Libro de Vision Celular

July 16, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A

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Bstb @mord bstá nmspdemo`b a ue prbgmd oastaetb aggbsmo`b. [ara iás mehdriagm÷e, bsgrmoa a

MJ@BWMA IDE^B GA_IB@D Ga``b Juanaùpb E¶ E¶ 8=;3 d `àib a` tb`íhded  (;>>) 28??=?-::1>161;. Ed tbias, pdrqub ]d bstdy gdetmjd3 ed nbsiaybs, pdrqub ]d sdy tu Nmds qub tb bshubrzd3 smbiprb tb ayunarí, smbiprb tb sustbetarí gde à nmbstra nb im Fustmgma. Fustmgma.

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MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Éenmgb

1. Mipdrtaegma nb à Xmsm÷e Gbùàr ?. Idvmbend à Iaed nb Nmds a travís nb à Metbrgbsm÷e

7.. @a Jubrra Bspmrmtua` a travís nb` Bvaejb`msid 7 >. Hdrta`bgmbend b` Imemstbrmd a travís nb` Bvaejb`msid 2. Bvaejb`msid partb MM   8. ´Quí bs Gdesd`mnagm÷e4 [artb M   :. Gdesd`mnagm÷e [artb MM   ?, Lbglds 86 7-:, Iatbd =611;, Iatbd =6 ?>-?8, Lbglds 1

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

´QRÍ WDE GÍ@R@AW4 Wde ‐jrupds pbqubñds metbjrands pdr pbrsdeas qub sb rböebe uea vbz pdr sbiaea, gde b` áemid nb nbsarrd`àr su grbgmimbetd metbjra` gbetrand be à paàora nb Nmds’.

Be bstds jrupds metbrvmbebe6  B`

Aehmtrm÷e, qumbe hagm`mta b` ùjar.  B` @énbr, à pbrsdea gapagmtana para nmrmjmr à gíùà.  B` ^midtbd, à iaed nbrbgla nb` `énbr (gd`énbr).  @ds [artmgmpaetbs, tdnds `ds imbiords imbiords agtmvds agtmvds y pbrsdeas mevmtanas mevmtanas a à rbuem÷e. @as gíùàs sb lagbe nb uea iaebra sbegm`à y prágtmga. A``é `ds asmstbetbs sde bnmhmgands, megùybend a `ds qub, sbiaea tras sbiaea, sde jaeands para Grmstd. Bstb prmegmpmd sb gdesbrva nbsnb `ds tmbipds nb à mj`bsma prmimtmva, guaend b` grbgmimbetd nb às gdejrbjagmdebs sb jbebr÷ a partmr nb às rbuemdebs be às gasas (Lbglds 86 :3 ?;6 ?;-?1).

1. AE^BGBNBE^BW OÉO@MGDW NB @AW GÍ@R@AW A. Fbsös imemstr÷ gdetmeuaibetb be às gasas (Iatbd =6 1;). O. Fbsös dpbr÷ saemnanbs be às gasas (Iatbd =6 ?7-?>). G. Fbsös us÷ às gasas para hdriar a sus ndgb (Iargds =6 77-72). N. @a saeta gbea sb gdipartm÷ pdr prmibra vbz be uea gasa (Iatbd ?86 1:-1). H. @a mj`bsma sb huen÷ be às gasas (Lbglds ?6 >?2). ?. MI[D_ÂEGMA NB @A XMWM×E GB@R@A_. a. B` íxmtd nb nb à mj`bsma bstá be às gíùàs. @a vmsm÷e gbùàr hagm`mta à hdriagm÷e y gapagmtagm÷e nb nmsgépu`ds qub sb begarjaráe nb nmhuenmr b` ibesafb nb Grmstd a tdnd b` iuend. 2

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

o. @as gíùàs pbrimtbe b` pastdrbd pbrsdea a pbrsdea. @a vmsm÷e gbùàr eds pbrimtb agtuar nb à imsia iaebra qub `d lmzd Fbsös (Iargds 86 7>), aöe b` grbybetb iás sbegm``d pubnb rbuemr a su haim`ma y b` `énbr nb gíùà pubnb bfbrgbr ue pastdrbd nmrbgtd gde gana pbrsdea. @a àodr pastdra` sb lagb iás hágm` guaend tdnd b` traoafd ed rbgab sdorb uea sdà pbrsdea. g. @as gíùàs sde pbqubñds jrupds qub hdrta`bgbe à mj`bsma. mj `bsma. @as pbrsdeas qub sde mevmtanas gana sbiaea pubnbe sbr jaeanas para Grmstd. A``é taiomíe sb bnmhmga a` eubvd grbybetb a travís nb à besbñaeza nb à paàora, para qub ``bjub a sbr mestruibetd ötm`, y sba prbparand para à iu`tmp`mgagm÷e nb à gíùà (1ª [bnrd 26 1;). n. @ds @as gíùàs sde nb ueagana hdria nb sup`mr àsed ebgbsmnanbs nb ebgbsmnanbs às pbrsdeas.nb garágtbr imbiords gdejrbjagm÷e s÷`d tmbebe bspmrmtua` y bidgmdea`, smed smed taiomíe ia iatbrma`. tbrma`. @as rbuemdebs nb ldjar gdetrmouybe a à satmshaggm÷e nb sus ebgbsmnanbs, ta` gdid dgurréa be à mj`bsma prmimtmva (Lbglds ?6 >>->:). b. @as gíùàs gdetrmouybe uea hubetb nb hdriagm÷e nb `ds ndgb. @as bstratbjmas nb nb iu`tmp`mgagm÷e qub sb nbsarrd`à be às gíùàs, mevdùgrb a `ds jrupds nb ndgb. @a imsia bstá huenaibetana be b` idnb`d nb Fbsös, qumbe bsgdjm÷ nmsgépu`ds paraiubstrae nbsarrd`àr su hrutds imemstbrmd. Be b`à asbndgb bsgdjb a qumbebs iás y sb dra para gdehdriar sm bs vdùetan nmvmea (@ugas 86 1?-1:). GDEG@RWM×E @a vmsm÷e gbùàr gdestmtuyb uea bstratbjma nb Nmds para à iu`tmp`mgagm÷e nb à mj`bsma be eubstrd tmbipd, às gíùàs sde pbqubñds jrupds qub sb rböebe sbiaeaìbetb para gdipartmr paàora nb Nmds y andrar a` Wbñdr, imbetras gana qumbe bs pastdrband nb iaebra nmrbgta. 8

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

GRBW^MDEA_MD NB A[D]D [A_A B@ A@RIED 1. ´Guá` hub à bstratbjma qub Nmds eds nmd para a`gaezar às iu`tmtunbs4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ?. Wbjöe Lbglds 1;. ´G÷id sb nmd memgmd a à mj`bsma4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 7. ´Guá`bs grbbs qub sde às vbetafas nb aormr uea gasa para b` huegmdeaimbetd nb uea gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT >. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ´Quí bs uea gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 2. ´[dr qumíebs bstá gdehdriana à gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 8. Wbjöe Lbglds ?6 ?->, Ń÷enb hub nbrraiand b` Bspérmtu Waetd pdr prmibra vbz4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT :. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT ´Guá` bs à mipdrtaegma nb à vmsm÷e gbùàr4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT , ´Quí garagtbrmz÷ b` imemstbrmd nb Fbsös4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT :

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

GA[É^R@D MM

Idvmbend à iaed nb Nmds a travís nb à Metbrgbsm÷e Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga 1¶ Waiub` 16=-1< ^B\^D G@AXB6

‐Gàia a ié y yd tb

rbspdenbrí, y tb besbñarí gdsas jraenbs y dgu`tas qub tö ed gdedgbs’,

Fbrbiéas 7767

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma Lborbds >612, Lborbds 2, Bh. 861. ´[ara quí smrvb à metbrgbsm÷e nbetrd nb à Mj`bsma4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT 2. ´Qumíe nbob sbr ue metbrgbsdr, sbjöe Lborbrds >612 >61244 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT 8. ´Quí bs `d qub nbob lagbr ue metbrgbsdr sbjöe Lborbds 261-1;4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT :. ´Quí dragmdebs nbobids lagbr4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTT 1?

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

GA[É^R@D

@a Jubrra Bspmrmtua`MMM a travís nb` Bvaejb`msid Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga Bhbsmds 861;-1< ^B\^D G@AXB6 Iartm``d ib sdms, y arias nb jubrra3 jubrra3 y pdr ibnmd nb tm, quboraetarí eagmdebs, y pdr ibnmd nb tm nbstrumrí rbmeds.

Fbrbiéas 216?;

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma Iatbd >66

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

HD_IAW NB AXAEGB NB@ _BMED BE @A ^MB__A6 1.- @A [_BNMGAGM×E NB@ _BMED WME NBIDW^_AGM×E XMWMO@B NB [DNB_. ‐] iuglds vbeéae a í`, y nbgéae6 Fuae a à vbrnan, emejuea ssbña` bña` lmz lmzd3 d3 pbrd tdnd tdnd `d qub Fuae nmfd nb ístb, bra vbrnan’. Fuae 1;6> 1;6>1. 1.

?.- @A [_BNMGAGM×E NB@ _BMED GDE NBIDW^_AGM×E XMWMO@B NB [DNB_

- Fuae b` Oautmsta tbrimea à prbnmgagm÷e nb` _bmed y gdimbeza ue eubvd drnbe, b` nb Fbsös. - @a bxpu`sm÷e nb nbidemds faiás sb laoéa lao éa vmstd be às bsgrmturas, Fbsös hub b` prmibrd gde à autdrmnan para sagar`ds nb` gubrpd y nb à ibetb nb às pbrsdeas. - A partmr nb Fbsös, b` _bmed gdibez÷ a bxtbenbrsb pdr ibnmd nb à nbidstragm÷e vmsmo`b nb pdnbr. b` idibetd b` avaegb nb` _bmed hub bxtbenmíendsb a sus ndgb nmsgépu`ds y ùbjd a - [dr `ds sbtbeta. - ‐Laombend rbuemnd a sus ndgb nmsgépu`ds, `bs nmd pdnbr y autdrmnan sdorb tdnds `ds nbidemds, y para saear behbrids’. @ug. =61 - ‐Xd`vmbrde `ds sbtbeta gde jdzd, nmgmbend6 Wbñdr, aöe `ds nbidemds sb eds sufbtae be tu

ediorb. [brd ed ds rbjdgmfíms nb qub `ds bspérmtus sb ds sufbtae, smed rbjdgmfads nb qub vubstrds ediorbs bstáe bsgrmtds be `ds gmb`ds.’ @ug. 1;6 1:, ?;.

- 7.- B@ AXAEGB NB@ _BMED [D_ IBNMD NB@ [DNB_ NB @A _BWR__BGGM×E, B@ BW[M_M^R WAE^D. ‐Hubjd vmeb a bglar be à tmbrra3 ý quí qumbrd, sm ya sb la begbenmnd4 Nb ue oautmsid



tbejd qub sbr oautmzand3 y !g÷id ib aejustmd lasta qub sb guipà!’. @ug. 1?6 >=,2;.  Nuraetb su imemstbrmd be à tmbrra Fbsös nmfd6 ‐[ubs para qub sbpáms qub b` Lmfd nb` Ldiorb tmbeb pdtbstan be à tmbrra para pbrndear pbgands…’ @ug 26?>  Ias uea vbz rbsugmtand, aeuegma ‐…^dna pdtbstan ib bs nana be b` gmb`d y be à tmbrra’.

Iat. ?67, >. Eubva Xbrsm÷e

Metbreagmdea`)   Metbreagmdea`)

Bsa vbena, qub b` bebimjd la gd`dgand be ldiorbs y iufbrbs, bs à gausa nb qub eubstras aggmdebs bvaejb`mzandrbs ed tbejae „be aparmbegma„iaydr nbsarrd``d y bhmgagma. ´Quí lagbr betdegbs4 Xd`vbids a` imsid asuetd6 `morar à oata`à para qub pdejaids hrbed a Wataeás y su bfírgmtd y nb bsta iaebra, a` rbgmomr às Oubeas Eubvas nb Wa`vagm÷e, às pbrsdeas pubnae vmvmr a p`bemtun, lagmbend rba`mnan b` aeuegmd nb` Wbñdr Fbsös6 ‐B` ànr÷e ed vmbeb iás qub a rdoar, iatar y nbstrumr3 yd lb vbemnd para qub tbejae vmna, y à tbejae be aouenaegma.’(Fuae

1;61;. Eubva Xbrsm÷e Metbreagmdea`) @a nbgmsm÷e nb rbeuegmar a `ds pagtds d pubrtas aombrtas a` dgu`tmsid y pdr taetd a` iuend nb às tmemboàs, bs nb gana qumbe. [brd ustbn y yd, gdid im`mtaetbs nb Grmstd, ataids às hubrzas nb ia`nan para qub b` Bvaejb`md pubna avaezar vmgtdrmdsaibetb be à tmbrra. _bgubrnb qub b` pdnbr bs eubstrd, ta` gdid mestruy÷ eubstrd aiand Nmds y [anrb gb`bstma` a` prdhbta Fbrbiéas6 ‐Imra, ldy tb ndy autdrmnan sdorb eagmdebs y rbmeds, ³para arraegar y nbrrmoar, para nbstrumr y nbid`br, para gdestrumr y p` aetar.’(Fbrbiéas 161;. Eubva Xbrsm÷e

Metbreagmdea`). Eubstrd pdnbr bstá be Fbsugrmstd y, tdiands nb su iaed, `éoraids à oata`à be dragm÷e, qub `mipma b` tbrrbed ndenb vaids a pàetar b` Bvaejb`md. :. @A IBÂ, ´GAVA_ [B@BAW GDE WAÂEÁW4 WAÂEÁW4 1:

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Wb bqumvdgae qumbebs grbbe qub à ibta bs gazar pb`bas gdetra Wataeás para nbstrumr`d. Bsb ed bs b` dofbtmvd hmea` nb à Jubrra Bspmrmtua` qub `moraids gdid im`mtaetbs nb Grmstd, smed rbsgatar nb à bsgàvmtun a qumbebs sb begubetrae oafd b` ndimemd nb pdtbstanbs y prmegmpands, rdipmbend às ia`nmgmdebs y atanuras ibnmaetb às gua`bs pubnb bfbrgbr su jdombred. Aue guaendbstá b` nmao`d edssmed vbena nb qub tmbeb nbobids smbiprb qub ed sdàibetb vbegmnd qubàsumnba nbstmed hmea` bs b`pdnbr, imsid mehmbred,rbgdrnar gdid bsgrmob b` ap÷std` Fuae6 ‐B` nmao`d, qub `ds laoéa bejañand, sbrá arrdfand a` àjd nb hubjd y azuhrb, ndenb

taiomíe laoráe smnd arrdfands à obstma y b` ha`sd prdhbta. A``é sbráe atdribetands néa y edglb pdr `ds smj`ds nb `ds smj`ds.’(Apdga`mpsms ?;61;, Eubva Xbrsm÷e Metbreagmdea`) Bs mipdrtaetb tbebr iuy gàrd guá` bs eubstrd prdp÷smtd6 `morar às oata`às nb à Jubrra Bspmrmtua` para hrbear b` avaegb nb Wataeás, rbgdorar b` tbrrbed qub laoéa tdiand y aormr `ds dfds a ldiorbs y iufbrbs para qub q ub gdedzgae b` Bvaejb`md nb Wa`vagm÷e nb Fbsugrmstd. 6671)

[brd ¡gumnand! yEubstrd bebimjd y anvbrsarmd bspmrmtua` bs iuy astutd. Qumbrb qub jdombrea qub tmbeb iugld pdnbr, nbsgdedgmbend `d qub besbñ÷ b` lagbreds Wa`vandr grbbr iuy gàraibetb6 ‐…pdr guaetd b` préegmpb nb bstb iuend la smnd ya fuzjand.’(Fuae 18611) Aqué sb

rbhmbrb a` préegmpb nb bstb iuend qub bs b` prdpmd Wataeás ( Iatbd 1?6?>) 1?6?>) 1;. [_B[A_ÁENDEDW [A_A @A OAÂ@@A Aetbs pbesaoa qub oastaoa gde rbuemrib gde b` jrupd nb bvaejb`mzagm÷e nb à mj`bsma, nbhmemr hbglas, hmfar dpdrtueaibetb jrupds nb traoafd b mr a parqubs, ga``bs y ùjarbs nb aip`ma gdehùbegma nb pbrsdeas. ¡^rbibend brrdr! Gdid `b nbgéa, hub ebgbsarmd rbvaùar `ds bsqubias. @as gaipañas para à prbnmgagm÷e nb às Oubeas Eubvas, be anbàetb hubrde aetbgbnmnas pdr dragm÷e, ayued y tdia nb` tbrrbed para rbgdorar tbrrmtdrmds be pdnbr nb Wataeás. ^dnd hub nmhbrbetb. @ds rbsu`tands sa`tae a à vmsta guaend vbids qub às pbrsdeas rbspdenbe a` Bvaejb`md. @a vbena la gaénd nb sus dfds y sme iaydr rbeubegma, rbgmobe à Wa`vagm÷e qub lay be eubstrd aiand Wbñdr Fbsös. Hub b` prdpmd Wa`vandr qumbe besbñ÷ uea paráodà iajmstra` qub eds mevmta a gdedgbr gdetra qumíe oata`àids y guá` bs b` tbrrmtdrmd qub qubrbids tdiar6 ‐D supdejaids qub ue rby bstá

a puetd nb mr a à jubrra gdetra dtrd rby. Ágasd ed sb smbeta prmibrd a ga`guàr sm gde nmbz im` ldiorbs pubnb behrbetarsb a` qub vmbeb gdetra í` gde vbmetb im`4 Wm ed pubnb, bevmará uea nb`bjagm÷e imbetras b` dtrd bstá tdnavéa `bfds, para pbnmr gdenmgmdebs nb paz.’(@ugas 1>671, 7?.

Eubva Xbrsm÷e Metbreagmdea`) Ed pdnbids mr a à oata`à sme ibnmr b` a`gaegb nb à tarba qub vaids a biprbenbr. 11. B@ [A[B@ NB @A GA_^DJ_AHÉA BW[M_M^RA@ Aldra, ``bvbids bsta [aàora pdnbrdsa a` tbrrbed prágtmgd. ´G÷id vbegbr a` bebimjd4 Gdedgmíend`d. Ńb quí iaebra tdiaids bhmgazibetb eagmdebs, prdvmegmas, gmunanbs y oarrmds4 Mnbetmhmgaend às pdtbstanbs qub ndimeae n dimeae sdorb às pbrsdeas. Re pasd b`bibeta` bs mnbetmhmgar hbe÷ibeds qub prbva`bgbe be às gdiuemnanbs dofbtd nb eubstrd nrdjanmggm÷e, vmd`begma traoafd6 metrahaim`mar b éenmgbs nbvmd`begma, sumgmnmds, prdstmtugm÷e, betrb dtrds. lbglmgbréa, aggmnbetbs nb tráesmtd, 1=

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Bvaùaids à hrbgubegma nb megmnbetbs. Dfa`á eds tdibids b` tmbipd nb avbrmjuar nbsnb guáetd tmbipd lagb qub vmbebe dgurrmbend bstds lbglds. Rea oubea ayuna bs gdedgmbend à lmstdrma pasana y rbgmbetb nb` tbrrmtdrmd qub tdiarbids para Fbsugrmstd. Re sbjuend pasd gdesmstb be mnbetmhmgar n÷enb huegmdeae nmsgdtbgas, ldtb`bs d ùjarbs qub agunbe jbebraìbetb qumbebs iaetmbebe rbàgmdebs nb hdremgagm÷e y anu`tbrmd, tbebra`gàrd n÷enb qubnae aetrds nb prdstmtugm÷e d vbeta nb nrdjas, be quí ga``bs d sbgtdrbs lay gdegbetragmdebs nb menmjbegma, guá`bs sde `ds ùjarbs ndenb sb prbsbetae gde iaydr hrbgubegma iubrtbs d qumzá aggmnbetbs nb tráesmtd. Bs ue traoafd gàvb. [dnbids megùsd sbñaàr sdorb ue iapa `ds puetds bspbgéhmgds ndenb sb prbsbetae bstb tmpd nb agtmvmnanbs aombrtaibetb gdetrarmas a `d qub besbña eubstrd aiand Nmds para su pubo`d. Guaend ya tbebids gàrd quí bstá dgurrmbend, eubstras dragmdebs pdnráe sbr iás bspbgéhmgas. [dnbids mr nb hrbetb gdetra tdnd bspérmtu nb hdremgagm÷e, nb anu`tbrmd, atanuras nb nrdjanmggm÷e, pdtbstanbs nb prdstmtugm÷e y bsb bsqubia nb ia`nan qub sb laya bstao`bgmnd be uea eagm÷e, gmunan d oarrmd. Bs uea jubrra iás bhmgaz pdrqub bstaids ybend a` drmjbe imsid nb` prdo`bia. _bgubrnb qub bstaids ap`mgaend aqué arias bspmrmtua`bs be gdetra nb ue iuend bspmrmtua` nb ia`nan, gdid anvmbrtb b` ap÷std` [ao`d6 ‐Bs gmbrtd qub sdids luiaeds, pbrd ed ùglaids gdid `ds ldiorbs nb bstb iuend. @as arias qub usaids ed sde às nb` iuend, smed qub sde pdnbr nb Nmds gapaz nb nbstrumr hdrta`bzas. ] asé nbstrumids às agusagmdebs y tdna a`taebréa qub prbtbena mipbnmr qub sb gdedzga a Nmds. ^dnd pbesaimbetd luiaed `d sdibtbids a Grmstd, para qub `b dobnbzga…,.’(? Gdrmetmds 1;67-2) [ubnd asbjurar`b qub gaiomar `ds bsqubias nb ataqub a `ds ndimemds tbrrmtdrma`bs, trabrá iaydr bhmgagma a eubstrd traoafd nb n b bvaejb`mzagm÷e. ¡@ds rbsu`tands `b sdrprbenbráe! 11. ´Guá`bs sde às árbas be qub nbobids bxtbenbr b` _bmed4 Lay iuglds ùjarbs tdiands pdr b` bebimjd pdr bsd vbids uea sdgmbnan gdrrupta, sme va`drbs em nmrbggm÷e. Nbobids nar ue gdetraataqub iasmvd y vmd`betd para nbstbrrar a` nmao`d y bstao`bgbr b` _bmed nb Nmds, tbebids qub bxtbenbr pdr à hubrza b` jdombred nmvmed a6 @ds ibnmds nb gdiuemgagm÷e g diuemgagm÷e 

@a rb`mjm÷e B` nbpdrtb

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?;

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

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@a bnugagm÷e ‗ Remvbrsmnan @a bgdediéa @a gmbegma @ds oarrmds, gmunanbs @as eagmdebs y b` iuend. [_BJREÂW NB _B[AWD

1. Ibegmdeb ? bfbip`ds ndenb sb bvmnbegmb b` [dnbr nb Nmds gdetra Wataeás TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT ?. Bxp`mqub gde sus prdpmas paàoras guáe mipdrtaetb bs b` Bspérmtu Waetd be b` Bvaejb`msid TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT 7.  TTTTTTTTTTT Bsgrmoa ue ^bxtd nb JubrraTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT >. ´Quí ebgbsmta b` Bspérmtu Waetd para bxtbenbr b` rbmed be à tmbrra4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT 2. ´Guá` bs à Bstratbjma iás jraenb para jaear às aìas para Grmstd4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTT

?1

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

GA[É^R@D MX

Hdrta`bgmbend b` Imemstbrmd a travís nb` Bvaejb`msid Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga Msaéas 2?61-11

^B\^D G@AXB6 "[dr taetd, taetd, mn, y lagbn nmsgépu`ds a tdnas às eagmdebs,, oautmzáend`ds eagmdebs be b` ediorb nb` [anrb, y nb` Lmfd, y nb` Bspérmtu Waetd’

Iatbd ?-??). Jaear às aìas hub à prmdrmnan nb eubstrd Wbñdr Fbsös, taiomíe hub à prmdrmnan nb `ds ap÷std`bs y nbob sbr eubstra prmdrmnan, a` asgbenbr a `ds gmb`ds Fbsös eds nbf÷ à rbspdesaom`mnan nb jaear às aìas.

8. Nbsarrd`à à jubrra bspmrmtua` @ds oubeds gdesd`mnandrbs ebgbsmtae nb` pdnbr nb Nmds para jaear y rbtbebr às aìas. _bgdrnbids qub à ùgla ed bs gdetra pbrsdeas smed gdetra às lubstbas bspmrmtua`bs nb ia`nan, eubstrd sbñdr Fbsös ayue÷ >; néas aetbs nb memgmar su imemstbrmd, `ds ap÷std`bs bspbrarde sbr ``beds nb` Bspérmtu Waetd para sbr rbvbstmnds nb pdnbr aetbs nb sa`mr nb Fbrusa`íe bs pdr b``d ebgbsmtarde nb` pdnbr nb Nmds. 7=

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

‐[drqub ed tbebids ùgla gdetra saejrb y gareb smed gdetra prmegmpands, gdetra pdtbstanbs, gdetra `ds

jdobreandrbs nb às tmemboàs nb bstb smj`d, gdetra lubstbs bspmrmtua`bs nb ia`nan be às rbjmdebs gb`bstbs’.

B hbsm hbsm ds 8.1?

DOW^ÁGR@DW BE @A GDEWD@MNAGM×E 1- @ds Dostágu`ds be b` Gdesd`mnandr6 B` gdesd`mnandr nbob bshdrzarsb para vbegbr a`jueds dostágu`ds be b` traoafd nb à gdesd`mnagm÷e, betrb b``ds6

a. Dragm÷e níom`6 @a dragm÷e be à vmna nb` gdesd`mnandr, nbob sbr prmidrnma` y nmeáimga, qub iubva su gdraz÷e y ``bjub a` gdraz÷e nb Nmds. @a Omo`ma nmgb be (1¶ ^bsa`demgbesbs 261:) ‐Dran sme gbsar’. Eana sb `djra sme dragm÷e, b` qub traoafa be b` gumnand nb` eubvd grbybetb, nbob sbr ue bspbgma`msta be à dragm÷e rbgàiaend be b`à às aìas y rbaemiaend à hb nb` eubvd grbybetb.

o. Ebj`mjbegma6 B` gdesd`mnand a` ed bstar nmspubstd, pubnb nbsgumnar b` traoafd begdibenaend y ed ``bvar a gaod b` prdp÷smtd nb Nmds3 b` Wbñdr bspbra qub sbaids sbesmo`bs a su vdz y qub eds begdetrbids `mstds, prbparands be b e tdnd idibetd para lagbr su dora, y ed sbr eb ebj`mjbetbs. j`mjbetbs. ‐_bspdenmbend su Wbñdr `b nmfd6 Wmbrvd ia`d y ebj`mjbetb, saomas qub smbjd ndenb ed sbiorí y rbgdfd ndenb ed bspargé’(Iatbd ?26?8).

g. Níom` iaebfd nb à [aàora nb Nmds6 Gdid gdesd`mnandrbs nbobids tbebr be gubeta qub s÷`d à paàora y b` pdnbr nb` Bspérmtu Waetd traeshdriae às vmnas, pdr taetd à paàora nbob sbr bstunmana, ibidrmzana y ap`mgana3 haim`marmzarsb gde `ds tbxtds anbguands para ``bjar a gana uea nb às ebgbsmnanbs nb` gdesd`mnand. ^dna prbjueta qub lagb b` eubvd grbybetb s÷`d pubnb sbr rbspdenmna a à ùz nb à Omo`ma (?? ^midtbd ?612) ‐[rdgura gde

>;

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

nm`mjbegma prbsbetartb a Nmds aprdoand, gdid dorbrd qub ed tmbeb nb qub avbrjdezarsb, qub usa ombe à paàora nb vbrnan’.

n. Garágtbr pdgd atragtmvd6 Guaend à pbrsdea qub rba`mza à gdesd`mnagm÷e nb` eubvd grbybetb tmbeb ue garágtbr gdetbegmdsd, s÷`d sb prbdgupa pdr jaear à nmsgusm÷e qub sb la grband y ed sb nbnmga a jumar gde tbreura y aidr, smed iás ombe usa sus rbaggmdebs, sb nbfa ``bvar pdr à mra, y ed usa à iaesbnuiorb para nbrrmoar `ds arjuibetds qub lay be à ibetb nb` eubvd gdevbrtmnd. ‐Nbsbgla às gubstmdebs ebgmas b mesbesatas, saombend qub bejb bejbenrae enrae ggdetmbenas. detmbenas. [drqub b` smbrvd nb` Wbñdr ed nb nbob ob sbr gdetbegmdsd, smed aiao`b para gde tdnds, aptd para besbñar…’(?¶ ^midtbd ?6?7-?>).

?- @ds dostágu`ds be b` Gdesd`mnand6 B` gdesd`mnand bs b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd qub rbgmíe la betrbjand su vmna a Fbsugrmstd, `ds dostágu`ds qub iaydribetb sb prbsbetae be b` eubvd grbybetb sde6

a. @a Haim`ma6 [ara b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd, a vbgbs su haim`ma ed grbybetb sb gdevmbrtb be ue dostágu`d be b` nbsarrd``d nb su vmna grmstmaea, a` memgmd à haim`ma ed gdiprbenbrá su gaiomd nb vmna, sus idna`bs aetmjuds gaiomands. â` vbz lasta `b mipbnmráe qub rbgmoa a` gdesd`mnandr. [brd bstd s÷`d sugbnbrá pdr ue tmbipd, lasta qub su haim`ma vaya betraend be b` imsid sbetmr y à imsia nmibesm÷e nb hb. ‐Asé qub `ds bebimjds nb` ldiorb sbráe `ds nb su gasa’ (Iatbd 1;678).

o. B` ‐bjd’ d ‐yd’6 B` eubvd gdevbrtmnd bstá be b` prdgbsd nb nbfar tdnd `d qub `b gautmv÷ be b` iuend, b` drju``d, b` bjdgbetrmsid y à autdsuhmgmbegma3 bstds agtöae be su ‐yd’, qub a öe ed `djra gdetrdàr, bstd pdnréa dostagu`mzar su prbparagm÷e bspmrmtua`. Wm ed sb nbfa besbñar ed grbgbrá, mipbnmrá qub b` Bspérmtu Waetd hùya be su vmna, a`bfáendsb nb `ds prdp÷smtds nb Nmds. ‐Bs ebgbsarmd qub í` grbzga, pbrd qub yd ibejðb’(Fuae 767;), ‐Lagbn idrmr, pubs, `d tbrrbea` tbrrbea` be vdsdtrds...’(Gd`dsbesbs762). >1

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

g. Ha`ta nb nmspdsmgm÷e. Be a`jueds eubvds grbybetbs sb gdedgbe g`ásmgas bxgusas qub `bs mipmnbe bstar nmspubstds a rbgmomr paàora nb Nmds be sus vmnas a travís nb` gdesd`mnandr. 

Ed tbejd tmbipd...Bstd mip`mga qub Nmds ed rbprbsbeta a`jd tae mipdrtaetb para sus vmnas y usae su tmbipd be gdsas ibeds mipdrtaetbs, betdegbs bs ebgbsarmd qub betmbena qub b` tmbipd qub sb `b na a Nmds bs iuy va`mdsd.‐^dnd tmbeb su tmbipd...’ (Bg`bsmastís 761).

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^bejd ue gdiprdimsd... A vbgbs pdspdebe à dpdrtuemnan para rbgmomr a` gdesd`mnandr, para dguparsb be gdsas d agtds qub bstáe hubra nb à vvdùetan dùetan nb Nmds. @a pbrsdea nbob betbenbr, qub b` gdiprdimsd prmibraibetb nbob sbr gde Nmds. ‐]  aiaras aiaras a` sbñdr tu Nmds gde tdnd tu gdraz÷e, gde tdna tu aìa y gde tdnas tus hubrzas’… (Iargds 1?67;).

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Ed pubnd mr a à mj`bsma... @a pbrsdea qub bstá rbgmombend à besbñaeza a travís nb` gdesd`mnandr nbob bipbzar a asmstmr a à gíùà b mj`bsma3 b` ed lagbr`d nbidstrará qub b` eubvd grbybetb aöe tmbeb vbrjðbeza, tbib qub `d vbae sus aimjds, parmbetbs y vbgmeds, `d mipdrtaetb bs qub nbob sbr idtmvand a asmstmr `morbibetb, y betmbena qub à vbrjðbeza ed vmbeb nb partb nb Nmds.

n. [rbstar Dénd a Ndgtrmeas Lbrranas6 Nbobids betbenbr qub b` avaegb nb às nmvbrsas sbgtas, be `ds ö`tmids tmbipds, la nbspbrtand be às pbrsdeas tbidr y nb nbsgdehmaeza sgdehmaeza a gua`qumbr tmpd nb grbbegma. [brd lay gmbrtas pbrsdeas qub bipmbzae a dér uea y dtra ndgtrmea lbrrana, sme gdesmnbrar qub a hme nb gubetas tbrimeará be gdehusm÷e. Bstd pdnréa dostagu`mzar su oube grbgmimbetd bspmrmtua`. ‐Imran qub eanmb ds bejañb pdr ibnmd nb hm`dsdhéas y lubgas sutm`bzas sbjöe às tranmgmdebs nb `ds ldiorbs, gdehdrib a `ds runmibetds nb` iuend, y ed sbjöe Grmstd’(Gd`dsbesbs ?6?

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd 

Bvmtar bsguglar ndgtrmeas lbrranas (sbgtas).

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Bstunmar à paàora nb Nmds.

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Nbfarsb id`nbar pdr Nmds y su paàora.

GDEWD@MNAND_ ] GDEWBFB_D

@a gdesbfbréa bs uea nb às árbas mipdrtaetbs be à qub nbob bstar gapagmtand y nmspubstd b` gdesd`mnandr. Nbob gdedgbr ombe às bsgrmturas, mnbetmhmgar `ds prdo`bias y iaebfar às tígemgas aprdpmanas para às pdsmo`bs sdùgmdebs.[dr ibnmd nb à gdesbfbréa sb na gumnand a `ds nmsgépu`ds, sb `bs gdedgb a hdend, nb ta` iaebra qub sb `bs pubnb ormenar ayuna y imemstragm÷e be às nmhbrbetbs árbas nb su vmna.

1. ´Quí bs gdesbfbréa4 Bs b` prdhuend betbenmimbetd betrb nds pbrsdeas, sb ap`mga a às ebgbsmnanbs nb às pbrsdeas qub ousgae ayuna. A travís nb à gdesbfbréa sb bstunma b` gdipdrtaimbetd nb` ldiorb y `ds hagtdrbs qub hdrfae su garágtbr para gdiprbenbr ibfdr à gdenmgm÷e luiaea. @a gdesbfbréa bs bhmgaz guaend sb na uea rbàgm÷e agdjbndra y gàraibetb gdestmtumna betrb b` gdesbfbrd y b` agdesbfand ta` qub ayunb a bstb a betbenbrsb asé imsid y gaimeb nb iaebra pdsmtmva a uea eubva nmrbggm÷e. Bs ue imemstbrmd nb` Bspérmtu Waetd, ndenb b` láom` gdesbfbrd ed pubnb agdesbfar sme à ayuna nb Í`. >7

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Idmsís hub ue ldiorb qub rbgmom÷ uea nb às iaydrbs `bggmdebs nb gdesbfbréa nb partb nb su subjrd Fbtrd, bstb gde jrae bxpbrmbegma be b` imemstbrmd gdid sagbrndtb nb Ianmáe. ‐Dyb aldra im vdz3 yd tb agdesbfarí3 y Nmds bstará gdetmjd. Bstá tö pdr b` pubo`d nbàetb nb Nmds, y sdibtb tö `ds asuetds a Nmds. ] bbesbña esbña a b``ds às drnbeaezas y às `bybs, iuístra`bs b` gaimed pdr ndenb nbobe aenar, y `d qub lae nb lagbr’.(Íxdnd 1>

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

garbgbe nb uea sdùgm÷e rápmna. Wde pbrsdeas qub lae smnd trauiatmzanas pdr b` aousd, b` aoaended, à nmshuegm÷e haim`mar, btg. pdr b``d bs mipdrtaetb ap`mgar à paàora nb Nmds. @as árbas be às qub `ds eubvds grbybetbs sde atagands nuraibetb sde6 à ibetb, b` gdraz÷e,b` bspérmtu, b` gubrpd, às rbàgmdebs, às hmeaezas, betrb dtras3 y hrbetb a bstas ebgbsmnanbs `ds gdesd`mnandrbs nbobids bstar prbparands be Jubrra Bspmrmtua`. B spmrmtua`. ‐[drqub ed tbebids ùgla gdetra saejrb y gareb smed gdetra prmegmpands, gdetra pdtbstanbs,

gdetra `ds jdobreandrbs nb às tmemboàs nb bstb smj`d, gdetra lubstbs bspmrmtua`bs nb ia`nan be às rbjmdebs gb`bstbs’.

B hbsm hbsm ds 8.1? 1. _bqumsmtds para imemstrar ebgbsmnanbs6 a. Agbptar a à pbrsdea gdid ta`6 Nbobids sbjumr b` bfbip`d nb Grmstd, í` agbpt÷ a `ds lbrmnds y ebgbsmtands, `ds rbgmoéa sme laoàr em rbebjar nb b``ds, saoéa qub ``bvaoae uea lbrmna be b` aìa.

o. Bxprbsar `éimtbs bspbgéhmgds6 Be prmibr ùjar b` gdesd`mnandr nbob tdiar à memgmatmva, ùbjd bxprbsar gàraibetb `ds `éimtbs (guáend y n÷enb sb bstará nmspubstd), bs mipdrtaetb taiomíe usar às paàoras anbguanas y iaetbebr eubstra pdsmgm÷e gde aidr, nb bsb idnd sb a`mbeta a` eubvd grbybetb a rbgmomr à saemnan qub s÷`d Grmstd pubnb nar.

g. Ousqub b` sbrvmgmd y b` grbgmimbetd bspmrmtua`6 Bstaids `àiands a sbrvmr y prdnugmr hrutds. [ara b` grbgmimbetd, sb nbobe bstao`bgbr ibtas y gdipartmr `ds ndebs qub sb pdsbbe, ed smbiprb sb pubnb lagbr tdnd pdr uea pbrsdea, bstd eds do`mja a ousgar gdàodragm÷e nb dtrds rbgursds.

n. Juéb`ds a Fbsös6 @a dragm÷e nb ``bvar a às pbrsdeas a Fbsös ed dhrbgb sdùgm÷e meibnmata, bsta bs s÷`d àjuéa a à hubetb nb saemnan aprdpmana, be ue prdgbsd nb gdestaetb grbgmimbetd ndenb ``bjaráe a sbr traeshdriands y ``beds nb bspbraeza y nb` Bspérmtu Waetd.

?. Gdid ap`mgar à [aàora a às ebgbsmnanbs. @a paàora nb Nmds pubnb sbr usana bhbgtmvaibetb, usaend pasafbs oéo`mgds aprdpmands para ayunar a às pbrsdeas a supbrar sus grmsms. Xbaids às ebgbsmnanbs iás gdiuebs.

a. A` Gubrpd6 >2

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd 

Waemnan6‐Ias í` lbrmnd hub pdr eubstrds rbob`mdebs, id`mnd pdr eubstrds pbgands3 b` gastmjd nb eubstra paz hub sdorb í`, y pdr su `àja humids edsdtrds edsdtrds gurands’ (Msaéas 2762). ‐] bstas sbña`bs sbjumráe a `ds qub grbbe6 be im ediorb bglaráe hubra nbidemds, laoàráe eubvas

`bejuas, tdiaráe be às iaeds sbrpmbetbs, y sm obombrbe gdsa idrtéhbra, ed `bs lará nañd3 sdorb `ds behbrids pdenráe sus iaeds y saearáe’ (Iargds 1861:-1618

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd 

[rdspbrmnan a travís nb` nmbzid6 ‐^rabn tdnds `ds nmbzids a` a`hd`é y laya a`mibetd be im gasa3 prdoanib aldra be bstd, nmgb Fbldvá nb `ds bfírgmtds, sm ed ds aormrí às vbetaeas nb `ds gmb`ds, y nbrraiarí sdorb vdsdtrds obenmgm÷e lasta qub sdorb aouenb’(Iaàquéas 761;).

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[rdspbrmnan a travís nb` nar6 ‐Nan y sí ds nará3 ibnmna oubea, aprbtana, rbibgmna y rbodzaend naráe be vubstrd rbjazd3 pdrqub gde à imsia imsia ibnmna gde qub ibnés, ds vd`vbráe a ibnmr’(@ugas

8676 esbs>688 Be à Omo`ma tbebids jraenbs bfbip`ds nb ldiorbs qub drarde y jaearde jraenbs oata`às gdid6 Fbsös, Naemb`, Navmn, [ao`d.

?. [asds gàvbs para à Dragm÷e6 @a pbrsdea qub rba`mza b` traoafd nb gdesd`mnagm÷e, nbob vd`vbrsb ue bspbgma`msta be à dragm÷e, nbob lagbr ue tmbipd bspbgma` gana néa para metbrgbnbr pdr `ds eubvds grbybetbs a `ds gua`bs bstá gdesd`mnaend, nbob metbrgbnbr para qub às vbenas bspmrmtua`bs gamjae y para b``d sb nbob sdibtbr hmbìbetb a à dragm÷e, pdembend be prágtmga `d smjumbetb6 

Bstao`bgbr ue tmbipd para drar , be ue ùjar traequm`d gde rbjuàrmnan be à ldra hmfana para ta` bfbrgmgmd, afustáendsb a `ds rbqubrmimbetds nb Nmds. >:

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd 

[bnmr à gdobrtura nb Nmds para qub `ds prdo`bias nb à vmna gdtmnmaea ed eds ajdombe imbetras draids.

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_bstaurar à gdiuem÷e gde Nmds, pbrsdeaìbetb gdehbsáend`b gana pbgand bspbgéhmgaibetb.

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Dér à vdz nb Nmds be eubstrd metbrmdr , asé b` trabrá a eubstra ibidrma a a`jumbe qub ebgbsmta nb eubstra

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dragm÷e, d eds rbvbàrá a`jd qub ed gdedgéaids. Drar grbybend, bxpbrmibetaend qub à hb eds ``bva a uea vmna nb ‐avbetura gde Nmds’, qub eds metrdnugb a uea eubva nmibesm÷e.

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Asuimr ue metbrís pbrsdea` pdr à jbetb qub sb bstá gdesd`mnaend, mnbetmhmgaend su gdenmgm÷e y smtuagm÷e, iaetbembend ue gdraz÷e sbesmo`b y luim`nb aetb b` Wbñdr.

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Gdehbsar b` pbgand nb à dtra pbrsdea gdid sm hubra suyd, gua`qumbra qub sba, d à mevbstmnura qub tbeja, pdembend nb iaemhmbstd gdid `b lae ha`ànd, lagmbend `d ia`d ed smbend prdnugtd nb à mjedraegma smed nb à nbsdobnmbegma. ‐Lbids pbgand, lbids gdibtmnd memqumnan, lbids lbgld mipéaibetb y lbids smnd rbob`nbs, y eds lbids apdrtand nb tus iaenaimbetds y nb tus drnbeaezas’ (Naemb` =62).

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Gdehmar be à imsbrmgdrnma nb Nmds, qub Nmds sb apmanb nb à gdenmgm÷e be qub sb begubetra à pbrsdea y `d `mobrb nb tdna dpdsmgm÷e nb` bebimjd, para `djrar bstd bs ebgbsarmd mip`drar às imsbrmgdrnmas nb Nmds.

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Drar gde autdrmnan, gdiprbenmbend qub b` Wbñdr eds à betrbj÷, y qub pdnbids lagbr usd nb bsta autdrmnan guaend eds lbids sdibtmnd gdip`btaibetb a` Wbñdr. Gdid lmfds nb Nmds í` bs qumbe eds rbvmstb nb autdrmnan. ‐ Lb aqué ds ndy pdtbstan nb ld`àr sbrpmbetbs y bsgdrpmdebs, y sdorb tdna hubrza nb` bebimjd, y eana ds nañará ’.(@ugas 1;61=).

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Xmsua`mzar `ds rbsu`tands y sbr ajranbgmnds , aetbs nb drar pdr a`jumbe d a`jd, pmna6 Wbñdr, besíñaib gdid drar pdr bsta gmrguestaegma. @a dragm÷e nb hb hb prdnugb imàjrds, ‐] tdnd `d qub pmnmbrbms be dragm÷e, grbybend, `d rbgmomríms’.(Iargds 116?>). Aue às gmrguestaegmas nmhégm`bs pubnbe sbr usanas pdr

Nmds para obenbgmr y ayunareds be eubstrd grbgmimbetd bspmrmtua`. Lay iuglas gdsas pdr às gua`bs ajranbgbr a Nmds, `d nbobids bxprbsar be paàoras gde ue bspérmtu ``bed nb jdzd aetmgmpáendeds a `d qub Nmds lará bsb néa be eubstra vmna y be à vmna nb dtras pbrsdeas.

Ap`mgagm÷e ><

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

_bh`bxmdea sm rbaìbetb tmbebs às gua`mnanbs para sbr ue oube gdesd`mnandr, g desd`mnandr, bs ebgbsarmd pbnmr be dragm÷e para qub Nmds pdeja b` garágtbr nb ue jrae gdesd`mnandr be tu gdraz÷e

ârba Dosbrva b` Xmnbd nb Gdesd`mnagm÷e nb à Mj`bsma, aea`éza`d y nboátb`d be à pr÷xmia gàsb.

GA[É^R@D XMM

Gdesd`mnagm÷e [artb MM Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga Iatbd ?? >?

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma ?¶ [bnrd 76=3 Fuae 126183 Lbglds 26>?3 Lbglds ?;6 ?<

>=

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Ibta nb Besbñaeza B` bstunmaetb gdedgbrá y ap`mgará iítdnds para gdesd`mnar às aìas jaeanas.

etrdnuggm÷e

A gdetmeuagm÷e `b prbsbetaids ue idnb`d para rba`mzar b` [àe nb Gdevbrsm÷e, ed d`vmnbs qub nbspuís bipmbza b` traoafd nb Gdesd`mnagm÷e bs pdr b``d qub tb prbsbetaids a`jueds iítdnds para rba`mzar uea gdesd`mnagm÷e bhbgtmva

2;

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

[@AE NB WA@XAGM×E 1. B` Aidr nb Nmds6 [ara bxp`mgar gàraibetb bsta besbñaeza sb nbob bip`bar pasafbs oéo`mgds qub lao`b nb` aidr nb Nmds (Fbr. 71673 Fe. 76183 Fe. 1;61;).

?. B` [bgand6 Rsb vbrségu`ds qub iubstrbe gdid tdnds `ds ldiorbs lae pbgand y emejued bstá bxbetd (_d. 76?7, 761;1?).Behatmgb be bstb puetd6 A puetd6 A pbsar nb` n b` prdhuend aidr nb Nmds b` ldiorb sb la d`vmnand nb Í`, lagmí lagmíendsb endsb saomd be su prdpma dpmem÷e y bfbgutaend `d ia`d nbàetb nb` Wbñdr Wb ñdr (_d. 761?).

7. Grmstd Öemgd y Wuhmgmbetb Wa`vandr6 B` dofbtmvd nb eubstra bvaejb`mzagm÷e nbob sbr smbiprb prbsbetar a ‐Fbsugrmstd Grugmhmgand’ pdr eubstrds pbgands. Emejöe ibesafb nb bbvaejb`mzagm÷e vaejb`mzagm÷e sbrá gdip`btd sm sb suprmib bstb lbgld tae ta e trasgbenbeta` trasg benbeta` (_d. ( _d. 26618, 16:3 Ms. 2762). >. B` Arrbpbetmimbetd6 Be bsta btapa pubnb usar varmas hdrias para guip`mr su dofbtmvd, nbob nb rbga`gar a` ibeds `d smjumbetb6 Wm `b pmnb a Nmds nb gdraz÷e qub odrrb su vmna pasana, í` `d lará.

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Néja`b qub Nmds imra b` gdraz÷e y nb a``é à mipdrtaegma nb ue jbeumed arrbpbetmimbetd.

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Lgl. 761=6 arrbpbetmrsb bs gaiomar nb iaebra nb pbesar para afustarib a `ds bstatutds bstao`bgmnds pdr Nmds. ^beja be gubeta qub a` gaiomar su ibetb, gaioma sus prdp÷smtds, sus agtmtunbs y iaebra nb vmvmr (_d. 1?6?).

2. Agbptar d _bgmomr a Grmstd6 Bstb bs b` idibetd guìmeaetb y nbobids usar eubstrd mejbemd para sb`àr`d gde ordglb nb drd. 21

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Bxp`mqub qub s÷`d `ds va`mbetbs sde gapagbs nb agbptar b` rbtd y aormr su gdraz÷e a Grmstd. Aeéib`ds a rbgmomr a Grmstd. Néja`b qub bstb bs b` idibetd nb nbgmr`b6 ‐Wbñdr, ldy rbgdedzgd `d ia` qub lb iaebfand im

vmna y guaetd ebgbsmtd nb tm, vbe juéaib nb aqué be anbàetb betrdeáendtb be im gdraz÷e’.

8. Aldra brbs ¡Lmfd nb Nmds!6 Ms. 161< nmgb… Wm vubstrds pbgands hubrbe gdid à jraea, gdid à embvb sbráe oàequbands3 sm hubrbe rdfds

gdid b` garibsé vbenrá a sbr gdid à oàega àea. Fe. 161? nmgb… Ias a tdnds `ds qub `b rbgmombrde, a `ds qub grbbe be su ediorb, `bs nmd pdtbstan nb sbr

lbglds lmfds nb Nmds.

[AWDW [A_A @A GDEWD@MNAGM×E 1¶ [AWD6 @a tdia nb natds 1. B` bqumpd nb Gdesd`mnagm÷e bstará nbomnaibetb mnbetmhmgand be gana néa nb gu`td y/d bvbetd qub rba`mgb à Mj`bsma gde b` hme nb pbsgar. B` gdesd`mnandr bstará bqumpand gde b` smjumbetb iatbrma`6 Hdtdglbgc nb mnbetmhmgagm÷e.

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âo`brd gde àpmgbrd megùmnd.

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ârfbtas nb Gdevbrsm÷e (iéemid 7, iáxmid 2).

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Iatbrma` nb dosbqumd para b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd.

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?. B` bqumpd nb Gdesd`mnagm÷e nbob bstar atbetd a` `àiand nb gdevbrsm÷e qub lagb b` prbnmgandr y uomgarsb a ue gdstand nb` a`tar be bspbra nb `ds eubvds gdevbrtmnds para pdnbr tdiar `ds natds gdrrbspdenmbetbs. 7. B` ``beand nb à hmgla nb gdevbrsm÷e nbob lagbrsb nb hdria rbspdesao`b y gde `btra `bjmo`b. >. @as hmglas qub la ``beand gana imbiord nb` bqumpd nb Gdesd`mnagm÷e pbriaebgbráe gde í` lasta b` idibetd be qub sb prdgbna a` sbjuend pasd.

2?

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

?¶ [AWD6 Xbrmhmgar à nbgmsm÷e 1. [rbsíetbsb6 Lája`d nb uea iaebra bspdetáeba para jaear su gdehmaeza, gde aiaom`mnan y uea sdermsa prbjöetb`bs b` ediorb y ibidrégb`d3 nb bsta hdria `d lará sbetmr mipdrtaetb.

?. _dipa b` lmb`d6 _bgubrnb, ustbn tmbeb b` gdetrd` nb à smtuagm÷e y pdr `d taetd à memgmatmva, ustbn pubnb lagbr prbjuetas sbegm`às gdid6 ´G÷id `b parbgm÷ b` gu`td4

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´G÷id sb smetm÷4

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7. _ba`mgb prbjuetas nb nmaje÷stmgd6 B` eubvd gdevbrtmnd tmbeb iuglas metbrrdjaetbs y para saobr qub taetd gdedgb nb à nbgmsm÷e qub la tdiand bs ebgbsarmd lagbr`b às smjumbetbs prbjuetas6 Ń÷enb bstá Grmstd be bstb idibetd4

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_bspubsta6 Be im gdraz÷e. ´[dr quí grbb qub sb begubetra a``é4

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_bspubsta6 [drqub à paàora nb Nmds `d nmgb y pdrqub `d grbd. ´Quí lmzd Grmstd be à Gruz4

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_bspubsta6 Iurm÷ pdr ims pbgands. ´Quí nbobs lagbr para sbr sa`vd4

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_bspubsta6 Grbbr be Grmstd y rbgmomr`d be im gdraz÷e. >. Metrdnuzga y/d rbhubrgb à besbñaeza pbrtmebetb6 27

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Gana uea nb às pbrsdeas qub lae rbgmomnd a Grmstd tmbebe nmhbrbetbs y nmvbrsas ebgbsmnanbs, bs pdr b``d qub ustbn nbob gdedgbr su smtuagm÷e para ap`mgar à besbñaeza iás anbguana. [dr bfbip`d6 Wm à pbrsdea sb smbetb `mipma nb pbgand pdrqub bs iuy oubea, betdegbs usb à besbñaeza nb` pbgand.

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(_d. 761? y 76?7). 

Wm à pbrsdea smbetb qub ed lay pbrn÷e para sus pbgands, usb à besbñaeza nb Grmstd gdid öemgd y

suhmgmbetb Wa`vandr. (Fe. 7618 y 1;61;).

2. Bxp`mqub b` smstbia nb traoafd nb à Mj`bsma6 Bs ebgbsarmd nar a gdedgbr a` rbgmíe gdevbrtmnd b` smstbia nb traoafd nb à mj`bsma, bs nbgmr B` Idnb`d Apdst÷`mgd y à Xmsm÷e Gbùàr. B` eubvd gdevbrtmnd nbob saobr qub sbrá vmsmtand pdr lbriaeds nb à mj`bsma, qub sbrá mesbrtand be uea gíùà, qub bstará a garjd nb ue `énbr nb à mj`bsma, betrb dtrds aspbgtds qub bs ebgbsarmd qub í` gdedzga. Anbiás nb bstd, sb hmfará b` néa y à ldra be qub `ds eubvds gdevbrtmnds rbgmomráe `ds tbias nb` iaeua` nb` gdesd`mnand, gde b` hme nb ahmriar`ds y qub b``ds bstíe `mstds para su partmgmpagm÷e be gíùà. (Bsta gàsb bstará a garjd nb ue nb`bjand nb` árba nb nmsgmpuàr).

8. Drb pdr à Ebgbsmnan6 [÷eja`d nbàetb nb` Wbñdr be dragm÷e, pmna pdr su ebgbsmnan, nbsatb obenmgm÷e y prdtbggm÷e sdorb í`, juéb`d a Fbsös. Hmeaìbetb laja ue agubrnd gde b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd para bstao`bgbr ue eubvd gdetagtd gde í`, bstd pubnb lagbrsb a travís nb uea `àiana tb`bh÷emga d vmsmta.

7¶ [AWD6 Gd`dgagm÷e nb` eubvd gdevbrtmnd Rea vbz rbgdpmànas às tarfbtas nb betrbja sb rbpartbe a` bqumpd asmjeand para lagbr b` traoafd (`énbrbs nb gíùà). Gana gdesd`mnandr nbobrá lagbr b` sbjumimbetd nb às aìas qub betrbjub a gana `énbr, bstd `d lará lasta b` idibetd qub b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd pasb su _btmrd Bspmrmtua`. (Lgl. =61;-11).

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Wb uomgará a gana eubvd gdevbrtmnd tbembend be gubeta à gíùà iás gbrgaea a su ndimgm`md. Be dgasmdebs ``bjaráe pbrsdeas qub vmvbe be oarrmds ndenb ed sb rba`mzae gíùàs, bsta sbrá à dpdrtuemnan para aormr uea eubva. Asé ``bearbids tdna à gmunan nb` bvaejb`md.

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Bs mipdrtaetb qub ustbn aprdvbglb à nmspdsmgm÷e nb à pbrsdea. B`à pubnb sbr à saiarmtaea nb bstb tmbipd, a`jumbe gapaz nb jaear tdna à gmunan para b` Wbñdr. Nand b` va`dr nb gana aìa, s÷`d sb nb`bja b` sbjumimbetd a `énbrbs mn÷ebds qub bstíe nmspubstds a nar `d ibfdr para qub emejöe aìa sb pmbrna. 2>

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Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

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Bs nbobr nb` gdesd`mnandr rbpartmr às tarfbtas be b` tmbipd prdpmgmd, sme pdstbrjagmdebs. _bgubrna qub gana tarfbta be sus iaeds bs ue aìa gdiprana g diprana a ue a`td prbgmd, gde ue va`dr mega`guào`b, ‐à saejrb nb Fbsös’.

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Bstao`bzga gdid rbtd nar`b `d ibfdr a Nmds, Nmds, lagbr tdnd `d qub bstb a su a`gaegb gde gana uea nb às pbrsdeas nb`bjanas y gde tdna sbjurmnan sbjurmna n a su tmbipd sbjará, sm ed nbsiaya. nbsia ya.

A`jumbe nmfd6 ´Guáend433 Wm ed bs aqué Ń÷enb4 Ń÷enb433 Wm ed sdy yd ´Qumíe4 Wm ed bs aldra ´Guáend4

>¶ [AWD6 @a Hdedvmsmta @a Hdedvmsmta bs uea ‐vmsmta’ tb`bh÷emga prdpma nb` jaeandr nb aìas, pdr bsd nbob lagbrsb gde bhmgagma y

behdgana smbiprb be obebhmgmd nb` eubvd. B` tb`íhded bs ue ibnmd qub ajm`mza às gdiuemgagmdebs, gdetaids gde í` para bejraenbgbr b` _bmed nb Nmds. Be à ípdga nb [ao`d sb bip`barde ‐às gartas’, taetd para gdedgbr à

smtuagm÷e bspmrmtua` y pbrsdea` nb `ds eubvds gdevbrtmnds, gdid para agdesbfar y bxldrtar.

1. [rdp÷smtd nb à Hdedvmsmta6 Idstrar ue metbrís jbeumed pdr à pbrsdea y pdr su ebgbsmnan.



Jaearsb à gdehmaeza nb` eubvd.



Nbfar aombrta à pubrta para rba`mzar uea vmsmta.



?. G÷id prbparar à `àiana6 Be dragm÷e.



Ousgaend b` smtmd aprdpmand.



[àemhmgaend b` tmbipd.



7. G÷id rba`mzar à `àiana Waùnb6



@d nbob lagbr be hdria aiao`b, mnbetmhéqubsb gdid imbiord nb à mj`bsma guaend lao`b gde b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd. Gdimbegb à gdevbrsagm÷e6



Memgmb uea gdevbrsagm÷e aibea, ustbn pubnb memgmar nmgmíend`b qub bsta draend pdr í` y pdr su ebgbsmnan y qub qumbrb saobr g÷id bs qub `b va. Bvaùí su gdenmgm÷e bspmrmtua`6



22

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

[rbjöetb`b gdid `b parbgm÷ à rbuem÷e y g÷id sb la sbetmnd be rbàgm÷e gde Nmds nbsnb qub vmsmt÷ à Mj`bsma. Gdegrbtb à vmsmta6



Gdegrbtb b` ùjar, néa y ldra para à vmsmta. [rbsbetb a`tbreatmvas, às gua`bs pubnbe sbr6 su gasa, uea gahbtbréa, lbànbréa, btg.3 pbrd euega à mj`bsma. Drb pdr í`6



Wmbiprb tbrimeb draend pdr à pbrsdea, gdehdrib `b juéb b` Bspérmtu Waetd.

>. Gdsas qub bvmtar be à Hdedvmsmta6 Wbr gdrtaetb d mipagmbetb be à gdevbrsagm÷e.



[rbsmdear a` eubvd grbybetb.



^diar iás tmbipd nb` ebgbsarmd.



Idstrar ue metbrís bjdésta, ed nmrmjmnd a sup`mr à ebgbsmnan nb à pbrsdea.



Lb aqué, `àiarás a jbetb qub ed gdedgmstb, y jbetbs qub ed tb gdedgmbrde gdrrbráe a tm, pdr gausa nb Fbldvá tö Nmds, y nb` Waetd nb Msrab` qub tb la lderand.

M s. 22 2266 2

2¶ [AWD6 @a Xmsmta Fbsös saoéa guáe mipdrtaetb bra vmsmtar a `ds lbriaeds be sus gasas, pdr bsd sb tdi÷ b` tmbipd para besbñar`b a sus nmsgépu`ds a lagbr`d. Be Iatbd -12 vbids gdid b` iabstrd vmsmt÷ à gasa nb à subjra nb [bnrd, a``é Fbsös dr÷ pdr b`à y `b sae÷. Be @ugas 1=61-1; Fbsös hub a à gasa nb Vaqubd, b` puo`mgaed, nbspuís nb bsta vmsmta Vaqubd ed vd`vm÷ a sbr b` imsid, pubs nmd iubstra jbeumea nb arrbpbetmimbetd. @as vmsmtas nb Fbsös a à gasa nb Iarta, Iaréa y @ázard hubrde iuy bspbgma`bs. Í` sb lmzd iuy aimjd nb à haim`ma, taetd qub à jbetb gdibetaoa guaetd aiaoa Fbsös a @ázard (Fe. 11678). @as vmsmtas fujaoae ue papb` iuy mipdrtaetb be b` imemstbrmd nb Fbsös, í` imsid betrbe÷ a sus nmsgépu`ds y `ds bevm÷ nb nds be nds a rba`mzaràs (Ir. 86:-11).

28

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Nbhmemtmvaibetb vmsmtar `ds ldjarbs para Fbsös bra uea imsm÷e trasgbenbeta`. Aöe nbspuís nb asgbenbr a `ds gmb`ds, b` smjum÷ ousgaend ldiorbs qub nbsarrd`àsbe bsta àodr, pdr bsd bsgdjm÷ a Aeaeéas y `d bevm÷ a vmsmtar b` ldjar ndenb sb ldspbnaoa Wau`d nb ârsd. Gde oasb be tdnd `d aetbrmdr, eubstrd nbsahéd nbob sbr6 Lagbr nb à vmsmta ue bstm`d nb vmna, a`jd tae edria` para edsdtrds gdid asmstmr a à mj`bsma. Gdesgmbetbs nb qub anbiás nb à idtmvagm÷e, ebgbsmtaids gdiprdibtbreds gde Nmds be mr y dobnbgbr gdid `d lmzd Aeaeéas, vbegmbend eubstrds tbidrbs y prbfumgmds. B` vmsmtar a gana pbrsdea qub Nmds pdeja be eubstras iaeds trabrá `ds imsids rbsu`tands nb à vmsmta nb Aeaeéas a Wau`d, y eubstras rbuemdebs nb gíùà a` mjua` qub às nb mj`bsma sbráe bnmhmganas y sb agrbgbetaráe hdrta`bgmnas

¡ B st sta a bs à g` gà avb nb` Í xm xmttd!   pdr b` Bspérmtu Waetd. ¡ 1. [rdp÷smtds nb à Xmsmta6 Gdedgbr su miprbsm÷e sdorb à rbuem÷e nb à mj`bsma be à qub partmgmp÷.



Nbsguormr sus ebgbsmnanbs y imemstrar gde à juéa nb` Bspérmtu Waetd.



Xmeguàrà a uea gíùà y idtmvarà a mevdùgrarsb be às agtmvmnanbs nb à mj`bsma, bspbgmaìbetb a ue



_btmrd Bspmrmtua`.

?. G÷id prbparar à vmsmta6 Gdetagtb a à pbrsdea y bxp`équb`b su nbsbd nb vmsmtarà y drar pdr b`à.



Gdehmrib b` néa y à ldra nb à vmsmta.



Ibnmtb y prbparb su ibesafb oasand be à ebgbsmnan bsgrmta be à tarfbta nb gdevbrsm÷e y be à



Hdedvmsmta. _böeasb gde uea agdipañaetb nb vmsmtagm÷e y drb hbrvmbetbibetb pdr b` rbspa`nd nb Nmds.



7. _ba`mzaend à vmsmta6 A` rba`mzar à vmsmta, ustbn nbobrá mr smbiprb agdipañand y lagbr`d be parbfa, gdid à imsm÷e nb `ds nmsgépu`ds y nb `ds sbtbeta, `ds gua`bs hubrde bevmands pdr Fbsös a vmsmtar `ds ldjarbs (It. 1;626123 @g. 1;61) Guaend `d rbgmoae prdgbna nb à smjumbetb iaebra6 [rbsíetbsb6



Wm ed gdedgb a à pbrsdea, prbsíetbsb ustbn y su agdipañaetb y tratb nb sbr ajranao`b y smegbrd. Menajub6



Avbrmjðb g÷id `b parbgm÷ à rbuem÷e nb à mj`bsma, nma`djub gde à pbrsdea sdorb sus prdo`bias bspbgéhmgds y à raz÷e nb `ds imsids. 

Gdiparta6 2:

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Wb`bggmdeb b` pasafb oéo`mgd agdrnb gde à ebgbsmnan y bxp`équb`b be 1; imeutds, bstd lája`d gde b` öemgd dofbtmvd nb mipartmr hb y gdehmaeza be Nmds, ed d`vmnb nb usar b` `mord 2 pasds nb hb para

gdesd`mnar a` eubvd gdevbrtmnd. Drb6



Laja uea dragm÷e nmrbgta gdehdrib a à ebgbsmnan bspbgéhmga, imemstrb be dragm÷e, usaend paàora nb Nmds, utm`mgb prdibsas oéo`mgas d tramja a gdàgm÷e às pdrgmdebs nb à paàora qub pubnae tdgar b` gdraz÷e nb `ds dybetbs. Bvmtb tbrimed`djéa rb`mjmdsa be à dragm÷e y sba `d iás eatura` pdsmo`b. Mevdùgrb6



[rbsbetb às agtmvmnanbs y hdria nb traoafd nb à mj`bsma y idtévb`b a asmstmr. Bs à jrae dpdrtuemnan nb grbar`b à ebgbsmnan nb mr a su rbuem÷e nb gíùà y aemiar`d a partmgmpar nb` _btmrd Bspmrmtua`. Nbsatb [az6



^brimeb su vmsmta draend pdr à pbrsdea y su haim`ma, nbgàraend obenmgm÷e y nbsataend paz sdorb sus vmnas.

>. Asbjurb b` Íxmtd nb su Xmsmta6 Gumnb su aspbgtd pbrsdea`. _bgubrnb, ustbn bstá prdybgtaend à miajbe nb à mj`bsma y nb Nmds gdid su



bioafandr (? Gd. 26?;). @àib a à pubrta gde eatura`mnan, guaend `b layae aombrtd saùnb aiao`bibetb.



Lao`b pbrd taiomíe bsguglb6



- Nma`djub be ùjar nb prbnmgar, asé b` vmsmtand sb sbetmrá be `mobrtan nb partmgmpar. - Bvmtb idvbr às iaeds be à gara nb à pbrsdea vmsmtana. - Ed gdetranmja a su agdipañaetb, nará iaà miprbsm÷e. miprbsm÷e . - Ed lao`be `ds nds a` imsid tmbipd em sb metbrruipae. ^dib s÷`d b` tmbipd agdrnand



- Wm tmbeb prmsa bs prbhbrmo`b pdspdebr à vmsmta, gdegrbtb pdr taetd à hbgla y à ldra. - Bs nb ia` justd lagbr à vmsmta be ldras nb gdimna. - Be `d pdsmo`b ``ívb`b ue hd``btd d `mtbratura a à pbrsdea qub va a vmsmtar. -

2¶ [AWD6 ^rabr`d a` ^bip`d

2<

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

- Ed tb d`vmnbs qub tmbebs qub prbparar b` tbrrbed be tu gdejrbjagm÷e para qub ed sdàibetb ue jrupd nb pbrsdeas `b ní à Ombevbemna a à Mj`bsma sm ed qub tdna à Mj`bsma nbob tbebr ue bspérmtu patbrea` para qub b` eubvd grbybetb grb ybetb sb smbeta g÷idnd. - Guaend b` eubvd gdevbrtmnd betrb be b` tbip`d, ed `d nbfbs sd`d, sm ed tbenrás qub nb meibnmatd prbsbetar`b eubvds lbriaeds `ds imsids qub `d agdipañaráe gdetmjd nuraetb su prdgbsd nb grbgmimbetd. - B` dofbtmvd bs qub bstb eubvd gdevbrtmnd vaya a ue _btmrd Bspmrmtua` (Wbxta gàsb nb` `mord 2 pasds nb Hb) - Metíjra`d a` eubvd gdevbrtmnd a às bsgubàs lasta qub bstb tdib gdegmbegma nb à Mipdrtaegma nb à [aàora nb Nmds y nb` Bspérmtu Waetd be su vmna.

ârba Drjaeézatb gde tu iabstrd y gdipañbrds nb tu auà para tbebr uea tarnb gdesd`mnagm÷e gde `ds lbriaeds rbgmíe gdevbrtmnds a Grmstd.

GA[É^R@D XMMM

[rbparáendeds para nmrmjmr uea Gíùà Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga Bhbsmds >671,7?

^B\^D G@AXB6 ] b` imsid Nmds nb paz ds saetmhmqub pdr gdip`btd3 y tdnd vubstrd sbr bspérmtu aìa

y

juarnand

gubrpd

sba

mrrbprbesmo`b

para à vbemna nb eubstrd Wbñdr Fbsugrmstd.

2=

1 ^bs. ^bs. 26?7 26 ?7

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma

Hm`mpbesbs 76:-61-7

Ibta nb Besbñaeza B` bstunmaetb gdedgbrá às árbas qub tdnd `énbr nbob nb bstar prbparand y sbrá imemstrand idtmváend`d a ibfdrar às árbas nb su vmna qub sb begubetrae níom`bs

Metrdnuggm÷e Eds begdetraids vmvmbend tmbipds nb iuglas bxmjbegmas a emvb` sdgma`. Aetb b`às, à mj`bsma nbob bstar `msta a hme nb gdetrarrbstar gde bhmgmbegma `ds ataqubs y nbsahéds nb` iuend bxtbrmdr. Bstd bxmjb qub gana grbybetb sb betrbjub, gde ue gàrd grmtbrmd nb rbspdesaom`mnan, a nbsarrd`àr à jbeumea tarba qub b` Wbñdr `b la begdibenand, `d qub nbiaena uea prbparagm÷e. 8;

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Bstá ombe qub Nmds eds la nand uegm÷e nb iu`tmp`mgagm÷e y eds la rbvbànd bstratbjmas bhbgtmvas para jaear a` iuend para Grmstd, pbrd bstd ed smjemhmga qub pdnaids behrbetar a` iuend nb iaebra miprdvmsana.A nb às sajranas qub Nmds nbsahéa a travís sus bsgdjmnds y a su Bsgrmturas pubo`d a begdetranas prbpararsb para dotbebr b` íxmtd. Bsta prbparagm÷e aoarga às nmstmetas árbas nb à vmna (1 tbsa`demgbesbs 26?7), y bs à qub eds pbrimtb asuimr gde autdrmnan b` gdiprdimsd nb prbnmgar b` bvaejb`md y nbsarrd`àr à vmsm÷e rbgmomna nb Nmds. Bstb gdiprdoand qub b` traoafd Gbùàr jaraetmza b` íxmtd be b` grbgmimbetd nb à mj`bsma, pbrd bsta jaraetéa biaea nb à gapagmnan metbjra` nb `ds `énbrbs a qumbebs sb `bs begdimbena à nmrbggm÷e nb uea gíùà.

Gdesmbetbs nb à mipdrtaegma y à ebgbsmnan nb uea gapagmtagm÷e pbrsdea`, sb la nbsarrd`ànd bsta `bggm÷e qub bxpdeb grmtbrmds huenaibeta`bs para qub dotbeja à autdrmnan rbqubrmna y gdenuzga agbrtanaibetb agbrtanaibetb uea gíùà, asé gd gdid id para dotbebr dotbebr íxmtd be su vmna pbrsdea`.

1. RE GDEGB[^D NB [_B[A_AGM×E @a prbparagm÷e bs b` prdgbsd a travís nb` gua` eds a`mstaids para pdnbr a`gaezar ue hme nbtbrimeand.Bs à nmspdsmgm÷e, taetd metb`bgtua` gdid bspmrmtua`, bspmrmtua`, y aöe hésmga qub pbrimtb guip`mr gde uea tarba bspbgéhmga. [rbpararsb nb iaebra gdetmeua y gde paráibtrds nbhmemnds bs `d qub jaraetmza qub uea pbrsdea pubna dotbebr b` íxmtd be tdnd guaetd biprbena.

@as Wajranas Bsgrmturas rbjmstrae `ds ediorbs nb ldiorbs y iufbrbs qub betbenmbrde b` prdp÷smtd nb Nmds para sus vmnas y rbspdenmbrde a su `àiand ibnmaetb ue bfbrgmgmd gdestaetb nb prbparagm÷e. B` ap÷std` [ao`d bs ue bfbip`d gàrd nb a`jumbe qub 81

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

gdiprbenm÷ à mipdrtaegma nb a`mstarsb para a`gaezar su ibta be à vmna Grmstmaea y bfbgutar gde bhmgmbegma su tarba.

‐[brd guaetas gdsas brae para im jaeaegma, às lb bstmiand gdid pírnmna pdr aidr nb Grmstd.

] gmbrtaibetb, aue nbstmed tdnas às gdsas gdid pbrnmna pdr à bxgb`begma nb` gdedgmimbetd nb Grmstd Fbsös, im Wbñdr, pdr aidr nb` gua` `d lb pbrnmnd tdnd y `d tbejd pdr oasura para jaear a Grmstd’ (Hm`mpbesbs 76: -6?? -?>).

o. Árba metb`bgtua` B` `énbr nb gíùà nbob prdgurar à autdhdriagm÷e y anqumrmr gdedgmimbetd a travís nb à `bgtura nb à Omo`ma asé gdid nb `mords qub `b bnmhmqube be tdnas às árbas. @a prbparagm÷e be b` áiomtd metb`bgtua` nbiaena uea rbedvagm÷e nb à ibetb, qub nbob a su vbz, bermqubgbrsb gde b` gdedgmimbetd nb à [aàora nb Nmds.

8?

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

‐Ed ds gdehdriíms a bstb smj`d, smed traeshdriads pdr ibnmd nb à rbedvagm÷e nb vubstrd

betbenmimbetd, para qub gdiprdoíms guá` sba à oubea vdùetan nb Nmds, ajranao`b y pbrhbgta’ (_diaeds 1?6?).

g.Árba bidgmdea` Rea nb às árbas be qub iás nbob prbpararsb uea pbrsdea bs be `d bidgmdea` pdr guaetd nb su bstaom`mnan nbpbenb à hmribza nb garágtbr y à autdrmnan para drmbetar a dtrds .Bs mipdrtaetb nmspdebreds para qub Nmds bstao`bzga uea autdbstmia saea y eds ayunb a b`mimear raégbs nb aiarjura , rbsbetmimbetd rbsbetmimbetdss y gdeh`mgtds bidgmdea`bs . ‐Quétbesb nb vdsdtrds tdna aiarjura, bedfd, mra, jrmtbréa, ia`bnmg begma, y tdna ia`mgma. Aetbs

sbn obemjeds ueds gde dtrds, imsbrmgdrnmdsds, pbrndeáendds ueds a dtrds, gdid Nmds ds pbrnde÷ a vdsdtrds be Grmstd’ (Bhbsmds >671,7?).

n.Árba hésmga Auequb iuglds gdesmnbrae qub b` árba bspmrmtua` bs à öemga qub nbob rbgmomr à atbegm÷e anbguana, ed pdnbids d`vmnar qub eubstrd gubrpd bs tbip`d nb` bspérmtu Waetd y, pdr `d taetd, nbobids prbparar`d y iaetbebr`d be oube bstand gde bfbrgmgmds pbrm÷nmgds, bxáibebs iínmgds gdetmeuds y uea saea a`mibetagm÷e. ‐´D mjedráms qub vubstrd gubrpd bs tbip`d nb` bspérmtu Waetd, b` gua` bstá be vdsdtrds, b` gua` bstá be vdsdtrds, b` gua` tbeíms nb Nmds, y qub q ub ed sdms vubstrds’4 (1 Gdrmetmds 861=).

b.Árba sdgma` B` ap÷std` [ao`d nmgb qub tbebids be nbrrbndr eubstrd uea jraenb euob nb tbstmjds. Be dtras paàoras, à sdgmbnan tmbeb à imra pubsta be edsdtrds, y pdr b``d, nbobids bstar rbaìbetb prbparands para nar b` gde ibfdr tbstmidemd. @a prbparagm÷e b` árba sdgma` b` iaetbebr bxgb`betbs rbàgmdebs eubstrds haim`marbs y gu`tmvarbeaimstanbs gdemegùyb pbrsdeas qub eds bnmhmqube. 87

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

‐]d pubs, prbsd be b` Wbñdr, ds rubjd qub aeníms gdid bs nmjed nb à vdgagm÷e gde qub humstbms

`àiands, gde tdna luim`nan y iaesbnuiorb, sdpdrtáendds gde pagmbegma `ds ueds a `ds dtrds be aidr, sd`égmtds be juarnar à uemnan nb` Bspérmtu be b` véegu`d nb à paz’ (Bhbsmds >61 -7).

GDEG@RWM×E @as gíùàs gdestmtuybe uea jrae bstratbjma para à iu`tmp`mgagm÷e nb à mj`bsma be tdnds `ds emvb`bs. [brd, b` íxmtd nb às imsias ranmga be à prbparagm÷e qub tbeja b` `énbr, `d qub bqumva`b a à anqumsmgm÷e nb rbgursds para hdrta`bgbr tdnas às árbas nb eubstra vmna. Gana pbrsdea p brsdea nbob prbpararsb a emvb` bspmrmtua`, metb`bgtua`, bidgmdea`, hésmgd hésmgd y sdgma` para a`gaezar b` íxmtd p`bed.

A[@MGAGM×E 1. Bxaimeb lasta quí puetd bstá prbparand para gdenugmr uea gíùà. Dosbrvb às nmstmetas bshbras nb su vmna y hdrta`bzga aqub`às be qub edtb a`juea nbhmgmbegma d nbom`mnan. ?. Drjaemgb su tmbipd para nbsarrd`àr ue grdedjraia nb gapagmtagm÷e. Nbhmea ibtas bspbgéhmgas y néa a néa rba`mgb uea agtmvmnan qub `b pbrimta avaezar lasta a`gaezaràs. Â_BA Ga`mhmqub nb 1 a 2 su prbparagm÷e pbrsdea` para iaebfar uea gíùà

Á_BA

GA@MHMGAGM×E

8>

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Bspmrmtua`

Metb`bgtua`

Bidgmdea`

Wdgma`

Gubstmdearmd nb Apdyd 1. @ba ? nb ^midtbd ?612 b mevbstmjub quí smjemhmga à paàora ‐nm`mjbegma’, nb agubrnd a su smjemhmgand, menmqub gdid grbb ustbn qub pdnréa p dnréa sbr iás metb`mjbetb. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT ?. ´Guá` bs b` gdegbptd nb prbparagm÷e4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 82

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 7. Wbjöe à rbspubsta aetbrmdr, ´Quí bs `d qub jaraetmza qub uea pbrsdea pubna dotbebr íxmtd be tdnd `d qub qu b biprbenb4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT >. Ousqub be à Omo`ma gmegd bfbip`ds nb ldiorbs y iufbrbs qub sb prbpararde para guip`mr b` prdp÷smtd nb Nmds. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 2. ´Guá`bs sde às árbas be às qub qu b nbobids bstar prbparands4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 8. Wbjöe Bhbsmds >6??-?>, ´Quí mip`mga à prbparagm÷e bspmrmtua`4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT

GA[É^R@D M\

Ibtdnd`djéa nb uea Gíùà Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Oásmga Lbglds 86:-= 88

^B\^D G@AXB6 Ias

b`

Gdesdàndr,

b`

Bspérmtu Waetd, Waetd, a` gua` b` [anrb

bevmará

be

im

ediorb,, í` ds besbñará ediorb

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma Fuae Gap. >

Ibta nb Besbñaeza B` bstunmaetb gdedgbrá Ibtdnd`djéa oéo`mgas para rba`mzar às gíùàs be `ds Ldjarbs à gua` sbrá ap`mgana be su gíùà a à qub pbrtbebgb.

Metrdnuggm÷e Bs aip`md aip`md b` a`gaegb nb uea gíùà gíùà ttaetd aetd a emvb` Bvaejb`éstm Bvaejb`éstmgd gd gdid à bnmhmgagm÷e nb `ds grbybetbs. @a prdybggm÷e nb grbgmimbetd nb uea 8:

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

mj`bsma sb pubnb `djra nb iaebra rápmna y s÷`mna guaend b` `énbr , b` aehmtrm÷e y tdnds `ds partmgmpaetbs sb gdiprdibtbe be à tarba nb iu`tmp`mgarsb , y guaend sb tmbeb bbegubeta egubeta ue prdgbsd ibtdnd`÷jm ibtdnd`÷jmgd gd qub apueta gàraibetb a` a`gaegb nb dofbtmvds bspbgmhmgd gde gana ued nb `ds imbiords nb à gíù` gíùàa . @ds dofbtmvds qub ibegmdeaids sb rbhmbrb a` guip`mimbetd nb às btapas megùmnas be à vmsm÷e vmsm÷e 6 jaear jaear , rbtbebr rbtbebr b` hhrutd rutd , y bnmhmgar a `ds grbybetbs a hme hme nb ssbr br bevmands . Imbetras à bstrugtura nb à gíùà eds ormena à juéa para à rba`mzagm÷e nb à rbuem÷e gde b` iáxmid aprdvbglaimbetd nb` tmbipd , à ibtdnd`djéa eds na `ds paráibtrds para qub `ds prdp÷smtd sb guipàe. A travís nb bsta `bggm÷e ustbn aprbenbrá a iaebfar ue iítdnd qub la smnd nbpurand gde b` pasd nb` tmbipd y qub nand rbsu`tands bxgbpgmdea`bs

be b` a`gaegb

nb ibtas

rbàgmdeanas gde à vmsm÷e gbùàr .

1. IB^DND@DJMA BHMGAV. @a ibtdnd`djéa bs b` gdefuetd nb prdgbnmimbetd qub usaids para a`gaezar ue rbsu`tand. @ds prdgbnmimbetd nbobe gdetrmoumr a à dptmimzagm÷e nb `ds rbgursds nmspdemo`bs6 Bgde÷imgds d tbipbrd ‗ bspagma`bs. @a vmsm÷e gbùàr sb prdybgtand gdid uea bstratbjma nb usd iuenma` pdr `ds rbsu`tands qub sb dotmbebe. Guaend sb ap`mga su ibtdnd`djéa, pasds qub vae nbsnb jaear a uea pbrsdea

8<

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

para Grmstd lasta vbrà gdevbrtmna be ue vbrnanbrd nmsgépu`d nb` sbñdr gde gapagmnan nb rbprdnugmrsb be dt dtrds rds . Bs uea ibtdnd` ibtdnd`djéa djéa sbegm`à, pbrd bhmgaz, qub rbqumbrb rbqumbrb nb atbegm÷e atbegm÷e y betrbja. betrbja. @ds @ds nmsgépu`ds nmsgépu`ds sb begarjarde nb prdpajar b` bvaejb`md tbembend be gubeta à besbñaeza y b` iítdnd nb Fbsös. [dr b``d , ‐….grbgéa à paàora nb` sbñdr y b` euibrd nb `ds nmsgépu`d sb iu`tmp`mgaoa jraenbibetb be Fbrusa`íe 3 taiomíe iuglds nb `ds sagbrndtbs dobnbgéae a à hb ‐ Lbglds

86 : ,=).

?. WRJB_BEGMA IB^DND@×JMGAW. Gde gàras razdebs para mevdùgrarsb be à vmsm÷e gbùàr , gdesmnbrb aldra às smjumbetbs sujbrbegma para guip`mr gde à btapas nb` prdgbsd be gana rbuem÷e sbiaea` 6 a) ´G÷id jaear4 Bxmstbe varmds iítdnds nb Bvaejb`msid iuy gdedgmnds. @d mipdrtaetb bs qub ustbn ed pmbrna nb vmsta qub às gíùàs sb gdevmbrtae be uea va`mdsa dpdrtuemnan para a`gaezar a dtrds para Grmstd. Be Fuae > begdetraids b` rbàtd nb Fbsös y à saiarmtaea, uea bstratbjma bstratbjma nb bvaejb`msid iuy prágtmga, y nb à gua` sb bxtrabe `ds smjum smjumbetbs betbs pasds para bvaejb`mzar bvaejb`mzar.. 1. _dipb b` lmb`d ( Fuae >6 :). Aprdvbglb às gmrguestaegmas gmrguestaegmas nb` idib idibetd, etd, d uea gdevb gdevbrsagm÷e. rsagm÷e.

?.- Gdesbrvar b` ibe ibesafb safb a pbsar nb às dofbgmdebs. (Fuae >6 =) [dr `d jbebra`, jbebra`, às pbr pbrsdeas sdeas tmbebe ue arjui arjuibetd, betd, para nbsvmar b` ibesafb. [r [rbpárbsb bpárbsb lagmbend uea `msta nb às d dofbgmdebs ofbgmdebs iás gd gdiuebs, iuebs, para rboatmr` rboatmràs as a à ùz nb à paàora, sme betrar be nmsgrbpaegmas. 7.-Nbtbgtb à ebgbsmnan nb à pbrsdea (Fuae >6 1;) 8=

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

^dnas às pbrsdeas tmbebe uea ebgbsmnan àtbetb, auequb metbetbe nb dgu`tarà guaend sb `b gdipartb b` ibesafb. Nbsgöoraà y pàetbb uea sdùgm÷e gbetrana be à pbrsdea nb Fbsugrmstd. > .- Grbb ue aiombetb nb bxpbgtatmva ( Fuae Fuae >6 1; -12 -12). ). B` dofbtmvd bs qub ustbn ustbn idtmvb a à pbrsdea a qub `b bs bsguglb, guglb, jbebrb uea bxpb bxpbgtatmva gtatmva tdgaend ue tbia qub sb asdgmb gde à ebgbsmnan nb à pbrsdea, y vaya gdenugmbend `ds gdibetarmds lasta gdegrbtar a`tbreatmvas qub metbrbsbe a` bsgugla . 2 .- Lao`b nb Grmstd ( Fuae >6 ?2 -?8) Beb` prdgbsd Bvaejb`éstmgd , Fbsugrmstd bs y nbob sbr smbiprb b` tbia prmegmpa` prmegm pa` nb gdevbrsagm÷e 6 nbob prbsbetarsb gdid b` öemgd gaimed nb sa`vagm÷e sa`vagm÷e , à öemga véa para ``bjar a` panrb y para rbgmomr sus obenmgmd obenmgmdebs ebs 8.- Gdenuzga a à pbrsdea a agbpt agbptar ar a Grmstd Grmstd (Fuae >6 ?: -?=) @a vmgtdrma vmgtdrma sb dotmbeb dotmbeb guaend à pbrsdea pbrsdea rbgdedgb ssu u gdenmgm÷e pbgandra, nb nbgàra gàra su ebgbsmnan nb Grmstd, y `d mmevmta evmta a betrar a su gdraz÷e. @a gdevbrsagm÷ gdevbrsagm÷e e nbob gdenugmr a qub qub bsta nbgmsm÷e nbgmsm÷e sba tdiana, auequb à betrbja bs vdùetar vdùetarma. ma. O ´G÷id rbtbebr b` hrutd4 - Gdesd`mnagm÷e Guaend à pbrsdea la agbptand a Grmstd gdid su sbñdr y sa`vandr, eubstra àodr apbeas gdimbeza,pdrqub `ds vbrnanbrds rbsu`tands sb vbe guaend b` eubvd grbybetb rbahmria su nbgmsm÷e be à btapa `àiand gdesd`mnagm÷e. Be às gíùàs, gíùàs, à gdesd`mn gdesd`mnagm÷e agm÷e sb gdegrbta6 @àiaend rbjuàribetb rbjuàribetb a `ds asmstbetbs asmstbetbs,, bspbgma` bspbgmaìbetb ibetb a `ds eubvds.



Xmsmtaend a às pbrsdeas be sus ggasas asas d smtmds nb traoafd.



[rbdgupáendsb pdr às ebgbsmnanbs ebgbsmnanbs nb `ds nmsgépu`ds dr draend aend pdr b`às.



Idtmvaend a às pbrsdeas a as asmstmr mstmr a à gíùà y a à Mj`bsma Mj`bsma..



Idtmvaend a às pbrsdeas a asmstmr a `ds begubetrds y pdst begubetrds.



[ara aip`mar aip`mar bstb tbia, gdes gdesu`tb u`tb b` iaeua` nb gdesd`mnagm÷e nb Gàunma hafarnd. :;

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Edta6 idtmva Edta6 idtmva a sus aùieds para para qub mejrbsbe a `ds gursds gursds nb gdesd`mnagm÷e.

G. ´G÷id bnmhmgar4 @a bnmhmgagm÷e bnmhmgagm÷e gdesmst gdesmstbb be a` a`mibetar mibetar a `ds asmstbetbs asmstbetbs be às gíùàs. Bspbgmaìbetb Bspbgmaìbetb a` eubvd, gde besbñaezas nb à paàora qub `d eutrae bspmrmtua` bspmrmtuaìbetb ibetb y `b ayunbe a gdedgbr nb ibfdr hdria a` [anrb [anrb,, a` Lmfd Lmfd   y a` Bspérmtu Waetd. GDEG@RWM×E @a ibtdnd`djéa bs b` gdefuetd nb prdgbnmimbetd qub eds ayunae a a`gaezar `ds dofbtmvds melbrbetbs a à vmsm÷e gbùàr. @a tarba nb jaear, rbtbebr y bnmhmgar às aìas, sb rba`mza bxmtdsaibetb guaend sb rbspbtae `ds paráibtr paráibtrds ds bstao`bgm bstao`bgmnds, nds, gdiuebs a tdnd imemstbrmd y `mnbrazjd- W÷`d guaend eds gdevbegbids nb à vmsm÷e v msm÷e y eds suibrjmids be b`à, `ds iítdnds sb lagbe bhmgagbs. A[@MGAGM×E a. Bstao`bzga ue pàe nb bvaejb`mzagm÷e gde sus gdesmbrvds d gde nmsgépu`ds, tbembend be gubeta às pautas nbsguombrtas be b` rbàtd nb Fbsös y à Waiarmtaea. Bstb [àe nbob megùmr `ds ediorbs nb aimjds y haim`marbs ed grbybetbs. o. [rdhuenmgb b` bstunmd nb` prdgbsd nb gdesd`mnagm÷e, gdesu`taend b` iaeua` nmsbñand para ta` hme. Â_BA Nbsgrmoa à hdria be be qub la bvdùgmdeand a`juea pbrs pbrsdea dea qub Rn. laya jaeand. (´G÷id `d jae÷4), rbtbemnd (´g÷id à rbtuvd4) y bnmhmgand (´G÷id à bnmhmg÷4), sbjöe `d vmstd be gàsb.

GA[É^R@D \ Oéo`mga Oásmga BstrugturaHuenaibetagm÷e y Nbsarrd``d nb uea Gíùà :1

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Lbglds 26>? ^B\^D G@AXB6 [brd qub tdnd sb laja nbgbetbibetb y gde drnbe

1¶ G dr . 1>6?; 1>6 ?;

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma Lbglds ?6>?, 1 [bnrd 261;

Ibta nb Besbñaeza B` bstunmaetb aprbena a nmrmjmr uea gíùà rbspbtaend b` ^mbipd y gu`tmvb `ds 1; iaenaimbetds qub nbob bxmstmr be uea gíùà.

Metrdnuggm÷e

Re aspbgtd gàvb qub nbtbrimea b` íxmtd nb à vmsm÷e gbùàr bs à :?

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

prbparagm÷e qub gana `énbr nbob tbebr be às nmstmetas bshbras nb su vmna. Wuiana a bsta prbparagm÷e sb rbqumbrb nb uea bstrugtura nbhmemna qub pbrimta b` nbsarrd``d nb à rbuem÷e gbùàr a hme nb qub eana metbrhmbrb be b` íxmtd nb à imsia. B` Wbñdr bs ue Nmds nb Drnbe. ] í` eds pmnb qub tdnd `d qub lajaids drjaemzanaibetb6 ‐[brd

lájasb tdnd nbgbetbibetb y gde drnbe’, (1

Gdr. 1>6>;). 1>6>;). Bstd eds ``bva a pbesar be à ebgbs ebgbsmnan mnan nb iaebfar eubstrd gdiprdimsd gbùàr a`bfand nb tdna miprdvmsagm÷e. [ara pdnbr a`gaezar `ds dofbtmvds y aprdvbglar às vbetafas nb às gíùàs, sb lagb ebgbsarmd gumnar gmbrtas prágtmgas qub taiomíe sb dosbrvae be à mj`bsma prmimtmva prmimtmva.. Bsta `bggm÷e trata prbgmsaibetb nb à bstrugtura y nbsarrd``d nb à gíùà para qub ustbn sb gdevmbrta be ue bxpbrtd bfbrgmbend su àodr gdid `énbr às rbuemdebs. Wb laoà aqué nb` aprdvbglaimbetd nb` tmbipd nmspdemo`b, asé gdid nb `ds iaenaimbetds qub ayunae a tbebr uea gíùà bxmtdsa.

1. B` gdegbptd Gbùàr. _bgubrnb qub à gíùà bstá gdestmtumna pdr ue jrupd nb pbrsdeas qub sb rböebe uea vbz pdr sbiaea gde b` hme nb bnmhmgarsb iutuaibetb ibnmaetb b` bstunmd nb à [aàora nb Nmds y à andragm÷e. Bstas rbuemdebs pubnbe rba`mzarsb be gasas, be dhmgmeas, d be rbgmetd ndenb b` jrupd pubna sbetmrsb g÷idnd y gdipartmr sme metbrrupgmdebs. Re aspbgtd mipdrtaetb be b` traoafd gbùàr bs à pbrsbvbraegma. A hme nb qub b` jrupd sb hdrta`bzga y `djrb iu`tmp`mgarsb, pubstd qub à gíùà nbob gdetrmoumr a` grbgmimbetd nb à mj`bsma. @a pbrsbvbraegma nbob iaemhbstarsb iaemhbstarsb be b` bstunmd nb n b à [aàora, be b` gdipañbrmsid be gdipartmr às obenmgmdebs rbgmomnas y taiomíe a travís nb à dragm÷e (Lbglds ?6>?). :7

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

@a gíùà bs ue pubetb betrb às pbrsdeas y à gdejrbjagm÷e. Be b`à sb `b ormena iaydr atbegm÷e a gana asmstbetb. Wb bvaejb`mza, gdesd`mna y bnmhmga a gana ued, pbrimtmíend`b pbrhbggmdearsb y hdrta`bgbrsb be su rbàgm÷e gde Nmds y be b` gdedgmimbetd nb su [aàora6 ‐… í` imsid ds pbrhbggmdeb, ahmrib, hdrta`bzga y bstao`bzga’ (1 [bnrd 261;)

?. BW^_RG^R_A [A_A B@ NBWA__D@@D NB GANA _BREM×E [rmibrd, gdesmnbrb qub b` prdibnmd nb asmstbegma a gana gíùà nbob sbr nb 8 a 1? pbrsdeas, y qub à rbuem÷e nbob tbebr uea ldra nb nuragm÷e. B` `énbr nbob ``bjar nmbz d vbmetb imeutds nb aetmgmpagm÷e para prbparar b` aiombetb, be gdipañéa nb` aehmtrm÷e. ae hmtrm÷e. B` tmbipd nb à gíùà pubnb nmstrmoumrsb asé6 Metrdnuggm÷e (1; imeutds) Nuraetb bstb tmbipd nbspbrtarsb b` metbrís pdr à rbuem÷e, metbrgaiomar saùnds orbvbs, nar à ombevbemna a `ds eubvds, bsguglar ue gdrtd tbstmidemd y nbstagar à obenmgm÷e nb bstar rbuemnds (Waìds 17761-7). Aàoaeza y andragm÷e (1; imeutds) Bstb tmbipd nbob gdetrmoumr a prbparar `ds gdrazdebs para b` tbia qub sbrá bxpubstd be à besbñaeza nb` néa (gd`dsbesbs 7618 o). Bxpdsmgm÷e nb` tbia(7; imeutds). B` `énbr nbob agtuar gde sbjurmnan y nbidstrar qub sb la prbparand para iaebfar, ndimear, nbsarrd`àr, nmrmjmr b` tbia y traesimtmr b` rlbia nb Nmds a bsb jrupd. Nbob bxpdebr iaebra sbegm`à, à besbñaeza y usar ue `bejuafb gàrd qub mipagtb a `ds asmstbetbssnb(?uea asmstbetb ^midtbd ?618). Ap`mgagm÷e (2 imeutds) Nuraetb bstb tmbipd, b` `énbr pubnb prbsbetar mùstragmdebs qub ayunbe a nar ue sbetmnd prágtmgd a à besbñaeza bxpubsta, y ``bvar a gana pbrsdea a ap`mgar `d aprbenmnd be su vmna nmarma, nb hdria meibnmata (? ^midtbd 761:). Agtmvmnanbs hmea`bs (2 imeutds) Aprdvbglb b` tmbipd nb` gmbrrb para andrar a Nmds gde à dhrbena y drar pdr às ebgbsmnanbs nb `ds asmstbetbs, gbetrand b` metbrís be `ds eubvds. (Waetmajd 2618o). Gde bsta bstrugtura sb `djrae `ds oubeds rbsu`tands nuraetb à rbuem÷e gbùàr. :>

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

Bvmtb gdibtbr `ds smjumbetbs brrdrbs6 Qub nmrmfa a`jumbe ed autdrmzand, imemstrb `mobragm÷e d mipdeja iaeds. Qub `ds asmstbetbs tdibe à paàora, lagmbend qub b` `énbr pmbrna b` gdetrd` nb à rbuem÷e. Qub sb jbebrbe nmsgusmdebs. Nbsgumnar a` eubvd d nbsmetbrís pdr gua`qumbr asmstbetb. Bip`bar iás tmbipd nb` agdrnand (1 ldra). Gaiomar gdetmeuaibetb b` smtmd, néa y ldra nb rbuem÷e. 

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7. IAENAIMB IAENAIMBE^D E^D NB @AW GÍ@R@AW A. Aib à vmsm÷e Gbùàr B` aidr lagma `d qub tbebids y `d qub lagbids qumbora gua`qumbr pdsmom`mnan nb nuna y eds prbpara b` gaimed para dotbebr b` íxmtd, sm ed aiaids b` traoafd gbùàr, euega vbrbids `ds rbsu`tands qub dtdrja bsta vmsm÷e (1 Gdrmetmds 176?-7). O. Ed sb nbsvéb nb à vmsm÷e gbùàr Wa`mr nb à Xmsm÷e pubnb rbsu`tar iuy hágm`, lasta gasm mipbrgbptmo`b. Nb alé, à mipdrtaegma nb sbr hmb`bs a `ds prmegmpmds bstao`bgmnds y pbrsbvbrar be b``ds lasta dotbebr `ds rbsu`tands prdpubstds. G. Ed pbrimta qub à gíùà sba s ba mehrugtudsa @as gíùàs nbobe guip`mr gd gde e uea huegm÷e bvaejb`éstmga, bvaejb`éstmga, bs nbgmr, gana ued nb `ds asmstbetbs nbob prbdguparsb pdr sa`mr a ousgar pbrsdeas b mevmtaràs a à rbuem÷e, a hme nb qub ístas sbae jaeanas para Grmstd Grmstd (Fuae 126?). 126?). N. _böeasb uea vbz pdr sbiaea Nuraetb `ds néas prbvmds a` nb rbuem÷e be à gíùà, b` aehmtrm÷e, b` `énbr y `ds nbiás metbjraetbs nb` jrupd nbobe nbnmgarsb a vmsmtar a vbgmeds, haim`marbs, gdipañbrds y aimjds b mevmtar`ds a à imsia, gde b` prdp÷smtd nb metbjrar`ds y qub pubnae sbr partb nb b`à. B. @a Gíùà nbob ayunar a à rbstauragm÷e haim`mar Lay grmsms haim`m haim`mar ar be tdnd b` iuend, y à gíùà nbob nbob bstar prbparana para atbenbr atbenbr bsta ebgbsmnan. Be b`à sb ousga qub `ds lmfds rbstaurbe su rbàgm÷e gde `ds panrbs, `ds panrbs gde `ds lmfds, à iufbr gde g de b` bspdsd y b` ldiorb gde su bspdsa. H. Laja nb gana imbiord ue `énbr Gana pbrsdea qub ``bja a uea gíùà, sme mipdrtar su gdenmgm÷e, nbob sbr vmsua`mzana

:2

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

gdid ue `énbr be pdtbegma, a`jumbe qub, a` `djrar su nbsarrd``d bspmrmtua`, sbrá ue mestruibetd va`mdsd be às iaeds nb Nmds. J. Xb`b pdr à saetmnan nb` jrupd Guaend sb pbrimtb b` pbgand, d guaend sb td`bra y sb gdesmbetb, à gíùà bipmbza a nbgabr3 tbebids qub sbr ranmga`bs hrbetb b` pbgand y ed gdehmar à gíùà a a`jumbe qub ``bva uea ndo`b vmna, pdrqub à jaraetéa jaraetéa nb` `énbr bs su tbstmidemd, y b` tbstmidemd tbstmidemd bipmbza be su gasa (Lborbds 1?61>). L. Ed traoafar sdorb huenaibetd afbed @ds imbiords nb gana gíùà nbobe sbr hmb`bs a su jrupd y ed bstar asmstmbend a nmhbrbetbs rbuemdebs ya qub bstd pubnb trabr`bs gdehusm÷e y ahbgtar su prdgbsd nb hdriagm÷e. @ds `énbrbs nbobe ùglar pdr jaear às aìas qub hdriaráe partb nb su jrupd y ed mevmtar a su gíùà a dtrds qub ya bstáe smbend `mnbrands (_diaeds 126?;). 126?;). M. Ed pbrimta à iuriuragm÷e nbetrd nb à gíùà Guaend uea gíùà sb bstaega, pubnb prdnugmr be b` jrupd glmsib, iuriuragm÷e, grétmga qubfa. Ed pdnbids pbrimtmr qub sb lao`b ia` nb dtrd imbiord d lbriaed, nb` pastdr, nb` `énbr d nb à mj`bsma. Bs ebgbsarmd sbr sbvbrds d bstrmgtds gde `ds glmsidsds nbetrd nb à gíùà (Hm`mpbesbs? (Hm`mpbesbs?61>). 61>). F. Nbsarrd``b às ibtas bstratíjmgaibetb âetd b` `énbr gdid gana ued nb `ds imbiords nb` jrupd, nbobe tbebr ibtas nbhmemnas nb grbgmimbetd, qub mip`mqube bshubrzd nb su partb y qub rbqumbrae nb` pdnbr sdorbeatura` nb Nmds. Bstas ibtas nbobe sbr gàras y ``bvar mip`égmtd be b`às b` prdp÷smtd nb à iu`tmp`mgagm÷e. GDEG@RWM×E @a vmsm÷e gbùàr bs jaraetéa nb íxmtd be à àodr iu`tmp`mgandra nb à mj`bsma. [brd a su vbz, b` íxmtd bstá gdenmgmdeand a` rbspbtd nb à bstrugtura para nbsarrd`àr às rbuemdebs sbiaea tras sbiaea. Wm sb rbspbtae `ds paráibtrds para à rba`mzagm÷e nb às rbuemdebs nb` jrupd a `d àrjd nb uea ldra, y sb tmbebe be gubeta `ds nmbz iaenaimbetds nb à gíùàs, sme nuna, í` íxmtd bstará nb eubstrd ànd.

A[@MGAGM×E 1. Wm ed laoéa gdesmnbrand b` nbsarrd``d nb à rbuem÷e sbiaea` be à qub bstá

:8

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

gdiprdibtmnd, nb agubrnd a às pautas nanas be bsta `bggm÷e, la ``bjand b` tmbipd nb bipbzar a lagbr`d y edtar `ds gaiomds. ?. Bxaimeb `ds nmbz iaenaimbetds nb às gíùàs y héfbsb be guá` nb b``ds sb bstá ha`àend nbetrd nb à gíùà a à qub qu b pbrtbebgb. _böeasb gde sus nmsgépu`ds y bsguglb sujbrbegmas a hme nb supbrar às nbhmgmbegmas.

Â_BA Bstao`bgbr gdid ibta pbrsdea`, aormr uea gíùà

Gubstmdearmd Gubstmdea rmd nb Apdyd 1. ´Quí eds pmnb Nmds qub qu b lajaids sbjöe 1¶ Gdr. 1>6>;4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT ?. ´Gde quí hme sb rböebe às pbrsdeas uea vbz pdr sbiaea4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 7.  TTTTTTTTTTT Wbjöe 1 [bnrdTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT 261;o, ´QuíTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT lagb Nmds gde às vmnas be uea gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT

::

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT >. ´Guáetd nbob sbr b` prdibnmd nb asmstbegma a uea gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 2. Beuegmb à bstrugtura nb uea gíùà. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 8. ´Be quí partb nb à gíùà sb nbob nbspbrtar b` metbrís pdr à rbuem÷e4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT :. ´Quí brrdrbs pubnbe gdibtbrsb be b` nbsarrd``d nb uea gíùà4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT y nmja qub nbobids prdgurar nbetrd nb n b eubstra gíùà TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 1;. ´Quí ´Quí nbobids bvmtar sbjöe Hm`mpbesbs ?61>4 TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT 11. _bpasb _bpasb `ds iaenaimbetds nb à Gíùà y beuibrb be guá` d guá`bs nb b``ds, bstá ha`àend, y qub nbob lagbr para ibfdrar. TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT

:<

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTT TT

GA[É^R@D \M

´G÷id Wdùgmdear [rdo`bias be uea Gíùà4 Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga ? ^midtbd 16: Oásmga

:=

MJ@BWMA ‐IDE^B GA_IB@D’

Rea Mj`bsma gde [rdp÷smtd

^B\^D G@AXB6 Ias

b`

hrutd

nb`

Bspérmtu bs aidr jdzd paz

pagmbegma

obemjemnan odenan hb iaesbnuiorb tbipàeza3 gdetra ta`bs gdsas ed lay.

Huenaibetagm÷e Oéo`mga Gdip`bibetarma

J a`. 26 26?? ??-?7 -?7

Eöibrds 1?67, 1 Waiub` ??61-?, Fdsuí :68-=

Ibta nb Besbñaeza B` bstunmaetb aprbena a nbtbgtar guá`bs sde `ds prdo`bias iás gdiuebs be às gíùàs y sbpa g÷id sdùgmdear`ds gde à nmrbggm÷e nb` Bspérmtu Waetd.

Metrdnuggm÷e

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