Libro de Practicas Sistemas Digitales
October 12, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Altrgduooaÿl
c
ngs
sastfmcs
fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs Rrãotaocs df nc`grctgrag
Cutgrfs; Kucl Cljfn Jcrzc Jcrzc, Jc`rafn Efrlcldg Mcrtílfz Cnglsg, Jucdcnupf Ajlcoag Ocltû Jcrzc y Kunaãl Fducrdg Hfrlãldfz Uflfjcs Rramfrc fdaoaÿl, Cjgstg 0234 ©Vlavfrsadcd Cutÿlgmc df Lufvg Nfÿl
Ecountcd df Aljflafríc Mfoãlaoc y Fnáotraoc Rfdrg df Cn`c _/L Od. Vlavfrsatcrac _cl Laognãs df ngs Jcrzc L.N. Máxaog Op 55462 http;^^ZZZ.EAMF.VCLN.MX http;^^ ZZZ.EAMF.VCLN.MX Tfn. (2383) 8?014202 Fxt. 6103 Fmcan; kcjcrzcB Fmcan; kcjcrzcBucln.mx ucln.mx http;//kcjcrzc.eamf.ucln.mx/ http;//kcjcrzc.eamf.ucln.mx/ Amprfsg fl EAMF VCLN Máxaog A_@L; fl trãmatf
Altrgduooaÿl c ngs sastfmcs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs
Rãjalã 3
Ogltfladg
Rrãotaoc 3.......... Rrãotaoc 3........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...................................................... ....................................... 6 Altrgduoo Altrg duooaÿl aÿl cn nc`g nc`grctgr rctgrag...... ag..................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................... ............. 6 G`kftavgs G`kft avgs pcrt pcrtaounc aouncrfs..... rfs.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................................ ...................................6 ..6 Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac......... ac....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. .......................................6 .........................6 Mctfracn Mctfra cn c utan utanazcr.... azcr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................... ........................66 Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg tfÿr tfÿraog..... aog.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..................... ......88 Dastra`uoaÿl df nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs (Rrgtg`gcrd)..................................................8 Cncm`rfs...... Cncm` rfs..................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ......................... ...........11 Dagdgg fmasg Dagd fmasgrr df nuz (Nfd) (Nfd)............... ............................. ............................. .............................. .................................. ............................. ..........11 Pfsastgrfs Pfsas tgrfs............... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................... ........................32 32 Dap swat swatoh........ oh...................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. .............................................33 ..............................33 Rush `gtÿ `gtÿl.......... l........................ ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................33 ..............33 Cotavadcd Cotav adcd df cprfl cprfldazc dazckf.......... kf........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................30 .....................30 Trc`ckg Trc`c kg sgna sgnaoatcd oatcdg........... g......................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................3? ................3? Pfpgrtf......... Pfpgr tf....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................34 ....................34 Oufstaglcr Oufst aglcrag........ ag....................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................................... ...........................36 36 Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................36 ....36 Rrãotaoc 0.......... Rrãotaoc 0........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................... ..................................... 35 Gpfrcdgrfs nÿjaogs ogl daspgsatavgs df euloaÿl eakc TTN...........................................35 G`kftavgs G`kft avgs pcrt pcrtaounc aouncrfs..... rfs.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................... ................................. .......35 35 Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac......... ac....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. .....................................35 .......................35 Mctfracn Mctfra cn c utan utanazcr.... azcr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..................................... ......................35 35 Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg Tfÿra Tfÿraog........ og....................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................... ............................3: ....3: Gpfrcoagl Gpfrc oaglfs fs @ggnf @ggnfclcs. clcs................ ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ................................... ..................... 3: Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Cld.... Cld................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................3: ..............3: Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Gr...... Gr.................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................................ ............................. 31 Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Lgt... Lgt.................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ................................ ............................. ............02 02 Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Fxgr. Fxgr................ .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................03 ................03 Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Lcld. Lcld............... ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. .............................. ................0? 0? Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Lgr.... Lgr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ........................................... ............................ 04 Gpfrcdgr Gpfrc dgr Fxlg Fxlgr............ r........................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................................06 ..................06
Cotavadcd df cprfl Cotavadcd cprfldazc dazckf.......... kf........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................05 .....................05 Oufstaglcr Oufst aglcrag........ ag....................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................................... ...........................01 01 Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................01 ....01 Rrãotaoc Rrãot aoc ?.......... ?........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................... ..................................... ?3 Ocpturc Fsqufmãtaoc ogl Daspgsatavgs Nÿjaogs Rrgjrcmc`nfs...................................?3 G`kftavgs G`kft avgs pcrt pcrtaounc aouncrfs..... rfs.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................... ................................. .......?3 ?3 Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac....... ac...................... ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................................?3 ........................?3 Mctfracn Mctfra cn c utan utanazcr.... azcr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..................................... ......................?0 ?0 Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg Tfÿra Tfÿraog........ og....................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................... ............................?0 ....?0 Cotavadcd Cotav adcd df cprfl cprfldazck dazckf.......... f......................... .............................. ............................. ............................. ................................... ....................?? ?? Oufstaglcr Oufst aglcrag........ ag....................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .......................................... ...........................?8 ?8 Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................?1 ....?1 Rrãotaoc Rrãot aoc 4.......... 4........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................... ..................................... 42 _astfmcs _astf mcs Daja Dajatcnfs tcnfs............... .............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ...............42 42 G`kftavgs pcrtaouncrfs..................................................................................................42 Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac....... ac...................... ............................. ............................. .............................. .......................................42 ........................42 Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg Tfÿra Tfÿraog........ og....................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................... ............................43 ....43 G`tfloaÿl dfn oarouatg c pcrtar df nc foucoaÿl.........................................................43 Tc`nc df Ufrd Ufrdcd........ cd....................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................... .....................44 44 Cotavadcd Cotav adcd df cprfl cprfldazc dazckf.......... kf........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................4: .....................4: Mctfracn Mctfra cn c utan utanazcr.... azcr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..................................... ......................4: 4: Trc`ckg Trc`c kg sgna sgnaoatcd oatcdg........... g......................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ...............................65 ................65 Foucoaglfs prgpufstcs.............................................................................................6: Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................68 ....68 Rrãotaoc 6 Malamazcoaÿl df euloaglfs `ggnfclcs............... `ggnfclcs.......................... ..................... .................... .................. ............. .....61 61 G`kftavgs G`kft avgs pcrt pcrtaounc aouncrfs..... rfs.................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ......................................... ................................. .......61 61 Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac......... ac....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. .....................................61 .......................61 Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg Tfÿra Tfÿraog........ og....................... ............................. ............................. .............................. ....................................... ............................61 ....61 Gpfrcdgrfs Gpfrc dgrfs Ngja Ngjaogs ogs fl C@FN C@FN-HDN.. -HDN................. .............................. ............................. ....................................... .........................52 52 Mctfracn Mctfra cn c utan utanazcr.... azcr................... .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ..................................... ......................52 52
Cotavadcd df cprfl Cotavadcd cprfldazc dazckf.......... kf........................ ............................. .............................. ............................. ...................................53 .....................53 Pfpgrtf........ Pfpgr tf...................... ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................:6 ..........:6 Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................:5 ....:5 Rrãotaoc Rrãot aoc 5 Dasfó Dasfógg Ogm`a Ogm`alcoag lcoaglcn.... lcn................... ............................. ............................. .................................................. ...................................:: :: Fnfmfltgs Fnfmf ltgs df ogmpf ogmpftflo tfloac......... ac....................... ............................. .............................. ............................. .....................................:: .......................:: Mctfracn c utan Mctfracn utanazcr.... azcr.................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ........................... ............. :: Euldcmfltg Euldc mfltg Tfÿr Tfÿraog..... aog.................... ............................. ............................. ............................. .................................................. ....................................:8 :8 Pfpgrtf........ Pfpgr tf...................... ............................. ............................................... ................................ ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Pfpgrtf Pfpgr tf (nast (nastcc df Ogtfk Ogtfkg, g, Ohfoi Nast)......... Nast)....................... ............................. .............................. ................................ .....................11 ....11 Rrãotaoc : Enap Engps Rrãotaoc Engps............. ............................ ........................................ ......................... ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac........................................ ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Rrãotaoc 8 Jflfrcoaÿl df sfócn df salorglíc................. ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac........................................ ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Rrãotaoc 1 Dasfóg df _astfmcs sfoufloacnfs sílorglgs¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac........................................ ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Rrãotaoc 32 Ogltc Rrãotaoc Ogltcdgrfs dgrfs.............. ............................ ................................. ....................... ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac........................................ ¡Frrgr! Mcrocdgr lg dfealadg. Jngscrag Jngs crag df Tárma Tármalgs.... lgs.................. ............................. .............................. ............................. ............................. ..................................321 ...................321
Rrãotaoc 3 Altrgduooaÿl cn nc`grctgrag G`kftavgs pcrtaouncrfs Suf fn cnumlg adfltaeaquf ngs ogmpglfltfs ogmpglfltfs utanazcdgs fl fstc prãotaoc y sus sím`gngs ogrrfspgldafltfs, csí ogmg nc rfprfsfltcoaÿl df fnngs fl ul dacjrcmc fnáotraog, pcrc nnfvcr c oc`g su oglfxaÿl eísaoc.
Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac Fefotucr ncs oglfxaglfs eísaocs df ngs ogmpglfltfs mgstrcdgs, tcltg fl ul dacjrcmc fsqufmãtaog ogmg fl ulc amcjfl, lfofscrags pcrc jflfrcr ncs sfócnfs df fltrcdc y scnadc df ngs daspgsatavgs uscdgs fl ncs su`sfoufltfs prãotaocs c rfcnazcrsf fl fstf nc`grctgrag. Ogmulaocr fn prgofdamafltg y ngs rfsuntcdgs g`tfladgs pgr mfdag df ul rfpgrtf fsoratg.
Mctfracn c utanazcr Vlc eufltf df cnamfltcoaÿl df oalog vgnts df ogrrafltf darfotc fl dgldf sf pufdf oglstruar ogl ngs sajuafltfs ogmpglfltfs; 3.- @rgohf pgrtc-pancs 1 U Rgsatavg (+) oc`nf df ogngr Pgkg Lfjctavg (-) oc`nf df ogngr Lfjrg Amcjfl
0.- @ctfríc oucdrcdc df 1 U df ogrrafltf darfotc.
Pfjuncdgr df vgntckf NM:826
_ím`gng Fnáotraog
Dacjrcmc df oglfxaglfs
Amcjfl dfn oarouatg fnáotraog dfn rfjuncdgr
Vlc sfjuldc gpoaÿl fs ogltcr ogl ul fnamalcdgr df `ctfrícs (pgr fkfmpng ul ocrjcdgr df ul tfnáeglg ofnuncr) ogl ncs sajuafltfs ocrcotfrístaocs; Ugntckf df fltrcdc 332 -042 U df ogrrafltf cntfrlc, Erfoufloac 62 - 52 Hz Ugntckf df scnadc 6 c 5 U df ogrrafltf darfotc Altflsadcd df ogrrafltf mcygr c 622 mC _a fn vgntckf df scnadc df tu fnamalcdgr fs mcygr df 5 U y mflgr df 30 U df ogrrafltf darfotc, sf rfogmafldc utanazcr fn rfjuncdgr df vgntckf NM:826. Cdfmãs df ngs sajuafltfs ogmpglfltfs;
Ouctrg Dagdgs Fmasgrfs df Nuz df 6 mm, dfn tapg foglÿmaog y df oucnquafr ogngr.
3 Tc`nannc df (Rrgtg`gcrd)
oglfxaglfs
4 rfsastgrfs df ??2 ℥, 3/4 df Z (lcrclkc, lcrclkc, oceá).
3
_watoh dfsnazc`nf (Dap _watoh) . df 4 g 8 altfrruptgrfs
6 `gtglfs df lg rftfloaÿl maorg swatoh (Rush @uttgl). @uttgl) . lgrmcnmfltf c`afrtgs (LC)
Cncm`rf df ocna`rf 04 g 05 CZJ
Euldcmfltg tfÿraog Dastra`uoaÿl df nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs (Rrgtg`gcrd) Nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs fstã oglstruadc pgr ul `ngquf ofltrcn y dgs tarcs fl ngs fxtrfmgs.
Fn `ngquf ofltrcn fstã egrmcdg pgr jrupgs df oalog ogltcotgs oglfotcdgs fl ogmûl, davada dav adadgs dgs pgr ulc oclc oclcnft nftcc oflt ofltrcn rcn,, df mclfrc quf oucldg ul ogmpgl ogmpglfltf fltf g daspgsatavg sf alsfrtc fl nc tc`nannc, qufdcl ouctrg ogltcotgs na`rfs pcrc altfroglfxaglfs ogl ncs tfrmalcnfs df gtrgs ogmpglfltfs g daspgsatavgs. Fl ncs tarcs df ngs fxtrfmgs hcy dgs nílfcs aldfpfldafltfs df ogltcotgs ogmulfs.
Amcjfl df ulc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs
Ocdc df ncsdfnílfcs pufdf utanazcrsf pcrc ncsy sfócnfs df ncgeufltf df cnamfltcoaÿl (UODulc vgntckf ogrrafltf darfotc g pgsatavg JLD tafrrc lfjctavg) g oucnquafr sfócn quf rfquafrc mãs df oalog ogltcotgs ogmulfs. Fl cnjulgs mgdfngs df tc`nanncs ncs sfooaglfs vaflfl aldfpfldafltfs. Nc dastra`uoaÿl df nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs, pufdf ogmprg`crsf mfdacltf ul muntímftrg vfraeaocldg nc ogltaluadcd df ngs ogltcotgs dfn `ngquf ofltrcn csí ogmg ncs tarcs df ngs fxtrfmgs.
Uastc altfragr dfn Rrgtg`gcrd
Fkfmpng df cpnaocoaÿl
Cncm`rfs Rcrc nc altfroglfxaÿl df ngs fnfmfltgs dfn oarouatg dfltrg df nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs, sf rfogmafldc uscr cncm`rfs df ocna`rf 04 g 05 pcrc nc altfroglfxaÿl, yc quf ul cncm`rf df ocna`rf mãs jrufsg muy prg`c`nfmfltf dcócríc ngs ogltcotgs df nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs, fs oglvflafltf tflfr tflfr prfpcrcdgs cn cncm`rfs cm`rfs df daefrfltfs tcmcógs. Ngs fxtrfmgs df ngs cncm`rfs df`frãl fstcr dfsou`afrtgs pgr ng mflgs 2.: om. ogl fn
prgpÿsatg df fstc`nfofr fstc`nfofr ul `ufl ogltcotg fl nc tc`n tc`nannc annc df oglfxaglfs. Rcrc dfsou`rar ngs fxtrfmgs sf rfogmafldc utanazcr ul pcr df palzcs. Vlc palzc df pultc pcrc sukftcr earmfmfltf fn cncm`rf cncm`rf y nc gtrc, df ogrtf pcrc ogrtcr sÿng sÿng fn pnãstaog y fstarcr. Oglsadfrf quf fn pnãstaog dfn oc`nf lg fs oglduotgr y quf sÿng nc pcrtf mftãnaoc dfn fxtrfmg fs nc quf sf df`f altrgduoar pcrc hcofr ogltcotg ogl nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs.
Dagdg fmasgr df nuz (Nfd) Fn Dagdg fmasgr fmasgr df nuz fs ul ogmp ogmpglflt glfltff fnfotrÿl fnfotrÿlaog aog sfmaog sfmaoglduo lduotgr, tgr, quf oglduof nc ogrrafltf sgng fl ul sfltadg, oucldg fs pgncrazcrng darfotcmfltf (ãlgdg pgsatavg y fn oãtgdg cn lfjctavg). Ogmg nc ogrrafltf fstã oarouncldg c trcvás dfn dagdg ástf fmatf nuz, pgr ng fs muy ûtan fl euloaglfs df sfócnazcoaÿl, fstátaoc y, cotucnmfltf, anumalcoaÿl. Vlc vfz quf fn Nfd fltrc fl oglduooaÿl fs alocpcz df namatcr nc ogrrafltf quf pcsc c trcvás df án, pgr ng quf fs lfofscrag namatcrnc fxtfrlcmfltf uscldg ul rfsastgr ogngocdg fl sfraf ogl fn Nfd df vcngr tcn quf lg fxofdc fn nímatf mãxamg df ogrrafltf pfrmatadg, quf pgdríc pgdríc dcócr pfrmclfltfmfltf fn Nfd. Fxastfl muohgs tapgs df Nfd´s ogl tcmcógs, ocrcotfrístaocs numalgscs y fnáotraocs muy dastaltcs. Ngs Nfds mãs ogmulfs sgl ngs nncmcdgs foglÿmaogs, mm, df vgntckf fl oglduooaÿl (flofldadg) pufdf vcracr df 3.8dfc 60.4 U. ngs oucnfs taflfl ulc ocídc Fl ocsg df quf cnjûl Nfd lg floafldc, oglearmf quf fn Nfd fstá ogl nc pgncradcd ogrrfotc y nc rfsastfloac fl sfraf sfc df ??2 ℥ (lcrclkc, lcrclkc, oceá).
Pfsastgrfs _f dflgmalc rfsastgr cn ogmpglfltf fnfotrÿlaog dasfócdg pcrc altrgduoar ulc rfsastfloac fnáotraoc dftfrmalcdc fltrf dgs pultgs df ul oarouatg. Ngs rfsastgrfs sf utanazcl fl ngs oarouatgs pcrc namatcr fn vcngr df nc ogrrafltf ÿ pcrc eakcr fn vcngr dfn Ugntckf (ocídc dfpgr vgntckf). Vl rfsastgr sf ocrcotfrazc trfs vcngrfs; rfsastfloac fnáotraoc, tgnfrcloac y pgtfloac mãxamc quf fs ocpcz df dasapcr. Fn vcngr df nc rfsastfloac y nc tgnfrcloac sf aldaocl lgrmcnmfltf fl fn flocpsuncdg ogl ul oÿdajg df erclkcs df ogngrfs ogmg sf mufstrc c ogltalucoaÿl.
Ogngr df nc `cldc
Ucngr df nc 3²oaerc sajlaeaoctavc (`cldc 3)
Ucngr df nc 0²oaerc sajlaeaoctavc (`cldc 0)
Lfjrg Oceá
2 3
2 3
3 32
Pgkg
0
0
322
Lcrclkc
?
?
3 222
Cmcranng
4
4
32 222
Ufrdf
6
6
322 222
Czun
5
5
3 222 222
Mgrcdg
:
:
32222222
Jras
8
8
322222222
@nclog
1
1
3222222222
Oucrtc @cldc Ogngr Tgnfrcloac _al `cldc 02% Grg 6% Rnctc 32%
Muntapnaocdgr (`cldc ?)
Dap swatoh Fs ul altfrruptgr altfrruptgr df dgs pgsaoaglfs pgsaoaglfs (GL y GEE) dfn tapg dfsnazc`n dfsnazc`nf, f, df mgdg quf cn fstcr fl pgsaoaÿl GL fn altfrruptgr fstã ofrrcdg (fl oglduooaÿl) y fl nc pgsaoaÿl GEE fn altfrruptgr fstã c`afrtg.
Rush `gtÿl Fs ul altfrruptgr altfrruptgr df dgs pgsaoa pgsaoaglfs glfs dfn tapg df lg rftfloaÿl rftfloaÿl y hcy df dgs tapgs fn lgrmcnmfltf c`afrtg (LC) y fn lgrmcnmfltf ofrrcdg (LO), fl dgldf nc ogldaoaÿl lgrmcn fs fn altfrruptgr sal prfsaglcr. Fn rfqufradg pcrc fstcs prãotaocs fs fn LC, sf nf dflgmalc df lg rftfloaÿl pgrquf cn lg prfsaglcrng rfjrfsc c su pgsaoaÿl lgrmcn.
Maorg Mao rg swa swato toh, h, df df push push,, og ogl l 0 tfr tfrmal malcn cnfs fs
Maor Maorg g swato swatoh, h, d dff pus push, h, oogl gl 4 tf tfrm rmal alcnf cnfss
Cotavadcd df cprfldazckf Fkfmpng 3 Ampnfmfltcr fl nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs ngs sajuafltfs oarouatgs. Cnamfltfngs ogl 6 UOD y madc fn vgntckf fl tfrmalcnfs dfn rfsastgr UP=7. Oucldg fn NFD fstá flofldadg; Dacjrcmc fnáotraog
Amcjfl
Ogmpruf`f quf fn NFD floafldc y cpcjuf cn dfsnazcr fn altfrruptgr.
Ogmpruf`f quf fn NFD floafldc oucldg sf prfsaglc fn `gtÿl y sf cpcjc cn sgntcrng. Ngs oarouatgs cltfragrfs sgl df jrcl utanadcd pcrc prgpgroaglcr lavfnfs df vgntckf (vcngrfs nÿjaogs) c ngs daspgsatavgs dajatcnfs pgr mfdag dfn vcngr df nc ocídc df vgntckf c trcvás dfn rfsastgr df ??2 ℥, cdfmãs dfn NFD fl dgldf vasucnmfltf pgdfmgs adfltaeaocr fn vcngr prgpgroaglcdg.
Trc`ckg sgnaoatcdg 3.- Ampnfmfltf ngs oarouatgs mgstrcdgs c ogltalucoaÿl. 0.- Da`ukf fn dacjrcmc fnáotraog ogrrfspgldafltf c nc amcjfl mgstrcdc fl nc pcrtf aldaocdc df nc tc`nc. ?.-Rcrc ocdculc oarouatg g`tfljc fn mgstrcdcs vcngr df scnadc gpramafldg ngs `gtglfs @ pcrc ocdc df ncsampnfmfltcdg pgsa`nfs ogm`alcoaglfs fl nc_, tc`nc oglsadfrcldg quf; C y Fn vcngr df scnadc _=3 ogrrfspgldf cn Nfd flofldadg. Fn vcngr df scnadc _=2 ogrrfspgldf cn Nfd cpcjcdg. Tfljc fl oufltc quf pcrc ngs `gtglfs C y @; Fn vcngr df 2 ogrrfspgldf cn `gtÿl sal gpramar. Fn vcngr 3 fs fn `gtÿl gpramadg. Ogmpnftf ncs tc`ncs ogl ngs ogrrfspgldafltfs vcngrfs df _. G`tfljc pcrc ocdc ulg df ngs oarouatgs fn vcngr dfn Ugntckf fl ncs tfrmalcnfs dfn rfsastgr (UP) oucldg fn Nfd fstã Flofldadg Oarouatg
Dacjrcmc fnáotraog
Tc`nc df ogm`alcoaglfs m
C
@
2
2
2
3
2
3
0
3
2
?
3
3
_
UP=
2
C 2
@ 2
3
2
3
0
3
2
?
3UP= 3
m
_
Pfpgrtf Ngs rfpgrtfs dfn Nc`grctgrag df`frãl df ogltflfr nc sajuafltf alegrmcoaÿl. Fl nc Rgrtcdc; 3.E.A.M.F. 0.- V.C.L.N. Lgm`rf dfn oursg (ngjgtapgs y lgm`rfs) ?.- Lûmfrg y lgm`rf df nc Rrãotaoc 4.- Lgm`rf dfn Cnumlg y lûmfrg df mctríounc 6.Hgrc dfn jrupg 5.- Lgm`rf dfn prgefsgr :.Efohc df fnc`grcoaÿl. Fl fn altfragr; 3.- Dfsorapoaÿl df nc prãotaoc y Mctfracn utanazcdg. 0.Rrgofdamafltg. ?.- Dacjrcmc fnáotraog y Tc`nc df ogm`alcoaglfs df ngs oarouatgs df nc pãjalc cltfragr.. 4.- Pfsgnvfr f alonuar fn oufstaglcrag ogrrfspgldafl ogrrfspgldafltf tf c nc prãotaoc. 6.- Egtg dfn oarouatg ampnfmfltcdg (alonuar lgtc df paf ogl nc dfsorapoaÿl). 5.- Oglonusaglfs y Pfogmfldcoaglfs (ul rfpgrtf sal oglonusaglfs ocrfof df vcngr) :.- Pfefrfloacs @a`nagjrãeaocs. Fs lfofscrag mgstrcr fn oarouatg euloaglcldg ogrrfotcmfltf dfltrg df ncs efohcs aldaocdcs.
Nc am amcj cjfl fl mufs mu fstc tc nc ncss oglf og lfxa xagl glfs fs df nc prco pr cota taoc oc 3
Oufstaglcrag 3.-· Oÿmg adfltaeaocs ncs tfrmalcnfs df ãlgdg y oãtgdg df ul NFD7.
0.- ·Ouãn fs nc foucoaÿl pcrc dftfrmalcr nc ogrrafltf quf pcsc c trcvás df ul NFD7 ?.-·Suá pcscríc ogl ul NFD sa sf oglfotc darfotg c ulc eufltf df vgntckf sal rfsastgr7 4.-·Df quá dfpfldf nc altflsadcd numalgsc df ul NFD7 6.-·Ouãn fs fn vgntckf fl tfrmalcnfs df nc rfsastfloac df ??2 dfn oarouatg df fltrcdc oucldg fn NFD fstã flofldadg7 5.-·C quá rcljg df vgntckf sf nf oglsadfrc ul 3 nÿjaog fl ngs daspgsatavgs dajatcnfs mãs ogmulfs7 :.-·C quá rcljg df vgntckf sf nf oglsadfrc ul 2 nÿjaog fl ngs daspgsatavgs dajatcnfs mãs ogmulfs7
Pfpgrtf (nastc df Ogtfkg, Ohfoi Nast) 3
Rgrtcdc ogl dctgs ogmpnftgs.
0
Dfsorapoaÿl df nc prãotaoc
?
Mctfracn utanazcdg
4
Dacjrcmc fnáotraog
6
Tc`nc df ogm`alcoaglfs
5
Oufstaglcrag rfsufntg
:
Egtg dfn oarouatg
8
Oglonusaglfs y rfogmfldcoaglfs
1
Pfefrfloacs @a`nagjrãeaocs
Ucngr df nc vasaÿl 0202 df nc VCLN Altfjradcd. Nc Vlavfrsadcd taflf nc g`najcoaÿl df sfr fkfmpng df rfotatud y prg`adcd, grafltcldg tgdgs sus cotgs c nc `ûsqufdc df nc vfrdcd y cpcrtãldgsf df oglduotcs y prãotaocs rfncoaglcdcs ogl nc samuncoaÿl y fn fljcóg. Lgtc; sa fn oarouatg g fn rfpgrtf quf prfsfltfs lg dfmufstrcs quf ng rfcnazcstf, sf oglsadfrc ogmg ulc ogpac, lg sf tgmcrã fl oufltc la c ta la cn dufóg dfn grajalcn.
Rrãotaoc 0 Gpfrcdgrfs
daspgsatavgs
nÿjaogs ogl df euloaÿl eakc
TTN G`kftavgs pcrtaouncrfs Durcltf fn dfscrrgnng df fstc prãotaoc fn fstudacltf csgoacrã fn sím`gng, ogl nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc y nc tc`nc df vfrdcd, df ngs gpfrcdgrfs nÿjaogs Cld, Gr , Lgt, Lcld, Lgr , Fxgr . Rgr mfdag df nc g`tfloaÿl fxpframfltcn df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd mfdacltf nc oglfxaÿl eísaoc df oarouatgs Altfjrcdgs (Ohaps, daspgsatavgs df euloaÿl eakc), sfjûl ngs da`ukgs prgpgroaglcdgs, ampnfmfltcdgs fl ulc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs.
Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac Adfltaeao Adflta eaocr cr ncs tfr tfrmal malcnf cnfss df flt fltrcd rcdc, c, scn scnad adcc y cnamfl cnamfltco tcoaÿl aÿl df vgn vgntck tckf, f, csí ogm ogmgg ncs ocrcot ocr cotfrí frísta staocs ocs pra praloa loapcn pcnfs fs df ngs oaroua oarouatgs tgs uta utanaz nazcdg cdgss ogl oglsun suntcd tcdgg nc hgkc hgkc df dct dctgs gs dfn ec`raocltf. Crmcr ngs oarouatgs pcrtafldg df ngs da`ukgs prgpgroaglcdgs pcrc ocdc gpfrcdgr nÿjaog, sg`rf nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs ( prgtg`gcrd ). prgtg`gcrd ). Ogmprg`cr nc tc`nc df vfrdcd df ocdc ulg df ngs gpfrcdgrfs nÿjaogs dfn oarouatg ogl nc prgpgroaglcdc fl fn alstruotavg, alstruotavg, prg`cldg tgd tgdcs cs ncs ogm`alcoaglfs pgsa pgsa`nfs. `nfs. Ogmulaocr fn prgofdamafltg y ngs rfsuntcdgs g`tfladgs pgr mfdag df ul rfpgrtf fsoratg.
Mctfracn c utanazcr Tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs ( Rrgtg @gcrd) Oarouatgs Altfjrcdgs (Ohaps) daspgsatavgs df euloaÿl eakc TTN (trclsastgr trclsastgr ngjao) _L:422, _L:420, _L:424, _L:428, _L:4?0, _L:485, _L:434 g sus fquavcnfltfs. 32 rfsastgrfs df ??2 ℥ Eufltf df 6 U df ogrrafltf darfotc. 3 Dap swatoh df 4 g 8 altfrruptgrfs g 0 maorg Rush @gtgl LC. 32 Nfds.
Euldcmfltg Tfÿraog Gpfrcoaglfs @ggnfclcs Fl ncs gpfrcoaglfs @ggnfclcs ocdc vcrac`nf pufdf tgmcr sgng dgs vcngrfs; c) Ecnsg Ufrdc Ufrdcdfrg dfrgfsqquf uf sf rfprf rfprfsflt sfltc c rpgr m mfdag fdag f ul 3 (ulg nÿja nÿjaog). og). `) quf rfprfsfltcdg pg pgr mfdag df ddf ul 2 (ofrg nÿjaog).
Gpfrcdgr Cld (Q) Ogldaoaÿl (_atucoaÿl g oaroulstcloac aldaspflsc`nf pcrc nc fxastfloac df gtrc www.rcf.fs)
Nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld fstã rfncoaglcdc ogl fn tármalg df ogldaoaÿl y fs fxcotcmfltf ajucn quf nc muntapnaocoaÿl grdalcrac df ulgs y ofrgs. Nc scnadc 3 gourrf sÿng fl fn ûlaog ocsg dgldf tgdcs ncs fltrcdcs sgl 3. Nc scnadc fs ofrg oucldg ulc g mãs df ncs fltrcdcs sgl ajucn 2. Fn sím`gng utanazcdg fl ngs dacjrcmcs df nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld df dgs fltrcdcs C y @ y su scnadc _ sf mufstrc fl nc sajuafltf eajurc.
Nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc df fstc gpfrcoaÿl pufdf sfr rfprfsfltcdc pgr;
_ = C @, g tcm`aál _ = C*@, _ = C @, _ = C&@. Fl gtrcs pcnc`rcs, nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld sf pufdf rfprfsfltcr pgr mfdag df ul oarouatg quf gpfrc fl egrmc tcn quf su scnadc fs CNTC (3), sÿng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl CNTC_. G tcm`aál su scnadc fs @CKC ogl oucnquafrc quf sus fltrcdcs sgl @CKC_. Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld df dgs fltrcdcs C y @ y nc scnadc _ sf mufstrc c ogltalucoaÿl; Fltrcdcs
_cnadc
m 2 3 0 ?
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_ 2 2 2 3
Lgtc; Nc nftrc m sf rfeafrf cn lûmfrg df ogm`alcoaÿl df nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd.
Fn Oarouatg Fnáotraog pcrc ul gpfrcdgr Cld sf g`taflf oglfotcldg fl sfraf dgs altfrruptgrfs y fl dgldf fn egog floafldf sgng oucldg ngs altfrruptgrfs altfrruptgrfs C y @ fstãl ofrrcdgs g fl pgsaoaÿl 3.
Fn dacjrcmc df Ufll (tfgríc df oglkultgs) mufstrc nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld, y sf rfprfsfltc ogl nc altfrsfooaÿl C@.
Dacjrcmc dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs (Raldf GVT) pcrc fn oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN _L:428 quf ogltaflf 4 gpfrcdgrfs Cld df 0 fltrcdcs Lgtc; TTN fs nc tfolgngjíc Trclsastgr Trclsastgr Ngjao.
m
C@O
2 3
222 223 232 233 322 323 332 333
0 ? 4 6 5 :
Gpfrcoaÿl Cld df trfs fltrcdcs ampnfmfltcdc ogl 0 Cld df dgs fltrcdcs
Cld 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc ulc gpfrcoaÿl Cld df trfs fltrcdcs
Gpfrcdgr Gr (g) g Cntfrlctavc Cntfrlctavc (Gpoaÿl (Gpoaÿl fltrf dgs ogscs, ulc, g gtrc trc g cm`cs)
Nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr fstã rfncoaglcdc ogl fn tármalg df cntfrlctavc y prgduof ul rfsuntcdg 3, oucldg oucnquafrc df ncs vcrac`nfs df fltrcdc fs 3. Nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr , jflfrc ul rfsuntcdg df 2 sÿng oucldg tgdcs ncs vcrac`nfs df fltrcdc sgl 2. Fn sím` sím`gn gngg df nc gp gpfr frco coaÿ aÿll Gr sf mufstrc fl nc eajurc cdkultc, Nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc df nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr fs; _ = C + @ g tcm`aál _ = C V @, X = C # @. Fltrcdcs
Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr df dgs fltrcdcs C y @ y nc scnadc _ sf mufstrc c ogltalucoaÿl;
m 2 3 0 ?
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_cnadc
_ 2 3 3 3
Oarouatg Fnáotraog pcrc ul gpfrcdgr Gr fl dgldf fn egog floafldf oucldg oucnquafrc df ngs altfrruptgrfs C g @ fstãl fl pgsaoaÿl 3 g cm`gs (ofrrcdgs).
Nc gpfrcoaÿl GP fl ul dacjrcmc Ufll rfprfsfltc ogl nc ulaÿl C
V@.
Dacjrcmc df nc dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs tfr malcnfs (Ral Gut) dfn Oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN _L:4?0 ogl 4 gpfrcdgrfs Gr d
m
C@O
2 3
222 223 232 233 322 323 332 333
0 ? 4 6 5 :
Gpfrcoaÿl Gr df trfs fltrcdcs ampnfmfltcdc ogl 0 Gr df dgs fltrcdcs
Gr 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc ulc gpfrcoaÿl Gr df trfs fltrcdcs
Gpfrcdgr Lgt (lfjcr) Nc gpfrcoaÿl Lgt (lfjcr) fstã dfealadc pcrc ulc sgnc vcrac`nf vcrac`nf y fs muy sampn sampnff yc quf sgng taflf dgs pgsa`anadcdfs sa nc fltrcdc fs ofrg nc scnadc fs ajucn c ulg y vaofvfrsc.
_ím`gng
E(C) = C‑, ¡C ¡C
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd
m
C
C
2
2
3
3
3
2
Oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN ogl 5 gpfrcdgrfs Lgt _L:424
Gpfrcdgr Fxgr (Gr Fxonusavc) Cntfrlctavc Fxonusavc (Gpoaÿl fltrf dgs ogscs, ulc, gtrc pfrg lg cm`cs cm`cs) Nc gpfrcoaÿl Fxg ul lûmfrg am ampcr pcr df vcrac`nfs df Fxgrr prgduof ul rfsuntcdg 3, oucldg ul fltrcdc vcnfl 3. Fn sím`gng df nc ogmpufrtc Fxgr sf mufstrc fl nc eajurc cdkultc, y nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc pcrc ulc ogmpufrtc Fxgr df 0 fltrcdcs fs; _ = C @, C $ @ Fltrcdcs m
Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc nc ogmpufrtc Fxgr df dgs fltrcdc fltrcdcss C y @ y nc scnadc _ sf mufstrc c ogltalucoaÿl;
2 3 0 ?
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_cnadc
_ 2 3 3 2
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd Fn altfrr altfrrupt uptgr gr us uscdg cdg fl fn oaroua oarouatg tg fná fnáotr otraog aog pcrc nc dfmgstrcoaÿl dfn Fxgr fs daefrfltf c ngs utanazcdgs fl ngs oarouatgs df nc Cld y Gr, fstf altfrruptgr fs oglgoadg ogmg ul targ y dgs pgngs ogmg sf mufstrc fl nc eajurc.
Oarouatg Fnáotraog pcrc ul gpfrcdgr Fxgr fl dgldf fn egog floafldf oucldg oucnquafrc df ngs altfrruptgrfs C g @ fstãl fl pgsaoaÿl 3 pfrg lg cm`gs (ofrrcdgs).
Fl ul Dacjrcmc df nc tfgríc df oglkultgs nc gpfrcoaÿl Fxgr sf rfprfsfltc ogl fn ãrfc anumalcdc.
Oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN ogl 4 gpfrcdgrfs Fxgr df 0 fltrcdcs _L:485.
m
C@O
2
222 223 232 233 322 323 332 333
3 0 ? 4 6 5 :
Gpfrcoaÿl Fxgr df trfs fltrcdcs ampnfmfltcdc ogl 0 Fxgr df dgs fltrcdcs
Fxgr
2 3
3
2
3
2
2
3
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc ulc gpfrcoaÿl Fxgr df trfs fltrcdcs
Gpfrcdgr Lcld (Cld lfjcdc). Nc gpfrcoaÿl Lcld fs fn lfjcdg df nc scnadc df nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld. Fn sím`gng df nc ogmpufrtc Lcld sf mufstrc fl nc eajurc cdkultc. Nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc df nc ogmpufrtc Lcld pufdf sfr dfsoratc ogmg; _=C@, (C @)‑ g tcm`aál _ = C@, ¡( C & @). Fl gtrcs pcnc`rcs, nc ogmpufrtc Lcld fs ul oarou oarouatg atg quf gpfrc fl egrmc tcn quf su scnad scnadcc fs @CKC, sÿng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl CNTC_. G tcm`aál su scnadc fs CNTC ogl oucnquafrc quf sus fltrcdcs sgl @CKC_. Fltrcdcs m
Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd pcrc nc ogmpufrtc Lcld df dgs fltrcdcs C y @ y nc scnadc _ sf mufstrc c ogltalucoaÿl;
2 3 0 ?
Dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs dfn Oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN _L:422 ogl 4 gpfrcdgrfs Lcld df dgs fltrcdcs.
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_cnadc
_ 3 3 3 2
Gpfrcdgr Lgr (Gr lfjcdc). Nc gpfrcoaÿl Lgr fs fn lfjcdg df nc scnadc df nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr . Fn sím`gng df nc ogmpufrtc Lgr sf mufstrc fl nc eajurc cdkultc. Nc fxprfsaÿl mctfmãtaoc df nc ogmpufrtc Lgr fs; _ = C+@, (C+@)‑ g tcm`aál _= C@, ¡(C#@). Fl gtrcs pcnc`rcs, nc ogmpufrtc Lgr fs ul oarouatg oarouatg qquf uf gpfr gpfrcc fl egrmc tc tcnn quf su scnadc fs @CKC, oucldg oucnquafrc sus fltrcdcs sgl CNTC_. G tcm`aál su scnadc fs CNTC sgng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl @CKC_. Fltrcdcs m
Nc Tc Tc`n `ncc df Ufrd Ufrdcd cd pcrc nc ogmpufrtc fltrcdcs cs C y @ y nc scnad scnadcc X sf Lgr df dgs fltrcd mufstrc fl nc eajurc c nc dfrfohc;
2 3 0 ?
Dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs dfn oarouatg altf altfjrc jrcdg dg TT TTN N _L _L:4 :420 20 og ogll 4 gpfrc gpfrcdgr dgrfs fs Lgr df 0 fltrcdcs
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_cnadc
_ 3 2 2 2
Gpfrcdgr Fxlgr (Fxgr lfjcdg). _ím`gng y Tc`nc df vfrdcd pcrc dgs fltrcdcs. Fltrcdcs
_cnadc
m 2 3 0 ?
Dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs dfn oarouatg altfjrcdg TTN _L:4055 ogl 4 gpfrcdgrfs
Fxlgr df 0 fltrcdcs.
C 2 2 3 3
@ 2 3 2 3
_ 3 2 2 3
Cotavadcd df cprfldazckf. Crmcr fl nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs (Rrgtg`gcrd) ngs oarouatgs c`ckg mgstrcdgs pcrc ogmprg`cr ncs tc`ncs df vfrdcd df ocdc ulg df ngs gpfrcdgrfs Cld, Gr, Fxgr, Lcld y Lgr, df dgs fltrcdcs nncmcdcs C, @ cnamfltcdcs fnáotraocmfltf pgr mfdag df ul DAR _Z, g`tflfr NFD quf aldaquf flofldadg oucldg nc scnadc sfc ulg y cpcjcdg oucldg nc nc scnadc fl fn ulvcngr scnadc tfljc df ofrg, utanazcldg ngs altfjrcdgs _L:428, _L:4?0, _L:485, _L:422, _L:420 y _L:424. 3.- Fefotûf ncs oglfxaglfs pcrc g`tflfr fn oarouatg oarouatg mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc, g`tfljc ngs vcngrfs df scnadc pcrc ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df Fltrcdc 22, 23,32 y 33 (Tc`nc df Ufrdcd) df nc gpfrcoaÿl Lcld ogl su oarouatg altfjrcdg :422.
C sfj urf quf nc Tfr mal cn pgs atav c df 6 Ugnts df Darfotc sf oglfotf c nc Tfrmalcn 34 dfn oarouatg y nc lfjctavc Jld c nc Tfrmalcn :, fn oglfotcr alogrrfotcmfltf g prgpgroaglcr ul vgntckf mcygr c 6 U pufdf dcócr dcócr fn oarouatg oarouatg altfjrcdg. altfjrcdg.
0.0.- Fe Fefo fotû tûff ncs ncs oglf oglfxa xagl glfs fs df dfnn oaro oaroua uatg tg altfjrcdg _L:428 mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc pcrc g`tflfr ngs vcngrfs df _cnadc pcrc ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df Fltrcdc 22, 23,32 y 33 (Tc`nc df Ufrdcd) df nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld ogl su oarouatg.
?.- Fefotûf ncs oglfxaglfs dfn oarouatg Altrgduooaÿl c ngs sastfmcs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs
Rã Rã jalã 05
altfjrcdg _L:4?0 mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc pcrc g`tflfr ngs vcngrfs df _cnadc pcrc ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df Fltrcdc 22, 23,32 y 33 (Tc`nc df Ufrdcd) df nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr . ·_a sf dfkcrc ulc tfrmalcn df fltrcdc (tfrmalcnfs 3 g 0) sal oglfotcr quf vcngr tgmcríc ofrg g ulg 7
4.4.- Fe Fefo fotû tûff ncs ncs oglf oglfxa xagl glfs fs df dfnn oaro oaroua uatg tg altfjrcdg _L:420 mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc pcrc g`tflfr ngs vcngrfs df _cnadc pcrc ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df Fltrcdc 22, 23,32 y 33 (Tc`nc df Ufrdcd) df nc gpfrcoaÿl Lgr . Lgtf quf nc dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs fs daefrfltf c ngs oarouatgs cltfragrfs.
6.- Fefotûf ncs oglfxaglfs dfn oarouatg altfjrcdg _L:485 mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc pcrc g`tflfr ngs vcngrfs df _cnadc pcrc ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df Fltrcdc 22, 23,32 y 33 (Tc`nc df Ufrdcd) df nc gpfrcoaÿl Fxgr. Pfogmfldcoaglfs; 3.- Tfljc ouadcdg cn alsfrtcr fn oarouatg altfjrcdg fl nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs csí ogmg cn quatcrng, sf sujafrf quf ogl nc cyudc df ulc pnumc g nãpaz dfspfjuf najfrcmfltf df ul fxtrfmg y pgstfragrmfltf fn gtrg csí hcstc na`frcrng ogmpnftcmfltf. 0.-Csfjurf quf fn vgntckf cnamfltcdg c ngs oarouatgs sfc pgr ng mflgs 4.6 y lg mcygr df 6.6 Ugnts y ogl nc pgncradcd ogrrfotc. ?.-Csfjurf nc u`aocoaÿl dfn oarouatg altfjrcdg adfltaeaocldg ncs tfrmalcnfs ogrrfotcmfltf, oglsuntcdg nc hgkc df dctgs prgpgroaglcdc pgr fn ec`raocltf.
Altrgduooaÿl c ngs sastfmcs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs
Rãjalã 0:
Ogngquf ngs vcngrfs g`tfladgs fl nc tc`nc df vfrdcd pcrc ocdc gpfrcdgr, aldaocldg ogl ul ulg flofldadg y ogl ul ofrg cpcjcdg. m
2
C@ 22
3
23
0
32
?
33
Cld
Lcld
Gr
Lgr
Fxgr
_L:428
_L:422
_L:4?0
_L:420
_L:485
Oufstaglcrag;
·Suaál dfscrrgnnÿ fn Ãnjf`rc @ggnfclc7
·Suá vcngr nÿjaog sf oglsadfrc oucldg ulc fltrcdc lg fstã oglfotcdc7 (pruf`f ogl fn oarouatg Gr :4?0)
·Mfloaglf ncs dgs Tfolgngjícs df ncs ecmanacs nÿjaocs mãs uscdcs pcrc
ngs oarouatgs altfjrcdgs dajatcnfs7
·Ouãn fs fn sajlaeaocdg df TTN7
·Ouãn fs fn sajlaeaocdg df Uoo7
·Ouãn fs fn sajlaeaocdg df Jld7
·Ouãnfs sgl ngs vcngrfs mãxamg y mílamg df vgntckf df cnamfltcoaÿl
pcrc quf euloaglf ogrrfotcmfltf ul oarouatg típaog TTN 7 (oglsuntf ngs dctgs fl nc hgkc dfn ec`raocltf (www.ta.ogm) pgr ng mflgs dgs oarouatgs daefrfltfs pgr fkfmpng _L:428 y _L:4N_85)
Pfpgrtf (nastc df Ogtfkg, Ohfoi Nast) 3
Rgrtcdc ogl dctgs ogmpnftgs.
0
Dfsorapoaÿl df nc prãotaoc
?
Mctfracn utanazcdg
4
Dacjrcmcs fnáotraogs
6
Tc`nc df ogm`alcoaglfs
5 :
Oufstaglcrag rfsufntg Egtg dfn oarouatg
8
Oglonusaglfs y rfogmfldcoaglfs
1
Pfefrfloacs @a`nagjrãeaocs
Dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs df cnjulgs oarouatgs altfjrcdgs TTN df nc sfraf :4
22
20
24
?0
Eufltf; www.ta.ogm
28
85
Rrãotaoc ? Ocpturc Fsqufmãtaoc ogl Daspgsatavgs Nÿjaogs Rrgjrcmc`nfs G`kftavgs pcrtaouncrfs Durcltf fn dfscrrgnng df fstc prãotaoc fn cnumlg ampnfmfltcrc eísaocmfltf ngs gpfrcdgrfs nÿjaogs Cld, Gr, Lcld, Lgr y Fxgr df trfs fltrcdcs fl ul sgng Oarouatg Altfjrcdg (Ohap), prgjrcmcldg ul Daspgsatavg Nÿjaog Rrgjrcmc`nf (RND), ogl nc cyudc dfn prgjrcmc df ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc (_ohfmctao) y ogmprg`cldg sus tc`ncs df vfrdcd eísaocmfltf.
Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac. Alstcncr fn prgjrcmc aspNFUFP _tcrtfr g fn aspNFUFP Oncsao, csí ogmg g`tflfr nc naofloac df usg. Orfcr ul lufvg prgyfotg utanazcldg fn prgjrcmc df aspNFUFP _tcrtfr g fn aspNFUFP Oncsao. Orfcr ulc lufvc eufltf (Lfw _grof) ogl ngs gpfrcdgrfs Cld, Gr, Lcld, Lgr y Fxgr df trfs fltrcdcs, pgr mfdag df nc ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc (_ohfmctao). G`tflfr ngs crohavgs df rfpgrtf (PRT) y Rrgjrcmcoaÿl (KFD) dfn RND. Rrgjrcmcr fn RND utanazcldg fn crohavg KFDFO jflfrcdg cltfragrmfltf. Fefotucr ncs oglfxaglfs eísaocs lfofscracs pcrc jflfrcr ncs sfócnfs df fltrcdc y scnadc dfn RND y ogmprg`cr eísaocmfltf ncs tc`ncs df vfrdcd df ocdc ulg df ngs gpfrcdgrfs. Ogmulaocr fn prgofdamafltg y ngs rfsuntcdgs g`tfladgs pgr mfdag df ul rfpgrtf fsoratg.
Mctfracn c utanazcr Tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs Oarouatg Altfjrcdg RND JCn35U8 g JCN00U32. 8 rfsastgrfs df ??2 ℥. Eufltf df 6 Udfdf4ogrrafltf darfotc.s g ? maorg Rush @gtgl 3 Dap swatoh g 8 altfrruptgrfs altfrruptgrf @ gtgl LC . 8 Nfds
Rcrc fn prgofdamafltg df nc prãotaoc f alstcncoaÿl dfn sgetwcrf sf rfogmafldc vfr ngs vadfgs df nc pãjalc http;//kcjcrzc.eamf http;//kcjcrzc.eamf.ucln.mx/Cjgstg023 .ucln.mx/Cjgstg0230/Uadfgs.htm 0/Uadfgs.htm
Euldcmfltg Tfÿraog Rgr mfdag df nc Ocpturc Fsqufmãtaoc fs pgsa`nf ec ec`r `rao aocr cr fl ul oaro oaroua uatg tg al altf tfjr jrcd cdgg c nc mf mfda dadc dc (C_AO), utanazcldg dacjrcmcs quf rfprfsfltcl c ngs daefrfltfs daefr fltfs ogmpgl ogmpglfltfs fltfs dfn oarou oarouatg atg y sgng sf fefotûcl altfroglfxaglfs fltrf fnngs. Nc jrcl vfltckc df uscr fstc hfrrcmafltc fs fn df hcofr ngs dasfógs dasfógs fl nncc ogmputcdgrc, dgldf ngs frrgrfs frrgr fs sgl eãoan eãoanmfltf mfltf dftf dftfotc`n otc`nfs fs y ogrrf ogrrfja`n ja`nfs, fs, Tgdg ng cltfragr ecoanatc fn prgofdamafltg sal tflfr quf hcofr vcracs ec`raocoaglfs dfn Oarouatg Altfjrcdg ”OHAR” pcrc vfraeaocr su euloaglcmafltg, rfduoafldg csí fn oaong df dasfóg y fn tafmpg df g`tfloaÿl df ul prgduotg. Nc dfsvfltckc fs fl dasfógs jrcldfs dgldf lg fs pgsa`nf ogmprfldfrngs df`adg c quf hcy dfmcsacdgs ogmpglfltfs f altfroglfxaglfs. Ngs ou ouct ctrg rg og ogmp mpgl glfl flttfs `ãsa saog ogss df nc ocp ocptu turc rc fsquf squfmã mãttaoc aoc sgl ngs ngs _ím`gngs, Oglfotgrfs, Ftaquftcs y ngs Rufrtgs df Fltrcdc y/g _cnadc. _ím`gngs sgl ulc rfprfsfltcoaÿl jrãeaoc df ngs ogmpglfltfs g gpfrcdgrfs. Oglfotgrfs (cncm`rf) pcrc nc altfroglfxaÿl fltrf ncs tfrmalcnfs df ngs sím`gngs, g Daspgsatavgs df fltrcdc/scnadc. Ftaquftcs (Ucrac`nfs) ngs lgm`rfs pcrc nc adfltaeaocoaÿl df ncs fltrcdcs g scnadcs. Rufrtgs df fltrcdc/scnadc fs nc dfealaoaÿl df nc tfrmalcn utanazcdc ogmg ul Rufrtg df Fltrcdc, _cnadc g Rufrtg @adarfooaglcn.
Cotavadcd df cprfldazckf. Dasfócr ul oarouatg quf alonuyc ncs ogmpufrtcs `ãsaocs Cld, Gr, Fxgr, Lcld, y Lgr df trf trfss flt fltrcd rcdcs cs nncmcd nncmcdcs cs C, @ y O, ampnfmfltcdgs fl ul daspgsatavg prgjrcmc`nf JCN (Jflfrao Ngjao Crrcy), uscldg fn prgjrcmc df ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc y fn ogmpancdgr Asp Fxpfrt _ystfm _tcrtfr _getwcrf y g`tflfr eísaocmfltf nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd df ocdc gpfrcdgr.
Ngs ogmpglfltfs sgnaoatcdgs sf floufltrcl fl nc `a`nagtfoc df sím`gngs JCTF_;NA@ y sgl; JW?CLD
JW?LCLD
JW?GP
JW?LGP
JWXGP
Lgtf quf pcrc fn gpfrcdgr gpfrcdgr Fxgr (JWXGP) lg sf floufltrcl daspgla`nfs sím`gngs df trfs fltrcdcs pgr ng oucn sf uscrãl dgs sím`gngs df dgs fltrcdcs.
Fn oursg df fnfotrÿlaoc dajatcn A y su nc`grctgrag, fstã grafltcdg cn dasfóg y c nc ampnfmfltcoaÿl eísaoc df oarouatgs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs yc sfcl ogm`alcoaglcnfs g sfoufloacnfs.
Rcrc fnng, sf rfquafrfl cpnaocr ngs euldcmfltgs dfn cnjf`rc `ggnfclc, ngs oucnfs sgl ngs masmgs aldfpfldafltfmfltf dfn sastfmc quf sf fmpfnf fl nc ampnfmfltcoaÿl eísaoc dfn oarouatg dasfócdg. Rcrc fstf prgpÿsatg sf pufdfl utanazcr oarouatgs df euloaÿl eakc df nc ecmanac df ngs TTN's, g df nc ecmanac df ngs OMG_9 g `afl daspgsatavgs prgjrcmc`nfs ogmg RND's g RNO's. Cotucn Cotu cnmf mflt ltf, f, fn má mátg tgdg dg mã mãss fogl foglÿm ÿmao aogg y qu quff rfqua rfquafrf frf nc mflg mflgrr oclta ocltadcd dcd df ogmp ogmpgl glflt fltfs fs pc pcrc rc am ampn pnfm fmfl fltc tcrr ng ngss oa oaro roua uatg tgss da dasf sfócd ócdgs, gs, ng og oglst lstat atuyf uyf fn RND RND (Daspgsatavg Nÿjaog Rrgjrcmc`nf) oglgoadg ogmg JCN (Crrfjng Nÿjaog Jfláraog), yc quf ogl ul sgng daspgsatavg sf ampnfmfltc oucnquafr oarouatg dasfócdg fl oncsf g nc`grctgrag, pudafldg uscrsf fn masmg daspgsatavg pcrc fn sajuafltf dasfóg, yc quf fs `grrc`nf y rfprgjrcmc`nf. Cdfmãs su prfoag fs mflgr c $?2.22. Df fstf mgdg fs eãoan ngjrcr quf ocdc fstudacltf ampnfmfltf sus prgpags dasfógs durcltf tgdg fn oursg pfrmatafldg quf ástf ogmpruf`f eísaocmfltf su s u dasfóg. l _hgw G`sgnftf Dfvaofs y fl nc pcrtf supfragr df nc nastc sf mgstrcrc JCN Dfvaof, Dfvaof, y chí lg ampgrtcldg nc mcroc (Ncof, (Ncof, Ct
sfc su df DAR fnpg
daspgsavg,ogl fmpcquf (Rcoicjf typf) (Fmpcquf ducn fl nílfc)
Oarouatg Tfrmalcdg.
Dacjrcmc fsqufmãtaog
+ | O | 3 | @ || 0 C | ? | | 4 | | 6 | | 5 | | : | | 8 | | 1 | JLD | 32 |
b
^
/ -----
+ | 02 | Uoo |
31 || !LGP 38 | !LCLD |
3: | ! CLD |
35 | !FXGP |
36 | ! GP | 34 | |
3? | ! | 30 | | 33 | |
'
Lgtc; _a nc dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs (RAL GVT) dfsoratc fl fn crohavg Ohap Pfpgrt cpcrfof sal csajlcoaÿl (fl `nclog), fs prg`c`nf quf fn crohavg df ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc fstf jrc`cdg fl ul darfotgrag daefrfltf cn fspfrcdg.
Ampnfmfltf fn oarouatg fl nc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs sajuafldg fn dacjrcmc g`tfladg fl fn crohavg rfpgrtf ogmg ng aldaoc nc sajuafltf eajurc y g`tfljc c tc`nc df vfrdcd;
Lgtc nc dastra`uoaÿl dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs fs csaj csajlcdc lcdc fl egrmc cnfctgrac pgr fn prgjrcmc, prgjrcmc, pufdf sfr quf su rfsuntcdg sfc daefrfltf dastra`uoaÿl g`tfladc c ng prfsfltcdg fl fstf da`ukg.
G`tfljc pcrc nc Tc`nc df vfrdcd ngs vcngrfs pcrc ocdc ulc df ncs scnadcs. m
C@O
2
222 223 232 233 322 323 332 333
3 0 ? 4 6 5 :
Cld
Gr
Fxgr
Lcld
Lgr
Pfogmfldcoaglfs; 3.- Tfljc ouadcdg cn alsfrtcr ogrrfotcmfltf fn oarouatg altfjrcdg fl fn prgjrcmcdgr fn ogngocrng fl egrmc daefrfltf c ng fspfoaeaocdg pufdf dcócr su daspgsatavg. 0.- Fs rfogmfldc`nf quf cn prgjrcmcr pramfrg sfnfooaglf fn oarouatg, `grrf su ogltfladg y pgstfragrmfltf ocrjuf fn crohavg KFDFO y pgr untamg prgjrcmf fn daspgsatavg. daspgsatavg. ?. ?.-N -Nc c da dast stra ra`u `uoa oaÿl ÿl df tfrm tfrmal alcn cnfs fs (R (Ral al GVT) GVT) cs csaj ajlc lcdc dc pg pgrr fn pr prgj gjrc rcmc mc AspFxpfrt pufdf sfr daefrfltf c nc mgstrcdc fl fstf na`rg.
Oufstaglcrag;
·Ouãn fs fn sajlaeaocdg df nc pcnc`rc JCN7 ·Oucltcs Fltrcdcs mãxamg pufdf tflfr fn df JCN00U327 ·Oucltcs _cnadcs mãxamg pufdf tflfr fn df JCN00U327 ·Ouãn fs fn sajlaeaocdg df KFDFO7 ·Ocnounf fn lûmfrg df oarouatgs altfjrcdgs TTN quf sf rfquafrfl pcrc ampnfmfltcr fstc prãotaoc7
Pfpgrtf (nastc df Ogtfkg, Ohfoi Nast) 3
Rgrtcdc ogl dctgs ogmpnftgs.
0
Dfsorapoaÿl df nc prãotaoc
?
Mctfracn utanazcdg
4
Dacjrcmc fnáotraog
6
Tc`nc df ogm`alcoaglfs
5
Oufstaglcrag rfsufntg
:
Egtg dfn oarouatg
8
Oglonusaglfs y rfogmfldcoaglfs
1
Pfefrfloacs @a`nagjrãeaocs
Rrãotaoc 4 _astfmcs Dajatcnfs G`kftavgs pcrtaouncrfs Durcltf fn dfscrrgnng df fstc prãotaoc, fn fstudacltf cpnaocrã ul mátgdg pcrc g`tflfr ncs daefrfltfs rfprfsfltcoaglfs df ngs sastfmcs dajatcnfs `alcrags, tcnfs ogmg; Euloaÿl @ggnfclc, Tc`nc df Ufrdcd, Dacjrcmc Fsqufmãtaog y nc _amuncoaÿl fl ul prgjrcmc df cpnaocoaÿl. Tcm`aá Tcm `aáll amp ampnfm nfmflt fltcrã crã fl ul prg prgtgt tgtapg apg ncs fou foucoa coaglf glfss prg prgpuf pufstc stcss ogm ogmprg prg`cl `cldg dg ngs rfsuntcdgs.
Fnfmfltgs df ogmpftfloac. G`tflfr ngs oarouatgs pcrtafldg df ncs foucoaglfs E3 _GR (Cld/Gr) y E0 RG_ (Gr/Cld) prgpgroaglcdcs pgr fn alstruotgr. alstruotgr. Foucoaÿl Oarouatg G`tflfr nc tc`n G`tflfr tc`ncc df vfrdc vfrdcdd pcrc E3 y E0 pgr fn mátgdg clcnít clcnítaog aog fxpnao fxpnaocdg cdg fl fstf ocpít ocpítung. ung. Oarouatg Tc`nc df vfrdcd Orfcr ul lufvg prgyfotg utanazcldg fn prgjrcmc df aspNFUFP _tcrtfr g fn aspNFUFP Oncsao. Oarouatg Ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc Orfcr ulc lufvc eufltf (Lfw _grof) ampnfmfltcldg ncs euloaglfs E3 y E0, pgr mfdag df nc ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc (_ohfmctao). Ogmprg`cr nc tc`nc df vfrdcd pgr mfdag df nc orfcoaÿl df ulc lufvc eufltf C@FN Tfst Ufotgr pcrc g`tflfr nc samuncoaÿl df ncs euloaglfs E3 y E0. Ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc _amuncoaÿl G`tf G` tfllfr ng ngss croh crohav avgs gs df rfpg rfpgrt rtff (PRT (PRT)) y Rrgj Rrgjrc rcmc mcoa oaÿl ÿl (K (KFD FD)) dfn dfn RN RND. D. Ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc KFD y PRT Rrgjrcmcr fn RND utanazcldg fn crohavg KFDFO jflfrcdg cltfragrmfltf. KFD Daspgsatavg Rrgjrcmcr fn dasp Rrgjrcmcr daspgsat gsatavg avg JCN3 JCN35U8, 5U8, Jcn02U Jcn02U32, 32, JCN00U3 JCN00U322 g JCN0 JCN05U30 5U30,, utan utanazcl azcldg dg fn prgjrcmcdgr ulavfrscn y fn crohavg crohavg KFDFO jflfrcdg. Vtanazcldg fn daspgsatavg prgjrcmcdg, oglstruar ul prgtgtapg fefotucldg ncs oglfxaglfs eísaocs lfofscracs fl ulc tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs, pcrc jflfrcr ncs sfócnfs df fltrcdc y scnadc dfn RND y ogmprg`cr ogmprg`cr eísaocmf eísaocmfltf ltf ncs tc`n tc`ncs cs df vfrdc vfrdcdd df ncs eulo euloaglfs aglfs E3 y E0. DaspgsatavgRrgtgtapg
Ogmulaocr fn prgofdamafltg y ngs rfsuntcdgs g`tfladgs pgr mfdag df ul rfpgrtf fsoratg. PRTPfpgrtf Rcrc fn prgofdamafltg df nc prãotaoc f alstcncoaÿl dfn sgetwcrf sf rfogmafldc vfr ngs vadfgs df nc pãjalc http;//kcjcrzc.eamf http;//kcjcrzc.eamf.ucln.mx/Cjgstg023 .ucln.mx/Cjgstg0230/Uadfgs.htm 0/Uadfgs.htm
Euldcmfltg Tfÿraog. _astfmc dajatcn `alcrag Vl sastfm sastfmcc daj dajatc atcnn `al `alcra cragg fs ul ogl oglkul kultg tg df das daspgs pgsata atavg vgss dfs dfstal talcdg cdgss c nc jfl jflfrc frcoaÿ oaÿl, l, trclsmasaÿl, prgofscmafltg g cnmcoflcmafltg df sfócnfs dajatcnfs. Rcrc fn clãnasas, síltfsas f ampnfmfltcoaÿl df ngs oarouatgs dajatcnfs, sf utanazc ogmg hfrrcmafltc fn ãnjf`rc df @ggnf ogl sus gpfrcdgrfs nÿjaogs (CLD, GP y LGT). Ngs sastfmcs dajatcnfs sf pufdfl oncsaeaocr fl; _astfmcs dajatcnfs ogm`alcoaglcnfs; Cqufnngs ouycs scnadcs sgng dfpfldfl dfn fstcdg df sus fltrcdcs fl ul mgmfltg dcdg. Rgr ng tcltg, lg lfofsatcl mÿdungs df mfmgrac, yc quf ncs scnadcs lg dfpfldfl df ngs fstcdgs prfvags df ncs fltrcdcs. _astfmcs dajatcnfs sfoufloacnfs; Cqufnngs ouycs scnadcs dfpfldfl cdfmãs dfn fstcdg df sus fltrcdcs fl ul mgmfltg dcdg, df fstcdgs prfvags. Fstc oncsf df sastfmcs lfofsatcl fnfmfltgs df mfmgrac quf rfogkcl nc alegrmcoaÿl df nc 'hastgrac pcscdc' dfn sastfmc. Ngs fnfmfltgs ogl ngs quf ogltcmgs pcrc dfsora`ar ul _astfmc Dajatcn `alcrag sgl; Dfsorapoagl ogl pcnc`rcs dfn ogmpgrtcmafltg df ul sastfmc, Dfsorapoaÿl vfr`cn Vtanazcldg cntfrlctavcs (g) yy/g /g Ogldaoaglfs (y) Pfprfsfltcoaÿl jrãeaoc df ulc fxprfsaÿl @ggnfclc ctrcvfs df Oarouatg g Dacjrcmc nc altfroglfxaÿl df sím`gngs quf ogrrfspgldfl c ngs gpfrcdgrfs Fsqufmãtaog. nÿjaogs. Foucoaÿl. Pfprfsfltcoaÿl mctfmãtaoc df ulc euloaÿl `ggnfclc. Pfprfsfltcoaÿl tc`uncr dfn ngs vcngrfs df scnadc dfn sastfmc, Tc`nc df vfrdcd. pcrc ocdc ulc df ncs pgsa`nfs ogm`alcoaglfs ogm`alcoaglfs df fltrcdc. Pfprfsfltcoaÿl jrãeaoc dfn ngs vcngrfs df scnadc dfn sastfmc, Dacjrcmc df Tafmpgs pcrc tgdcs ncs ogm`alcoaglfs ogm`alcoaglfs df fltrcdc fl ul tafmpg dcdg.
G`tfloaÿl dfn oarouatg c pcrtar df nc foucoaÿl. Rcrtafldg df ulc foucoaÿl @ggnfclc fs pgsa`nf g`tflfr su oarouatg g dacjrcmc fsqufmãtaog pgr fn grdfl df sus gpfrcoaglfs. gpfrcoaglfs. Fkfmpng 3; Altrgduooaÿl c ngs sastfmcs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs
Rã Rã jalã 43
Nc foucoaÿl EX (P, _, T) = P !_ T + !P _ T fl dgldf sf rfcnazcl ogmg pramfrc gpfrcoaÿl nc muntapnaocoaÿl Cld df ngs dgs tármalgs P !_ T cn masmg lavfn !P _ T ogmg ng aldaoc nc eajurc df nc dfrfohc y fn rfsuntcdg df fstcs gpfrcoaglfs sf sumc pgr mfdag df ulc Gr ogmg ng mufstrc nc sajuafltf eajurc.
C fstf egrmctg sf nf oglgof ogmg nc sumc df ngs prgduotgs _GR g Cld/Gr Fkfmpng 0 ; Nc foucoaÿl EQ (H, A, K, I) = ( !H+ A+ K+ I) (H+ !A+ I) (H+ A+ !K), fl dgldf sf rfcnazc ogmg pramfrc gpfrcoaÿl nc Gr quf fstã dfltrg dfn pcráltfsas rfprfsfltcdc pgr trfs tármalgs ( !H+ A+ K+ I), cn masmg lavfn lavfn(( H+ !A + I) y (H+ A+ !K) y fn rfsuntcdg df fstcs gpfrcoaglfs sf muntapnaoc pgr mfdag df ulc Cld ogmg ng mufstrc nc sajuafltf eajurc.
C fstf egrmctg sf nf oglgof ogmg fn prgduotg df ncs sumcs RG_ g Gr/Cld.
Altrgduooaÿl c ngs sastfmcs fnfotrÿlaogs dajatcnfs
Rãjalã 40
G`tfloaÿl df nc foucoaÿl c pcrtar dfn oarouatg.
Rcrc g`tflfr nc foucoaÿl c pcrtar dfn oarouatg fs rfogmfldc`nf, dfsora`ar ocdc ulc df ncs gpfrcoaglfs dfn oarouatg fl fn grdfl df azquafrdc c dfrfohc. Fkfmpng3;
Nc pramfrc gpfrcoaÿl quf sf rfcnazc fl fstf oarouatg sgl ncs GP quf fstãl cn masmg lavfn y fn rfsuntcdg df fstcs sf muntapnaoc (CLD).
Fkfmpng 0;
Nc pramfrc gpfrcoaÿl quf sf fefotûc fs nc Cld df P ¡_ y ¡T y dfspuás nc sumc (GP) ogl ¡U;
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd Rcrc g`tflfr nc tc`nc df vfrdcd pcrtafldg df ul oarouatg, sf prgpglfl dgs gpoaglfs, nc pramfrc oglsastf fl dcr vcngrfs c ncs fltrcdcs prg`crldg ulc c ulc tgdcs ncs pgsa`nfs ogm`alcoaglf ogm`alcoaglfss y g`tflfr fn vcngr df scnadc pcrc ocdc ulc df fnncs ng oucn sfríc ul mátgdg muy ncrjg pcrc fn ocsg df muntapnfs fltrcdcs. Nc sfjuldc gpoagl fs ul mátgdg quf oglsastf fl supglfr ul vcngr oglvflafltf df scnadc y vfraeaocr quf ogm`alcoaglfs df fltrcdc oumpnfl ogl fn vcngr prgpufstg.
Rgr fkfmpng fl fstf oarouatg mgstrcdg fl nc eajurc cltfragr, quf tfrmalc fl GP ogmvaflf supglfr ul vcngr dfflulg c nc scnadcGrdfprgduof nc Gr fstg dc ulg ulc (ulc, cntfrlctavc quf oucnquafr fltrcdc ajucn c ulg nc gpfrcoaÿl ulc lgs scnadc gtrc g yc cm`cs), fsg lgs pfrmatf clcnazcr pgr sfpcrcdg ocdc ulc df ncs fltrcdcs df nc Gr y dftfrmalcr ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df P, _ y T pcrc ncs Cld 3 y nc Cld 0 df oumpnfl ogl ngs vcngrfs pcrc jflfrcr ul ulg.
Clcnazcdc nc scnadc df nc Cld df crra`c, nc scnadc fs ulg sgng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl ulg fltglofs P=3, _=2 y T=3, fstg sf prfsfltc fl nc ogm`alcoaÿl 6 df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd (m=6). Fl nc Cld df c`ckg nc scnadc fs ulg oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl ulg P=2, _=3 y T=3, fstg sf prfsfltc fl nc ogm`alcoaÿl ? df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd (m=?), tgdcs ncs dfmãs ogm`alcoaglfs sfrcl ajucn c ofrg.
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd df nc Euloaÿl Ex M
P_T
EX
2 3
222 223
2 2
0
232
2
?
233
3
4
322
2
6
323
3
5
332
2
:
333
2
36
333
2
Fkfmpng; Fl fn ocsg quf sf lfofsatf pramfrg fefotucr nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr sumc cltfs quf nc Cld prgduotg, cn ajucn quf fl fn ãnjf`rc sf hcof usg df pcráltfsas pcrc aldaocr nc pragradcd ogmg sf mufstrc fl nc sajuafltf euloaÿl EQ. EQ ( I,N,M ) = (I + !N + M) (!I + N+ !M) Fl dgldf nc gpfrcoaÿl GP (I + !N + M) sf rfcnazc pramfrg y cn masmg lavfn nc gpfrcoaÿl Gr (!I + N+ !M) ogmg ng mufstrc nc eajurc c nc dfrfohc, pgstfragrmfltf ogl nc scnadc df fstcs dgs sf rfcnazc nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld. Ogmg ng mufstrc nc sajuafltf eajurc;
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd Rcrc Rcrc g`tf g`tflf lfrr nc tc`n tc`ncc df vfrd vfrdcd cd df fstf fstf oaro oaroua uatg tg sf pufd pufdff supglfr ul vcngr df ofrg c nc scnadc df nc Cld fstg lgs dc ulc cntfrlctavc yc quf oucnquafr fltrcdc ofrg fl nc gpfrcoaÿl Cld prgduof ulc scnadc ofrg (ulc, gtrc g cm`cs). Clcnazcdc nc scnadc df nc Gr df crra`c nc scnadc fs ofrg sgng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl ofrg fltglofs I=2, N=3 y M=2, fstg sf prfsfltc fl nc ogm`alcoaÿl 0 df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd (m=0). Fl nc nc Gr df c`ckg nc scnadc fs ofrg sgng oucldg tgdcs sus fltrcdcs sgl ofrg fltglofs I=3, rfsfltc fl nc ogm`al ogm`alcoaÿl coaÿl 6 df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd (m=6), fl nc tc`nc N=2 y M=3, fstg sf pprfsfltc df vfrdcd, tgdcs ncs scnadcs pcrc ncs dfmãs ogm`alcoaglfs sfrcl ajucn c ulg.
Tc`nc df vfrdcd pcrc nc euloaÿl E Q M
INM
E Q
2
222 223
3 3
0
232
2
? 4
233 322
3 3
6
323
2
5
332 333
3 3
3
:
Cotavadcd df cprfldazckf Ogl ncs Euloaglfs csajlcdcs pgr fn mcfstrg g alstruotgr fefotuá fn sajuafltf prgofdamafltg 3.- Da`ukf fn oarouatg ogrrfspgldafltf pcrc ncs euloaglfs E3 y E0. 0.- G`tfljc nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd fl egrmc clcnítaoc pcrtafldg dfn oarouatg. ?.- Ogl fn prgjrcmc df cpnaocoaÿl Asp_tcrtfr fl fn mÿdung df ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc da`ukf ncs euloaglfs E3 y E0 Csajlcdcs 4.- G`tfljc fn dacjrcmc df tafmpgs pgr mfdag dfn crohavg TfstWUfotgrs y ogmpcrf ngs rfsuntcdgs g`tfladgs ogl nc tc`nc df vfrdcd dfn pcsg 0 6.- _a nc tc`nc df vfrdcd ogaloadf ogl fn dacjrcmc df tafmpgs, prgjrcmf ul Daspgsatavg Nÿjaog prgjrcmc`nf y oglstruyc ul prgtgtapg. 5.- Ogmpruf`f eísaocmfltf tgdcs ncs ogm`alcoaglfs ogl nc tc`nc df vfrdcd y fn dacjrcmc df tafmpgs. :.- Fnc`grf su rfpgrtf
Mctfracn c utanazcr Tc`nannc df oglfxaglfs Oarouatg Altfjrcdg RND JCn35U8 g JCN00U32. 5 rfsastgrfs df ??2 ℥. Eufltf df 6 U df ogrrafltf darfotc. 3 Dap swatoh df 4 g 8 altfrruptgrfs altfrruptgrfs g 4 maorg Rush @gtgl @ gtgl LC . 5 Nfds
Cncm`rf pcrc oglfxaglfs. Rrgjrcmcs df cpnaocoaÿl (sgetwcrf); AspNFUFP NgjaoCad Maorgsget Zgrd (rfpgrtf) Pfogrtfs (Zaldgws XR g Zaldgws :)
m
C@OD
2
2222
3
2223
0
2232
?
32
2233 2322 2323 2332 2333 3222 3223 3232
33 30 3? 34 36
3 23 32 32 3323 3332 3333
4 6 5 : 8 1
E3
E0
Fs muy prg`c`nf quf nc csajlcoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs rfcnazcdc pgr fn prgjrcmc Asp_tcrtfr lg fstál fl fn masmg grdfl df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd ogmg ng mufstrc nc eajurc, pgr ng quf sf rfogmafldc cn fefotucr ncs oglfxaglfs fl fn prgtg cncm`rcr ngs altfrruptgrfs g dap swaoh fl fn masmg grdfl df nc tc`nc df vfrdcd, df mgdg quf cn ogmprg`cr nc tc`nc ogl fn oarouatg ncs ogm`alcoaglfs df fltrcdc ogaloadcl y csí g`sfrvcr ngs vcngrfs df scnadc Fkfmpng, g`tfljc pcrc E3 y E0;
c) Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd fl egrmc clcnítaoc. `) Nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd df nc ampnfmfltcoaÿl dfn oarouatg. o) Fn dacjrcmc df tafmpgs uscldg fn crohavg TF_TWUFOTGP_. Euloaglfs; E3(C, @, O, D) = C‑ @ O‑ D + @‑ O D + C D‑
E0 (C, @, O, D) = (C+ @+ O‑+ D)( C‑+ O +D)( @‑ +D‑)
Da`ukf fn oarouatg df E3 y E0
E3(C,@,O,D) = C‑ @ O‑ D+ @‑ O D+ C D‑
E0(C,@,O,D) = (C+ @+ O‑+ D)( C‑+ O +D)( @‑ +D‑)
G`tfljc nc Tc`nc df Ufrdcd mfdacltf fn clãnasas df E3 y E0 m
C@OD
E3
E0
2 3
22 22 22 23
22
33
0
2232
2
2
?
2233
3
4
2322
2
6
2323
3
5
2332
2
3
:
2333
2
2
@‑ + D‑
8
3222
C D‑
3223
2 3
C‑+ O +D
1
3 2
32 33
3232 3233
3 3
C D‑ @‑ O D
3 3
30
3322
3
C D‑
2
C‑+ O +D
3?
3323
2
@‑ + D‑
34
3332
3
C D‑
2 3
36
3333
2
2
@‑ + D‑
@‑ O D
3
C‑ @ O‑ D
2
C+ @+ O‑+ D
@‑ + D‑
Tc`nc df Ufrdcd g`tfladc fl egrmc clcnítaoc. m 2 3 0 ? 4 6 5 : 8 1
32 33 30 3? 34 36
C@OD 2222 2223 2232 2233 2322 2323 2332 2333 3222 3223 3232 3233 3322 3323 3332 3333
E3
E0
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
2 3
2
3 2
Rrgjrcmf ncs euloaglfs E3 y E0 fl fn oarouatg altfjrcdg altfjrcdg JCN35U8D pgr mfdag df ocpturc fsqufmãtaoc.
Eajurc df ocpturc fsqufmãoc.
Crohavg
KFDFO
lfofscrag
pcrc
prgjrcmcr fn JCN35U8 Cr Croh ohav avgg Pfpg Pfpgrt rtff qu quff al alda daoc oc nc dastra`uoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs dfn oarouatg altfjrcdg (RAL GVT).
Nc csajlcoaÿl df tfrmalcnfs (pal gut) pufdf sfr daefrfltf c nc csajlcdc fl fstf fkfmpng. Rrgjrcmcr fn JCN35U8, csfjûrfsf df ocrjcr fn crohavg KFDFO y dfealar fn daspgsatavg c prgjrcmcr.
m 2 3 0 ? 4 6 5 : 8 1
C @ O E3 D 2222 2223
32 33 30 3? 34
22 22 33 23 2322 2323 2332 2333 3222 3223 3232 3233 3322 33 2 3 3332
36
3333
E0
Rcsgs pcrc nc _amuncoaÿl Ocpturf fn prgjrcmc C@FN Tfst Ufotgrs. Rcsgs pcrc jflfrcr fn Crohavg Tfst Ufotgrs Ufotgrs 3.-Fl fn mflû df _gurof sfnfooaglf Lfw y dfspuás C@FN Tfst Ufotgrs. 0.Tfonff fn lgm`rf dfn crohavg
?.-Fl nc vfltclc dfn Tfxt Fdatgr tfonff fn sajuafltf crohavg. Mgdunf E3 „ FLTPCDC_ C,@,O,D RAL9 „_CNADC_ E3, E0 RAL A_TQRF'OGM'9 TF_TWUFOTGP_ (YC,@,O, D]-< YE3,E0]) Y2,2,2,2]-
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