas fa dmoardbnjbzndbôe, parm em sa axpjbdne dôom pmfrïne jmcrnrjm. Qem

fa jms `bims sa `n ndardnfm nj hnedm Vu Vu Nobcmhnek n husdnr uen nsasmrïn. Fa nduarfm nj dnsm prasaetnfm, raspmefnoms jm sbcubaeta9

Tb guâsaoms guedbmenrbms faj hnedm, ½quâ radmoaefndbôe pmfrïnoms hrbefnrja nj djbaeta=   ½^uâ prmfudtms y smjudbmeas ja mgradarïnoms ae prboar jucnr=   ½\mfaoms ½\ mfaoms trnhninr dme ue djbaeta dme aj parj fa \aruatt`p=  

DNTM 8 Jn aoprasn Snrbnppja `n nenjbznfm qua su ndtunj sbstaon fa pncms ja vbaea fnefm oîs dmstms qua haeadbms, rnzôe pmr jn dunj `n dmetrntnfm uen dmesujtmrn qua ja nyufa n rasmjvar asta prmhjaon. Qstaf, dmom fuaþm fa jn dmesujtmrn, faharî begmronr nj oîs hrava pjnzm n Snrbnppja dôom obebobznr dmstms y dôom `ndar oîs adbaeta y omfarem aj sbstaon fa pncms fa jn aoprasn.   ½^uâ

prmfudtms pmfrïnoms aopjanr ae jn aoprasn=

  ½^uâ

dnrndtarïstbdns tbaea dnfn uem fa astms prmfudtms=

  ½Dôom

nyufne astms prmfudtms n rasmjvar asta prmhjaon=

DNTM 4 Jn aoprasn \apbx as uen aoprasn fafbdnfn n jms iucms fa grutn y ja `n bfm ouy hbae ae aj oardnfm endbmenj. Ndtunjoaeta, jn aoprasn astî husdnefm jn gmron fa axpmrtnr su

prmfudtm y uen aoprasn aurmpan sa aeduaetrn betarasnfn ae dmoardbnjbznrjm. \apbx em tbaea

axparbaedbn axpmrtnefm y sa `n ndardnfm n emsmtrms pnrn qua jn nsasmraoms ae jns oaimras y oîs adbaetas onearns fa pmfar axpmrtnr su prmfudtm. Xaspmefaoms9 

½^uâ prmfudtms pmfrïn aopjanr=

  ½^uâ   ½Ae

dnrndtarïstbdns tbaea dnfn uem fa astms prmfudtms=

quâ oafbfn nyufne astms prmfudtms n rasmjvar asta prmhjaon=

DNTM 6 @ne ndufbfm n emsmtrms jms guedbmenrbms fa jn aoprasn Onrben \mwar, \mwar, qubaeas ems begmrone qua ae aj ouajja tbaeae uen oardnfarïn jbstn pnrn aohnrdnr, aohnrdnr, parm em puafae dmopjatnr jms

gmefms eadasnrbms pnrn ranjbznrjm. Ta aeduaetrne ae ue crne prmhjaon y eadasbtne euastrm npmym pnrn enedbnr y cnrnetbznr jm befbdnfm. Xaspmefaoms9   ½As

pmsbhja hrbefnr njcuen smjudbôe n jms djbaetas=

  ½^uâ

prmfudtms pmfrïnoms aopjanr=

  ½Ae

quâ oafbfn nyufne astms prmfudtms n rasmjvar asta prmhjaon= 66

 

4

Befbdnfmr fa jmcrm  Nrcuoaetn n jms djbaetas smhra jms sarvbdbms fa bevarsbôe ae aj onrdm faj racjnoaetm fa trnespnraedbn.  X   a  g   j    a  x   b     m  e  n  r   y   d   m  o  p  n  r  t    b     r 

Tbtundbôe prmhjaoîtbdn

Iune njbncn, aopjanfm pùhjbdm fa `nda oîs fa qubeda nþms, pmsaa uen duaetn fa n`mrrms duaetn darm. Tus dmopnþarms dmopnþarms fa trnhnim ja dmoaetne qua tbaeae sus n`mrrms bevartbfms, uems ae jn hmjsn y mtrms ae gmefms outums; sbe aohnrcm, Iune em aetbaefa n qua sa ragarae. N dmetbeundbôe, raspmefnoms jns sbcubaetas betarrmcnetas9

½N quâ jjnonoms prmfudtms fa bevarsbôe= o ½^uâ prmfudtms y sarvbdbms gmrone pnrta fa ue pmrtngmjbm fa bevarsbôe= o  ½Jms prmfudtms fa bevarsbôe supmeae njcùe rbascm= o 

Npmstnefm pmr jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe

Ndtunjoaeta sa tbaea jn bfan fa qua pnrtbdbpnr ae ue gmefm fa bevarsbôe supmea taear ue crne dmemdbobaetm ae hmjsn m taear

axdafaetas bopmrtnetas qua ems `ncne tmonr jn fadbsbôe fa nrrbascnr pnrta fa euastrm fbearm. Jn avmjudbôe fa asta sarvbdbm ems

`n bfm faomstrnefm tmfm jm dmetrnrbm, puas `my ae fïn, jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe sa `ne prmgasbmenjbznfm tnetm qua yn axbstae prmfudtms n oafbfn faj parj faj bevarsbmebstn, be varsbmebstn, qua ae oud`ms dnsms yn nsacurne jn prasarvndbôe faj dnpbtnj nj >. Dmedaptm Qe bestruoaetm enedbarm as uen `arrnobaetn betnecbhja, ue sarvbdbm m prmfudtm mgradbfm pmr uen aetbfnf enedbarn, betaroafbnrbm, ncaeta admeôobdm m dunjqubar aeta dme nutmrbfnf y pmtastnf

eadasnrbn pnrn pmfar mgradarjm m faonefnrjm. Tu mhiatbvm as sntbsgndar jns eadasbfnfas fa enedbndbôe m bevarsbôe jms sadtmras ncaetas admeôobdms, fnefm dbrdujndbôe nj fbearm caearnfm aefa uems y trnsjnfîefmjm n mtrms sadtmras qua jm eadasbtne, caearnefm n su vaz rbquazn.

Aetra jms bestruoaetms enedbarms taeaoms9

>.>. Xaetn Gbin Jns bevarsbmeas ae raetn in sme nquajjns qua pncne uen raetnhbjbfnf in, dme uen tnsn pndtnfn, pmr ue fatarobenfm parbmfm fa tbaopm. Aiaopjm9 Jms hmems sme bestruoaetms fa asta tbpm qua pmfrïn raefbr uen tnsn

neunj fa 7 % pmr ue parbmfm fatarobenfm.

>.8. Xaetn Wnrbnhja Ta ranjbzn ae nddbmeas jbstnfns ae jn Hmjsn fa Wnjmras y su cnenedbn fapaefarî fa jms rasujtnfms fa jns aoprasns qua jbstne ae astn pjnzn

y faj uim fa sus utbjbfnfas. Em `ny uen tnsn in. Jn raetnhbjbfnf as hnstneta vnrbnhja y oud`ns vadas tnohbâe sme beuaedbnfns pmr axtarenjbfnfas dmyueturnjas.

>.4. Xaetn Obxtn \arobta oazdjnr jn raetn in dme jn vnrbnhja. Aj bevarsbmebstn cnen ue pmdm oîs dme oaems rbascm. As radmoaefnhja radmoaefnhja qua sa onetaecn fa

>0 n 60 oasas.

67  

>.6. Gmefms outums As uen mpdbôe omfaren, sacurn y saedbjjn pnrn dmevartbrta ae bevarsbmebstn, qua obebobzn aj rbascm y onxbobzn jn raetnhbjbfnf fa

tu fbearm, nj bevartbrjm ae uen dnrtarn fbvarsbdnfn fa bestruoaetms enedbarms. Qe gmefm outum as ue pntrbomebm nfobebstrnfm pmr uen Tmdbafnf Nfobebstrnfmrn fa Gmefms Gmefms (TNG) y gmronfm pmr jn suon su on fa npmrtas vmjuetnrbms fa fbearm fa parsmens y aoprasns (pnrtïdbpas), qua husdne mhtaear uen raetnhbjbfnf onymr qua jn qua mgradbfn pmr jms prmfudtms trnfbdbmenjas fa n`mrrm. Vbpms fa gmefms outums Gmefms outums fa

Tmjm bevbartae ae raetn in prbedbpnjoaeta ae

raetn in

fapôsbtms n pjnzm y hmems y, nj em dmetaear nddbmeas, sme pmdm vmjîtbjas.

Aiaopjm9 ae Betarhnek, gmefms axtrndmesarvnfmras, gmefms dmesarvnfmras.

Gmefms outums fa raetn obxtn

Bevbartae ae raetn in y ae raetn vnrbnhja (nddbmeas) y prasaetne ue rbascm onymr qua jms gmefms fa raetn in parm oaemr qua aj fa raetn vnrbnhja. Astm as dmopaesnfm dme uen onymr raetnhbjbfnf,

sbaopra qua jn bevarsbôe sa fa ae ue `mrbzmeta oîs jnrcm (fa >0 n 60 oasas), puas nsï sa obtbcn jn vmjntbjbfnf fa dmrtm pjnzm fa jns nddbmeas.

Aiaopjm9 ae HD\ gmefm omfarnfm, gmefm fa dradbobaetm.

Gmefms outums fa raetn vnrbnhja

Astms gmefms bevbartae axdjusbvnoaeta ae raetn vnrbnhja (nddbmeas) y, ae aj jnrcm pjnzm (pjnzms suparbmras n dbedm nþms), tbaefae n sar oîs raetnhjas qua jns njtarentbvns fa raetn obxtn y ouy suparbmras

n jns njtarentbvns fa raetn in. Tbe aohnrcm, dmom jms pradbms fa jns nddbmeas astîe suiatms n vnrbndbmeas faj oardnfm, sme tnohbâe jms fa onymr rbascm m vmjntbjbfnf ae aj dmrtm pjnzm.

Aiaopjm9 HHWN, gmefm raetn vnrbnhja ncrasbvm; TQXN, gmefm raetn vnrbnhja TQXN nddbmeas.

>.1. Nfobebstrndbôe fa pmrtn pmrtngmjbm gmjbm Ta raara n jn ajnhmrndbôe fa dnrtarns fa bevarsbôe dme aj mhiatbvm fa obebobznr aj rbascm y onxbobznr jn raetnhbjbfnf. As uen sajaddbôe fa fmduoaetms qua dmtbzne ae hmjsn, jms dunjas uen parsmen m aoprasn

fadbfa bevartbr su fbearm fa nduarfm n su parj fa rbascm. Astî dmopuastm pmr bestruoaetms fa raetn in y raetn vnrbnhja, n e fa fbstrbhubr aj rbascm aetra nddbmeas, hmems, dartbdnfms fa fapôsbtms, aetra mtrms. ‚Aj qua ranjoaeta cnen em as aj qua mhtbaea aj onymr raefbobaetm ae fatarobenfm, sbem aj qua paroneada aeTmrms). aj tbaopm dmeue uenparbmfm nfadunfn rajndbôe raetnhbjbfnf/rbascm‟ (Camrca

@nrry O. Onrkmwbtz, dmesbfarnfm dmesbfarnfm dmom aj pnfra fa jn tamrïn omfaren faj pmrtngmjbm, dboaetô jns hnsas fa jn tamrïn fa dmestruddbôe fa pmrtngmjbms.

63  

As bopmrtneta tmonr ae duaetn aj parj faj bevarsbmebstn, puas fa ajjm fapaefarî aj neîjbsbs fa su tmjarnedbn nj rbascm y pmfraoms mgradarja aj gmefm oîs bfôeam n su eadasbfnf. \nrn ajjm, sa faha ravbsnr jns sbcubaetas vnrbnhjas9 

Dnpndbfnf fa n`mrrm9  ue neîjbsbs fa sus becrasms y sus cnstms, n e fa fatarobenr sus `îhbtms fa dmesuom y su ranj becrasm fbspmebhja, aj rasujtnfm fa ajjm ems fnrî su dnpndbfnf fa n`mrrm. Mhiatbvm fa bevarsbôe9 as bopmrtneta nenjbznr astm iuetm nj djbaeta, as ouy fbstbetm n`mrrnr pmr enfn n n`mrrnr ae hnsa n ue mhiatbvm

 

n njdneznr. Jns Jns parsmens sbaopra tbaeae ue mhiatbvm yn san n dmrtm

dmom n jnrcm pjnzm, bfaetbdnr astm `nda oîs prmfudtbvm astn fadbsbôe fa bevarsbôe m n`mrrm.   Vnsn

fa raefbobaetm dme raspadtm n jn bendbôe asparnfn9   as

bopmrtneta begmronr nj djbaeta fa astns vnrbnhjas, ae dunetm n su `bstôrbdm y prmyaddbmeas ae dnfn tbpm fa gmefm outum. Nquï as fmefa aj dmemdbobaetm faj parj faj bevarsbmebstn as hîsbdm. \jnzm fa bevarsbôe faj fbearm9 sacùe mhiatbvms fa bevarsbôe y

 

raetnhbjbfnf raetnhbjbfn f asparnfn.

Dnpndbfnf fa rbascm n nsuobr9  nsuobr9  ae hnsa nj parj faj rbascm faj

 

bevarsbmebstn as fatarobenfm dme netarbmrbfnf.

n. Vbpms fa pmrtngmjbm Dmesarvnfmr9 su mhiatbvm as avbtnr jn pârfbfn p ârfbfn fa dnpbtnj. Vbpms fa \mrtngmjbm

Omfarnfm9 su mhiatbvm as obtbcnr aj rbascm n trnvâs fa jn fbvarsbdndbôe fa ndtbvms.

Dradbobaetm9 husdn bedraoaetnr aj dnpbtnj n trnvâs fa jn bevarsbôe ae nddbmeas.

h. Astrntacbns pnrn dnfn pmrtngmjbm  Ndtbvn9 husdn jn mhtaedbôe fa raetnhbjbfnfas suparbmras n jms bestruoaetms faj pmrtngmjbm bevartbfm. Astrntacbns \nsbvn9 husdn jn fbvarsbdndbôe dme aj mhiatbvm fa bcunjnr jms raefbobaetms fa jms bestruoaetms bevartbfms.

d. Tajaddbôe fa bestruoaetms fa bevarsbôe Ae astn atnpn jms aspadbnjbstns a bevarsbmebstns betaetne dmestrubr

pmrtngmjbms, jms oîs adbaetas pmsbhjas, n e fa mhtaear aj onymr ratmrem asparnfm pnrn ue fatarobenfm rbascm. Astms bestruoaetms pmfrïne sar9

60

 

 Nddbmeas

Vïtujms raprasaetntbvms fa uen pnrta prmpmrdbmenj fa prmpbafnf.

 Nddbmeas pragarbfns Mtmrcne ue farad`m aspadbnj smhra jn aoprasn. Hmems

Vïtujms fa raetn in qua pncne nj pmsaafmr ue ometm emobenj oîs betarasas n su vaedbobaetm aetra mtrms.

Vrnesgbrbaefm jm npraefbfm

Jms obtms smhra jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe ae aj \arù

Aj asdnsm dmemdbobaetm smhra jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe prmvmdn qua axbstne obtms. N dmetbeundbôe, fasnrrmjjaoms jns sbcubaetas ndtbvbfnfas9

>.  Janoms jn jadturn jadturn uhbdnfn ae aj sbcubaeta aejnda9 `ttps9//cmm.cj/ `ttps9//cmm.cj/ mQmy81

8. Dmopjatnoms dbedm obtms usunjas smhra jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe9 Gmefms fa bevarsbôe

Obtm

Eadasbfnf n duhrbr

Xaetn in Xaetn obxtn Xaetn vnrbnhja

4.  Qen vaz fasnrrmjjnfn fasnrrmjjnfn jn ndtbvbfnf9 Ae aqubpm fbnjmcnoms y dmopnrnoms euastrns raspuastns, raspadtm n jn ndtbvbfnf ranjbznfn ae aj dunfrm netarbmr. Xaspmefaoms jns sbcubaetas pracuetns9

½^ubâeas mgradae `my ae fïn astns smjudbmeas fa bevarsbôe=

 

  ½^uâ

mtrns aetbfnfas puafae duhrbr astns eadasbfnfas=

½^uâ rbascms y haeadbms prmpmrdbmen n jms aoprasnrbms astms sarvbdbms enedbarms=

 

Xagjaxbôe smhra jm npraefbfm ½As bopmrtneta qua npraefnoms n radmemdar jn fbgaraedbn aetra jms gmefms fa bevarsbôe y jns duaetns fa n`mrrm= ½\mr quâ=

½^uâ euavms dmemdbobaetms `aoms jmcrnfm nfqubrbr= ½\nrn quâ ems sarvbrîe=

62  

Xasuoae fa jm npraefbfm Xanjbdaoms ue mrcnebznfmr vbsunj qua raprasaeta jms taons fa gmefms fa bevarsbôe qua `aoms fasnrrmjjnfm.

Ndtbvbfnfas dmopjaoaetnrbns fa nutmnpraefbznia

Dmesbfarnefm Dmesbfarne fm jm npraefbfm npraefbfm,, ravbsaoms jms sbcubaetas dnsms9

DNTM >

\aesnefm nefm… Aj saþmr Gâjbx Ncúarm as ue aoprasnrbm faj ruhrm fa ùtbjas asdmjnras qua astî hnstneta pramdupnfm. Ae asta omoaetm tbaea ue pafbfm crnefa qua ntaefar y aj fbearm qua pmsaa jm vbaea cunrfnefm

pnrn dunjqubar avaetunjbfnf. Tbaopra `n paesnfm qua em faharïn quafnrsa sbe fbearm prmpbm. As uen parsmen qua sbaopra

ja `n custnfm nrrbascnr, pbaesn qua as jn ùebdn gmron dôom ue aopraefafmr puafa surcbr. Qems nobcms ja sucbrbarme pmear su fbearm ae uen duaetn n pjnzm ae fôjnras, pmrqua as jn onearn oîs sacurn fa cunrfnr su fbearm. Mtrms ja ndmesainrme qua nrrbascua a bevbartn ae jn dmoprn fa jn oardnfarïn qua eadasbtn.

Xaspmefaoms9 ½^uâ smjudbôe pmfrïnoms mgradarja nj Tr. Ncúarm=

 

½Tacùe aj parj fa euastrm djbaeta sme jms fapôsbtms n pjnzm m jms Gmefms Outums jms oîs

 

bfôeams pnrn su eadasbfnf=

½Tarî pmsbhja mgradarja ue prmcrnon fa Gmefms Outums= ½^uâ dnrndtarïstbdns taefrïnoms

 

pravbnoaeta qua avnjunr=

DNTM 8 

Aj rbascm, ½huaen mpdbôe= Jn saþmrn Garoben tbaea ue eacmdbm ouy paquaþm fa aomjbaeta, aj dunj as ouy dmemdbfm

y tbaea crne nuaedbn ae su hnrrbm. Garoben, dme oud`m asguarzm `n jmcrnfm nduoujnr

uen dbartn dnetbfnf fa fbearm qua n ajjn ja custnrïn bevartbr, parm em tbaea dmemdbobaetm 1<  

ae asta tbpm fa ndtbvbfnfas. \mr astn rnzôe, ajjn fadbfa rauebrsa dme ue radmemdbfm nsasmr

fa bevarsbmeas, n qubae ja tbaea oud`n dmenezn puas `n sbfm radmoaefnfm pmr nobcms y gnobjbnras. Xaspmefaoms9 ½^uâ as jm prboarm qua faharïnoms snhar pnrn mgradarja njcùe prmfudtm m tbpm fa raetn=

 

Tacùe aj parj nenjbznfm, sb guasa dmesarvnfmr, ½quâ tbpm fa raetn ja mgradarïnoms= ½\mr

 

quâ=

Tb Garoben tuvbasa ue parj ncrasbvm, ½pmfaoms mgradarja Gmefms Outums=, ½pmr quâ=

 

DNTM 4 @ne mrfaenfm nj caraeta enedbarm fa jn aoprasn Omtbx raetnhbjbznr nj oîxbom jms $ >.1 objjmeas qua `my ae fïn tbaeae ae dnin. Ja befbdnrme qua faha avbtnr dnar ae aj oîxbom rbascm pmsbhja, puas as jn pmjïtbdn fa jn aoprasn. Omtbx ndufa ndufa n emsmtrms dmom sus sadtmrbstns y ems pracuetn quâ prmfudtms taeaoms pnrn pmfar jjavnr n dnhm jm smjbdbtnfm pmr aj fbradtmrbm.

Nfaoîs, dmemdaoms jn dmopmsbdbôe pmrtngmjbm fa Omtbx `my ae fïn as 74 % qua bevarsbmeas ae raetnfaj obxtn y ue paquaþm pmrdaetnia fa 43 % ae raetn in. Xaspmefaoms9   ½As pmsbhja omvar astn dmopmsbdbôe pnrn ntaefar jm smjbdbtnfm pmr aj

fbradtmrbm fa Omtbx=

Tacùe aj parj nenjbznfm, sb guasa dmesarvnfmr, ½quâ tbpm fa raetn ja mgradarïn=, ½pmr

 

quâ=

½Tarî pmsbhja mgradarja Gmefms Outums=, ½duîj m duîjas=, ½pmr quâ=

 

DNTM 6 Ae jn aoprasn Xaetnhb tbaeae qua onxbobznr su pmrtngmjbm fbstrbhubfm fa jn sbcubaeta onearn9 VB\M FA XAEVN

\MXDAEVNIA

OMEVM

Xaetn in

64 %

>.1

Xaetn obxtn

47 %

%