Libro de Materia Industria Organicional

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Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

Af`ctovas hc iprcdhozi`c Ø

Rcr bipiz hc hcsbrofor gi psobagamìi O/A y ga quc kibc ud psobògama O/A

Ø

Iprcdhcr safrc gi kostaroi hc gi psobagamìi O/A

Ø

Badabcr gas rcquosotas hc ihlosoòd piri gas pramrilis hc pasmriha cd psobagamìi O/A

Ø

Cdtcdhcr gi olpartidboi hc rcigozir udi odvcstomib odvcstomiboòd oòd

Ø

Cdtcdhcr bòla sc rcigozi udi odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd

Ø

Rcr bipiz hc honcrcdboir gas honcrcdtcs lïtahas hc odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A Honcrcdbois cdtrc gas pramrilis hc dcmaboas c O/A Bilpas prodbopigcs hc gi psobagamìi O/A Frcvc kostaroi hc gi psobagamìi O/A Clpgca hc gas psobògamas O/A Vcquosotas chubitovas y topas hc pramrilis cd Cstihas Sdohas

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A ±Zar quï rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd1 Badsohcriboadcs cd gi rcigoziboòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd

Cd cg trifi`a0 Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha0 Odvcstomiboòd ggcvihi bad gis Iutarohihcs hcgi bifa Icrapucrta Odtcrdiboadig hc ^idbauvcr (Frotosk Bagulfoi), Bidihé

9

 

±

Da scrìi lirivoggasa so tahas gas clpgcihas ilirid sus trifi`as tidta quc da puhocrid cspcrir i trifi`ir, y cstuvocrid tid focd ihiptihas y bipibotihas quc su hcsclpcùa nucri cxbcpboadig1 Fucda, ïstc cs cg af`ctova prolarhoig hc gi psobagamìi odhustroig. Hcsinartudihilcdtc, da tahas gas clpgcihas hosnrutiréd su trifi`a y da tahas ga kiréd focd. Cd cstc gofra iprcdhcré gis tïbdobis hcsirraggihis par gas psobògamas odhustroigcs/armidoziboadigcs (O/A) quc lucstrid cg biloda kiboi gi lcti hc gamrir udi nucrzi gifarig ncgoz y prahubtovi. Idtcs hc balcdzir i cxpgobir cstis tïbdobis, sc hcfcd hosbutor honcrcdtcs ércis piri quc ustch tcdmi gas prodbopoas quc gc iyuhiréd i cdtcdhcr lc`ar cg rcsta hcg gofra. Cstc bipìtuga tocdc has scbboadcs honcrcdtcs. Gi prolcri praparboadi udi frcvc hcsbropboòd mcdcrig hcg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A y gi scmudhi hosbutc gas lïtahas hc odvcstomiboòd odvcstomibo òd quc sc lcdboadiréd i ga girma hcg tcxta.

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A Honcrcdbois cdtrc gas pramrilis hc dcmaboas c O/A Yuozé cg lc`ar gumir piri balcdzir ud gofra hc tcxta safrc psobagamìi O/A cs gi afscr viboòd hcg losla losla bilpa. Gi psobagamìi odhustroig/armidoziboadig (O/A) cs udi rili hc gi psobagamìi quc ipgobi gas prodbopoas hc ïsti cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. Ru prapòsota cs ‗iulcdtir gi homdohih y cg hcsclpcùa hc gas scrcs kulidas isì bala hc gis armidoziboadcs piri gis quc trifi`id ig ividzir cd gi bocdboi y badabolocdta hcg balpartilocdta kulida“ (Vubbo, ). Zar c`clpga, gas prodbopoas hc iprcdhozi`c sc utogozid piri hcsirraggir pramrilis pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd y pgidcs hc odbcdtovas, gas prodbopoas saboigcs sc usid piri narlir mrupas y cdtcdhcr cg badngobta hc clpgcihas locdtris quc gas prodbopoas hc latoviboòd  y claboòd sorvcd piri igcdtir y sitosnibcr i gas clpgcihas. Gi ipgobiboòd hc gas prodbopoas psobagòmobas cs ga quc hostodmuc lc`ar i gi psobagamìi O/A hc gas bilpas rcgiboadihas quc cd mcdcrig sc cdscùid cd gis csbucgis hc dcmaboas. Iudquc viroas hc cstas tclis, bufocrtas cd cg tcxta, sad sologircs i gas cdbadtrihas cd gi ihlodostriboòd hc rcbursas kulidas (IVK) a cd tcxtas hc balpartilocdta armidoziboadig, gis tïbdobis  y rizadcs hctrés hc cggas sad biso soclprc honcrcdtcs. Zar c`clpga, viroas gofras hc IVK rcbalocdhid gi cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi bala udi cxbcgcdtc saguboòd piri gi scgcbboòd hc gas lc`arcs clpgcihas. Rod clfirma, gas psobògamas O/A badsohcrid quc cstc topa hc cdtrcvosti tocdc lcdas vigar quc gis igtcrditovis kifogotihis, bala prucfis psobagòmobis, cdtrcvostis hc balpartilocdta, lucstris hc trifi`a, foahiti y bcdtras hc cviguiboòd (Fcrry, ). Sdi scmudhi honcrcdboi cdtrc gi psobagamìi O/A y gas bilpas hc dcmaboas cs quc gi psobagamìi O/A cxilodi nibtarcs quc incbtid i gi mcdtc cd udi armidoziboòd, cd apasoboòd i gi ilpgotuh hc ispcbtas quc olpgobi lidc`ir udi armidoziboòd tigcs bala bidigcs hc lirectodm, rchcs hc tridspartiboòd tridspart iboòd y bégbuga hc bastas (Eolfraumk, Hurgcy  y Luùaz, ). Bala puchc vcr hc gas bursas tìpobas udovcrsotiroas cdgostihas cd gi nomuri ., gas pramrilis hc dcmaboas (LFI) cxilodid ércis bala badtifogohih, cbadalìi y lirectodm5 locdtris quc gas pramrilis hc O/A sc cdnabid biso cxbgusovilcdtc cd tclis rcgiboadihas bad gis pcrsadis cd udi armidoziboòd (Lurpky, ]itsad-Cg, ]oggoil y ]aah, ). 6

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

Isomdituris tìpobis hc psobagamìi O/A

Xoclpa

Hìi

Dalfrc hcg bursa

Isomdituris tìpobis hc LFI

Xoclpa

 

Hìi

Dalfrc hcg bursa

90::‒60::

Gud

Cstihìstobi

90::‒60::

Gud

Cstihìstobi

60::‒202:

Lir‒`uc

Lctahagamìi cxpcrolcdtig

60::‒202:

Lir‒`uc

Odvcstomiboòd Odvcstom iboòd hc dcmaboas

Xcarìi psobalïtrobi

9:0::‒990:: Gud, loïr, vocr Balpartilocdta armidozibo armidoziboadig adig

990::‒960:: Gud‒loïr

9:0::‒990:: Gud, loïr, vocr Rcgcbboòd y bagabiboòd hc clpgcihas

Xoclpa

Hìi

Dalfrc hcg bursa

?02:‒9:02:

Xoclpa

Gud‒loïr

Hìi

Zagìtobi ihlodostritovi

Dalfrc hcg bursa

;0::‒?02:

Lir‒`uc

Zsobagamìi armidozib armidoziboadig oadig

9:0::‒9902: Lir, `uc, vocr

80::‒30::

Locr‒^ocr

Bipibotiboòd Bipibotibo òd y hcsirragga hc clpgcihas

;0::‒?0::

9:0::‒990:: Gud‒loïr

Cviguiboòd hcg hcsclpcùa

9:0::‒990:: Gud‒loïr

Ihlodostriboòd Ihlodostribo òd hc lirectodm

9902:‒9602: Loïr‒^ocr

Idégosos hc pucstas

90::‒602:

Ihlodostriboòd Ihlodostribo òd mcrcdboig

Nomuri 9.9 Balpiriboòd hc gis isomdituris hc Licstrìi cd Ihlodostriboòd hc Clprcsis (LFI) y Licstrìi O/A

Cbadalìi mcrcdboig

Gud, loïr, vocr Ihlodostribo Ihlodostriboòd òd nodidbocri Lir‒`uc

Gi psobagamìi O/A sc fisi cxkiustovilcdtc cd udi odvcstomiboòd, lïtahas buidtotitovas y tïbdobis hc prucfi. Gas psobògamas O/A cstéd bipibotihas piri usir hitas clpìrobas y cstihìstobis quc cg `uoboa cd gi tali hc hcbosoadcs. Da sadipsobògamas bgìdobas quc parlés bisuigohih cstéd bgìdoba cd gi odhustroi do tilpaba hid tcripois gas trifi`iharcs. Cxostcd igmudas quc trifi`id piri armidoziboadcs y iyuhid i gas clpgcihas bad prafgclis, bala ifusa hc sustidbois y igbakag, pcra sad badsc`cras lés quc psobògamas O/A. Sd kcbka quc iyuhi i honcrcdboir gi psobagamìi O/A hc atras bilpas cs gi hcpcdhcdboi cd cg lahcga bocdtìnoba-prancsoadig5 csta cs, quc gas psobògamas O/A ibtðid bala bocdtìnobas buidha rcigozid odvcstomiboòd y bala prancsoadigcs buidha trifi`id bad armidoziboadcs rcigcs. Ihclés, ibtðid bala bocdtìnobas-prancsoadigcs buidha ipgobid gas kiggizmas hc odvcstomiboòd piri quc cg trifi`a quc kibcd bad gis armidoziboadcs sci hc mrid bigohih y iulcdtc gi cncbtovohih cd gi armidoziboòd. Sdi rizòd piri quc iulcdtc gi papugirohih hc gi psobagamìi O/A cs quc, quozé lés quc cd buigquocr atra bilpa, sus prancsoadigcs puchcd tcdcr ud olpibta pasotova cd gis vohis hc atris pcrsadis. Ziri ipayir csti ðgtoli inorliboòd, vcilas ud hìi tìpoba cd gi vohi hc udi pcrsadi pralchoa0 Xrifi`a Xrifi`a Xrisgihirsc Xris gihirsc ig trifi`a ^cr X^ Harlor Zrcpirir igolcdtas y balcr Atras

 karis  kari  karis  karis  karis  karis

Bad gi pasofgc cxbcpboòd hc harlor, harlor, gis pcrsadis pisid pi sid lés toclpa cd sus trifi `as quc cd buigquocr buigquocr atri ibtovohih hc gi vohi (¡y igmudis vcbcs cstis has ibtovohihcs ibtovohihcs sc trisgipid!). Zar ga tidta, tocdc scdtoha quc gis pcrsadis quc sad ncgobcs y prahubtovis cd sus trifi`as tcdmid lc`arcs vohis quc gis quc sad odncgobcs cd gas suyas. Ro udi pcrsadi cs odncgoz cd udi `ardihi hc abka a bka karis ig hìi, cg cncbta rcsohuig hc su odncgobohih incbtiré gi bigohih tidta hc su nilogoi bala gi hc su toclpa gofrc. Hcshc udi pcrspcbtovi saboig, gas psobògamas puchcd tilfoïd lc`arir gi bigohih hc vohi ig iulcdtir gi cncbtovohih hcg clpgciha, ga buig rchubc cg basta hc irtìbugas vcdhohas ig lc`arir gi bigohih hcg prahubta. Csta subcsovilcdtc rchubc bastas hc

 

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A  

2

 

rcclpgiza y rcpiriboòd ig lc`arir gi cnobiboi armidoziboadig, quc puchc biusir rchubboadcs cd ibtovohihcs odcnobocdtcs bala cspcrir cd udi nogi. Zar ga tidta, gi psobagamìi O/A puchc lc`arir gi bigohih hc vohi cd gas dovcgcs omuigcs i y, bad nrcbucdboi, cxbchcdtcs quc gas hc bilpas bala psobagamìi y lchobodi. Cdtadbcs, odbgusa iudquc gas psobògamas O/A tcdmid ud fucd sigiroa, cg fcdcnoboa rcig i su érci odbguyc gas olpibtas pasotovas cd gis vohis hc atras. atras .

Bilpas gi psobagamìi Iudquc cgprodbopigcs af`ctova hc gihc psobagamìi O/A cs O/A iulcdtir gi prahubtovohih y cg focdcstir hc gas clpgcihas, cxostcd has cdnaqucs hc gi lidcri cd quc csta sc puchc gamrir. Cg cdnaquc odhustroig (gi ‗O“ cd gi psobagamìi O/A) sc horomc i gi hctcrlodiboòd hc gis balpctcdbois dcbcsirois piri rcigozir ud trifi`a, hatir i gi armidoziboòd bad clpgcihas quc tcdmid tigcs balpctcdbois y iulcdtirgis bad bipibotiboòd. Cg cdnaquc armidoziboadig (gi ‗A“ hc gi psobagamìi O/A) brci udi cstrubturi y udi bugturi armidoziboadig quc latoviréd i gas clpgcihas i hcsclpcùirsc focd, gcs hiré gi odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi piri kibcr su trifi`a y praparboadiré badhoboadcs quc scid scmuris y rcsugtcd cd ud ilfocdtc hc trifi`a imrihifgc y sitosnibtaroa.

Zsobagamìi hc pcrsadig  Gas psobògamas O/A y gas prancsoadigcs cd IVK cstéd odvagubrihas cd cg cstuhoa y gi prébtobi hc gi psobagamìi hc pcrsadig cd ércis bala idégosos hc pucstas, rcbgutilocdta, scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, hctcrlodiboòd hc dovcgcs hc sigiroas, bipibotiboòd y cviguiboòd hcg hcsclpcùa. Cstas prancsoadigcs cgo`cd prucfis cxostcdtcs a brcid duc vis quc sc puchid utogozir piri scgcbboadir y isbcdhcr i gas clpgcihas. Cstis prucfis sad badstidtclcdtc badstidtclcdtc cviguihis piri iscmurirsc hc quc scid végohis c olpirboigcs. Gas psobògamas hc pcrsadig tilfoïd idigozid gas trifi`as piri aftcdcr udi olimcd balpgcti hc ga quc bihi clpgciha kibc y i lcduha hcsomdid vigarcs ladctiroas i bihi pasoboòd. Hcspuïs hc aftcdcr balpgctis gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta, gas prancsoadigcs cd gi psobagamìi hc pcrsadig badstruycd odstrulcdtas hc vigariboòd hc hcsclpcùa piri cviguir ig clpgciha. Gas psobògamas cd csti érci tilfoïd cxilodid viroas lïtahas quc sc puchcd utogozir piri bipibotir y hcsirraggir clpgcihas. Ziri cstc sufbilpa, gis pcrsadis i lcduha trifi`id cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc bipibotiboòd hc udi armidoziboòd y cstéd odvagubrihis cd ibtovohihcs tigcs bala gi ohcdtonobiboòd hc dcbcsohihcs hc bipibotiboòd hc gi armidoziboòd, cg hcsirragga hc pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd y gi cviguiboòd hcg ïxota hc gi losli.

Zsobagamìi armidoziboadig  Gas psobògamas odvagubrihas cd gi psobagamìi armidoziboadig  sc prcabupid par gas tclis hc gohcrizma, sitosnibboòd gifarig, latoviboòd hcg clpgciha, baludobiboòd, lidc`a hc badngobta, bilfoa armidoziboadig y prabcsas hc mrupa hcdtra hc udi armidoziboòd. I lcduha rcigozid cdbucstis hc ibtotuhcs hc gas clpgcihas piri aftcdcr ohcis safrc ga quc cggas brccd quc sad gis nartigczis y hcfogohihcs hc gi balpiùìi. Badstidtclcdtc tilfoïd gas psobògamas armidoziboadigcs hcsclpcùid gi nudboòd hc ud badsugtar y ggcvid i bifa rcbalcdhiboadcs cd ércis prafgclétobis quc puchcd scr lc`arihis. Zar c`clpga, gi pabi sitosnibboòd gifarig puchc lc`arirsc ig pcrlotor quc gas clpgcihas pirtobopcd cd talir bocrtis hcbosoadcs hc gi balpiùìi y gi pabi baludobiboòd puchc imogozirsc ig olpgclcdtir ud sostcli hc sumcrcdbois hcg clpgciha.

8

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

Xifgi 9.9 Cvcdtas olpartidtcs cd gi psobagamìi O/A Iùa

Cvcdta

9?:2 9?99 9?92

]igtcr Hogg Rbatt pufgobi Xkc Xkcary an Ihvcrtosodm ]igtcr ]igtcr ]igt cr Hogg Rbatt pufgobi Odbrcisodm Kulid K ulid Cflbocdby od Fusodcss F usodcss Kuma Ludstcrfcrm pufgobi Zsybkagam Zsybkagamyy idh Odhustroig Odhustro ig Cflbocdby   (vcrsoòd igclidi pufgobihi cd 9?9:)  @aurdig an Ippgoch Zsybkagamy  Zsybkagamy , prolcri choboòd

9?>8

Gi Zrolcri Mucrri Ludhoig praparboadi i gas psobògamas O/A gi apartudohih odoboig piri udi prucfi y scgcbboòd hc mrid csbigi Cg prolcr Zk.H. cd psobagamìi O/A prcloi i Frubc Laarc y Lcrrog Vcil cd cg Birdcmoc Xcbk Zrolcr tcxta hc psobagamìi O/A csbrota par Larros ^otcgcs Zufgobiboòd hc gas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc Rc cstifgcbc gi Isaboiboòd Ilcrobidi piri gi Zsobagamìi Ipgobihi Rc nudhi gi Rabochih piri gi Zsobagamìi Odhustroig y Balcrboig bala Hovosoòd 98 hc gi IZI, bad 92: loclfras Liroad Foggs cs cgcmohi bala gi prolcri lu`cr prcsohcdtc hc gi Hovosoòd 98 Rc rcdalfri i gi Hovosoòd 98 bala Rabochih piri gi Zsobagamìi Odhustroig, sus loclfras supcrid gas =:: Rc iprucfi gi Gcy hc Omuighih hc Zima

9?;6

9?9= 9?9; 9?69 9?26 9?22 9?2= 9?83 9?39 9?>: 9?>2

9?=: 9?=9 9?;:

9?;>

9?;? 9??: 9??9

9??= 6::: 6::3

Rc iprucfi gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs. Rc pufgobi cg prolcr tcli hc Xkc Odhustroig Armidozitoadig Zsybkagamost  (XOZ)  (XOZ) Gi Hovosoòd 98 supcri gas 9 9:: loclfras F.N. Reoddcr pufgobi Fcyadh Nrcchal idh Homdoty  Gi Hovosoòd 98 supcri gas 9 ;:: loclfras gi Hovosoòd 98 laho󿬉bi su dalfrc ig hc Rabochih piri gi Zsobagamìi Odhustroig y Armidoziboadig (ROAZ) Gi Rabochih piri gi Zsobagamìi Odhustroig y Armidoziboadig rcigozi gi prolcri badncrcdboi diboadig iduig scpirihi hc gi  `udti IZI IZI Gi Ruprcli Bartc cstifgcbc udi tcdhcdboi badscrvitovi y sc vucgvc lés ‗ilomifgclcdtc clpgcihari“ Rc iprucfi gi Gcy hc Cstihaudohcdscs bad Hosbipibohihcs. Gas loclfras hc gi ROAZ supcrid 6 3:: Rc iprucfi gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Kulidas hc 9??9 piri vcdbcr gis hcbosoadcs badscrvitovis hc gi Ruprcli Bartc olpucstis cd 9?;? Gi ROAZ bcgcfri su idovcrsiroa hc ara cd su badncrcdboi iduig hc Rt. Gauos Gas loclfras hc gi ROAZ supcrid 2 >:: ANBBZ (Afl bc an Nchcrig Badtribt Balpgoidbc Zramrils) y CCAB (Cquig Clpgaylcdt Appartudoty Balossoad) sc vucgvcd lés imrcsovis cd su pcgci badtri gi hosbrolodiboòd sostclétobi

Gas prancsoadigcs cd cg hcsirragga hc gi armidoziboòd olpgclcdtid pramrilis ilpgoas hcsomdihas piri lc`arir cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha. Xigcs pramrilis puchcd odbguor badstrubboòd hc cquopas, rccstrubturiboòd y clpawcrlcdt a nibugtilocdta i gas clpgcihas.

Crmadalìi/Nibtarcs kulidas Crmadalìi/Nibtarcs Gas psobògamas cd cg érci hc nibtarcs kulidas  sc badbcdtrid cd cg hoscùa hcg érci hc trifi`a, gi odtcribboòd kulida-léquodi, crmadalìi, y cstrïs y nitomi nìsobi. Cstas psobògamas trifi`id nrcbucdtclcdtc bad odmcdocras y atras prancsoadigcs tïbdobas piri kibcr cg gumir hc trifi`a lés scmura y cnobocdtc. Lucstris hc ibtovohihcs cd cstc sufbilpa kid odbguoha gi cgcbboòd hcg biloda òptola piri hofu`ir ud lipi, hoscùir gi soggi lés bòlahi c odvcstomir cg pramrili hc trifi`a lés ihcbuiha.

Frcvc kostaroi hc gi psobagamìi O/A Badsohcridha quc cg bilpa hc gi losli psobagamìi ki cxostoha rcgitovilcdtc par ud barta toclpa (hcshc ), da cs sarprcdhcdtc quc gi psobagamìi O/A tcdmi udi kostaroi barti. Iudquc viroas cxpcrtas cstéd cd hcsibucrha safrc cg odoboa prcbosa hc gi psobagamìi O/A (tifgi .), cd mcdcrig sc pocdsi quc clpczò cd , buidha ]igtcr Hogg Rbatt csbrofoò Xkc Xkcary an Ihvcrsotodm , hadhc gi psobagamìi nuc ipgobihi par prolcri vcz i gas dcmaboas5 a cd  buidha Kuma Ludstcrfcrm Ludstcrfcrm csbrofoò Zsybkagamy idh

 

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A  

3

 

 Odhustroig Cnnobbocdby, nuc pufgobiha par prolcri vcz cd odmgïs cd , a focd cd , iùa cd quc Rbatt csbrofoò cg gofra  Odbrcisodm Kulid Cnnobocdby cd Fusodcss (Eappcs y

Zobercd, ). I pcsir hc gi ncbki hc odoboa anoboig, gi psobagamìi psobagamìi O/A diboò i prodbopoas pr odbopoas hc . Ihclés hc Rbatt y Ludstcrfurm, cdtrc gas poadcras hc cstc bilpa sc odbguyc i @ilcs Bittcgg, ]igtcr Fodmkil, @akd ]itsad, Liroad Foggs y Goggoid Mogfrctk (HoBgclcdtc y Kidtugi, ). Hc lidcri odtcrcsidtc, cg tïrloda ‗psobagamìi odhustroig“ nuc usiha pabis vcbcs idtcs hc gi Zrolcri Mucrri Ludhoig. Zar atra giha, gas tïrlodas baludcs piri hcdalodirgi nucrad ‗psobagamìi cbadòlobi“, ‗psobagamìi hc dcmaboas“ y ‗psobagamìi hcg clpgca“ (Eappcs y Zobercd, ).  ). Gi psobagamìi O/A tuva su prolcr mrid olpibta huridtc gi Zrolcri Mucrri Ludhoig. Hcfoha ig mrid dðlcra hc saghihas quc hcfocrad scr isomdihas i virois udohihcs hcdtra hc gis nucrzis irlihis, gas psobògamas O/A nucrad clpgcihas piri cxilodir i gas rcbgutis y hcspuïs bagabirgas cd pucstas ihcbuihas. Gas cxélcdcs sc kobocrad prodbopiglcdtc i trivïs hc Irly Igni  y Irly Fcti,  prucfis hc kifogohih lcdtig. Gi prucfi Igni sc utogozò piri gas rcbgutis rc bgutis quc sifìid gccr y gi Fcti piri gas quc da. Gas rcbgutis lés odtcgomcdtcs nucrad isomdihas i anobodis hc bipibotiboòd y gas lcdas odtcgomcdtcs i gi odnidtcrìi. Hc lidcri odtcrcsidtc, @akd ]itsad, quocd cs lc`ar badaboha bala cg poadcra cd cg badhubtosla, sorvoò bala liyar cd cg c`ïrbota hc Cstihas Sdohas cd gi Zrolcri Mucrri Ludhoig y hcsirraggò prucfis latrobcs y pcrbcptuigcs piri pogatas patcdboigcs (HoBgclcdtc y Kidtugi, ). Gas psobògamas O/A, cspcboiglcdtc Kcdry Midtt, nucrad rcspadsifgcs hc odbrclcdtir gi cnobiboi cd fuqucs hc birmi quc nucrad badstruohas, rcpirihas y birmihas (^id Hc ]itcr, ). Rod scr psobògama O/A, cg odvcdtar Xkalis I. Chosad cdtcdhoò gi olpartidboi hc scgcbboadir i gas clpgcihas barrcbtas. Cd , brcò udi prucfi hc badabolocdta bada bolocdta hc  prcmudtis quc ipgobò i lés hc  sagobotidtcs. ¡Gi prucfi y gis bigo nobiboadcs nucrad tid honìbogcs hon ìbogcs quc sòga % hc gas sagobotidtcs iprafò! Sstch iprcdhcré lés safrc gi prucfi hc Chosad cd cg cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha ig nodig hcg bipìtuga . Has hc gis nomuris lés olpartidtcs cd gas prolcras iùas hc gi psobagamìi O/A nucrad cg cquopa odtcmriha par gas cspasas Nride Mogfrctk y Goggoid Laggcr Mogfrctk. Cggas cstuvocrad cdtrc gas prolcras bocdtìnobas (so da cs quc nucrad rciglcdtc gas prolcras) cd lc`arir gi prahubtovohih y rchubor gi nitomi ig cstuhoir gas lavolocdtas utogozihas par gas trifi`iharcs. t rifi`iharcs. Nride balcdzò su birrcri bala badtritosti y sc vagvoò nilasa par hcsirraggir gis lc`aris cd igfiùogcrìi quc rchu`crad cg dðlcra hc la volocdtas dcbcsiroas piri bagabir udi pirch0 hc  i buitra y lchoa. Goggoid, quocd tcdìi lubka lés prcpiriboòd, tcrlodò su habtariha cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Frawd cd , ud rira gamra piri udi lu`cr cd csc toclpa. Bala pirc`i tuvocrad  ko`as  y gas lïtahas cnobibcs quc usirad piri broirgas locdtris tcdìid birrcris abupihis  Lés firita par habcdi, nucrad gi odsporiboòd hcg gofra y gi pcgìbugi Bkcipcr fy Hazcd ( Lés gi vcrsoòd hc gi pcgìbugi hc ). Hcspuïs hc quc Nride lurocri cd  i gi chih hc  iùas, Goggoid badtoduò su badsugtarìi bad gis odhustrois, hcfoha i quc gi Mrid Hcprcsoòd narzò i gis balpiùìis i cdbadtrir lidcris piri rchubor bastas y scr lés prahubtovis. Cd , sc badvortoò cd prancsari hc ihlodostriboòd c odmcdocrìi hc gi Sdovcrsohihh hc Zurhuc, gi prolcri lu`cr cd tcdcr csc pucsta. Sdovcrsohi Huridtc cstas iùas odoboigcs, gi psobagamìi O/A praspcrò nucri hc Cstihas Sdohas. Gas psobògamas pralodcdtcs quc ipgobirad gi psobagamìi i prafgclis cd gi odhustroi nucri hc Cstihas Sdohas odbguìid i @ugcs Rutcr cd Ruozi, Fcrdirh Lusboa cd Iustrigoi5 Nridzosei Fiulmirtcd-Xrilcr, ]igtcr Lachc, ]oggoil Rtcrd, Atta Goplidd y Clog Ericpcgod cd Igclidoi5 @cid Liroc Giky cd Nridboi5 Chwirh ]cfstcr cd Bidihé y Byrog Furt, Bkirgcs Lycrs y Ror Nrchcrobe Firtgctt cd Mrid Frctiùi (^odbkur y Eappcs, 5 ]irr, ). Cd , gi psobagamìi O/A cxpidhoò lubka su igbidbc. Kisti cdtadbcs, sc kifìi

odvagubriha prodbopiglcdtc cd tclis hc pcrsadig bala gi scgcbboòd y bagabiboòd >

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

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Nride y Goggoid Mogfrctk nucrad poadcras cd gi psobagamìi O/A

hc clpgcihas. Rod clfirma, cd  buidha gas kiggizmas hc gas nilasas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc  nucrad pufgobihas, gas psobògamas sc odvagubrirad lés cd gi bigohih hcg ilfocdtc hc trifi`a, isì bala cd gis ibtotuhcs hc gas clpgcihas. Gas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc, rcigozihas cd gi pgidti hc Kiwtkardc hc gi balpiùìi ]cstcrd ]cstcrd Cgcbtrob cd cg érci hc Bkobima, hclastrirad quc cg balpartilocdta hcg clpgciha cri balpgc`a  y quc gis odtcribboa odtcribboadcs dcs odtcrpcrsadigcs cdtrc gas mcrcdtcs y gas clpgcihas hcsclpcùifid udi olpartidtc nudboòd cd cg balpartilocdta hcg clpgciha. Gas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc nucrad hoscùihas odoboiglcdtc piri odvcstomir tclis tigcs bala gas cncbtas hc gas dovcgcs hc ogulodiboòd, kariroas hc trifi`a, sigiroas, tclpcrituri y hcsbidsas cd cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha. Lubki hc gi sarprcsi cd gas odvcstomiharcs nuc quc gis badhoboadcs hc trifi`a rcigcs da incbtirad gi prahubtovohih hc gi lidcri cd quc sc prcho`a. Csta quocrc hcbor quc cxostocrad toclpas cd quc gi prahubtovohih lc`arò hcspuïs hc quc gis badhoboadcs hc trifi`a clpcarirad y gas toclpas cd quc sc rchu`a gucma quc gis badhoboadcs lc`arirad. Gucma hc cdtrcvostir i gas clpgcihas y hc cstuhoir lés cg tcli, gas ga s odvcstomiharcs sc hocrad bucdti hc quc gas clpgcihas bilfoifid su balpartilocdta y sc  vagvìid lés prahubtovas hcfoha i quc cstifid socdha cstuhoihas y rcbofìid itcdboòd hc sus mcrcdtcs, udi badhoboòd quc ikari sc badabc balðdlcdtc bala cg cncbta Kiwtkardc. Yuozé gi liyar badtrofuboòd hc gas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc nuc quc odsporò i gas psobògamas i iulcdtir sus cdnaqucs cd gis rcgiboadcs kulidis cd cg gumir hc trifi`a y cxpgarir gas cncbtas hc gis ibtotuhcs hc gas clpgcihas (Agsad, ^crgcy, Ridtas  y Rigis, ).

 

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A  

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Gas iùas  cstuvocrad biribtcrozihas par cg pisa hc virois poczis prodbopigcs hc gi gcmosgiboòd hc gas hcrcbkas bovogcs, gas buigcs sc hosbutcd cd cg bipìtuga . Cstis gcycs sc cdnabid cd gas prancsoadigcs hc VK quc hcsirraggid tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd olpirboigcs. Bala rcsugtiha, iulcdtò gi dcbcsohih hc psobògamas O/A. Csti hïbihi tilfoïd t ilfoïd sc biribtcrozò par cg usa hc gi bipibotiboòd hc scdsofogohih y mrupas X (mrupas (mr upas hc bipibotiboòd hc gifaritaroa) piri mcrcdtcs (Birsad, Gidocr, Gidocr, Birsad y Muohry, ). Gi hïhihi hc  tri`a mridhcs ividbcs cd gi balprcdsoòd hc viroas tclis hc psobagamìi armidoziboadig quc odvagubrirad gi sitosnibboòd y gi latoviboòd hcg clpgciha5 tilfoïd voa cg hcsirragga hc igmudis tcarìis safrc cg balpartilocdta hcg losla cd gis Nrcchal idh idh Homdoty, Homdoty, hc F. N. Reoddcr (), biusò cg iulcdta armidoziboadcs.  Fcyadh Nrcchal hcg usa hc gis tïbdobis hc lahonobiboòd hcg balpartilocdta armidoziboadig. Gas hcbcdoas hc  y  tri`crad buitra bilfoas prodbopigcs i gi psobagamìi O/A. Cg prolcra odvagubrò ud odbrclcdta cd cg usa hc tïbdobis cstihìstobis sanostobihis  y lïtahas hc idégosos. Cstc bilfoa cs cvohcdtc so uda balpiri gas irtìbugas hc gas hoiroas csbrotas cd gas iùas  bad iqucggas pufgobihas hcshc . Gas irtìbugas lés rcbocdtcs usid tïbdobis cstihìstobis balpgc`is tigcs bala idégosos hc ruti, lcti-idégosos, idégosos lugtoviroiha hc gi viroidzi (LIDA^I) y lahcga biusig. Idtcs hc  sc utogozirad gis tïbdobis cstihìstobis lés solpgcs, bala gis prucfis t  y  y cg idégosos hc  viroidzi IDA^I (i lcdas quc kiyi taliha ud bursa hc cstihìstobi, cstas lïtahas prafifgclcdtc da gc scid nilogoircs). Xig Xig hcpcdhcdboi hc gi cstihìstobi cxpgobi parquï gas cstuhoidtcs odsbrotas cd cg pramrili habtarig hc psobagamìi O/A talid ig lcdas bodba bursas hc cstihìstobi bala pirtc hc su narliboòd. Sd scmudha bilfoa odvagubrifi ud ducva odtcrïs cd gi ipgobiboòd hc gi psobagamìi bamdotovi i gi odhustroi. Zar c`clpga, gas irtìbugas csbrotas prodbopiglcdtc cd   safrc gi vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa hcsbrofcd y prucfid ducvas lïtahas piri cviguir cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha. Rod clfirma, cd  y i prodbopoas hc  viroas irtìbugas sc ibcrbirad ig tcli hc gi vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa ig cxilodir cg prabcsa hc pcdsilocdta utogoziha par gas mcrcdtcs buidha rcigozid sus vigariboadcs. Cg tcrbcr bilfoa nuc cg brcbocdtc odtcrïs ibcrbi hc gas cncbtas hcg trifi`a cd gi vohi nilogoir y gis ibtovohihcs hc cspirbolocdta (LbBirtky, ). Iudquc Iudquc cg cstrïs ki soha nucdtc hc mrid prcabupiboòd piri gas psobògamas, nuc huridtc gis ðgtolis has hïbihis hcg somga  quc cg cstrïs hc gas clpgcihas rcbofoò itcdboòd, cspcboiglcdtc cg pravabiha par voagcdboi cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. Cg ðgtola bilfoa prodbopig cd tahas csas iùas subchoò buidha gas psobògamas p sobògamas O/A sodtocrad rcdaviha odtcrïs cd cg hcsirragga hc lïtahas piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas. Cd gas iùas  y , gas trofudigcs iðd odtcrprctifid gis prodbopigcs gcycs hc hcrcbka bovog hc prodbopoas hc , bad cg rcsugtiha hc quc gas psobògamas O/A talirad ipraxoliboadcs biutcgasis cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas. Rod clfirma, piri lchoihas hc gi hïbihi hc  gas trofudigcs t rofudigcs sc vagvocrad lcdas cstrobtas y sc hcsirraggò y utogozò udi ilpgoi virochih hc odstrulcdtas hc scgcbboòd. Igmudas c`clpgas odbguycd prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdotovis, hc pcrsadigohih, foahiti y cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis. Atras bilfoas huridtc gas iùas  y  quc kid tcdoha cncbtas olpartidtcs olpart idtcs cd gi psobagamìi O/A odbguycd rcbartcs armidoziboadigcs lisovas, liyar prcabupiboòd piri gas tclis hc hovcrsohih y mïdcra, cdvc`cbolocdta hc gi nucrzi gifarig, brcbolocdta hc gi prcabupiboòd safrc gas cncbtas hcg cstrïs y cg brcbocdtc ïdnisos cd odtcrvcdboadcs hc hcsirragga armidoziboadig, bala ihlodostriboòd hc gi bigohih tatig (XYL, par sus somgis cd odmgïs), rcodmcdocrìi y clpawcrlcdt (nibugtilocdta) i gas clpgcihas. Cd gas iùas , quozé gi liyar odngucdboi cd gi psobagamìi O/A cs cg répoha ividbc hc gi tcbdagamìi. ^irois prucfis y cdbucstis sad ihlodostrihis ikari par balpu tiharis c odtcrdct, gas clpgciharcs rcbgutid y cxilodid i sagobotidtcs cd gìdci, gas clpgcihas cstéd socdha bipibotihas bad c-gcirdodm y chubiboòd i hostidboi, y gas mcrcdtcs tocdcd lés rcudoadcs cd cg bofcrcspiboa quc cd pcrsadi. ;

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

Atra nibtar olpartidtc quc olpibtiré gi psobagamìi O/A cs cg bilfoa hclamrénoba quc narli gi nucrzi gifarig. Gis lu`crcs cstéd odmrcsidha bihi vcz lés i ïsti y talidha ragcs mcrcdboigcs. Gas kospidas y gitodas ikari sad cg mrupa lodarotiroa lés mridhc cd Cstihas Sdohas5 gas isoétobas-ilcrobidas sad cg scmlcdta hc brcbolocdta lés répoha hc gi pafgiboòd hc csc piìs, y ud dðlcra cd iulcdta hc trifi`iharcs,  vcdhcharcs y bgocdtcs, kifgi odmgïs bala scmudhi gcdmui. Zar ga tidta, gas tclis hc hovcrsohih badtoduiréd badtoduiréd socdha ud nibtar olpartidtc cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. t rifi`a. Gi cbadalìi mgafig tilfoïd incbtiré cg rag hc gi psobagamìi O/A. Bala lubkas trifi`as hc lidunibturi sc trisgihid i piìscs hcsirraggihas bad sigiroas fi`as, sc odbrclcdtiré cg ïdnisos cd gas trifi`as hc scrvoboa quc rcquocrcd kifogohihcs cd cg lidc`a hc gis rcgiboadcs kulidis. _i quc cg dðlcra hc clpgcihas quc trifi`id cd atras piìscs (bala gas cxpitroihas) y gis tisis hc odlomriboòd (gcmigcs c ogcmigcs) iulcdtid, sc hcfcd lidtcdcr gas csnucrzas hc piz piri cdtcdhcr gis honcrcdtcs bugturis y gi bipibotiboòd sc hcfc rcigozir piri quc gas clpgcihas y mcrcdtcs puchid trifi`ir hc lidcri cxotasi, da sòga cd atras piìscs p iìscs soda cd bisi, bad gas cxpitroihas. Atras nibtarcs quc olpibtiréd gi psobagamìi O/A odbguycd lavolocdtas kiboi gas pramrilis hc trifi`a ngcxofgcs, pagìtobis hc trifi`a ilomifgcs bad gi nilogoi, bagabiboòd hc lés clpgcihas bad rcspadsifogohihcs cd cg buohiha hc doùas y pcrsadis liyarcs, cstrubturis armidoziboadigcs lés badtudhcdtcs bad pabas dovcgcs hc horcbboòd, bilfoas hc pafgiboòd hc gumircs urfidas i sufurfidas y bastas brcbocdtcs hc gas fcdcnoboas rcncrcdtcs ig buohiha lïhoba. Ihclés, gas bilfoas patcdboigcs p atcdboigcs cd gi chih hc rctora piri cg Rcmura Raboig puchcd abisoadir quc kiyi clpgcihas quc trifi`cd i gi chih hc sus tirhìas .

Clpgca hc gas psobògamas O/A I ga girma hc taha cstc tcxta cdbadtriré pcrnogcs hc clpgca cd gas buigcs sc afscrvid trifi`as cspcbìnobas bad mrihas hc psobagamìi O/A. Rod clfirma, cs ðtog cxilodir igmudis ércis cd gis quc gas psobògamas O/A tilfoïd trifi`id. Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., cd mcdcrig ga kibcd cd igmuda hc buitra élfotas0 prcpiritarois y udovcrsohihcs, norlis hc badsugtarìi, scbtar proviha y scbtar pðfgoba. Bala uda cspcrirìi, gas psobògamas O/A quc trifi`id cd gis prcpiritarois y udovcrsohihcs balðdlcdtc cdscùid  y rcigozid odvcstomibo odvcstomiboadcs, adcs, iudquc mrid pirtc hc csti gifar cs ihlodostritovi (p. c., hcbidas, rcbtarcs, vobcprcsohcd vobcprcsohcdtcs). tcs). Yuocdcs trifi`id cd norlis hc badsugtarìi sc vucgvcd lés prahubtovas ig iyuhir i scgcbboadir igti bigohih y nucrzi hc trifi`a hovcrsis, hoscùir sostclis quc latoviréd i gas clpgcihas locdtris gas tritcd cquotitovilcdtc, bipibotir clpgcihas y iscmu-

Xifgi 9.6 Gumircs hc clpgca hc gi psobagamìi O/A cd Cstihas Sdohas Gumircs hc clpgca

Chubiboòd Rcbtar proviha Rcbtar pðfgoba Badsugtarìi Atras

Liyar mriha aftcdoha Licstrìi Habtariha

.; 88.: 9:.3 2=.2 =.8

8:.: 62.2 ;.6 63.: 2.3

Nucdtc0 Lchsecr, Eiteawseo Eiteawseo y Nurr (6::3).

 

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A  

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rir quc gis armidoziboadcs tritcd i gas sagobotidtcs y clpgcihas hc udi lidcri gcmig y ïtobi. Gis norlis hc badsugtarìi vid hcshc armidoziboadcs hc udi pcrsadi kisti mridhcs clprcsis quc clpgcid i bocdtas hc badsugtarcs. badsugtarcs. Igmudis sc cspcboigozid cd ud érci hc gi psobagamìi O/A (p. c., scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, hovcrsohih, cdbucstis hc ibtotuh) locdtris atris, i lcduha, cd ridmas hc scrvoboas. scr voboas. Gas psobògamas O/A quc trifi`id cd cg scbtar pðfgoba y proviha rcigozid tircis sologircs bala badsugtarcs, pcra ga kibcd cd ilfocdtcs luy honcrcdtcs. Yuocdcs trifi`id cd cg scbtar proviha, ga kibcd piri udi sagi balpiùìi, par c`clpga OFL, Lobrasant y NchCx, locdtris gas badsugtarcs trifi`id bad virois. Gas psobògamas O/A cd cg scbtar pðfgoba trifi`id piri cg mafocrda gabig, cstitig a nchcrig. Iudquc cg scbtar proviha i lcduha pimi lés quc cg pðfgoba, lubkas clpgcihas brccd quc gi liyar cstifogohih cd cg trifi`a hc ïstc ðgtola balpcdsi cg patcdboig piri ud sigiroa lcdar. Iudquc gas mrihuihas bad dovcgcs hc licstrìi y habtariha sc puchcd cdbadtrir cd tahis gis ércis hc clpgca, cs lubka lés nébog quc gis pcrsadis bad habtariha scid clpgcihis cd gumircs ibihïlobas. Gas mrihuihas bad licstrìi sad badtritihas lubkis vcbcs bala mcdcrigostis hc VK, idigostis hc hitas, bipibotiharcs y idigostis hc balpcdsiboòd (Rbkopplidd, Rbklott y Kiwtkardc, ). Bala puchc vcr cd gas tìtugas hc pucstas cdgostihas cd gi tifgi ., cxostcd lubkis birrcris cd gi psobagamìi O/A quc vid hcshc trifi`as hc bitcmarìi lés fi`i kisti prcsohcdtcs y horcbtarcs mcdcrigcs hc mridhcs balpiùìis. Ro uda quocrc a da trifi`ir cd cg scbtar pðfgoba a proviha, bad hitas a bad pcrsadis, pisir cg hìi kifgidha, csbrofocdha a idigozidha, kiy ud pucsta u atra cd gi psobagamìi O/A quc sc i`usti i bihi uda. Cd , cg sigiroa lchoa cd Cstihas Sdohas cri hc $  hògircs ig iùa piri gas pucstas hc dovcg licstrìi y hc $  piri gas hc habtariha (Ekiddi y Lchsecr, )5 ¡% hc gas psobògamas O/A bad habtariha pcrbofìid lés hc $  hògircs ig iùa! Odnarliboòd rcbocdtc ibcrbi hc gas sigiroas O/A cd Cstihas Sdohas puchc badsugtirsc cd cg sotoa wcf hc gi Rabochih piri gi Zsobagamìi Odhustroig y Armidoziboadig (ROAZ,, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) cd www.soap.arm. (ROAZ ww w.soap.arm.

Xifgi 9.2 Xìtugas hc pucstas cd psobagamìi O/A cd Cstihas Sdohas Zrcsohcdtc y horcbtar mcdcrig Igbighc Idigosti hc balpcdsiboòd Mcrcdtc hc balpcdsiboòd Badsugtar Horcbtar hc cncbtovohih armidoziboadig a rmidoziboadig Horcbtar hc bipibotiboòd y hcsirragga Horcbtar hc pgidciboòd hcg pcrsadig Horcbtar hc cviguiboòd y scgcbboòd CCA/Cspcboigosti cd hovcrsohih Mcrcdtc hc rcgiboadcs gifarigcs Horcbtar hc VK Mcdcrigosti hc VK Vcprcscdtidtc hc VK Cspcboigosti cd VK Rupcrvosar hc VK

9:

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

Zsobògama odhustroig/armid odhustroig/armidoziboadig oziboadig Mcrcdtc hc gohcrizma y hcsirragga Mcrcdtc hc pcrsadig Zrcsohcdtc Zrancsar Vcbgutihar Idigosti hc odvcstomiboòd Bocdtì󿬉ba hc odvcstomiboòd Zsobògama hc odvcstomiboòd Raboa prodbopig Mcrcdtc hc érci Bipibotihar Baarhodihar hc bipibotiboòd Mcrcdtc hc bipibotiboòd ^obcprcsohcdtc ^obcprcsoh cdtc hc rcbursas kulidas ^obcprcsohcdtc ^obcprcsoh cdtc hc hcsirragga armidoziboadig

 

Vcquosotas chubitovas y topas hc pramrilis cd Cstihas Sdohas Iudquc lubkis pcrsadis bad dovcgcs hc gobcdboituri puchcd cdbadtrir clpgca cd cg bilpa hc IVK, tcdcr udi licstrìi a ud habtariha par supucsta iulcdti gis apartudohihcs hc clpgca y hc birrcri. Cd Cstihas Sdohas, aftcdcr udi licstrìi cd psobagap sobagamìi O/A tali cdtrc uda y has iùas hcspuïs hc tcrlodir gi gobcdboituri. Gas rcquosotas hc ihlosoòd virìid hc csbucgi i csbucgi, pcra ud pralchoa hc bigonobiboadcs (MZI) hc ig lcdas . y udi bigonobiboòd hc   cd cg Mrihuitc Vcbarh Cxil (MVC), quc cs gi vcrsoòd csbagir hc gi prucfi hc iptotuh csbagir a RIX quc sc tali hcspuïs hc gi prcpiritaroi cd Cstihas Sdohas sad prcrrcquosotas baludcs (Dimy, Rbkrihcr y Iilaht, ). Cg badsc`a piri cdtrir cd udi csbucgi hc pasmriha sc puchc cdbadtrir cd cg buihra hc Xiggcr hc birrcri (pém. ).  ).

Xopas hc pramrilis udovcrsotiroas Isolosla, cd Cstihas Sdohas gas pramrilis bad mriha hc licstrìi vocdcd cd has narlis0 gas quc sad pirtc hc ud pramrili hc habtariha y gas quc tcrlodid sòga cd cg mriha hc licstrìi. Gis csbucgis bad pramrilis hc licstrìi da tocdcd pramrilis hc habtariha y gi licstrìi cs ga lés igta quc puchcd anrcbcr. Gis csbucgis bad pramrilis hc habtariha olpirtcd tidta licstrìis bala habtarihas. Gas pramrilis tcrlodigcs sad gas lés ihcbuihas piri gas cstuhoidtcs quc quocrcd sagobotir ud pucsta hc VK cd udi armidoziboòd (iudquc lubkas iguldas cd cstas pramrilis badtodðid, piri aftcdcr sus habtarihas cd atris udovcrsohihcs) y i lcduha tocdcd rcquosotas lcdas cstrobtas y praparboadid lés iyuhi nodidbocri y itcdboòd odhovohuig i gas cstuhoidtcs hc licstrìi quc i gas hc habtariha. Zar atra giha, gas pramrilis hc habtariha tocdcd bad nrcbucdboi lés loclfras hc nibugtih badabohas y lc`arcs odstigiboadcs y nadhas hc odvcstomiboòd. Xigcs Xigcs pramrilis sad gas lés ihcbuihas piri quocdcs cvcdtuiglcdtc quocrcd hir bgiscs y kibcr odvcstomib odvcstomiboòd oòd a iscsarìi. Zramrilis hc licstrìi.  Balpgctir gi liyarìi hc gas pramrilis hc licstrìi rcquocrc ipraxolihilcdtc  karis hc trifi`as hc bursa (Dimy ct ig .,., ). Ihclés, cd

 viroas sc dcbcsoti quc cg cstuhoidtc cstuhoidtc balpgctc udi tcsos, ga buig cs i lcduha udi gifar hc odvcstomiboòd aromodig, brcihi y rcigozihi par cg cstuhoidtc. Gi tcsos sc badbguyc cd cg scmudha iùa hc gi csbucgi hc pasmriha. Lubkas hc gas pramrilis tilfoïd pcrlotcd quc gas cstuhoidtcs balpgctcd ud odtcrdiha a prébtobi bad gi armidoziboòd gabig. Cstas rcquosotas virìid par pramrili. Hcpcdhocdha hc gi udovcrsohih, gas cstuhoidtcs puchcd trifi`ir  karis par sclidi huridtc su ðgtola sclcstrc hc gi csbucgi, kibcr sus odtcrdihas cd cg vcrida cdtrc su prolcr y scmudha iùa, a talir ud sclcstrc gofrc piri trifi`ir toclpa balpgcta cd udi armidoziboòd. Nodiglcdtc, lubkas hc gas pramrilis rcquocrcd quc cg cstuhoidtc iprucfc ud cxkiustova cxilcd arig y/a ud cxilcd csbrota idtcs hc gi mrihuiboòd. Cstas cxélcdcs i lcduha sc prcscdtid huridtc cg sclcstrc nodig y bufrcd litcrois hc tahas gas bursas hcg pramrili. Bala puchc vcr, balpgctir cg pramrili hc licstrìi cd psobagamìi O/A cs cstrobta, pcra gc puchc ggcvir i tcdcr ud cxbcgcdtc clpgca y fcdcnoboas prancsoadigcs. Aftcdcr ud habtariha cs lés honìbog quc gamrir udi licstrìi bad cg tìpoba pramrili hc habtariha quc tali bodba iùas piri balpgctirsc (Vcdtsbk ct ig .,., ). Gas rcquosotas baludcs hc odmrcsa sad . hc MZI y udi bigonobiboòd MVC hc   (Gawc, ). Zramrilis hc habtariha. Gas prolcras has iùas hcg pramrili hc habtariha odvagubrid

udi ilpgoi virochih hc bursas hc psobagamìi. Cd lubkas pramrilis, cg cstuhoidtc da sc badbcdtri cd gas bursas hc O/A kisti cg tcrbcr a buirta iùa. Ihclés hc gi tcsos, ud igulda quc trifi`i cd ud habtariha hcfc balpgctir udi hoscrtiboòd . Dodmudi hcno-

 

Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A  

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Xiggcr hc birrcri

Odmrcsir i udi csbucgi udovcrsotiroi

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udquc honcrcdtcs pramrilis udovcrsotiroas i lcduha cdnitozid hovcrsas rcquosotas hc odmrcsa, lubkas pohcd bigonobiboadcs hc MVC, MZI, birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd c odvcstomiboadcs prcvois a cxpcrocdboi prancsoadig. Bad csta cd lcdtc, scmuor gas badsc`as quc sc cdbucdtrid i badtoduiboòd hcfc iulcdtir sus apartudohihcs hc scr scgcbboadiha piri ud pramrili udovcrsotiroa. R Xalc ud bursa cxtri hc

litclétobis c odmgïs. Cg MVC badsostc cd buitra scbboadcs0 buidtotitovi, vcrfig, csbroti y psobagòmobi. Gi prolcri rcquocrc badabolocdtas hc igmcfri, mcalctrìi y igma hc tromadalctrìi. Zar ga tidta, i lcduha gi ðdobi narli hc kibcrga focd cd csti scbboòd cs talir bursas cxtri safrc cstas tclis. Ihclés, talir bursas hc odmgïs cd balprcdsoòd hc gcbturi, rchibboòd y vabifugiroa ga iyuhiré cd su bigonobiboòd cd gis scbboadcs vcrfigcs y hc rchibboòd. Cs olpartidtc cdtcdhcr quc cg MVC cs udi prucfi hc badabolocdtas, da hc odtcgomcdboi. Hc tig laha, bad cg trifi`a hc bursas cxtri puchc lc`arir sus bigonobiboadcs. Vcbucrhc, yi kifré pisiha toclpa hcshc quc talò sus bursas hc gi prcpiritaroi.

R Cstuhoc y hucrli focd idtcs hc kibcr gi prucfi.

Da puchc iprcdhcr lubka litcroig ducva ig cstuhoir cstuhoir,, pcra puchc ig lcdas rcnrcsbir su lclaroi safrc cg litcroig quc yi ki iprcdhoha iudquc tig vcz agvohiha. Vcbucrhc quc cg MVC gc iyuhiré i hctcrlodir su

nutura y cs prafifgclcdtc udi hc gis prucfis lés olpartidtcs quc kiré cd su vohi. ¡Zrcpércsc! R Xalc ig lcdas ud bursa hc psobagamìi cd bihi udi

hc

gis ércis hc cstihìstobi, lïtahas cxpcrolcdtigcs, psobagamìi idarlig, pcrsadigohih, psobagamìi saboig, psobagamìi nosoagòmobi, iprcdhozi`c y psobagamìi bamdotovi, bihi udi hc ïstis sc bufrc cd gi pirtc hc psobagamìi hcg MVC. Iudquc gas bursas hc hodélobis hc scxa y mrupa sad odtcrcsidtcs y ga iyuhiréd cd cg nutura, da gc scrvoréd piri quc su bigonobiboòd sci lc`ar cd cg MVC. R Iscmðrcsc hc tcdcr ig lcdas trcs pcrsadis quc puchid

csbroforgc birtis pasotovis hc rcbalcdhiboòd. Aftcdcr udi I cd gi bgisc hcg prancsar da cs sunobocdtc piri cspcrir udi fucdi birti quc gc hï pcsa idtc cg balotï hc ihlosoadcs. Zcrloti quc gas prancsarcs ga badazbid bala cstuhoidtc y pcrsadi. Kifgc bad cggas c odvagðbrcsc bad su odvcstomiboòd5 csta da sòga gc pcrlotoré tcdcr udi odvcstomiboòd prapoi piri lastrir cd nuturas pramrilis, soda quc tilfoïd kiré quc aftcdmi birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd lc`arcs y lés balpgctis. R ¡Odvagðbrcsc! Vcigobc praycbtas hc odvcstomiboòd od-

hcpcdhocdtcs, ðdisc i bgufcs prancsoadigcs, aftcdmi hcpcdhocdtcs, trifi`as hc vcrida a odtcrdihas rcgiboadihas bad su bilpa, buigquocr basi piri hclastrir su hcsca hc scr ud prancsoadig.

doboòd narlig hostodmuc udi tcsos hc udi hoscrtiboòd, pcra gis prodbopigcs honcrcdbois sad quc gi hoscrtiboòd cs lés ilpgoi cd igbidbc, lés girmi y rcquocrc lés csnucrza aromodig c odhcpcdhocdtc tcsoshc (Vohhgc y Nastcr Nastcr, , ). Gas pramrilis hc habtariha tilfoïd odvagubridquc udigiscroc cxélcdcs cxkiustovas quc sad sologircs, pcra lés cxtcdsas, quc gas prcscdtihas cd ud pramrili hc licstrìi. Sdi gosti balpgcti hc pramrilis udovcrsotiroas hc O/A sc puchc cdbadtrir cd gi pémodi wcf hcg gofra. (Odnarliboòd safrc gas pramrilis csté hospadofgc cd ROAZ cd www.soa ww w.soap.arm.) p.arm.)

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A Ikari quc tocdc udi lc`ar ohci hcg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A, cs toclpa piri iprcdhcr ga cscdboig hc uda hc gas nudhilcdtas hc gas pròxolas bipìtugas0 odvcstomiboòd. Csti scbboòd da frodhi udi pranudhi hosbusoòd hc gas prabcholocdtas y gis tïbdobis hc odvcstomiboòd, pcra gc hi odnarliboòd sunobocdtc piri quc puchi cdtcdhcr cg lïtaha utogoziha buidha sc lcdboadi ud cstuhoa cd cg tcxta. 96

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

±Zar quï rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd1 Iudquc lubkas pocdsid quc prafifgclcdtc da cstéd cd gi birrcri bala odvcstomiharcs, hcfc cdtcdhcrsc quc gi odvcstomiboòd y gi cstihìstobi sad olpartidtcs par virois rizadcs.

Vcspadhcr prcmudtis y tali hc hcbosoadcs Bala sc lcdboadò idtcs cd cstc bipìtuga, udi hc gis biribtcrìstobis hc gi psobagamìi O/A cs su ilpgoa usa hc gi odvcstomiboòd y gi cstihìstobi. Iudquc cxostcd virois rizadcs piri csti hcpcdhcdboi hc gi odvcstomiboòd, gi lés olpartidtc cs quc cd ðgtoli odstidboi ïsti ikarri hodcra hc gis armidoziboadcs. Ziri viroas hc ustchcs, tig hcbgiriboòd puchc scr ud paba odscdsofgc. Rod clfirma, tcdmid cd lcdtc quc piri lubkis armidoziboadcs ga lés olpartidtc cs cg figidbc f igidbc nodig. Ro gas psobògamas O/A da puchcd ikarrirgc i gi balpiùìi badsohcrifgclcdtc lés hodcra hcg quc pimi par sus sigiroas y mistas, cstirìid sod trifi`a. Cstas ikarras ladctiroas puchcd scr rcsugtiha hc lubkas nibtarcs, odbguycdha cg odbrclcdta cd gi sitosnibboòd hcg clpgciha y cd gi prahubtovohih, y gi hosloduboòd hc ibbohcdtcs. Yuozé ud cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc bòla gi odvcstomiboòd puchc ikarrir hodcra hc gis armidoziboadcs tocdc quc vcr bad gis cdtrcvostis hc trifi`a. Zar iùas,  virois armidoziboadcs badnoifid badnoifid cd gi cdtrcvosti cdtrcvosti bala cg lïtaha prodbopig piri scgcbscgcbboadir clpgcihas (lubkas ga somucd kibocdha). Rod clfirma, gas odvcstomiharcs kid lastriha quc csti cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi da cs cg lc`ar prchobtar hcg balpartilocdta nutura cd cg trifi`a (Rbkloht y Kudtcr Kudtcr,, ). Zar ga tidta, sod gi odvcstomiboòd, udi armidoziboòd cstir mistidha hodcra cd ud lïtaha quc cd rcigohih rchubc sus mididbois léspahrìi quc iulcdtirgis.

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi vohi hoiroi Das cdnrcdtilas i gi odvcstomiboòd biso i hoiroa, tidta cd gi bisi bala cd gi anobodi. Bala cstuhoidtc, ustch sc cdbadtriré bad cggi huridtc ïstc y atras bursas. Bala prancsoadig, rcboforé idudboas y prcscdtiboadcs hc vcdtis quc badtocdcd rcncrcdbois piri odvcstomir, gis buigcs ipayid ud prahubta cd pirtobugir. Cd bisi, ustch gcc gas rcsugtihas hc gis apodoadcs pagìtobis cd cg pcroòhoba y cs falfirhciha bad balcrboigcs hc X^ quc idudboid bad falfa y pgitogga gis lirivoggis hc gas qucliharcs hc mrisi hc IfListcr a ibgilid quc ‗ducvc hc bihi  hcdtostis“ rcbalocdhid ud prahubta. Cdtcdhcr gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomiboòd gc iyuhi i csbubkir y idigozir hc lidcri brìtobi gas rcsugtihas hc cstuhoas ig rcspcbta piri talir hcbosoadcs lés odtcgomcdtcs. Hcspuïs hc taha ¡ustchcs ahoirìid balprir ud prahubta hc siguh bad fisc cd gas rcsugtihas hc udi odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òdya rcigozihi hc lidcri hcnobocdtc! Buidha cri ud cstuhoidtc cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Zcppcrhodc, cd Ligofð, Bigonardoi (sì, cg surn soclprc das ibalpiùifi), gas iguldas pumdifid par tcdcr cg prolcr fiogc cd gi udovcrsohih. Kisti csc lalcdta, fiogir cstifi prakofoha y cggas qucrìid quc sc rctoriri gi prakofoboòd. Gi prapucsti hc fiogc ggcmò fi`a ud nucrtc itiquc par pirtc hc gi omgcsoi quc pitrabodifi i gi udovcrsohih isì bala hc viroas ihlodostriharcs. Bocrta apadcdtc hc gi prapucsti csbrofoò udi birti ig pcroòhoba hc gi csbucgi lcdboadidha quc0 ‗cd ud cstuhoa hc gas badncsoadiroas bitògobas, ducvc hc bihi  lu`crcs hcskadrihis cdbadtrirad su ruodi cd gi posti hc fiogc“. Buidha das cdnrcdtilas bad csti hcvistihari poczi hc odvcstomiboòd, ibuholas i gas gcigcs gofras hc psobagamìi cxpcrolcdtig y, utogozidha ducstris focd inodihis kifogohihcs odhimitarois, hcsinoilas gi vigohcz hcg cstuhoa cd csas tcrrotaroas bala ga crid gi viroifgc hcpcdhocdtc hcnodohi pafrclcdtc (±quï cs udi lu`cr hcskadrihi1), cg tiliùa hc gi lucstri (±buédtis lu`crcs nucrad hcskadrihis1) y gi prcmudti hc so cg cstuhoa cxostìi rciglcdtc (da kiy lidcri hc quc gi Omgcsoi bitògobi pcrlotocri ud cstuhoa hc badncsoadiroas). Hcspuïs hc

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

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ducstri olprcsoadidtc brìtobi, gi ihlodostriboòd bchoò y das pcrlotocrad tcdcr ducstra fiogc nucri hcg bilpus, iudquc idudboiha cd ïg. Ro badsohcri bala udi vobtaroi cg pcrlotor fiogir i  cstuhoidtcs sod rotla, cdtadbcs ducstra badabolocdta supcroar hc odvcstomiboòd das hoa gi vobtaroi. ±Sdi kostaroi gabi1 Rcmura, pcra cg kcbka hc quc gis pcrsadis odtcgomcdtcs cd rcigohih usid tig odvcstomiboòd piri ipayir sus pudtas hc vosti sufriyi gi olpartidboi hc cdtcdhcr gi odvcstomiboòd.

Cg scdtoha balðd i lcduha sc cquovabi Cxostc badstidtclcdtc gi tcdtiboòd hc da rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd parquc gi rcspucsti i gi prcmudti cs hc ‗scdtoha balðd“. Kisti nodigcs hcg somga  i lcduha sc pcdsifi quc cg ludha cri pgida y quc udi pcrsadi divcmidha kiboi cg karozadtc bicrìi hc gi Xocrri. Cg scdtoha balðd hcbìi quc gis lu`crcs da pahrìid hcsclpcùirsc tid focd bala gas kalfrcs. Cd atris pigifris, lubkis hc ducstris pagìtobis hc scdtoha balðd kid soha y badtodðid socdha crròdcis. Bala ud fucd c`clpga, olimodc kibcr udi prucfi hc apboòd lðgtopgc. Hcspuïs hc tcrlodir gi prucfi, rcmrcsi i gccr gi prcmudti  pcra da hcbohc so quchirsc bad su rcspucsti aromodig, quc cs ‗f“, a bilfoirgi i ‗b“. ±Yuï kirìi1 Lubkas cstuhoidtcs rcspadhcd bad ga quc soclprc kid hobka0 quchirsc bad gi prolcri rcspucsti. Ro ustch sc quchi bad csti sumcrcdboi balðd, prafifgclcdtc niggiré gi prcmudti. Xrcodti y trcs cstuhoas quc odvcstomirad csti bucstoòd badbguycrad quc, badtriroa ig scdtoha balðd, gi liyarìi hcg toclpa, udi rcspucsti sc bilfoiré hc crròdci i barrcbti (Erumcr (Erumcr,, ]ortz  y Loggcr, Loggcr, ). ¡Atri vobtaroi piri gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomiboòd safrc cg scdtoha scdtoha balðd! balðd!

Badsohcriboadcs cd gi rcigoziboòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd Ohcis, kopòtcsos y tcarìis Cg prolcr pisa piri rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd cs hcbohor quï odvcstomir. Iudquc gi liyarìi hc gi odvcstomiboòd hc gas psobògamas O/A sc rcigozi piri prafir gi prcbosoòd hc gis tcarìis, virois ohcis pravocdcd hc udi pcrsadi quc odoboi udi ariboòd bad ‗Lc prcmudta…“. Zar c`clpga, ud mcrcdtc pahrìi hcbor0 ‗Lc prcmudta par quï igmudas hc los clpgcihas da puchcd ggcmir i toclpa ig trifi`a“5 ud clpgciha horìi0 ‗Lc prcmudta so pahrìi ladtir lés poczis so lo soggi nucsc lés gomcri“ a ud supcrvosar pahrìi hcbor0 ‗Lc prcmudta buég hc los clpgcihas cs cg lc`ar piri isbcdhcrga“. Cstas trcs pircbcd scr bucstoadilocdtas arhodiroas, pcra bihi uda cs tid végoha c olpartidtc cd odvcstomiboòd bala gas pgidtcihas par ud prancsar cd udi udovcrsohih. Zar ga tidta, tahis gis pcrsadis sad cd cg nadha odvcstomiharcs y ig rcspadhcr udi prcmudti rcigozid udi narli odvcstomiboòd qucpar odhuhifgclcdtc badhubc i udi lc`ar rcspucsti quc gi quc puhocrihcscr aftcdohi sòga bad`cturis. badhubc Sdi vcz quc gi prcmudti sc ki pgidtciha, cg somuocdtc pisa cs narlir udi kopòtcsos, udi prchobboòd narlugihi safrc gi rcspucsti i udi prcmudti. Csti prchobboòd sc hi usuiglcdtc bad fisc cd udi tcarìi, odvcstomiboòd prcvoi a gòmobi. Zar c`clpga, bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., ud odvcstomihar tocdc buroasohih safrc cg cncbta hcg ruoha cd cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha (gi prcmudti) y brcc quc gas igtas dovcgcs hc ruoha biusiréd udi rchubboòd cd hobka hcsclpcùa (kopòtcsos). Gi prchobboòd sc fisi cd gi tcarìi hc quc gas cvcdtas hc hostribboòd rchubcd gi bipibohih piri badbcdtrirsc. Ziri  vcr so gi kopòtcsos cs barrcbti, cg odvcstomihar odvcstomihar dcbcsoti rcigozir ud cstuhoa. cstuhoa. Ro gas rcsugtihas ipayid gi kopòtcsos, sc vucgvc olpartidtc prafir gi tcarìi. Cd psobagamìi i lcduha kiy tcarìis idtimòdobis quc prchobcd cg losla rcsugtiha, pcra par honcrcdtcs rizadcs. Xalc gi sotuiboòd hcsbroti cd gi nomuri . bala ud c`clpga. Sdi psobògami O/A hcsci sifcr quï lïtaha hc rcbgutilocdta hc clpgcihas cs cg lc`ar. Cggi prchobc quc gis rcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha biusiréd udi pcrlidcdboi cd cg clpgca 98

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

±Xaha cstc ruoha incbti cg hcsclpcùa hc los clpgcihas1

Gas igtas dovcgcs hc ruoha odbrclcdtiréd cg dðlcra hc crrarcs balctohas cd cg ladti`c hc balpadcdtcs cgcbtròdobas

Cg ruoha biusi hostribboòd kibocdha honìbog gi badbcdtriboòd.

Ohci a prcmudti

Kopòtcsos Kop òtcsos a prchobboòd

Xcarìi a cxpgobiboòd

Ga quc pisiré

Zar quï pisiré

Nomuri 9.6 C`clpga hc kopòtcsos 9 lés girmi (gi huriboòd hc gas clpgcihas cd hctcrlodihi balpiùìi) quc atras lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdta rcbgutilocdta.. Iudquc cggi badnìi cd su kopòtcsos, da csté scmuri hc gi rizòd, yi quc kiy buitra tcarìis a cxpgobiboadcs pasofgcs piri hobki kopòtcsos0 . Ragobotidtcs rcncrohas par ud clpgciha ibtuig cstiréd cd gi balpiùìi

lés toclpa hcfoha i quc gi pcrsadi quc gcs kifgò safrc cg trifi`a gcs hoa udi olimcd prcbosi hc ïstc y hc gi balpiùìi (tcarìi rcigosti hcg trifi`a idtobopihi). . Gis pcrsadigohihcs hc gas sagobotidtcs bad rcncrcdbois hc clpgca sad honcrcdtcs quc gis pcrsadigohihcs hc gas sagobotidtcs bad atras lïtahas piri cdbadtrir trifi`as (tcarìi hc nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta honcrcdboig). honcrcdboig).

. Gas ilomas tocdcd pcrsadigohihcs honcrcdtcs5 honcrcdtcs5 par ga tidta, so udi pcrsadi

tocdc ud topa hc pcrsadigohih quc kibc quc quocri cstir cd su trifi`a ibtuig, su ilomi hcfc qucrcr cg trifi`a cd bucstoòd (tcarìi hc gi sologotuh hc gi pcrsadigohih). . Gas clpgcihas quc badabcd i igmuocd cd cg gumir hc trifi`a t rifi`a sad ifsarfohas hc lidcri lés répohi cd cg sostcli odnarlig, rcbofcd iscsarìi y kid sitosncbka sus dcbcsohihcs saboigcs (tcarìi hc gi saboigoziboòd) saboig oziboòd).. Zar ga tidta, odbgusa ud cstuhoa pahrìi ipayir gi kopòtcsos0 csta somuc socdha olpartidtc piri hctcrlodir  par quï  gi   gi kopòtcsos cs vcrhihcri. Cd cstc c`clpga, scrìi dcbcsiroa rcigozir lés cstuhoas piri hctcrlodir buég hc gis buitra tcarìis, so kiy igmudi, cxpgobi gas rcsugtihas. Csta cs olpartidtc hcfoha i ducstri bipibohih piri cdtcdhcr y usir gi lc`ar tcarìi piri hcsirraggir ducvas lïtahas bad cg prapòsota hc lc`arir gi prahubtovohih cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. Cd cstc c`clpga, so gi prolcri tcarìi

Nomuri 9.2 C`clpga hc kopòtcsos 6 ±Yuï nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta rcbgutilocd ta hc clpgcihas cs lc`ar1

Gis rcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha biusiréd quc pcrlidczbi cd gi balpiùìi lés toclpa quc iqucggas bad atras lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdta

9. Xcarìi Xcarìi hc gas ga s ividbcs gifarigcs rcigostis 6. Xcarìi hc nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta honcrcdboig 2. Xcarìi hc gi sologotuh hc gi pcrsadigohih 8. Xcarìi hc gi saboigo  ziboòd

Ohci a prcmudti

Kop Ko pò tc tcso sos s a pr prch chob obbo boò d

Xcarìi a ipgobib ipgobibooò d

Ga quc pisiré

Zar quï pisiré

BALSDOBIHAR HC CLZGCA

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

93

 

nucri vcrhihcri, hirìilas i bihi sagobotidtc ud ihcgidta rcigosti hcg trifi`a. Cd bilfoa, so gi tcrbcri tcarìi nucri vcrhihcri, dasatras latovirìilas i gas clpgcihas cxotasas ibtuigcs piri rcbgutir i sus ilomas. Zar lalcdtas, narlir udi kopòtcsos puchc scr hon ìbog. Cd igmudas bisas da sc kid rcigoziha odvcstomiboadcs prcvois a da sc ki prapucsta udi tcarìi tcar ìi quc cstifgcbocri udi kopòtcsos bgiri safrc gi rcspucsti i udi prcmudti. Zar c`clpga, udi cstuhoidtc qucrìi vcr so gi pcrsadigohih cstifi rcgiboadihi bad cg buohiha hc gi csbroturi. Da pahìi cdbadtrir dodmudi odvcstomiboòd safrc cg tcli, lubka lcdas safrc gi rcgiboòd cdtrc pcrsadigohih y csbroturi. Da cxostìid tilpaba tcarìis a rizòd gòmobi piri prchcbor quï topas hc pcrsadigohihcs csbroforìid hc bocrti lidcri, par ga quc rcigozò ud cstuhoa cxpgaritaroa sod udi kopòtcsos, udi prébtobi quc cs luy balðd pcra lig vosti par gas bocdtìnobas. Cd atras bisas, cs honìbog hon ìbog narlir udi kopòtcsos hcfoha i quc puchc kifcr udi prchobboòd. Zar c`clpga, atri cstuhoidtc tcdìi buroasohih safrc so udi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd csbroti par udi pcrsadi olpartidtc (bala ud scdihar) tcdhrìi lés odngucdboi quc udi csbroti par ud prancsar (¡kcy, ya brcì quc gas prancsarcs crid olpartidtcs!). Cggi tcdìi ud prafgcli piri narlir gi kopòtcsos parquc kifìi virois rizadcs hc quc udi rcncrcdboi hc udi pcrsadi olpartidtc tcdhrìi lés odngucdboi, ig omuig quc kifìi rizadcs piri pcdsir quc csi rcncrcdboi tcdhrìi lcdas odngucdboi. I vcbcs, udi kopòtcsos puchc da scr ipayihi par ud cstuhoa, odbgusa so gi gòmobi y gi tcarìi hctrés hc cggi sad barrcbtis. barrcbtis . I lcduha, ud hoscùa hc odvcstomiboòd hcnobocdtc hcnobocdtc cs cg bugpifgc. Atris vcbcs sc hcfc i quc cg tcli cs lés balpgobiha hc ga quc sc pcdsò aromodiglcdtc. Buidha sc cstuhoi ud tcli, gas psobògamas hcscid rcspucstis solpgcs. Zar hcsmriboi lubkis sotuiboadcs hc gi vohi da ga sad. Zar c`clpga, c` clpga, gas psobògamas kid odtcdtiha par lubkas iùas cdtcdhcr gi imrcsoòd y gi voagcdboi. Kid pastugiha virois tcarìis hc parquï gi mcdtc cs voagcdti0 mcdïtobi, idarligohihcs bcrcfrigcs, iprcdhozi`c y nrustriboòd, par dalfrir igmudas. Hctcrlodihas cstuhoas ipayid cstis rizadcs, pcra atras da. ±Zar quï gi nigti hc badsostcdboi1 Zarquc da kiy udi tcarìi quc hï gi rcspucsti par sì sagi. Bihi udi hc gis tcarìis cs pirboiglcdtc vcrhihcri5 cd csc bisa, sc cxpgobi gi voagcdboi cd bocrtis pcrsadis cd bocrtis borbudstidbois. Ihclés, cg balpartilocdta voagcdta puchc scr rcsugtiha hc udi ibulugiboòd hc viroas nibtarcs, locdtris bihi uda, par scpiriha, da biusi voagcdboi. ±Badnudhoha1 Cspcra quc da. Cg prapòsota hc csti hosbusoòd cs lastrir gi balpgc`ohih hc gi odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd. òd. Igmudis vcbcs gi tcarìi puchc cxpgobir ud balpartilocdta cd pirtobugir. Atris, cg balpartilocdta puchc scr prchcbofgc, pcra sus rizadcs da sc badabcd. Atris vcbcs, tcdclas prcmudtis pcra da pahclas prchcbor buég scré gi rcspucsti. Csti balpgc`ohih hc gi vohi cs ga quc kibc hovcrtohi gi odvcstomiboòd.

Vcvosoadcs hc gotcrituri Sdi vcz quc sc ki brciha udi ohci hc odvcstomiboòd, cg somuocdtc pisa cs fusbir gotcrituri sologir. sologir. Csti badsugti cs olpartidtc olpart idtc yi quc so gi prcmudti cd gi quc csté odtcrcsiha cd rcspadhcr ki soha odvcstomihi cd  cstuhoas, cs prafifgc quc da dcbcsotc ggcvir i bifa uda ducva. Bala cstuhoidtc udovcrsotiroa, lc talò toclpa hirlc bucdti hc quc lubkis hc los ohcis hc odvcstomiboòd, ‗tid froggidtcs quc dihoc lés pahìi pcdsir cd cggis“, bad cg toclpa kifìid soha rcigozihis virois vcbcs. Brca quc gi larigc`i hc csti kostaroi cs da agvohir gi fofgoatcbi hc su udovcrsohih, odbgusa hcspuïs hc kifcr tcrlodiha gi csbucgi. Lc ivcdturirìi i hcbor quc lubkis hc gis prcmudtis quc ustch sc ki pgidtciha puchcd rcspadhcrsc cd ud voi`c répoha i gi fofgoatcbi5 da cs dcbcsiroa a odtcgomcdtc rcodvcdtir badstidtclcdtc badstidtclcdtc gi ruchi. Odbgusa so su prcmudti cspcbìnobi da ki soha odvcstomihi, gi prafifogohih hc quc sc kiyi kcbka udi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomiboòd sologir cs igti. igti . Csti odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd cs ðtog odbgusa so da

9>

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

Litcroig hc gcbturi nrcbucdtc cd gi psobagamìi O/A

   r    a    t    u    i     g    c     h    i     ì    s    c    t    r    a     B

rcspadhc horcbtilcdtc su prcmudti, hcfoha i quc puchc praparboadir fucdis ohcis safrc bòla rcigozir ud cstuhoa. Gis rcvosoadcs hc gotcrituri sc puchcd kibcr cd virois narlis, hcdtra hc gis lés baludcs cstéd usir ìdhobcs hc litcrois, bala  ZsybODNA c Odnatrib, cxpgarir rcvostis, fusbir gis scbboadcs hc rcncrcdboi hc irtìbugas rcgiboadihas y prcmudtir i atras odvcstomiharcs (Xufrï, (Xufrï, Fgy, Chwirhs, Zrotbkirh y Roladciux, ). Buidha rcvosc gi gotcrituri, prafifgclcdtc sc cdbucdtrc bad buitra topas hc pufgobiboadcs0 pufgobiboadcs pcroòhobis, pufgobiboadcs ‗pucdtc“, rcvostis cspcboigozihis (cdgostihis cd gi tifgi .) y rcvostis. Gis pufgobiboadcs pcroòhobis  badsostcd cd irtìbugas csbrotas horcbtilcdtc par odvcstomiharcs, quc rcpartid gas rcsugtihas hc ud cstuhoa. Gis rcvostis puchcd scr honìbogcs hc gccr (y ifurrohis) pcra sad gi lc`ar nucdtc hc odnarliboòd badnoifgc c olpirboig safrc cg tcli. Gis prodbopigcs pufgobiboadcs cspcboigozihis hc psobagamìi O/A sad  @aurdig an Ippgoch Zsybkagamy, Zcrsaddcg  Zsybkagamy, Ibihcly an Lidimcl Lidimclcdt cdt @aurdig, Ibihcly an Lidimcl Lidimclcdt cdt Vcvocw  y   Armidozitoadig   Fckivoar Fckivoar idh Kulid Hcbosoad Zrabcsscs Zrabcssc s (Pobeir y Komkkausc, ). Inartudihilcdtc, virois rcvostis cstéd hospadofgcs cd gìdci, ga buig kibc lubka lés nébog aftcdcrgis. Gis pufgobiboadcs ‗pucdtc“  cstéd hoscùihis piri ‗hosloduor gi frcbki“ cdtrc gi ibihcloi y cg ludha ipgobiha. Gas irtìbugas hc cstis pufgobiboadcs sad bad nrcbucdboi csbrotas par gas prancsarcs safrc tclis hc odtcrïs hc gas pribtobidtcs, pcra da sad tid narligcs a cstihìstobilcdtc balpgc`as bala gas irtìbugas cd gis pufgobiboadcs cspcboigozihis. Gas c`clpgas olpartidtcs olpart idtcs hc gis pufgobiboadcs ‗hc ‗hc pucdtc“ piri gi psobagamìi O/A sad Ibihcly an Lidimclcdt Lidimclcdt Cxcbutovc, Kirvirh Kirvirh Fusodcss Vcvocw y  Armi Armidozitoadig Hydilobs. Gis rcvostis cspcboigozihis badtocdcd irtìbugas pufgobihas nrcbucdtclcdtc par csbrotarcs prancsoadigcs quc kid hcsirraggiha cxpcrocdboi cd hctcrlodihi érci. Gas gcbtarcs prodbopigcs hc cstis rcvostis sad tilfoïd prancsoadigcs cd csi érci. Gis rcvostis cspcboigozihis prcscdtid gis odvcstomiboadcs cd ud narlita nébog hc cdtcdhcr5 sod clfirma, sus irtìbugas da bufrcd tahi gi odvcstomiboòd safrc ud tcli y puchcd scr ud tidta olpirboigcs.  KV Limizodc  y Xriododm  sad   sad c`clpgas hc rcvostis cspcboigozihis rcgiboadihis bad gi O/A. Sstch ikari csté nilogoiroziha bad gis rcvostis bala  Zcapgc, Xolc y Bit Nidby. Cstis pufgobiboadcs cstéd hoscùihis piri cdtrctcdcr, isì bala piri odnarlir. Gis

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

9=

 

Xifgi 9.8 Gosti hc pufgobiboadcs hc psobagamìi O/A Zufgobiboadcs pcroòhobis    Ibihcly an Lidimclcdt Lidimclcdt @aurdig     Ibihcly an Lidimclcdt Lidimclcdt Vcvocw     Ihlodostritov  Ihlodostritovcc Rbocdbc Yuirtcrgy     Ippgoch Crmadalobs Crmadalobs    Ippgoch K.V.L. K.V.L. Vcscirbk Vcscirbk Zsybkagamobig Lcisurclcdt  Lcisurclcdt     Ippgoch Zsybkagamobig    Ippgoch Zsybkagamy0 Zsybkagamy0 Id Odtcrditoadig Vcvocw  Vcvocw    Crmadalobs   Kulid Nibtars   Kulid Zcrnarlidbc   Odtcrditoadig @aurdig  an Rcgcbtoad idh Isscsslcdt     @aurdig an Ippgoch Zsybkagamy  Zsybkagamy     @aurdig an Ippgoch Raboig Raboig Zsybkagamy     @aurdig an Fusodcss idh Zsybkagamy  Zsybkagamy     @aurdig an Badsugtodm Zsybkagamy0 Zsybkagamy0 Zribtobc Zribtobc & Vcscirbk Vcscirbk   @aurdig an Lidimclcdt 

 @aurdig an Abbupitoadig idh Armidozitoadig Armidozitoadig Zsybkagamy  Zsybkagamy    @aurdig an Armidozitoadi Armidozitoadigg Fckivoar    @aurdig an ^abitoadig Fckivoar    Armidozitoadig Fckivoar idh Kulid Hcbosoad Zrabcsscs   Zcrsaddcg Zsybkagamy    Zufgob Zcrsaddcg Lidimclcdt 

Zufgobiboadcs ‗pucdtc“ (frohmc)   Ibihcly an Lidimclcdt Cxcbutovc   Kirvirh Fusodcss Vcvocw    Armidozitoadig Hydilobs   Xkc Zsybkagamost Lidimcr @aurdig  Vcvostis cspcboigozihis   KV Limizodc   Zcrsaddcg Zcrsaddcg @aurdig    Xriododm   Xriododm idh Hcvcgaplcdt @aurdig 

rcvostis sad fucdis nucdtcs hc ohcis pcra sad tcrrofgcs buidha sc quocrcd usir bala ipaya piri udi kopòtcsos. Gas irtìbugas hc rcvostis i lcduha sc rchibtid par csbrotarcs prancsoadigcs quc da kid tcdoha bipibotiboòd cd cg tcli y, par ga tidta, tocdcd pabi cxpcrocdboi cd ga quc cstéd csbrofocdha. Bala rcsugtiha, gi odnarliboòd ‗bocdtì‗bocdtìnobi“ hc gis rcvostis cs i lcduha crròdci. Sdi nucdtc hc odnarliboòd bihi vcz lés papugir cs odtcrdct5 bala gi liyarìi yi ki hcsbufocrta, badtocdc udi ifudhidtc odnarliboòd cd bihi tcli. Zcra iud bad ga ðtog quc cs, sc dcbcsoti tcdcr prcbiuboòd. Da cxostc rcvosoòd hc gi odnarliboòd bagabihi cd odtcrdct piri iscmurir quc sci nohchomdi. Zar c`clpga, rcbocdtclcdtc cstuvc od vagubriha cd ud praycbta cd quc odtcdtéfilas cstifgcbcr ud pcrnog hc gi mcdtc quc prcdhìi nucma cd gis omgcsois. Hcfoha i quc ducstra prolcr pisa nuc aftcdcr gi gosti hc omgcsois, fusbilas cd odtcrdct y cdbadtrilas trcs pémodis wcf safrc cstas odbcdhoas. Sdiy gi critcrbcri hc SRIhcXahiy  y tcdìi gosti Bala balpgcti, atri cri hc ud mrupa hc ozquocrhi ud mrupa hc udi hcrcbki. sc puchc olimodir, gis pémodis hc hcrcbki c ozquocrhi cdgostirad sòga gis omgcsois quc badnorlirad su kopòtcsos safrc parquï gis omgcsois nucrad quclihis. Kifcr utogoziha sòga csis pémodis wcf kifrìi kcbka ud pcrnog paba bcrtcra. Sd prafgcli bad gi badnoidzi cd nucdtcs scbudhirois bala odtcrdct cs quc uda da puchc iscmurir quc gi odnarliboòd cd udi hc cstis nucdtcs rcngc`c hc lidcri prcbosi gi odnarliboòd hc gi nucdtc proliroi. Cd cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi, has c`clpgas cxbcgcdtcs hc csti nigti hc prcbosoòd sad cg usa hc gi kostaroi hcg ‗pcqucùa Igfcrt“ piri hclastrir cg pipcg hcg badhoboadilocdta badhoboadilocdta bgésoba cd gis nafois hc iprcdhozi`c y gi kostaroi hc Eotty Mcdavcsc piri hclastrir gi nigti hc odtcrvcdboòd hc ud afscrvihar. Cd rcvosoadcs hc gi prcbosoòd hc gi odnarliboòd hc gas tcxtas, Kirros () cdbadtrò viroas crrarcs cd gis cxpgobiboadcs scbudhirois hcg bisa hcg ‗pcqucùa Igfcrt“, isì bala ga kobocrad Liddodm, Gcvodc y Baggods () bad ga quc rciglcdtc pisò bad Eotty Mcdavcsc. ZarIgfcrt c`clpga, Kirrosi tclcrgc () cdbadtrò haslés tcxtas odhobifid quc cg pcqucùa nuclocdtris badhoboadiha i ud badc`a qucquc i udi riti, 9;

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

 viroas tcxtas odbguycrad tig cstìluga pastbadhoboadilocdta pastbadhoboadilocdta bala ud asa hc pcgubkc, p cgubkc, ud muidtc incgpiha fgidba, udi pocg, ud mita y gi tìi hc Igfcrt5 y trcs tcxtas hcsbrofcd bòla ]itsad rctorò cg locha hc Igfcrt i gi riti, iudquc da sc koza rciglcdtc tig rcibadhoboadilocdta. Liddodm y sus bagcmis () balpirirad cg lota hcg itiquc i Mcdavcsc bad ga quc cd vcrhih pisò y cdbadtrirad virois hosbrcpidbois. Zar c`clpga, lubkas gofras hc tcxta isì bala irtìbugas hc pcroòhobas lcdboadid quc  tcstomas quc vocrad cg itiquc da kobocrad dihi piri iyuhir. Da sòga da kiy cvohcdboi hc quc nucrid n ucrid  tcstomas, soda quc kiy prucfis hc quc ig lcdas has hc gas tcstomas sc pusocrad cd ibboòd y ggilirad i gi pagobìi.

Gumir hcg cstuhoa Sdi vcz quc sc brcirad gis ohcis hc odvcstomiboòd y sc narlò gi kopòtcsos, ustch hcfc hcbohor so cg cstuhoa hcfc ggcvirsc i bifa cd cg gifaritaroa a cd bilpa. Odvcstomiboòd hc gifaritaroa gifaritaroa.. I lcduha, buidha igmuocd csbubki gi pigifri odvcstomiboòd,

ga prolcra quc gc vocdc i gi lcdtc cs ud cxpcrolcdtihar bad fiti fgidbi y pcrsadis cd ud gifaritaroa cd cg sòtida. Zabas cxpcrolcdtiharcs rciglcdtc vostcd fitis fgidbis, pcra % hc gi odvcstomiboòd hc gi psobagamìi O/A sc rcigozi cd ud gifaritaroa (Vabk, ). Bad nrcbucdboi, csta sc kibc cd udi udovcrsohih pcra tilfoïd puchc rcigozirsc cd armidoziboadcs bala IX&X, S.R. Annobc an Zcrsaddcg Lidimclcdt y Lobrasant. Sdi hcsvcdti`i hc gi odvcstomiboòd hc gifaritaroa cs gi  vigohcz cxtcrdi a gi mcdcrigoziboòd hc rcsugtihas piri gis armidoziboadcs cd cg ‗ludha rcig“. Sd c`clpga hc cstc tcli odvagubri udi odvcstomiboòd safrc gas lïtahas hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas. Da cs paba balðd quc cd tig odvcstomiboòd gas su`ctas vcid ud burrìbugul a udi bodti hc  vohca hc udi cdtrcvosti cdtrcvosti y kimid ud `uoboa `uoboa safrc ud sagobotidtc sagobotidtc kopatïtoba. kopatïtoba. Cg prafgcli0 ±Cs gi sotuiboòd sunobocdtclcdtc sologir piri gis hcbosoadcs hc clpgca rcigcs kcbkis cd cg ludha rcig1 a ±cg ilfocdtc hc gifaritaroa cs tid badtragiha c kopatïtoba quc gas rcsugtihas da sc mcdcrigoziréd1 Iudquc gis rcspucstis i cstis prcmudtis da sc kid hiha, gi odvcstomiboòd sc kibc i lcduha cd gas gifaritaroas hcfoha i quc gas odvcstomiharcs puchcd badtragir igmudis viroifgcs quc da sad hc odtcrïs cd cg cstuhoa. Odvcstomiboòd hc bilpa. Atra gumir hc odvcstomiboòd cs gc`as y nucri hcg gifaritaroa, cd

cg ‗bilpa“, cg buig pahrìi scr udi gìdci hc ladti`c hc udi pgidti iutalatroz, cg paag scbrctiroig hc udi mrid balpiùìi hc scmuras a cg bufìbuga hc cdtrcvostis cd udi imcdboi hc pcrsadig. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc bilpa tocdc ud prafgcli apucsta ig hc gi odvcstomiboòd hc gifaritaroa. Ga quc iqucggi afvoilcdtc midi cd vigohcz cxtcrdi ga pocrhc cd cg badtrag hc viroifgcs cxtcrdis quc da sad hc odtcrïs piri cg odvcstomihar (vigohcz odtcrdi). ±Cg gumir hcg cstuhoa kibc gi honcrcdboi1 Zuchc scr. Sd lcti-idégosos kcbka par Ivagoa ct ig . (), cdbadtrò quc gi bipibotiboòd bipibotiboòd hcg gohcrizma nuc lés cncbtovi cd gas cstuhoas hc gifaritaroa quc cd gas cstuhoas cstuhoas hc bilpa, y Marhad y Irvcy Irvc y () cdbadtrirad quc gi pirboigohih hc gi chih nuc lés nucrtc n ucrtc cd cg gifaritaroa quc cd bilpa. Rod clfirma, cd gas cstuhoas hc cquopas, gi bakcsoòd hc mrupa (Luggcd y Bappcr, ) y gi balpasoboòd hc gi pcrsadigohih hcg mrupa (Fcgg, )  ) cstuvocrad lés rcgiboadihis bad cg hcsclpcùa cd gas cstuhoas hc bilpa hc gas mrupas rcigcs quc cd gas cstuhoas hc gifaritaroa hc gas mrupas brcihas piri cg cxpcrolcdta. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc bilpa tilfoïd praparboadi i gas odvcstomiharcs ud hogcli ïtoba. Gas psobògamas rcquocrcd quc gas su`ctas pirtobopcd cd gas cstuhoas par su prapoi  vagudtih, ud badbcpta ggiliha badscdtolocdta odnarliha. Cd gas cstuhoas hc gifaritaroa, cg badscdtolocdta odnarliha cs pabis vcbcs ud tcli, hiha quc i gas su`ctas patcdboigcs sc gcs hobc gi diturigczi y prapòsota hc ud cstuhoa, su hcrcbka piri hosloduor a rctorir su pirtobopiboòd, gas rocsmas r ocsmas y fcdcnoboas hc pirtobopir, gas gìlotcs hc bad-

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

9?

 

nohcdboigohih y i quocdcs puchcd badtibtir so tocdcd prcmudtis (Rigeodh, ). Rc gcs pohc quc norlcd ud narlugiroa hc badscdtolocdta odnarliha cd cg quc cggas cdtocdhcd sus hcrcbkas bala su`ctas y kid cgcmoha pirtobopir hc lidcri vagudtiroi. Rod clfirma, cd gas cstuhoas hc bilpa, aftcdcr udi narli hc badscdtolocdta odnarliha da sòga puchc scr hon ìbog soda quc bilfoi gi lidcri cd quc gi mcdtc sc balparti. Zar c`clpga, supadmilas quc badstruor udi anobodi hc supcrvosoòd bad udi ipirocdboi lés imrihifgc odbrclcdtirìi cg dðlcra hc clpgcihas quc vosotid gis anobodis hc supcrvosoòd. Hcspuïs hc hcbarir gis bodba anobodis bad pgidtis y podturis y kibcr quc gis atris bodba sc vcid hcsirrcmgihis y nrìis, utogozilas udi béliri hc vohca piri rcmostrir cg dðlcra hc vosotidtcs. ±Gas rcsugtihas hc ducstra cstuhoa scréd incbtihas so gcs hcbolas i gas clpgcihas quc scréd pirtc hc ud cstuhoa1 Zrafifgclcdtc. Zrafifgclcdtc. Bad fisc cd ducstras godcilocdtas ïtobas, cg badscdtolocdta odnarliha puchc da cxomorsc, sòga so gi odvcstomiboòd odvagubriré ud rocsma lìdola piri gas pirtobopidtcs, gi rcdudboi da incbtiré hc lidcri ihvcrsi sus hcrcbkas y gi odvcstomiboòd pahrìi da ggcvirsc i bifa sod gi rcdudboi (Ogmcd y Fcgg, i). Buidha gas cstuhoas odvagubrid badscbucdbois dcmitovis piri ud su`cta, bala scrìi cg bisa so salctclas i gas clpgcihas i ud bigar odtcdsa piri cstuhoir gas cncbtas hc gi tclpcrituri, gi narli hc badscdtolocdta puchc cxomorsc sòga so gi olpartidboi hcg cstuhoa cs liyar quc gis badscbucdbois dcmitovis. Gis udovcrsohihcs tocdcd badsc`as hc rcvosoòd odstotuboadig quc ladotarcid gi odvcstomiboòd piri iscmurir cg tritilocdta ïtoba hc gas pirtobopidtcs cd gi odvcstomiboòd. Sd érci cd gi quc cstas badsc`as hc rcvosoòd padcd lubki itcdboòd cs cd gi badnohcdboigohih . Hcfoha i quc gas hitas rcbagcbtihas cd gi odvcstomiboòd puchcd scr hc ìdhagc hcgobihi (p. c., tisis hc hcsclpcùa, sigiroas, pudtuiboadcs hc prucfis)5 gas odvcstomiharcs iscmurid gi badnohcdboigohih ig usir dðlcras hc ohcdtonobiboòd hc gas su`ctas cd gumir hc dalfrcs  y cvotir hosbusoadcs hc gas pirtobopidtcs. Hc lidcri odtcrcsidt odtcrcsidtc, c, gas iutarcs hc gas cstuhoas rcigozihas cd gis armidoziboadcs prcscdtid sus pgidcs hc odvcstomiboòd i gas badsc`as hc rcvosoòd odstotuboadig sòga % hc gis vcbcs (Ogmcd y Fcgg, F cgg, f).

Cg lïtaha hc odvcstomiboòd i utogozir  Hcspuïs hc hcbohor cg gumir piri cg cstuhoa, cg odvcstomihar hcfc hctcrlodir quï topa hc lïtaha vi i usir usir.. Gis apboadcs odbguycd cxpcrolcdtas, cxpcrolcdtas, buiso-cxpcrolcdtas, odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova, afscrviboadcs, cdbucstis y lcti-idégosos. Cxpcrolcdtas. Bala pahré rcbarhir rc barhir hc su bursa hc psobagamìi mcdcrig, cg lïtaha cxpc-

rolcdtig cs cg lés pahcrasa hc tahas gas lïtahas hc odvcstomiboòd, hcfoha i quc cs cg ðdoba quc puchc hctcrlodir gis rcgiboadcs hc biusi y cncbta. Zar ga tidta, so cs olpartidtc sifcr so udi viroifgc prahubc biusi viroifgc piri bilfoa, cdtadbcs cg cxpcrolcdta  rcsugti cg ðdoba lïtaha quca sc hcfcatri usir. Has biribtcrìstobis hcnodcd ud cxpcrolcdta0 ) lidopugiboòd hc udi a lés viroifgcs odhcpcdhocdtcs y ) isomdiboadcs ig izir hc su`ctas piri badhoboadcs hc cxpcrolcdta y badtrag. Ro nigti igmudi hc cstis biribtcrìstobis, ud praycbta hc odvcstomiboòd da puchc ggilirsc cxpcrolcdta5 par c`clpga, sc hcdalodi buiso-cxpcrolcdta, cstuhoa, cdbucsti a odvcstomiboòd. Cd ud cxpcrolcdta, cg odvcstomihar odtcdboadiglcdtc odtcdboadiglcdtc lidopugi uda a lés ispcbtas hc gi prcmudti hc odtcrïs, badabohi bala  viroifgc odhcpcdhocdtc,  y lohc gas bilfoas quc aburrcd bala rcsugtiha hc csi lidopugiboòd, ggilihi  viroifgc hcpcdhcp cdhocdtc. Zar c`clpga, bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., ud odvcstomihar puchc isomdir hc lidcri igcitaroi i  clpgcihas piri rcbofor bipibotiboòd hc itcdboòd ig bgocdtc  y atras  piri da rcboforgi. Hcspuïs hcg pramrili hc bipibotiboòd, cg odvcstomihar afscrvi cg bilfoa cd gas mistas hcg bgocdtc. Cd cstc c`clpga, gi bipibotiboòd cs gi viroifgc odhcpcdhocdtc (quc nuc lidopugihi) y cg mista hcg bgocdtc cs gi viroifgc hcpcdhocdtc (hc gi quc sc cspcrò ud bilfoa bala rcsugtiha hc gi viroifgc odhcpcdhocdtc). 6:

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

Xifgi 9.3 C`clpga hc ud hoscùa cxpcrolcdtig Bipibotiboòd hc scrvoboa ig bgocdtc rcbofohi cd scptoclfrc

Rì Da

^cdtis hc bgocdtc pralchoa par clpgciha Imasta Abtufrc Bilfoa

$2 6:: $2 9::

$8 =:: $2 3::

$9 3:: $8::

Gas clpgcihas quc rcbofocrad gi bipibotiboòd sad dalfrihas bagcbtovilcdtc mrupa cxpcrolcdtig y gas clpgcihas quc da gi rcbofocrad, mrupa hc badtrag. Rupadmilas quc cstilas odtcrcsihas cd ivcromuir so vcstor ud tri`c piri udi cdtrcvosti cs lc`ar piri gas kalfrcs quc vcstor siba y pidtigòd. Zahrìilas cstuhoir cstc tcli ig afscrvir i gas sagobotidtcs hc trifi`a cd udi balpiùìi cspcbìnobi y balpirir gas pudti`cs hc cdtrcvostis hc gis pcrsadis hc tri`c bad gis quc vostcd sibas  y pidtigadcs. Zahclas pcdsir quc gas sagobotidtcs lc`ar vcstohas rcbofocrad lc`arcs pudti`cs, pcra da pahrìilas badbguor quc vcstor ud tri`c gas biusò5 igma lés quc cg tri`c puchc odnguor. Yuozé gas sagobotidtcs quc pasccd tri`cs sad saboiglcdtc lés bipibcs quc gas atras, cdtadbcs csta puchc kifcr soha udi kifogohih saboig y da quc cg cstoga piri vcstor ggcvc i pudti`cs hc cdtrcvosti lés igtas. igtas . Ro qucrclas hctcrlodir quc cg cstoga piri vcstor incbti gas pudti`cs hc cdtrcvosti, tcdclas quc lidopugir gi viroifgc hc odtcrïs y lidtcdcr gis atris viroifgcs tid badstidtcs bala sci pasofgc. p asofgc. ±Bòla pahrìilas badvcrtor csta cd ud cxpcrolcdta1 Xalclas  pcrsadis, isomdclas hc lidcri igcitaroi  hc cggis piri vcstor tri`cs y i gis atris  piri vcstor sibas hcpartovas y pidtigadcs. Bihi su`cta cdtadbcs vi i udi cdtrcvosti bad ud horcbtar hc VK. Hcspuïs balpirilas gas pudti`cs hc ducstras has mrupas. Cd cstc bisa, gi viroifgc odhcpcdhocdtc cs cg topa hc vcstolcdti y gi viroifgc hcpcdhocdtc cs cg pudti`c hc gi cdtrcvosti. Odbgusa cstc pirtobugir hoscùa hc odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd da cs luy sanostobiha y tocdc igmudas prafgclis (vci so puchc cdbadtrirgas)5 cg kcbka hc kifcr lidopugiha cg cstoga hc  vcstor hc gas sagobotidtcs das hi liyar badnoidzi hc quc ïstc nuc gi biusi hc liyarcs bigonobiboadcs cd gi cdtrcvosti. Odbgusa iudquc gas rcsugtihas hc gas cxpcrolcdtas praparboadid lés badnoidzi rcspcbta i gis rcgiboadcs biusi-cncbta, gis badsohcriboadcs ïtobis y prébtobis da soclprc kibcd pasofgcs gas hoscùas cxpcrolcdtigcs. Rupadmi quc qucrclas cstuhoir cg cncbta hcg sadoha nucrtc cd cg hcsclpcùa hcg trifi`ihar. Ziri badvcrtorga cd ud hoscùa cxpcrolcdtig, tuvolas i  su`ctas trifi `idha cd udi gìdci hc ladti`c locdtris sc cdbadtrifid cd ud ilfocdtc luy ruohasa  y i  su`ctas cd udi gìdci hc ladti`c sod ruoha. Has lcscs hcspuïs balpirilas gi prahubtovohih hc gas has mrupas. Zcra, ±quï cstifi lig cd csc cstuhoa1 Ihclés hc tcdcr udi prahubtovohih fi`i, cg mrupa bad ruoha igta ikari tcdìi udi kifogohih iuhotovi pafrc, igma da luy ïtoba5 sucdi lig cg cxpcrolcdta hc sadoha (sì, cg `ucma hc pigifris sc odtcdtò). Buiso-cxpcrolcdtas. Odbgusa iudquc gas odvcstomiharcs prcnocrid utogozir cxpcrolcdtas, da soclprc cs pasofgc. Cdtadbcs sc usid gas buiso-cxpcrolcdtas. Bala ud c`cl-

pga, viyilas hc ducva i ducstra cxpcrolcdta ruohasa. Hcfoha i quc da pahclas lidopugir cg dovcg hc ruoha, prafirclas cg dovcg hc ruoha hc  pgidtis lidunibturcris. Balpirirclas gi prahubtovohih pralchoa hc gis pgidtis quc tocdcd dovcgcs fi`as hc ruoha bad gis hc dovcgcs igtas. Bala puchc vcr néboglcdtc, ïstc da cs tid fucd hoscùa hc odvcstomiboòd bala cg cxpcrolcdta da ïtoba quc brcilas idtcs. Cxostcd lubkis viroifgcs ihclés hc gis ruohasis quc sc puhocrad badsohcrir piri igmudis honcrcdbois cdbadtrihis cd gi prahubtovohih5 sod clfirma, hihis gis borbudstidbois, somucd praparboadédhadas lés odnarliboòd hc gi quc tcdìilas idtcs hcg cstuhoa.

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

69

 

Gas buiso-cxpcrolcdtas sc utogozid i lcduha piri cviguir gas rcsugtihas hc ud ducva pramrili olpgclcdtiha par udi armidoziboòd. Zar c`clpga, udi balpiùìi quc ki odstotuoha udi muirhcrìi qucrìi vcr so ïsti tcdìi igmðd cncbta cd cg ifscdtosla hcg clpgciha. Ziri cdbadtrir gi rcspucsti, gi clprcsi balpirò gas dovcgcs hc ifscdtosla hc gas iùas idtcroarcs i gi muirhcrìi bad gas dovcgcs piri gas iùas hcspuïs hc su olpgclcdtiboòd5 olpgclcdtibo òd5 cdbadtrò quc cg ifscdtosla y gi ratiboòd kifìid hosloduoha. Iudquc cs tcdtihar badbguor quc gi muirhcrìi tuva ïxota, tig badbgusoòd da scrìi pruhcdtc. Lubkis atris viroifgcs puhocrad kifcr biusiha gi rchubboòd. Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi .,  ., gi armidoziboòd olpgclcdtò atras pramrilis huridtc cg losla pcroaha. Zar ga tidta, gi rchubboòd cd cg ifscdtosla ifscdtosla y gi ratiboòd puhocrad kifcr soha cg rcsugtiha hc atras pramrilis a igmudi balfodiboòd hc gas loslas. Ihclés, gi cbac badalìi bilfoò y gas trifi`as sc vagvocrad lés honìbogcs hc aftcdcr. Gas trifi`iharcs puhocrad kifcr rchuboha sus tisis hc iuscdboi i biusi hcg locha i scr hcspchohas y gi ratiboòd hc pcrsadig puha kifcr hosloduoha hcfoha i quc gas clpgcihas sc hocrad bucdti hc quc kifìi pabas trifi`as hospadofgcs. Ihclés, cg bgoli lc`arò cd cg

Xifgi 9.> Zarquï gas cstuhoas da cxpcrolcdtigcs sad honìbogcs hc odtcrprct odtcrprctir0 ir0 gi muirhcrìi Ncbki

% hc ifscdtosla

9/:: 6/:: 2/:: 8/:: 3/:: >/:: =/:: ;/:: ?/:: 9:/:: 99/:: 96/:: 9/:9 6/:9 2/:9 8/:9 3/:9 >/:9 =/:9 ;/:9 ?/:9 9:/:9 99/:9 96/:9

6.; 2.9 8.= 8.= 8.; >.= >.3 8.? 8.3 8.8 ;.= 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.9 6.: 6.: 6.: 9.; 9.; 6.: 6.9 8.: 8.6

Nibtar cxtcrda

Nibtar odtcrda

Xisi hc hcsclpgca cd 8.9%

Zrodbopig biloda bcrriha Bilodas rcifocrtas

Xarlcdti hc docvc tcrrofgc Odoboò gi muirhcrìi Odoboò pramrili hc toclpa 󿬆cxofgc Xisi hc hcsclpgca lirbi ?.2%

Odoboò pramrili hc focdcstir Ducvi pagìtobi hc isostcdboi Bgoli tclpgiha Bgoli tclpgiha

Dati0 Gi tisi hc ifscdtosla cd 6::: idtcs hc gi muirhcrìi 󰀼 3.:?%. Cd 6::9, hcspuïs hc gi muirhcrìi 󰀼 2.:9%

66

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

scmudha iùa, ga buig qucrìi hcbor quc gas trifi`iharcs cstifid pabis pa bis vcbcs odhospucstas piri or ig trifi`a. Xaliha par sì losla, bad scmurohih da quosoïrilas scr gi kopatcbi safrc gas rcsugtihas hc ducstra buiso-cxpcrolcdta, pcra so atras  odvcstomiharcs rcigozid buiso-cxpcrolcdtas scpirihas piri cstuhoir gis loslis prcmudtis y cdbadtrir rcsugtihas sologircs, pahrìilas scdtordas hclisoiha badnoihas piri kibcr bilfoas a sibir badbgusoadcs badbgusoad cs bad fisc cd gi cvohcdboi hc odvcstomiboò odvcstomiboòd d hospadofgc. Odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova.  Atra lïtaha hc odvcstomiboòd quc sc usi balðdlcdtc cd gi hc irbkova psobagamìi O/Aa cs gi odvcstomiboòd . Odvagubrihccgodvcstomiboòd. usa hc hitas Zar rcbagcbtihas prcvoilcdtc rcmostras piri rcspadhcr udi prcmudti c`clpga, so qucrclas sifcr quï hostodmuc i gas fucdas trifi`iharcs hc gas ligas, pahrìilas ibuhor i gas irbkovas hcg pcrsadig piri vcr so sus idtcbchcdtcs hc fucdas trifi`iharcs tocdcd biribtcrìstobis baludcs da balpirtohis par gas atras. A, so qucrclas vcr so gis pcrsadis cd cg turda hc gi dabkc tuvocrad lés lavolocdtas quc gis pcrsadis hc gi liùidi, pahrìilas aftcdcr cd gas rcmostras hc gi balpiùìi gi odnarliboòd safrc cstas turdas y lavolocdtas. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova tocdc virois biribtcrìstobis itribto vis, bala da scr scr lagcstis a biris, biris, pcra tilfoïd virois hcsvcdti`is hcsvcdti`is (Rkugtz, (Rkugtz, Kannlid y Vcotcr-Ziglad, ). Gas rcmostras cd gas irbkovas da soclprc sad prcbosas y ibtuigozihas. Ihclés, cg topa hc hitas quc ud odvcstomihar dcbcsoti quozé da cstï cd gas irbko vas, hcfoha i quc dudbi dudbi nucrad nucrad rcmostrihas rcmostrihas hcshc hcshc cg prolcr prolcr lalcdta. lalcdta. Bala cstuhoidtc udovcrsotiroa (csta nuc idtcs hcg mrid fiogc), ya cstifi odvagubriha bad udi odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova hoscùihi piri hctcrlodir parquï igmudas

iguldas ud pramrili hc Licstrìi cd Ihlodostriboòd (LFI, somgis cd cd odmgïs) ifidhadirad su bursa, locdtris atras hc ga Clprcsis balpgctirad. Ga par qucsus sc supadìi scrìi ud trifi`a nébog piri aftcdcr rcmostras hc ducvas irbkovas sc badvortoò cd udi pcsihoggi. Gas rcmostras hc lés hc  cstuhoidtcs nucrad hospcrsihas cd buirtas hc iglibcdilocdta iglibcdilocdta cd trcs ufobiboadcs ig Rur hc Bigonardoi y da sc irbkovirad cd dodmðd arhcd. Ihclés, biso bihi igulda tuva ig lcdas ud olpartidtc cgclcdta nigtidtc hc su irbkova. Csté hc lés hcbor quc cstas prafgclis lidtuvocrad gas rcsugtihas hcg cstuhoa gc`as hc scr tid prcbosas bala sc hcscifi. Rod clfirma, gi balputiroziboòd hc gi odnarliboòd ki iulcdtiha cdarlclcdtc cg patcdboig piri gi odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova. Cdbucstis. Atra lïtaha piri rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd cs prcmudtir i gis pcrsadis su apodoòd safrc igmðd tcli. Gis cdbucstis puchcd bucstoadir i gas clpgcihas safrc sus ibtotuhcs kiboi gi armidoziboòd5 i gas horcbtarcs hc VK safrc sus apodoadcs rcspcbta ig lc`ar lïtaha hc rcbgutilocdta a i gas mcrcdtcs ibcrbi ibcrbi hcg ïxota hc sus muirhcrìis. cdbucstis puchcd scr rcigozihis par Cg barrca, cdtrcvostis pcrsadigcs, nix, Gis barrca cgcbtròdoba, odtcrdct a rcvostis. lïtaha cgcmoha hcpcdhc hctcgïnada, nibtarcs bala tiliùa hc gi lucstri, prcsupucsta, bidtohih hc toclpa hospadofgc piri rcigozir cg cstuhoa y dcbcsohih hc udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi. Zar c`clpga, gis cdbucstis par barrca sad lés firitis y badsulcd lcdas toclpa quc gis cdtrcvostis pcrsadigcs pcra aromodid fi`as ìdhobcs hc rcspucsti y, cd abisoadcs, rcspucstis hc fi`i bigohih. Gis cdbucstis par barrca cgcbtròdoba sad firitis pcra sc golotid i gis pcrsadis quc tocdcd barrca cgcbtròdoba (da cs udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi), cstéd lés su`ctis i gis gi s rcstrobboadcs hc tiliùa y narlita y aromodid tisis hc rcspucstis lés fi`is quc gis cdbucstis par barrca trihoboadig (Bzi`i y Fgior, ). Gis Gi s rcigozihis par odtcrdct sad tilfoïd firitis, pcra ig omuig quc gis hc barrca cgcbtròdoba sc golotid i gis pcrsadis quc tocdcd ibbcsa i udi balputihari. Cd gi balpiriboòd cdtrc gi mcdtc quc rcspadhc gis cdbucstis par odtcrdct y gi quc ga kibc bad lïtahas lés trihoboadigcs sc odhobi quc gis cdbucstis par odtcrdct rcngc`id bad liyar cxibtotuh i gi pafgiboòd cd tïrlodas hc mïdcra y bgisc saboig, pcra bad lcdar cxibtotuh cd tïrlodas hc rizi (Masgodm, ^izorc, Rrovistivi y @akd, ). Gis cdbucstis hc gis rcvostis y pufgobiboadcs

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

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prancsoadigcs sad baludcs (p. c., KV Limizodc, Limizodc, Xriodod Xriododmm y  Hcvcgaplcdt  Hcvcgaplcdt @aurdig ) pcra, bala gis hc barrca cgcbtròdoba, puchcd da rcsugtir cd udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi. Gi olpartidboi hcg lïtaha hc cdbucsti utogoziha da puchc cximcrirsc. Zar c`clpga, cd   Vaidaec Xolcs Xolcs y ]argh Dcws rcigozirad udi cdbucsti safrc gis lc`arcs pcgìbugis cd gi kostaroi. Gis pcrsadis quc lidhirad sus vatas par barrca trihoboadig cgomocrad Madc wotk tkc ]odh, Xkc Raudh an Lusob, Xkc ]ozirh an Az,  Ot¸s Ot¸s i ]adhcr]adhcr nug   Gonc Gonc  y Xa Eogg i Labeodmforh bala sus bodba nivarotis, cd tidta quc gis pcrsadis quc rcspadhocrad par barrca cgcbtròdoba csbamocrad Madc wotk tkc ]odh, Rtir ]irs,  y  Xkc Rbkodhgcr¸s Gost, Xkc ]ozirh an Az  y   Xkc Rkiwskide Vchclptoad. Vchclptoad. Atra c`clpga hc gis honcrcdbois cd gis lucstris hc cdbucstis aburroò cd ncfrcra hc . Dyecski Rigcs sc quchò i ud pudta hc cstifgcbcr cg rïbarh hc pudtuiboòd hc gi udovcrsohih hc Baddcbtobut cd cg fisquctfag nclcdoda buidha sc ralpoò ud tcdhòd hc Iquogcs, udi gcsoòd quc tcrlodò bad su tclparihi. Ru cdtrcdihar irrcmgò bad su somuocdtc apadcdtc (^oggidavi) quc gc pcrlotocrid i Rigcs lirbir udi bidisti da olpumdihi piri quc puhocri ralpcr cg rïbarh. Cd gas hìis hcspuïs hcg `ucma hc ^oggidavi, gas lchoas hcfitocrad so pcrlotor i Rigcs lirbir cri udi bgisc hc ibta hcsomdiha piri kadrir i udi mrid `umihari a ud magpc i gi odtcmrohih hcg `ucma. Cd cdtrcvostis par scpiriha, % hc gas quc rcspadhocrad cd cg sotoa wcf hc  CRZD  pcdsò  pcdsò quc nuc ud mcsta hc bgisc, balpiriha bad sòga % hc gas quc rcspadhocrad cd cg sotoa wcf hc SRI Xahiy (Zitrobe, ). Sd cstuhoa lugtodiboadig hc Bkurbk () cdbadtrò igmudas rcsugtihas odtcrcsidtcs rcspcbta i gas lïtahas hc cdbucsti. Gas clpgcihas hc Cstihas Sdohas, @ipòd y Nridboi prcnorocrad gi tcbdagamìi iutalitozihi hc rcspucsti par tcgïnada, locdtris gas hc Igclidoi, Otigoi y Vcoda Sdoha prcnorocrad cg lïtaha trihoboadig hc pipcg y gépoz. Cri lés prafifgc quc gas clpgcihas quc balpgctirad gi cdbucsti cd gìdci hc`irid tïrlodas cd fgidba quc quocdcs usirad ud narlita bad pipcg y gépoz. Iudquc udi igti tisi hc rcspucsti cs cscdboig piri quc gi vcrhih sc bagaquc cd gas rcsugtihas hc udi cdbucsti, gas barrcspadhocdtcs cd Ilïrobi y Curapi kid cstiha cd hcbgovc (Zartcr, ). Gis tisis hc rcspucsti piri udi cdbucsti par barrca puchcd iulcdtir ig praparboadir odbcdtovas ladctiroas y da ladctiroas5 kibcr cg odbcdtova lahcriha ig rcmrcsir gi cdbucsti da lc`ari hc lidcri somdonobitovi gis tisis. Ïstas tilfoïd puchcd odbrclcdtirsc ig kibcr viroas badtibtas bad gas quc rcspadhcd, lidtcdocdha gi cdbucsti cd lcdas hc buitra pémodis y tcdoïdhagi pitrabodihi par udi udovcrsohih lés quc par ud dcmaboa (Zartcr, (Zartcr, ).  ). Gis prcmudtis hc gis cdbucstis focd hoscùihis sad nébogcs hc cdtcdhcr, usid gcdmui`c solpgc, da odhimid safrc sotuiboadcs kopatïtobis y sad rcgitovilcdtc bartis. Rc hcfc tcdcr buohiha cd cgcmor gis pigifris quc sc usid cd bihi prcmudti. Sd c`clpga cxbcgcdtc csta vocdc hc gas gas sadhcas rcigozihas huridtc gi olpumdiboòd prcsohcdtc FogghcBgodtad. Zrolcra, rcsugtihas prcbosas nucrad cdtarpcbohas hcg par cx cg kcbka hc quc udi tcrbcri pirtc hc gas ihugtas da cdtcdhìid gi pigifri ‗olpumdiboòd“ ‗olpumdiboòd“ (Larod, ). Rcmudha, gi rchibboòd hc gas honcrcdtcs sadhcas tuvocrad rcsugtihas sufstidboiglcdtc honcrcdtcs. Badsohcrc gas somuocdtcs c`clpgas praparboadihas par Larod ()0 ±Hcfc rcdudboir Bgodtad so cs olpumdiha a hcfc  hcncdhcrsc hc gas  birmas cd cg Rcdiha1 ±Hcfc rcdudboir Bgodtad so cs olpumdiha a hcfc pcrlidcbcr i birma piri cdnrcdtir cg `uoboa cd cg Rcdiha1 Ziri gi prolcri prcmudti, % ho`a quc Bgodtad hcfìi rcdudboir. rcdudboir. Ziri gi scmudhi prcmudti, sòga % ho`a quc hcfìi rcdudboir. rcdudboir. Sd tcli nodig quc odvagubri cdbucstis cs cg pudta cd cg quc gis rcspucstis i gis prcmudtis hc gis cdbucstis crid prcbosis. Cstc tcli cs cspcboiglcdtc olpartidtc buidha sc bucstoadi safrc gas tclis scdsofgcs a badtravcrsoigcs. badtravcrsoigcs. Csta cs, so ya prcmudta so ustch brcc quc gas kalfrcs y gis lu`crcs cstéd omuiglcdtc bigonobihas piri scr mcrcdtcs, 68

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

±ustch horìi gi vcrhih so rciglcdtc pcdsiri quc gas kalfrcs cstéd lc`ar bigonobihas1 ±Gis pcrsadis rcspadhcrìid kadcstilcdtc gis prcmudtis safrc su usa idtcroar hc hramis, pafrc hcsclpcùa cd cg trifi`a a balpartilocdta da ïtoba1 Zrafifgclcdtc da. Zcra pircbcd scr prcbosis buidha rcpartid bucstoadcs tigcs bala gi cstituri y cg pcsa barparig (Olrkid, Olrkid y Kirt, ). Sd fucd c`clpga hc gis pcrsadis quc da sad sodbcris cd gis cdbucstis aburroò buidha gas odvcstomiharcs gc prcmudtirad i   ihugtas so givirad hc lidcri rcmugir sus lidas hcspuïs hc usir ud fiùa pðfgoba5 % ho`a quc sì. Rod clfirma, buidha gas odvcstomiharcs afscrvirad i gis pcrsadis cd gas fiùas, lcdas hc % givò sus lidas (Littax, ). Vcspadhcr bad odcxibtotuh gis prcmudtis hc gis cdbucstis da cs soclprc udi ibboòd odtcdboadig piri scr hcskadcsta. Cd vcz hc csa, gis rcspucstis olprcbosis puchcd scr cg rcsugtiha hc quc cd rcigohih udi pcrsadi da badabc gi quc cs barrcbti. Zar c`clpga, udi clpgcihi pahrìi rcspadhcr i udi prcmudti safrc isostcdboi ig hcbgirir quc cggi ki nigtiha trcs hìis ig trifi`a cd gas iùas idtcroarcs buidha hc kcbka nigtò bodba. ±Csté lodtocdha a sòga sc cquovabò cd cg rcmostra hc gas hìis quc nigtò1 Lcti-idégosos.  Cg lcti-idégosos cs ud lïtaha cstihìstoba piri igbidzir badbgusoadcs

fisihis cd gi odvcstomiboòd prcvoi. Idtcs hc ud lcti-idégosos, ud odvcstomihar odtcrcsiha cd rcvosir gi gotcrituri safrc ud tcli gccrìi tahi gi odnarliboòd hospadofgc y hcspuïs kirìi lés quc udi badbgusoòd suf`ctovi suf`ctovi bad fisc cd gas irtìbugas. Bad cg lctiidégosos, cg odvcstomihar pisi par bihi irtìbuga, hctcrlodi cg tiliùa hcg cncbta piri bihi uda y hcspuïs cdbucdtri ud pralchoa cstihìstoba hc gas tiliùas hcg cncbta i ga girma hc tahas gas irtìbugas. Sd lcti-idégosos hi bala rcsugtiha ud dðlcra, ggitiliùa hcg hc cncbta lchoa, quc liha cncbtovohih hc igmudi viroifgc. Bacnobocdtcs barrcgiboòd   (r)  odhobi sc usidgi bala cg tiliùa hcg cncbta buidha gas odvcstomiharcs cstéd odtcrcsihas cd gi rcgiboòd cdtrc has viroifgcs. Gi liyarìi hc gas cstuhoas usid gi barrcgiboòd bala su prucfi cstihìstobi. Gas c`clpgas odbguycd cstuhoas quc afscrvid gi rcgiboòd cdtrc pcrsadigohih y hcsclpcùa gifarig, pudtuiboadcs hc prucfis hc odtcmrohih y rafa hc clpgca, y gi rcgiboòd cdtrc sitosnibboòd gifarig y hcsclpcùa. Sd pudti`c honcrcdboig  (h) sc usi bala cg tiliùa hcg cncbta buidha gas odvcstomiharcs cstéd fusbidha udi honcrcdboi cdtrc has mrupas. Gas c`clpgas cd cstc bisa sad cstuhoas quc vcd gi cncbtovohih hc ud lïtaha hc bipibotiboòd, cg cncbta hcg cstifgcbolocdta hcg af`ctova y gas cncbtas hcg trifi`a par turdas. Gas tiliùas hcg cncbta sc puchcd odtcrprctir hc has lidcris0 ig balpirirgas bad gis darlis a ig ipgobirgas horcbtilcdtc i udi sotuiboòd cd pirtobugir. Gas tiliùas hcg cncbta (h) lcdas hc . sc badsohcrid pcqucùas5 iqucggas cdtrc . y . sad lahcrihas y gas liyarcs hc .

sc badsohcrid mridhcs (Bakcd, ). supucsta, cstashcpcdhc dðlcrashcsad ‗rcmgi mcdcrig“5 gi somdonobidboi prébtobi  rcig hc udZar tiliùa hcg cncbta viroas nibtarcs, gis narlugis cstéd hospadofgcs piri scr lés prcbosas. Cg tiliùa hcg cncbta pralchoa piri udi odtcrvcdboòd armidoziboadig armidoziboadig cs hc . (Muzza, @cttc y Eitzcgg, ). Ig ipgobir horcbtilcdtc ud tiliùa hcg cncbta i udi sotuiboòd pirtobugir, ustch dcbcsoti sifcr gi hcsvoiboòd cstédhir hc gi viroifgc cd bucstoòd. Csti hcsvoiboòd cstédhir cdtadbcs sc lugtopgobi par cg tiliùa hcg cncbta hcg lcti-idégosos piri irra`ir udi pudtuiboòd somdonobitovi. somdonobitovi. ±Badnudhoha1 Yuozé ud c`clpga pahrìi pa hrìi iyuhir. Rupadmilas quc gas clpgcihas cd gi pgidti lidunibturcri hc @akd Hccrc pocrhcd ud pralchoa hc . hìis hc trifi`a par iùa bad udi hcsvoiboòd cstédhir hc . hìis. @akd Hccrc csté badsohcridha ud ducva sostcli hc odbcdtovas piri lc`arir gi isostcdboi quc ud lcti-idégosos odhobi quc tocdc ud tiliùa hcg cncbta hc . cd gi rchubboòd hcg ifscdtosla. ±Yuï cspcri aftcdcr @akd Hccrc hc su sostcli hc odbcdto vas1 Ig lugtopgobir su hcsvoiboòd cstédhir hc ifscdtosla (. hìis) par cg tiliùa hcg cncbta hcg lcti-idégosos (.), @akd Hccrc puchc cspcrir quc cg sostcli hc od bcdtovas rchuzbi cg ifscdtosla ud pralchoa hc . hìis par clpgciha (. Ý . 󰀼 .). Ro

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

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gas hitas hc isostcdboi piri Mcdcrig Latars tuvocrad ud pralchoa hc . hìis par iùa pcrhoha bad udi hcsvoiboòd cstédhir hc ., sc pahrìi cspcrir udi rchubboòd iduig cd cg ifscdtosla hc . hìis par clpgciha (. Ý . 󰀼 .). @akd Hccrc y Mcdcrig Latars kifrìid hcbohoha bihi uda so gi rchubboòd pradastobihi cd ikarras cs pcar quc cg basta hcg sostcli hc odbcdtovas. Sdi hosbusoòd balpgcti hcg lcti-idégosos csté lés iggé hcg igbidbc hc cstc gofra y prafifgclcdtc lés iggé hc su odtcrïs tilfoïd. Rod clfirma, cs olpartidtc quc ustch puchi odtcrprctir gas rcsugtihas hc gas lcti-idégosos parquc ïstas sc usid cd cstc tcxta  y sad cg cstédhir ibtuig buidha sc rcvosi gi odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd prcvoi. Gas pudtas quc kiy quc tcdcr cd lcdtc buidha gci cg tcxta sad0 Hcfoha i quc gas lcti-idégosos rcsulcd taha ibcrbi hc gas cstuhoas hospadofgcs safrc ud tcli, sc hcfc talir cd bucdti quc udi rcncrcdboi i ud lcti-idégosos hcfc tcdcr lés pcsa quc udi rcncrcdboi i sòga uda a has cstuhoas. = Buidha sc hcsbrofcd gas rcsugtihas hc ud lcti-idégosos, i lcduha odbguoréd cg tiliùa hcg cncbta y cg nodig hc udi nrisc. nr isc. Zar c`clpga, c`clpga, ya pahrìi csbrofor ‗Gis rcncrcdbois da sad fucdas prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa, r  󰀼 .,  odhobi gi barrcgiboòd rcig hcg lcti-idégosos. Cg sìlfaga  p 󰀼 .“. Cg sìlfaga r  odhobi  p, badaboha bala rka, cs gi barrcgiboòd hcspuïs hc quc ki soha barrcmohi par nibtarcs quc puchcd rchubor rchubor su tiliùa. Cstas nibtarcs sc ggilid ggi lid irtcnibtas  y ustch puchc iprcdh iprcdhcr cr lés hc cggas cggas cd cg bipìtuga hc lcti-idégosos hcg  Liduig Cstihìstoba (Iilaht, Bakcd y Rurrcttc, ). Vka cs i lcduha =

rcncroha bala gi barrcgiboòd barrcmohi a vcrhihcri.

 Ru`ctas hc gi lucstri Gis hcbosoadcs sc hcfcd talir cd rcgiboòd bad cg tiliùa, gi balpasoboòd y cg lïtaha piri scgcbboadir i gas su`ctas quc scrvoréd bala lucstri cd cg cstuhoa. Iudquc cs imrihifgc tcdcr udi lucstri cxtcdsi piri buigquocr cstuhoa, da sc dcbcsoti cstc tiliùa hc lucstri so cg cxpcrolcdtihar puchc cgcmor kibcr igcitaroas gi lucstri y cg badtrag piri lubkis hc gis viroifgcs cxtcrdis. Hc kcbka, gi cdbucstis rcigozihis hc lidcri iprapoihi dcbcsotid sòga s òga ipraxolihilcdtc   pirtobopidtcs pir tobopidtcs piri mcdcrigozir m cdcrigozir gas ga s rcsugtihas hc gi cdbucsti i gi pafgiboòd cdtcri hc Cstihas Sdohas (Hcidc, ). Cg lïtaha hc scgcbboòd hc lucstri cs hcnodotovilcdtc hcpcdhocdtc hc gi diturigczi hc gi armidoziboòd. Sdi clprcsi pcqucùi prafifgclcdtc scré narzihi i usir tahas sus clpgcihas, ga buig somdonobi quc gi lucstri scré rchubohi pcra igtilcdtc rcprcscdtitovi hc gi pafgiboòd quc sc odtcdti tritir. Zar rizadcs prébtobis y cbadòlobis, udi armidoziboòd mridhc scgcbboadiré sòga i bocrtas clpgcihas piri quc pirtobopcd cd ud cstuhoa, lés quc usir i taha cg pcrsadig. Cg prafgcli cdtadbcs cs buégcs clpgcihas pirtobopiréd. Ro cg cstuhoa odvagubri ud bucstoadiroa, da cs prafgcli scgcbboadir ig izir ud dðlcra hcsciha hc clpgcihas y pchorgc quc balpgctc gi cdbucsti. Rod clfirma, so cg cstuhoa cs lés cgifariha, bala odvcstomir gas cncbtas hc gi ogulodiboòd cd cg hcsclpcùa, scrìi honìbog scgcbboadir ig izir i gas clpgcihas, csta cs, da scrìi prébtoba tcdcr ud clpgciha trifi`idha bad dovcgcs igtas hc guz locdtris gi pcrsadi hc `udta da cs pirtc hcg cxpcrolcdta. Ro hcboholas tcdcr udi pgidti hc trifi`a bad igtas dovcgcs hc guz y atri bad dovcgcs fi`as, ga quc midilas cd pribtobohih ga pcrhclas cd da igcitarozir y badtragir. Zar ga tidta, odtcdtilas igbidzir ud figidbc cdtrc gi pribtobohih y cg romar cxpcrolcdtig. Ziri iulcdtir cg romar cxpcrolcdtig y rchubor gas bastas cd rcigozir udi odvcstomiboòd sc kid kcbka viroas cstuhoas cd gis udovcrsohihcs, utogozidha cstuhoidtcs, lés 6>

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

quc clpgcihas. Hc kcbka, gas cstuhoidtcs hc prcpiritaroi sorvocrad bala su`ctas cd % hc gas cstuhoas hc odvcstomiboòd pufgobihas cd buitra rcvostis prodbopigcs hc O/A (Vabk, ). Cstc usa hc cstuhoidtcs ki ggcviha i ud hcfitc badsohcrifgc rcspcbta i gi mcdcrigoziboòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd udovcrsotiroi5 csta cs, ±gas cstuhoidtcs sc balpartid hc gi losli lidcri quc gas clpgcihas1 Igmudas iutarcs (p. c., Rcirs, ) scùigifid quc, cd balpiriboòd bad gas ihugtas, gas cstuhoidtcs hc prcpiritaroi sad lés  `òvcdcs, lés chubihas y lés cmabïdtrobas5 pasccd p asccd ud scdtoha hc sì loslas lcdas narlugiha y tocdcd udi dcbcsohih lés nucrtc piri gi iprafiboòd hc bagcmis. Hcfoha i csis honcrcdbois, cs rizadifgc quc gas cstuhoidtcs sc balpartcd hc lidcri honcrcdtc i gas ihugtas quc cstéd cd cg ludha gifarig. Rod clfirma, gi odvcstomiboòd cd cstc tcli csté lczbgihi. Igmudas odvcstomiharcs kid cdbadtriha honcrcdbois cdtrc gas su`ctas cstuhoidtcs y gas prancsoadigcs, iudquc atras odvcstomiharcs da (Farhcds y Iffatt, ). Cd mcdcrig, gi prcpadhcridboi hcg odvcstomihar odhobi quc gis lucstris hc gas cstuhoidtcs hc prcpiritaroi sc balpartid hc lidcri honcrcdtc quc gis lucstris hc gis pcrsadis da ibihïlobis  y hcg ludha rcig (Firr y Kott, 5 Furdctt y Huddc, 5 Marhad y Irvcy,  y @iwikir y ]oggoils, ]oggoils, ). Cstas kiggizmas sumocrcd quc, cd bocrtis ércis, ércis , utogozir cstuhoidtcs bala su`ctas hc odvcstomiboòd puchc da mcdcrigozirsc ig ludha rcig. Sd tcli nodig olpartidtc badbocrdc ig lïtaha utogoziha piri rcbgutir su`ctas. Ziri aftcdcr gas lc`arcs rcsugtihas hc odvcstomiboòd, cs cscdboig usir udi lucstri ig izir i cncbtas hc quc ïsti sci ga lés rcprcscdtitovi pasofgc. Csta quocrc hcbor quc so sc ipgobi udi cdbucsti igcitaroi i  clpgcihas, gi odvcstomiboòd scré lés prcbosi sòga so tahas gas clpgcihas hcvucgvcd gi cdbucsti. Cg prafgcli cs quc rcsugti paba prafifgc quc gas odvcstomiharcs tcdmid ud ìdhobc hc rctarda hc % so gi pirtobopiboòd cd cg cstuhoa cs vagudtiroi. Gi ïtobi hc gi Isaboiboòd Zsobagòmobi Ilcrobidi (IZI) pohc pirtobopiboòd vagudtiroi, pcra gi odvcstomiboòd cxibti rcquocrc bad nrcbucdboi pirtobopiboòd afgomitaroi ±Bòla rcsucgvcd gas odvcstomiharcs cstc hogcli1 Cd igmudis armidoziboadcs, sc pohc i gas clpgcihas quc norlcd udi hcbgiriboòd buidha sad badtritihas, ibarhidha pirtobopir cd buigquocr cstuhoa hc odvcstomiboòd armidoziboadig. Ziri sufriyir cstc ibucrha, hobki pirtobopiboòd pirt obopiboòd sc cdgosti cd gi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta hcg clpgciha. Yuocdcs prapadcd cstc lïtaha irmulcdtid quc gi pirtobopiboòd cd gi odvcstomiboòd cs iðd vagudtiroi hcfoha i quc cg odhovohua tuva gi apboòd yi sci hc talir cg trifi`a sod lés a talirga bad cg badabolocdta ihcgidtiha hc gas rcqucrolocdtas hc odvcstomiboòd. Gas apadcdtcs irmulcdtid quc talir cg trifi`a a da piri kibcrga rcig da badstotuyc udi gofrc apboòd, balpgcti y ihcbuihilcdtc. Hc lidcri sologir, cd igmudis udovcrsohihcs gas cstuhoidtcs tocdcd gi apboòd hc pirtobopir cd igmudas cstuhoas a csbrofor ud cdsiya. Odbgusa, iudquc i gas cstuhoidtcs sc gcs hï udi igtcrditovi piri gi pirtobopiboòd cd gi odvcstomiboòd, igmudas psobògamas irmulcdtid quc gi apboòd cdtrc csbrofor ud cdsiya, quc taliré viroas hìis, y pirtobopir cd has a trcs cxpcrolcdtas, quc taliréd ud pir hc karis, da cs udi apboòd gcmìtoli (Rocfcr y Ries, ). Hcfoha i quc aftcdcr gis lucstris ig izir cs luy honìbog, cspcboiglcdtc cd gi odhustroi, viroas cstuhoidtcs usid udi lucstri hc badvcdocdboi  y hcspuïs isomdid hc lidcri igcitaroi su`ctas piri hctcrlodihis badhoboadcs cxpcrolcdtigcs. Bad gi isomdiboòd ig izir, bihi su`cta cd udi lucstri da ig izir, cs isomdiha ig izir i udi badhoboòd cxpcrolcdtig pirtobugir. Zar c`clpga, cd ud cstuhoa hcsomdiha i prafir gi cncbtovohih hc ud lïtaha hc bipibotiboòd,  su`ctas cstéd hc ibucrha bad pirtobopir cd cg cstuhoa. Xrcodti hc cggas cstéd isomdihas ig izir ig mrupa quc rcbofc bipibotiboòd y atras  sad isomdihas ig izir ig mrupa hc badtrag quc da rcbofc bipibotiboòd. Gi isomdiboòd ig izir cs olpartidtc buidha sc usid lucstris baapcritovis, yi quc gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomibo òd odhobi quc gi isomdiboòd ig izir y gi da ig izir tocdc honcrcdtcs rcsugtihas (Rkihosk y Vimshigc, ).

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

6=

 

Ggcvir i bifa cg cstuhoa Buidha sc kid taliha tahis cstis hcbosoadcs, nodiglcdtc cs toclpa hc ggcvir i bifa cg cstuhoa y rcbagcbtir gas hitas. Ziri iscmurirsc hc quc gas hitas sc ibapoid olpirboiglcdtc, cs olpartidtc pgidtcir tahis gis odstrubboadcs i gas su`ctas hc udi lidcri cstidhirozihi y cd ud dovcg quc sci cdtcdhofgc. Sdi vcz quc cg su`cta tcrlodi bad gi pirtobopiboòd, sc gc hcfc rcvcgir a hcbor cg prapòsota hcg cxpcrolcdta, ihclés hc hir udi apartudohih piri quc rcigobc prcmudtis safrc su pirtobopiboòd.  Idégosos cstihìstoba Hcspuïs hc quc sc kid rcbagcbtiha gas hitas, gas rcsugtihas sc idigozid cstihìstobilcdtc. Sdi hosbusoòd safrc cg tcli vi lés iggé hcg igbidbc hc cstc gofra, pcra cs olpartidtc cdtcdhcr parquï sc usid gis cstihìstobis. Cg idégosos cstihìstoba das iyuhi i hctcrlodir quï tid badnoihas cstilas cd quc ducstras rcsugtihas scid rcigcs y da aburrocrad sòga par bisuigohih. Zar c`clpga, so dasatras kibclas cd ducstri iugi ud cstuhoa hadhc balpirilas gi chih pralchoa hc gas cstuhoidtcs cd cg giha ozquocrha hcg sigòd bad gi hc gas cstuhoidtcs cd cg giha hcrcbka, da huhirìilas cd aftcdcr udi honcrcdboi. Csta cs, gi chih pralchoa hc gas cstuhoidtcs cd cg giha hcrcbka da scrìi cxibtilcdtc gi losli quc gi hc gas cstuhoidtcs hcg ozquocrha. Ro da rcigozérilas ud idégosos cstihìstoba hc ducstras hitas, badbguorìilas quc gas hcg giha hcrcbka sad lés mridhcs quc gas hcg ozquocrha. ¡Xig vcz pahrìilas odbgusa hcsirraggir udi tcarìi safrc gas rcsugtihas! ±Rucdi rohìbuga1 Zar supucsta quc sì. Da afstidtc, csta lucstri gi ohci hc quc buigquocr dðlcra quc rcbagcbtclas scré honcrcdtc tahi prafifogohih. Gi prcmudti cs0 ±sad  somdonobitovilcdtc  honcrcdtcs1 Gas idégososcd cstihìstobas praparboadid gi rcspucsti ig hctcrlodir gi prafifogohih hc quc ducstras hitas nucrad cg rcsugtiha hc gi apartudohih. Cd psobagamìi usilas cg dovcg . hc somdonobidboi0 so ducstras idégosos odhobid quc gi prafifogohih hc quc gas hitas quc rcsugtirad hc gi apartudohih cs % a lcdas, badsohcrilas ducstra rcsugtiha cstihìstobilcdtc somdonobidtc. somdonobidtc. Iudquc cstc dovcg hc somdonobidboi cs cg lés utogoziha, igmudas odvcstomiharcs kid sumcroha quc hcfclas scr lés ngcxofgcs y utogozir dovcgcs lés gofcrigcs a lés badscrviharcs, hcpcdhocdha hc gi sotuiboòd (Farhcds y Iffatt, ).  ). Cd cstc pudta, sc hcfc tcdcr prcbiuboòd safrc gi odtcrprctiboòd hc gas dovcgcs hc olpartidboi. Cstas dovcgcs odhobid sòga cg mriha hc badnoidzi quc pahclas bagabir cd ud rcsugtiha prahubta hc gi apartudohih. apar tudohih. Da hobcd dihi safrc gi sagohcz hc gas rcsugtihas. Zar ga tidta, ud cstuhoa bad rcsugtihas olpartidtcs cd cg dovcg . da lucstri dcbcsiroilcdtcc ud cncbta lés norlc quc ud cstuhoa bad rcsugtihas badsohcrifg dcbcsiroilcdt badsohcrifgcs cs cd cg dovcg hc badnoidzi .. Ziri hctcrlodir gi sagohcz hc ud kiggizma, usilas cg tiliùa hcg cncbta hosbutoha cd gi scbboòd safrc cg lcti-idégosos. Gas dovcgcs hc somdonobidboi das hobcd gi  somdonobidboi  cstihìstobi hc ud cstuhoa y gas tiliùas hcg cncbta (balfodiha bad gi gòmobi) das hobcd gi olpartidboi prébtobi  prébtobi hc ud cstuhoa. Zar c`clpga, supadmilas quc rcigozilas ud cstuhoa piri balpirir gi pudtuiboòd RIX hc gas cstuhoidtcs hc scbudhiroi hcg scxa nclcdoda y hcg lisbugoda. Bad fisc cd udi lucstri hc bodba loggadcs hc cstuhoidtcs, cdbadtrilas quc cg pralchoa hc gas cstuhoidtcs kalfrcs cs   y cg hc gis lu`crcs  . Bad csc cdarlc tiliùa hc lucstri, cs pasofgc cdbadtrir quc gis has lchois sad cstihìstobilcdtc honcrcdtcs. Rod clfirma, prafifgclcdtc da padhrìilas lubki olpartidboi prébtobi cd udi honcrcdboi hc sòga ud pudta cdtrc gas has mrupas cd udi prucfi bad ud pudti`c léxola hc  . Barrcgiboòd. Cs dcbcsiroa hosbutor udi cstihìstobi pirtobugir, gi barrcgiboòd, hcfoha i quc

sc usi lubka cd gi psobagamìi O/A y i ga girma hc cstc gofra. Gi barrcgiboòd cs ud pra6;

B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

bcholocdta cstihìstoba quc pcrlotc ig odvcstomihar hctcrlodir gi rcgiboòd cdtrc gis has viroifgcs, par c`clpga, gis rcgiboadcs cdbadtrihis cdtrc udi prucfi hc scgcbboòd  y cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha i nutura5 gi sitosnibboòd gifarig y gi isostcdboi ig trifi`a, a gas ìdhobcs hc hcsclpcùa kcbkas par gas trifi`iharcs y gas supcrvosarcs. Cs olpartidtc cdtcdhcr quc ud idégosos barrcgiboadig da dcbcsiroilcdtc hobc igma safrc biusigohih. ±Zar quï ud bacnobocdtc hc barrcgiboòd da odhobi udi rcgiboòd biusi y cncbta1 Hcfoha i gi tcrbcri viroifgc, udi  viroifgc odtcrlchoi, quc i lcduha sc badsohcri piri gi rcgiboòd cdtrc has viroifgcs. Xalc cg c`clpga usiha nrcbucdtclcdtc par cg psobògama Hivoh Rbkrachcr. Rupadmi quc cxostc udi barrcgiboòd hc +. cdtrc cg dðlcra hc badas hc kcgiha vcdhohas cd Ducvi _are huridtc imasta y cg dðlcra hc fcfïs quc lurocrad csc losla lcs cd Odhoi. ±Balcr kcgihas litò fcfïs cd atri diboòd1 Da, csa da tcdhrìi scdtoha. Isì quc fusbilas gi tcrbcri viroifgc quc cxpgobirìi ducstri igti barrcgiboòd. Cd cstc bisa, gi rcspucsti cs bgirilcdtc cg bigar hcg vcrida. Atra c`clpga odtcrcsidtc nuc praparboadiha par Luggods () cd udi prcscdtiboòd safrc gi odtcrprctiboòd crròdci hc gas bacnobocdtcs hc barrcgiboòd. Luggods scùigi quc gas hitas lucstrid udi nucrtc barrcgiboòd dcmitovi cdtrc cg dðlcra hc vibis par loggi buihrihi y cg ìdhobc hc hcgodbucdboi. Bad csta, hobka cd frali, Luggods sumoroò quc gi bouhih hc Ducvi _are pahrìi golpoirsc hc gi hcgodbucdboi ig olpartir loggadcs hc bifczis hc midiha. Zar supucsta, gi odtcrprctiboòd rcig hc gi barrcgiboòd dcmitovi cs quc cg brolcd cs liyar cd gi ércis urfidis quc cd gis ércis rurigcs. Sd fucd odvcstomihar hcfcré scr soclprc biutcgasa safrc gis viroifgcs quc pircbcd rcgiboadihis. Kibc viroas iùas, gi rcvosti  Zcapgc pufgobò ud irtìbuga safrc ud lodostra quc rcigozò ud ‗cstu ‗cstuhoa“ hoa“ cd  ihagcsbcdtcs clfirizihis y cdbadtrò quc buidha  sc clfirizirad sc csbubkifi lðsobi rabe. Cg lodostra badbguyò quc, hcfoha i quc gis has basis cstéd rcgiboadihis (p. c., aburrocrad ig losla toclpa), cg rabe hcfoò biusir gas clfirizas. ±Ru saguboòd1 Zrakofor cg rabe y cg clfiriza cd gis ihagcsbcdtcs hcsipircbcrìi. Rod clfirma, cd lo prapoa ‗cstuhoa olimodiroa“ cdbadtrï quc cd  bisas hc clfiriza ihagcsbcdtc, udi iglakihi tilfoïd cstuva prcscdtc. Ziri usir gi losli gòmobi quc cg lodostra usò, gi saguboòd rcig scrìi prakofor gis iglakihis, da cg rabe. Iudquc ilfis ‗saguboadcs“ bocrtilcdtc sad cxtriùis, sc hcfc ibgirir cg pudta0 sòga parquc aburrcd has cvcdtas ig losla toclpa a pircbcd cstir rcgiboadihas da somdonobi quc ud cvcdta a viroifgc vir oifgc biusc atra. Cg rcsugtiha hcg idégosos barrcgiboadig barrcgiboadig cs ud dðlcra ggiliha bacnobocdtc hc barrcgiboòd. Gas ridmas hc cstc bacnobocdtc vid hc ‒ i +5 cdtrc lés gc`as hc bcra csté cg bacnobocdtc, liyar cs gi rcgiboòd cdtrc has viroifgcs. Csta cs, udi barrcgiboòd hc . lucstri udi rcgiboòd lés nucrtc cdtrc gis has viroifgcs quc udi hc .. Hc gi losli lidcri, udi barrcgiboòd hc ‒. cs lés nucrtc quc udi hc +.. +. . Gas somdas + y ‒ odhobid gi horcbboòd hc gi barrcgiboòd. Sdi pasotovi (+) somdonobi quc badnarlc gas vigarcs hc udi viroifgc iulcdtid, tilfoïd ga kibcd gas vigarcs hc udi scmudhi viroifgc. Zar c`clpga, pahrìilas cdbadtrir udi barrcgiboòd pasotovi cdtrc gi odtcgomcdboi y gis bigonobiboadcs hcg iugi cd ud cxilcd. Csta C sta somdonobirìi quc, locdtris lés odtcgomcdtc sci cg cstuhoidtc, lc`arcs bigonobiboadcs aftcdhré cd cg cxilcd. Sdi barrcgiboòd dcmitovi (‒) somdonobi quc, badnarlc gas vigarcs hc udi viroifgc iulcdtid, gas vigarcs hc udi scmudhi viroifgc hosloduycd. Zar c`clpga, prafifgclcdtc cdbadtrirìilas udi barrcgiboòd dcmitovi cdtrc cg dðlcra hc bcrvczis quc ustch fcfc gi dabkc idtcs hc ud cxilcd y sus bigonobiboadcs. Cd gi psobagamìi O/A, cdbadtrilas barrcgiboadcs dcmitovis cdtrc gi sitosnibboòd gifarig y cg ifscdtosla, gi chih y cg toclpa hc rcibboòd, cg dcrvoasosla y cg ïxota hc gi cdtrcvosti.

 

Odvcstomiboòd cd gi psobagamìi O/A  

6?

 

Ïtobi cd gi psobagamìi odhustroig/armidoziboadig Gis armidoziboadcs y gas clpgcihas sc cdnrcdtid i hogclis ïtobas bihi hìi. Cstas hogclis sad sotuiboadcs ilfomuis quc rcquocrcd ud `uoboa pcrsadig hc ga quc cs barrcbta  y ga quc da, hiha quc da kiy rcmgis, pagìtobis a gcycs quc muìcd csis hcbosoadcs. Gas odhovohuas i lcduha badnìid cd sus vigarcs pcrsadigcs p crsadigcs y larigcs, gas buigcs nrcbucdn rcbucdtclcdtc badhubcd i hovcrsis hcbosoadcs par pcrsadis honcrcdtcs cd sotuiboadcs sologircs. Hcfoha i quc lubki mcdtc tocdc hostodtas idtcbchcdtcs quc olpibtid sus vigarcs pcrsadigcs cg laha quc hcnodcd udi sotuiboòd pirtobugir, gi hcbosoòd kcbki par udi pcrsadiy puchc scrcd tilfoïd luy honcrcdtc hc gi quc kibc atri. Zar c`clpga, supadmilas quc quocrc vcdhcr su iuta. Sstch sifc quc ïstc ki cstiha cd viroas ibbohcdtcs y sc gc kid kcbka virois rcpiriboadcs. ±Sstch balpirtorìi csti odnarliboòd bad ud balprihar praspcbta1 Da cxostc udi gcy a pagìtobi quc homi ga quc hcfc kibcr. Hc kcbka, lubkis pcrsadis horìid quc i lcdas quc cg balprihar prcmudtc cspcbìnobilcdtc, ustch da hcfc hcbor taha. ±Cs lariglcdtc odbarrcbta a hcskadcsta da balpirtor csti odnarliboòd1 Bad fisc cd ud sostcli hc vigarcs hcg odhovohua, gi rcspucsti puchc scr ‗sì“ cs lariglcdtc odbarrcbta a ‗da“ ga cs. Cd gi vohi rcig, i lcduha das cdbadtrilas bad has topas hc hogclis ïtobas0 topa I y topa F. Cd uda topa I, I , cxostc ud igta dovcg hc odbcrtohulfrc odbcrtohulfrc hc ga quc cs barrcbta c odbarrcbta, pircbc da scr gi lc`ar saguboòd y cxostcd badscbucdbois pasotovis y dcmito vis idtc udi hcbosoòd. hcbosoòd. Zar c`clpga, virois pcrsadis horìid quc gi odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd òd quc usi usi idoligcs piri prafir ud ducva nérliba da cs ïtobi hcfoha i quc rcsugti lariglcdtc odbarrcbta gistolir buigquocr vovi. Atras horìidscrìi quclariglcdtc gas ducvasodbarrcbta nérlibas pahrìid sigvir loggadcs hc vohisbroituri kulidis y quc cdtadbcs vcr, dodmudi pircbc scr udi fucdi rcsda kibcr y prafir tigcs nérlibas. Bala puchc vcr, pucsti, yi quc kiy badscbucdbois pasotovis y dcmitovis ig talir csti hcbosoòd. Cd cg hogcli topa F, tilfoïd ggiliha hogcli hc riboadigoziboòd, gi honcrcdboi cdtrc ga barrcbta y ga odbarrcbta cs lubka lés bgiri quc cd uda topa I. Bad nrcbucdboi, gas odhovohuas sifcd ga quc cs barrcbta pcra cgo`cd gi saguboòd lés nivarifgc piri cggas. Zar c`clpga, cgcmor da hcborgc ig balprihar praspcbta safrc buigquocr hiùa pisiha quc aburroò bad cg iuta quc sc vi i vcdhcr tcdhrìi lés vcdti`is piri cg vcdhchar. Gas hogclis topa F sad ggilihas hogclis hc riboadigoziboòd hcfoha i quc gas odhovohuas ‗riboadigozid“ ga quc cs barrcbta i biusi hc quc ‗tahas gas hclés ga kibcd“. Zar c`clpga, lubkas cstuhoidtcs horéd quc kid kcbka trilpi ig lcdas udi vcz cd ud cxilcd. Lubkas hc csas cstuhoidtcs cstirìid hc ibucrha bad quc cs lariglcdtc odbarrcbta kibcr trilpi. Cdtadbcs, ±par quï viroas ga kibcd1 Gi rizòd cs quc ‗sòga par csti vcz“ csté y da dihoc. Cggas sc badvcdbcd i sì loslas hcparquï quc, hcfoha i qucfocd tahas ga cstéd kibcd,gistolidha hcfc cstirifocd. Csti bipibohih hc riboadigozir cs cg taha cg toclpa cg balpartilocdta da ïtoba cd gis armidoziboadcs cs igta. Cd udi cdbucsti kcbki par Birccrfuoghcr.bal () i   trifi`iharcs, % hc cggas rcpartò gi pirtobopiboòd cd cg da ïtoba ibta hc lcdtor cd cg gumir hc trifi`a igmudi vcz cd su birrcri prancsoadig. Cd udi cdbucsti hcg Bcdtra hc Odvcstomiboòd Odvcstomiboòd Ïtobi cd cg iùa , % hc gas trifi`iharcs cdbucstihas rcpartò balpartilocdta da ïtoba vosta cd atras, odbgu ycdha sotuiboadcs sotuiboadcs bala bala ‗talir prcstihas“ prcstihas“ sulodostras hcg trifi`a y ggcvérscgas i bisi, rafir gépobcs y cquopa, usir gi sigohi par cdncrlchih buidha da cstifid cdncrlas, ifusa hc clpgcihas par pirtc hc gi ihlodostriboòd, y ggcmir tirhc c orsc tclprida. Ig nodig hc bihi bipìtuga, cd cstc gofra sc gc prcscdtiréd igmudas hogclis ïtobas piri gas buigcs sc pchoré quc hosbuti y rcspadhi gis prcmudtis. Bad gi odnarliboòd hc csti scbboòd, hcbohi so pocdsi quc csis sotuiboadcs sad ïtobis a da ïtobis. Da kiy rcspucsti barrcbti a odbarrcbti. Balpirc sus pcdsilocdtas c ohcis bad atras balpiùcras hc bgisc piri tcdcr udi pcrspcbtovi bgiri hc quï tid honìbog cs quc

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B 

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

 

tahas talcd gi losli hcbosoòd buidha sc cdnrcdtid bad ud hogcli ïtoba bala ga apucsta i udi hcbosoòd quc sc muìi par gi gcy a par pagìtobis.

Cd cg trifi`a Odvcstomiboòd ggcvihi i bifa bad gis Iutarohihcs hcg Icrapucrtahc ^idbauvcr Odtcrdiboadig (Frotosk Bagulfoi), Bidihé

Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha g icrapucrta odtcrdiboadig hc ^idbauvcr, gabigoziha cd Vobkladh, Frotosk Bagulfoi, cs cg scmudha lés badburroha hc Bidihé, sorvoò i lés hc 9=.3 loggadcs hc pisi`cras cd 6::=. Ki soha dalfriha cg léxola icrapucrta cd Ilïrobi hcg Dartc par gi sitosnibboòd hc sus bgocdtcs cd mcdcrig. Zar ga tidta, cs latova hc armugga piri gas clpgcihas y su hcsclpcùa hcsclpcùa.. Gis iutarohihcs hcg icrapucrta supcrvosid lés hc 2:: clpgcihas cd ércis bala ihlodostriboòd hc praycbtas, nodidzis, rcbursas kulidas, odmcdocrìi, baludobiboadcs y prcpiriboòd hc clcrmcdbois. Gas clpgcihas quc trifi`id piri gis icragìdcis, tocdhis y rcstiuridtcs, da sad pirtc hcg icrapucrta5 bala cggas,

C

gis iutarohihcs sad clpgcihas hc balpiùìis provihis. Ziri rchubor bastas y iulcdtir gi prahubtovohih, cstis iutarohihcs hoscùirad ud pramrili hc focdcstir piri sus clpgcihas ggiliha Notdcss idh Figidbc, quc balprcdhc viroas balpadcdtcs odbguycdha sclodiroas cd tclis bala hc`ir hc nulir y lidc`a hcg cstrïs5 fagctodcs odnarlitovas rcgiboadihas bad gi siguh y idudboas5 hìis hc ibtovohihcs ig iorc gofrc cd gas buigcs gas clpgcihas y sus nilogoircs puchcd idhir cd fobobgcti, pitodir a bilodir y hcsbucdtas cd gas moldisoas. Ziri hctcrlodir gi cncbtovohih hc cstc pramrili, gis iutarohihcs hcg icrapucrta rcbagcbtirad hitas. Cdbadtrirad quc cg ifscdtosla biyò hc 8.:=% i 6.33% y

quc cg dðlcra iduig hc gcsoadcs hosloduyò hc 66 i scos. =

±Bòla kifrìi ustch cg cstuhoa pirihoscùiha hctcrlodir gi cncbtovohih hcg pramrili hc focdcstir1 = ±Yuï lchohis hc rcsugtiha ihclés hcg ifscdtosla y gis gcsoadcs pahrìi utogozir1 = ±Yuï badsohcriboadcs prébtobis a ïtobis cs dcbcsiroa talir cd bucdti buidha sc rcbagcbtid y rcpartid gas hitas cd ud cstuhoa bala ïstc1 Lés odnarliboòd safrc ïstc bisa sc puchc cdbadtrir cd0 kttp0//www.pkib-ispb. mb.bi/piu-uip/notdcss/ware/ stuhyQvidbauvcrQc.ktlg

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga Cd cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò quc0 = Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A badsostc cd trcs sufbilpas prodbopigcs0 psobagamìi hcg pcrsadig, psobagamìi armidoziboadig y nibtarcs kulidas. Gas psobògamas odhustroigcs trifi`id cd udi virochih hc csbcdiroas, odbguycdha =

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gi odhustroi, cg mafocrda, gi narliboòd y gis norlis hc badsugtarìi. Cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A balcdzò i prodbopoas hc  y tuva ud répoha brcbolocdta hcshc cdtadbcs0 gi Hovosoòd  hc gi IZI balcdzò cd  bad  loclfras y ikari tocdc bcrbi hc  . Gi Zrolcri y gi Rcmudhi Mucrris Ludhoigcs, gas cstuhoas Kiwtkardc, gi gcmosgiboòd hc gas hcrcbkas bovogcs, gi ducvi tcbdagamìi y gis hclamrinìis cd bilfoa kid tcdoha olpartidtcs olpibtas cd gi psobagamìi O/A. Zar ga lcdas sc rcquocrc cg mriha hc licstrìi piri cdbadtrir clpgca cd bilpa, y gas sigiroas lchoas cd Cstihas Sdohas ibtuiglcdtc asbogid cdtrc $  hògircs ig iùa piri cg dovcg hc licstrìi y $  hògircs cd cg dovcg hc habtariha.

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga  

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Zrcmudtis piri rcvosir . . . . . . .

Gi odvcstomiboòd cs olpartidtc piri quc gas psobògamas O/A puchid talir gis lc`arcs hcbosoadcs. Rc hcfc hcbohor rcspcbta i ga quc sc vi i odvcstomir, cg gumir hc gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomiboòd (gifaritaroa a bilpa), cg lïtaha hc odvcstomiboòd (cxpcrolcdtig, da cxpcrolcdtig, cdbucsti, odvcstomiboòd hc irbkova, lcti-idégosos), gi lucstri quc sc usiré y gi cstihìstobi quc sc scgcbboadiré piri idigozir gas hitas hc odvcstomibo odvcstomiboòd. òd.

±Buégcs nucrad gas cvcdtas olpartidtcs quc narlirad cg bilpa hc gi psobagamìi O/A1 ±Yuï pipcg hcsclpcùiréd gas bilfoas cd gis hclamrin ìis cd rcgiboòd bad gi badtritiboòd y horcbboòd hc clpgcihas1 Ro ustch quosocri badtoduir udi birrcri cd psobagamìi O/A, ±quï dcbcsotirìi kibcr cdtrc kay y gi mrihuiboòd piri kibcrgi pasofgc1 ±Yuï honcrcdboi kiy cdtrc gis tcarìis y gis kopòtcsos1 ±Gi lucstri ig izir cs rciglcdtc lc`ar quc udi lucstri baapcritovi1 ±Zar quï sì y par quï da1 ±Buédha usi ud buiso-cxpcrolcdta cd gumir hc ud cxpcrolcdta1 ±Zar quï gis barrcgiboadcs cdtrc has viroifgcs da odhobid quc udi biusò gi atri1

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c =

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^osotc ducstra sotoa wcf. ^iyi i www.bcdmimc.bal/psybkagamy/ iilaht, hadhc cdbadtriré rcbursas cd gìdci, cd odmgïs, horcbtilcdtc  vodbugihas i su gofra, odbguycdha odbguycdha prucfis bipìtuga par bipìtuga, tir`ctis, ralpcbifczis bruzihas, ibtovohihcs hc ipgobiboòd y lés.

•   Odtrahubboòd i gi psobagamìi O/A

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Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

Af`ctovas hc iprcdhozi`c Ø

Cdtcdhcr gi hc﬉doboòd y usas hcg idégosos hc pucsta

Ø

Rifcr bòla csbrofor udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta

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Rifcr bòla ggcvir i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta

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Iprcdhcr buédha usir gas honcrcdtcs lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta

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Cdtcdhcr cg badbcpta y gi cviguiboòd hc pucsta

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Cdtcdhcr cg badbcpta hc cquohih hc pima

Idégosos hc pucsta Olpartidboi hcg idégosos hc pucsta Csbrofor udi fucdi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta Zrcpirirsc piri ud idégosos hc pucsta Ggcvir i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta Ssir atras lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta Cviguiboòd hc lïtahas

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc pima odtcrdi Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc pima cxtcrdi Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc rizi y scxa

Cd cg trifi`a0 Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha0 Balotï Diboadig Cxilodiharcs hchc Lïhobas ^ctcrodiroas Cdnaquc ïtoba0 Balpcdsiboòd hc horcbtarcs mcdcrigcs y c`cbutovas

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d ,  bagadoziharcs odmgcscs cstifgcbocrad udi bagadoi cd Vaidaec Osgidh, bcrbi hc ga quc ikari cs Autcr Fides hc gi basti hc Biragodi hcg Dartc. Buidha @akd ]kotc ggcmò i Vaidaec Osgidh cd , da cdbadtrò ristra hc gi bagadoi, sòga gi pigifri Braitid tiggihi cd ud érfag. Kisti kay da sc sifc quï pisò bad gas bagadoziharcs hc Vaidaec. Rc kid cxtcdhoha tcarìis cxpgobir cgihcstoda hc gi bagadoi quc nucrad iscsodihas parvirois gas odhoas, qucpiri sc lavocrad atra gumir y basis isì.pcrhohi0 Sdi tcarìi cs quc gas loclfras hc gi bagadoi da cstifid prcpirihas piri safrcvovor cd cg ducva badtodcdtc5 csta cs, cg mrupa badsostìi cd pagìtobas, saghihas y lirodcras. Iudquc gas homdas odhovohuas nucrad cdvoihas ig Ducva Ludha, pabas tcdìid cg cdtrcdilocdta  y gis kifogohihcs dcbcsirois piri supcrir cg rcta5 iqucggas bala gas mrid`cras kifìid soha cdvoihas cd gumir hc gas topas hc cxpgariharcs trihoboadigcs. Zar ga tidta, udi lc`ar barrcspadhcdboi cdtrc gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta y cg pcrsadig puha kifcr sig viha i gi bagadoi. ±Rucdi cximcriha1 Xig Xig vcz, pcra p cra gi kostaroi sufriyi gi olpartidboi olpart idboi hc ud prabcsa ggiliha idégosos hc pucsta, quc rcðdc, idigozi y cstrubturi gi odnarliboòd safrc gas balpadcdtcs, gis biribtcrìstobis y gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta (Ridbkcz y Gcvodc, ).

Idégosos hc pucsta Olpartidboi hcg idégosos hc pucsta Sd lctobugasa idégosos hc pucsta cs gi fisc piri biso tahis gis ibtovohihcs hc rcbursas kulidas. Cs honìbog olimodir bòla uda pahrìi csbrofor udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta, scgcbboadir clpgcihas, cviguir cg hcsclpcùa a rcigozir pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd sod sifcr gis tircis quc ggcvi i bifa ud clpgciha, gis badhoboadcs cd gis quc sc hcsclpcùi y gis balpctcdbois quc dcbcsoti piri cncbtuir csis tircis. Sd hctiggiha idégosos hc pucsta praparboadi tig odnarliboòd.

Csbrofor hcsbropboadcs hc gas pucstas Sda hc gas prahubtas csbrotas hc ud idégosos hc pucsta cs gi hcsbropboòd hcg losla, ud frcvcCd rcsulcd hc has pémodis ibcrbi hc giscs tircis y rcquosotas cdbadtrihas cg idégosos. atris pigifris, cg idégosos hc pucsta cg  prabcsa  piri hctcrlodir gis cd ibto vohihcs hc trifi`a, locdtris quc gas rcquosotas y gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta sad cg rcsugtiha csbrota hcg idégosos. Xidta hcsbropboadcs bala idégosos hc pucsta sorvcd hc fisc piri virois ibtovohihcs hc VK, odbguycdha scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, cviguiboòd, bipibotiboòd y hoscùa hc trifi`a.

 Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha Cs honìbog olimodir bòla ud clpgciha puchc scr scgcbboadiha i lcdas quc cxosti ud cdtcdholocdta bgira cdtrc gis tircis rcigozihis y gis balpctcdbois dcbcsirois piri tig rcigoziboòd. Ig ohcdtonobir csas rcquosotas cs pasofgc scgcbboadir gis tircis a hcsirraggir prcmudtis hc cdtrcvosti quc hctcrlodiréd so ud sagobotidtc cd pirtobugir pascc cg badabolocdta, gis kifogohihcs y gis bipibohihcs dcbcsiroas piri bufror gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta. Iudquc pircbc hc scdtoha balðd, gi hosbusoòd hc gi cdtrcvosti hc clpgca da cstrubturihi cd cg bipìtuga  hclucstri quc bocrtis viroifgcs da rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta i lcduha puchcd scr usihis piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas. Igmudas c`clpgas 28

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

sad gas rcquosotas hc cstituri piri gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi, p agobìi, cg cstoga hc iprctir gis lidas ig siguhir piri gi liyarìi hc gas pucstas y cg nìsoba itribtova piri gis safrcbirmas hc gis icragìdcis.

Bipibotiboòd Sdi vcz lés, cs honìbog vcr bòla gas clpgcihas puchcd scr bipibotihas, i lcdas quc sc badazbid gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta. Gas idégosos hc pucsta prahubcd gostis hc ibto vohihcs gifarigcs quc sc puchcd usir hc lidcri sostclétobi piri brcir pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd. Zgidciboòd hcg pahcr pcrsadig  Sd olpartidtc, iudquc ririlcdtc utogoziha, ipartc hcg idégosos hc pucsta cs hctcrlodir gi lavogohih hcg trifi`ihar  hcdtra   hcdtra hc udi armidoziboòd. Csta cs, so gas odhovohuas sad badtritihas piri ud trifi`a pirtobugir, ±i quï atras pucstas puchcd cspcrir scr cvcdtuiglcdtc isbcdhohas y vagvcrsc cxotasas1 ^irois armidoziboadcs tocdcd gi pagìtobi hc isbcdhcr ig trifi`ihar quc sc hcsclpcùi lc`ar cd cg pucsta odlchoitilcdtc odncroar i iqucg cd bucstoòd. Iudquc cstc cdnaquc tocdc sus vcdti`is, puchc biusir cg ggiliha Zrodbopoa hc Zctcr0 pralavcr clpgcihas kisti quc cvcdtuiglcdtc igbidbcd su dovcg lés igta hc odbalpctcdboi (Zctcr y Kugg, ). Zar c`clpga, badsohcrir ig clpgciha quc cs cg lc`ar vcdhchar cd gi balpiùìi. Odbgusa so sc sifc quc ïg a cggi cs cxbcgcdtc cd vcdtis, sc hcsbadabc quï topa hc supcrvosar scré. Cg isbcdsa quc sc fisi sòga cd cg hcsclpcùa cd gis vcdtis da miridtozi quc csti pcrsadi ga kiré focd bala supcrvosar. Rod clfirma, supadmilas quc gas rcsugtihas hcg idégosos hc pucsta sc usid piri balpirir tahas gas pucstas hc gi balpiùìi bad cg hc supcrvosar. Cd gumir hc isbcdhcr i gi pcrsadi hcg pucsta odlchoitilcdtc odncroar ig supcrvosar, sc pralucvc ig lc`ar clpgciha hcg pucsta bad liyar sologotuh, csta cs, ud pucsta quc yi odvagubri lubka hcg losla badabolocdta, kifogohihcs y bipibohihcs quc rcquocrc cg hc supcrvosar. Bad cstc cdnaquc, cxostc liyar badbarhidboi cdtrc gi pcrsadi quc cs isbcdhohi y gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta. ^igariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa Atra usa olpartidtc hcg idégosos hc pucsta cs gi badstrubboòd hc ud odstrulcdta piri gi vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa. Bala cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, gi cviguiboòd hcg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha hcfc rcgiboadirsc bad cg pucsta. Gas trifi`iharcs i lcduha sad cviguihas bad narlugiroas quc usid bitcmarìis paba bgiris bala ‗badnoifogohih“, ‗badabolocdta“ c ‗odoboitovi“. Cg usa hc bitcmarìis cspcbìnobis rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta ggcvid i vigariboadcs hcg hcsclpcùa lés prcbosis quc sad lc`ar ibcptihis da sòga par gas clpgcihas soda tilfoïd par gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs (]crdcr y Fagoda, ). Ihclés, sc ipgobid y usid hc lidcri ihcbuihi cstispiri vigariboadcs puchcd scrvor balabuidha udi nucdtc cxbcgcdtc hc bipibotiboòd y arocdtiboòd cg clpgciha.

Bgiso󿬉biboòd hcg pucsta Cg idégosos hc pucsta pcrlotc quc cg prancsoadig hc rcbursas kulidas bgisonoquc pucstas cd mrupas bad fisc cd gis sologotuhcs hc gas rcquosotas y hcfcrcs. Gi bgisonobiboòd hc pucsta cs ðtog piri hctcrlodir dovcgcs hc pima, tridsncrcdbois y isbcdsas. Cviguiboòd hc pucsta Gi odnarliboòd aftcdohi hcg idégosos hc pucsta tilfoïd sc puchc usir piri hctcrlodir cg vigar  hcg  hcg losla. Gi cviguiboòd hc pucsta sc hosbutoré bad hctiggc lés ihcgidtc cd cstc bipìtuga. Hoscùa hcg pucsta Gi odnarliboòd hcg idégosos hc pucsta sc puchc usir piri hctcrlodir gi lidcri òptoli cd gi quc ïstc hcfc cs, ±buég scrìi gi lc`ar cd gcvidtc quc ud clpgciha sc socdtc idtc hcsclpcùirsc. su balputihariCsta a piri quc udi pcrsadi hcgnarli iglibïd  

Idégosos hc pucsta  

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bi`is1 Ig idigozir ud pucsta, gas lavolocdtas odscmuras c oddcbcsiroas puchcd cgolodirsc, ga buig rcsugtirìi cd udi igti prahubtovohih y ud dðlcra rchuboha hc gcsoadcs cd cg trifi`a. Sd hoscùa hcg pucsta sc lcdboadò cd cg bipìtuga  bad cg c`clpga hc Nride Mogfrctk quocd, hcspuïs hc cstuhoir gi odbadsostcdboi bad gi buig gas igfiùogcs rcigozifid su trifi`a, puha rchubor cg dðlcra hc lavolocdtas dcbcsiroas piri padcr ud gihrogga, hc  i buitra y lchoa.

Badnarlohih bad gas godcilocdtas gcmigcs Bala sc hosbutc bad lés hctiggc cd cg bipìtuga , buigquocr hcbosoòd hc trifi`a sc hcfc kibcr bad fisc cd gi odnarliboòd rcgiboadihi bad cg pucsta. Sdi lidcri gcmiglcdtc ibcptifgc piri hctcrlodir hc laha horcbta gi rcgiboòd hc pucstas cs lchoidtc ud idégosos hc pucsta. Dodmudi gcy rcquocrc cspcbìnobilcdtc tig idégosos, pcra viroas godcilocdtas olpartidtcs y bisas cd gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs iutarozid gas idégosos hc pucsta piri tahas gas prapòsotas prapò sotas prébtobas. Zrolcra, gas Godcilocdtas Sdonarlcs cd gas Zrabcholocdtas hc Rcgcbboòd hc Clpgcihas (), gas prodbopoas hc VK hoscùihas piri iscmurir gi badnarlohih bad gas cstédhircs nchcrigcs, badtocdcd virois honcrcdbois piri gi dcbcsohih hcg idégosos hc pucsta. Odbgusa, gas  Godcilocd  Godcilocdtas tas Sdonarlcs da sad udi gcy, gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs gcs kid badbchoha ‗mrid badsohcriboòd“ badsohcriboòd“ (Friddobe, Gcvodc y Larmcsad, ). Rcmudha, cd viroas bisas hc gas trofudigcs kid hosbutoha cg badbcpta hc gi rcgiboòd hcg pucsta. Zar c`clpga, cd Mromms vs. Huec Zawcr  (),   (), gis hcbosoadcs hcg clpgca cstifid fisihis pirboiglcdtc cd gi pascsoòd hc ud bcrtonobiha hc prcpiritaroi. Hcfoha i quc ud parbcdti`c liyar hc dcmras quc hc fgidbas da bulpgìi cstc rcquosota, lcdas pcrsadis hc bagar nucrad badtritihis y pralavohis. Zar ga tidta, sc cdtifgò ud `uoboa badtri Huec Zawcr Balpidy igcmidha quc ud bcrtonobiha hc prcpiritaroi da cri dcbcsiroa piri bufror gis hclidhis hcg pucsta. Cg trofudig cstuva hc ibucrha bad Mromms, cg hclidhidtc, ig pgidtcir quc gi balpiùìi da kifìi cstifgcboha gi rcgiboòd hcg pucsta bad cg rcquosota hcg bcrtonobiha hc prcpiritaroi. Iudquc da sc lcdboadi cspcbìnobilcdtc cg tïrloda idégosos hc pucsta, gi hcbosoòd talihi cd cg bisa Mromms nuc gi prolcri cd lidc`ir cg tcli hc gi rcgiboòd hcg pucsta. Gas bisas sufscbucdtcs bala Igfcrlirgc vs. Laahy Laahy () y Bkidbc vs. Fairh an Cxilodcrs () cstifgcbocrad tilfoïd gi dcbcsohih hc gi rcgiboòd hcg pucsta y cg cdgibc cdtrc ïsti y cg idégosos hc pucsta.

 Idégosos armidoziboadig  Huridtc cg bursa hc su trifi`a, gas idigostis hc pucstas i lcduha sc vucgvcd badsbocdtcs hc bocrtas prafgclis hcdtra hc udi armidoziboòd. Zar c`clpga, huridtc udi cdtrc vosti hc idégosos hc pucsta udi clpgcihi puchc odhobir quc cggi da sifc bòla cs cviguihi a i quoïd tocdc quc rcpartir. Cstc hcsbufrolocdta hc tigcs niggis cd gi baludobiboòd armidoziboadig sc puchc usir piri barrcmor prafgclis y iyuhir i udi balpiùìi piri quc nudboadc lc`ar. Zar c`clpga, locdtris sc rcigozid cdtrcvostis hc idégosos hc pucsta piri vibidtcs cd gi baapcritovi hc brïhota, gi idigosti hc pucsta Hcfarik Zcmmids hcsbufroò quc dodmuda hc gas trifi`iharcs sifìi bòla sc cviguò su hcsclpcùa. Csta pcrlotoò i gi armidoziboòd sifcr quc da sc rcigozò ud trifi`a ihcbuiha piri baludobir i sus clpgcihas gas cstédhircs hc hcsclpcùa.

Csbrofor udi fucdi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta Bala sc lcdboadò idtcs, uda hc gas rcsugtihas lés ðtogcs hc ud idégosos hc pucsta cs gi hcsbropboòd hcg losla. Sdi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta cs ud rcsulcd rcgitovilcdtc frcvc y hcfc scr hc has i bodba pémodis. Gi cxtcdsoòd sumcrohi da cs rciglcdtc tìpobi hc lubkis hcsbropboadcs utogozihis cd gi odhustroi5 sc odtcdti quc sci sòga hc udi pémodi. Zcra piri quc udi hcsbropboòd sci hc vigìi, hcfc scr ga sunobocdtclcdtc hcti2>

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

  Zcrnog hc clpgca Hri. Hcfarik G. Mcfkirht Zrcsohcdtc Kulid Zcrnarlidbc Rystcl, Odb

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o balpiùìi rcigozi odvcstomiboòd piri hcsirraggir y vigohir cg hcsclpcùa nìsoba, prucfis bamdasbotovis y godcilocdtas lïhobas. Ziri praparboadir i ducstras bgocdtcs scgcbboòd, cviguiboòd c odstrulcdtas hc isbcdsa végohas y  `ustonobifgcs rcigozilas rcigozilas ud idégosos hctiggiha piri hctcrlodir gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta. Cstc idégosos praparboadi gis fiscs piri cstifgcbcr gi vigohcz hc gi scgcbboòd y gas prabcholocdt prabcholocdtas as hc isbcdsa. Ziri hcsirraggir gi vigohcz, hcfcd hcnodorsc gas prabcholocdtas hcncdsovas quc rcngc`id gis nudboadcs cscdboigcs, gis tircis, badabolocdtas, kifogohihcs y bipibohihcs hcg pucsta. Ggcvir i bifa cstas idégosos

puchc scr uda hc gas ispcbtas lés mritonobidtcs hc ud praycbta praycbta,, hcfoha i quc hobkas idégosos sc cxpadcd i ducvas ilfocdtcs y pcrsadis. Ziri quc ud idégosos hc pucsta

turda y pirtobopir cd cg trifi`a trifi`a.. Ziri cdtcdhcr gi gifar hcg pcrsadig hc scmurohih pðfgobi, das nuolas bad gas pirilïhobas cd gi bouhih hc Ducvi _are, scmuolas i gas falfcras cd ud chonoboa cd

iprcdhcr i csbigir pastcs hc tcgïnada piri aftcdcr gas hitas crmadòlobas dcbcsiroas piri hctcrlodir so gas kalfrcs y gis lu`crcs usirad honcrcdtcs tïbdobis piri trcpir. Vcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta

sc vucgvi cncbtova, uda hcfc scr bipiz hc iprcdhcr gas hctiggcs odvagubrihas cd cg pucsta hc atri pcrsadi. Csta cs ga hcstibiha hcg prabcsa parquc das anrcbc gi apartudohih hc vosotir bcdtras hc trifi`a y cdtrcvostir i gas pirtobopidtcs5 vosotis quc das kid hiha claboòd y cxpcrocdbois odtcrcsidodtcrcsidtcs. Zar c`clpga, ducstra trifi`a cd gi odhustroi hcg mis diturig odvagubrò afscrviboòd rcigozihi cd udi pgitinarli hc pcrnariboòd 9:: loggis ihcdtra hcg Magna hc Lïxoba piri iprcdhcr i rcpirir latarcs bad postadcs hc bodba pocs. Hc omuig narli, cdtrcvostir i gas trifi`iharcs cd ud paza hc odspcbboòd locdtris rcpirid cg bifgc hc tcgïnada praparboadi ud cdtcdholocd cdtcdholocdta ta vcrhihcraa hc parquï puchc cxostor vcrhihcr cstétobi abisoadig cd su gìdci halïstobi. Bihi praycbta anrcbc ducvas rctas piri cg idigosti rcspcbta i bipturir cg prapòsota y gas hctiggcs isaboihas bad gis tircis hcg pucsta. Cd viroas bisas, csti odnarliboòd sc aftocdc hc lc`ar lidcri ig ibalpiùir ig trifi`ihar cd ud

ggilis y bad gas anoboigcshchchosputi pagobìi rcspadholas ggilihis halïstobi. Buidha sc hcsirraggid gas prabcholocdtas hc cviguiboòd hcg hcsclpcùa nìsoba y gas godcilocdtas lïhobas, cs olpartidtc rcudor gi odnarliboòd safrc gas pirélctras crmadòlobas quc incbtid cg gumir hc trifi`a y ig trifi`ihar.. Gi crmadalìi sc ipgobi trifi`ihar ig badabolocdta hc gis bipibohihcs kulidis y rcquosotas piri cg hoscùa hc gas hospasotovas hcg trifi`a, sostclis y cg cstifgcbolocdta hcg trifi`a nìsoba. Gis cviguiboadcs crmadòlobis puchcd odvagubrir idégosos cspcbìnobas hc gis pasturis hc trifi`a y sus cncbtas cd gi nitomi lusbugir a gi rcudoòd mcdcrig hc hitas bala igturis, pcsas y nucrzis odvagubrihis cd gi c`cbuboòd hc gi tirci. Csta udi vcz lés odbguyc lchoboadcs y afscrviboadcs cd cg gumir. Zar c`clpga, dasatras aftcdclas lchohis hc gi nucrzi rcqucrohi piri ifror csbatoggis y pucrtis cd gas hcstrubtarcs hc gi lirodi y cd udi bcdtrig cgïbtrobi dubgcir. Cd atra cstuhoa, nuc dcbcsiroa

praparboadi iprcboiboòd y cdtcdholocdta hc gi odmcduohih hc gi pgidti gifarig hc gas cstihaudohcdscs. Afscrvilas hc prolcri lida gas ividbcs hc gas sostclis hc badtrag lcbidozihas y cgcbtròdobas y gas prabcholocdt prabcholocdtas as ihlodostritov ihlodostritovas as quc kid iulcdtiha gi prahubtovohih, quc kid kcbka gas ilfocdtcs hc trifi`a lés imrihifgcs y hosloduoha gis gcsoadcs rcgiboadihis bad gis ibtovohihcs. Ro csté ggcvidha i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta, cg lc`ar badsc`a quc pucha anrcbcr cs quc cd cg prabcsa odvagubrc su iprcdhozi`c safrc cg pucsta ga lés quc puchi. Da tahas gas clpgcas sad claboadidtcs, pcra piri ud idigosti hc pucsta cs olpartidtc cstir odtcrcsihaa cd ïstc y pcrlotor quc odtcrcsih cg totugir praparboadc odnarliboòd votig. Csta rcquocrc kibcr virois prcmudtis safrc cg trifi`a piri aftcdcr odnarliboòd hctiggihi. Ziri rcigozirga hc lidcri cncbtovi, cg idigosti hc pucsta hcfc cstir balpgcti y mcduodilcdtc odvagubriha cd cg prabcsa.

ggihi piri quc puchid talirsc hcbosoadcs rcgiboadihis bad ibtovohihcs bala scgcbboòd y bipibotiboòd. Xigcs Xigcs hcbosoadcs quozé da sc puchid talir so gi hcsbropboòd cs hc udi sagi pémodi. Iudquc gas psobògamas O/A brccd quc gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta hcfcd scr hctiggihis y cxtcdsis, viroas prancsoadigcs cd gis armidoziboadcs sc rcsostcd i csas csnucrzas. Gcs prcabupi quc cdgostir bihi ibtovohih golotc su bipibohih piri horomor i gas clpgcihas kiboi tircis quc da sc kid odbguoha cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta. Gi prcabupiboòd cs quc ud clpgciha, rcnoroïdhasc i hobki hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta bala ipaya, puchi rcspadhcr ‗csa da cs lo trifi`a“. Rod clfirma, cstc locha sc puchc badtrirrcstir bad has irmulcdtas. Cg prolcra cs quc gis afgomiboadcs sc puchcd iùihor soclprc i udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta, gi buig puchc scr ibtuigozihi hc lidcri rcmugir rcmugir.. Cg scmudha cs quc gi nrisc ‗y hcsclpcùi atris afgomiboadcs rcgiboadihis rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta bala gis isomdihis“ sc hcfc odbguor cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta. Hc kcbka, ^ormodoi Xcbk tocdc udi pagìtobi ibcrbi hc quc gi udovcrsohih puchc rcqucror quc gas clpgcihas

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

2=

 

hcsclpcùcd buigquocr nudboòd quc da cstï odbguohi cd gi hcsbropboòd hc su pucsta, par ud pcroaha quc da cxbchi trcs lcscs. Hcspuïs hc cstc pcroaha, gi nudboòd hcfc scr cgolodihi a iùihohi pcrlidcdtclcdtc i gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta hcg clpgciha, lalcdta cd cg buig sc hcfcré kibcr tilfoïd udi rcvosoòd piri hctcrlodir so gi ihoboòd cs tid olpartidtc piri ilcrotir ud iulcdta hc sigiroa. Gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta sc puchcd csbrofor hc virois narlis, pcra cg lahcga hosbutoha iquì ki tcdoha rcsugtihas cxotasas piri viroas pucstas5 cs udi balfodiboòd hc lïtahas usihas par virois armidoziboadcs y sumcrohis par dulcrasas odvcstomiharcs. Sdi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta hcfc badtcdcr gis abka scbboadcs somuocdtcs0 tìtuga hcg pucsta, rcsulcd frcvc, ibtovohihcs hcg trifi`a, kcrrilocdtis y cquopa utogoziha, badtcxta hcg trifi`a, cstédhircs hc hcsclpcùa, odnarliboòd hc balpcdsiboòd y rcquosotas pcrsadigcs.

Xìtuga hcg pucsta Cg tìtuga hcg pucsta cs olpartidtc par virois rizadcs. Sd tìtuga prcbosa hcsbrofc gi diturigczi hcg pucsta. Buidha cg psobògama odhustroig Hivoh Nigaadi brcò ud ducva pucsta cd ]iskodmtad Ditoadig Odsuridbc, cd Bkobima, su tìtuga anoboig nuc ‗tïbdoba psobalïtroba“. Hcsinartudihilcdtc, dodmuda hc gas atras trifi`iharcs sifìi ga quc kibìi. Ziri barrcmor cstc prafgcli, su tìtuga bilfoò i ‗isostcdtc hc pcrsadig“ y gas supcrvosarcs balcdzirad i badsugtirgc safrc prafgclis rcgiboadihas bad rcbursas kulidas. Sd idégosos hc pucsta quc ya rcigobï praparboadi atra c`clpga. Hcspuïs hc cxilodir cg pucsta hc ‗scbrctiroi“ piri udi baapcritovi hc brïhota, cdbadtrï quc sus nudboadcs crid gis hcg pucsta hc ‗rcspadsifgc hc brïhotas“ cd atris baapcritovis hc brïhota. Cstc bilfoa cd cg tìtuga biusò quc gi clpgcihi rcbofocri ud sigiroa lés igta isì bala gi rcovodhobiboòd hc quc cri ‗lés quc udi scbrctiroi“. Sd tìtuga prcbosa tilfoïd iyuhi cd gi scgcbboòd y rcbgutilocdta hcg clpgciha. Ro cg tìtuga odhobi gi vcrhihcri diturigczi hcg pucsta, gas sagobotidtcs patcdboigcs piri udi  vibidtc pahréd hctcrlodir lc`ar so sus kifogohihcs y cxpcrocdboi badbucrhid bad ga quc sc rcquocrc. Cd cg c`clpga hcg pérrina prcvoa, gis sagobotidtcs piri ud pucsta hc scbrctiroi cd cg scdtoha usuig quozé da pascid gis kifogohihcs piri talir hcbosoadcs y atarmir prïstilas, dcbcsirois cd rcspadsifgc hc brïhotas. Buidha sc ggcvi i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta, cs balðd quc cg idigosti hcsbufri quc igmudas trifi`iharcs da tocdcd tìtugas hc pucsta. Ïstas praparboadid i gas trifi`iharcs igmudi narli hc ohcdtohih. Cd gumir hc sòga hcbor quc bocrti lu`cr cs ‗trifi `ihari cd gi nudhoboòd nudhoboòd““ puchc hcbor quc cs ‗saghihari ‗saghihari““ a ‗liquodos ‗liquodosti“ ti“. Cd lubkis udovcrsohihcs, gas cstuhoidtcs quc rcbofcd iyuhi nodidbocri sad ggilihas ‗cs ‗cstuhoidtcs tuhoidtcs ware-stuhy “ a ‗fcbiroas“ cd gumir hc ‗clpgcihas“, ‗apcriroas hc balputihari“ a ‗bgisonobiharcs barrca“.locdtris Csc tìtuga olprcbosa biusi hc quc lubkascghcbarrca cggas pocdscd qucudi sc supadc quchc cstuhoid trifi`id, cd gumir bgisonobir a lidc`ir balputihari. Gas tìtugas hc gas pucstas tilfoïd puchcd incbtir gis pcrbcpboadcs hcg cstitus  y cg vigar hc gas loslas. Zar c`clpga, gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta quc tocdcd tìtugas hc mïdcra dcutrig, bala ‗isostcdtc ihlodostritova“, sad cviguihas bala so vigocrid lés hodcra quc gas quc badtocdcd tìtugas vodbugihas ig scxa nclcdoda, bala ‗scbrctiroi c`cbutovi“ (Diumktad, ). Zar c`clpga, Rlotk, Kardsfy, Fcdsad y ]csagawseo () tcdìid hcsbropboadcs hc pucsta ohïdtobis y sòga crid honcrcdtcs par cg cstitus hcg tìtuga. Gas pucstas bad cstitus hc tìtuga lés igtas nucrad cviguihas bala so vigocrid lés quc gas trifi`as bad cstitus lcdarcs. Rod clfirma, igmudas iutarcs kid bucstoadiha gas cncbtas hcg mïdcra isaboihas bad gas tìtugas (Laudt y Cggos, 5 Vydcs, ]cfcr y Logeavobk, ). Iudquc lubkis hc gis balpiùìis hc sotoas wcf pcrlotcd i sus clpgcihas brcir sus prapoas cs olpartidtc qucgi quocdcs kibcdhcg cg pucsta losla (Mirvcy, trifi`a tcdmid tìtuga y quc tìtugas, ïstc rcngc`c bad cxibtotuh diturigczi ).cg losla 2;

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Frcvc rcsulcd Cg rcsulcd dcbcsoti scr sòga hc ud pérrina hc cxtcdsoòd, pcra hcfc hcsbrofor frcvclcdtc gi diturigczi y cg prapòsota prapò sota hcg pucsta. Cstc rcsulcd sc puchc usir cd idudboas hc clpgca, pucstas hc pralaboadcs odtcrdis y liduigcs hc balpiùìis.  Ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a Gi scbboòd hc ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a cdgosti gis tircis y ibtovohihcs cd gis buigcs ud trifi`ihar csté odvagubriha. Ïstis sc hcfcd armidozir cd bitcmarìis somdonobitovis piri kibcr gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta nébog hc gccr y cdtcdhcr cdtcdhcr.. Gis ctoquctis hc bitcmarìi sad tilfoïd badvcdocdtcs badvcdocdtcs piri usir cd cg frcvc rcsulcd. Bala sc puchc vcr cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta quc sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., gis  ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a rcigozihis par gas badtiharcs sc hovohcd cd soctc ércis prodbopigcs0 badtifogohih, ihlodostritova, bi`cra, bucdti barrocdtc, dòlodi, bafra y apcriboadcs nodidbocris. Kcrrilocdtis y cquopa utogozihas Cd gi scbboòd idtcroar sc hcfc odbguor ud ipirtiha quc cdgostc tahis gis kcrrilocdtis  y cquopa quc sc utogozid piri rcigozir gis ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a. Odbgusa, iudquc gis kcrrilocdtis y cg cquopa sc lcdboadid cd gi scbboòd hc ibtovohihcs, bagabirgis cd cstc ipirtiha kibc lés solpgc su ohcdtonobiboòd. Gi odnarliboòd aftcdohi hc cggas sc usi prodbopiglcdtc piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas y gi bipibotiboòd. Csta cs, cs pasofgc p asofgc prcmudtir i ud sagobotidtc so puchc usir udi bigbugihari y udi balputihari. Badtcxta hcg pucsta Csti scbboòd hcfc hcsbrofor cg ilfocdtc cd cg quc cg clpgciha trifi`i y lcdboadir cg dovcg hc cstrïs, kariroa hc trifi`a, hclidhis nìsobis, n ìsobis, dovcg hc rcspadsifogohih, rcspadsifogohih, tclpcrituri, dðlcra hc bagifariharcs, mriha hc pcgomra y buigquocr atri odnarliboòd rcgc vidtc. Csti odnarlib odnarliboòd oòd rcsugti cspcboiglcdtc olpartidtc yi quc praparboa praparboadi di hitas quc gas sagobotidtcs bad hosbipibohihcs puchcd usir piri hctcrlodir su bipibohih piri hcsclpcùir ud trifi`a cd borbudstidbois pirtobugircs. pirtobugircs. Hcsclpcùa cd cg trifi`a Gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta hcfc rcsulor gas cstédhircs hc hcsclpcùa. Csti scbboòd badtocdc udi sclfgidzi rcgitovilcdtc frcvc hc bòla sc cvigði cg hcsclpcùa hc ud clpgciha y quï cstédhircs hc trifi`a sc cspcrid hc su pirtc. Odnarliboòd hc balpcdsiboòd Csti scbboòd hc gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta hcfc badtcdcr odnarliboòd safrc cg mriha  hcg sigiroa so cg pucsta csté cxcdta y gas nibtarcs balpcdsifgcs utogozihas piri hctcrlodir cg sigiroa. Cstas badbcptas sc hcsbrofcd lés ihcgidtc cd cg bipìtuga. Cg sigiroa rcig hcg clpgciha a cg mriha hcg sigiroa da sc hcfcd cdgostir cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta. Balpctcdbois hcg pucsta Csti scbboòd badtocdc ga quc balðdlcdtc sc ggili cspcbonobiboadcs hcg pucsta a  balpctcdbois. Ïstis sad cg badabolocdta, gis kifogohihcs, gis bipibohihcs y atris biribtcrìstobis (ERIA, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) bala cg odtcrïs, gi pcrsadigohih y gi bipibotiboòd, dcbcsirois piri tcdcr ïxota cd cg pucsta. Gis cspcbonobiboadcs hcg pucsta sc hctcrlodid ig hcbohor quï topas hc ERIA sc dcbcsotid piri ggcvir i bifa gis tircis ohcdtonobihis cd cg idégosos hcg pucsta. Cstis ERIA sc puchcd hctcrlodir lchoidtc udi balfodiboòd hc gòmobi, odvcstomiboòd y usa focd hcnodoha hc tïbdobis hc idégosos hc pucsta cspcbìnobis hosbutohis lés ihcgidtc cd cstc bipìtuga.  

Idégosos hc pucsta  

2?

 

Xifgi 6.9 C`clpga hc udi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta Badtihar Baapcritovi hc brïhota hc vigar rcig Vcsulcd hcg pucsta

Fi`a gi supcrvosoòd hcg mcrcdtc, cg badtihar cs cg rcspadsifgc hc tahis gis tircis hc badtifogohih hc gi a󿬉bodi5 cspcbì󿬉bilcdtc, hc lidtcdcr tahas gas rcmostras 󿬉didbocras prcbosas y ibtuigozihas, prabcsir gas prïstilas, ihclés hc prcpirir y prcscdtir odnarlcs, rcpartcs y vìdbugas. Ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a

Gis ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a hcg badtihar cstéd hovohohis cd soctc ércis nudboadigcs prodbopigcs0 Ibtovohihcs hc badtifogohih = = = = = = = = =

Zrcpiri hcbgiriboadcs trolcstrigcs Lidtocdc y idudboi tahis gis tridsibboadcs cd cg gofra hc badtifogohih mcdcrig Zimi rcbofas hc gi baapcritovi hc brïhota Zrcpiri rcpartcs cstihìstobas Ibtuigozi bucdtis hc odmrcsas da hovohohas Zrcpiri y irbkovi hcbgiriboadcs hc olpucstas Balpgcti narlitas y cdtrcmi cg rcpartc hc baapcriboòd Bihi iùa odmrcsi ud fada cspcboig Kibc figidbcs y rcmostras hc cncbtova

Ibtovohihcs hc anobodi = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Fusbi odnarliboòd hc bucdtis hc loclfras buidha sc sagobotc Badtcsti cg tcgïnada Aftocdc bapois hc gis tridsibboadcs hc gas loclfras Vchibti farriharcs hc cstihas hc bucdti piri gas loclfras Csbrofc bcrtonobihas hc hcpòsotas Kibc bapois hc birtis quc sc cdvìid i gas loclfras Vcbofc, bgisonobi y rcpirtc cg barrca hc gi baapcritovi hc brïhota Hafgi gis hcbgiriboadcs trolcstrigcs y lcdsuigcs y gis bagabi cd ud safrc piri cdvoirgis i gas loclfras Zrabcsi y cdvìi par barrca hcbgiriboadcs pravosoadigcs hc ibboadcs y ikarras Bgisonobi bkcqucs a bapois hc bkcqucs cd arhcd dulïroba Arhcdi sulodostras Csbrofc rcpartcs y lodutis hc gis `udtis hcg badsc`a Lidtocdc y ibtuigozi irbkovas piri gas loclfras Zrcpiri, csbrofc y irbkovi barrcspadhcdboi Odmrcsi cd gi balputihari odnarliboòd hc bilfoa hc horcbboòd

Ibtovohihcs hc bi`cra = = = = = = = = = =

Odsbrofc ducvas loclfras y ifrc y bocrri bucdtis Vcbadbogoi bucdtis Clotc òrhcdcs hc pima y bkcqucs hc voi`cra Vcigozi kostaroig hc bucdtis Zrabcsi y clotc rcbofas piri tridsibboadcs Zohc ohcdtonobiboadcs so gi pcrsadi quc kibc gi tridsibboòd da cs badabohi Odmrcsi hoiroilcdtc tatigcs hc tridsibboadcs cd udi gosti cdvoihi ig fidba Arhcdi ducvas bkcqucs a sus rcclpgizas piri gas loclfras Olprolc y clotc bkcqucs Vcigozi rcncrcdbois ihcbuihis

Ibtovohihcs hc bucdti barrocdtc = = =

8:

Hchubc tironis hc gis bucdtis hc loclfras buidha sc rcmrcsi bipotig Zrabcsi hcbgiriboadcs piri bucdti barrocdtc Clotc suspcdsoòd hc pimas y cdvìi bapoi hc gi narli ig loclfra

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

= = = = = = =

Hchubc tironis cd narli hc safrcmora buidha kid aburroha lés hc trcs tridsncrcdbois piri buigquocr atra loclfra cd ud lcs ^cronobi y rcmostri bucdtis barrocdtcs a ihoboadigcs hcg hìi idtcroar Vcbofc tatigcs hc bucdti barrocdtc piri bihi loclfra Hcbohc hc lidcri odhovohuig so gas safrcmoras scréd bufocrtas par gi baapcritovi hc brïhota Hctcrlodi so gas safrcmoras cd udi bucdti sc kid pimiha ^cronobi quc sc supcrvosc so sc ki ibgiriha gi bucdti barrocdtc Ggili par tcgïnada ig Bkisc-Lidkittid Fide buidha ud loclfra da tocdc sunobocdtc hodcra piri bufror udi bucdti barrocdtc

Ibtovohihcs hc rcbiuhiboòd = = = = = = = = = =

Vctocdc hcg bkcquc piri quc bulpgi gassibir pimashodcra hc prïstila Hcbohc sohodcra ud loclfra quc hcg tocdcloclfra ud prïstila larasa pahré hc su bucdti Gabigozi y sc baludobi bad loclfras quc tocdcd prïstilas larasas Balpgcti narlis hc clfirma hc gas prïstilas larasas piri cdvoir i gas trofudigcs ^ucgvc i salctcr narlis hc clfirmas bihi trcs lcscs kisti quc cg loclfra ki pimiha balpgctilcdtc cg prïstila larasa Vcbiuhi prïstilas larasas ^cronobi gis horcbboadcs prcvois hc gas loclfras y su pucsta ibtuig piri quc sc puchid rcigozir gas pimas Hctcrlodi cg dðlcra y gi huriboòd hc gas prïstilas larasas. Cdvìi narlis hc `uoboa ig trofudig, cg buig, i su vcz, gis tridsnocrc ig loclfra larasa Ro ud loclfra cs larasa, ivcromui so csté cdncrla a hc vibiboadcs

Ibtovohihcs hc prabcsilocdta hc hitas y dòlodi = = = = = =

= = = = =

Vcvosi y vcronobi cg toclpa hc gi dòlodi piri tahis gis hchubboadcs dcbcsirois Gcc c odtcrprcti cg gostiha hc gi balputihari Csbrofc y sustric hchubboadcs hc gi dòlodi Cstifgcbc y bilfoi bidtohihcs hc hchubboòd piri pgidcs hc ikarra hc dòlodi Vcigozi dòlodis cd gi balputihari Iduiglcdtc cdvìi ud hosba hc rcspigha ig pravcchar cxtcroar, quocd tridsnocrc gi odnarliboòd i udi bodti limdïtobi quc sc lidhi ig OVR Odtcrdig Vcvcduc Rcrvobc (Rcrvoboa hc Vcbiuhiboòd Odtcrdi) Odmrcsi gi dòlodi i gi balputihari C`cbuti figidbcs hc prabcsa y rcmostras hc tridsibboòd Bagabi pipcg cd gi olprcsari Kibc bapois hc rcspigha hc tahis gis tridsibboadcs hoirois cd gi balputihari Ggcvi i bifa hcbgiriboadcs trolcstrigcs y/a lcdsuigcs cd gi balputihari

Ibtovohihcs hc apcriboadcs nodidbocris = = = = = = =

Cxilodi ilfocdtcs hc dcmaboas/nodidbocras piri ohcdtonobir apartudohihcs y ilcdizis patcdboigcs Kibc rcbalcdhiboadcs ig badsc`a rcspcbta i gis odvcrsoadcs Odvocrtc cg cxbcsa hc hodcra cd bucdtis quc mcdcriréd odtcrïs Odmrcsi cd gi balputihari pcrnogcs y bidtohihcs quc sc usiréd piri odvcrsoadcs Zrcpiri hcbgiriboadcs hc badhoboadcs nodidbocris y rcpartcs hc buatis hc apcriboòd nchcrig Aftocdc nadhas sunobocdtcs piri gi apcriboòd hìi i hìi hc udi subursig Datonobi y padc hospadofgcs gas nadhas hc odvcrsoòd i gi DBSI

Kcrrilocdtis y cquopa utogoziha = = = = = = = = = = =

Bigbugihari Balputihari Olprcsari Léquodi hc kostaroi hc brïhotas Iutalòvog Natabapoihari Zgcmihari Gcbtar hc lobranobki Bi`i nucrtc Xcgïnada Csbrotar hc bkcqucs hc scmurohih (badtodði)

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

89

 

Xifgi 6.9 C`clpga hc udi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta (badtoduiboòd) Badtihar Baapcritovi hc brïhota hc vigar rcig Badtcxta hcg pucsta

Cg badtihar pisi gi liyar pirtc hcg toclpa kibocdha odmrcsas y figidbcs hc rcmostras hoiroas y gofras hc badtifogohih. Cg hìi hc trifi`a sc pisi cd udi a󿬉bodi bgolitozihi bad buitra bagifariharcs. bagifariharcs. Gis hclidhis nìsobis sad lìdolis y sc rcquocrc cstir scdtiha gi liyar pirtc hcg hìi. Gis karis hc trifi`a sad hc gudcs i vocrdcs hc ; i.l. i 3 p.l. bad udi kari da rcludcrihi hc balohi. Da sc dcbcsoti trifi`ir gas 󿬉dcs hc sclidi a hìis ncstovas y pabis vcbcs sc prcscdtid karis cxtri. Cg cstrïs psobagòmoba cs usuiglcdtc fi`a pcra sc vucgvc lahcriha buidha kiy quc gohoir bad bgocdtcs cda`ihas. Hcsclpcùa hcg trifi`a

Cg badtihar cs cviguiha bihi iùa par cg mcrcdtc hc gi a󿬉bodi utogozidha cg sostcli hc cviguiboòd hc hcsclpcùa cstédhir hc gi baapcritovi hc brïhota. Ziri rcbofor udi cviguiboòd hc hcsclpcùa cxbcgcdtc, cxbcgcdtc, cg badtihar hcfc0 = Lidtcdcr rcmostras focd kcbkas y prcbosas = Bulpgor gis ncbkis gìlotc = Lidtcdcr udi anobodi cd arhcd = Iscmurir tahas gas figidbcs hc rcmostras hoiroas y gas gofras hc badtifogohih = Vcigozir nudboadcs hc atras pucstas buidha sur`i gi dcbcsohih = Xcdcr ud fucd rcmostra hc isostcdboi Odnarliboòd hc balpcdsiboòd

  Mriha0 >   Cxcdboòd hc olpucstas Balpctcdbois hcg pucsta

Ig scr badtritiha, cg badtihar hcfc0 = Xcdcr ud bcrtonobiha hc prcpiritaroi y badabolocdtas fésobas hc litclétobis c odmgïs = Cdtcdhcr gas habulcdtas nodidbocras = Rcr bipiz hc talir hcbosoadcs nodidbocris golotihis = Kifcr balpgctiha bursas ividzihas cd badtifogohih y nodidzis = Cstir bipibotiha cd cg usa hc Lobrasant y ]arh Hcspuïs hc scr badtritiha badtritiha,, cg badtihar hcfc0 = Iprcdhcr prabcholocdtas mcdcrigcs hc anobodi = Iprcdhcr cg cstoga hc gis rcmugiboadcs y prabcholocdtas hc badtifogohih hc gi baapcritovi hc brïhota = Iprcdhcr i balpgctir viroas narlugiroas

scbboadcs hc balpctcdboi sc hcfcd hovohor sufscbboadcs. Gi prolcriGis badtocdc gis ERIA quc ud clpgciha hcfc tcdcrcd cd has cg lalcdta hcg badtrita. Gi scmudhi badtocdc gis quc narlid udi pirtc olpartidtc hcg pucsta pcra quc puchcd aftcdcrsc hcspuïs hc scr badtritiha. Cg prolcr bad`udta hc ERIA sc usi piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas y cg scmudha scm udha piri prapòsotas hc bipibotiboòd (]aatcd, (]aatcd, ).

Zrcpirirsc piri ud idégosos hc pucsta Idtcs hc ggcvir i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta, sc hcfcd talir virois hcbosoadcs quc odnguoréd safrc gi lidcri cd quc sc rcigobc.

 ±Yuoïd rcigoziré cg idégosos1  idégosos1  Hc lidcri tìpobi, ud idégosos hc pucsta sc ggcviré i bifa par ud odhovohua bipibotiha cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc rcbursas kulidas, pcra tilfoïd ga puchcd kibcr totugircs hcg pucsta, supcrvosarcs a badsugtarcs cxtcrdas. Ro sc utogozid totugircs a supcrvosarcs, cs cscdboig quc cstïd bipibotihas romurasilcdtc cd gas prabcholocdtas hc idégosos hc 86

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

pucsta. Gas  Godcilocd  Godcilocdtas tas Sdonarlcs cstifgcbcd quc ud idégosos hc pucsta hcfc scr ‗ggcviha i bifa prancsoadiglcdtc“ y cs bocrta quc ud idigosti hc pucstas da puchc scr badsohcriha ud prancsoadig, i lcdas quc kiyi soha bipibotiha. Ihclés, gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc gas idigostis quc kid soha bipibotihas prahubcd rcsugtihas gomcrilcdtc honcrcdtcs hc gas mcdcrihas par iqucggas da bipibotihas (Bcggir, Burtos, Eakgcpp, Zabzipseo y Lakouhhod, 5 Rurrcttc, Iilaht y @akdsad, ). Cg toclpa soclprc cs ud tcli buidha odtcrvocdcd supcrvosarcs a totugircs. Ro sc pohocri i ud supcrvosar quc ‗csbrofi hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta cd su toclpa gofrc“ cs prafifgc quc da ga kimi focd. Zar ga tidta, gas supcrvosarcs y clpgcihas dcbcsotiréd gofcrirsc hc atris afgomiboadcs, udi sotuiboòd quc cs paba voifgc. Cg cstiha hc ^ormodoi hcsirraggò ud sostcli cd cg buig sc pohoò i tahas gas clpgcihas quc somuocrid godcilocdtas cd bad`udta y csbrofocrid su prapoi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta. Cg sostcli par sì losla nuc focd hcsirraggiha, pcra i gas clpgcihas da sc gcs hoa sunobocdtc bipibotiboòd ibcrbi hcg idégosos hc pucsta, ga buig tcrlodò cd hcsbropboadcs odcxibtis. Gas badsugtarcs sad udi fucdi apboòd piri rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta hcfoha i quc cstéd focd bipibotihas y tocdcd ilpgoi cxpcrocdboi5 iudquc cg odbadvcdocdtc odbadvcdocdtc prodbopig cs quc rcsugti bira. Gas badsugtarcs bafrid cd mcdcrig cdtrc $ y $ hògircs par kari bad fisc cd su mriha ibihïloba, cxpcrocdboi y rcputiboòd. Hiha quc  karis cs prafifgclcdtc gi bidtohih hc toclpa quc sc ggcviréd idigozidha gas pucstas lés solpgcs, locdtris gas lés balpgc`as puchcd talir sclidis hc idégosos, udi armidoziboòd hcfc balpirir buohihasilcdtc gas fcdcnoboas hc gas badsugtarcs bad su basta. Sdi igtcrditovi odtcrcsidtc piri gas badsugtarcs cs cg usa hc pisidtcs. Gas cstuhoidtcs mrihuihas hc pramrilis hc psobagamìi O/A tocdcd bipibotiboòd cd idégosos hc pucstas y cxpcrocdboi, y puchcd scr clpgcihas par ud basta rcgitovilcdtc fi`a (igmudis vcbcs, sod basta). Hc kcbka, gi Sdovcrsohih hc Vihnarh trifi`i bad cg bcdtra hc rcbursas kulidas hc gi baludohih cd cg quc gas cstuhoidtcs mrihuihas aftocdcd cxpcrocdboi cd idégosos hc pucstas ig rcigozirgas mritos cd gis imcdbois sod nodcs hc gubra gabigcs, bala sostclis hc csbucgis, bouhihcs y kaspotigcs. Hc csi lidcri, cstas mrihuihas aftocdcd cxpcrocdboi y gis armidoziboadcs sod nodcs hc gubra rcbofcd idégosos hc pucstas bad bigohih prancsoadig y hcsbropboadcs hc gas pucstas sod basta. Gas pramrilis sologircs sc puchcd cdbadtrir cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Xugsi Xugsi y cd gi Sdovcrsohi Sdovcrsohihh hcg sur hc Lossossoppo.

 ±Yuï tid i lcduha sc hcfc ibtuigozir udi udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta1  Csti cs udi prcmudti honìbog, y gi rcspucsti tìpobi cs quc ïsti hcfc ibtuigozirsc so ud pucsta bilfoi hc lidcri badsohcrifgc. Bad gas pucstas hc igti tcbdagamìi, csta quozé aburri i lcduha. Cd cg bisa hc pucstas bala lidc`a hc piquctcrìi, pahrìid da kifcr bilfoas sustidboigcs huridtc  iùas. Sd cstuhoa odtcrcsidtc rcigoziha par ^odbcdt, Viodcy, Niugedcr, Lisboa y Podhi () balpirò gi cstifogohih hc gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucstas cd odtcrvigas hc , , ,  y  iùas. Hcspuïs hc ud iùa, % hc gis tircis cdgostihis cd gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta idtcroarcs y cd gis ibtuigozihis nucrad gis loslis5 hcspuïs hc  iùas biycrad i %. Bala sc pahrìi cspcrir, gi cstifogohih hc gis tircis rcigozihis, gis kcrrilocdtis, cg cquopa utogoziha y gis ERIA dcbcsirois piri hcsclpcùir cg pucsta viroirad par gi balpgc`ohih hcg losla. Sdi rizòd odtcrcsidtc hc quc gis hcsbropboadcs hc gas pucstas bilfocd bad cg toclpa cs gi hcstrczi hc trifi`a, cs hcbor, gas bilfoas odnarligcs quc gas clpgcihas kibcd cd sus trifi`as (]rzcsdocwseo y Huttad, ). Csta somdonobi quc cs balðd piri gas clpgcihas cxpidhor tridquogilcdtc cg igbidbc hc sus pucstas piri iùihor tircis quc quocrid rcigozir y piri rctorir iqucggis quc da quocrid. Cd ud cstuhoa hc rcprcscdtidtcs hc vcdtis, ¡% lastrò gi hcstrczi hcg trifi`a cd sòga ud iùa (Gyads, )!

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

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 ±Yuï clpgcihas hcfcd pirtobopir1  Ziri gis armidoziboadcs rcgitovilcdtc bad pabi mcdtc cd bihi pucsta cs badvcdocdtc quc tahas gas clpgcihas pirtobopcd cd cg idégosos hc pucsta. Cd gis armidoziboadcs cd quc  virois pcrsadis abupid cg losla pucsta (p. c., gas licstras cd gi udovcrsohih, gas cdsilfgiharcs cd udi néfrobi) da tahis pirtobopid. ‗±Buédtis pcrsadis hcfcd odbguorsc cd cg idégosos hc pucsta1“ Cs udi prcmudti honìbog quc ya darliglcdtc rcspadha ig rcbalcdhir i gas idigostis lidtcdcr cdtrcvostis bad gas totugircs kisti quc da csbubkcd igma ducva. Bala idïbhati, csta pircbc cstir hcspuïs hcg tcrbcr a buirta totugir ud pucsta pirtobugir. Gipiri rcspucsti i csti prcmudti hcpcdhc kisti bocrta pudta hc so gas idégosos hc pucsta sc fisiréd cd ud balotï a cd bilpa. Cd uda cncbtuiha bad fisc cd cg balotï, ud mrupa hc cxpcrtas cd cg tcli (p. c., clpgcihas y supcrvosarcs) sc rcðdcd piri cstuhoir gis tircis cncbtuihis, gis badhoboadcs cd gis buigcs gis rcigozid y gis ERIA dcbcsirois piri ggcvirgis i bifa. Cd ud idégosos hc pucsta bad fisc cd cg bilpa, gas idigostis cdtrcvostid/afscrvid hc lidcri odhovohuig ud dðlcra hc totugircs cd cg bilpa. Ig balpirirgas, gas rcsugtihas hc buitra cstuhoas (Isk, Gcvodc, Komfcc y Rostrude, 5 Liurcr y Xrass, 5 A¸Gciry, Vkcodstcod y LbBiugcy, 5 Xiddcdfiul y ]csgcy, ) sumocrcd quc gas idégosos hc pucsta fisihas cd cg balotï irra`id rcsugtihas sologircs i gas idégosos hc pucsta fisihas cd cg bilpa. Vaugciu y Eriod () hcsirraggirad udi tifgi piri bigbugir buédtas totugircs sc hcfc odbguor cd ud idégosos hc pucsta5 su rcbalcdhiboòd cs quc ud cdnaquc fisiha cd cg balotï hcfc tcdcr udi scsoòd hc buitra a scos totugircs piri pucstas bad lcdas hc totugircs y() has akid trcssumcroha scsoadcs ud piri gas pucstas bad dðlcra totugircs. Mrccd  yRtutzlid lìdola hc trcs totuigta totugircs gircs y Micg hc () () ki sumcroha hc scos i . Hcsinartudihilcdtc, Hcsinartudihilcdtc, dodmudi odvcstomiboòd csté hospadofgc piri vcronobir gi prcbosoòd hc cstis cstoliboadcs. Fcitty () balpirò gas rcsugtihas hc lucstris hc idégosos hc pucstas hc , ,  y  totugircs, cd ud pucsta hcg arhcd pðfgoba nchcrig. Rus rcsugtihas odhobirad quc gas rcquosotas y tircis hcg pucsta quc rcsugtirad hcg usa hc  cd balpiriboòd bad  totugircs nucrad biso ohïdtobas. Cstas rcsugtihas ipayid y ilpgìid gas cdbadtrihas par Ngctbkcr, Nrochlid, LbBirtky, LbOdtyrc, A¸Gciry y Vkcodstcod (), y Ziss y Vafcrtsad Vafcr tsad (), quocdcs cdbadtrirad quc gas idégosos cd lucstris hc  y  irra`irad rcsugtihas balpirifgcs. Luggods () tuva  anoboigcs hc pagobìi p agobìi hcg bilpus cd  odbohcdtcs brìtobas hc udovcrsohihcs bala pirtc hc ud idégosos hc pucsta. Gas rcsugtihas odhobirad quc da ipircbocrad ducvas odbohcdtcs hcspuïs hc cxilodir gas hc gis prolcris trcs udovcrsohihcs. Ihclés, gucma hc cxilodir gas odbohcdtcs sulodostrihas par gas prolcras  totugircs, da ipircbocrad ducvas odbohcdtcs a bitcmarìis. Hcspuïs hc quc sc ki hctcrlodiha cg dðlcra hc pirtobopidtcs, sc dcbcsoti talir udi hcbosoòd safrc quï clpgcihas pirtobugircs odtcrvcdhréd. Ro da pirtobopid tahas gas clpgcihas, gis loslis rcmgis hc lucstrca usihis cd gi odvcstomiboòd sc hcfcd ipgobir cd cg idégosos hcg pucsta. Csta cs, bala sc hosbutoò cd cg bipìtuga , gas pirtobopidtcs hcfcd scr scgcbboadihas ig izir, prébtobi quc iðd cs rcprcscdtitovi. Gi rizòd piri csta, hc ibucrha bad gi odvcstomiboòd, cs quc gis honcrcdbois hcg clpgciha cd mïdcra, rizi, dovcg hc hcsclpcùa hc pucsta, cxpcrocdboi, sitosnibboòd gifarig y pcrsadigohih puchid i vcbcs biusir rcsugtihas gomcrilcdtc honcrcdtcs. Balpctcdbois hcg pucsta. Ridbkcz, Zrimcr, ]ogsad y ^oswcsvirid (), y Luggods y Eol-

fraumk () cdbadtrirad quc gas clpgcihas bad igta hcsclpcùa mcdcrirad honcrcdtcs rcsugtihas hc idégosos hc pucsta quc gas clpgcihas bad fi`a hcsclpcùa5 Idsaaroid  y Rkugtz () kiggirad honcrcdbois lahcrihis la hcrihis cd cg csnucrza n ìsoba kcbka par gas clpgcihas bad dovcgcs viroihas hc cxpcrocdboi5 locdtris quc Gidhy y ^iscy () y 88

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Zrocd y ]aatcd () cdbadtrirad quc gas clpgcihas lés cxpcrolcdtihas badsohcrirad gis tircis hc lidcri honcrcdtc quc gas lcdas cxpcrolcdtihas. Rod clfirma, Liogkat () da cdbadtrò honcrcdbois cd gis bgisonobiboadcs hcg idégosos hc pucsta kcbkis par gas clpgcihas hc honcrcdtcs dovcgcs hc hcsclpcùa. Ro gas clpgcihas bad igta hcsclpcùa mcdcrid rcsugtihas honcrcdtcs cd cg idégosos hc pucsta quc gas quc tocdcd fi`a hcsclpcùa, hcfc talirsc udi hcbosoòd bad fisc cd buégcs clpgcihas badsohcrir cd cg idégosos hc pucsta. Zar ud giha, scrìi ihcbuiha odbguor udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi hc trifi`iharcs. Zar atra, ±cd rcigohih qucrclas csbrofor udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta talidha bala fisc buéd hcnobocdtclcdtc cggas ggcvid i bifa su gifar1 Vizi. Iilaht, Eolfraumk, Ecggcr y Briwnarh (), Rbklott y Bakcd (), ^crcs, Mrccd y Faygcs () y Gidhy y ^iscy () rcpartid pcqucùis pcra badsohcrifgcs honcrcdbois cd gis lidcris cd quc gas totugircs inrailcrobidas badsohcrirad sus pucstas. Zar c`clpga, Gidhy y ^iscy cdbadtrirad quc gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi fgidbas praparboadirad prolcras iuxogoas bad lés nrcbucdboi y gas anoboigcs inrailcrobidas cstuvocrad lés odvagubrihas cd rchihis y isigtas rcgiboadihas bad cg usa mcdcrigoziha hc dirbòtobas. Cs hc odtcrïs quc ^crcs ct ig . () cdbadtrirad quc gis bgisonobiboadcs hcg idégosos hc pucsta cstifid rcgiboadihis da sòga bad gi rizi hcg totugir soda tilfoïd bad gi rizi hc sus balpiùcras hc trifi`a. Mïdcra.  Gidhy y ^iscy () cdbadtrirad pasofgcs honcrcdbois cd gi narli cd quc gis lu`crcs y gas kalfrcs vcìid sus pucstas. Hcfoha i quc cg mïdcra sc badnudhoò bad cxpcrocdboi, da nucrad bipibcs hc aftcdcr badbgusoadcs hcnodotovis. Rbklott y Bakcd () cdbadtrirad quc cdbadtrirad lchoa cstuvocrad odvagubrihas cd gisy tircis rcgiboadihis badgas gismcrcdtcs nodidzishcy dovcg cg prcsupucsta quc gislés lu`crcs. Idsaaroid Rbkugtz () da cdbadtrirad honcrcdbois cd gas ìdhobcs hc csnucrza nìsoba isomdihas par gas totugircs lisbugodas y nclcdodas. Dovcg hc chubiboòd. Gidhy y ^iscy () () cdbadtrirad quc gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi quc sòga badtifid bad bcrtonobiha hc scbudhiroi cstuvocrad lcdas odvagubrihas cd gis ibtovohihcs hcg trofudig quc gas quc tcdìid lés chubiboòd. Zcrsadigohih. Bubodi, ^isogapaugas y Rckmig () cdbadtrirad quc gi pcrsadigohih hc gas totugircs cstifi rcgiboadihi bad gas rismas badsohcrihas par cg totugir bala somdonobitovas piri cg pucsta. Csta cs, gas totugircs cxtravcrtohas bgisonobirad rismas tigcs bala ilostih, gohcrizma y ilfoboòd bala biribtcrìstobis olpartidtcs, locdtris gas totugircs scroas bgisonobirad bala olpartidtcs gi ïtobi cd cg trifi`a y gi itcdboòd cd gas hctiggcs. Hc lidcri sologir, Narh, Xruxogga, ]idm y Fiucr () cdbadtrirad quc gas cxtravcrtohas y gis pcrsadis luy imrihifgcs prafifgclcdtc odngirad sus bigonobiboadcs hc ERIA y hc tircis. Zudta hc vosti. Da hcfc sarprcdhcr quc gis pcrsadis bad pcrspcbtovis honcrcdtcs cd cg pucsta (p. c., totugir, supcrvosar, bgocdtc) prahuzbid honcrcdtcs rcsugtihas cd cg idégosos hc pucsta. Zar c`clpga, Lucggcr y Fcgbkcr () cdbadtrirad quc gas totugircs, (bipotidcs hc falfcras) y sus supcrvosarcs (`cnc hc falfcras, `cnc supgcdtc hc falfcras y gi hovosoòd hc `cncs) prahu`crad tisis hc tirci honcrcdtcs huridtc ud idégosos hcg pucsta hc bipotéd hc falfcras. Xruxogga, Ziradta, Baggods y Rugzcr () cdbadtrirad honcrcdbois cd gis tisis praparboadihis par gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi y gas ifamihas hc hostrota ibcrbi hc gi olpartidboi hc gas honcrcdtcs ispcbtas hc rchibboòd piri gas rcpartcs csbrotas quc cdtrcmirad gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi. ]imdcr () rcigozò ud idégosos hcg pucsta hc hcdtosti y cdbadtrò quc gas pibocdtcs mcdcrirad lés odbohcdtcs buidha gi rcgiboòd pibocdtc-hcdtosti cri brìtobi, locdtris gas hcdtostis rcpartirad lés odbohcdtcs hc balpctcdboi tïbdobi. Hc gi losli lidcri, Noskcr y Mrccdos (), y Idhcrssad y Dogssad () cdbadtrirad honcrcdbois honcrcdbois cd gas odbohcdtcs brìtobas mcdcrihas par gas ihlodostriharcs, totugircs y bgocdtcs.

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

83

 

Gi badsohcriboòd par gi buig gas clpgcihas sad cgcmohas piri pirtobopir cs ud tcli olpartidtc hcfoha i quc ud pucsta puchc rcigozirsc hc virois narlis. Ro cg hcsclpcùa hc kalfrcs y lu`crcs cd ud pucsta cs omuiglcdtc fucda, iðd cncbtðid sus gifarcs hc honcrcdtcs lidcris5 cg idégosos hc pucsta hcfc tcdcr odnarliboòd ibcrbi hc ilfas cstogas. Zar c`clpga, supadmi quc gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc gas supcrvosarcs sc muìid par cstifgcbcr af`ctovas y scr horcbtovas5 par su pirtc, gis supcrvosaris usid lés ud cdnaquc hc pirtobopiboòd. Zar badsomuocdtc, ud idégosos hc pucsta rcigoziha sòga bad supcrvosarcs mcdcrirìi ud bad`udta hc ERIA honcrcdtc ig idégosos hc pucsta quc utogozi supcrvosarcs lu`crcs y kalfrcs. _i quc cg idégosos hc pucsta cs gi fisc piri bihi hcbosoòd pcrsadig, sc puchc afscrvir quc gas csnucrzas hc omuig apartudohih balocdzid tid pradta bala iqucg. Cg tcli hc usir i gas lc`arcs clpgcihas a i iqucggas baludcs tilfoïd cs olpartidtc. Huridtc ud idégosos hc pucsta cd udi mrid olprcdti, sc hcsbufroò quc ud clpgciha hcsclpcùifi su gifar hc lidcri honcrcdtc i gas hc gas atras has turdas. Sdi odvcstomiboòd pastcroar rcvcgò quc tig t ig trifi`ihar tilfoïd aftcdìi udi pudtuiboòd lubka lés igti cd buidta i hcsclpcùa gifarig quc gas atras has. Isì, pircbìi quc ga lés gòmoba cri csbrofor gas rcsugtihas hcg idégosos hc pucsta bad fisc cd cg laha cd quc cg lc`ar clpgciha rcigozifi su gifar y bipibotir i gas atras has.

 ±Yuï topa hc odnarliboòd sc hcfc aftcdcr1  aftcdcr1  Sdi hcbosoòd olpartidtc badbocrdc ig dovcg   hc cspcbonobohih . Csta cs, ±sc hcfc hcsmgasir cg idégosos hc pucsta loduta par loduta, bad balpartilocdtas cspcbìnobas (p. ‗odbgodir cga friza cdidigozir ud édmuga hc  cd mrihas“ a ‗lavcr gas pocs(‗talir kiboi ihcgidtc trcsc.,pugmihis“), sc hcfc cg pucsta ud dovcg lés mcdcrig hcbosoadcs nodidbocris“, ‗kifgir bad gas bgocdtcs“)1 Iudquc gi liyarìi hc gas trifi`as sc idigozid cd dovcgcs quc cd igmðd lalcdta sc cdbucdtrid cdtrc cstas has cxtrclas, i vcbcs cg dovcg hc idégosos cstiré lés bcrbi hc ud cxtrcla hcg cspcbtra quc hcg atra. Vcspcbta i igmudas pucstas quc odvagubrid trifi`a balpgobiha sc kid isuloha csnucrzas cxtcdsas y biras piri ohcdtonobir gi lidcri òptoli cd gi quc sc hcfcd rcigozir gis tircis. Zar c`clpga, cd udi pgidti lidunibturcri hc vcdtidis, cg idégosos hc pucsta hctcrlodò quc lubkis lés vcdtidis puhocrad scr ladtihis cd lirbas ig gcvidtir cg vohroa sòga scos pugmihis y hcspuïs hcsgozirga, cd vcz hc gcvidtir lés cg vohroa y bagabirga cd cg lirba. Cd tig sotuiboòd, cg trifi`a afvoilcdtc hcfc ggcvirsc i bifa hc udi narli cspcbìnobi piri liyar ikarra nodidbocra. Zar ga tidta, cg idégosos hc pucsta cs lés cncbtova cd ud dovcg lés hctiggiha. Sdi hcbosoòd rcgiboadihi lidc`i cg tcli hc rcquosotas narligcs vcrsus odnarlig odnarligcs cs. scbrctiroi, gas narligcs lcbidamrinoir birtis ggcdir lclas,  yZiri gas udi odnarligcs odnarlig cs prcpirir binï a puchcd rcbamcrodbguor hc gi csbucgi i gas ko`as hcga`cnc. Xalir cd bucdti gas rcquosotas odnarligcs tocdc gi vcdti`i hc ohcdtonobir y cgolodir rcspadsifogohihcs quc puchcd scr ogcmigcs a oddcbcsirois. Zar c`clpga, supadmilas quc ud idégosos hc pucsta rcvcgi quc gi scbrctiroi hc ud hcpirtilcdta rcbamc hc gi csbucgi i gas ko`as hcg  `cnc y gas ggcvi i ud bcdtra hc buohiha5 ïstc cs ud kiggizma olpartidtc hcfoha i quc i gi balpiùìi da puchc badvcdorgc quc csta aburri. Rod clfirma, hiha quc cg mcrcdtc prahubc $  hògircs par iùa, gi balpiùìi pahrìi prcncror quc gi scbrctiroi bad lcdar sigiroa, cd gumir hcg c`cbutova lc`ar pimiha, talc udi kari cd cg hìi piri rcbamcr i gas doùas. Ro csti tirci csté cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta, ud sagobotidtc sifré par idtobopiha ibcrbi hc cggi y pahré hcbohor so gi ibcpti cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd. Ihclés, gas rcquosotas odnarligcs (par c`clpga, rcbamcr cg barrca) puchcd scr dcbcsiroas piri kibcr lés narlig gi rchubboòd hc gi patcdboig badnusoòd rcspcbta i quoïd cs cg rcspadsifgc hc gi tirci. Cd udi baapcritovi hc brïhota, udi nucdtc badtodui hc hosbusoadcs quc odvagubrid i quocdcs cd su pucsta a i quocdcs cd su turda gi ibtovohih nuc rcbamcr cg barrca, cspcboiglcdtc buidha cg bgoli cri liga y cg csti8>

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

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Igmudas trifi`as rcquocrcd cxbcsovi itcdboòd i gas hctiggcs

boadilocdta hc gi anobodi hc barrcas sc vagvìi golotiha. Cstc prafgcli sc puha kifcr cgolodiha so gi tirci sc kufocri isomdiha i ud odhovohua cd pirtobugir.

Ggcvir i bifa ud idégosos hc pucsta Iudquc cxostcd lubkis lidcris hc kibcr ud idégosos hc pucsta, cg af`ctova cd gi liyarìi hc gas bisas cs ohcdtonobir gis tircis quc sc cncbtðid, gis badhoboadcs cd gis buigcs ïstis sc ggcvid i bifa y gis ERIA quc sc rcquocrcd. Csti scbboòd balcdziré bad udi cstritcmoi utogozihi balðdlcdtc piri rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta y sc badbguoré bad gis hcsbropboadcs hc lïtahas igtcrditovas.

Zisa 󰀹0 Ohcdto󿬉bir gis tircis rcigozihis Cg pisa cd badhubboòd hc udprapois idégososhchcbihi pucsta cs ohcdtonobir gis holcdsoa-y dcsprolcr prodbopigcs hcggilosla, gis tircis holcdsoòd, gis kcrrilocdtis cquopa utogozihas y gis badhoboadcs cd gis buigcs hobkis tircis sc rcigozid. Csti odnarliboòd sc rcðdc mcdcriglcdtc ig aftcdcr hitas prcvoas safrc cg pucsta, cdtrcvostir i gas totugircs, afscrvir su hcsclpcùa, kibcr prébtobis hcg pucsta losla. Vcudor odnarliboòd cxostcdtc. Idtcs hc cdtrcvostir i gas totugircs, soclprc cs fucdi ohci

 `udtir gi odnarliboòd quc yi sc ki aftcdoha. Zar c`clpga, uda pahrìi rcudor hcsbropboadcs cxostcdtcs hcg pucsta, odvcdtiroas hc tircis y liduigcs hc bipibotiboòd. Csti odnarliboòd pahrìi vcdor hc gis armidoziboadcs bad gis buigcs ustch csté trifi`idha, hc atris, hc pufgobiboadcs cspcboigozihis y irtìbugas hc rcvostis. Cdtrcvostir i cxpcrtas cd gi litcroi.   Cg lïtaha lés balðd piri rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta cs cdtrcvostir i cxpcrtas cd gi litcroi  (RLC, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). Gas

RLC sad pcrsadis quc tocdcd badabolocdtas safrc cg pucsta c odbguycd totugircs, supcrvosarcs, bgocdtcs y mcrcdtcs hc dovcg supcroar. Gis cdtrcvostis hc idégosos hc pucsta honocrcd liyarlcdtc hc gis cdtrcvostis hc clpgca cd quc su prapòsota cs aftc-

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

8=

 

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Gis cdtrcvostis sad udi tïbdobi balðd hc idégosos hc pucsta

dcr odnarliboòd safrc cg trifi`a losla y da hc gi pcrsadi quc hcsclpcùi cg pucsta. Gis cdtrcvostis hc idégosos hc pucsta vocdcd cd has narlis prodbopigcs0 odhovohuig y mrupig. Cd gi odhovohuig, cg idigosti hc pucsta cdtrcvosti sòga i ud clpgciha cd bocrta lalcdta5 cd gi mrupig, a badncrcdboi RLC, i ud mrid dðlcra hc clpgcihas `udtas. Bala sc lcdboadò idtcs cd cg bipìtuga, gis cdtrcvostis odhovohuigcs tocdhcd i irra`ir rcsugtihas sologircs i gis mrupigcs. Iud buidha sc uscd gis odhovohuigcs a gis mrupigcs, hcfcd scmuorsc bocrtas godcilocdtas quc kiréd quc gi cdtrcvosti sc hcsirraggc bad suivohih. .  Zrcpirirsc piri gi cdtrcvosti idudboidha cg idégosos hc pucsta i gas

clpgcihas par ihcgidtiha y scgcbboadidha ud gumir tridquoga y proviha. .  Ifror  gi  gi cdtrcvosti cstifgcbocdha udi rcgiboòd hc baludobiboòd, baludobiboòd, rcgi`idha ig trifi`ihar y cxpgobédhagc cg prapòsota hcg cdbucdtra. .  Vcigozir  gi  gi cdtrcvosti kibocdha prcmudtis ifocrtis y utogozidha ud  vabifugiroa nébog hc cdtcdhcr, cdtcdhcr, ihclés hc frodhir toclpa sunobocdtc piri quc cg clpgciha kifgc y rcspadhi i gis prcmudtis. Cvotc scr badhcsbcdhocdtc y cstir cd hcsibucrha bad cg totugir. Gi liyarìi hc gas trifi`iharcs sc socdtcd armuggasas hc sus pucstas y cstéd hc ibucrha cd kifgir safrc cggas bad mrid hctiggc. Sdi vcz quc gi iprcdsoòd odoboig y gas dcrvoas sc nucrad, gi liyarìi hc gi cdtrcvostis hc idégosos hc pucsta sigcd focd. Sdi fucdi lidcri hc balcdzir gi cdtrcvosti cs pohoïdhagc ig clpgciha quc hcsbrofi ga quc kibc hcshc cg lalcdta cd quc cdtri ig cstiboadilocdta hcg trifi`a kisti gi kari 8;

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

cd quc rcmrcsi i su bisi. Sdi prcmudti bala ïsti praparboadi igma hc cstrubturi piri cg clpgciha ig iyuhirgc i rcbarhir gas honcrcdtcs ispcbtas hc su pucsta y tilfoïd hati ig cdtrcvostihar hc lés prcmudtis hc scmuolocdta y ércis quc praparboadiréd odnarliboòd ihoboadig. Bad ud cdnaquc fisiha cd cg balotï, uda hc RLC sc cdbucdtri bad gi gguvoi hc ohcis gis rcspadsifogohihcs prodbopigcs odvagubrihis cd ud pucsta. Sdi vcz quc sc ki kcbka csta, cg balotï ohcdtonobi gis tircis (ibtovohihcs rcgiboadihis bad cg trifi`a) quc sc hcfcd balpgctir piri bihi udi hc gis rcspadsifogohihcs. Gas rcsugtihas cdtadbcs sc rcsulcd cd gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta a cd ud odnarlc hcg idégosos hc pucsta. Sdi cxbcgcdtc tïbdobi hc cdtrcvosti hc idégosos hc pucsta nuc hcsirraggihi par Illcrlid () y rcpartihi par Vafodsad (). Gas pisas fésobas piri gi tïbdobi Illcrlid sad0 . Badvabir i ud pidcg hc cxpcrtas quc odbguyi rcprcscdtidtcs hc tahas gas . . . .

dovcgcs hc gi armidoziboòd. Zchor ig pidcg quc ohcdtonoquc gas af`ctovas y gas cstédhircs quc sc tocdcd quc bulpgor par cg totugir ohcig. Odhobir ig pidcg quc cdgostc gas balpartilocdtas dcbcsiroas piri bihi af`ctova a cg cstédhir quc sc tocdc quc gamrir gamrir.. Ragobotir ig pidcg ohcdtonobir buégcs hc gas balpartilocdtas hcg pisa  sad ‗brìtobas“ ‗brìto bas“ piri igbidzir cg af`ctova. Zchor ig pidcg quc arhcdc gas af`ctovas par bitcmarìis bad fisc cd su olpartidboi.

Gas rcsugtihas hc cstas prabcholocdtas irra`iréd ud bad`udta hc af`ctovas olpartidtcs y gas balpartilocdtas dcbcsiroas quc tocdcd quc bulpgorsc. Gas balpartilocdtas sc puchcd usir piri brcir prucfis hc scgcbboòd, hcsirraggir pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd a cviguir cg hcsclpcùa hc gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs. Sd c`clpga hc gas af`ctovas y balpartilocdtas hcg cstoga hc Illcrlid sc lucstrid cd gi nomuri .. Afscrvir i gas totugircs hc gas pucstas. Gis afscrviboadcs  sad lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta

ðtogcs, cspcboiglcdtc buidha sc usid cd bad`udta bad atras lïtahas, bala gis cdtrc vostis. Huridtc udi afscrviboòd afscr viboòd hc idégosos hc pucsta, cg idigosti afscrvi afscr vi i gas totugircs hcsclpcùir sus pucstas cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. Gi vcdti`i hc cstc lïtaha cs quc pcrlotc ig idigosti hc pucsta vcr cd rcigohih ig clpgciha buidha kibc su trifi`a y, par

Anrcbcr ducvas prahubtas • Cstuhoir mrénobis hc tisisfidbiroas hoirois • Cxpgobir ducvas prahubtas i gas bgocdtcs Kibcr cg figidbc hcg cncbtova cd 2: lodutas ig nodig hcg hìi   • Badtir hc lidcri prcbosi cg hodcra   • Kibcr figidbcs figidbcs hc cncbtova cncbtova huridtc huridtc cg toclpa lucrta lucrta Bulpgor bad gis rcmugiboadcs nchcrigcs y cstitigcs   • Datonobir ig ig mafocrda nchcrig nchcrig hc gis gis tridsibboadcs tridsibboadcs cd cncbtova hc lés hc $9:  ::: hògircs   • Xritir i gas bgocdtcs hc gi losli lidcri sod olpartir su chih, rizi, mïdcra u aromcd diboadig

Nomuri 6.9 C`clpga hc gi tïbdobi hc Illcrlid0 af`ctovas y tircis hc ud bi`cra hc fidba  

Balpgctir hc lidcri prcbosi gas trélotcs   • Aftcdcr tahi gi odnarliboòd odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi dcbcsiroi hc gas bgocdtcs   • Vcbifir Vcbifir tahis tahis gis norlis dcbcsirois dcbcsirois Kibcr quc bihi bgocdtc sc socdti ‗pirtc hc gi nilogoi“   • Rifcr cg dalfrc dalfrc hc bihi bgocdtc bgocdtc Vcncror gas bgocdtcs par su dalfrc dalfrc   • Vcncrorsc Radrcìrscy isiguhir i bihipar bgocdtc

Idégosos hc pucsta  

8?

 

ga tidta, aftcdcr odnarliboòd quc ïstc kiyi agvohiha lcdboadir huridtc gi cdtrcvosti. Csta cs cspcboiglcdtc olpartidtc hcfoha i quc lubkas clpgcihas tocdcd honobugtihcs piri hcsbrofor bad cxibtotuh ga quc kibcd5 piri cggas, kibcr su trifi`a cs udi scmudhi diturigczi y gcs tali sòga udi pcqucùi rcngcxoòd ig rcspcbta. Sdi fucdi hclastriboòd hc cstc pudta cs gi honobugtih hc gis pcrsadis piri dalfrir cg gumir hc gis tcbgis cd udi léquodi hc csbrofor a gi pasoboòd hc gis vcgabohihcs buidha lidc`id. Xahas dasatras csbrofolas y bilfoilas gis vcgabohihcs sod pcdsirga (fucda, lubkas ga kibclas), pcra scùigir bad ripohcz i atri pcrsadi cg gumir hc gi ‗v“ cd ducstri léquodi hc csbrofor a gi ‗rcvcrsi“ cd ducstra liduig hc tridslosoòd cs honìbog. hon ìbog. Gi hcsvcdti`i hc cstc lïtaha cs quc rcsugti luy lagcsta0 afscrvir i igmuocd sod su badabolocdta cs honìbog. Zocdsc cd gas pucstas cd gas quc ustch ki trifi`iha0 pabis  vcbcs cxostc igmðd gumir hcshc cg buig ud idigosti puchi afscrvir sod quc gas clpgcihas ga datcd. Ïstc cs ud prafgcli parquc, udi vcz quc gas clpgcihas sifcd quc sad afscrvihas, su balpartilocdta bilfoi, ga buig kibc quc ud idigosti da puchi lidtcdcr udi olimcd prcbosi hc gis narlis cd quc cg trifi`a sc rcigozi. Buidha ya cstifi cd gi prcpiritaroi y trifi`idha ud tcrbcr turda cd udi néfrobi hc cdbuihcrdiboòd, gi balpiùìi badtritò i ud ‗cxpcrta cd rcdholocdta“ piri idigozir ducstra hcsclpcùa. Cg cxpcrta ggcmò cd ud tri`c hc trcs poczis, irliha bad ud bradòlctra y udi birpcti. ¡Cri bala udi lasbi cd gi sapi! Sstch yi supadhré quc cd gis has sclidis quc cg cxpcrta das afscrvò, nuolas gas clpgcihas ohcigcs (odbgusa pucha rcbarhir quc ggilifi i lo supcrvosar ‗scùar“) hcfoha i quc sifìilas quc ïg das vcìi. Sdi vcz quc sc nuc, rcmrcsilas i ducstri darligohih5 pcrhìilas cg toclpa, fcfìilas rcnrcsbas y fralcéfilas.

Zirtobopiboòd cd cg pucsta. Sda puchc idigozir ud pucsta ig rcigozirga. Csti C sti tïbdobi, ggilihi pirtobopiboòd cd cg pucsta, rcsugti cspcboiglcdtc cncbtovi hcfoha i quc cs lés nébog

cdtcdhcr bihi ispcbta hc ud pucsta udi vcz quc yi sc ki kcbka. Cs hcbor, gi tïbdobi cdtcdhcr sc utogozi néboglcdtc buidha cg idigosti ki cncbtuiha prcvoilcdtc gis tircis hcg pucsta. Sd cxbcgcdtc c`clpga scrìi ud supcrvosar quc ki trifi`iha piri iulcdtir su bitcmarìi. Bala sc lcdboadò idtcs, cg prafgcli bad gi odtcrvcdboòd hc ud supcrvosar a ud totugir cs quc dodmuda ki soha bipibotiha cd gis tïbdobis hcg idégosos hc pucsta. Sd idigosti prancsoadig puchc tilfoïd hcsclpcùir ud pucsta da nilogoir par ud barta pcroaha, iudquc csta, par supucsta, sc goloti i bocrtis abupiboadcs quc odvagubrid bipibotiboòd répohi y badscbucdbois lìdolis hcrovihis hc balctcr ud crrar. Yuozé da scrìi badvcdoc badvcdocdtc dtc idigozir gi borumìi hc ud bcrcfra bad cstc lïtaha. Cg idigosti hcfc pisir sunobocdtc toclpa cd cg pucsta piri aftcdcr udi lucsti ihcbuihi hcg balpartilocdta gifarig y gi honobugtih hcg pucsta. Zisir girmas pcroahas puchc scr luy bastasa y da miridtozi quc tahas gas ispcbtas hcg balpartilocdta sc bufrid. Cg psobògama ]iylid Luggods usò gis tïbdobis hc pirtobopiboòd piri idigozir cg pucsta hc ud falfcra. Luggods pisò has sclidis vovocdha cd udi cstiboòd hc falfcras ggcvidha i bifa tahis gis tircis quc rcigozid. Cg ðdoba prafgcli nuc quc huridtc cstc pcroaha da kufa odbcdhoas. Ro Luggods da kufocri tcdoha udi ohci hc ga quc ud falfcra kibìi, kifrìi badbguoha quc gis tircis lés olpartidtcs crid harlor, golpoir,, babodir y ¡`umir birtis! golpoir

Zisa 󰀶0 Csbrofor tircis Sdi vcz quc sc kid ohcdtonobiha gis tircis, cg somuocdtc pisa cs csbrofor gis quc sc usiréd cd cg odvcdtiroa hc tircis y sc odbguoréd cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta. Bala sc lastrò cd tifgi ., udi tirci csbroti ihcbuihilcdtc hcfc badtcdcr bala lìdola udi ibboòd (quï sc kibc) y ud af`ctova (piri cg buig sc kibc). I lcduha, gis ariboadcs t ircis tilfoïd odbguoréd balpadcdtcs tigcs bala hòdhc, bòla y buédha sc tircis kibchcgigis tirci. 3:

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xifgi 6.6 Csbrofor hc lidcri cncbtovi hcsbropboòd hc gis tircis Hcsbropboòd hc tircis csbrotis hcnobocdtclcdtc

Hcsbropboòd hc tircis csbrotis ihcbuihilcdtc

Cdvìa hc sagobotuhcs hc balpri

Cdvoir sagobotuhcs hc balpri ig hcpirtilcdta barrcspadhocdtc bad cg barrca hcg pgidtcg Lidc`ir ud biloòd hc bodba vcgabohihcs piri cdtrcmir balohi cd gi bouhih hc Xagcha Ssir gi ggivc licstri piri bcrrir i lchoi dabkc tahis gis pucrtis hc gis sigis prodbopigcs piri quc gas da rcsohcdtcs da puchid cdtrir cd cggis

Lidc`ir Bcrrir gis pucrtis

Iquì sc prcscdtid igmudis biribtcrìstobis hc gis tircis focd csbrotis0 =

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=

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Sdi ibboòd sc hcfc cncbtuir piri ud af`cta. Ro gi ariboòd odbguyc gi pigifri ‗y“ puchc tcdcr lés hc udi ibboòd u af`cta. Zar c`clpga, gi ariboòd ‗Csbrofor gi barrcspadhcdboi quc sc cdvoiré i gas pravccharcs“ tocdc udi ibboòd y ud af`cta. Rod clfirma, ‗Csbrofor, irbkovir y lidhir gi barrcspadhcdboi i gas pravccharcs“ badtocdc trcs ibboadcs luy honcrcdtcs ho ncrcdtcs (csbrofor, irbkovir, cdvoir). Gis tircis hcfcd csbroforsc cd ud dovcg cd quc sc puchid gccr y cdtcdhcr par udi pcrsadi bad gi losli bipibohih piri gccr hcg tìpoba totugir hcg pucsta. Xahis gis ariboadcs hcfcd scr csbrotis cd cg losla toclpa mrilitobig. Xahis gis ariboadcs hc gis tircis hcfcd odbguor gis kcrrilocdtis y cg cquopa quc sc utogozid piri balpgctir hobki tirci. Gi ariboòd hc gi tirci da hcfc scr udi balpctcdboi (p. c., ‗Rcr ud fucd csbrotar“). Gi ariboòd hc gi tirci da hcfc scr udi pagìtobi (p. c., ‗Xriti i gis pcrsadis hc lidcri ilifgc“). Gi ariboòd hcfc tcdcr scdtoha par sì losli. Csta cs, ‗Kibcr natabapois“ da praparboadi tidta hctiggc bala ‗Kibcr natabapois hc gis tridsibboadcs hc gas loclfras hc gi baapcritovi hc brïhota“, quc odhobi quï topas hc litcroigcs y piri quocdcs sad natabapoihas. Ziri iqucggis ibtovohihcs quc odvagubrid gi tali hc hcbosoadcs, sc hcfc odhobir cg dovcg hc iutarohih. Cstc dovcg gc pcrlotc ig totugir badabcr quï hcbosoadcs sc gc pcrlotcd y buégcs dcbcsotid iprafiboòd hc ud dovcg lés igta (Hcmdcr, ).

Xilfoïdcdsccgki sumcroha gas quchitas udis hc buidtis tircis,quc qucbgisonobid da sad pirtc ud pucsta, sc bagaqucd odvcdtiroa5 gas totugircs cstishctircis orrcgc vidtcs bala pirtc hc su pucsta sad rctorihas hcg idégosos idégosos hcfoha i su nigti hc buohiha (Mrccd y Rtutzlid, ). Cs udi fucdi ohci odbguor gis ‗tircis nigsis“. Zodc () odbguyò bodba cgclcdtas cd ud odvcdtiroa hc tircis bad  cgclcdtas piri muirhois hc prosoadcs y cdbadtrirad quc % rcpartò rcigozir ig lcdas udi hc gis tircis nigsis. Zar c`clpga, ud odvcdtiroa puchc odbguor ‗apcrir ud Madeugitar“ a ‗usir ud pramrili ZIVXK piri idigozir hitas“, odbgusa buidha da cxosti cd rcigohih tig léquodi a cg pramrili hc balputihari. Sd cstuhoa par Hocrharnn y Vufod () cdbadtrò quc cs lés prafifgc quc gas totugircs bad udi bipibohih bamdotovi fi`i y quc cstéd badnudhohas safrc su rag hc trifi`a (ilfom÷chih hcg rag) iprucfcd gis tircis nigsis cd ud odvcdtiroa hc tircis.

Zisa 󰀲0 Bgiso󿬉bir gis tircis Sdi vcz quc gis tircis sc kid csbrota (cd mcdcrig sc odbguycd igrchchar hc ), cg somuocdtc pisa cs kibcr ud idégosos hc tirci bad ud mrupa hc RLC piri bgisonobir bihi

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

39

 

Xifgi 6.2 C`clpga hc csbigis hc odvcdtiroa hc tircis Nrcbucdboi

: 9 6 2

Gi tirci da sc rcigozi bala pirtc hc cstc trifi`a Gi tirci sc rcigozi luy pabis vcbcs Gi tirci sc rcigozi abisoadiglcdtc gi tirci sc rcigozi bad nrcbucdboi

Olpartidboi

:

Da olpartidtc. Da hcfcrìi kifcr badscbucdbois dcmitovis so gi tirci da sc ggcvò i bifa a da sc rcigozò ihcbuihilcdtc Olpartidtc. Cg hcsclpcùa hcg pucsta hcfcrìi scr rchuboha so csti tirci da sc balpgctò ihcbuihilcdtc. Cscdboig. Cg pucsta da sc puha hcsclpcùir cncbtovilcdtc parquc cg totugir da balpgctò csti tirci.

9 6

udi cd gi nrcbucdboi, olpartidboi a urmcdboi cd quc sc csté rcigozidha. Zar c`clpga, badsohcrir gi tirci hc hospirir udi postagi hc lidcri prcbosi. Ziri ud anoboig hc pagobìi, pagobìi, csti ibtovohih aburrc hc lidcri paba nrcbucdtc pcra, buidha subchc, su olpartidboi cs prolarhoig. Ro sc usò udi sagi csbigi hc nrcbucdboi, hospirir udi postagi pahrìi da cstir odbguohi cd gi bipibotiboòd. Iudquc viroas topas hc csbigis puchcd usirsc, gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomibo òd sumocrc quc virois hc gis csbigis ifirbid topas sologircs hc odnarliboòd y Nriscr, Nriscr, ). Zar gacdtidta, usir., has csbigis, hc nrcbucdboi hc aburrcdboi a burrcdboi  y(Ridbkcz hc olpartidboi, lastrihis gi tifgi .gis , hcfc scr sunobocdtc. Hc kcbka, lés quc pchor bigonobiboadcs hc nrcbucdboi hc aburrcdboi a toclpa rcgitova abupiha cd udi tirci, igmudas odvcstomiharcs sumocrcd quc cd cg odvcdtiroa hc tircis sc hcfc solpgclcdtc pchor0 ‗±Vcigozò csti tirci1 (]ogsad y Kirvcy, ). Gas cviguiharcs cv iguiharcs tocdhcd i cstir hc ibucrha cd buidta i gi bigonobiboòd hc gi olpartidboi hc gi tirci pcra da cd cg toclpa utogoziha (Godhcgg, Bgiusc, Fridht y Gidhos, ). Hcspuïs hc quc udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi hcg RLC bigonobi bihi tirci, gas ridmas cstéd armidozihas cd ud narlita sologir ig quc sc lucstri cd gi tifgi .. Gis tircis da sc odbguoréd cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta so su ridma pralchoa hc nrcbucdboi cs . a odncroar odncroar.. Gis tircis da sc odbguoréd cd cg odvcdtiroa hc tircis nodig so tocdcd yi sci ud ridma hc . a lcdas cd gis csbigis hc nrcbucdboi (N) a olpartidboi (O), udi bigonobiboòd balfodihi pralchoa (BBZ), a lcdas hc has. Stogozidha cstas brotcroas, gis tircis ,  y  cd gi tifgi . sc odbguorìid cd gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta y gis tircis  y  sc odbguorìid cd cg odvcdtiroa hc tircis nodig quc sc usi cd cg somuocdtc pisa hcg idégosos hc pucsta.

Xifgi 6.8 C`clpga hc bigonobiboadcs hc idégosos hc tirci Cviguiharcs Rbuggy Xirci #

N

9 6 2 8

6 6 : 2

 

O

: 6 : 6

 

Lughcr BBZ BB

N

6 8 : 3

2 6 : 2

N 󰀼 nrcbucdboi5 O 󰀼 olpartidboi5 BBZ 󰀼 bigo󿬉biboòd balfodihi pralchoa.

36

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

O

: 9 : 6

 

Zralchoa balfodiha BBZ

N

2 2 : 3

6.3 6.: :.: 2.:

 

O

:.: 9.3 :.: 6.:

 

BBZ

6.3 2.3 :.: 3.:

 

Zisa 󰀸0 Hctcrlodir gis ERIA fésobis Sdi vcz quc sc balpgctò cg idégosos hc tircis y ud idigosti hc pucsta tocdc udi gosti hc tircis quc sad cscdboigcs piri cg hcsclpcùa ihcbuiha, cg somuocdtc pisa cs ohcdtonobir gis ERIA dcbcsirois piri rcigozirgis. = Sd badabolocdta cs ud bucrpa hc odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi piri cncbtuir gi tirci. = Sdi kifogohih cs gi balpctcdboi piri ggcvir i bifa udi tirci iprcdhohi. = Sdi bipibohih cs ud tigcdta fésoba piri rcigozir ud ilpgoa ridma hc tircis, ihquoror ud badabolocdta a hcsirraggir udi kifogohih. Atris biribtcrìstobis odbguycd nibtarcs pcrsadigcs bala pcrsadigohih,  vagudtih, odtcrïs y latoviboòd,  vagudtih, latoviboòd, y nibtarcs nibtarcs tidmofgcs bala gobcdbois, gobcdbois, mrihas y iùas hc cxpcrocdboi. Ibtuiglcdtc, gis ERIA sad balðdlcdtc rcncrohis bala balpctcdbois  (Rbkopplidd ct ig .,., ). Cd hìis pisihas, gis ERIA nucrad ggilihis cspcbonobiboadcs hc  pucsta. Iudquc puha kifcr viroas hcsibucrhas cdtrc gas psobògamas O/A, gas tïrlodas balpctcdbois, ERIA y cspcbonobiboadcs hc  pucsta pucsta sc puchcd usir hc lidcri odhostodti y da kiy honcrcdboi rcig cdtrc gis trcs (ihclés hc gas quc cstïd hc lahi). Buidha gis balpctcdbois cstéd gomihis i gis odoboitovis cstritïmobis hc udi armidoziboòd y i sus pgidcs lés quc i gis tircis cspcbìnobis, cg prabcsa sc ggili lahcgi`c hc balpctcdboi. Ziri rcmrcsir i ducstra c`clpga hcg anoboig hc pagobìi quc hospiri udi postagi hc lidcri prcbosi (kifogohih), dcbcsotirìi sastcdcr gi postagi ihcbuihilcdtc y pcrlotor badhoboadcs cxtcrdis tigcs bala gi hostidboi hcg af`ctova a gi horcbboòd hcg vocdta (badabolocdta) y tcdcr gi nartigczi cd gi lida, norlczi y vosoòd dcbcsirois piri sastcdcr gi postagi, `igir cg mitogga y ipudtir hc laha bcrtcra (bipibohihcs). Ziri partir gi postagi, cg anoboig rcqucrorìi udi bcrtonobiboòd piri usa hc irlis (atri biribtcrìstobi). Hctcrlodir gis ERIA olpartidtcs puchc kibcrsc hc has lidcris0 gòmobilcdtc udocdha tircis i gis ERIA a usidha bucstoadiroas prccgifarihas. Ziri udor gòmobilcdtc gis ERIA i gis tircis, ud mrupa hc RLC mcdcri ohcis hc gis quc badsohcri dcbcsirois piri cncbtuir bihi tirci. Zar c`clpga, ud mrupa hc anoboigcs hc pagobìi pahrìid badsohcrir gi hc ‗csbrofor rcpartcs hc ibbohcdtcs“ y hctcrlodir gis kifogohihcs mrilitobigcs, hc hcgctrca, csbroturi gcmofgc i lida y badabolocdta hc ibbohcdtcs bala dcbcsirois piri quc ud anoboig hc pagobìi gis rcigobc. Sdi vcz quc gi gosti hc ERIA cscdboigcs ki soha cgifarihi, sc gc hi i atra mrupa hc RLC ig quc sc gc pohc quc bgisonoquc cg mriha cd cg quc bihi ERIA cs cscdboig piri hcsclpcùir cg pucsta. Ro sc usi udi csbigi bala gi quc sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., gis ERIA bad ud pudti`c pralchoa hc . a lcdas sad cgolodihis. Bala sc puchc vcr cd gi tifgi ., tilfoïd cs olpartidtc piri gas RLC hctcrlo=

dir buédha cs dcbcsiroi bihi ERIA. Bad gas hitas hc gi tifgi, gis ERIA quc rcbofcd ìdhobcs hc . cd pralchoa a liyarcs scréd pirtc hcg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas5 iqucggis quc tocdcd ìdhobcs pralchoa cdtrc . y . sc cdscùiréd cd gi ibihcloi hc pagobìi y gis quc aftcdmid ud pralchoa cdtrc . y . sc iprcdhcréd cd cg pucsta huridtc cg pcroaha hc prucfi hcg anoboig.  Lés quc usir cg prabcsa hosbutoha prcvoilcdtc, gis ERIA a balpctcdbois sc puchcd ohcdtonobir bad cg ipaya hc lïtahas cstrubturihas tigcs bala cg Odvcdtiroa hc balpadcdtcs hcg pucsta (@BO, par sus somgis cd odmgïs), Idégosos hc rismas (XXI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs), Cdbucsti hc idégosos hc pucsta hc Ngcosklid (N-@IR par sus somgis cd odmgïs), Xïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba (BOX, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) y Narlis hc rcquosotas hc pucstas rcgiboadihas bad gi pcrsadigohih (ZZVN, (ZZVN, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). Bihi uda hc cstas sc hosbutc bad hctiggc lés ihcgidtc cd cg bipìtuga.

Zisa 󰀳0 Rcgcbboadir gis prucfis piri hcsomdir gis ERIA Sdi vcz sc kid ohcdtonobiha gis ERIA cg somuocdtccd pisa cs hctcrlodir gasquc lc`arcs lïtahas piri hcsomdir gisolpartidtcs, quc scréd prolarhoigcs cg lalcdta

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

32

 

Xifgi 6.3 Csbigis usihis piri bigonobir gis ERIA cd gi nucrzi pagoboibi Olpartidboi hc gis ERIA : Da sc dcbcsotid piri gi mrihuiboòd hc gi ibihcloi hc pagobìi a cg hcsclpcùa sitosnibtaroa hcg

pucsta 9 6

Rad ðtogcs piri gi mrihuiboòd hc gi ibihcloi hc pagobìis a cg hcsclpcùa sitosnibtaroa hcg pucsta Rad olpartidtcs/cscdboigcs piri gi mrihuiboòd hc gi ibihcloi hc pagobìi a cg hcsclpcùa

sitosnibtaroa hcg pucsta Buidha gis ERIA sad dcbcsirois

: Buidha da sad dcbcsirois 9 Rad dcbcsirois hcspuïs hc 󿬉digozir gi bipibotiboòd hc bilpa 6 Rad dcbcsirois hcspuïs hc gi mrihuiboòd hc gi ibihcloi hc pagobìi 2 Rad dcbcsirois cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd ERIA 󰀼 Badabolocdta, kifogohihcs, bipibohih y atris biribtcrìstobis.

hc badtritir. badtritir. Cstas lïtahas sc usiréd piri scgcbboadir ducvas clpgcihas c odbguoréd igmudas bala cdtrcvostis, lucstris hc trifi`a, prucfis hc bipibohih, prucfis hc pcrsadigohih, vcronobiboadcs hc rcncrcdbois, prucfis hc ohcdtohih, foahiti y bcdtras hc cviguiboòd. Cstas lïtahas, y bòla gas cgcmolas, sc hosbutcd bad liyar hctiggc cd gas bipìtugas ,  y . Gas ìdhobcs pralchoa aftcdohas hcg bipìtuga  sc usiréd piri padhcrir gas pudti`cs hc gis prucfis. Csta cs, udi prucfi quc hcsomdc gis ERIA bad ud ìdhobc hc . hcfc rcbofor lés pcsa quc atri quc hcsomdc udis bad ud ìdhobc hc ..

Ssir atras lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta Cd gis pémodis idtcroarcs sc cdbadtrò cg lïtaha lés balðd piri kibcr ud idégosos hc pucsta. Iudquc cstc lïtaha praparboadi mrid odnarliboòd, puchc scr lés girma  y paba cstrubturiha. Ziri ikarrir toclpa, cstéd hospadofgcs atras bala iulcdtir gi cstrubturi a balpgclcdtir gi odnarliboòd aftcdohi hc cdtrcvostis, afscrviboadcs y idégosos hc tirci, gas buigcs tocdhcd i praparboadir odnarliboòd cd uda hc gas buitra nibtarcs cspcbìnobas quc sad balðdlcdtc odbguohas cd udi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta0 ibtovohihcs hcg trifi`ihar, kcrrilocdtis y cquopa utogoziha, ilfocdtc hc trifi`a y balpctcdbois.

 Lïtahas quc praparboadid odnarliboòd mcdcrig safrc safrc gis ibtovohihcs hcg trifi`ihar  Ssir gi cstritcmoi hosbutohi prcvoilcdtc irra`i odnarliboòd cspcbìnobi safrc gis tircis  y ibtovohihcs rcigozihis par ud totugir cd ud clpgca pirtobugir . Iudquc csi odnarliboòd hctiggihi cs ohcig, aftcdcrgi cs bastasa y puchc badsulor toclpa. Bala udi igtcrditovi, sc kid hcsirraggiha viroas bucstoadiroas piri idigozir pucstas cd ud dovcg lés mcdcrig. Cstc idégosos mcdcrig ikarri toclpa y hodcra, ihclés, pcrlotc quc gas pucstas sc balpircd lés néboglcdtc bad igmðd atra, cd bisa hc quc sc uscd gis cdtrc vostis, afscrviboadcs, pirtobopiboòd hcg pucsta a idégosos idégosos hc tircis. Bucstoadiroa hc idégosos hc pucstas (ZIY). (ZIY). Cg Bucstoadiroa hc idégosos hc pucstas (ZIY, par

sus somgis cd odmgïs) cs ud odstrulcdta cstrubturiha hcsirraggiha cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Zurhuc par LbBarlobe, @ciddcrct y Lcbkil () y ikari csté hospadofgc par Rcrvoboas ZIY cd Fcggodmkil, ]iskodmtad. Cg ZIY badtocdc  rcibtovas armidozihas cd scos holcdsoadcs prodbopigcs0 cdtrihi hc odnarliboòd, prabcsas lcdtigcs, rcsugtihas hcg trifi`a, rcgiboadcs bad atris pcrsadis, badtcxta hc pucsta y atris viroi38

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

VCGIBOADCR BAD AXVIR ZCVRADIR

8 Vcgiboadcs bad atris pcrsadis Csti scbboòd triti hc hostodtas ispcbtas hc odtcribboòd cdtrc gis pcrsadis odvagubrihis y viroas topas hc trifi`a.

Bgivc hc olpartidboi piri cstc clpgca (O) D Da ipgobi 9 Lubka lcdar 6 Fi`a 2 Zralchoa 8 Igta 3 Cxtrcla

8.9 Baludobiboòd   Cviguir ga somuocdtc cd tïrlodas hc quï tid olpartidtc cs gi balpgc`ohih hcg pucsta. pucsta. Igmudas pucstas puchcd odvagubrir viroas a tahas gas cgclcdtas cd csti scbboòd. ??

9::

8.9.9 8.9 .9 Arig (baludobiboòd ig kifgir) kifgir) g   Rumcror (tritir (tritir bad odhovohuas piri ibadsc`ir y/a muoir rcspcbta rcspcbta i gas prafgclis prafgclis quc sc puchcd rcsagvcr hc lidcri gcmig, nodidbocri, bocdtìnobi, tïbdobi, csporotuig y/a igmudas atras prodbopoas prancsoadigcs)   g Dcmaboir (tritir bad atras piri igbidzir ud ibucrha a saguboòd5 par c`clpga, dcmaboir udi gifar, rcgiboadcs hopgalétobis, ctb.)

9:9

g  

Zcrsuihor (tritir bad atras piri odnguorgas i rcigozir igmudi ibboòd a pudta hc vosti5 par c`clpga, vcdti, pirtobopir cd bilpiùis pagìtobis, ctb.)

9:6

g  

Odstruor (ggcvir i cncbta gi cdscùidzi hcg badabolocdta a kifogohihcs, hc udi lidcri narlig narlig a odnarlig, odnarlig, i atras5 par c`clpga, ud licstra hc csbucgi pðfgobi, ud liquodosti quc cdscùc i ud iprcdhoz, ctb.)

9:2

g  

Cdtrcvostir (rcigozir cdtrcvostis cdtrcvostis horomohis kiboi igmðd af`ctova cspcbìnoba5 cspcbìnoba5 par c`clpga, c`clpga, i sagobotidtcs hcg pucsta, kibcr ud bcdsa, ctb.)

9:8

g  

Odtcrbilfoa hc odnarliboòd odnarliboòd hc rutodi0 pucsta rcgiboadiha rcgiboadiha (cg hir y/a rcbofor odnarliboòd odnarliboòd hc udi diturigczi rutodiroi rcgiboadihi bad cg pucsta5 par c`clpga, imcdtc hc fagctas, hcspibkihar hc tixos, rcbcpboadosti, ctb.)

9:3

g  

Odtcrbilfoa hc odnarliboòd nucri hc rutodi (cg (cg hir y/a rcbofor odnarliboòd hc udi diturigczi da rutodiroi a odusuig rcgiboadihi bad cg pucsta5 par c`clpga, `udtis hc balotï prancsoadig, odmcdocras hosbutocdha ud ducva hoscùa hc prahubta, ctb.)

9:>

g  

Kifgir cd pðfgoba pðfgoba (kibcr hosbursas a prcscdtiboadcs prcscdtiboadcs narligcs idtc idtc iuhocdbois rcgitovilcdtc mridhcs5 par c`clpga, hosbursas pagìtobas, pramrilis hc rihoa y/a X^, hir scrladcs, ctb.)

8.9.6 8.9 .6 Csbroti (baludobirsc par lchoa hc litcroig litcroig csbrota a olprcsa) 9:=

g  

Csbrofor (par c`clpga, csbrofor a hobtir birtis, rcpartcs ctb., bapois piri idudboas, irtìbugas hc pcroòhobas, cdtrc atras0 da odbguyc ibtovohihcs hc tridsbropboòd hcsbrotis cd cg rcibtova 82, soda sòga ibtovohihcs cd gis buigcs cg totugir brci cg litcroig csbrota)

8.9.2 8.9 .2 Atris baludobiboadcs baludobiboadcs 9:;

g  

Rcùigoziboòd (baludobirsc (baludobirsc bad igmudas topas hc scùigcs5 par c`clpga, c`clpga, scùigcs liduigcs, sogfitas,

9:?

g  

sclénaras, bgéxadcs, bilpidis, gubcs y hclés) Baludobiboòd cd bòhoma (tcgïmrina (tcgïmrina,, broptamrinìi, ctb.)

C. @. LbBarlobe, Z. V. @ciddcrt y V. B. Lcbkil, Zasotoad Idigysos Yucstoaddiorc, Bapyromkt © 9?>? par Zurhuc Vcscirbk Naudhitoad, ]cst Giniycttc, Odhoidi 8=?:=. Vcolprcsa bad pcrlosa hc gi chotaroig.

Nomuri 6.6 C`clpga hc prcmudtis hcg ZIY

 

fgcs rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta (bala kariroa hc trifi`a, pima y rcspadsifogohih). Cd gi pémodi hc lucstri hcg ZIY cd gi nomuri . sc afscrvi quc cg dovcg hc idégosos cs biso mcdcrig. Csta cs, cg ZIY das hobc so ud pucsta rcquocrc cdtrcvosti, pcra da odhobi su topa (cdtrcvostir i sagobotidtcs hcg pucsta cd balpiriboòd bad cdtrcvostir i ud tcstoma hc ud brolcd) a bòla rcigozirgi. Zar ga tidta, gas rcsugtihas scrìid honìbogcs hc usir piri nudboadcs bala gi bipibotiboòd a gi vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa.

Idégosos hc pucsta  

33

 

Cg ZIY anrcbc virois vcdti`is. Da cs bastasa y usirga tali rcgitovilcd rcgitovilcdtc tc paba toclpa. Cs uda gas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta lés cstidhirozihas, tocdc dovcgcs ibcptifgcs hc noifogohih y sus rcsugtihas piri ud pucsta pirtobugir pirt obugir sc puchcd balpirir par lchoa hc idégosos hc balputihari bad logcs hc atras pucstas. Iudquc cg ZIY tocdc ipaya badsohcrifgc, gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc sus nartigczis sad tilfoïd gi nucdtc hc sus hcfogohihcs. Gis odstrubboadcs hcg ZIY sumocrcd quc gas totugircs quc usid cg bucstoadiroa tocdcd dovcgcs hc chubiboòd cdtrc  y  mrihas. Rod clfirma, gi odvcstomiboòd ki cdbadtriha quc gis prcmudtis c odstrubboadcs hcg ZIY cstéd csbrotis cd ud dovcg hc mrihuiha hc prcpiritaroi (Isk y Chmcgg, )5 par ga tidta, kiy trifi`iharcs quc da puchcd cdtcdhcrgis. Ïsti cs udi rizòd par gi quc gas hcsirraggiharcs hcg ZIY rcbalcdhirad quc gas idigostis hc pucsta bipibotihas ga balpgctirid cd gumir hc gas prapoas clpgcihas. Ihclés, cg bucstoadiroa nuc hoscùiha piri bufror tahas gas pucstas, pcra golotiha i  prcmudtis y scos holcdsoadcs, y csta ki prafiha scr da luy ngcxofgc. Zar c`clpga, ud badstrubtar hc bisis y ud anoboig hc pagobìi tocdcd gas loslas pcrnogcs hc ZIY (Irvcy y Fcmiggi, ). Cstas pcrnogcs sc aftocdcd ig lirmcd hc so ud idigosti cd rcigohih afscrvi cg pucsta a focd sòga cbki ud vostiza ig tìtuga hcg pucsta a i udi hcsbropboòd hcg losla (Friddobe, Gcvodc y Larmcsad, ). Nodiglcdtc, tcdcr mrid bidtohih hc odnarliboòd safrc cg pucsta irra`i gas loslas rcsugtihas quc tcdcr pabi (Rurrcttc ct ig .,., ). Iudquc cstas cstuhoas kifgid hc lidcri nivarifgc safrc gi noifogohih hcg ZIY, tilfoïd praparboadid udi rizòd piri prcabupirsc hcfoha i quc ïstc pircbc irra`ir gas loslas rcsugtihas sod olpartir quï tid nilogoiroziha cstï cg idigosti bad ud pucsta. Zcrnog hc cstrubturi hcg pucsta. Sdi vcrsoòd rcvosihi hcg ZIY nuc hcsirraggihi par Zitrobe  y Laarc (). Gas bilfoas prodbopigcs prodbopigcs cd gi rcvosoòd, ggilihas Zcrnog hc cstrubturi hcg pucsta (@RZ, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) odbguycd rcibtovas hc badtcdoha badtcdoha y cstoga, duc-

 vas rcibtovas piri odbrclcdtir cg pahcr hosbroloditaroa cd gis holcdsoadcs odtcgcbtuig y hc tali hc hcbosoadcs y ud ïdnisos rcgitova i pchor i ud idigosti hc pucsta quc usc cg @RZ cd gumir hc ud totugir. totugir. Gi odvcstomiboòd kcbki par gas hcsirraggiharcs hcg @RZ odhobi quc cg odstrulcdta cs badnoifgc, pcra sc dcbcsoti iðd lés odvcstomiboòd idtcs hc quc sc scpi so cg @RZ badtocdc udi lc`ari gcmìtoli safrc cg ZIY. Odvcdtiroa hc cgclcdtas hcg pucsta. Atra odstrulcdta hoscùiha bala udi igtcrditovi piri cg ZIY cs cg Odvcdtiroa hc cgclcdtas hcg pucsta   (@CO, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) hcsi-

rraggiha par Bardcgous y Kiecg (). Cg @CO badtocdc  rcibtovas y tocdc ud dovcg hc badnoifogohih iprapoiha piri ud clpgciha quc bucdti sòga bad chubiboòd hc prcpiritaroi (Bardcgous, y Ribectt,hc). Gi odvcstomiboòd balpiri cg @CO Nrochbad cg ZIY odhobi quc gisKiecg pudtuiboadcs bihi lïtaha sad luyquc sologircs (Kirvcy, lid, Kiecg y Bardcgous, )5 par ga tidta, cg @CO puchc scr ud lc`ar rcclpgiza piri cg ZIY honìbog hc gccr. Zcra, bala sc lcdboadò bad cg @ZR, sc dcbcsoti lubka lés odvcstomiboòd odvcstomibo òd idtcs hc quc sc puchid sibir badbgusoadcs bad scmurohih. Idégosos hc pucsta nudboadig. Cg Idégosos hc pucsta nudboadig (N@I, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) 

nuc hoscùiha par Nodc () bala ud lïtaha répoha quc pahrìi scr usiha par cg mafocrda nchcrig piri idigozir y balpirir logcs hc pucstas. Gas pucstas idigozihas bad cg N@I sc hcsmgasirad cd cg parbcdti`c hc toclpa quc cg totugir misti cd trcs nudboadcs0 hitas (odnarliboòd c ohcis), pcrsadis (bgocdtcs y bagifariharcs) y basis (léquodis, kcrrilocdtis y cquopa). I ud idigosti sc gc hid  pudtas piri hostrofuor cd gis trcs nudboadcs. Gas pudtas sc isomdid nrcbucdtclcdtc cd lðgtopgas hc bodba, y bihi nudboòd rcbofc ud lìdola hc bodba pudtas. Sdi vcz isomdiha cg pudti`c, cdtadbcs sc cgomc cg dovcg lés igta cd cg quc cg totugir hcg pucsta nudboadi i pirtor hc ud buihra, lastriha cd gi tifgi .. 3>

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xifgi 6.> Dovcgcs hc hitas, pcrsadis y basis Hitas

Zcrsadis

Basis

: 9 6 2 8

Rodtctozir Baarhodir Idigozir Balpogir Balputir

: 9 6 2 8

Rcr lcdtar Dcmaboir Odstruor Rupcrvosir Hcsvoir

: 9 6 2 8

3 Bapoir > Balpirir

3 > = ; ?

Zcrsuihor Kifgir Rcrvor Rcmuor odstrubboadcs Iyuhir

3 Abupirsc hc > Igolcdtir / birmir = Lidc`ir

Cstifgcbcr Xrifi`ir Xrif i`ir bad prcbosoòd Apcrir-badtragir Horomor-apcrir Lidopugir

 Lïtahas quc praparboadid odnarliboòd safrc gis kcrrilocdtis kcrrilocdtis y cg cquopa Odvcdtiroa hc balpadcdtcs hcg pucsta. Ziri talir vcdti`i hc gis nartigczis hcg ZIY locd-

tris sc cvotid igmudas hc sus prafgclis, Fides, @ibesad, Rtinnarh y ]irr () hcsirraggirad cg Odvcdtiroa hc balpadcdtcs hcg pucsta (@BO, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) piri usirga cd Odmgitcrri. Badsostc cd lés hc  prcmudtis quc bufrcd bodba bitcmarìis prodbopigcs0 kcrrilocdtis y cquopa, rcquosotas pcrbcptuigcs y n ìsobas, litclétobas, hc baludobiboòd, tali hc hcbosoadcs y rcspadsifogohih. Cs cg ðdoba lïtaha hc idégosos hc pucsta quc badtocdc udi scbboòd hctiggihi safrc kcrrilocdtis y cquopa. Gi odvcstomiboòd pufgobihi safrc cg @BO da cs ifudhidtc. Zcra pircbc scr udi tïbdobi pralctchari bad gi odvcstomiboòd, ga buig odhobi quc cs badnoifgc (Fides y Loggcr,, ), puchc honcrcdboir cdtrc gas pucstas (Fides ct ig .,., ), imrupir pucstas Loggcr bad fisc cd su sologotuh bad atras (Rtinnarh, @ibesad y Fides, ) y cs paba prafifgc quc cg ZIY sc incbtc par gi bidtohih hc odnarliboòd hospadofgc piri cg idigosti (Rurrcttc ct ig .,., ).

 Lïtahas quc praparboadid odnarliboòd safrc cg ilfocdtc ilfocdtc hc trifi`a Gis tïbdobis hosbutohis kisti iquì praparboadid odnarliboòd safrc gis ibtovohihcs quc sc rcigozid y cg cquopa quc sc usi piri piri cgga. Cg idigosti hc pucsta iðd dcbcsoti odnarliboòd safrc gis badhoboadcs cd quc gis ibtovohihcs sc ggcvid i bifa. Zar c`clpga, has clpgcihas pahrìid ggcvir i bifa gi tirci hc ‗cdtrcmir barrca“ iudquc uda ga kobocri birmidha fagsis hc  gofris cd ud bgoli luy bégoha, locdtris cg atra lidc`iri ud birrota hc magn i ud iglibïd bad iorc ibadhoboadiha. Ziri aftcdcr odnarliboòd safrc cg ilfocdtc hc trifi`a, ud idigosti hc pucsta pahrìi p ahrìi usir cg ICX, gi ifrcvoituri piri ‗Irfcotswosscdsbkintgobkcs Crkcfudmsvcrnikrcd zur Xitomecotsidigysc“ (¡odtcdtc hcborga trcs vcbcs!), ga buig somdonobi ‗prabcholocdta hc idégosos hc pucsta crmadòloba“. Zar crmadòloba, qucrclas hcbor quc cg odstrulcdta csté prodbopiglcdtc cdnabiha cd gi rcgiboòd cdtrc cg trifi`ihar y gas af`ctas hc trifi`a. Hcsirraggiha cd Igclidoi par Vaklcrt y Gidhiu G idhiu (), cg ICX cs ud bucstoadiroa cstidhiroziha hc  rcibto vas quc idigozi ud pucsta pucsta `udta i gis holcdsoadcs lastrihis cd gi tifgi .. Gas rcibtovas lucstri hcg ICX sc puchcd cdbadtrir cd gi tifgi .. Iudquc pircbc scr ud lïtaha pralctchar piri aftcdcr bocrtas topas hc odnarliboòd hc idégosos hc pucsta, da ki cxostoha sunobocdtc odvcstomiboòd pufgobihi piri irra`ir badbgusoadcs rcigcs.

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

3=

 

Xifgi 6.= Holcdsoadcs hcg ICX Zirtc I Idégosos hcg sostcli hc trifi`a

9 Af`ctas hc trifi`a   9.9 af`ctas hc litcroig hc trifi`a (badhoboòd nìsobi, prapochihc prapochihcss cspcboigcs hcg litcroig, bigohih hc gis supcr󿬉bocs, hcgobihczi hc lidopugiboòd, narli, tiliùa, pcsa, pcgomrasohih)   9.6 cdcrmìi bala af`cta hc trifi`a     6              

9.2 odnarliboòd bala af`cta hc trifi`a 9.8 kalfrc, idoligcs y pgidtis bala af`ctas hc trifi`a Cquopa 6.9 cquopa hc trifi`a 6.9.9 kcrrilocdtis, kcrrilocdtis, cquopa, liquodiroi piri bilfoir gis prapochihcs hc gas af`ctas hc trifi`a 6.9.6 lchoas hc tridspartc 6.9.2 badtragcs 6.6 atra cquopa 6.6.9 lucstris, odstrulcdtas hc lchoboòd 6.6.6 iyuhis tïbdobis piri ipayir gas òrmidas scdsaroigcs kulidas

  6.6.2 soggi hc trifi`a, lcsi, kifotiboòd 2 Ilfocdtc hc trifi`a   2.9 Ilfocdtc nìsoba   2.9.9 od󿬆ucdbois hcg ilfocdtc   2.9.6 pcgomrasohih hc trifi`a y rocsma hc cdncrlchihcs abupiboadigcs   2.6 Ilfocdtc saboig y armidoziboadig   2.6.9 armidoziboòd tclparig hc trifi`a   2.6.6 dovcg hcg pucsta cd gi scbucdboi hc trifi`a hc gi armidoziboòd   2.6.2 dovcg `crérquoba cd gi armidoziboòd   2.6.8 dovcg hcg pucsta cd cg sostcli hc baludobiboòd

     

2.2 Zrodbopoas y lïtahas hc rcludcriboòd 2.2.9 prodbopoas hc rcludcriboòd 2.2.6 lïtahas hc rcludcriboòd

Zirtc F Idégosos hc tirci

9 Xir Xircis cis rcgiboadihis bad gas af`ctas litcroigcs litcroigcs hc trifi`a 6 Xir Xircis cis rcgiboadihis bad bad gas af`ctas ifstribtas ifstribtas hc trifi`a 2 Xircis rcgiboadi rcgiboadihis his bad cg kalfrc 8 Dðlcra y rcpctoboòd hc tircis tircis Zirtc B Idégosos par hclidhi

9 Hclidhis cd gigi pcrbcpboòd pcrbcpboòd   9.9 Laha hc pcrbcpboòd   9.9.9 vosuig   9.9.6 iuhotovi   9.9.2 tébtog   9.9.8 agnitovi   9.9.3 prapoabcptov prapoabcptovii   9.6 cviguiboòd ifsaguti/rcgitovi ifsaguti/rcgitovi hc gi odnarliboòd pcrbofohi   6       2          

9.2 prcbosoòd hc gi pcrbcpboòd Hclidhis hc hcbosoòd 6.9 balpgc`ohih hc hcbosoòd 6.6 prcsoòd hcg toclpa 6.2 badabolocdta rcqucroha Hclidhis hc rcspucsti/ibtovoh rcspucsti/ibtovohih ih 2.9 pasturis barparigcs 2.6 trifi`a cstétoba 2.2 trifi`a lusbugir pcsiha 2.8 trifi`a lusbugir gomcra 2.3 cdcrmìi y nrcbucdboi hc lavolocdtas

ICX 󰀼 Irfcotswosscdsbkintgobkcs Crkcfudmsvcrnikrcd zur Xitomecotsidigysc 󰀼 prabcholocdta hc idégosos hc pucsta crmadòloba Vaklcr, ]. ]. y E. Gidhiu (9?;2). Sdi ducvi tïbdobi piri cg idégosos hc pucsta. Ducvi _are0 Xiygar ar & Nridbos. Vcolprcsa bad pcrlosa hc gi chotaroig.

 Lïtahas quc praparboadid odnarliboòd safrc balpctcdbois balpctcdbois Vch hc odnarliboòd abupiboadig (A*DCX). Gi Vch hc odnarliboòd abupiboadig (A*DCX, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) cs ud sostcli diboadig hc idégosos hc pucsta brciha par cg mafocrda

nchcrig hc Cstihas Sdohas piri rcclpgizir ig Hobboadiroa hc tìtugas abupiboadigcs (HAX,, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) quc ki cstiha cd usa hcshc  (Zctcrsad ct ig .,., ). (HAX Gi A*DCX cs ud ividbc olpartidtc piri cdtcdhcr gi diturigczi hcg trifi`a, cd mrid pirtc parquc sus hcsirraggiharcs cdtcdhocrad quc gas pucstas puchcd scr vostas cd buitra dovcgcs0 cbadòloba, armidoziboadig, abupiboadig c odhovohuig. Bala rcsugtiha, ki odbarpariha gas topas hc odnarliboòd aftcdohi cd virois tïbdobis hc idégosos hc pucstas. Sd buihra quc balpiri gi A*DCX bad atras lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta sc gabigozi cd gi pémodi wcf hcg gofra. 3;

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xifgi 6.; Lucstri hc rcibtovas hcg ICX BDA

BB

9.9.=

Zcsa

66

H

62

H

68

9.9.;

Vcspadhcr gis prcmudtis 66-68 quc odhobid gis praparboadcs odhovohuigcs hc toclpa huridtc cg buig cg totugir rcigozi tircis quc odvagubrid litcroigcs hc trifi`a hc honcrcdtcs pcsas Zcsa fi`a   af`ctas quc pcsid kisti 9 em puchcd scr darliglcdtc lidopugihas bad gas hchas a lidas Zcsa lchoa   9-9: em em puchcd scr darliglcdtc lidopugihas bad gis gis lidas Zcsa pcsiha   lés hc 9: em puchcd scr lidopugihas, cd pirtc par udi pcrsadi pcrsadi sod usir iuxogoircs iuxogoircs ihoboadigcs, ihoboadigcs, cd pirtc pirtc odbguycdha cg usa hc cquopa hc lidc`a y ladtibirmis

Zcgomra

63

H

6>

H

6=

H

6;

H

6:

H

2:

H

Vcspadhcr gis prcmudtis 63-2: quc odhobid gis praparboadcs odhovohuigcs hc toclpa cd gis quc cg totugir rcigozi gis tircis quc tocdcd quc vcr bad litcroigcs hc trifi`a pcgomrasas Litcroigcs hc trifi`a cxpgasovas   p. c., cxpgasovas y lczbgis lczbgis hc hc omdoboòd, omdoboòd, ludoboòd, `ucmas irto󿬉boigcs irto󿬉boigcs Litcroigcs hc trifi`a badhubtarcs hc nucma a od󿬆ilifgcs   p. c., pctrògca, ibcotcs tïbdobas, gibi y firdobcs Litcroigcs hc trifi`a vcdcdasas a béustobas   p. c., quìlobas fésobas, litcroigcs litcroigcs tïbdoba-quìlobas, tïbdoba-quìlobas, pratcbtarcs pratcbtarcs hc hc pgidti, pgidti, litcroigcs litcroigcs hc golpoczi Litcroigcs hc trifi`a rihoibtovas   p. c., badbcdtriha hc uridoa, litcroigcs dubgcircs Litcroigcs hc trifi`a quc orrotid gi pocg  a  a gi lclfridi lubasi   p. c., buirza, isfcstas, Xkalis lcig , goda, igmahòd bruha Litcroigcs hc trifi`a quc biusid atras hiùas i gi siguh    Ro gi biribtcrìstobi sc bigo󿬉bi H 󰀼 3, badtodðc bad gi biribtcrìstobi 28

ICX󰀼 Irfcotswosscdsbkintgobkcs Crkcfudmsvcrnikrcd zur Xitomecotsidigysc 󰀼 prabcholocdta hc idégosos hc pucsta pu csta crmadòloba Vaklcr, ]. ]. y E. Gidhiu (9?;2). Sdi ducvi tïbdobi piri cg idégosos hc pucsta. Ducvi _are0 Xiygar ar y Nridbos. Vcolprcsa bad pcrlosa hc gi chotaroig.

A*DCX odbguyc odnarliboòd safrc gi abupiboòd (ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a mcdcrigoziha, badtcxta hc trifi`a, badtcxta armidoziboadig) y gis biribtcrìstobis hcg trifi`ihar (bipibohih, cstoga hc trifi`a, vigarcs abupiboadigcs c odtcrcscs, badabolocdtas, kifogohihcs, narliboòd) dcbcsirois piri cg ïxota cd gi gifar. Gi A*DCX tilfoïd badtocdc hitas safrc nibtarcs cbadòlobas tigcs bala hclidhi gifarig, sulodostras, sigiroas y tcdhcdbois abupiboadigcs. Csti odnarliboòd sc puchc usir par gas clpgciharcs piri scgcbboadir ducvas trifi`iharcs y par gas sagobotidtcs quc cstéd fusbidha birrcris quc barrcspadhid i sus kifogohihcs, odtcrcscs y dcbcsohihcs cbadòlobis. Gis Gi s bapois balpgctis hc gas bucstoadiroas hc A*DCX sc puchcd cdbadtrir cd cg sotoa wcf hcg gofra. Xïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba. Gi Xïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba (BOX) (B OX) nuc hcsirraggihi y usihi

prolcra par @akd Ngidimid y sus cstuhoidtcs cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Zottsfurmk i nodigcs hc gi hïbihi hc  y prodbopoas hc gi hc . Gi BOX sc abupi cd hcsbufror gi odbohcdboi ibtuig hcg balpartilocdta hcg pucsta quc kibc gi honcrcdboi cdtrc cg ïxota a cg

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

3?

 

Xifgi 6.? C`clpgas hc odbohcdtcs brìtobas 9.   Kibc ipraxolihilcdtc 9. ipraxolihilcdtc ud iùa, iùa, ofi lidc`idha hc gigi csbucgi i bisi y 6.  6.  Barrìi i lés hc =3 epk epk cd udi zadi hadhc cg gìlotc cri hc hc 3:. Cd gumir hc sc lc padbkò ud dculétoba. Xcdìi Xcdìi prafgclis piri bilfoirga buidha hirlc sòga udi odnribboòd, cg pagobìi lc prcmudtò quï topa hc tadta cri cg a󿬉boig hc pagobìi sc hctuva y lc iyuhò. Cdtadbcs lc somuoò kisti gi piri barrcr y quc so lc vcìi barrocdha hc ducva, ducva, lc hirìi lés quc udi cstiboòd hc misagodi lés bcrbidi piri iscmurirsc hc quc da tuvocri atra odnribboòd. ¡Ïg nuc cg tadta! prafgcli. Gi liyarìi hc gas pagobìis prafifgclcd prafifgclcdtc tc da kufocri kcbka igmudi basi par iyuhir.

nribisa hcg hcsclpcùa cd cg losla (Ngidimid, ). Csti tïbdobi puha scr rcigozihi hc virois lidcris, pcra cg prabcholocdta fésoba cs cg quc sc lucstri i badtoduiboòd0 . Bihi uda hc gas totugircs mcdcri cdtrc uda y bodba odbohcdtcs hc pafrc y cxbcgcdtc hcsclpcùa quc cggas kid vosta cd cg pucsta. Cstas odbohcdtcs sc puchcd aftcdcr aftcdcr hc honcrcdtcs lidcris0 gofras hc rcmostra, bucstoadiroas, cdtrcvostis y hclés5 gi odvcstomiboòd ki lastriha quc cg lïtaha usiha kibc soclprc udi pcqucùi honcrcdboi (Bilpoad, Mrccdcr y ]crdgo, ), iudquc gas bucstoadiroas sc utogozid bad nrcbucdboi hcfoha i quc sad ga lés nébog. Sdi lidcri badvcdocdtc hc narlugir sagobotuhcs piri odbohcdtcs brìtobas cs pchor i gas totugircs quc pocdscd gis vcbcs quc vocrad i gas clpgcihas trifi`ir hc udi lidcri li dcri cxbcpboadig cxbcpboadig y cdtad cdtadbcs bcs idatir cxibtilcdtc cxibti lcdtc ga aburroha. Rc gcs pohc gucma quc kimid ga losla piri gis abisoadcs quc vocrad i gas trifi`iharcs hcsclpcùirsc cd narli hcnobocdtc. tidtis  vcbcs bala sci bala dcbcsiroa. Has dcbcsiroa. c`clpgas hc odbohcdtcs odbohCstc cdtcsprabcsa brìtobassc brìtobas scrcpotc lucstrid lucstrid cd gi tifgi .. . Gas cxpcrtas cxilodid bihi odbohcdtc y hcbohcd so cs ud c`clpga hc balpartilocdta cxbcgcdtc cxbcgcdtc a hcnobocdtc. Cstc pisa cs dcbcsiroa hiha quc ipraxolihilcdtc ipraxolihilc dtc % hc gas odbohcdtcs botihas cd ud odoboa bala c`clpgas pafrcs hc gas clpgcihas sad cd rcigohih fucdas c`clpgas y vobcvcrsi (Iilaht, Vcirhad y Eolfraumk, ). Zar c`clpga, cd ud rcbocdtc idégosos hc pucsta hcg birma hc odstrubtar hc udovcrsohih, igmudas cstuhoidtcs hcsbrofocrad i sus pcarcs licstras bala iqucggas quc hobtifid hcg litcroig da odbguoha cd sus gofras hc tcxta. Sd balotï hc cstuhoidtcs y loclfras hc gi nibugtih quc rcvosirad gas odbohcdtcs hctcrlodirad cg litcroig quc da cstifi cd cg tcxta cd rcigohih cri cxbcgcdtc. Zar ga tidta, gas odbohcdtcs sc rcgitirad bala c`clpgas hc hcsclpcùa cxbcgcdtc cd gumir hc hcnobocdtc. . Gas odbohcdtcs mcdcrihas cd gi prolcri ctipi sc hid hcspuïs i trcs a buitra totugircs piri bgisonobirgas cd ud dðlcra da cspcbonobiha hc bitcmarìis. Gas odbohcdtcs cd bihi bitcmarìi cdtadbcs sad gcìhas par cg idigosti hc pucsta, quocd balfodi dalfrcs y hcnodc bitcmarìis. . Ziri vcronobir `uoboas kcbkas par cg idigosti hc pucsta cd cg prabcholocdta , sc hid i atras trcs totugircs gas odbohcdtcs y dalfrcs hc bitcmarìis y sc gcs pohc quc gas bgisonoqucd cd bitcmarìis rcboïd brcihis. Ro has hc gas trcs totugircs bgisonobid ud odbohcdtc cd gi losli bitcmarìi, ïstc cs badsohcriha pirtc hc cggi. Buigquocr odbohcdtc odbohcdtc quc da barrcspadhi cd has bgisonobiboadcs sc hcscbki a sc bagabi cd udi ducvi bitcmarìi. . Gas dðlcras hc ilfas topas t opas hc odbohcdtcs, bgisonobihas cd bihi bitcmarìi, sc balpirid y utogozid piri brcir udi tifgi sologir i gi .. Gis bitcmarìis praparboadid gis holcdsoadcs olpartidtcs hc ud pucsta y gas dðlcras gi olpartidboi rcgitovi hc cstis holcdsoadcs. Gi BOX cs udi ihoboòd cxbcgcdtc ig idégosos hc pucsta hcfoha i quc gas odbohcdtcs brìtobas rcigcs sc puchcd usir piri ibtovohihcs nuturis bala vigariboòd hcg hcscl>:

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xifgi 6.9: Nrcbucdbois y bitcmarìis hc gi BOX piri iyuhidtcs rcsohcdtcs cxbcgcdtcs cxbcgcdtcs y hcnobocdtcs Bitcmarìi

Cxbcgcdtc

Hcnobocdtc

Xatig

Odtcrïs cd rcsohcdtcs Hospadofogohih Vcspadsifogohih Olpirboigohih Iutaihkcrcdboi i gis rcmgis

29 98 96 9; :

9? 6= 6: 9: 6;

3: 89 26 6; 6;

Kifogohihcs saboigcs Zramriliboòd Iutabad󿬉idzi Ipgobiboòd hc gi gcy Iutarotirosla Kifogohihcs hc arocdtiboòd Iutabadtrag Bad󿬉hcdboigohih

9? 92 96 8 9 96 3 9

= = ; 98 9> 8 6 6

6> 6: 6: 9; 9= 9> = 2

BOX 󰀼 Xïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba.

pcùa y bipibotiboòd, pcra gi liyar hcsvcdti`i cs quc su ïdnisos cd gi honcrcdboi cdtrc cg hcsclpcùa y cg hcnobocdtc omdari gis rcspadsifogohihcs hc rutodi. Zar ga tidta, gi BOX dacxbcgcdtc puchc usirsc bala cg ðdoba lïtaha hc idégosos hc pucsta. Odvcdtiroa hc gas balpadcdtcs hc pucsta. Ihclés hc gi odnarliboòd safrc gis kcrrilocdtis

 y cquopa utogozihas cd cg pucsta, gas buigcs buigcs nucrad hosbutohas hosbutohas idtcs, cg @BO praparboadi odnarliboòd safrc gis kifogohihcs pcrbcptuigcs, nìsobis, hc baludobiboòd, hc tali hc hcbosoadcs y hc rcspadsifogohih dcbcsirois piri hcsclpcùir cg pucsta. Idégosos hc rismas. Sd cdnaquc sologir ig hcg @BO ga tocdc cg Idégosos hc rismas  (XXI),

hcsirraggiha par Gapcz, Ecsscglid y Gapcz (). Cstc lïtaha csté hospadofgc sòga ig badtritir udi balpiùìi hc badsugtarìi (Gapcz idh Issaboitcs), pcra su sostcli ðdoba ga kibc homda hc lcdboadir. Gas  rcibtovas hcg bucstoadiroa hc XXI ohcdtonobid gas rismas dcbcsiroas piri cg hcsclpcùa cxotasa hc ud pucsta. Cstas rcibtovas bufrcd bodba bitcmarìis hc rismas0 nìsobas, lcdtigcs, iprcdhohas, latoviboadigcs y saboigcs. Sd c`clpga hc rcibtova hcg XXI sc puchc cdbadtrir cd gi nomuri .. Gis liyarcs  vcdti`is hcg XXI sad quc cs frcvc y badnoifgc y puchc ohcdtonobir barrcbtilcdtc rismas olpartidtcs (Gapcz ct ig .,., ). Ru liyar hcsvcdti`i cs quc da csté hospadofgc balcrboiglcdtc. Hcfoha i quc tilfoïd sc cdnabi cd gas rismas, sus prodbopigcs usas cstéd cd cg hcsirragga hc ud sostcli hc scgcbboòd hc clpgciha a hc ud pgid hc birrcri (Gapcz, Vabelarc y Ecsscglid, ). ). Cdbucsti hc idégosos hc pucsta hc Ngcosklid. Bad fisc cd lés hc  iùas hc odvcstomiboòd (Ngcosklid y Vcoggy, ), gi Cdbucsti hc idégosos hc pucsta hc Ngcosklid   (N-@IR,

par sus somgis cd odmgïs) rcquocrc totugircs a idigostis piri vcr udi scroc hc kifogohihcs bala gis quc sc lucstrid cd gi nomuri . y bgisonobir cg dovcg hc kifogohih dcbcsiroa piri hcsclpcùir ud hctcrlodiha pucsta. Cstas ìdhobcs sc cncbtðid piri bihi udi hc gis  bipibohihcs y badabolocdtas. badabolocdtas. Gi N-@IR N- @IR cs nébog hc usir par gas totugircs a par gas idigostis bipibotihas y sc ipayi cd iùas hc odvcstomiboòd. Rus vcdti`is safrc cg XXI sad0 cs lés hctiggihi y csté hospadofgc balcrboiglcdtc. balcrboiglcdtc. Odvcdtiroa hc ihiptifogohih ig pucsta.   Cg Odvcdtiroa hc ihiptifogohih ig pucsta  (@IO, par

sus somgis cd odmgïs) cs udi kcrrilocdti hc  pisas hcsirraggiha par Zugieas, Irih,

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

>9

 

Raguboòd hc prafgclis

Gis nudboadcs hcg pucsta odbguycd

Cg totugir hcfc

Zrabcsir gi odnarliboòd piri gamrir gis

Idigozir gi odnarliboòd y, par rizadilocdta odhubtova, ggcmir i udi badbgusoòd cspcbìnobi a saguboòd (risma badaboha tilfoïd bala  pcdsilocdta badvcrmcdtc, badvcrmcdtc, rizadilocdta rizadilocdta).

badbgusoadcs cspcbìnobis, rcsagvcr prafgclis, ihiptir y cviguir ohcis hc atras y rcvosir gi narli nibtofgc. Dovcg :

Ibtovohihcs hc pucsta quc rcquocrcd saguboòd Zrafgclis luy pcqucùas bad saguboadcs

Dovcg Cg totugir hcfc rcsagvcr :

rciglcdtc solpgcs (quchirsc sod sulodostras a hir odstrubboadcs). 9

6

Zrafgclis bad viroifgcs golotihis y badabohis (hoimdastobir tristardas lcbédobas a quc`is hc bgocdtcs).

9

luy solpgcs. Zrafgclis bad viroifgcs golotihis y badabohis.

6

Zrafgclis bad igmudis viroifgcs balpgc`is y badabohis.

2

Zrafgclis luy balpgc`as y ifstribtas bad viroifgcs hcsbadabohis.

Zrafgclis lés balpgc`as bad igmudis viroifgcs badabohis (pramriliboòd a idégosos hc odvcrsoòd). 2

Zrafgclis luy pcqucùas bad saguboadcs

Zrafgclis luy balpgc`as a ifstribtas bad igmudis viroifgcs hcsbadabohis (hoscùa hc sostclis ividzihas a odvcstomiboòd). Ihiptiha hc Gapcz, N. L., M. I. Ecsscglid y N. C. Gapcz (9?;9). Sdi prucfi clpìrobi hc gi tïbdobi hc idégosos hc pucsta arocdtiha aro cdtiha i gas rismas. Zcrsadig Zsybkagamy , 28, p. 8=?-3:6. Vcolprcsa bad pcrlosa hc gas iutarcs.

Nomuri 6.2 Lucstri hc idégosos hc rismas

Hadavid y Zgiladhad (), cg buig hcsomdi cg mriha cd quc ud totugir hcg pucsta dcbcsoti ihiptirsc i gis sotuiboadcs hcg losla. Cg @IO tocdc abka a bka holcdsoadcs0 . Lidc`a hc clcrmcdbois a sotuiboadcs hc brosos. . Lidc`a hc cstrïs cd cg trifi`a. . Raguboòd hc prafgclis hc lidcri brcitovi. . Xri Xritir tir bad sotuiboadcs hc trifi`a odbocrtis a da prchcbofgcs. . Iprcdhcr tircis hc trifi`a, tcbdagamìis y prabcholocdtas. . Hclastrir gi ihiptifogohih odtcrpcrsadig. . Hclastrir gi ihiptifogohih bugturig. . Hclastrir gi ihiptifogohih arocdtihi nìsobilcdtc. Iudquc cs rcgitovilcdtc ducva, tocdc udi badnoifogohih cxbcgcdtc y ki lastriha last riha quc nibogoti gi hostodboòd cdtrc gas pucstas (Zugieas, Irih, Hadavid y Zgiladhad, ). Narli hc rcquosotas hc pucstas rcgiboadihas bad gi pcrsadigohih (ZZVN).  Gi Narli hc rcquosotas hc

pucstas bad gi pcrsadigohih  nuc hcsirrapar sus somgis odmgïs) ggihi parrcgiboadihas Viylire, Rbklot y Muoad () i (ZZVN nod hc, ohcdtonobir gas cd topas hc pcrsadigohih

dcbcsiroas piri rcigozir tircis rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta. Badsostc cd  rcibtovas quc tabid  holcdsoadcs hc gi pcrsadigohih, gas buigcs bicd cd gis holcdsoadcs hc gi pcrsadigohih ‗Fom “ (ifocrta i cxpcrolcdtir, badsbocdtc, cxtravcrtoha, imrihifgc y bad cstifogohih claboadig). Iudquc sc dcbcsoti lés odvcstomiboòd, gi ZZVN cs badnoifgc y sc lucstri pralosaroi bala ud odstrulcdta hc idégosos hc pucsta ðtog cd gi ohcdtonobiboòd hc gas rismas hc pcrsadigohih dcbcsiroas piri hcsclpcùir ud pucsta.

Cviguiboòd hc lïtahas Cd gis pémodis prcvois sc prcscdtid viroas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta. Ziri iyuhir i balpirirgas, gi tifgi . rcsulc gas usas patcdboigcs piri bihi uda. Hc tahis lidcris cxostcd lðgtopgcs lïtahas piri igma, udi prcmudti gòmobi cs ‗±buég cs cg lc`ar1“, hcsinartudihilcdtc da kiy udi rcspucsti bgiri i csti prcmudti cd cg idégosos hc pucsta. Cg lc`ar piri usirsc cd cg idégosos hc ud pucsta pircbc cstir rcgiboadiha >6

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

±Cd quï cs honcrcdtc gi balprcdsoòd csbroti hc atris bipibohihcs1 Balprcdsoòd arig 0 odvagubri csbubkir

y cdtcdhcr pigifris y ariboadcs csbrotis par atras

Balprcdsoòd csbroti0 odvagubri

gcbturi y cdtcdholocdta csbrota hc pigifris y ariboadcs

vs. Cxprcsoadcs arig y csbroti0 odvagubri

kifgir a csbrofor pigifris y ariboadcs hc lidcri quc atras cdtcdhcréd

Vcquocrc cdtcdholocdta hc odnarliboòd balpgc`i y hctiggihi quc csté csbroti, badtocdc pigifris y nriscs odusuigcs c odvagubri hostodboadcs nodis cd cg somdonobiha cdtrc pigifris

= >

Cdtcdhcr ud gofra hc odstrubboadcs safrc gi rcpiriboòd hc ud sostcli muìi hc ud losog 

3 8

Cdtcdhcr cg prabcholocdta hc rcdti hc ud hcpirtilcdta

2 Vcquocrc cdtcdholocdta barta a solpgc hc odnarliboòd csbroti quc badtocdc pigifris y nriscs baludcs

6 Cdtcdhcr gis scùigcs hc gi birrctcri

9

Nomuri 6.8 Cdbucsti hc idégosos hc pucsta hc Ngcosklid

bad cg usa nodig hc gi odnarliboòd quc praparboadc tig idégosos. Csta cs, gas lïtahas honcrcdtcs sad gas lc`arcs piri hctcrlodihas usas, gas lïtahas arocdtihas ig trifi `ihar , bala gi BOX, cg @BO y XXI sad gas lc`arcs piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas y gi  vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa. Gas  lïtahas arocdtihas ig pucsta, bala idégosos hc tirci, sad gas lés ihcbuihas piri cg hoscùa hcg trifi`a y gis hcsbropboadcs hcg pucsta. Ziri aftcdcr cg idégosos hc pucsta lés gc`ida sc hcfcd usir virois tïbdobis i nod hc quc sc puchi rcbifir gi odnarliboòd hc bihi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta. Hcshc udi pcrspcbtovi gcmig, gas trofudigcs hc Cstihas Sdohas kid hobtilodiha quc sc rcquocrc ud idégosos hc pucsta (Rpires, ), y quc gas idégosos ibcptifgcs hc cstc topa ) hcfcd usir virois nucdtcs ibtuigozihis, ) scr ipgobihas par cxpcrtas, ) usir mrid dðlcra hcg pucsta y ) bufror cg ridma balpgcta hcs yud bigonobiboadcs hchc gastotugircs trifi`iharcs (Xkalpsad y Xkalpsad, ). hc ibtovohiIhclés hc ud lcti-idégosos quc hclucstri quc gas ìdhobcs hc ud idégosos hc pucsta hcg topa hc tircis cspcbìnobis cspc bìnobis sad lés badnoifgcs quc gas ìdhobcs hc ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a mcdcrigcs (Hocrharnn y ]ogsad, ) sc ki ggcviha i bifa pabi odvcstomiboòd quc balpiri horcbtilcdtc gas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta. Csti nigti hc odvcstomiboòd sc hcfc prodbopiglcdtc i quc gi balpiriboòd horcbti hc ïstas cs vortuiglcdtc olpasofgc0 bihi uda irra`i rcsugtihas quc honocrcd cd cg dðlcra y topa hc holcdsoadcs. Zar ga tidta, gi odvcstomiboòd balpiritovi quc sc ki kcbka sc cdnabi cd gis apodoadcs hc gas idigostis hc pucsta. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc cdbucsti par Gcvod, Isk y sus bagcmis (Gcvodc, Isk I sk y Fcddctt, 5 Gcvodc, Isk, Kigg y Rostrude, ) ki cdbadtriha ga somuocdtc0 somuocdtc0 . Cg ZIY cs vosta bala gi tïbdobi lés cstidhirozihi y gi BOX bala gi lcdas. . Gi BOX tali gi lcdar bidtohih hc bipibotiboòd hcg idigosti hc pucsta y cg

liyar idégosos hc tirci.

 

Idégosos hc pucsta  

>2

 

Xifgi 6.99 Balpiriboòd hc gas rcsugtihas hc gas topas hc odnarliboòd ihquorohi par gas viroas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta Lïtaha hc idégosos hc pucsta

Cdtrcvosti Afscrviboòd Zirtobopiboòd hcg pucsta

Rcbboòd hc hcsbropboòd hc pucsta Xircis Vcspadsifogohihcs Badtcxta hcg cspcbìnobis mcdcrigcs Kcrrilocdtis pucsta Hcsclpcùa Balpcdsiboòd

x x x

x x x

ZIY @RZ @CO N@I @BO ICX A*DCX BOX XXI N-@IR @IO ZZVN

x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x

x

x

x

Balpctcdbois

x x x x x x x

x x x

x x x x x x

ZIY 󰀼 Bucstoadiroa hc idégosos hc pucstas5 @RZ 󰀼 Zcr󿬉g hc cstrubturi hcg pucsta5 @CO 󰀼 Odvcdtiroa hc cgclcdtas hcg pucsta5 N@I 󰀼 Idégosos hc pucsta nudboadig5 @BO 󰀼 Odvcdtiroa hc balpadcdtcs hcg pucsta5 ICX 󰀼 Irfcotswosscdsbkintgobkcs Crkcfudmsvcrnikrcd zur Xitomecotsidigysc 󰀼 Zrabcholocdta hc idégosos hc pucsta crmadòloba5 A*DCX 󰀼 Vch hc odnarliboòd abupiboadig5 BOX 󰀼 Xïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba5 XXI 󰀼 Idégosos hc rismas5 N-@IR 󰀼 Cdbucsti hc idégosos hc pucsta hc Ngcosklid5 @IO 󰀼 Odvcdtiroa hc ihiptifogohih ig pucsta5 y ZZVN 󰀼 Narli hc rcquosotas hc pucstas rcgiboadihas bad gi pcrsadigohih .

. CG ZIY cs cg lïtaha lcdas bastasa y gi BOX cg lés bastasa. . Cg ZIY tali lcdas bidtohih hc toclpa piri balpgctir y cg idégosos hc tirci

cg liyar toclpa. . Cg idégosos hc tirci tocdc gas rcsugtihas bad liyar bigohih y cg XXI bad lcdar. . Gas rcpartcs hc idégosos hc tirci sad gas lés girmas y gas hc cgclcdtas hc pucsta gas lés bartas. . Gi BOX ki soha bgisonobihi bala gi lés ðtog y cg ZIY bala cg lcdas. . Cg idégosos idég osos hc tirci ti rci hi gi lc`ar olimcd o limcd hcg pucsta mcdcrig y cg ZIY ZIY cg pcar. Rod clfirma, tcdmi cd lcdtc quc cstas kiggizmas cstuvocrad fisihas cd gis apodoadcs hc gas usuiroas lés quc cd gi balpiriboòd clpìrobi rcig, y quc viroas hc gas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta rcbocdtcs (pastcroarcs i ) da cstuvocrad odbguohas cd gas cstuhoas hc Gcvodc y Isk.

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta Sdi vcz quc sc ki balpgctiha cg idégosos hc pucsta y udi cxkiustovi hcsbropboòd csbroti hcg losla, cs olpartidtc hctcrlodir buédta sc hcfc pimir i gas clpgcihas cd ud pucsta. Cstc prabcsa piri hctcrlodir cg vigar  hc  hc pucsta sc ggili cviguiboòd hc pucstagis . Sdi cviguiboòd hc pucsta i bifa par ga mcdcrig cd has ctipis0 hctcrlodir cquohihcs hc pima odtcrdiscyggcvi cxtcrdi.

>8

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

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±Hcfc balpcdsirsc i gas clpgcihas bad pucstas pcgomrasas par cg rocsma iulcdtiha1

Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc pima odtcrdi Csti cquohih hc pima p ima odvagubri gi balpiriboòd hc pucstas hcdtra hc udi armidoziboòd piri iscmurir quc gis pcrsadis quc gas hcsclpcùid vigarcd cg hodcra pimiha cd badscbucdboi. Zar supucsta, gi honobugtih cd cstc prabcsa cs hctcrlodir cg vigar hc bihi pucsta. Hcfoha i quc udi hosbusoòd balpgcti hc gas lïtahas hc cviguiboòd hcg pucsta  vi lés iggé hcg hcg cdnaquc hc cstc tcxta, das das ipcmirclas i gi hosbusoòd hcg lïtaha usiha lés nrcbucdtclcdt nrcbucdtclcdtc. c.

Zisa 󰀹0 Hctcrlodir gas nibtarcs hc balpcdsiboòd hcg pucsta Cg prolcr pisa cd gi cviguiboòd hc ud pucsta cs hcbohor quï nibtarcs honcrcdboid cg  vigar rcgitova hc gas pucstas. Gas pasofgcs nibtarcs hc pucsta balpcdsifgcs  odbgu ycd0 = = = = = =

Dovcg hc rcspadsifogohih Cxomcdbois nìsobis Cxomcdbois lcdtigcs Vcquosotas hc chubiboòd Vcquosotas hc bipibotiboòd y cxpcrocdboi Badhoboadcs hc trifi`a

Gis pcrspcbtovis nogasònobis hc ud cviguihar hc pucsta puchcd odnguor safrc cstas nibtarcs. Igmudas cviguiharcs irmulcdtid quc cg nibtar balpcdsifgc lés olpartidtc

 

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta  

>3

 

cs gi rcspadsifogohih y quc gis hclidhis nìsobis da sad olpartidtcs. Atras irmulcdtid quc gi narliboòd cs ga cscdboig. Zar ga tidta, gi cgcbboòd hc gas nibtarcs balpcdsifgcs cs i lcduha lés nogasònobi quc clpìrobi.

Zisa 󰀶0 Hctcrlodir gas dovcgcs piri bihi nibtar balpcdsifgc Sdi vcz quc sc kid scgcbboadiha gas nibtarcs balpcdsifgcs, cg somuocdtc pisa cs hctcrlodir gas dovcgcs piri bihi nibtar. Ziri ud nibtar bala gi narliboòd, gas dovcgcs sad nébogcs hc hctcrlodir (p. c., bcrtonobiha hc scbudhiroi, tìtuga isaboiha, tìtuga hc gobcdboituri). Ziri nibtarcs balapiri rcspadsifogohih sc puchc rifgc hc toclpa y hosbusoòd hctcrlodir gas dovcgcs.rcqucror udi bidtohih badsohc-

Zisa 󰀲. Hctcrlodir cg pcsa hc gas nibtarcs Hcfoha i quc igmudas nibtarcs sad lés olpartidtcs quc atras, sc hcfcd isomdir gas pcsas piri bihi uda y piri bihi dovcg hcdtra hc ud nibtar. Iquì sc lucstri cg prabcholocdta piri kibcrga0 . Sd balotï hc cviguiboòd hc pucstas hctcrlodi cg dðlcra tatig hc pudtas pu dtas

quc scréd hostrofuohas cdtrc gas nibtarcs. Cg dðlcra cs bad nrcbucdboi igmðd lðgtopga hc  (par c`clpga, ,  y  ) ) y sc fisi cd gi bidtohih bidt ohih hc nibtarcs balpcdsifgcs. I liyar dðlcra hc nibtarcs, liyar dðlcra hc pudtas. . Bihi nibtar cs padhcriha par gi isomdiboòd hc ud dðlcra hc pudtas. olpartidtc sci cg inibtar nibtar, , lés sc pudtas isomdiréd. . Locdtris Cg dðlcralés hc pudtas isomdihas ud nibtar hovohcscgucma cdtrc bihi uda hc gas dovcgcs. Ro  pudtas sc kid isomdiha ig nibtar chubiboòd, cdtadbcs sc isomdiréd  pudtas ( pudtas/ dovcgcs) i bihi dovcg. Sd c`clpga hc cstc prabcholocdta sc lucstri cd gi tifgi .. Cg balotï hc cviguiboòd tali gis hcsbropboadcs piri bihi pucsta y isomdi pudtas bad fisc cd gas nibtarcs n ibtarcs y mrihas brcihas cd gas pisas idtcroarcs. . Cg dðlcra tatig hc pudtas piri ud pucsta cs balpiriha bad cg sigiroa quc ibtuiglcdtc sc pimi par ïstc. Hobki balpiriboòd cs tìpobilcdtc mrinobihi hc lidcri sologir i gi gìdci hc tcdhcdboi sigiroig lastrihi cd gi nomuri .. Gis gìdcis hc tcdhcdboi hc sigiroa sc hofu`id bad fisc cd cg dðlcra hc pudtas hc idégosos hc pucsta. Gas trifi`as buyas vigarcs hc pudtas bicd  `usta hcfi`a hc gi gìdci (bala (bala subchc bad cg pucsta H cd cd gi nomuri .) sc badsohcrid lig pimihas y cstéd odlchoitilcdtc isomdihas i gas dovcgcs hc sigiroas igtas. Gas pucstas vigarcsK)hcscpudtas cdbadtrihas  `usta hcfi`alés hc gi gìdci (bala (bala badbad cg pucsta pcrbofcd bala focd bala pimihas y cg dovcg hc sigiroa sigi roa sc rchubc udi vcz quc gas trifi`iharcs tr ifi`iharcs ibtuigcs sc vid.

Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc pima cxtcrdi Bad gi cquohih cxtcrdi, cg vigar hc ud pucsta cs hctcrlodiha ig balpirirga bad cg lcrbiha cxtcrda (atris armidoziboadcs). Gi cquohih cxtcrdi cs olpartidtc so udi armidoziboòd itric y rctocdc clpgcihas. Cd atris pigifris, hcfc scr balpctotovi idtc gas pgidcs hc balpcdsiboòd hc atris armidoziboadcs. Csta cs, par c`clpga, ud rcstiuridtc hc balohi répohi cd Cstihas Sdohas quc pimi i gas babodcras abka hògircs gi kari, quozé tcdhré prafgclis ig badtritir y lidtcdcr clpgcihas hc igta bigofrc so atras rcstiuridtcs hcg losla topa cd cg érci pimid $ hògircs.

>>

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xifgi 6.96 C`clpga hc rcsugtihas hc cviguiboòd hc pucsta balpgctihi Nibtarcs

Zudtas

Narliboòd (6:: pudtas pasofgcs)   Chubiboòd scbudhiroi a lcdar   Has iùas hc prcpiritaroi   G obcdboituri Go   Licstrìi Li   Habtariha Ha Vcspadsifogohih (2:: pudtas pasofgcs)   Da tali hcbosoadcs   Xali hcbosoadcs par sì losla   Xali hcbosoadcs par uda i bodba clpgcihas   Xali hcbosoadcs par lés hc bodba clpgcihas Cxomcdbois nìsobis (?: pudtas pasofgcs)   Gcvidtir af`ctas gomcras   Gcvidtir af`ctas cdtrc 9: y 8: em   Gcvidtir af`ctas lés pcsihas quc 8: em

8: ;: 96: 9>: 6:: =3 93: 663 2:: 2: >: ?:

Ziri hctcrlodir gi cquohih cxtcrdi, gis armidoziboadcs utogozid cdbucstis hc sigiroa. Cdvoihis i atris clprcsis, cstis cdbucstis prcmudtid buédta pimid i sus clpgcihas cd honcrcdtcs pucstas. Sdi armidoziboòd puchc badstruor y cdvoir sus prapois cdbucstis a usir gas rcsugtihas hc atris, ipgobihis par mrupas hc balcrboa. Bad fisc cd gas rcsugtihas, bala gas quc sc lucstrid cd gi tifgi ., puchc hcbohor so quocrc tcdcr udi rcgiboòd bad gis pagìtobis hc balpcdsiboòd hc atris balpiùìis (i lcduha ggilihi  pasoboòd cd cg lcrbiha), cs hcbor, udi armidoziboòd pahrìi anrcbcr udi balpcdsiboòd cd dovcgcs liyarcs piri itricr i gas lc`arcs sagobotidtcs ig losla toclpa quc lidtocdc i gas lc`arcs clpgcihas piri quc da sc viyid i atris armidoziboadcs. Ïstis pahrìid pimir cg ‗ìdhobc hc pirtohi“5 par ga tidta, tocdcd udi apartudohih rizadifgc piri balpctor par gas sagobotidtcs, odbgusa buidha i lcduha pocrhid i gas lc`arcs, quocdcs sc oréd i hadhc gcs anrcbcd udi liyar pimi. Cg pasoboadilocdta

68 62

Nomuri 6.3 C`clpga hc udi gìdci hc tcdhcdboi sigiroig

 

66 69    )   s 6:   c   r   i 9?    g    ò   a   h 9;    o   r   c   i   h 9=    g   i   s   c    R   g    o 9>   l 93   d   c 98    (   92 96 99 9:

M

K N

C B I 9::

H

F 93:

6::

63:

2:: Zudtas

23:

8::

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta  

83:

>=

 

Xifgi 6.92 C`clpga hc rcsugtihas hc gi cdbucsti hc sigiroas Vidma hc sigiroas # hc armidoziboadcs bad pucstas

Zucsta

Cdsilfgc/Zrahubboòd Bipitiz Liquodosti Zgido󿬉bihar hc badtrag hc prahubboòd Xrifi`ihar hc prahubboòd Odspcbtar hc badtrag hc bigohih Lidtcdolocdta Badscr`c Zcrsadi hc lidtcdolocdta I Lcbédoba

Dðlcra hc clpgcihas

Zralchoa padhcriha, $ hògircs

Fi`a

Y9

Lchoida

Y2

Igta

9;

6;>

9;.;3

?.3:

92.68

9>.83

6:.9:

6=.39

? ?

89? 2>

92.;2 93.=2

?.:: =.:6

99.>2 9:.6;

98.>= 99.>=

93.2> 9=.89

9?.?= 6;.2>

93 9:

2 8;= 83

92.?9 96.68

>.:: =.::

=.=9 ;.::

9:.8= ?.?2

92.>; 92.2;

93.2: 93.2:

9: 9= 99

266 996 2;6

=.:; 92.?: 98.;:

3.6= =.:3 ;.63

>.8; ?.>6 9:.?2

=.>6 99.6> 96.89

;.28 92.=? 98.22

96.=6 9>.>3 9>.:3

Y9 󰀼 prolcr buirtog5 Y2󰀼 tcrbcr buirtog.

cd cg lcrbiha cs lés olpartidtc cd udi fucdi cbadalìi, hadhc gas pucstas sad ifudhidtcs y gasquc sagobotidtcs virois apboadcs. Zuchc pircbcr sarprcsova quc gis armidoziboadcs balpotcdtocdcd sulodostrcd odnarliboòd safrc cg sigiroa i atri, pcra hcfoha i quc bihi clprcsi dcbcsoti hitas hcg sigiroa hc sus badtripirtcs, gas idigostis hc balpcdsiboòd tocdhcd i baapcrir focd. Cg Badhiha hc Vaidaec, Va idaec, ^ormodoi, ^ormodoi, praparboadi ud cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc gi olpartidboi hcg pasoboadilocdta cd cg lcrbiha. Cg badhiha cstifi prcabupiha par gi igti tisi hc ratiboòd hc sus apcriharcs hc pagobìi y ggcvirad i bifa ud cstuhoa piri hctcrlodir gi rizòd hcg prafgcli. Rc R c pcdsò quc gis pasofgcs biusis crid gis badhoboadcs hc trifi`a, gumir, gumir, rcputiboòd y pima. Cg cstuhoa rcvcgò quc gi liyar pirtc pir tc hc gi ratiboòd sc hcfoò i quc gi bouhih vcbodi pimifi i sus apcriharcs $  hògircs lés par iùa. Csta prapoboò quc gas apcriharcs hcg Badhiha hc Vaidaec rcdudboirid hcspuïs hc ud iùa hc cxpcrocdboi piri talir ud pucsta lc`ar pimiha i sòga  el hc ikì. Hc csc laha, i`ustir cg sigiroa rchu`a cd mrid lchohi gi tisi t isi hc ratiboòd. Xcdmi cd lcdtc quc gi cviguiboòd hcg pucsta ifirbi cg vigar hcg trifi`a losla,  pcrsadi da cg vigar hcquc udigi cg pucsta. c`clpga, qucridma udi cdbucsti hc sigiroa rcvcgi tisi hc cd pirtohi piri Zar ud pucsta bicsupadmi hcdtra hcg hc $  i $  hògircs ig iùa y quc udi armidoziboòd quc hcbohc cstir cd cg gìlotc supcroar hcg lcrbiha cstifgcbc su ridma cd $  i $  piri gi losli pasoboòd. Cdtadbcs, sc hcfc talir gi hcbosoòd rcspcbta i cd quï pirtc hcg ridma hc $  hògircs sc pimiré i bihi clpgciha. Csti hcbosoòd sc fisi cd nibtarcs bala gas iùas hc cxpcrocdboi, toclpa bad gi balpiùìi, kifogohihcs cspcboigcs, narliboòd, basta gabig hc vovocdhi y dovcg hc hcsclpcùa. Kclas hosbutoha idtcs gi bidtohih hc hodcra quc vigc ud pucsta5 csti bidtohih sc ggili balpcdsiboòd horcbti. Gas clpgcihas tilfoïd sad balpcdsihas hc atris lidcris, bala cg pima hcg toclpa da trifi`iha (hìis ncstovas, vibiboadcs, hìis hc cdncrlchih), odmrcsa honcroha (p. c., scmura saboig, pgidcs hc pcdsoòd y pratcbboòd hc gi siguh bala scmura lïhoba y hcdtig, c odbcdtovas cxtri (‗cxtris“) bala babkc hc gi balpiùìi (Lirtabbkoa, ). Zar badscbucdboi, ud pucsta bad udi balpcdsi-

boòd horcbti hc $  hògircs ig iùa pahrìi cd vigcrvcz lésquc quc $  hcfoha ig piquctc hc balpcdsiboadcs. Hcrcigohih kcbka, bihi cg uda iutarbad sc >;

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

quc`i bad sus vcbodas safrc gas fi`as sigiroas hc gi nibugtih, cggas hcrrilid igmudis gémrolis locdtris lcdboadid fcdcnoboas tigcs bala gis trcs t rcs sclidis hc vibiboadcs hc Divohih y gas trcs lcscs hc gis hc vcrida.

Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi cquohih hc rizi y scxa Ihclés hc gas idégosos hc gi cquohih odtcrdi y cxtcrdi, hcfcd rcigozirsc rcigoz irsc tilfoïd iuhotarìis hc pima piri iscmurirsc hc quc i gas clpgcihas da sc gcs pimi hc lidcri honcrcdtc bad fisc cd cg mïdcra a gi rizi. Ziri gis armidoziboadcs bad  a lés clpgcihas y badtritas nchcrigcs supcroarcs i $  hògircs, gas idégosos hc balpcdsiboòd sad afgomitaroas bihi iùa. Gi Anobodi hc Zramrilis hc Bulpgolocdta hc Badtrita (ANBBZ, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) ladotarci cstas idégosos piri iscmurirsc hc quc sc cncbtðid y hc quc gas badtritostis da cstéd hosbrolodidha bad fisc cd cg pima. Rc hcfcd rcigozir has topas hc iuhotarìis0 udi quc afscrvc gis tisis hc pima hc gas clpgcihas hcdtra hc gis pasoboadcs bad rcspadsifogohihcs ohïdtobis (pima omuig par trifi`a omuig) y atri quc gis afscrvc cd pucstas hc rcspadsifogohih y vigar sologir  (vigar  (vigar balpirifgc). Cstc scmudha topa hc idégosos sc rcigozi darliglcdtc ig balpirir gas pucstas bad vigar sologir (mriha hc sigiroa) y rcspadsifogohih (nilogoi hc pucstas). Gi ANBBZ ggili i tigcs mrupas imrupiboadcs hc clpgciha sotuihas hc lidcri sologir  (RRCM,  (RRCM, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). Cg  vigar balpirifgc cs ud tcli lubka lés rcgiboadiha bad gi hosbusoòd hc gi cviguiboòd hc ud pucsta. Cg vigar balpirifgc sc cdbucdtri i lcduha cd gis datobois hcfoha i quc mrupas rcbgilid quc i gispravocdc lu`crcs hc sc gcs pimi lcdas i gas kalfrcs. Cstiigmudas pcrbcpboòd hc odcquohih hc pima cstihìstobis5 parquc c`clpga, cd pralchoa, gis lu`crcs trifi`iharis cd  igbidzirad sòga .% hc ga quc i gas kalfrcs gcs pimirad. Cd pralchoa tilfoïd gas trifi`iharcs inrailcrobidas (.%)  y gas kospidas (.%) kobocrad lcdas quc gas fgidbas. Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., gi frcbki hc pima, quc sc nuc rchubocdha par lubkas iùas, pircbc kifcrsc cstidbiha cd ipraxolihilcdtc ipraxolihilcdtc % piri gis lu`crcs y inrailcrobidas, y % piri gas kos-

Xifgi 6.98 Xcd Xcdhcdbois hcdbois hcg dovcg sigiroig hc gis lu`crcs bala ud parbcdti`c hc gas sigiroas hc gas kalfrcs y hc gis lodarìis bala ud parbcdti`c hc gas sigiroas hc pcrsadis hc rizi fgidbi Balpiriboòd hc scxa

Iùa 6::= 6::> 6::3 6::8 6::2 6::6 6::9 6::: 9??? 9??3 9??: 9?;3 9?;:

Lu`crcs i kalfrcs ;:.6 ;:.; ;9.: ;:.8 =?.8 ==.? =>.8 =>.? =>.3 =3.3 =9.? >;.9 >8.6

Balpiriboòd hc rizi

Fgidbas i dcmras =?.3 ;:.2 ==.2 =?.? ;:.; =?.? ;:.3 ;:.2 ==.= ==.3 ==.> ==.; =;.;

Kospidas i fgidbas =:.2 =:.8 =:.9 =9.= =6.2 =6.> =8.2 =6.? =6.: =2.3 =9.= =3.; =;.6

Isoétobas i fgidbas 993.? 992.> 996.9 9:=.; 9:?.: 9:3.> 9:8.; 9:8.6

Nucdtc0 Hcpirtilcdta hcg trifi`a hc Cstihas Sdohas.

 

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta  

>?

 

pidas. Hc lidcri odtcrcsidtc, odtcrcsidtc, gas isoétobas kibcd lés hodcra quc atra mrupa mr upa ïtdoba a riboig, ïsti cs, udi frcbki quc sc cdsidbki bihi iùa. Igma luy hcstibifgc cs quc .% hc gi frcbki cdtrc gas kalfrcs y gis lu`crcs sc puchc cxpgobir par nibtarcs tigcs bala gi pcrlidcdboi lés pragadmihi hc gas kalfrcs cd cg bilpa gifarig, bad ud igta parbcdti`c hc pucstas hc toclpa balpgcta, y lés karis cd ud iùa (]igg, ). Zar ga tidta, gis honcrcdbois hc pima fisihis cd cg scxa i lcduha sad lcdas nrcbucdtcs par pirtc hc gis armidoziboadcs quc uda hc hosbrolodiboòd par cgcbboòd vabiboadig y hc apartudohih hc narliboòd. Ziri badtrirrcstir gis honcrcdbois hc mïdcra cd cg pima, cs cscdboig quc gis lu`crcs `òvcdcs scid latovihis piri odmrcsir i gas bilpas kostòrobilcdtc halodihas par gas kalfrcs (gìdcis hc ladti`c, ihlodostriboòd, pagìtobi) y quc gas kalfrcs `òvcdcs scid latovihas piri cdtrir i gas bilpas halodihas kostòrobilcdtc par cggis (cdncrlcrìi, gifarcs hc anobodi, chubiboòd proliroi). Ihclés, hcfoha i quc gas kalfrcs cstéd lés odbgodihas quc gis lu`crcs i dcmaboir basis bala sigiroas (Fifbabe y Gisbkcvcr, 5 Rtukglibkcr y ]igtcrs, ) udi parboòd hc gi frcbki hc pima sc puchc rchubor ig da pcrlotor quc gas sagobotidtcs dcmabocd sigiroas. Iudquc udi hosbusoòd balpgcti safrc cstc tcli vi lés iggé hcg igbidbc hc cstc tcxta, sc puchc cdbadtrir udi cxbcgcdtc cxbcgcdtc bagcbboòd hc irtìbugas y cdgibcs ig rcspcbta cd kttp0www.swbaggcmc.bal/fcn/pagobyQ hcfitcs/mcdhcr.ktlg Ziri igmudi rcbalcdhiboòd safrc dcmaboiboòd hc sigiroas, vci Xiggcr Xiggcr hc birrcri.

Vcigozir ud cstuhoa hc cquohih hc scxa y rizi Cg prolcr pisa piri rcigozir ud idégosos hc cquohih hc sigiroa piri uditali armidoziboòd cs bagabir gas pucstas cd cg RRCM lcdboadiha prcvoilcdtc prcvoilcdtc. . Csti t irci tirci cg toclpa quc uda dcbcsoti piri usir mrihas hc sigiroa y hctcrlodir gi sologotuh hcg vigar, y utogozi gis hcsbropboadcs hc pucsta piri hctcrlodir gi sologotuh hc gis afgomiboadcs y rcspadsifogohihcs. Ziri bulpgor bad gas godcilocdtas hc gi ANBBZ ANBBZ,, ig lcdas % hc gas clpgcihas hcfc cstir cd RRCM ga sunobocdtc piri balpirir gas sigiroas, bad ipaya hc igmðd topa hc idégosos cstihìstoba. Cg af`ctova hc cstas idégosos cs hctcrlodir so cg sigiroa pralchoa hc kalfrcs honocrc badsohcrifgclcdtc badsohcrifgclcdtc hcg hc gis lodarìis (cd idégosos hc sigiroa, tahis gis lodarìis sad odoboiglcdtc bagabihis cd ud mrupa). Cstc idégosos sc rcigozi piri bihi RRCM cd gumir hc gi armidoziboòd bala ud taha. Rc usid has topas hc idégosos cstihìstobas0 rcmrcsoòd `crérquobi y prucfi cxibti hc Noskcr. Ziri gas RRCM lés pcqucùas (lcdas hc  clpgcihas cd tatig) sc usi udi prucfi Noskcr quc balpirc gas sigiroas lchoas. Ro kiy ig lcdas  clpgcihas cd cg RRCM y ig lcdas bodba cd bihi mrupa hc scxa a rizi (p. c., bodba kalfrcs y bodba lu`crcs) csta puchc kibcrsc bad udi tïbdobi cstihìstobi cst ihìstobi ggilihi rcmrcsoòd `crérquobi. Bad ïsti, cg prolcr pisa cs odmrcsir sus viroifgcs hc lïrota cd gi cbuiboòd piri hctcrlodir quï parbcdti`c hcg gis honcrcdbois hcg odhovohua cxpgobid. Cg scmudha pisa cd gi cbuiboòd cs odmrcsir cg scxa (bgivc  piri kalfrcs,  piri lu`crcs) piri hctcrlodir so, hcspuïs hc badtragir gis viroifgcs hc lïrota, cg scxa hcg clpgciha somuc rcgiboadédhasc bad cg pima. Cs hcbor hcbor,, supadmilas quc cg sigiroa pralchoa hc ud kalfrc cd mriha abka cs hc $  hògircs ig iùa y piri lu`crcs cs hc $ . Zuchc scr quc csti honcrcdboi hc $  sc puchi cxpgobir par cg kcbka hc quc cg kalfrc pralchoa cd cg mriha ki cstiha bad gi armidoziboòd bodba iùas lés quc gi lu`cr pralchoa cd cg RRCM. Gas rcsugtihas hc gi rcmrcsoòd sc hctcrlodiréd so gi honcrcdboi hc sigiroa hc $  sc puchc cxpgobir balpgctilcdtc, pirboiglcdtc a da cxpgobirsc par lchoa hc gis honcrcdbois cd gis viroifgcs hc lïrota. Ro gas rcsugtihas hcg idégosos hc rcmrcsoòd odhobid quc gis viroifgcs hc lïrota da cxpgobid gis honcrcdbois hc scxa y rizi cd cg sigiroa, iðd da sc puchc badbguor quc ki

=:

B 

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

Xiggcr hc birrcri

Dcmaboiboòd hc sigiroa

K

iboi cg nodig hc cstc bipìtuga, ustch ki iprcdhoha iprcdhoha quc udi hc gis biusis prodbopigcs hc gi odcquohih hcg sigiroa cdtrc gas kalfrcs y gis lu`crcs cs quc rcsugti lés prafifgc quc gas kalfrcs dcmabocd lés sigiroas quc gis lu`crcs. Cs olpartidtc piri cg sagobotidtc hc ud pucsta cdtcdhcr quc biso tahis gis ancrtis hc sigiroas sad dcmaboifgcs. Gi liyarìi hc gis armidoziboadcs tocdc ud ridma hc pima cd cg quc cg sigiroa hcg clpgciha hcfc i`ustirsc scmðd cg pucsta. Zar c`clpga, cg ridma piri ud badtihar cd OFL pahrìi cstir cd $  i $  hògircs ig iùa. Sd sagobotidtc dudbi aftcdhré lcdas hc $  do lés hc $ . Gi dcmaboiboòd hctcrlodi hòdhc cd csc ridma hc $  bicré ustch. Iquì kiy igmudas badsc`as piri dcmaboir0 R Rifcr ga quc vigc cg trifi`a. Xahis gis armidoziboadcs

pðfgobis, y igmudis norlis provihis, padhréd hospadofgcs piri gas sagobotidtcs sus ridmas hc sigiroas. Ro da ga kibcd, puchc usir gi odnarliboòd hc gis cdbucstis hc sigiroa locdtris quc gi anobodi hc bagabiboòd hc birrcri udovcrsotiroi gc iyuhiré i cdbadtrir odnarliboòd safrc gas ridmas hc sigiroa piri ud topa hc trifi`a. Gis fucdis nucdtcs hc odtcrdct odbguycd w ww.`afstir ww.`afstir.arm, .arm, www.sigiry.bal y www.sigirycxpcrt.bal. w ww.sigirycxpcrt.bal. R Zrcmudtc cd su bcdtra hc bagabiboòd hc birrcri gas

sigiroas hc odoboa tìpobas piri gas mrihuihas cd su bilpa hc gi udovcrsohih udovcrsohih.. R Rcpi ga quc dcbcsoti midir. Zocdsc cd cg basta hc vohi

y sus mistas (p. c., rcdti, scrvoboas pðfgobas, prïstilas cstuhoidtogcs,, pima hcg iuta). Csta gc hiré udi ohci cstuhoidtogcs safrc cg sigiroa lìdola quc ustch ibcptiré.

R Cxostcd lalcdtas cd quc gi ancrti

quc rcbofc da cs dcmaboifgc y csté hcfi`a hc ga quc ustch dcbcsoti piri safrcvovor.. Cd tigcs bisas, omdòrcgi. safrcvovor

R Rcpi ga quc vigc. Ro ustch tocdc cxpcrocdboi, cs mri-

huiha hc udi csbucgi prcstomoihi, nuc hc gas lc`arcs cstuhoidtcs cd su udovcrsohih a tocdc kifogohihcs odusuigcs, vigc lés quc ud sagobotidtc tìpoba. Ro sc gc prcmudti cd udi cdtrcvosti safrc cg sigiroa hc odoboa quc cspcri, puchc usir csti odnarliboòd piri rcspadhcr0 ‗Cg sigiroa tìpoba piri gas badtiharcs prodbopigcs cd ducstri udovcrsohih cs hc $  hògircs ig iùa. Hcfoha i quc rcigobï ud odtcrdiha y nuo uda hc gas lc`arcs cstuhoidtcs cd ducstra hcpirtilcdta, lo cxpcbtitovi cs odoboir bad lés hc $ “. R Da tcdmi locha hc

dcmaboir. Buidha gi armidoziboòd kibc udi ancrti, badtrirrcstc bad udi bidtohih liyar. Ig kibcrga, sci rcigosti y fisc su ancrti cd gi gòmobi y gas kcbkas. Cxpgoquc par quï ustch pocdsi quc ud sigiroa hc odoboa iulcdtiha cs `ustonobifgc. Ro ustch cs ud mrihuiha sod cxpcrocdboi a ud MZI hc ., prafifgclcdtc tcdmi paba piri dcmaboir par cdboli hcg gìlotc hcg ridma.

R Buidha cg lcrbiha hc gas pucstas cs csbisa

y gas clpgciharcs tocdcd prafgclis piri cdbadtrir fucdas sagobotidtcs, su vigar cs liyar.

R Ihclés hcg sigiroa, kiy lalcdtas cd quc ustch puc-

hc dcmaboir basis bala toclpa hc vibiboadcs, ncbkis hc odoboa y atras fcdcnoboas.

aburroha udi hosbrolodiboòd. Yuozé cxostid nibtarcs végohas odvagubrihas cd gis honcrcdbois (p. c., gi cbadalìi cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd) quc da nucrad odmrcsihas cd gi rcmrcsoòd. Rod clfirma, cd iuscdboi hc udi cxpgobiboòd végohi, gas i`ustcs hc sigiroa puchcd cstir cd arhcd. Gas i`ustcs hc sigiroa sc hctcrlodid ig odmrcsir gis viroifgcs hc lïrota hc bihi clpgciha cd udi cbuiboòd hc rcmrcsoòd piri bigbugir ga quc csas clpgcihas ‗hcfcd“ ‗hcfcd“ cstir kibocdha. I nod hc quc cstc cdnaquc sci badnoifgc, gis viroifgcs hc lïrota hcfcd talirsc cd bucdti piri ud parbcdti`c cstihìstobilcdtc badsohcrifgc badsohcrifgc hc gis honcrcdbois odhovohuigcs hcg sigiroa. Lc hay bucdti hc quc cstc prabcsa cs balpgobiha a igtilcdtc cstihìstoba, pcra cs gi diturigczi hcg idégosos hc gi cquohih hcg sigiroa, y gas idégosos hc cstc topa sc badvocrtcd cd udi olpartidtc nudboòd i birma hc gas hcpirtilcdtas hc rcbursas kulidas. Cg prabcsa puchc scr sustidboiglcdtc lés nébog ig usir ud santwirc bala KV Cquitar a Cquopiy, gas buigcs cstéd hoscùihas piri tigcs prapòsotas.

 

Cviguiboòd hc pucsta  

=9

 

Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha

Cd cg trifi`a

Z

iri scr vctcrodiroa, udi pcrsadi hcfc pisir cg cxilcd hc gobcdboi hc vctcrodiroi hc Dartcilïrobi  (DI^GC, par sus somgis cd odmgïs), ud cxilcd diboadig taliha tìpobilcdtc hcspuïs hc gi mrihuiboòd hc gi csbucgi hc vctcrodiroi quc tocdc 2>: pudtas y sc anrcbc has vcbcs  ig iùa. Gas c`clpgas hc gis prcmudtis cd cg cxilcd odbguycd0 󰀹. ±Buég hc gis somuocdtcs apboadcs cs gi biusi lés balðd hc sodusotos lixogir cd cg bifigga1 I) Cdncrlchih fibtcroidi hcg tribta rcsporitaro rcsporitaroaa odncroar quc sc cxtocdhc

Balotï Diboadig hc Cxilodiharcs hc Lïhobas ^ctcrodiroas

ig scda y ifsbcsa hc gigi F) Odncbboòd riìz hc ud hocdtc quc sc cxtocdhc ig scda

Cdnaquc ïtoba

B) Bucrpas cxtriùas odkigihas hcpasotihas cd cg scda H) Kcrohis hc pudboòd quc sc cxtocdhcd ig scda lixogir 󰀶. Rc saspcbki quc ud pcroba mros cs prcscdtihainrobida piri udiquc dcbrapsoi tuva psotibasos. ±Buég hc gas somuocdtcs kiggizmas tocdc lés prafifogohih hc badnorlir cg hoimdòstoba1 I) Kcpitalcmig Kcpitalcmigoi oi y cspgcdalcmigoi cd gi rcvosoòd F) Ohcdtonobiboòd hcg armidosla biusidtc par lchoa hc gi todboòd hc Mril B) Iosgilocdta c ohcdtonobiboòd hc Bkgilyhoi psottibo  H) Zrcscdboi hc armidoslas iboharrcsostcdtcs iboharrcsostcd tcs cd cg kìmiha Ziri iscmurirsc hc quc cstc cxilcd bufrc gi odnarliboòd

Balpcdsiboòd hc horcbtarcs mcdcrigcs y c`cbutovas

a kiy huhi quc gas c`cbutovas cstéd luy focd pimihas y quc soclprc ki cxostoha udi frcbki cdtrc

D

cggas y gas trifi`iharcs, pcra csti frcbki sc csté ilpgoidha bihi vcz. Cd , gas lés igtas horcbtarcs mcdcrigcs a BCA (somgis cd odmgïs), cd gi diboòd badsomuocrad  vcbcs cg sigiroa hcg trifi`ihar pralchoa. Ig  hc imasta hc , hc ibucrha bad Hidocg Gufocd, hc Odtcrprcss Rcrvobc, gas BCA sc cstuvocrad pimidha cd ipraxolihilcdtc   vcbcs vcbcs ga hc ud ud trifi`ihar trifi`ihar pralchoa. pralchoa. Hc Hc ibucrha bad Narfcs, gas bodba BCA lés olpartidtcs cd  midirad gis somuocdtcs bidtohihcs par sigiroas y apboadcs hc fadas0 =

=

=6

olpartidtc quc sc rcquocrc piri scr ud vctcrodiroa, cg Balotï Diboadig hc Cxilodiharcs hc Lïhobas ^ctcrodiroas hcbohoò rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta hcg prancsoadig vctcrodiroa. Zcra hiha quc kiy logcs hc cggas par taha cg piìs, rcprcscdti udi tirci hcsigcdtihari. 󰀹. ±Bòla rcigozirìi ud idégosos hc pucsta i mrid csbigi1 󰀶. Cd gi hctcrlodiboòd hc gi lucstri hc vctcrodiroas cd cg idégosos hc pucsta, ±quï nibtarcs (p. c., rcmoòd hcg piìs) dcbcsotirìi badsohcrir1 󰀲. ±Buédtas vctcrodiroas odbguorìi ustch cd su idégosos hc pucsta1 Lés odnarliboòd safrc cstc bisa sc puchc cdbadtrir ig scmuor cg vìdbuga barrcspadhocdtc cd cg sotoa wcf hcg gofra.

Rtcvc @afs, BCA, Ippgc. Cg scùar @afs cs nudhihar hc Ippgc y ki soha cg BCA par  iùas. Midò $ loggadcs hc hògircs. hògircs. Hr. Viy Orido, Bca hc Abbohcdtig Zctragcul. Cg habtar Orido ki soha BCA hc Abbohcdtig par  iùas y ki cstiha

B 

bad gi balpiùìi ud tatig hc . Midò $ loggadcs hc hògircs. =

Firry Hoggcr, BCA hc OIB/Odtcribtovc O IB/Odtcribtovc Barp. Cg scùar Hoggcr ki soha BCA huridtc gas  iùas quc ki cstiha bad gi balpiùìi. Midò Midò $ loggadcs hc hògircs.

=

]oggoil Nagcy, BCA hc Nohcgoty Ditoadig. Cg scùar Nagcy cs nudhihar hc Nohcgoty Ditoadig y ki soha BCA par ud iùa. Midò $ loggadcs hc hògircs.

=

Xcrry Rclcg, BCA, _ikaa! _ikaa! Cg scùar Rclcg ki soha BCA hc  _ikaa! par gas gas scos iùas quc ki cstiha cstiha bad gi balpiùìi. Midò $ loggadcs hc hògircs.

Gas BCA y atras c`cbutovas hobcd quc gis igtis balpcdsiboadcs balprid su lc`ar hcsclpcùa, cg buig odbguyc bipibohihcs piri brcir ducvas pucstas piri gas trifi`i-

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

harcs cd gis baludohihcs quc, hc ga badtriroa, pahrìid tcdcr igta hcsclpgca. Gas nibtarcs hc pucsta i lcduha sc usirad piri hcbohor tigcs balpcdsiboadcs, nibtarcs quc odbguycd cg dovcg hc rcspadsifogohih, rcquosotas rcquosotas hc narliboòd, cxpcrocdboi y, igmudis vcbcs, badhoboadcs hc trifi`a. Cxostcd hcncdsarcs y apadcdtcs piri cstas igtas piquctcs hc balpcdsiboadcs. Zar ud giha, cg dovcg hc narliboòd, gi cxpcrocdboi y gi rcspadsifogohih hostodmuc cd mrid lchohi i gas BCA B CA y c`cbutovas hcg trifi`ihar pralchoa.. Zðfgobilcdtc, gis balpiùìis hc balcrboa sad pralchoa rcspadsifgcs idtc sus ibboadostis. Zar ga tidta, i cstas c`cbutovas sc gcs pimi piri brcir hodcra piri gi balpiùìi y sus ibboadostis. Ziri gamrirga, gi clprcsi tocdc quc balpcdsirgas hc lidcri badsohcrifgc par su igta hcsclpcùa. Zar atra giha, cstas igtas piquctcs hc balpcdsiboadcs puhocrid ggcmir ig mista hc gas trifi`iharcs, quocdcs hc kcbka nifrobid cg prahubta a prcstid cg scrvoboa i gas badsuloharcs. Bala gas c`cbutovas badtodðid socdha balpcdsihas cd dovcgcs luy igtas par su hcsclpcùa, cg cdnaquc hc iulcdtir sucghas y sigiroas piri cg

trifi`ihar pralchoa puchc hcbgodir so gi balpiùìi da tocdc cstédhircs hc vigarcs y ïtobi. Isì, gi cgcbboòd hc gas nibtarcs balpcdsifgcs cs i lcduha lés nogasònobi quc clpìrobi, ga buig quocrc hcbor quc cstc dovcg hc balpcdsiboòd puchc da scr dcbcsiroa piri latovir i gas c`cbutovas i hcsclpcùirsc focd. ±Yuï apodi1 = ±Rc pimi i gas BCA hclisoiha a kibcd vigcr gas igtas piquctcs hc balpcdsiboòd quc rcbofcd1 =

±Cs ïtoba a `usta quc ud BCA rcbofi ud fada buidha gas clpgcihas sad hcspchohas a sc rchubcd sus fcdcnoboas1

=

±Gi igti balpcdsiboòd piri gas BCA cd rcigohih iulcdti cg hcsclpcùa hc gi balpiùìi1

=

±Hcfc cg dðlcra uda hc gi balpiùìi cdnabirsc cd kibcr hodcra piri sus ibboadostis1

=

±Buég pahrìi scr atra nibtar ïtoba quc rahci cstc tcli1

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga Cd cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò quc0 = Sd idégosos hc pucsta praparboadi gis fiscs piri tircis bala vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa, scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, bipibotiboòd y hoscùa hcg pucsta. badtocdc ud tìtuga hcg = Sdi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta csbroti ihcbuihilcdtc badtocdc pucsta, ud frcvc rcsulcd, udi gosti cxtcdsi hc ibtovohihcs hc trifi`a, atri hc kcrrilocdtis y cquopa, odnarliboòd safrc cg badtcxta hc trifi`a, odnarliboòd hc balpcdsiboòd, cstédhircs hc hcsclpcùa y rcquosotas hcg pcrsadig. = Idtcs hc odoboir ud idégosos hc pucsta, sc hcfcd talir hcbosoadcs safrc cg topa hc odnarliboòd quc sc aftcdhré, quoïd rcigoziré cg idégosos hc pucsta y quocd pirtobopiré cd ïg. = Cg tìpoba idégosos hc pucsta odvagubri cdtrcvostis y cxpcrtas cd gi litcroi (RLC) piri hctcrlodir gis tircis i cncbtuir, gis badhoboadcs cd gis buigcs sc rcigozid cd csas lalcdtas, gis kcrrilocdtis y cquopa utogozihas y gas badabolocdtas, kifogohihcs, bipibohihcs  y atris biribtcrìstobis (ERIA) (ERIA) dcbcsirois piri cncbtuirgas. cncbtuirgas. = Iudquc dodmðd lïtaha hc idégosos hc pucsta cs soclprc lc`ar quc atra, bihi uda cs cg lc`ar piri bocrtas prapòsotas. Zar c`clpga, cg bucstoadiroa hc idégosos hc pasoboadcs (ZIY) cs ud lïtaha cxbcgcdtc piri usas hc balpcdsiboòd y gi tïbdobi hc odbohcdtc brìtoba (BOX) cs cxbcgc cxbcgcdtc dtc piri gi vigariboòd hcg hcsclpcùa. i somdiboòd hc ud vigar = Gi cviguiboòd hcg pucsta cs cg prabcsa hc isomdiboòd ladctiroa ig pucsta rcncroha. = Cquohih odtcrdi, cquohih cxtcrdi y vigar balpirifgc sad olpartidtcs tclis hc pima quc sc hcfcd lidc`ir huridtc buigquocr cviguiboòd hcg pucsta.

 

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga  

=2

 

Zrcmudtis piri rcvosir . ±Zar quï cs tid olpartidtc ud idégosos hc pucsta1 . ±Buégcs sad gis scbboadcs prodbopigcs hc udi hcsbropboòd hc pucsta1 . ±Sd idigosti hc pucsta cspcrirìi cdbadtrir honcrcdbois rcgitovis i rizi y mïdcra cd

gi lidcri cd quc gas clpgcihas bulpgcd bad gis afgomiboadcs hc su pucsta1 ±Zar quï sì y par quï da1 . ±Bòla sc hcfc csbrofor udi ariboòd hc tirci1 . ±Zar quï kiy tidtas lïtahas hc idégosos hc pucsta1 . Gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc cg sigiroa pralchoa piri gis lu`crcs cd Cstihas Sdohas rcprcscdti % hcg sigiroa pralchoa piri kalfrcs. ±Zar quï subchc csta1 . ±Gi cquohih hc pima cxtcrdi cs lés olpartidtc quc gi odtcrdi1 ±Zar quï sì y par

quï da1

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c =

=8

B 

^osotc ducstra sotoa wcf. ^iyi i www.bcdmimc.bal/psybkagamy/ iilaht, hadhc cdbadtriré rcbursas cd gìdci, cd odmgïs, horcbtilcdtc  vodbugihas i su gofra, odbguycdha odbguycdha prucfis bipìtuga par bipìtuga, tir`ctis, ralpcbifczis bruzihas, ibtovohihcs hc ipgobiboòd y lés.

•   Cviguiboòd y idégosos hc pucsta

 

 

Ispcbtas gcmigcs gcmi gcs cd gi scgcbboò s cgcbboòd d hc clpgcihas

Af`ctovas hc iprcdhozi`c Ø

Balprcdhcr cg prabcsa gcmig quc odvagubri gi gcy hc clpgca

Ø

Badabcr quï bgiscs hc pcrsadis cstéd pratcmohis par gi gcy nchcrig

Ø

Rcr bipiz hc hctcrlodir gi gcmigohih hc udi prébtobi gifarig

Ø

Balprcdhcr cg badbcpta

Ø

hc olpibta ihvcrsa Balprcdhcr gi ibboòd i﬉rlitovi

Ø

Badabcr gas ispcbtas olpartidtcs quc odvagubrid gas hcrcbkas hc provibohih hc gas clpgcihas

Cg prabcsa gcmig Vcsaguboòd hc gi hclidhi cd narli odtcrdi Zrcscdtiboòd hc ud birma par hosbrolodiboòd Vcsugtihas hc udi odvcstomiboòd hc gi CCAB Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig ±Gi prébtobi gifarig sc rc󿬉crc horcbtilcdtc i ud loclfra hc udi bgisc pratcmohi nchcriglcdtc1 ±Cg rcquosota cs udi FNAY1 ±Gi `urospruhcdboi, gi gcy cstitig a gi gcy gabig kid ilpgoiha gi hc󿬉doboòd hc buigquocri hc gis bgiscs pratcmohis1

±Cg rcquosota tocdc ud olpibta ihvcrsa cd gas loclfras hc udi bgisc pratcmohi1 ±Cg rcquosota sc hoscùò piri hosbrolodir odtcdboadiglcdtc i udi bgisc pratcmohi1 ±Zuchc prafir ud clpgcihar quc cg rcquosota csté rcgiboadiha bad cg trifi`a1 ±Cg clpgcihar fusbò igtcrditovis rizadifgcs quc rcsugtirìid cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa lcdar1 Ibasa Xopas hc ibasa Vcspadsifogohih armidoziboadig par cg ibasa scxuig Gcy hc Gobcdboi par Vizadcs Lïhobis y Nilogoircs Ibboòd i﬉rlitovi Cstritcmois hc ibboòd i󿬉rlitovi

Vizadcs piri tcdcr pgidcs hc ibboòd i󿬉rlitovi Gcmigohih hc gi badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig y gas pgidcs hc isbcdsa Badscbucdbois hc gas pgidcs hc ibboòd i󿬉rlitovi Bucstoadcs hc provibohih Zrucfis hc hramis Bitca hc a󿬉bodi y bisoggcra Zrucfis psobagòmobis ^omogidboi cgcbtròdobi Cd cg trifi`a0 Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha0 Ecystadc V^ Balpidy, Maskcd, Odhoidi Cdnaquc ïtoba0 Gi ïtobi hctrés hc gi provibohih cd cg gumir hc trifi`a =3

 

C

g prcscdtc bipìtuga kifgi hc gis badhoboadcs gcmigcs quc hcfcd lidc`ir gis ércis hc Vcbursas Kulidas cd Cstihas Sdohas, sc kid odbguoha iquì i lidcri hc c`clpga y bala ud bisa piri idigozir. Cd cg bisa hc Lïxoba, gi gcmosgiboòd ig rcspcbta cs honcrcdtc. Ro sc hcsci pranudhozir cd gi gcmosgiboòd gifarig lcxobidi badsðgtcdsc gis somuocdtcs horcbboadcs cgcbtròdobis0 kttp0//odna.`uroho kttp0//odna.`urohobis.udil.lx/o`urc/nch/ bis.udil.lx/o`urc/nch// / hcniugt.ktl1s󰀼 kttp0//www.hoputihas.maf.lx/GcycsFofgo kttp0//www.hoputihas.maf.lx/GcycsFofgoa/rcn/gnpch.ktl a/rcn/gnpch.ktl Cd cg bilpa hc gas rcbursas kulidas (VK) da cs bucstoòd hc so ud sagobotidtc a ud cx clpgciha ga hclidhiréd, soda buédha y bad quï nrcbucdboi. Ròga cd , cd Cstihas Sdohas sc prcscdtirad   hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd cd gi Balosoòd piri gi Omuighih hc Apartudohihcs hc Clpgca (CCAB, par sus somgis cd odmgïs ), ga quc rcsugtò cd lés hc $ loggadcs hc hògircs cd balpcdsiboadcs y ibucrhas. Iudquc cstc dðlcra cs badsohcrifgclcdtc igta rcspcbta i gis   hclidhis prcscdtihis cd  y gis   cd , cg odbrclcdta quozé sc hcfc lés i gas bilfoas hc tcbdagamìi tc bdagamìi cd cg prabcsa hc hclidhis hc gi CCAB quc kibc lés nébog prcscdtir udi hc ga quc cs gi hosbrolodiboòd cgcvihi (Gcadirh, ). Cstis cstihìstobis badvcdbcrìid i buigquocri quc odmrcsc ig bilpa hc VK V K hc quc cg badabolocdta hc gi gcy gifarig cs cscdboig (sc puchcd aftcdcr cstihìstobis ibtuigozihis cd gi wcf cd www.ccab.mav/ stits/cdnarbclcdt.ktlg).

Cg prabcsa gcmig Ziri so udi gifarigbad hctcrlodihi cs gcmig, cs olpartidtc cdtcdhcr bòlabadabcr cg prabcsa gcmigprébtobi sc rcgiboadi gi gcy gifarig. Cg prolcr pisa cd cg prabcsa gcmig cs, piri igmudas bucrpas gcmosgitovas, bala cg Badmrcsa hc Cstihas Sdohas a bocrti gcmosgituri cstitig, iprafir udi gcy. Ro sc iprucfi udi gcy i dovcg nchcrig, gas cstihas cstihas puchcd iprafir gcycs quc ilpgìcd gas hcrcbkas atarmihas cd ïsti5 sod clfirma, da puchcd iprafir gcycs quc gas rchuzbid. Zar c`clpga, so cg Badmrcsa iprafò gi gcy quc atarmi i gis lu`crcs udi gobcdboi hc litcrdohih hc scos lcscs, ud mafocrda cstitig a gabig pahrìi iprafir udi gcy quc cxtocdhi gi gobcdboi i abka lcscs, pcra da pahrìi rchuborgi i lcdas hc gas scos lcscs afgomitaroas. Zar ga tidta, piri scr udi clprcsi hc birébtcr gcmig, cs olpartidtc cstir badsbocdtc hc gis gcycs cstitigcs y gabigcs, isì bala hc gi gcmosgiboòd nchcrig. Sdi vcz quc gi gcy sc ki iprafiha, sc prcscdtid sotuiboadcs sotuiboadcs cd gis quc da cs bgira su prapòsota. Zar c`clpga, udi gcy puchc iutarozirsc piri pratcmcr i gas clpgcihas hosbipibotihas, pcra has iùas lés tirhc sc gc docmi ud isbcdsa i ud trifi`ihar parquc tocdc gi prcsoòd irtcroig cgcvihi. Cg clpgciha gcvidtir ud birma badtri hcg clpgcihar igcmidha hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cdpuchc udi hosbipibohih. Zuchccd rcbgilir quc su cgcvihi prcsoòd irtcroig cs udi hosbipibohih pcra quc tahivìi puchc trifi`ir i pcsir hc cggi y, par ga tidta, lcrcbc cg isbcdsa. Zar atri pirtc, gi armidoziboòd puchc badtcstir quc gi prcsoòd irtcroig cgcvihi da cs udi hosbipibohih, iudquc isì nucri, quc ud clpgciha bad cstc pihcbolocdta da pahrìi hcsclpcùir cg trifi`a. Cdtadbcs odmrcsirìi i gas trofudigcs piri quc talcd udi hcbosoòd.

Vcsaguboòd hc gi hclidhi cd narli odtcrdi Idtcs hc quc sc odmrcsc udi hclidhi cd gi CCAB, ud clpgciha hcfc utogozir buigquocr prabcsa hc rcsaguboòd quc sc cdbucdtrc hospadofgc hcdtra hc gi armidoziboòd. Bala rcsugtiha, gi liyarìi hc gis clprcsis tocdc pagìtobis narligcs rcspcbta i bòla sc lidc `iréd odtcrdilcdtc odtcrdilcdtc gis quc`is hc hosbrolodiboòd hosbrolodiboòd.. Cstis pagìtobis cd mcdcrig odvagubrid odvagubrid narlis hc rcsaguboòd igtcrditovi hc hosputis ( igtcrditovc hosputc rcsagutoad IHV, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) bala ud prabcsa hc dcmaboiboòd, lchoiboòd y irfotri`c. Gi IHV =>

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Xiggcr hc birrcri

±Yuï kibcr so ustch socdtc quc sc gc hosbrolodi cd cg trifi`a1

uozé kiyi abisoadcs cd su birrcri gifarig cd gis quc ustch brci quc sc gc triti cd narli od`usti hcfoha i su scxa, rizi, chih, rcgomoòd u aromcd diboadig. Ro socdtc quc sc gc hosbrolodi a sc gc ibasi cd cg gumir hc trifi`a, badsohcrc gas somuocdtcs badsc`as praparboadihas par cg badsugtar hc rcbursas kulidas (VK), Faffoc Viydcs0

Y

R Badsohcrc gi lchoiboòd piri rcsagvcr gi

R Gi liyarìi hc gis armidoziboadcs tocdc pagìtobis quc

badsohcrir tahis gis apboadcs, ihclés hc gis igtcrditovis gcmigcs piri rcsagvcr prafgclis pisihas y nuturas. Gis odvcstomiboadcs lucstrid quc % hc tahis gis hosputis cd cg gumir hc trifi`a quc sc lidc`id bad lchoiboòd sc rcsucgvc cd narli ilostasi sod iyuhi hc gas trofudigcs. Cstc prabcsa puchc scr lcdas cstrcsidtc quc ibuhor i ud trofudig y, i lcduha, prcscrvi gis rcgiboadcs cd cg gumir hc trifi`a. R Ro gi lchoiboòd da cs udi apboòd y/a gi armidoziboòd pircbc rcducdtc i lidc`ir gi sotuiboòd, atri igtcrditovi cs prcscdtir udi hclidhi cd gi CCAB. R Rcr hosbrolodiha a vìbtoli hc ibasa cs udi cxpcrocdboi luy lagcsti y puchc biusir cda`a, idsochih, hcprcsoòd u atras scdtolocdtas. Odbgusa so cg tcli sc lidc`i cd narli ilostasi, ustch iðd puchc tcdcr igmudi hc cstis scdsiboadcs. Badsohcrc usir cg pramrili hc isostcdboi hc clpgcihas (CIZ, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) piri kifgir bad ud badsc`cra ig rcspcbta. Ro gi armidoziboòd da tocdc ud CIZ, fusquc ud badsc`cra nucri hc cggi.

cxpgobid bòla gas clpgcihas hcfcd lidc`ir sotuiboadcs cd gis quc kid soha ibasihas a hosbrolodihas. Badsugtc cg liduig hc pagìtobis armidoziboadigcs piri badabcr gas godcilocdtas. R Habulcdtc ga quc aburrc, buédha aburrc y quoïd cstuva odvagubriha. R Vcpartc gi sotuiboòd i su supcrvosar a ig horcbtar hc VK. (Ro ki soha su supcrvosar quocd ga ki ibasiha a hosbrolodiha, ggcvc su quc`i horcbtilcdtc ig horcbtar hc VK.) R Igmudas clpgcihas kid oha horcbtilcdtc bad gi pcrsadi quc gcs ki ibasiha a hosbrolodiha piri vcr so puchcd saguboadir gi sotuiboòd sod odvagubrir i atras. Da afstidtc, cstc pisa sòga nudboadi so ustch sc socdtc bòlaha bad csa. Da tocdc dodmudi afgomiboòd hc ibuhor horcbtilcdtc i tig pcrsadi. R Vcbucrhc quc cxostcd gìlotcs hc toclpa piri rcpartir gis sotuiboadcs hc hosbrolodiboòd a ibasa.

sotuiboòd. Cstc prabcsa odbguyc udi tcrbcri pirtc dcutrig quc sc rcðdc bad gis pirtcs odvagubrihis cd cg odbohcdtc, isì bala bad cg horcbtar hc VK, piri hosbutor gi lc`ar narli hc rcsagvcrga. Cg lchoihar da hcbohoré quoïd tocdc rizòd a da. Ru af`ctova cs iyuhir i gis pirtcs i

sc hosbutoré bad liyar hctiggc cd cg bipìtuga , pcra iquì sc prcscdti udi frcvc hcsbropboòd. Bad ud sostcli hc quc`is, gas clpgcihas ggcviréd sus hclidhis i ud balotï odtcrda quc hcbohc rcspcbta i ïstis. Ro i cggas da gcs sitosnibc gi hcbosoòd, puchcd ggcvir sus hclidhis i gi CCAB. _i bad gi lchoiboòd,  clpgcihas y armidoziboòd sc rcðdcd bad udi tcrbcri pirtc dcutrig quc odtcdti iyuhir i ilfis piri quc igbidbcd udi saguboòd ibarhihi puchcd ggcmir i ïsti, gi hclidhi sc puchc ggcvir i ud irfotri`c a ilutuilcdtc. gi CCAB. ÏstiRokidabalcdziha i rcbalcdhir nucrtclcdtc gi lchoiboòd bala udi saguboòd i gis hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd, cd pirtc parquc % hc gas clpgciharcs quc odtcdtirad gi lchoiboòd ho`a quc vagvcrìi i odtcdtirgi, y gas hitas odhobid quc cg toclpa quc tali rcsagvcr udi hosputi i trivïs hc gi lchoiboòd cs lcdas hc gi lotih hcg quc sc odvocrtc ig utogozir gas bidigcs lés narligcs (Xygcr, ). Bad cg irfotri`c,  gis has pirtcs prcscdtid su bisa i udi tcrbcri dcutrig quc pastcroarlcdtc tali gi hcbosoòd rcspcbta i quoïd csté cd ga barrcbta. Cg irfotri`c y gi lchoiboòd honocrcd cd quc, cd gi lchoiboòd, gi tcrbcri pirtc dcutrig iyuhi i gis atris has i igbidzir ud ibucrha, locdtris quc cd cg irfotri`c, iqucggi tali gi hcbosoòd. Ro sc usi ud irfotri`c afgomitaroa, dodmudi hc gis pirtcs puchc ipcgir gi hcbosoòd. Ro sc usi ud irfotri`c da vodbugidtc, puchcd ibcptir gi hcbosoòd a ggcvir cg bisa idtc cg trofudig. t rofudig. Gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas ki hobtilodiha (Borbuot Boty Rtarcs vs. Ihils, ) quc da csté pcrlotoha ig sagobotidtc a clpgciha ggcvir gi hclidhi i gi CCAB CCA B a i gas trofudigcs so udi armidoziboòd tocdc udi pagìtobi p agìtobi hc irfotri`c afgomitaroa.

 

Cg prabcsa gcmig  

==

 

   s    c    m    i    l     O    r    c    t     o    p    u     @     /     k    b    s    t     o    r     N

Gis hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd sad baludcs cd gis armidoziboadcs.

   l    i     o     g     g     o     ]     ©

Zrcscdtiboòd hc ud birma par hosbrolodiboòd Bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., i lcduha sc prcscdti ud birma par hosbrolodiboòd idtc udi imcdboi mufcrdilcdtig. Rc ibuhc i udi imcdboi cstitig so gi prcsudti voagiboòd odvagubri udi gcy cstitig5 udi imcdboi nchcrig, i lcduha gi CCAB, lidc`i prcsudtis voagiboadcs hc gi gcy cd cg élfota nchcrig. Sdi hclidhi hc gi CCAB sc hcfc prcscdtir hcdtra hc gas  hìis pastcroarcs ig ibta hosbroloditaroa, pcra hcdtra hc gas  hìis so cg hclidhidtc yi ki prcscdtiha udi hclidhi cd igmudi imcdboi hc prébtobi gifarig `usti, cstitig a gabig. Gi imcdboi mufcrdilcdtig tritiré hc datonobir gi hclidhi ig clpgcihar cd  hìis, aftcdcr liyar odnarliboòd hc ilfis pirtcs, so cs dcbcsiroa, y rcvosir cg birma piri hctcrlodir so tocdc sustcdta.

Vcsugtihas hc udi odvcstomiboòd hc gi CCAB Cg birma da tocdc sustcdta Ro, hcspuïs hc rcvosir udi hclidhi, gi imcdboi mufcrdilcdtig da cdbucdtri ud sustcdta, puchc pisir udi hc has basis, fisédhasc cd so gi pcrsadi quc prcscdtò gi hclidhi ibcpti gi hcbosoòd. Cd bisa hc da ibcptirgi, sc gc clotc udi birti hc ‗hcrcbka i hclidhir“, gi buig gc pcrlotc badtritir ud ifamiha proviha y prcscdtir cg bisa ïg losla. Cg birma tocdc sustcdta Ro gi CCAB badsohcri quc cg birma par hosbrolodiboòd tocdc sustcdta, odtcdtiré cstifgcbcr ud badvcdoa cdtrc cg hclidhidtc y cg clpgcihar sod ggcvir cg bisa i gas trofudigcs. Cstas ibucrhas puchcd odbguor quc ud clpgcihar anrczbi ud trifi`a a ud isbcdsa i gi pcrsadi quc prcscdti gi hclidhi, cg pima hc gas sigiroas rctraibtovas y par p ar hiùas balpcdsitaroas a pudotovas. Cstas ibucrhas puchcd viroir cd limdotuh, hcshc udas buidtas hògircs kisti lés hc $ loggadcs hc hògircs0 =

=;

B 

Cd , Babi Bagi ggcmò i ud ibucrha, cd ud bisa hc hosbrolodiboòd hosbrol odiboòd riboig, cd udi bonri rïbarh hc $. loggadcs log gadcs hc hògircs.

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Cg clpgciha brcc quc sc gc tritò hc lidcri od`usti Cg clpgciha prcscdti ud birma idtc gi imcdboi rcmugihari Gi imcdboi odvcstomi Da sc cdbadtrò dodmudi prébtobi od`usti

Rc cdbadtrò udi prébtobi od`usti y da sc igbidzò ud ibucrha bad cg clpgcihar

Rc cdbadtrò udi prébtobi od`usti pcra sc igbidzò ud ibucrha bad cg clpgcihar

Gi imcdboi ggcvi ig clpgcihar i gas trofudigcs

Cg clpgcihar somuc gas pisas piri barrcmor cg prafgcli

Cg prabcsa tcrlodi

Odvagubri gi gcy cstitig

Odvagubri gi gcy nchcrig

Cg bisa sc prcscdti idtc gas trofudigcs hcg hostrota cstitig

Cg bisa sc prcscdti idtc gas trofudigcs hcg hostrota nchcrig

±Rc ipcgò gi hcbosoòd1

Da

Rc bocrri cg prabcsa

Da

Rì

Rì

Cg bisa pisi ig trofudig cstitig hc ipcgiboadcs ±Rc ipcgò gi hcbosoòd1

Da

Rc bocrri cg prabcsa

Da

±Rc ipcgò gi hcbosoòd1 Rì

 

Cg bisa pisi i gi suprcli bartc cstitig ±Rc ipcgò gi hcbosoòd1

=

=

=

=

 

 

Cg bisa pisi ig trofudig nchcrig hc ipcgiboadcs

Rì

Nomuri 2.9 Zrabcsa gcmig cd gi gcy gifarig

±Rc ipcgò gi hcbosoòd1

Rì 

Cg bisa pisi i gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas

Cd , gi bihcdi hc rcstiuridtcs Rkadcy‟s ggcmò i ud ibucrha cd ud bisa hc hosbrolodiboòd riboig par $ loggadcs hc hògircs. Gi liyar pirtc hcg hodcra sc hcstodò i  log inrailcrobidas quc trifi`irad piri hobki bihcdi a i quocdcs sc gcs dcmò cg clpgca cd cggi huridtc ud pcroaha hc soctc iùas. Cg tiliùa hc gascd ibucrhas sc fisò, sòga cd cg cgcviha soda tilfoïd gi scvcrohih hc gidahosbrolodiboòd. Zardðlcra c`clpga,hccgvìbtolis, dðlcra hc clpgcihas inrailcrobidas cd bihi rcstiuridtc sc golotò ig parbcdti`c hc bgocdtcs inrailcrobidas. Buidha sc badtritifi inrailcrobidas, sc gcs isomdifi i trifi`as hc babodi bad fi`i rcludcriboòd. Ihclés hc gas $ loggadcs hc hògircs, Rkadcy‟s ibarhò cstifgcbcr ud pramrili hc ibboòd piri cgolodir gi hosbrolodiboòd par gas somuocdtcs  iùas. Xcxiba rcsagvoò su `uoboa par hosbrolodiboòd riboig cd  ig ibcptir pimir $ loggadcs hc hògircs i   clpgcihas ibtuigcs y cx clpgcihas inrailcrobidas. Cg ibucrha nuc iprcsuriha par gi tridslosoòd pðfgobi hc udi bodti quc lastrifi i ud c`cbutova hc Xcxiba kibocdha usa hc udi biguldoi riboig. Cd , gi bisi hc fagsi Larmid Rtidgcy ggcmò i ud ibucrha cd cg bisa hc udi hclidhi par hosbrolodiboòd scxuig par $ loggadcs hc hògircs. Cd , Ifcrbralfoc & Notbk rcsagvocrad udi hclidhi hc hosbrolodiboòd scxuig y riboig ig pimir $ $  loggadcs hc hògircs.

Cg prabcsa gcmig  

=?

 

Zcra so da sc puchc ggcmir i ud ibucrha, cg bisa sc vi i ud trofudig hc hostrota nchcrig bad gi CCAB rcprcscdtidha (nìsobi y nodidbocrilcdtc) i gi pcrsadi quc prcscdti gi hclidhi. Buidha cg trofudig hcg hostrota tali gi hcbosoòd, ïsti sc badvocrtc cd udi  `urospruhcdboi , gi buig cs gi odtcrprctiboòd `uhoboig hc udi gcy, y rcsugti olpartidtc parquc cstifgcbc ud prcbchcdtc piri nuturas bisas. Ro i udi pirtc da gc sitosnibc gi hcbosoòd talihi cd ud trofudig odncroar, puchc ggcvir cg bisa i uda hc gas  trofudigcs hc borbuota hc ipcgiboadcs. Sdi rcmgi piri cstc topa hc trofudigcs sorvc bala `urospruhcdboi golotidtc sòga piri ud borbuota pirtobugir. Cs par cgga quc, cd cstc bipìtuga, cg borbuota sc ohcdtonobi bad gi liyarìi hc gas bisas cd gas trofudigcs. tr ofudigcs. Ro i dodmudi hc gis pirtcs gcs sitosnibc gi hcbosoòd hcg trofudig, puchcd sagobotir quc gi rcvosc gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas. Hobki odstidboi badsohcriré ud bisa sòga so gi hcbosoòd cs olpartidtc cd cg ispcbta gcmig a so gas niggas safrc ud prafgcli sad badsostcdtcs i trivïs hc gas trofudigcs hc borbuota. Afvoilcdtc, ud nigga hc gi Ruprcli Bartc tocdc cg liyar pcsa, scmuohi hc gas niggas hc gas trofudigcs hc ipcgiboadcs, y gucma sc cdbucdtrid gas hc gas trofudigcs hc hostrota.

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig I prolcri vosti, gas ispcbtas gcmigcs piri talir hcbosoadcs gifarigcs pircbcd balpgobihas. Hcspuïs hc taha, cxostcd lubkis gcycs y `urospruhcdbois quc ipgobid i gis hcbosoadcs gifarigcs. Rod clfirma, gas ispcbtas gcmigcs fésobas da sad balpgobihas. Ssc cg hoimrili hc ngu`a cd gi nomuri . piri nibogotir cg prabcsa hc cdtcdhcr bòla sc hosbutc bihi ctipi.

±Gi prébtobi gifarig sc rc﬉crc horcbtilcdtc i ud loclfra hc udi bgisc pratcmohi nchcriglcdtc1 Sdi prébtobi gifarig cs buigquocr hcbosoòd quc incbtc i ud clpgciha. Cstis prébtobis odbguycd badtritiboòd, bipibotiboòd, hcspoha, isbcdsa y isomdiboòd hc turdas, hctcrlodiboòd hc pimas, hosbopgodi y bigcdhiroziboòd hc vibiboadcs. Zar ga tidta, buigquocr hcbosoòd quc talc ud clpgcihar tocdc cg patcdboig hc ud cdnrcdtilocdta gcmig. Cg prolcr pisa piri hctcrlodir gi gcmigohih hc udi prébtobi gifarig cs hcbohor so ïsti sc rcnocrc horcbtilcdtc i ud loclfra hc gi bgisc pratcmohi. Sdi bgisc pratcmohi  cs buigquocr mrupa hc pcrsadis piri cg buig sc ki iprafiha udi gcmosgiboòd pratcbtari. Hcshc cg pudta hc vosti nchcrig, cs ud mrupa mr upa hc odhovohuas pratcmohas cspcbìnobi nchcrig. lcdtc gcy  nchcrig. gi nomuri . sc gosti hcgicstis csti s bgiscshccdgisCstihas Sdohaspar y cdgi atras piìscsCd scgcbboadihas. Gilucstri tifgi .udi lucstri sologotuh bgiscs pratcmohis cd Cstihas Sdohas y cd atras piìscs scgcboadihas. Cd Bidihé da cxostc cstc topa hc bgiscs bad pratcbboòd nchcrig5 bihi pravodboi brci su prapoi gcy gifarig. Zar ga tidta, gis cdgostihis piri Bidihé cd gi tifgi . sad iqucggis pratcmohis par gcy cd tahis gis pravodbois y tcrrotaroas. Cd cg ipïdhobc ig nodig hc cstc bipìtuga sc puchc cdbadtrir udi gosti balpgcti barrcspadhocdtc i gis pravodbois. Iudquc sc supadhrìi quc pabas clpgciharcs cd cg somga  talirìid hcbosoadcs gifarigcs odtcdboadiglcdtc bad fisc cd ispcbtas bala scxa, rizi, aromcd diboadig, bagar,, chih, rcgomoòd a hosbipibohih hc udi pcrsadi, cxostcd bocdtas hc armidoziboadcs bagar quc kibcd cxibtilcdtc csa bihi iùa. Zar c`clpga, cd , Vcdt-I-Bcdtcr cdnrcdtò ud bisa hc hosbrolodiboòd scxuig par $ loggadcs hc hògircs hcspuïs hc quc su horcbtar mcdcrig y atras mcrcdtcs hosbrolodirad hosbrolodirad i gis lu`crcs. Igmudas hc sus balcdtiroas odbguycrad ‗Hcskéztc hc gis lu`crcs cd gi narli quc puchis“, ‗Cd bisa hc quc da ga

datcs, da badtritilas lu`crcs“ y ‗Cg hìi quc badtritc i udi lu`cr scré ud hìi nrìa cd cg odnocrda“. ;:

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

±Cg rcquosota sc rcgiboadi horcbtilcdtc bad ud loclfra hc udi bgisc nchcriglcdtc pratcmohi1

Rì 

±Rc triti hc udi FNAY1

Da

Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs ogcmig

Da

Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Rì  Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Da

±Igmudi `urospruhcdboi a gcy cstitig a gabig ki ilpgoiha gi hcnodoboòd hc buigquocr bgisc pratcmohi1

Rì 

Da

±Cg rcquosota tocdc ud olpibta ihvcrsa cd gas loclfras hc udi bgisc pratcmohi1

±Cs udi FNAN1

Rì 

Da

Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Rì  ±Cg rcquosota sc hoscùò odtcdboadiglcdtc piri hosbrolodir i gas loclfras hc udi bgisc pratcmohi1

Rì 

Cg rcquosota cs prafifgclcdtc ogcmig y voagi gi Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhi

Da

±Zuchc prafir cg clpgcihar quc cg rcquosota csté rcgiboadiha bad cg trifi`a1

Da

Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Da

Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Rì 

±Cg clpgcihar fusbò igtcrditovis rizadifgcs quc da badhu`crid i ud olpibta ihvcrsa1

Nomuri 2.6 Hctcrlodc so udi prébtobi gifarig cs gcmig

Rì  Cg rcquosota prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig

Bgisc pratcmohi

Chih (liyarcs hc 8:) Hosbipibohih Vizi Aromcd diboadig Vcgomoòd Rcxa

Nomuri 2.2 Bgiscs pratcmohis lcdtc cd Cstihas nchcrigSdohas  

Clfiriza ^ctcridas hc ^octdil

Gcy nchcrig

Gcy badtri Hosbrolodiboòd par Chih cd cg Clpgca Gcy hc Cstihaudohcdscs bad Hosbipibohihcs Gcy hc Vckifogotiboòd ^abiboadig hc 9?=2 Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc 9?>8, 9??9 Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc 9?>8, 9??9 Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc 9?>8, 9??9 Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc 9?>8, 9??9 Gcy hc Omuighih Rigiroig hc 9?>2 Gcy hc Hosbrolodiboòd par Clfiriza Gcy hc Isostcdboi piri cg Vci`ustc hc gas ^ctcridas hc gi Mucrri hc ^octdil hc 9?=8

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

;9

 

Xifgi 2.9 Balpiriboòd odtcrdiboadig hc gis bgiscs pratcmohis nchcriglcdtc Bgisc pratcmohi

Cstihas Sdohas

Bidihé

Iustrigoi

Vcoda Sdoha

Sdoòd Curapci

Lïxoba

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì  

sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì

sì sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì

sì sì sì

sì sì sì sì  

sì

Vizi Aromcd diboadig Rcxa Chih Hosbipibohih Bagar Vcgomoòd Clfiriza ^ctcrida hc ^octdil Cstiha bovog Arocdtiboòd scxuig Brccdbois pagìtobis Rotuiboòd nilogoir Cstitus hc tridsmïdcra Badhcdi brolodig Cxtribboòd diboadig

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì

sì sì

@ipòd

  sì sì

   

   

  sì

sì sì

sì

 

 

  sì

  sì

 

sì   sì   sì  

Vcmostra lïhoba Ibtovohih sodhobig Rotuiboòd saboig

sì   sì   sì

Vizi Bad fisc cd gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc ,  y , isì bala cd gi Yuodti   y Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhis i gi Badstotuboòd hc Cstihas Sdohas, cs ogcmig hosbrolodir i udi pcrsadi par latova hc gi rizi. Hc ibucrha bad cg Badmrcsa, gis buitra rizis sad inrailcrobidas, biubésobas, isoétobas ilcrobidas c odhoas ditovas ilcrobidas. Gis bgéusugis hc pratcbboòd hc omuighih  hc   hc gi Yuodti y Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhis hobtilodid quc dodmudi imcdboi nchcrig do cstitig puchc dcmir gi pratcbboòd hc omuighih i udi pcrsadi quc sc cdbucdtri fi`a gi pratcbboòd hc gi gcy. Csta olpgobi quc ud mafocrda da puchc hosbrolodir odtcdboadiglcdtc a pcrlotor quc sc hï gumir i gi hosbrolodiboòd odtcdboadig. Hcfoha i quc buigquocr hclidhi prcscdtihi hc ibucrha bad tigcs cdlocdhis hcfc hclastrir odtcdboadigohih, da sc ipcgid i lcduha. Gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc  (badabohis bala Xìtuga ^OO) y hc  ilpgoirad cg cdnaquc hc gi Yuodti y Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhis ig scbtar proviha y i gas mafocrdas gabigcs hc Cstihas Sdohas. Cg Xìtuga ^OO vucgvc ogcmig piri gas clpgciharcs bad lés hc  clpgcihas y piri gas sodhobitas, imcdbois hc clpgca, imcdbois mufcrdilcdtigcs cstitigcs y gabigcs y gis odstotuboadcs chubitovis0 =

;6

B 

dcmirsc a rckusir badtritir a hir hc igti i buigquocr odhovohua, odhovohua, a buigquocr atri hosbrolodiboòd hosbrol odiboòd badtri badtri buigquocr bui gquocr pcrsadi rcspcbta i su balpcdsiboòd, balpcdsiboòd, tïrlodas, badhoboadcs a provogcmoas hc clpgca, par rizadcs hc rizi, bagar, rcgomoòd, scxa u aromcd diboadig hcg odhovohua a5

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

 

=

golotir, scmrcmir a bgisonobir i gas clpgcihas clpgcihas a sagobotidtcs cd buigquocr bui gquocr narli quc puchi provir hc igma, buigquocr apartudohih hc clpgca odhovohuig a incbtir ihvcrsilcdtc hc buigquocr atri narli su rcputiboòd bala clpgciha hcfoha i gi rizi, bagar, rcgomoòd, scxa u aromcd diboadig.

I honcrcdboi hc gi Yuodti y Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhis, gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs da rcquocrcd quc gi prébtobi gifarig hosbrolodc hc lidcri odtcdboadig piri quc sc badsohcrc patcdboiglcdtc ogcmig. Cd gumir hc cgga, gi prucfi hc hosbrolodiboòd sc hctcrlodi par lchoa hc ud idégosos idég osos cstihìstoba hc gis tisis ti sis hc scgcbboòd y gi prcscdboi prcscdboi atuga. iuscdboi hc olpibta ihvcrsa, ihvcrsa, ga buig sc hosbutoré i hctiggc hcti ggc pastcroarlcdtc cd cg bipìGis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs tilfoïd kid soha odtcrprctihis par gas trofudigcs piri bufror gi ‗itlòsncri“ hc udi armidoziboòd, ga quc odbguyc badhubtis bala ibasa scxuig ( Frahcrobe  Frahcrobe vs. Vuhcr , 5  Frudhy vs. @ibesad, ), par gi chih ( Gauos  Gauos vs. Nchcrig Zrosad Odhustrocs, ), riboig ( Kudtcr  Kudtcr vs. Iggos-Bkiglcrs Iggos-Bkiglcrs, ) y rcgomoasa ( Ifrilsad  Ifrilsad vs. ]oggoil Zittcrsad Zittcrsad Baggcmc an Dcw @crscy, ). Sd c`clpga odtcrcsidtc hc bòla gas trofudigcs badsohcrid gi itlòsncri hc udi armidoziboòd, cs cg bisa hc Narfcs vs. IFL Odhustrocs (). Bkcryg Narfcs cri udi mcrcdtc hc prahubboòd quc ibusò i gi balpiùìi hc usir sutogcs tébtobis pagìtobis piri brcir udi itlòsncri cd gi quc gis lu`crcs da puhocrid scr cxotasis. Igmudis hc cstis tébtobis odbguìid quc gas mcrcdtcs hcg érci isostocrid i bcdir bad gas mcrcdtcs pcra da bad gis mcrcdtcs, quc sc latoviri i gas clpgcihas i pisir par cdboli hc cggis c or horcbtilcdtc i sus sufarhodihas y quc sc hcsitirid rularcs cd su badtri. Cg `uriha nivarcboò i Narfcs yno`ihi ud trofudig hc ipcgiboadcs cstiha hchc]iskodmtad gi odhcldoziboòd par cg `uriha cd lés hchcg $ loggadcs hògircs par badnorlò hosbrolodiboòd y ibasa scxuig.

Bagar  Cg bagar cs atri biribtcrìstobi quc sc cdbucdtri pratcmohi par gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs cd Cstihas Sdohas. Iudquc cd mcdcrig sc usi bala ud sodòdola hc rizi, gi rcncrcdboi ig bagar pratcmc i gas odhovohuas badtri gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cspcbìnobilcdtc cd gis viroiboadcs hcg bagar hc pocg. Zar c`clpga, cd , cd cg bisa hc ]igecr vs. Rcbrctiry an tkc Xrcisury ud trofudig hc hostrota cdbadtrò quc ud supcrvosar inrailcrobida hc pocg asburi, hcg Rcrvoboa hc Olpucstas Odtcrdas, hcspohoò ogcmiglcdtc i ud clpgciha inrailcrobida quc tcdìi gi pocg lés bgiri. Cd ud bisa sologir, cg Dcomkfarkaah Fir idh Mrogg, hc Ippgcfcc, pimò ud ibucrha hc $ log hògircs i ud clpgciha inrailcrobida hc pocg asburi quc sc quc`ò hc quc su mcrcdtc inrailcrobida, hc pocg lés bgiri, koza balcdtiroas hcspcbtovas safrc su bagar hc pocg (Lorzi, ).  Rcxa Gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs, isì bala gi Gcy hc Omuighih Rigiroig hc , prakìfc gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cd cg scxa. Gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs kid hobtilodiha quc cs ogcmig gi hosbrolodiboòd odtcdboadig, yi sci badtri lu`crcs u kalfrcs ( Hoiz  Hoiz vs. Zid Ilcrobid Iorwiys, ). Gas trofudigcs cstéd hovohohas rcspcbta i gi gcmigohih hc gi hosbrolodiboòd kiboi gas tridscxuigcs, yi quc uda ki hobtilodiha quc cs gcmig (Rallcrs vs. Fuhmct Lirectodm , ), locdtris quc cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Rcxta Borbuota gi hobtilodò ogcmig ( Firdcs vs. Boty an Bodboddito, 5  @olloc G. Rlotk vs. Boty an Rigcl, Akoa, ).

Aromcd diboadig  Cg aromcd diboadig cs ud ispcbta quc sc cdbucdtri pratcmoha par gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs. Afscrvc quc gas kospidas mazid hc pratcbboòd scmðd cg aromcd diboadig, da par gi rizi. riz i. Gis hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd fisihis cd cg aromcd diboadig sc kid

 

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

;2

 

odbrclcdtiha lubka cd gas ðgtolas iùas. Sdi hc gis lés baludcs sc rcnocrc i gas rcquosotas hc ohoali ‗sòga odmgïs“ a ‗odmgïs balprcdsofgc“. Gas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha mcdcriglcdtc quc cstas rcquosotas sad gcmigcs so sc rcgiboadid bad cg trifi`a (Yuodd y Zctrobe, ) y sc golotid i gi baludobiboòd huridtc cg ‗toclpa gifarig“ y da i gas hcsbidsas. Sd fucd c`clpga hc ud rcquosota ogcmig hc ohoali ‗sòga odmgïs“ nuc cg bisa quc rcsugtò cd ud ibucrha hc $. loggadcs hc hògircs cdtrc gi CCAB y cg Bagariha Bcdtrig Rtitoad Bisoda cd .  . Cstc bisoda rcqucrìi quc gas clpgcihas kifgirid soclprc cd odmgïs, odbgusa huridtc gis badvcrsiboadcs provihis cdtrc has. Ziri ‗latovirgcs“ i kifgir odmgïs, gas mcrcdtcs y atras clpgcihas mrotifid ‗¡odmgïs, odmgïs, odmgïs!“ i buigquocri quc kifgiri cd cspiùag. Hobka ibasa pravabifi udi mrid vcrm÷cdzi cd gas trifi`iharcs.

Vcgomoòd Xilfoïd gi rcgomoòd cs ud ispcbta pratcmoha par gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs. Cs ogcmig usir gi rcgomoòd hc gas odhovohuas bala ud nibtar cd udi hcbosoòd gifarig, i lcdas quc gi diturigczi hcg trifi`a sci rcgomoasi. Zar c`clpga, gi Omgcsoi bitògobi puchc rcqucror quc sus sibcrhatcs scid bitògobas pcra da puchcd pchor ga losla i su pcrsadig hc anobodi. Gis Gcycs hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs tilfoïd cstifgcbcd quc gis armidoziboadcs hcd bifohi i gis brccdbois rcgomoasis i lcdas quc cgga olpgoquc udi proviboòd odhcfohi. Gis niggis hc cstc topa lés botihis cd gis   hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd rcgomoasi prcscdtihis iduiglcdtc idtc gi CCAB, sad iqucggis quc odvagubrid hìis hc ihariboòd y bugta, prébtobis hc bugta y itucdha rcgomoasa. Hìis hc ihariboòd y bugta. Lubkis rcgomoadcs prakìfcd quc sus loclfras trifi`cd cd bocr-

tas hìis. Zar c`clpga, gas ihvcdtostis hcg sïptola hìi y gas `uhìas artahaxas da puchcd trifi`ir hcshc gi pucsti hc Rag hcg vocrdcs i gi pucsti hc Rag hcg halodma. Hobkas rcquosotas piri da trifi`ir da sc hcfcd badnudhor bad gis  prcncrcdbois par da trifi`ir gas hìis hc ihariboòd (p. c., pratcstidtcs trifi`idha cg halodma a Divohih5 isostor ig scrvoboa rcgomoasa hc gi liùidi cd gumir hc talirga par gi tirhc), par ga quc gas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha quc da cs dcbcsiroa hir nibogohihcs hc prcncrcdboi hc bugta i ud clpgciha ( Hibklid  Hibklid vs. Rkigigi, 5 Xoid Xoidaa vs. Hoggirh H oggirh Hcpirtlcdt Rtarcs, ). Gas hìis hc ihariboòd y bugta i lcduha sc ibalahid néboglcdtc pramrilidha i gas clpgcihas quc da tocdcd rcstrobboadcs rcgomoasis piri trifi`ir hobkas hìis. Buidha cxostcd pabas trifi`iharcs, sc puchcd usir gis ratiboadcs hc kariroas piri rchubor, pcra da cgolodir, cg dðlcra hc hìis hc ihariboòd quc ud clpgciha pahrìi pcrhcr. Gis nibogohihcs sc puchcd vagvcr gcmiglcdtc paba rizadifgcs buidha da kiy balpiùcras hospadofgcs, toclpa cxtri tcdmihcquc usirsc piri pimir ud hìi hckiyi ihariboòd hc gas clpgcihas a quccgbuigquocr hcrcbka `crirquìi gifarig a bagcbtovi soha voagiha. Rod clfirma, bad ud paba hc odmcduohih y cxpgobiboadcs ihcbuihis rcspcbta i gas rcquosotas rcgomoasas gifarigcs, sc puchcd hir nibogohihcs rizadifgcs bad nrcbucdboi. Cg bisa hc Chhoc Eogmarc praparboadi ud c`clpga hc ud bisa hc nibogohihcs rcgomoasis lig lidc`iha. Eogmarc kifìi trifi`iha par  iùas piri Rpires Vcmoadig Lchobig Bcdtcr, cd Ireidsis, buidha sc gc pohoò isostor gas séfihas. Bala ihvcdtosti hcg sïptola hìi tcdìi prakofoha trifi`ir gas séfihas, ud rcquosota quc su clpgcihar badabìi hcshc kibìi lubka toclpa. Buidha Eogmarc rckusò trifi`ir gas séfihas nuc hcspchoha. Zrcscdtò udi hclidhi par hosbrolodiboòd rcgomoasi, rcgomoasi, cg `uriha ga balpcdsò bad $  hògircs y sc gc hcvagvoò su idtomua pucsta. Zrébtobis hc bugta.  Has prébtobis cd pirtobugir puchcd biusir prafgclis0 rcza y iyuda.

Igmudis rcgomoadcs rcquocrcd quc gas brcycdtcs rcbcd cd bocrtas kariroas. Zar c`clpga, gas scmuoharcs hcg Osgil rcigozid gi ariboòd rotuig Rigit bodba vcbcs ig hìi0 i gi sigohi hcg Rag, i lchoa hìi, par gi tirhc, huridtc gi pucsti hc Rag y cd gi dabkc. Hcfoha ;8

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

  Zcrnog hc clpgca ^obtar A. Birhwcgg, Ifamiha Hcrcbka gifarig

   y    c    l    a    a     L     g     g     o     @     ©

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a say uda hc gas 99 ifamihas y ud cspcboigosti cd Hcrcbka Gifarig cd udi clprcsi hc ipraxolihilcdtc ipraxolihilc dtc =: ifamihas cd cg suracstc hc ^ormodoi. Hcfoha i gi diturigczi hcg Hcrcbka Gifarig, G ifarig, lo prébtobi odbguyc udgcmigcs ilpgoaquc ridma hc bucstoadcs sc lidc`i cd hovcrsis narlis piri bufror lc`ar gis dcbcsohihcs hc los bgocdtcs. Sd hìi pucha ibadsc`irgcs safrc gas pisas quc gcs iyuhiréd i pcrlidcbcr nucri hc ud sodhobita5 cg somuocdtc hìi pucha cdbadtrirlc bipibotidha i supcrvosarcs piri cvotir `uoboas par ibasa y cg somuocdtc pucha cstir cd cg trofudig gotomidha cstas tclis. Gi liyarìi hc ducstras bgocdtcs sad clprcsis lchoidis y mridhcs5 par ga tidta tidta,, lc hcsclpcùa sòga cd cg giha ihlodostritova hc gas prafgclis gcmigcs. Cd cstc badtcxta,, trifi`a horcbtilcdtc badtcxta

bad rcprcscdtidtcs hc gas hcpirtilcdtas hc hcrcbkas kulidas piri anrcbcrgcs iscsarìi cd ércis bala cstifgcbolocdta hc pagìtobis clprcsiroigcs,, hctcrlodiboòd hc clprcsiroigcs udi iprapoihi hosbopgodi hc gas clpgcihas y hcsirragga hc gi bipibotiboòd hc gas loslas. Hosnruta gi diturigczi hovcrsonobihi hovcrsonobihi hc gi gcy gifarig y cg odvagubrilocdta hìi i hìi cd gis apcriboadcs hc los bgocdtcs. Bala ifamiha gifarig, hcsclpcùa lubkis hc gis tircis quc gi mcdtc usuiglcdtc sc olimodi buidha pocdsi cd gas ifamihas. Zar c`clpga, ig rcbofor gi prcscdtiboòd hc ud bisa quc odvagubri ud  `uoboa par ibasa a hosbrolodiboòd, prolcra cdtrcvosta ig horcbtar hc

hc udi lidcri quc pcrloti gi ifsaguboòd pcrcdtaroi hc ud bisa y sc gcs ibadsc`i ggcmir i ibucrhas cd gis hclidhis. Cstas ibucrhas sad tilfoïd udi nudboòd solpgc hcg basta hc pcrscmuor gi hcncdsi hc ud `uoboa, csta cs, quc rcsugti lés firita pimir ud paba piri sigor hc gi sotuiboòd y vagvcr ig dcmaboa hcg bgocdtc. Xigcs badvcdoas rcquocrcd gi dcmaboiboòd cd gi pirtc hc gas bgocdtcs y gas ifamihas odvagubrihas. Inartudihilcdtc, cstis sotuiboadcs da sad baludcs, cd cspcboig buidha kc trifi`iha cd udi fisc badtodui bad cg horcbtar hc Vcbursas Kulidas hc gi balpiùìi a pirtobopiha cd gi bipibotiboòd hc gas clpgcihas cd ud csnucrza piri lodolozir gas prafgclis quc

udis buidtis. Sdi vcz lés, cvigða bad cggas cxibtilcdtc ga quc cstéd fusbidha hc gi bipibotiboòd. Gucma, odvcstoma lctobugasilcdtc udi lorìihi hc gis gcycs gifarigcs y gas cvcdtas ibtuigcs quc puhocrid ipgobir hc narli olimodifgc i gi bipibotiboòd. Ig nodig, hcsirragga litcroigcs csbrotas piri quc gas pribtobidtcs,, quc puchcd odbguor pribtobidtcs supcrvosarcs hc prolcri gìdci, tcdmid igma quc ggcvirsc bad cggas piri usir bala rcncrcdboi buidha badbguyi gi bipibotiboòd. Ihclés hc gi bipibotiboòd i ducstras bgocdtcs barparitovas, lc pohcd nrcbucdtclcdtc kifgir safrc viroas tclis i mrupas, odbguycdha csbucgis, omgcsois y armidoziboadcs sod nodcs hc gubra. Gi clprcsi

Vcbursas Kulidas hc gi balpiùìi piri aftcdcr udi ohci mcdcrig hc ga quc ki pisiha piri pravabir cg  `uoboa. Cs olpcritova olpcritova quc ya balprcdhi tahas gas nibtarcs odvagubrihas cd cg bisa piri quc hcspuïs rcigobc cdtrcvostis i tcstomas, cd ud csnucrza par balprcdhcr tatiglcdtc gi sotuiboòd. Hcspuïs hc cdtcdhcr par balpgcta ga subchoha, cdtadbcs lo trifi`a cs ipgobir hc narli iprapoihi gis gcycs gifarigcs rcgcvidtcs rcgcvidtcs y prcscdtir gis borbudstidbois hcg

puchid badvcrtorsc cd `uoboas. Sd ispcbta hc lo prancsoòd quc hosnruta pirtobugirlcdtc cs bipibotir i gas clpgcihas hc los bgocdtcs. Cstir nrcdtc i ud mrupa rcquocrc kifogohihcs hc fucdi baludobiboòd y gi bipibohih hc balprcdhcr i gi iuhocdboi piri hirgc ga quc dcbcsoti. Lo cstoga pcrsadig hc bipibotiboòd nudboadi lc`ar buidha tcdma fistidtc rcigolcdtiboòd y pirtobopiboòd hc gi iuhocdboi. Gas bgocdtcs sagobotid bipibotiboòd cd tahis gis ércis

ipayi y latovi gi pirtobopiboòd baludotiroi y lc hi gi apartudohih hc odvagubrirlc hc lidcri ibtovi da sòga cd lo trifi`a, soda tilfoïd cd lo baludohih. Gi pirtc hc lo prancsoòd cgcmohi quc kibc taha vigoasa piri lì cs quc pcrlotc udi mrid bidtohih hc odtcribboòd bad ud mrupa hc pcrsadis hovcrsis. Lo badsc`a i gas cstuhoidtcs cs quc badazbid i gas bgocdtcs cd narli barrcbti piri cdtcdhcr bòla trifi`id y cg ilfocdtc gifarig hcg quc pravoc-

bisa cd gi lc`ar pcrspcbtovi piri lo bgocdtc. Kiy quc rcbadabcr quc cxostcd abisoadcs cd quc gas bgocdtcs da sc kid balpartiha

gifarigcs, odbguycdha cviguiboadcs hc hcsclpcùa, hosbopgodi, hctcrlodiboòd, hovcrsohih y voagcdboi cd cg gumir hc trifi`a, par lcdboadir

dcd. Locdtris lc`ar balprcdhi ustch i sus bgocdtcs y sus armidoziboadcs, lc`ar scré cg badsc`a quc sci bipiz hc praparboadir.

i quc bihi ariboòd puchc talir  lodutas (odbguycdha gi prcpiriboòd, bala givirsc gis lidas), clprcsis rcstiuridtcris hc balohi répohi y tocdhis t ocdhis lodarostis bad nrcbucdboi tocdcd honobugtih cd hir nibogohihcs i bihi sagobotuh hc rcza. Gas rcquosotas hc iyuda tilfoïd rcprcscdtid prafgclis. Zar c`clpga, gas scmuoharcs hcg Osgil hcfcd ifstcdcrsc hc gi balohi y gi fcfohi hcshc gi pucsti kisti ki sti gi sigohi hcg Rag piri trifi`ir, huridtc cg pcroaha hc  hìis hcg Vilihéd. Iudquc gas clpgcihas osgélobas cstéd hospadofgcs piri trifi`ir, su rcsostcdboi y hcsclpcùa puchcd vcrsc incbtihas huridtc gi ðgtoli pirtc hcg hìi. Zar ga tidta, sc puchc ibalahir cg iyuda hc lidcri quc sc puchi rci-

 

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

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gozir cg trifi`a pcgomrasa, cxtcduidtc a balpgobiha, luy tclprida cd cg hìi a pramrilir i gas clpgcihas osgélobas piri gis prolcris karis (Zcirbc, ). Iudquc gas iyudas y gi ariboòd sad gis prébtobis hc bugta lés baludcs quc dcbcsotid nibogohihcs, bocrtilcdtc da sad gis ðdobis. Zar c`clpga, c` clpga, hcfoha i quc gas tcstomas hc @ckavé da puchcd bcgcfrir gas bulpgciùas do gis nocstis da rcgomoasis, su nigti hc pirtobopiboòd cd ud bulpgciùas a bcgcfriboòd cd gi anobodi i lcduha cs pcrbofohi par gas balpiùcras quc da cstéd odnarlihas bala ud ‗prafgcli hc ibtotuh“. Gi trihoboadig nocsti hc Divohih cd gi quc sc bagabid ihardas, sc hcbari ud érfag, sc odtcrbilfoid rcmigas cdtrc gas clpgcihas y, cd abisoadcs, sc sorvcd fcfohis igbakògobis y balohi, hi ud fucd c`clpga hc gas patcdboigcs prafgclis hc hovcrsohih rcgomoasi. ±Xig nocsti ancdhcrìi i gi mcdtc quc da bcgcfri gi Divohih1 ±Kiy clpgcihas buyi rcgomoòd gcs prakìfc isostor i gi nocsti1 ±Gi balohi quc sc sorvc cs badsostcdtc bad gis rcstrobboadcs rcstrobboadcs igolcdtobois hc mrupas bala lusuglidcs, kodhðcs, fuhostis y `uhìas1 Itucdha rcgomoasa. Hcfoha i quc lubkis rcgomoadcs rcquocrcd quc sus loclfras partcd

bocrta itucdha, sc puchcd prcscdtir badngobtas buidha udi armidoziboòd hcsci quc gas clpgcihas tcdmid udi ipirocdboi udonarlc, iudquc sci piri pralaboadir udi olimcd barparitovi quc lidtcdmi badtcdtas badtcdtas i gas bgocdtcs. Hcfoha i csti odtcdboòd hc quc gas clpgcihas guzbid sologircs, gas soek, loclfras hc ud mrupa rcgomoasa kodhð, kid odtcrpucsta virois hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd rcspcbta i sus itucdhas rcgomoasas. Gi rcgomoòd arhcdi quc gas viradcs soek partcd turfidtcs, ud itivìa cd gi bifczi quc i lcduha biusi badngobta bad gas udonarlcs gifarigcs rcqucrohas y lubkas soek partid ud frizigctc cd su luùcbi hcrcbki. Gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs tilfoïd kid ipa yiha gi pcrnariboòd niboig hc gas loclfras hc giy buidha Omgcsoi hc gi Lahonobiboòd Barparig (Bgautocr , ). Roclprc cg itucdha da sci ud pcgomra vs. Bastba ]kagcsigc piri cg trifi`ihar a piri atras (par c`clpga, ud frizigctc itarédhasc cd udi pirtc hc gi liquodiroi a ud turfidtc quc cvotc partir ud bisba hc scmurohih), sc hcfc pcrlotor.

Chih  Gi Gcy badtri Hosbrolodiboòd par Chih cd cg Clpgca (IHCI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) y sus cdlocdhis pastcroarcs prakìfcd i ud clpgcihar a sodhobita hosbrolodir i ud odhovohua hc lés hc  iùas. Cd pirtc, csti gcy sc hcsomdò piri pratcmcr i gas trifi`iharcs hc liyar chih hc gis prébtobis gifarigcs buyi odtcdboòd cs rchubor bastas ig hcspchor trifi`iharcs liyarcs bad sigiroas lés cgcvihas y rcclpgizirgas par atras lés `òvcdcs y bad sigiroas lés fi`as. Hobki gcmosgiboòd cs olpartidtc parquc, i pcsir hc gi cvohcdtc nigschih, gi mcdtc i lcduha pcrbofc i gas trifi`iharcs hc lés chih bala`òvcdcs lcdas (Nodecgstcod, balpctcdtcs y lcdas vigoasas cg ispcbta quc udi gas clpgcihas (Nodec gstcod, Furec y Vi`u, 5 cd Gctvie Gctvie, , ).cbadòloba Ziri prcscdtir hclidhi hc ibucrha bad csti gcy, udi pcrsadi hcfc hclastrir quc sc cdbucdtri cd cg mrupa ctiroa cspcbonobiha, sc gc ki bcsiha a fi`iha hc bitcmarìi y sc gc ki rcclpgiziha par ud trifi`ihar lés `avcd, odbgusa so ïstc cs liyar hc  iùas ( A‟Badda A‟Baddarr vs. Badsagohitch Baod Bitcrcrs, ). Iudquc sc pcrlotocrad chihcs hc rctora afgomitarois cd bocrtis borbudstidbois (p. c.,  iùas piri prancsarcs hc prcpiritaroi), i lcduha sad ogcmigcs parquc, bala odhobid gis odvcstomiboadcs, cg hcsclpcùa gifarig da hcbgodi bad gi chih. Gi hosbrolodiboòd par chih tilfoïd cs ud nibtar cd gas piìscs nucri hc Cstihas Sdohas. Bala lucstri gi tifgi ., lubkas piìscs tocdcd gcycs badtri gi hosbrolodiboòd par chih. Cd gi Sdoòd Curapci, gis prébtobis quc tocdcd ud olpibta ihvcrsa cd gas trifi`iharcs hc liyar chih puchcd scr ogcmigcs. Zar c`clpga, yi da sc pcrlotc gi prébtobi balðd hc badtritir prancsarcs lés `òvcdcs rcbgutihas cd prcpiritarois  y udovcrsohih udovcrsohihcs5 cs5 cd Vcoda Sdoha, par c`clpga, i csta sc gc ggili ‗ar ‗arhcùi hcùi hc vibis“ (Mall, ). ;>

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Hosbipibohih  Gi hosbrolodiboòd kiboi gi mcdtc bad hosbipibohihcs par pirtc hcg mafocrda nchcrig sc cdbucdtri prakofohi par gi Gcy hc Vckifogotiboòd ^abiboadig hc , y gi hosbrolodiboòd hc gas hosbipibotihas par buigquocr atra clpgcihar bad  a lés clpgcihas par gi Gcy hc Cstihaudohcdscs bad Hosbipibohihcs (IHI). Gi IHI (par sus somgis cd odmgïs), norlihi par cg prcsohcdtc Mcarmc K. ]. Fusk cd , cs gi afri gcmosgitovi gifarig lés olpartidtc hcshc gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc . Sdis cdlocdhis i csti gcy, ggilihis Cdlocdhis hc gi IHI (IHIII) sc norlirad tilfoïd cd gcybad par cg aprcsohcdtc Mcarmchcd ]. Fusk ]. cd . Gi IHI rcquocrc quc gis armidoziboadcs lés clpgcihas ‗nibogohihcs rizadifgcs piri gas hosbipibotihas nìsobas y lcdtigcs, i lcdas quc kibcrga olpadmi ud csnucrza odhcfoha“. Iudquc cg Badmrcsa da praparboadò udi gosti hc hosbipibohihcs, sì hcnodoò gi hosbipibohih hcg laha somuocdtc0 . Sd olpcholcdta nìsoba a lcdtig quc goloti sustidboiglcdtc udi a lés hc

gis prodbopigcs ibtovohihcs votigcs hc ud odhovohua5 . Sd rcmostra hc hobka olpcholcdta, a . Yuc sc badsohcrc quc igmuocd sunrc hobka h obka olpcholcdta. Ziri gi prolcri pirtc hc gi hcnodoboòd, prodbopigcs ibtovohihcs ibtovohihcs votigcs odbguyc basis bala bilodir, csbubkir y kifgir. Gi IHIII cxtcdhoò gi gosti hc tigcs ibtovohihcs piri odbguor gi apcriboòd hc gis nudboadcs barparigcs prodbopigcs (p. c., homcstoòd, cvibuiboòd, lobboòd). Sdi badhoboòd quc olpohi i udi pcrsadi gifarir cd ud trifi`a pirtobugir , i honcrcdboi tahasC`clpgas gas trifi`as topas hc trifi`as, cs udi hosbipibohih (Xayati vs. ]oggoils,hc). hc abadhoboadcs quc sc da badsohcrid hosbipibohihcs par

Igmudis vcbcs sad dcbcsirois gis nibogohihcs, bala praparboadir prucfis cd vcrsoòd Frioggc.  

   s    c    m    i    l     O    y    t    t    c     M     /    b    s     o     H    a    t    a     k     Z     ©

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

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 `urospruhcdboi a par cg Hcpirtilcdta hc Xrifi`a hc Cstihas Sdohas sad bcmucri, piré `urospruhcdboi gosos, isli, hostranoi lusbugir y viroas prafgclis hc iprcdhozi`c bala hosgcxoi. Gis badhoboadcs bad hoboadcs quc gas trofudigcs da badsohcrid hosbipibohihcs odbguycd locha i gis igturis, higtadosla, kopcrtcdsoòd, hcprcsoòd, cdncrlchihcs cdncrlchihcs tclparigcs bala dculadìi, csmuodbc hc tafoggas, safrcpcsa hc ducvc eogas, sìdhralc hcg tðdcg birpoida y usir gcdtcs. Gi scmudhi pirtc hc gi hcnodoboòd sc hoscùò piri pratcmcr i gi mcdtc quc udi vcz cstuva hosbipibotihi pcra quc yi da ga csté. Igmudas c`clpgas sad gi rcbupcriboòd hc igbakògobas, gas pibocdtcs hc bédbcr cd rclosoòd, gis pcrsadis quc kid pisiha toclpa cd udi odstotuboòd hc siguh lcdtig y gas ihobtas i gis hramis quc kid balpgctiha su tritilocdta cxotasilcdt cxotasilcdtc. c. Gi pirtc nodig hc gi hcnodoboòd pratcmc i gas odhovohuas quc da tocdcd udi hobipibohih pcra quc sc gcs pcrbofc a triti bala so gi tuvocrid. C`clpgas hc pcrsadis pratcmohis par csti bgéusugi sad iqucggis quc tocdcd bobitrobcs niboigcs a quclihuris mrivcs. Cd ud bisa odtcrcsidtc ( @akdsad  @akdsad vs. Ipgidh Ipgidh & Issaboitcs, ), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Rïptola Borbuota hobtilodò quc ud kalfrc ig quc gc nigtifid  hocdtcs tcdìi hcrcbka hc prcscdtir udi hclidhi hc ibucrha bad gi IHI parquc sc badsohcrifi quc tcdìi udi hosbipibohih. hosbipibohih. Cg bisa sc rcmrcsò i ud trofudig odncroar piri hctcrlodir so csti pcrbcpboòd cd vcrhih golotifi ‗sustidboiglcdtc“ ‗udi a lés ibto vohihcs votigcs“. Gi IHI ilpgoò csti pirtc hc gi hcnodoboòd, bgironobò quc so sc cspcrifi quc ud olpcholcdta huriri lcdas hc scos lcscs, da sc badsohcrirìi hosbipibohih y ibgirò quc gas clpgciharcs da dcbcsotid praparboadir udi nibogohih rizadifgc i gas clpgcihas quc sad pcrbofohas bala hosbipibotihas. Gi IHI da rcquocrc quc udi armidoziboòd badtritc a hï prcncrcdboi i gas hosbipibotihas, sòga quc ïstas tcdmid apartudohihcs omuigcs y quc sc kimid csnucrzas rizadifgcs piri hir nibogohihcs i sus hosbipibohihcs. Iudquc da kiy godcilocdtas rcspcbta i ga quc cs ‗rizadifgc“, gis nibogohihcs puchcd odbguor praparboadir praparboadir gcbtarcs a odtïrprctcs, lahonobir gas kariroas a cquopas hc trifi`a  y kibcr gis odstigiboad odstigiboadcs cs lés ibbcsof ibbcsofgcs. gcs. I pcsir hc quc has tcrboas hc gis nibogohihcs bucstid lcdas hc $ hògircs (Bakcd, ), lubkas clpgcihas rckðsid sagobotirgis c oddulcrifgcs oddulcrifgcs armidoziboadcs sc docmid i praparboadirgis (Fighrohmc y ^comi, ). Cd ud bisa odtcrcsidtc quc hclastrò quc lubkis armidoziboadcs da bulpgcd bad gi ibtotuh hc gi IHI, cd  ud `uriha badbchoò $ loggadcs hc hògircs i Higc Igtad, ud isporidtc ig pucsta hc scrvoboa ig bgocdtc, quc sagobotò i CbkaRtir Balludobitoads hir nibogohihcs i su bcmucri praparboadédhagc ud pramrili balputiboad balputiboadig, ig,  @af Ibbcss wotk Rpccbk (@I]R), quc trihubc cg tcxta cd hosbursa. Buidha Igtad sagobotò par prolcri vcz cg trifi`a, CbkaRtir gc ho`a quc do sc lagcstiri parquc gi balpiùìi da ‗cstifi brcihi piri tritir bad mcdtc bocmi“. Ro udi hosbipibohih olpohc i udi pcrsadi hcsclpcùir gis ‗nudboadcs cscdboigcs“ hc ud trifi`a ohcdtonobihis huridtc ud idégosos hc pucsta a olpgobi udi ilcdizi horcbti piri su prapoi scmurohih a gi hc gas hclés, gi pcrsadi da tocdc quc scr badtritihi a rctcdohi (Pode, ). Ihclés, cg Xrofudig Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Rïptola Borbuota hobtilodò quc da sc rcquocrc quc udi armidoziboòd kimi bilfoas somdonobitovas cd gis nudboadcs cscdboigcs hc ud trifi`a piri hir nibogohihcs i ud clpgciha hosbipibotiha ( Illads  Illads vs. Irili Irilire re Sdonarl Rcrvobcs , ). Zar c`clpga, cd Bistad vs. Xromad Xroma d Cdmodccrodm  (),   (), ud trofudig hc hostrota hobtilodò quc udi lu`cr bad  pcrsadigohihcs cri odbipiz hc hcsclpcùir su trifi`a bala odmcdocra ilfocdtig. Cd atra bisa ( HoZalpa  HoZalpa vs. ]cst Zaodt , ), ud trofudig hc hostrota hobtilodò quc ud sagobotidtc hosgïxoba, iudquc sc badsohcrifi hosbipibotiha, da cri bipiz hc rcigozir sus nudboadcs gifarigcs cscdboigcs bala odspcbboadir vckìbugas y chonoboas cd fusbi hc litcroigcs pcgomrasas y rcmostrir odnarliboòd, bala kariroas gifarigcs y ggilihis hc clcrmcdboi. Cd Bigcn vs. Moggctc Balpidy (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs ;;

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

hcg Zrolcr Borbuota hobtilodò quc, iudquc Nrch Bigcn tcdìi hïnobot hc itcdboòd/tristarda hc kopcribtovohih, su badhubti ilcdizidtc y su odbipibohih hc lidc`ir su ori da cstifid pratcmohis. Cd Ctkrohmc vs. Rtitc an Igifili Igifili () ud trofudig hc hostrota hobtilodò quc ud sagobotidtc i pagobìi bad usa rcstrodmoha hc su lida hcrcbki da pahìi hcsclpcùir sus nudboadcs cscdboigcs gifarigcs hcfoha i quc cri odbipiz hc hospirir cd pasoboòd wcivcr  (bad  (bad gis has lidas). Sd bisa hc gi IHI, odtcrcsidtc y focd pufgobotiha, nuc cg hcg magnosti Biscy Lirtod ( Lirtod  Lirtod  vs. ZMI Xaur , ). Lirtod sunrìi hcg sìdhralc hc Egoppcg-Xrcdiudiy]cfcr cd su pocrdi hcrcbki. Hcfoha i quc cstc sìdhralc gc honobugtifi bilodir cd cg tcrrcda hc magn, sagobotò nibogohihcs piri quc gc pcrlotocrid usir ud birra hc magn. Gi Isaboiboòd hc Zrancsoadigcs hc Magn (ZMI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) gc dcmò gi sagobotuh irmulcdtidha quc bilodir cs udi ‗nudboòd cscdboig“ hcg magn y, par ga tidta, usir ud birra da scrìi udi nibogohih rizadifgc. Gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò i nivar hc gi badtravcrsoi hc Lirtod hc quc bilodir da cri udi nudboòd n udboòd cscdboig  y quc pcrlotorgc usir usir ud birra da cri udi udi nibogohih paba rizadifgc. rizadifgc.

Clfiriza Gi Gcy hc Hosbrolodiboòd par Clfiriza cstopugi quc ‗gis lu`crcs incbtihis par cg clfiriza, pirta a badhoboadcs lïhobis rcgiboadihis, hcfcd scr tritihis hc gi losli narli piri tahas gas prapòsotas rcgiboadihas bad cg clpgca, odbguycdha rcbofa hc pramrilis hc fcdcnoboas, hcg losla laha quc atris pcrsadis quc da cstïd incbtihis pcra quc tcdmid bipibohihcs a odbipibohihcs sologircs piri trifi`ir“. trifi`ir“. Cd pigifris lés solpgcs, csti gcy rcquocrc quc sc tritc cg clfiriza bala buigquocr atri hosbipibohih Vabe Zagobc Hcpirtlcdt  (), hc barta pgiza. Zar c`clpga cd Ihils vs. Dartk Gottgc Vabe  (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò quc ud hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi hosbrolodò i udi anoboig clfirizihi buidha gc dcmò ‗trifi`a gomcra“, iudquc ga atarmò i gas anoboigcs hcg scxa lisbugoda bad hosbipibohihcs tclparigcs tigcs bala cspighis gcsoadihis. Cd cg bisa hc Bigonardoi Nchcrig Rivodms idh Gaid Issaboitoad  vs. Mucrri (), gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas ilpgoò gi pcrspcbtovi hc gi gcy. Gis lu`crcs clfirizihis hcfcd rcbofor ud lc`ar tritilocdta quc atris pcrsadis bad hosbipibohihcs y da uda pcar. Cd ,   birmas par hosbrolodiboòd par clfiriza sc prcscdtirad bad gi CCAB, ga quc rcsugtò cd $. loggadcs hc hògircs cd fcdcnoboas i gis pirtcs quc gas prcscdtirad (]aahwirh, ). Lubkas hc gas hcrcbkas praparboadihas cd gi Gcy hc Hosbrolodiboòd par Clfiriza sc kid ilpgoiha cdarlclcdtc lchoidtc gi Gcy hc Gobcdbois Lïhobis Nilogoircs (NLGI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs), ga buig sc tritiré pastcroarlcdtc cd cstc bipìtuga. Cstitus hc vctcrida hc ^octdil Hcfoha i udi hosbrolodiboòd i mrid csbigi cd gis hïbihis hc  y  kiboi gas saghihas quc rcmrcsirad hc su scrvoboa cd gi mucrri bad ^octdil, cg Badmrcsa iprafò cd  gi Gcy hc Vci`ustc hc ^ctcridas hc gi Cri hc ^octdil. Csti gcy arhcdi quc buigquocr badtritidtc a sufbadtritidtc bad lés hc $ log hògircs cd badtritas bad cg mafocrda nchcrig talc ibboòd inorlitovi piri clpgcir y isbcdhcr i cstas vctcridas. Gi gcy cs udi rizòd par p ar gi quc gas vctcridas quc sagobotid trifi`as hc scrvoboa bovog rcbofcd brïhota par su scrvoboa logotir isì bala par sus bigonobiboadcs.

±Cg rcquosota cs udi FNAY1 Gis hcbosoadcs gifarigcs fisihis cd udi lclfrcsìi cd udi bgisc pratcmohi (p. c., ‗Da badtritirclas lu`crcs hcfoha i quc da sad sunobocdtclcdtc nucrtcs piri rcigozir cg trifi`a“) sad ogcmigcs i lcdas quc cg clpgcihar puchi hclastrir quc cg rcquosota cs udi bigonobiboòd abupiboadig hc fucdi nc (FNAY , par sus somgis cd odmgïs).

 

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

;?

 

Ro ud trifi`a sc puchc hcsclpcùir sòga par udi pcrsadi cd udi bgisc pirtobugir, cg rcquosota sc badsohcri udi FNAY. Hc kcbka, igmudas trifi`as sc puchcd hcsclpcùir sòga par udi pcrsadi hc ud mïdcra pirtobugir5 par c`clpga, sòga udi lu`cr puchc scr dahrozi (udi lu`cr quc ililidti ig fcfï hc atri lu`cr) y sòga ud kalfrc puchc scr hadihar hc cspcrli. Rod clfirma, cxostcd luy pabas trifi`as cd ducstri sabochih quc puchid scr hcsclpcùihas sòga par udi pcrsadi hc udi rizi, mïdcra u aromcd diboadig pirtobugircs. Xalc bala c`clpga ud trifi`a quc olpgobi gcvidtir bisbi`a hc  eogas. Iudquc cs vcrhih quc, cd pralchoa, gas kalfrcs sad lés nucrtcs quc gis lu`crcs, udi balpiùìi da puchc cstifgcbcr ud rcquosota hc ‗sòga kalfrcs“. Gi FNAY rcig cd cstc c`clpga cs nucrzi, da mïdcra. Zar ga tidta, rcstrodmor cg clpgca i gis lu`crcs scrìi ogcmig. Gas trofudigcs kid cstifgcboha bgirilcdtc quc udi FNAY hcfc olpgobir gi bipibohih hc hcsclpcùir cg trifi`a, da sitosnibcr gis prcncrcdbois hc ud bgocdtc. Zar c`clpga0 = Cd Mcrighodc Nukr vs. Rbkaag an Hostrobt an Kizcg Zire, Lobkomid  (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs Ipcgiboadcs hcg Rcxta Borbuota hobtilodò quc gi  prcncrcdboi hc quc ud kalfrc, cd vcz hc udi lu`cr, horomocri ig cquopa hc fisquctfag hc doùas da cri udi FNAY. = Cd Hoiz vs. Zid Ilcrobid Iorwiys Iorwiys (), cg trofudig hobtilodò quc iudquc gas pisi`cras hc gi icragìdci prcnorocrid icralazis, gi diturigczi hcg dcmaboa cs tridspartir bad scmurohih i gas pisi`cras y gas kalfrcs puchcd hcsclpcùir gis nudboadcs gifarigcs cscdboigcs tidta bala gis lu`crcs lu`crcs.. Cd , cg Bisoda Bicsir‟s, cd Itgidtob Boty, nuc lugtiha bad $ log hògircs par rctorir hcspibki hcspibkiharcs harcs hc birtis birti s inrailcrobidas y lu`cr lu`crcs, cs, piri ipibomuir i gas ipastiharcs hc mridhcs bidtohihcs quc prcncrìid hcspibkiharcs lisbugodas biubésobas. Sdi hc gis pabis cxbcpboadcs hcg rcquosota hc FNAY pircbcd scr gas cstédhircs hc prcscdtiboòd pcrsadig. Cs usuig quc udi clprcsi tcdmi bòhomas hc vcstuiroa  y cstédhircs hc prcscdtiboòd scpirihas scpirihas piri kalfrcs y lu`crcs. Iudquc gas honcrcdtcs cstédhircs fisihas cd cg scxa pircbcd voagir gi gcy, gc y, gas trofudigcs mcdcriglcdtc gas kid ipayiha (Nawgcr-Kcrlcs, ) ( @cspcrscd  @cspcrscd vs. Kirrik‟s Kirrik‟s Bisoda, ). Xig vcz cg bisa lés lé s odtcrcsidtc hc FNAY nuc gi hclidhi hc gi CCAB badtri Kaatcrs, udi bihcdi hc rcstiuridtcs nilasi par sus igis hc pagga y par cg csbisa vcstuiroa hc sus lcscris. Kaatcrs pcrlotoò quc sòga gis lu`crcs nucrid quocdcs sorvocrid y irmulcdtò quc cri udi FNAY hcfoha i gi itlòsncri ðdobi hcg rcstiuridtc. Hc kcbka, ud vabcra hc Kaatcrs nuc botiha ig hcbor quc cg rcstiuridtc da vcdhìi balohi, vcdhìi itribtova (nclcdoda) y, piri tcdcr itribtova nclcdoda, ‗kifìi quc scr lu`cr“. Gi CCAB da cstuva hc ibucrha y, cd ud irrcmga odusuig, Kaatcrs ibcptò pimir $. loggadcs hc hògircs ud mrupa hcbadtritidha kalfrcs dalu`crcs n ucrad badtritihas nucrad y gi CCAB ibcptò hc`ir quc Kaatcrsibadtoduiri badtri tidhaquc sòga piri sus pucstas hc lcscris.

±Gi `urospruhcdboi, gi gcy cstitig a gi gcy gabig kid ilpgoiha gi hc﬉doboòd hc buigquocri hc gis bgiscs pratcmohis1 Sdi hcbosoòd gifarig quozé da voagc gi gcy nchcrig, pcra sì puchc voagir igmudi hc gis lubkis gcycs cstitigcs y gabigcs quc kid soha iprafihis piri pratcmcr i mrupas ihoboadigcs hc pcrsadis. Zar c`clpga, i dovcg cstitig0 = Has cstihas (Bigonardoi y Ducvi _are) y cg Hostrota hc Bagulfoi prakìfcd gi hosbrolodiboòd safrc gi fisc hc gi inogoiboòd i nogoiboòd pagìtobi hc udi pcrsadi. = Hocboabka cstihas (Bigonardoi, Bagariha, Baddcbtobut, Kiwio, Oggodaos, Liodc, Lirygidh, Lissibkusctts, Loddcsati, Dcvihi, Ducvi Kilpskorc, Ducvi @crscy, Ducva Lïxoba, Ducvi _are, Arcmad, Vkahc Osgidh, ^crladt  y ]osbadso ]osbadsod) d) y cg Hostrota hc Bagulfoi prakìfcd gi hosbrolod hosbrolodiboòd iboòd par pirtc pirtc hc gas clpgciharcs provihas y pðfgobas fisédhasc cd gi arocdtiboòd scxuig5 ?:

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

ducvc cstihas (Igisei, Hcgiwirc, Odhoidi, Gauosoidi, Lobkomid, Ladtidi, Dcvihi, Akoa, Zcdsogvidoi) sòga prakìfcd gi hosbrolodiboòd par pirtc hc gas clpgciharcs pðfgobas5 y ud cstiha (Oawi) prakìfc gi hosbrolodiboòd par pirtc hc gas clpgciharcs provihas, da pðfgobas (cd www.gilfhigcmig.arm/ www.gilfhigcmig.arm/ aur-ware/stitcs ustch puchc cdbadtrir odnarliboòd ibtuigozihi). Bi gonardoi, Baddcbtobut, Hcgiwirc, Ngarohi, Kiwio, = ^codtoðd cstihas (Igisei, Bigonardoi, Oggodaos, Lirygidh, Lir ygidh, Lobkomid, Loddcsati, Ladtidi, Dcfrisei, Ducvi Kilpskorc, Ducvi @crscy, Ducva Lïxoba, Ducvi _are, Hieati hcg Dartc, Arcmad,, ^ormodoi, ]iskodmtad y ]osbadsod Arcmad ]osbadsod)) y cg Hostrota hc Bagulfoi prakìfcd gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cd cg cstiha bovog. I dovcg gabig0 = Ridti Bruz, Bigonardoi, Bigo nardoi, prasbrofc gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi fisihi cd cg pcsa y gi ipirocdboi nìsobi. = Gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cd gi arocdtiboòd scxuig sc prakìfc cd  bouhihcs  y piìscs. = Bodboddit Bodboddito,o, Akoa, prakìfc gi hosbrolodiboòd hosbro lodiboòd kiboi mcdtc bad kcrcdboi ipigibkc. Ihclés hc gis gcycs cstitigcs y gabigcs, gis hcnodoboadcs hc bgiscs pratcmohis sc puchcd ilpgoir a golotir hcfoha i hcbosoadcs hc gas trofudigcs. Bala sc hosbutoò prc voilcdtc, cstis hcbosoadcs sc badvocrtcd cd `urospruhcdboi. Zar c`clpga, cd dulcrasas bisas gas trofudigcs kid hctcrlodiha quc gi hcnodoboòd hc hosbipibohih sc hcfc ilpgoir piri odbguor gi afcsohih pcra da cg badsula prcvoa hc hramis y gas tridscxuigcs da tcdmid pratcbboòd bala ud mïdcra.

±Cg rcquosota tocdc ud olpibta ihvcrsa cd gas loclfras hc udi bgisc pratcmohi1 Ro gi prébtobi gifarig da sc rcnocrc horcbtilcdtc i ud loclfra hc udi bgisc pratcmohi, cg somuocdtc pisa cs hctcrlodir so cd rcigohih cg rcquosota incbti hc lidcri ihvcrsi i gas loclfras hc udi bgisc pratcmohi. Olpibta ihvcrsa somdonobi quc udi hcbosoòd gifarig pirtobugir rcsugti lés i lcduha cd badscbucdbois dcmitovis piri gas loclfras hc udi rizi, scxa u aromcd diboadig quc piri gas hc atra. Zar c`clpga, cg mriha udovcrsotiroa bala rcquosota hc scgcbboòd gifarig puchc badhubor i ud parbcdti`c lés fi`a hc sagobotidtcs inrailcrobidas badtritihas cd balpiriboòd bad cg hc biubésobas. Zar ga tidta, iudquc hobka rcquosota da lcdboadi i gas inrailcrobidas (udi bgisc pratcmohi) sì gcs incbti hc lidcri ihvcrsi hcfoha i quc, hc ibucrha bad gas hitas hcg bcdsa hc  cd Cstihas Sdohas, .% hc gas biubésobas tocdc mrihas udovcrsotiroas a supcroarcs cd balpiriboòd bad .trihoboadiglcdtc % hc gas inrailcrobidas. Iudquc gas idégosos hc olpibtas ihvcrsas sc kid golotiha i gas mrupas pratcmohas par gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc , gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò cd  quc gas clpgcihas pahìid prcscdtir birmas par olpibtas ihvcrsas bad fisc cd gi chih, gi buig sc pratcmc bad gi IHCI ( Vahcrobe, @ibesad @ibesad vs. Forlodmki Forlodmkil l Fairh an an Chubitoad Chubitoad, ). Gas trofudigcs usid has cstédhircs piri hctcrlodir cg olpibta ihvcrsa0 somdonobidboi cstihìstobi y somdonobidboi prébtobi5 y ilfas hcfcd bulpgorsc piri kiggirga cncbtovilcdtc. Gi birmi hc somdonobidboi cstihìstobi sc bulpgc so udi pgidtoggi puchc hclastrir quc gis honcrcdbois cd gis tisis hc scgcbboòd hc has mrupas (p. c., kalfrcs y lu`crcs) da sc puchcd prcscdtir sòga hcfoha ig izir. Gas lïtahas cstihìstobas quc sc usid piri kibcr csti hosbrolodiboòd odbguycd prucfi hc hcsvoiboòd cstédhir, `o buihrihi y prucfi cxibti hc Noskcr Noskcr.. Ro gi prucfi cstihìstobi odhobi quc gis honcrcdbois cd gi tisi hc scgcbboòd prafifgclcdtc da sc hirìid ig izir, cg somuocdtc pisa cs usir udi prucfi hc somdonobidboi prébtobi. Cs hcbor, ±gi honcrcdboi cdtrc gas has mrupas sc cdbucdtri i ud dovcg ga sunobocdtclcdtc bocdtclcd tc igta piri odhobir udi hosbrolodiboòd patcdboig1 Iudquc cxostcd hovcrsas

 

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

?9

 

Xifgi 2.6 C`clpga hc olpibta ihvcrsa Rcxa Lisbugoda

Ragobotidtcs Badtritihas Xisi hc scgcbboòd

Nclcdoda

3: 63 .3:

9: 8 .8:

lïtahas piri hctcrlodir gi somdonobidboi prébtobi, gi lés balðd cs gi rcmgi hc gas buitra quodtas. Bad csti rcmgi cg parbcdti`c hc sagobotidtcs badtritihas hc ud mrupa (p. c., lu`crcs, kospidis) sc balpiri bad cg parbcdti`c hc sagobotidtcs badtritihas hcg mrupa lés nivarcboha (p. c., kalfrcs, biubésobas). Ro cg parbcdti`c hc sagobotidtcs badtritihas cd cg mrupa bad hcsvcdti`i cs lcdar i % hcg mrupa nivarcboha, sc hobc quc sc prcscdti ud olpibta ihvcrsa. Cs olpartidtc tcdcr cd lcdtc quc cg olpibta ihvcrsa sc rcnocrc i gas  parbcdti `cs y da i gas dðlcras frutas. Zar c`clpga, bala ga lucstri gi tifgi ., so  hc  sagobotidtcs hcg scxa lisbugoda sad badtritihas, cg parbcdti`c hc badtritiboòd cs %. Cdtadbcs, so  lu`crcs sagobotid clpgca, ig lcdas buitra dcbcsotirìid scr badtritihis piri cvotir cg olpibta ihvcrsa. ±Zar quï buitra1 Zarquc cg parbcdti`c hc badtritiboòd piri gis lu`crcs hcfc scr ig lcdas % hcg hc gas kalfrcs. Hcfoha i quc cstc ðgtola cs hc %, cg parbcdti`c hc badtritiboòd piri gis lu`crcs hcfc scr ig lcdas buitra quodtas (%) hc %. Zar ga tidta, . (. 󰀼 .), quc odhobi quc ig lcdas % tahis gishc sagobotidtcs hcfc scr badtritiha piri cvotir ud olpibta y ud birmahcpatcdboig hosbrolodiboòd od`usti cd su badtri. Cs hcbor, bad ihvcrsa sagobotidtcs csta rcsugti cd gi badtritiboòd hc ig lcdas buitra lu`crcs. Cg olpibta ihvcrsa sc badtifogozi par scpiriha piri rizi y mïdcra. Cs hcbor, udi armidoziboòd da badtiré gis tisis hc badtritiboòd piri gas su`ctas hcg scxa lisbugoda biubésobas a lu`crcs inrailcrobidis. Cd gumir hc cgga, cstis tisis kifréd hc badtifogozirsc piri gas kalfrcs y lu`crcs y, pastcroarlcdtc, cd narli scpirihi piri biubésobas y inrailcrobidas. Cs ogcmig hosbrolodir odtcdboadiglcdtc  i biubésobas y su`ctas hcg scxa lisbugoda, pcra gis prébtobis gifarigcs quc rcsugtcd cd olpibta ihvcrsa badtri biubésobas, iudquc tïbdobilcdtc sad ogcmigcs, da ga sad cd gi prébtobi. Dodmðd trofudig ki sastcdoha udi hclidhi hc olpibta ihvcrsa prcscdtihi par ud sagobotidtc biubésoba. Zar c`clpga, idtcs sc lcdboadò quc rcqucror ud mriha udovcrsotiroa olpibti hc laha ihvcrsa i gas inrailcrobidas parquc .% hc gas biubésobas tocdc mriha hc prcpiritaroi cd balpiriboòd bad .% hctocdc gas inrailcrobidas y .%ud hcsagobotidtc gas kospidas. % hc gas isoétobas ilcrobidas mriha hc prcpiritaroi, da Iudquc puchc prcscdtir hc narli rcigosti ud birma par hosbrolodiboòd fisédhasc cd cg olpibta ihvcrsa.

±Cg rcquosota sc hoscùò piri hosbrolodir odtcdboadiglcdtc i udi bgisc pratcmohi1 Ro udi prébtobi gifarig da sc rcnocrc horcbtilcdtc i ud loclfra hc udi bgisc pratcmohi pcra incbti i igmuda hc cggas cd narli ihvcrsi, gas trofudigcs afscrviréd hc bcrbi so tig prébtobi sc odoboò piri rchubor hc lidcri odtcdboadig cg mrupa hc sagobotidtcs hc gi lodarìi bigonobihi. Zar c`clpga, supadmi quc udi bouhih rcquocrc quc tahas sus clpgcihas  vovid hcdtra hcdtra hc gas gìlotcs gìlotcs urfidas. urfidas. Gi bouhih bouhih brcc quc quc csta cs ud rcquosot rcquosotaa `ustonobifgc `ustonobifgc parquc gas sigiroas sc pimid bad gas nadhas pravcdocdtcs hc gas olpucstas y gas clpgcihas hc gi bouhih hcfcd badtrofuor bad hobki fisc trofutiroi. Iudquc cstc rcquosota cs gcmig, cg trofudig puchc odhimir bad liyar pranudhohih piri vcr so gi fisc trofutiroi nuc cd cncbta gi rizòd piri cg rcquosota hc rcsohcdboi. Cs hcbor, so gi pafgiboòd hc gi bouhih cri ?6

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

% biubésobi y gi hcg érci borbudhidtc cri % inrailcrobidi, cg trofudig puha irmulcdtir quc cg rcquosota hc rcsohcdboi cri udi narli sutog hc hosbrolodiboòd i gis lodarìis. Iudquc gas rcquosotas sutogcs prafifgclcdtc prafifgclcdtc yi da sad baludcs cd cg scbtar gifarig, sc kid usiha i trivïs hc gi kostaroi. Zar c`clpga, idtcs hc gi hïbihi hc , igmudas cstihas rcquorocrad quc gas vatidtcs iprafirid gi ‗prucfi hc ignifctosla“ bad cg nod hc scr cgcmofgcs piri vatir. Iudquc Iudquc cg prapòsota hcbgiriha hc bgiriha hc gi prucfi nuc miridtozir quc gas vatidtcs talirid hcbosoadcs odtcgomcdtcs y chubihis, cg prapòsota rcig cri rchubor cg dðlcra hc vatidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i gis lodarìis.

±Zuchc prafir ud clpgcihar quc cg rcquosota csté rcgiboadiha bad cg trifi`a1 Bala sc lucstri cd cg hoimrili hc ngu`a cd gi nomuri ., so ducstri prébtobi gifarig da rcsugti cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa, prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig. Zcra so rcsugti cd cgga, cdtadbcs gi birmi hc prucfi afgomi ig clpgcihar i hclastrir quc gi prébtobi gifarig sc cdbucdtri yi sci rcgiboadihi bad cg trifi`a  a cxcdti hcg olpibta lcdboadiha. Idtcs hc hosbutor cstis has cstritcmois, cs dcbcsiroa rcvosir has pudtas. Zrolcra, cg olpibta ihvcrsa cs ud kcbka batohoida hcdtra hc gi scgcbboòd hc pcrsadig. Biso buigquocr prucfi hc badtritiboòd ga tcdhré cd igmudi bgisc pratcmohi, iudquc udis tocdcd lcdas olpibta quc atris. Rcmudha, gi birmi hc gi prucfi hcdtra hc gi gcy gifarig cs hostodta quc cd gi gcy pcdig. Cd gi gcy pcdig, ud ibusiha cs odabcdtc kisti quc sc prucfc su bugpifogohih5 cd gi gifarig, tidta gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc  bala cg nigga hcg trofudig cd Mromms vs. Huec Zawcr () bilfoirad gi birmi hc gi prucfi0 udi vcz quc sc cstifgcboò cg olpibta ihvcrsa, ud clpgcihar (cg ibusiha) sc badsohcrò bugpifgc i lcdas quc puhocri prafir su odabcdboi ig hclastrir gi rcgiboòd bad cg trifi`a. Gas clpgciharcs sad tritihas par cg Badmrcsa bad liyar hurczi quc gas brolodigcs y gas trofudigcs sad udi nucdtc badstidtc hc nrustriboòd piri gas prancsoadigcs hc VK.

Zrabcholocdtas hc prucfi végohas Sdi prébtobi gifarig quc rcsugti cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa puchc scmuor socdha gcmig soclprc y buidha cstï rcgiboadihi bad cg trifi`a (végohi) y sc rcigobcd gas odtcdtas rizadifgcs piri cdbadtrir atris prucfis quc puchid scr omuig hc végohis pcra tcdmid lcdas olpibta ihvcrsa (badsugtc (badsugtc cg hoimrili hc ngu`a n gu`a cd gi nomuri .). Zar c`clpga, so ud clpgcihar usi udi prucfi hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas, cxostc udi mrid pasofogohih hc quc sc prcscdtc ud olpibta ihvcrsa. Da afstidtc, so cg clpgcihar hclucstribad quclcdas csti prucfi cg ga hcsclpcùa trifi`a y qucsudodmudi atri hospadofgc, olpibtaprchobc ihvcrsa, prchcborìihcg hc omuig narli, usa sc cdbucdtri `ustonobiha. Gis prucfis hc vigohcz puchcd scr igma biris0 gis cstoliboadcs hcg basta pralchoa piri vigohir udi prucfi virìid hcshc $  i $  hògircs par trifi`a (Rcfcrkimcd, ). Cd cg bipìtuga  sc cdbucdtri udi hosbusoòd lés pranudhi hc gis cstritcmois hc  vigohcz.  vigohc z. Sd c`clpga odtcrcsidtc hc olpibta ihvcrsa y rcgiboòd bad cg trifi`a pravocdc hc gi bouhih hcg dartc hc Loilo, Ngarohi. Huridtc  iùas, csti érci rcquoroò quc gas rcbgutis hc pagobìi supocrid dihir. Iudquc cg rcquosota pircbìi gòmoba hiha quc gi bouhih sc cdbucdtri bcrbi hcg abïida, tuva ud olpibta ihvcrsa cd gas inrailcrobidas. Buidha gis iutarohihcs odhimirad lés safrc gi rcgiboòd gifarig hcg rcquosota, hcsbufroò quc gas anoboigcs hcg gumir riris vcbcs cdtrifid ig imui piri rcsbitcs0 sòga abka vcbcs hc  i . Hcfoha i quc dihir cs udi ibtovohih paba nrcbucdtc cd cstc bucrpa hc pagobìi  yhobki cg rcquoso rcquosota ta hc bala dihirafgomitaroi tuva ud olpibta   cg dartc hc Loilo cgolodò  bipibohih piri cg ihvcrsa, pucsta cdcdbucstoòd.  

Hctcrlodir so gi hcbosoòd gifarig cs gcmig  

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Cxbcpboadcs Rostcli hc idtom÷chih hc fucdi nc.  Sdi armidoziboòd quc tcdmi gi pagìtobi hc girmi cstidboi

hc isbcdhcr tidta i clpgcihas bad gi liyar idtom÷chih bala i quocdcs nucrad hcspchohas bad gi lcdar idtom÷chih, puchc badtoduir ipgobédhagi odbgusa so sc prcscdti ud olpibta ihvcrsa. Ziri quc ud sostcli sci badsohcriha hc fucdi nc, su  prapòsota  hcfc rcbalpcdsir gi idtom÷chih, da hosbrolodir (Xwalcy, ). Cs hcbor, so udi clprcsi cstifgcboò ud sostcli hc idtom÷chih piri pratcmcr i gas clpgcihas hcg scxa lisbugoda, da sc badsohcriré hc fucdi nc. Rcmurohih diboadig. Cd bocrtis borbudstidbois cs gcmig piri ud clpgcihar hosbrolodir i

ud loclfra hc aromcd diboadig hostodta a hc atri bgisc pratcmohi buidha sci par cg lc`ar odtcrïs hc gi scmurohih diboadig. C`clpga hc cgga cs quc, huridtc iùas, i gas bouhihidas rusas quc vovìid cd Cstihas Sdohas sc gcs prakofoò trifi`ir cd buigquocr odhustroi rcgiboadihi bad gi hcncdsi. Hcrcbkas hc prcncrcdboi i gas vctcridas. Gi liyarìi hc gas trifi`as hc scrvoboa bovog prapar-

boadi pudtas cxtri cd gis prucfis piri gas vctcridas hc gis nucrzis irlihis. Zar c`clpga, cd Nart ]artk, Xcxis, i gas vctcridas quc sagobotid trifi`a sc gcs iùihcd bodba pudtas cd su bigonobiboòd hc cxilcd. Hcfoha i quc gi liyarìi hc gi mcdtc cd gi logoboi cs hcg scxa lisbugoda, atarmir cstas pudtas cxtri par scrvoboa logotir rcsugti cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa piri gis lu`crcs. Rod clfirma, hc ibucrha bad gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc , hobkis prébtobis cstéd cxcdtis hc ibboòd gcmig.

±Cg clpgcihar fusbò igtcrditovis rizadifgcs quc rcsugtirìid cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa lcdar1 Bala lucstri gi nomuri ., so ud clpgcihar praparboadi udi prucfi rcgiboadihi bad cg trifi`a, cg nibtar nodig quc sc afscrvi cd gas trofudigcs tr ofudigcs cs cg mriha cd cg buig csti pcrsadi fusbò atris prucfis hc scgcbboòd végohis quc tuvocrid lcdar olpibta ihvcrsa. Zar c`clpga, so udi armidoziboòd qucrìi usir udi prucfi hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi pirtobugir,, ±cxpgarifi igtcrditovis bala dovcg chubitova u atris prucfis hc bipibohih pirtobugir bamdasbotovi quc nucrid omuig hc végohis pcra quc tuvocrid lcdar olpibta ihvcrsa1

Ibasa Sd ispcbta hc brcbocdtc prcabupiboòd cd cg gumir hc trifi`a cs cg ibasa scxuig. Cd  sc prcscdtirad   hclidhis par ibasa idtc gi CCAB y gis imcdbois cstitigcs y gabigcs, hc gis buigcs   nucrad par ibasa scxuig. I su vcz, hc cstis  , % nuc prcscdtiha par kalfrcs. Hc gis hclidhis par ibasa prcscdtihis idtc gi CCAB, ipraxolihilcdtc % odvagubrò ibasa riboig, % ibasa scxuig y % ibasa i atris bgiscs pratcmohis. Gis odvcstomiboadcs odhobid quc % hc gis lu`crcs y % hc gas kalfrcs kifìid soha vìbtolis hc ibasa scxuig (Lcrot Rystcls Fairh , U@udti hc Rostclis hc Lïrota\ hc Cstihas Sdohas). Cstas parbcdti`cs sc odbrclcdtid buidha buidha gas clpgcihas sad cg ðdoba rcprcscdtidtc hc su mïdcra ( poadcras hc mïdcra) a badnarlid udi lodarìi cd ud csbcdiroa gifarig pirtobugir pirtobugir,, hcdalodihas iosgihas hc mïdcra (Docfukr y Aswigh, ). Cg ibasa da cs ud tcli golotiha i Cstihas Sdohas. Iudquc cstc piìs ki taliha gi hcgidtcri cd gi prcvcdboòd y bistoma hcg ibasa scxuig, Bidihé, Vcoda Sdoha, Iustrigoi, Ducvi Pcgidhi, Orgidhi y gi Sdoòd Curapci tilfoïd tocdcd gcycs quc ga prakìfcd (Mutlid, ). ?8

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Iudquc gi somuocdtc somuocdtc hosbusoòd sc cdnabi cd cg ibasa scxuig, gas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha quc cg ibasa riboig, rcgomoasa y hc chih c hih tilfoïd sad ogcmigcs (p. c., Briwnarh vs. Lchodi Mcdcrig Kaspotig, 5 Gidlid vs. @akdsad @akdsad Baudty, Baudty, Eidsis, ). Igmudas bisas0 =

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Cd , Badsagohitch Nrcomktwiys ggcmò i ud ibucrha cd ud birma idtc gi CCAB par ibasa riboig piri pimir $   hògircs. Cg ibasa odbguìi karbis cd cg gumir hc trifi`a, mrinotos mrin otos riboigcs y ilcdizis hc hiùa nìsoba. Cd , Niornocgh Xayati cd Bigonardoi rcsagvoò ud birma hc gi CCAB bad latova ibasa par rcgomoòd (pocg asburi) y aromcd diboadig diboad ighcg (inmida) cd $  (lusugléd),  hògircs. Gas bagar supcrvosarcs y atras clpgcihas sc rcncrìid i soctc clpgcihas inmidas lusuglidcs bala ‗gi fidhi hc Fod Gihcd“,, ‗dcmras Gihcd“ ‗dcmra s hc ircdi“ y ‗`abecys ‗` abecys hc bilcggas“ bilcgga s“.. Cd , Gcxus hc Ecdhigg cd Loilo, Ngarohi igbidzò ud ibucrha piri pimir $  hògircs par ibasa riboig, aromcd diboadig y rcgomoasa par pirtc hc ud mcrcdtc quc koza balcdtiroas bala ‗Cstihas Sdohas cs sòga piri gas biubésobas“ y ggilifi i gas clpgcihas bad tïrlodas bala ‗`ospida“ y ‗dcmra“.

Xopas hc ibasa Gcmiglcdtc, cg ibasa scxuig sòga sc puchc prcscdtir cd has narlis0 quoh pra qua a  ilfocdtc kastog .

Yuoh Zra Yua Bad quoh pra qua, cg atarmilocdta hc nivarcs scxuigcs csté gomiha i hcbosoadcs gifarigcs, bala isbcdsas c odbrclcdtas sigiroigcs. Sd c`clpga hc quoh pra qua par ibasa cs ud supcrvosar quc hobc i su scbrctiroi quc hcfc harlor bad ïg piri badscrvir su clpgca. Cd gas bisas hc quoh pra qua, ud  saga odbohcdtc cs sunobocdtc piri badstotuor ibasa scxuig y quc gi armidoziboòd rcsugtc cxpucsti i hiùas gcmigcs (Mutlid, ).  Ilfocdtc kastog  Cd ud bisa hc ilfocdtc kastog, cg ibasa scxuig sc prcscdti buidha ud  pitròd hc badhubti da hcsciha, rcgiboadiha bad cg mïdcra, odtcrnocrc hc lidcri paba rizadifgc bad cg hcsclpcùa gifarig hcg odhovohua. Iudquc kalfrcs y lu`crcs honocrcd cd sus pcrbcpboadcs hc ga quc badstotuyc cg ibasa (Vatudha, Dmuycd y Ribectt, ), gas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha quc hobki odbguorsomdas balcdtiroas, ividbcs scxuigcs a ralédtobas da hcscihas a cg badhubti hcspgocmucpuchc hc pòstcrs, a birobituris hcmrihidtcs ( @cdsad  @cdsad vs. Cvcgctk Xibadotc Ba., ). Zitròd hc badhubti. Ziri quc udi badhubti sc badsohcrc ibasa scxuig fisiha cd ud il-

focdtc kastog, gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas ki hobtilodiha quc cstc balpartilocdta hcfc scr ud  pitròd  hc badhubti cd gumir hc ud odbohcdtc iosgiha (Bgire Baudty Rbkaag Hostrobt vs. Frcchcd, ). Da scrìi ibasa sagobotir i ud balpiùcra hc trifi`a udi boti, odbgusa so da gi ibcpti. Rc R c vucgvc ibasa so cg balpiùcra badtoduilcdtc kibc ibcrbilocdtas ralédtobas a scxuigcs odhcscifgcs kiboi cg atra a rcigozi balcdtiroas odiprapoihas cd rcpctohis abisoadcs. Fisiha cd cg mïdcra. Ziri quc sc badsohcrc ibasa scxuig, gi badhubti hcfc pravcdor hcg  scxa hcg clpgciha. Csta cs, so da nucri par cg scxa hcg clpgciha, ±gi badhubti kifrìi aburroha1 Zar c`clpga, cd Bkrostapkcr Gibe vs. vs . ]ig-Lirt  ]ig-Lirt  (),   (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipc-

giboadcs hcg Buirta Borbuota hobtilodò quc gis fralis y cg gcdmui`c vugmircs y gisbo-

 

Ibasa  

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 vas da badstotuìid ibasa scxuig pucsta quc gas utogozifi bad kalfrcs y lu`crcs par omuig. Gas Xrofudigcs hc Ipcgiboadcs hc gas Borbuotas Rïptola ( Kaglid vs. Odhoidi  Hcpirtlcdt an Xridspartitoad, ) y cg Abtiva ( @cdeods  @cdeods vs. Rautkcrd Nirl Furciu Bisuigty, ) kid taliha hcbosoadcs sologircs. Gas loclfras hc ud hcpirtilcdta hcpir tilcdta hc pagobìi quc sc rcnocrcd badsostcdtclcdtc i gis lu`crcs anoboigcs bala ‗dcdis“ a ‗biroùa“ ‗biroù a“ badstotuorìid ud c`clpga hc ibasa scxuig hcfoha i quc gas balcdtiroas fisihas cd cg mïdcra sad hcmrihidtcs piri gis anoboigcs lu`crcs. Sd anoboig quc ggili i udi anoboig ‗cstðpohi“ scrìi ud c`clpga hc badhubti ruhi, pcra da hc ibasa scxuig parquc gi diturigczi hcg balcdtiroa da sc fisi cd cg mïdcra. Cd , gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas badsohcrò so ud clpgciha puchc ibasir scxuiglcdtc i ud loclfra hcg losla mïdcra. Cs hcbor, so ud kalfrc rcigozi balcdtiroas scxuigcs a tabi odiprapoihilcdtc i atra kalfrc, ±sc triti hc ibasa scxuig1 Cd cg bisa hc Adbigc vs. Rudhawdcr Annskarc Rcrvobcs  (), gi Ruprcli Bartc hcbgirò quc sì. Cg scùar Adbigc, cstofihar hc udi pgitinarli pctragcri, cri su`cta i ilcdizis scxuigcs y imrcsoòd par pirtc hc atras cstofiharcs hcg scxa lisbugoda. Ig da aftcdcr iyuhi hc su supcrvosar supcr vosar,, Adbigc rcdudboò i su trifi`a y prcscdtò udi hclidhi quc ggcmò i gi Ruprcli Bartc. Gi bgivc piri cg hobtilcd hc Adbigc nuc quc cg ibasa sc hcfoò i su  scxa (sc gc ibasifi parquc cri kalfrc), da par su arocdtiboòd scxuig . Hcfc afscrvirsc quc cd gas cstihas quc da kid iùihoha gi arocdtiboòd scxuig bala udi bitcmarìi pratcmohi, cg ibasa bad fisc cd hobki arocdtiboòd prafifgclcdtc da cs ogcmig hiha quc ïsti da sc badsohcri prcbosilcdtc bala udi bgisc pratcmohi  nchcriglcd  nchcriglcdtc tc  ( Foffy  Foffy vs. Babi Bagi, 5  Vcdc vs. LML Mridh Katcg , 5 Rpcirlid vs. Narh , ). Rc hcfc scùigir quc gas clpgcihas da tocdcd parquï tagcrir cg ibasa hc dodmðd topa. Gis bgiscs pratcmohis sad ud badbcpta gcmig, da larig, y pabas prancsoadigcs hc VK irmulcdtirìid badtri gi ohci hc quc gas clpgciharcs tocdcd gi afgomiboòd larig hc praparboadir ud gumir hc trifi`a gofrc hc ibasa. Dcmitovi i gi pcrsadi rizadifgc. Buigquocr pitròd hc balpartilocdta fisiha cd cg mïdcra

quc biusc biusc ud ligcstir ig clpgciha puchc badstotuor ibasa scxuig (Cmgcr, ). Cd  Kirros vs. vs . Naregont Rystcls (), cg trofudig cdbadtrò quc gas balcdtiroas hc ud su-

pcrvosar tigcs bala, ‗^iyilas ig Kagohiy Odd i dcmaboir su iulcdta“ iulcdta“ y ‗Sstch cs sòga udi lu`cr tadti“ badstotuìid ibasa, iudquc gi clpgcihi da sunrocri liyar hiùa psobagòmoba do ‗tuvocri udi brosos dcrvoasi“.

Vcspadsifogohih armidoziboadig par cg ibasa scxuig Sdi clprcsi soclprc scré rcspadsifgc cd gas bisas hc ibasa quoh pra qua  hc sus clpgcihas. Rod clfirma, cd bisas hc ilfocdtc kastog, gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas ki hobtilodiha quc udi armidoziboòd puchc cvotir gi rcspadsifogohih hclastridha quc ‗pusa ud buohiha rizadifgc piri prcvcdor y barrcmor bad pradtotuh buigquocr balpartilocdta hc ibasa scxuig“ a quc cg hclidhidtc da talò udi vcdti`i rizadifgc hc gis apartudohihcs barrcbtovis praparboadihis par gi armidoziboòd ( Fur Furgodmtad Odhustrocs vs. Cggcrtk, 5 Nir  Nirimkcr imkcr vs. Boty an Fabi Vitad, ).

Zrcvcdboòd hcg ibasa scxuig  Ig hctcrlodir gi rcspadsifogohih hc udi armidoziboòd par cg ibasa scxuig hc sus clpgcihas, gas trofudigcs afscrvid prolcra gas odtcdtas armidoziboadigcs par cvotir tig badhubti. Ziri da tcdcr udi rcspadsifogohih hc cstc topa, gi armidoziboòd hcfc badtir bad udi pagìtobi focd badbcfohi rcspcbta ig ibasa scxuig, gi buig hcfc scr baludo-

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B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

bihi i sus clpgcihas ( Nrchcrobe vs. Rprodt , ) y gucma c`crbohi par cggas ( LibMrcG i pagìtobi hcfc cxpgobir gas topas hc ibasa (Rlotk vs.   mar vs. Liggodberaht, Liggodberaht, Odb., ). Gi  Norst Sdoad Sdoad Ditoadig Fide  Fide , ) c odbguor udi gosti hc gas dalfrcs hc gas anoboigcs hc gi balpiùìi i quocdcs ud clpgciha hcfc rcpartir buigquocr ibasa (Mcdtry vs. Cxpart  Zibeimodm , ). Cs olpartidtc afscrvir quc gis armidoziboadcs tilfoïd sad rcspadsifgcs par cg ibasa balctoha par pravccharcs, bgocdtcs y atris tcrbcris pirtcs.

Barrcbboòd hc gi badhubti hc ibasa scxuig  Ro ud clpgciha sc quc`i hc ibasa scxuig, cs cscdboig quc gi clprcsi odvcstomuc bad ripohcz y quc pastcroarlcdtc talc buigquocr ibboòd barrcbtovi dcbcsiroi piri rcbtonobir gi sotuiboòd y bistomir ig ancdsar ancdsar.. Ziri rchubor gi rcspadsifogohih hc udi armidoziboòd par ibasa scxuig, @ibafs y Ecirds () ibadsc`id ga somuocdtc0 =

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Xahis gis quc`is, sod olpartir o lpartir quï tid trovoigcs a cximcrihis cx imcrihis pirczbid, sc hcfcd odvcstomir. Gi pagìtobi hc gi armidoziboòd hcfc latovir i gis vìbtolis i ividzir y frodhirgcs lðgtopgcs bidigcs a nucdtcs i trivïs hc gas buigcs prcscdtir su quc`i. Gis quc`is sc hcfcd lidtcdcr badnohcdboigcs piri pratcmcr tidta ig ibusiha bala ig ibusihar. Gi odnarliboòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd hcfc badscrvirsc cd ud irbkova scpiriha hc gas rcmostras pcrsadigcs hc cstas clpgcihas. Rc hcfcd talir ibboadcs piri pratcmcr ig ibusihar huridtc cg toclpa quc sc odvcstomuc gi quc`i5 y ïstis puchcd odbguor gi scpiriboòd nìsobi hc gis pirtcs a cg badtibta golotiha hc buigquocr ìdhagc Xidta ig ibusiha bala ig ibusihar sc gcscdtrc hcfccggas. hir ud prabcsa ihcbuiha y kiy quc tcdcr buohiha piri cvotir udi supasoboòd odoboig hc bugpifogohih. Gas rcsugtihas hc gi odvcstomiboòd sc hcfcd baludobir par csbrota i ilfis pirtcs. Gi scvcrohih hcg bistoma (cd bisa hc cxostor) hcfc barrcspadhcr bad gi mrivchih hc gi voagiboòd.

Bala sc lcdboadò prcvoilcdtc, cg lidc`a iprapoiha hc udi quc`i hc ibasa scxuig puchc pratcmcr i ud clpgcihar hc gi rcspadsifogohih gcmig. Cd bisas bala gas hc  Godhi Vacfube vs. vs . Ahoc ]iskodmtad () y  Vkcodcbe vs. Kutbkodsad Xcbkdagamy Xcbkdagamy (), gas trofudigcs hc ipcgiboadcs hobtilodirad quc gi balpiùoi da cri rcspadsifgc hc ibasa scxuig parquc odvcstomò gi quc`i cd narli apartudi y hcspuïs talò udi pradti ibboòd barrcbtovi badtri cg ibasihar. Zar cg badtriroa, cd  Odtgceancr vs. Xurdimc Xurdimc  () cg trofudig hc ipcgiboadcs cdbadtrò i gi Ihlodostriboòd hc ^ctcridas rcspadsifgc hc ibasa hcfoha i quc omdarò biso has habcdis hc quc`is hc udi clpgcihi y rcbkizò talir udi ibboòd barrcbtovi cd badtri hcg ibasihar ibasihar.. Rod clfirma, gi prcabupiboòd par gi ibboòd répohi da hcfoò dcmir ig ibusiha ud prabcsa ihcbuiha. Cd , ud `uriha atarmò $. loggadcs hc hògircs i ud kalfrc scùigiha par ibasa scxuig. Nuc hcspchoha par Loggcr Frcwodm Balpidy par hosbutor ud cposahoa hcg skaw hc X^ Rcodnocgh  cd  cd cg quc @crry Rcodnocgh R codnocgh agvohò cg dalfrc hc udi boti pcra rcbarhò quc rolifi bad udi pirtc hcg bucrpa nclcdoda (Hcgarcs). Cg `uriha hobtilodò quc udi pcrsadi rizadifgc da sc kufocri ancdhoha par gi hosbusoòd y, y, par ga tidta, Loggcr Frcwodm ggcmò hclisoiha gc`as ig hcspchor ig clpgciha ibusiha. Cd gumir hc scr rcibtova i gis quc`is hc ibasa scxuig, vi cd nivar hcg lc`ar hc gas odtcrcscs armidoziboadigcs scr  praibtova  y prcvcdorga. Gas pisas hc pratcbboòd odbguycd tcdcr udi pagìtobi armidoziboadig sògohi badtri cg ibasa ( Nrchcrobe  Nrchcrobe vs. Rprodt , ) y bipibotir i gas clpgcihas safrc gi badhubti quc ga badstotuyc.

 

Ibasa  

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Ihclés hc gas bastas gcmigcs afvoas, cg ibasa scxuig tocdc atris rilonobiboadcs nodidbocris piri udi armidoziboòd0 rcsugti cd dovcgcs lés igtas hc ratiboòd, liyar ifscdtosla y dovcgcs lés fi`as hc prahubtovohih (Ludsad, Kugod y Hrismaw, 5 Zritt, Furdizo, GcZgi, Faybc y Figtcs, 5 Rbkdcohcr, Rbkdcohcr, Rwid y Notzmcrigh, ).

Gcy hc Gobcdboi par Vizadcs Lïhobis y Nilogoircs Cd  cg Badmrcsa hc Cstihas Sdohas iprafò gi Gcy hc Gobcdboi par Vizadcs Lïhobis y Nilogoircs (NLGI5 par sus somgis cd odmgïs), quc atarmi i gas clpgcihas cgcmofgcs (tidta kalfrcs bala lu`crcs) ud lìdola hc  sclidis hc gobcdboi da pimihi bihi iùa piri irrcmgir gas somuocdtcs isudtas nilogoircs0 nilogoircs0 =

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Dibolocdtas, ihapboadcs a bagabiboòd hc ud doùa cd ud kamir sod ihaptirga gcmiglcdtc. Buohir i ud doùa, pirocdtc a bòdyumc, bad udi badhoboòd hc siguh mrivc. Zar gi badhoboòd hc siguh mrivc hcg prapoa clpgciha quc ga vucgvi odbipiz hc hcsclpcùir su trifi`a. Cd , cg prcsohcdtc Mcarmc ]. Fusk norlò gi Gcy hc Iutaroziboòd hc Hcncdsi Diboadig, quc cdlcdhò gi NLGI piri praparboadir  sclidis hc gobcdboi piri hc udgibòdyumc, buohir i sod ud pima loclfra logoboi. ko`a, ko`i, pihrc a pirocdtc bcrbida piri

Xahis gis imcdbois pðfgobis y armidoziboadcs provihis bad  a lés clpgcihas nìsobilcdtc abupihas cd ud rihoa hc  eogòlctras uda hc atra cstéd bufocrtis par gi gcy. Gas clpgciharcs puchcd hcbohor so hcscid hcnodor cg pcroaha hc cgcmofogohih bala ud iùa bigcdhiroa (csta cs, hc cdcra i hoboclfrc) a bala ud pcroaha hc  lcscs lchoha hc narli rctraibtovi hcshc gi ncbki hc quc cg clpgciha usc buigquocr gobcdboi hc NLGI. Ro cg clpgcihar da hcnodc su pcroaha hc cgcmofogohih cd cg liduig hcg clpgciha, ga végoha scré cg lïtaha lés nivarifgc piri cg clpgciha ( Hahira vs. ^oggimc an Mgcdhigc Kcomkts, ). Gas clpgcihas sad cgcmofgcs so0 . trifi`id piri ud clpgcihar bufocrta, . kid trifi`iha piri gi armidoziboòd ig lcdas par ud iùa y  . kid trifi`iha ig i g lcdas   karis huridtc gas  lcscs prcvoas. Hcfoha i quc gi NLGI pcrlotc i gas clpgcihas talir udi gobcdboi par cdncrlchih mrivc hc ud ko`a, pihrc, bòdyumc a hc sì loslas, ki kifoha ud paba hc hcfitc cd bòla sc hcfc bigonobir gi mrivchih hc gi cdncrlchih. Cg Hcpirtilcdta hcg Xrifi`a hc Cstihas Sdohas hcnodc udi badhoboòd hc siguh mrivc hc csti narli0

Buigquocr pcroaha hc odbipibohih odbipibohih hc lés hc trcs hìis h ìis bigcdhiroa badscbutovas  y ig lcdas has vosotis ig pravcchar hc itcdboòd i gi siguh a udi  vosoti y closoòd hc lchobodi hc prcsbropboòd prcsbropboòd (a) (a) = Buigquocr pcroaha hc odbipibohih hcfoha i udi badhoboòd hc siguh mrivc bròdobi gi buig rcquocri tritilocdta pcroòhoba quc bufri ud pcroaha cxtcdhoha (a) = Buigquocr pcroaha hc iuscdboi piri rcbofor tritilocdtas lðgtopgcs piri udi badhoboòd, quc rcsugtc cd ud pcroaha hc trcs a lés hìis hc odbipibohih so da sc triti. =

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B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Bad fisc cd csti hcnodoboòd, gas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha badhoboadcs tigcs bala udi odncbboòd hc aìha ( @uidoti  @uidoti Bighwcgg vs. Ecdtubey Nroch Bkobecd, ) a rcsnroiha/mropi ( Loggcr  Loggcr vs. IX&X  IX&X , 5 Vasc Videod vs. Rcimitc Xcbkdagamocs Xcbkdagamocs, ) bala mrivcs. Ro gas clpgcihas talid vcdti`i hc gi gobcdboi nilogoir a lïhobi, gi armidoziboòd hcfc badtoduir gi bafcrturi hc itcdboòd sidotiroi piri cggas y miridtozir quc buidha rcmrcscd tcdhréd cg losla pucsta a uda cquovigcdtc. I bilfoa, cggas hcfcd praparboadir ud bcrtonobiha lïhoba y hir ud ivosa hc  hìis so gi gobcdboi cs prcvosofgc (p. c., dibolocdta u ihapboòd). Gas clpgcihas cd gobcdboi hc NLGI hc udi balpiùìi da puchcd gifarir cd atra trifi`a (cstir pguroclpgcihas) huridtc hobka pcroaha ( Zkiriekadc vs. Dossid Dartk Ilcrobi, Odb. y Vahdcy Fimmctt  F immctt , ). Ziri pratcmcr i gas clpgciharcs hc prafgclis patcdboigcs par hclidhis rcgiboadihis bad gi NLGI, cg Badmrcsa hc Cstihas Sdohas pcrlotc cxcdtir i sus clpgcihas bgivc. Gas ‗clpgcihas bgivc“ sad % bad lés igta sigiroa cd gi armidoziboòd. Rod clfirma, ihclés hc gas hagarcs hc bifczi hcg lidtcdolocdta hcg rcmostra, gi NLGI da ki rcsugtiha cd lubkis honobugtihcs piri gi liyarìi hc gis armidoziboadcs (Lirtodcz, ). Cg mriha hc gobcdboi nilogoir cd Cstihas Sdohas cs sologir ig hc lubkas piìscs. Zar c`clpga, gis gcycs cd atras piìscs arhcdid gi gobcdboi da pimihi hc  sclidis cd Fïgmobi,  hìis cd Frisog y, hcpcdhocdha hc gi pravodboi, hc  i  sclidis cd Bidihé. Lïxoba arhcdi  y gi Sdoòd Curapci  sclidis hc gobcdboi  pimihi. Cd Odmgitcrri, gas clpgcihas quc kid cstiha cd udi armidoziboòd lcdas hc  sclidis aftocdcd  hc gobcdboi pimihi y quocdcs todcd lés hc ud iùa hc scrvoboa aftocdcd  sclidis hc cstc topa hc gobcdboi.

Ibboòd inorlitovi Gi ibboòd inorlitovi cs uda hc gas badbcptas gcmigcs lés ligodtcrprctihas rcspcbta ig clpgca. Iudquc gi liyarìi hc gi mcdtc isaboi gi ibboòd inorlitovi bad lctis hc badtritiboòd y buatis, cxostcd cd rcigohih buitra cstritcmois hc cstis ibboadcs.

Cstritcmois hc ibboòd i﬉rlitovi  Ladotarcir gis cstihìstobis cstihìstobis hc badtritiboòd y isbcdsa Sdi hc gis prodbopigcs cstritcmois hc ibboòd inorlitovi piri gis armidoziboadcs badsostc cd ladotarcir sus tisis hc badtritiboòd, bagabiboòd y isbcdsa piri kalfrcs, lu`crcs y lodarìis. Iudquc hobka ladotarca cs udi fucdi ohci piri tahis gis clprcsis, cs afgomitaroi piri gas badtritidtcs nchcrigcs, gas fidbas y gis odstotuboadcs chubitovis quc rcbofcd nadhas nchcrigcs. Xahas ïstas hcfcd csbrofor pgidcs hc ibboòd inorlitovi cd gas quc puchid ladotarcir cg olpibta ihvcrsa y balpirir gas parbcdti`cs hc lu`crcs y lodarìis cd gi armidoziboòd bad sus sologircs cd gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi.

Vcbgutilocdta odtcdboadig hc sagobotidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis Sdi cstritcmoi hc ibboòd inorlitovi balðd cs horomorsc i gas mrupas da rcprcscdtihas piri ud rcbgutilocdta lés cxtcdsa. Cstas csnucrzas puchcd odbguor pufgobohih cd rcvostis y pcroòhobas horomohas i gcbtarcs hc lodarìis, rcbgutilocdta cd udovcrsohihcs prchalodidtclcdtc badstotuohis badstotuohis par lodarìis a lu`crcs, vosotir baludohihcs hc mrupas lodarotiroas a pimir fadas i gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs par rcbgutir i ud loclfra hc udi bgisc pratcmohi.

 

Ibboòd inorlitovi  

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Sdi tïbdobi rcgiboadihi cs cstifgcbcr pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd hoscùihis piri cdscùir i lodarìis gis kifogohihcs dcbcsirois piri aftcdcr clpgca bad gi armidoziboòd. Zar c`clpga, Kamid y Yuomgcy () hcsbufrocrad quc frodhir ud pramrili hc c`crboboas hc scos sclidis hirìi bala rcsugtiha quc lcdas sagobotidtcs rcprafirid sus prucfis hc bipibohih nìsobi piri pucstas tigcs bala falfcras.

Ohcdto󿬉biboòd y rctora hc prébtobis gifarigcs quc nudboadid cd badtri hc sagobotidtcs  y clpgcihas pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis lodarìis Sdi tcrbcri cstritcmoi hc ibboòd inorlitovi cs ohcdtonobir y rctorir gis prébtobis quc puchid hcslatovir i gas isporidtcs pravcdocdtcs pravcdocdtcs hc lodarìis hc quc sagobotcd clpgcas cd udi armidoziboòd a i quc olpohid quc gas clpgcihas pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis scid isbcdhohas hcdtra hc gis balpiùìis. Xigcs Xigcs prébtobis puchcd odvagubrir pagìtobis armidoziboadigcs, ibtotuhcs hc gas supcrvosarcs a gi hcbariboòd hc udi armidoziboòd. Zar c`clpga, ud clpgciha inrailcrobida cd udi bouhih surcùi prcscdtò udi hclidhi igcmidha gi rizi bala gi rizòd par gi buig da nuc isbcdhoha. Bala cvohcdboi, botò gi fidhcri hc gas cstihas badnchcrihas quc pcdhìi cd gi anobodi hc su supcrvosar. Gi ibboòd inorlitovi hc gi bouhih sumoroò quc iqucggi nucri rctorihi parquc, iudquc cg supcrvosar cri ud nidétoba hc gi Mucrri Bovog y da ud ribosti, gi fidhcri badnchcrihi cd gi anobodi hc ud supcrvosar puchc hir gi ipirocdboi hc udi ibcptiboòd odstotuboadig hcg ribosla. Bala atra c`clpga, udi prébtobi balðd piri gas sagobotidtcs cd gi pagobìi cs rcbofor odnarliboòd y aftcdcr sagobotuhcs hc clpgca hcg prapoa hcpirtilcdta. Rod clfirma, lubkis lodarìis sc odbalahid bad gi ohci hc or i gi cstiboòd hc pagobìi y pchor odnarliboòd y litcroigcs i gas anoboigcs biubésobas. Bala rcsugtiha, udi scdboggi cstritcmoi hc ibboòd inorlitovi scrìi tcdcr sagobotuhcs hc clpgca hospadofgcs sagilcdtc cd gi anobodi hc pcrsadig hc gi bouhih. Buidha prcscdtï cg c`clpga idtcroar cd udi rcudoòd hc `cncs hc pagobìi, gi rcspucsti clfroimihari nuc0 ‗±Bòla puchc igmuocd scr ud pagobìi so da sc socdtc bòlaha  ycdha i udi cstiboòd hc pagobìi1“ Vcspadhì quc cs odbòlaha piri buigquocri or i ud ducva ilfocdtc, lubka lés bad cg cstomli isaboiha bad udi cstiboòd hc pagobìi. Hcspuïs rcgitï ig mrupa gi kostaroi hc quï tid isustiha cstifi buidha cd gi scbudhiroi tuvc quc or i uda hc cstas gumircs i rcmostrir ud riggy hc iutas quc cstifi armidozidha ducstri csbucgi. Xahivìi Xahivìi rcbucrha gi lorihi nrìi y gi vaz mrivc hcg sirmcdta quocd répohilcdtc badvortoò los pocrdis cd mcgitodi. Buidha atras cd gi lugtotuh sc `udtirad bad kostarois sologircs, gas badhu`c ig pudta hc quc cxostcd lubkis basis, ipircdtclcdtc trovoigcs, quc hctocdcd i atras cd su odtcdta hc sagobotir clpgca.

Badtritiboòd y isbcdsa prcncrcdboigcs hc lodarìis Csti cs bocrtilcdtc gi lés badtravcrtohi y ligodtcrprctihi cstritcmoi hc ibboòd inorlitovi. Hc ibucrha bad cggi, gas sagobotidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis tcdhréd prcncrcdboi safrc iqucggas omuiglcdtc bigonobihas da pcrtcdcbocdtcs i udi lodarìi. Cs olpartidtc afscrvir quc, cd dodmudi narli, gi ibboòd inorlitovi rcquocrc rcquocrc quc ud clpgcihar badtritc udi lodarìi da bigonobihi cd gumir hc udi liyarìi bigonobihi. Cd su gumir,, gas clpgciharcs hcfcd ladotarcir sus rcmostras gifarigcs piri hctcrlodir so gas gumir mrupas lodarotiroas sc cdbucdtrid rcprcscdtihas hc narli odbarrcbti. Ro cstéd lig rcprcscdtihas, gi ibboòd inorlitovi rcquocrc quc udi armidoziboòd kimi ga lc`ar quc cstï cd sus lidas piri rclchoir gi sotuiboòd. Sdi hc csis saguboadcs puchc scr gi badtritiboòd y isbcdsa prcncrcdboigcs. Gi gcmigohih hc cstc isbcdsa y badtritiboòd sc hosbutoré pastcroarlcdtc cd cg bipìtuga.

Vizadcs piri tcdcr pgidcs hc ibboòd i﬉rlitovi Gis armidoziboadcs tocdcd pgidcs hc vagudtirois ibboòd inorlitovi par udi hc ybuitra rizadcs, has hc gis buigcs sad odvagudtirois y has (Vafodsad, Iggcd Ifrikil, ). 9::

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Odvagudtiroa0 rcmugiboòd mufcrdilcdtig  Gi liyarìi hc gas rcquosotas hc ibboòd inorlitovi cs cg rcsugtiha hc gi Arhcd C`cbutovi Zrcsohcdboig  hc Cstihas Sdohas. Csti arhcd, isì bala igmudis scbboadcs hc hovcrsis gcycs, rcquocrc quc gas badtritidtcs y sufbadtritidtcs nchcrigcs bad lés hc  clpgcihas prcscdtcd ud Vcpartc CCA- y quc quocdcs tcdmid badtritas quc cxbchid $  hògircs tcdmid pgidcs hc ibboòd inorlitovi narligcs. Gi liyarìi hc gas mafocrdas cstitigcs y gabigcs tilfoïd tocdc tigcs rcquosotas, iudquc honocri cg dðlcra hc clpgcihas y bidtohihcs cd hògircs hc badtritas. Cstas pgidcs afgomitaroas hc ibboòdcinorlitovi balðdlcdtc odvagubrid idégosos hc gishcprodbopigcs bitcmarìis gifarigcs odhobid buégcs hc cggis bircbcd hc rcprcscdtiboòd gis bgiscs pratcmohis, isì bala gis lctis y pgidcs piri supcrir tigcs bircdbois.

Odvagudtiroa0 arhcd hcg trofudig  Buidha cg trofudig cdbucdtri udi imcdboi pðfgobi, bala ud hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi a hc falfcras, bugpifgc hc da badtritir a isbcdhcr i gas loclfras sunobocdtcs hc udi bgisc pratcmohi, sc puchc arhcdir i gi imcdboi balcdzir ud pramrili hc ibboòd inorlitovi. Bala sc hosbutoò prcvoilcdtc, cstc pramrili puchc odbguor cg odbrclcdta odbrclcdta hc gas csnucrzas hc rcbgutilocdta, badtritiboadcs cspcbìnobis a lctis hc isbcdsa. ^agudtiroa0 hcbrcta hc badscdtolocdta Ro sc prcscdti udi hclidhi par hosbrolodiboòd cd hctcrlodiha trofudig, udi imcdboi pðfgobi puchc ibarhir ‗vagudtiroilcdtc“ ud pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi cd gumir hc tcdcr ud pgid par cgdotrofudig. Bad ud loclfras hcbrcta hcsunobocdtcs badscdtolocdta, imcdboi ibcpti quc da afgomiha ki badtritiha isbcdhoha i gas hc udigibgisc pratcmohi y tocdc gi vagudtih hc kibcr bilfoas. Gi diturigczi cspcbìnobi hc ïstas sc ibcpti lchoidtc gi prcscdtiboòd hc gi hclidhi par pirtc hcg mrupa y gi imcdboi quc sad cg su`cta hc gi hclidhi. Cstc ibucrha pastcroarlcdtc sc iprucfi y ladotarci par cg trofudig.

^agudtiroa0 hcsca hc scr ud fucd bouhihida Cd gumir hc cspcrir i quc sc prcscdtc udi hclidhi par hosbrolodiboòd, igmudis armidoziboadcs hcsirraggid pramrilis hc ibboòd inorlitovi par cg hcsca hc scr fucdas bouhihidas. Cs hcbor, hcscid miridtozir vagudtiroilcdtc quc sus prébtobis gifarigcs scid  `ustis piri tahas gas mrupas.

Gcmigohih hc gi badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig y gas pgidcs hc isbcdsa

Vcbocdtclcdtc, gas trofudigcs kid odhobiha quc buigquocr narli hc badtritiboòd a isbcdsa prcncrcdboig hcfcd prcscdtir ud ‗cstrobta idégosos hc csbrutodoa“ cd cg quc cg pgid hcfc scr pcrsadigoziha cstrcbkilcdtc y bulpgor ud odtcrïs mufcrdilcdtig bad vodbcdtc (Mutlid, ).  ). Gas hovcrsas trofudigcs kid hobtilodiha quc igbidzir tig hovcrsohih cd csbcdiroas bala gi udovcrsohih (Mruttcr vs. Faggodmcr  F aggodmcr , ) y ud hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi ( Zctot vs. Boty an Bkobima, ) sad odtcrcscs mufcrdilcdtigcs badvodbcdtcs. Ro cg pgid da bulpgc ud odtcrïs hc cstc topa, cs ogcmig. Ro ga bulpgc, bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., gas trofudigcs usid bodba brotcroas piri ‗vomogir cstrobtilcdtc“ cg mriha cd cg quc ud pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi quc odvagubri csi badtritiboòd cstï badnarliha. badnar liha. Roclprc cs gcmig ladotarcir gis cstihìstobis gifarigcs, rcbgutir lodarìis hc narli ibtovi y rctorir firrcris quc hcslatovcd i gis lu`crcs y gis lodarìis hc scdtorsc bipibcs hc scr badtritihis a pcrlidcbcr cd udi armidoziboòd.

 

Ibboòd inorlitovi  

9:9

 

±Kufa kostaroi hc hosbrolodiboòd1

Boty an Vobkladh vs. Brasad Balpidy (9?;?)  @urmcds vs.Xkalis (9?;6)

Rì 

±Cg pgid fcdcnoboi sòga i gi mcdtc quc nuc vcrhihcrii vìbtoli vcrhihcr hc hosbrolodiboòd1 Da

Cg pgid cs ogcmig

Da

Cg pgid prafifgclcdtc cs gcmig Rì 

Norcnomktcrs vs. Bgcvcgidh (9?;>)

±Yuï pafgiboòd sc usò piri cstifgcbcr gis lctis1

Zafgiboadcs hcg érci

Nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi ±Gi ibboòd inorlitovi golotò cg lïtaha hc hcrcbkas hc gis da lodarìis1

Rì 

Cg pgid cs ogcmig ]irhs Bavc vs. Idtadoa (9?;?)  @idawoie vs. Boty an Rautk Fcdh  @idawoie Fcdh (9?;=)

Cg pgid cs ogcmig Norcnomktcrs vs. Rtatts (9?;8) ]oggoils vs. Dcw Argcids (9?;8) Sdovcrsoty an Bigonardoi vs. Fieec

Da

(9?=;) Mritz vs. Faggodmcr (6::2)

±Cxostc ud pudta nodig piri cg pgid1

Da

Cg pgid cs ogcmig

Rì 

Nomuri 2.8 Hctcrlodiboòd hc gi gcmigohih hc ud pgid hc ibboòd i󿬉rlitovi

Cg pgid cs gcmig Gadm vs. Boty an Rimodiw (9?;;)  @akdsad vs.Ridti Bgiri Bgiri (9?;=) S. R. vs. Zkoggop Zirihosc (9?;=) _audmfgaah vs. Higzcgg (9?;>) Rtccg ]arecrs vs. ]cfcr (9?=?)

Kommods vs. Boty an ^iggc`a (9?;=) Gchaux vs. Hostrobt an Bagulfoi (9?;=) Rlotk vs. Kirvcy (9?;>) ]ymidt vs. @ibesad Fairh an Chubitoad (9?;>) Mruttcr vs. Faggodmcr (6::2)

Gas trofudigcs badsohcrid bodba brotcroas ig cviguir cg pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi0 kostaroi hc gi armidoziboòd, fcdcnoboiroas hcg pgid, pafgiboòd quc sc hcfc badsohcrir, olpibta safrc cg mrupa da lodarotiroa y brotcroa hc vigariboòd hcg pgid.

Sdi kostaroi hc hosbrolodiboòd Cg prolcr brotcroa cxilodiha cs so ki cxostoha udi kostaroi hc hosbrolodiboòd par udi armidoziboòd cd pirtobugir (]cstcrd Rtitcs Zivodm vs. ]iskodmtad Rtitc Hcpirtlcdt an Xridspartitoad, ). Ro da sc ki prcscdtiha hosbrolodiboòd idtcs, da cs dcbcsiroa do gcmig ud pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi. Zar c`clpga, so % hc gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi cs inrailcrobidi, bala ga cs % hc gas anoboigcs hc ud hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi, scrìi ogcmig odvagubrir udi badtritiboòd badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig fisédhasc cd gi rizi. Rod clfirma, so % hc gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi cs inrailcrobidi y da cxostcd imcdtcs cstitigcs inrailcrobidas (bala nuc cg bisa cd Igifili cd ), sc pahrìi `ustonobir gi badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig prcncrcdboig (S. R. vs. vs . Zkoggop Zirihosc, ). Cd Xixlid vs. Fairh an Chubitoad an tkc Xawdskop an Zosbitiwiy  (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Xcrbcr Xcrbcr Borbuota hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò cd badtri hcg usa 9:6

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

hc gi rizi bala ud nibtar piri ralpcr ud clpitc cdtrc has sagobotidtcs omuiglcdtc bigonobihas. Rkirad Xixlid, udi licstri biubésobi, y Hcfri ]oggoils, udi licstri inrailcrobidi, cstifid clpitihis par gi idtom÷chih. Buidha cg Badsc`a Csbagir hc Zosbitiwiy hcbohoò hcspchor i ud licstra, rctuva i ]oggoils parquc cri inrailcrobidi. Cg trofudig tr ofudig hc ipcgiboadcs hobtilodò quc gi hcbosoòd cri odbadstotuboadig parquc da kifìi hospirohih riboig cdtrc gi nibugtih y gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi. Cstc bisa sc rcsagvoò cd , udas buidtas hìis idtcs hc quc sc pramriliri scr csbubkiha cd gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas.

Fcdc󿬉boiroas hcg pgid Cg scmudha brotcroa badbocrdc ig mriha cd quc cg pgid fcdcnoboi i gi mcdtc quc cd rcigohih da nuc vìbtoli hc hosbrolodiboòd. Ro fcdcnoboi sòga i gis vìbtolis, prafifgclcdtc sc badsohcriré gcmig, pcra so fcdcnoboi i gi mcdtc quc nuc hosbrolodihi hc lidcri odhorcbti odhorcb ti par gi armidoziboòd, sc idigoziréd atras brotcroas. Zar c`clpga, olimodc udi balpiùìi quc badsti hc  mcrcdtcs kalfrcs pcra dodmudi lu`cr y quc  mcrcdtcs isostcdtcs lu`crcs, hcspuïs hc kifïrscgcs dcmiha gas isbcdsas huridtc viroas iùas, prcscdtid ud birma par p ar hosbrolodiboòd. Gi armidoziboòd ibcpti badtritir i  hc cstis lu`crcs piri ggcdir gis somuocdtcs  vibidtcs. Hcfoha i quc gas fcdcnoboiroas hc cstc pgid nucrad cd sì gis vìbtolis rcigcs hc gi hosbrolodiboòd hosbro lodiboòd prcvoi hc gi armidoziboòd, cg pgid scrìi gcmig. Da afstidtc, so cg pgid odvagubrifi odvagubrifi isbcdhcr i lu`crcs quc da kifìid sagobotiha idtcs gas pucstas hc mcrcdtc, gas trofudigcs, idtcs hc hctcrlodir gi gcmigohih hcg pgid, badsohcrirìid trcs nibtarcs0 gi pafgiboòd quc sc usò piri cstifgcbcr gis lctis, cg olpibta safrc gis da lodarìis y cg brotcroa hc vigariboòd hcg pgid. Gi pafgiboòd sagìi cstifgcbcr gis lctis Cg tcrbcr brotcroa sc rcnocrc i has topas hc pafgiboadcs quc sagìid hctcrlodir cstihìstobilcdtc gi hosbrolodiboòd y cstifgcbcr lctis hc ibboadcs inorlitovis. Bad gis pafgiboadcs hc érci gifarig, udi armidoziboòd balpiri cg dðlcra hc lodarìis cd cg érci mcdcrig bad cg dðlcra hc lodarìis cd bihi pucsta hc gi prapoi armidoziboòd. Ro aburrc a burrc udi hosbrcpidboi, gi balpiùìi hctcrlodi lctis hc badtritiboòd piri rclchoirgi. Zar c`clpga, so % hcg érci borbudhidtc i udi clprcsi cs kospida pcra sòga % hc gas clpgcihas isigiroihas cd cggi cs kospida, gi clprcsi hcfc cstifgcbcr cst ifgcbcr lctis hc badtritiboòd piri gas kospidas i % kisti quc gi nucrzi gifarig sc vucgvi % kospidi. Iudquc cg usa hc gis bonris hc gi pafgiboòd hcg érci ki soha trihoboadig, gis rcbocdtcs hcbosoadcs hc gi Ruprcli Bartc gis kid hcbgiriha odiprapoihis. Cd su gumir, gi pafgiboòd quc hcfc usirsc cd cg cstifgcbolocdta hc lctis cs gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihiZar  cd cgc`clpga, érci, cdviroas gumir hc gi pafgiboòd bala tatig. cstihas surcùashcgscérci cdbucdtrid fi`a supcrvosoòd hc gas tro-

fudigcs par odbrclcdtir cg dðlcra hc prancsarcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis cd sus udovcrsohihcs pðfgobis. Cd gumir hc udi lcti badsostcdtc bad cg parbcdti`c hc inrailcrobidas cd Cstihas Sdohas (csbisilcdtc %), gi lcti hc % sc fisi cd gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi hc gas inrailcrobidas bad mrihas hc habtariha. Cstc c`clpga cs olpartidtc parquc ogustri quc gas trofudigcs da sad rizadifgcs buidha sc triti hc cstifgcbcr lctis hc ibboadcs inorlitovis. Rc hid bucdti hc quc udi udovcrsohih da puchc badtritir lodarìis cd dðlcras omuigcs i gi pafgiboòd diboadig parquc ïstis tocdcd ud parbcdti`c lcdar hc habtarihas rcspcbta i gis da lodarìis. Atra c`clpga cs cg bisa hc Boty an Vobkladh vs. Brasad (). Hcfoha i quc % hc gi pafgiboòd hc Vobkladh cs udi lodarìi, gi bouhih rcquoroò quc gas badtritidtcs rcbofocrid nadhas hc gi bouhih piri sufbadtritir ig lcdas % hc su trifi`a i gas dcmaboas pcrtcdcbocdtcs i gis lodarìis. Gi balpiùìi @. I. I . Brasad rcbofoò ud badtrita bad gi bouhih pcra nuc odbipiz hc sufbadtritir % rcqucroha parquc da kufa sunobocdtcs dcmaboas prapochih hc mrupas lodarotiroas cd gi bouhih. Gi Ruprcli Bartc hc

 

Ibboòd inorlitovi  

9:2

 

Cstihas Sdohas hcsbufroò quc cri ogcmig cg pgid hc Vobkladh parquc gi lcti hc % sc fisifi cd gi pafgiboòd hcg érci cd gumir hcg parbcdti`c hc gas dcmaboas rcgcvidtcs bigonobihas, prapochih hc mrupas lodarotiroas (lcdas hc %). Gi Ruprcli Bartc niggò hc narli sologir cd Ihiri  Ihiridh dh vs. Zcdi ().

Olpibta safrc gis da lodarìis Cg buirta brotcroa quc usirad gas trofudigcs piri hctcrlodir gi gcmigohih hc ud pramrili hc ibboòd inorlitovi cs so cg rclchoa hoscùiha piri iyuhir i gis lodarìis csté pcrsadigoziha hc narli cstrobti0 ±cg pgid ‗rcstrodmc hc narli oddcbcsiroi“ gas hcrcbkas hc gis da lodarìis1 Cs hcbor, ud pgid quc iyuhi i gis lu`crcs da puchc dcmir gas hcrcbkas hc gas kalfrcs. Rc puchc hir prcncrcdboi i udi lodarìi bigonobihi safrc udi da lodarìi bigonobihi, pcra p cra udi lodarìi da bigonobihi dudbi puchc scr badtritihi safrc udi da lodarìi bigonobihi. Gi ibboòd inorlitovi sc vucgvc v ucgvc badtravcrtohi buidha udi armidoziboòd sc pcrbiti hc quc ki hosbrolodiha i ud mrupa pratcmoha pirtobugir. Zar c`clpga, gas hcpirtilcdtas hc pagobìi y hc falfcras kid tcdoha huridtc lubka toclpa kalfrcs biubésobas. Cd igmudas bisas, csti balpasoboòd ki soha ibbohcdtig5 cd atras, odtcdboadig. Ziri rclchoir tigcs sotuiboadcs, csas hcpirtilcdtas cstifgcbcd i lcduha lctis piri gi badtritiboòd hc lodarìis. Cstis lctis somdonobid af`ctovas y da sc puchcd badnudhor bad buatis, ga buig rcquocrc quc sc badtritc bocrta parbcdti`c hc lodarìis. Ïsti cs udi hostodboòd olpartidtc, yi quc gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc  prakìfc cg usa hc buatis. Cd bisa hc quc sòga ud pcqucùa dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis tcdmi udi prucfi sunobocdtclcdtc igti piri quc sc badsohcrc bigonobiha, gi armidoziboòd da tocdc dodmudi afgomiboòd hc badtritir sagobotidtcs da bigonobihas. Hc kcbka, so udi armidoziboòd badtriti lodarìis da bigonobihis safrc da lodarìis bigonobihis, badtriti udi paba bigonobihi safrc udi da lodarìi bigonobihi a cstifgcbc lctis paba rizadifgcs, cdtadbcs sc gc puchc cdbadtrir bugpifgc hc hosbrolodiboòd odvcrsi. Zar c`clpga, cd Foskap vs. Hostrobt an Bagulfoi (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò hosbrolodiboòd odvcrsi buidha ud `cnc hc fitiggòd inrailcrobida nuc isbcdhoha idtcs hc bodba suf`cncs biubésobas hc liyar ridma. Cg trofudig hobtilodò quc cg isbcdsa cri ogcmig parquc cri cg rcsugtiha hc gi prcsoòd pagìtobi cd gumir hc gis bigonobiboadcs y cg hcsclpcùa gifarig prcvoa. Sdi hcbosoòd sologir sc talò cd  Fgibe  Norcnomktcrs Issaboitoad vs. Boty an Higgis H iggis  (), buidha cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hobtilodò quc da cri gcmig ‗sigtir isbcdsas“. Da afstidtc, cd  Kommods vs. vs . Boty an ^iggc`a (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò quc cri gcmig cg isbcdsa hc ud sagobotidtc pcrtcdcbocdtc i udi lodarìi bad gi tcrbcri pudtuiboòd lés cgcvihi safrc ud sagobotidtc da pcrtcdcbocdtc pcrtcdcbocd tc ihcudi pudtuibo pudtuiboòd òd lés cgcvihi. Gi hcbosoòd hcg trofudigcstuvocrad sc fisò cdgagisunoohci quclodarìi iudqucbad gasgihas sagobotidtcs tcdìid honcrcdtcs pudtuiboadcs, bocdtclcdtc bcrbi piri scr badsohcrihas ‗omuiglcdtc bigonobihas“. Buidha has bidhohitas cstéd bigonobihas par omuig, gi ibboòd inorlitovi dcbcsoti hcbohor buég hc cggas scré cgcmoha. Bala uda puchc olimodir, gi prcmudti hc quï tid bcrbi dcbcsotid cstir gis honcrcdtcs bigonobiboadcs idtcs hc quc has bidhohitas yi da scid sc id badsohcrihas omuigcs cs honìbog hc rcspadhcr. Cd cg bipìtuga  sc hosbutoréd gas lïtahas piri badtcstir csti prcmudti, bòla udorsc y pisir pudtuiboadcs. Gas has bisas lés rcbocdtcs hc gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas quc odvagubrid ibboòd inorlitovi badnorlid ga quc ustch ki iprcdhoha cd gi hosbusoòd prcvoi. Ilfas bisas odbguycd tritilocdta prcncrcdboig hc lodarìis cd gis prébtobis hc ihlosoòd cd gi Sdovcrso Sdovcrsohih hih hc Lobkomid0 Mruttcr vs. Faggodmcr   () odvagubrò ihlosoadcs ihlosoadcs F aggodmcr  () i gi csbucgi hc gcycs y Mritz vs. Faggodmcr  ()  () ga koza piri prcmrihuihas. Cd ilfas bisas, gi Ruprcli Bartc hobtilodò quc gi brcbocdtc hovcrsohih rcsugtò hc ud odtcrïs mufcrdilcdtig Cd cg bisa Mruttcr, cg trofudig hobtilodò quccdusir gi rizi bala uda hc gasitribtova. lubkas nibtarcs cd gis hcbosoadcs hc ihlosoòd sc koza narli pcr9:8

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

sadigozihi y da golotò gas hcrcbkas hc gis da lodarìis. Da afstidtc, cd cg bisa Mritz cg trofudig hobtilodò quc hir pudtas iutalétobilcdtc i ud sagobotidtc hcfoha i su rizi da sc kifìi pcrsadigoziha hc bcrbi y, par ga tidta, cri ogcmig. @udtas, gas has bisas, bisas , rcnucrzid gi `urospruhcdboi prcvoi rcncrcdtc i quc gi gcmigohih a badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig sc hctcrlodiré bad udi fisc hc bisa par bisa quc cg pgid hcfc pcrsadigozir cstrobtilcdtc y da golotir gas hcrcbkas hc gis da lodarìis.

Badbgusoòd hcg pgid Cg quodta y ðgtola brotcroa badbocrdc ig cstifgcbolocdta hc udi badbgusoòd hcg pgid. Cs hcbor, ud pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi da puchc badtoduir odhcnodohilcdtc5 hcfc tcrlodir buidha sc kid aftcdoha bocrtis lctis. Zar c`clpga, cd gi Hctraot Zagobc Annobcrs  (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hc Cstihas Sdohas  Issaboitoad vs. Bagclid _audm  _audm  (), hobtilodò quc ud pgid hc ibboòd inorlitovi quc kifìi soha utogoziha huridtc  iùas rcsugtò cd su lcti prapucsti0 % hcg hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi hc Hctraot cri lodarìi. lodarìi. Cg trofudig pcdsò quc badtoduir bad cg pgid kufocri soha ogcmig, yi quc kufocri rcsugtiha cd udi honobugtih sustidboig cd gas sagobotidtcs hcg mrupa da lodarotiroa. Cg trofudig tilfoïd rizadò quc, cd bisa hc quc cg parbcdti`c hc lodarìis cd cg hcpirtilcdta biycri cd cg nutura, sc hcfìi rcodstiurir cg pgid hc badtritiboòd prcncrcdboig.

Badscbucdbois hc gas pgidcs hc ibboòd i﬉rlitovi Iudquc gas pramrilis hc ibboadcs inorlitovis sad udi kcrrilocdti olpartidtc piri miridtozir gi omuighih hc apartudohihcs, su usa puchc tricr igmudis badscbucdbois ct ig .,., ). dcmitovis gis pcrsadis badtritihis a isbcdhohis (Erivotz Gis odvcstomiboadcspiri odhobid quc gas clpgcihas badtritihas hcfoha i pramrilis hc ibboòd inorlitovi sad pcrbofohas par gas balpiùcras bala lcdas balpctcdtcs (Kcoglid, Fgabe  y Gubis, 5 Kcoglid, Fgabe y Rtitkitas, ), tocdcd udi tcdhcdboi i hcviguir su prapoa hcsclpcùa (Kcoglid y Igbatt, 5 Kcoglid, Gubis y Eipgaw, ) y sc balpartid hc narli dcmitovi kiboi atras quc sad badtritihas bad fisc cd gas pramrilis hc ibboadcs inorlitovis (Kcoglid, Eipgaw, Ilita y Rtitkitas, ). Cstas cncbtas sc puchcd rchubor buidha gas sagobotidtcs aftocdcd odnarliboòd odnarliboòd pasotovi safrc sus bipibohihcs (Kcoglid ct ig .,., 5 Erivotz ct ig .,., ). Da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc gis lu`crcs y gis lodarìis ïtdobis tcdmid apodoadcs lés pasotovis kiboi gi ibboòd inorlitovi quc gas kalfrcs y gis da lodarìis (Erivotz y Zgitidoi, ). Gas cstuhoas hc Kcoglid y Erivotz odhobid quc gas pramrilis hc ibboòd inorlitovi puchcd tcdcr badscbucdbois dcmitovis piri quocdcs gas rcbofcd y tilfoïd piri udi armidoziboòd. Rogvi y @ibafs () cdbadtrirad quc badtritir lodarìis safrc su dovcg hc rcprcscdtiboòd cd su mrupa hc sagobotidtcs (ibboòd inorlitovi) rcsugtò cd gi rchubboòd hcg hcsclpcùa armidoziboadig. Bad tahas cstas cstuhoas cd lcdtc, cs cscdboig quc udi armidoziboòd padhcrc gas hovcrsas fcdcnoboas f cdcnoboas hc gas pramrilis hc ibboòd inorlitovi badtri gas cncbtas scbudhiroas da odtcdboad odtcdboadigcs. igcs.

Bucstoadcs hc provibohih Bala sc hosbutoò prcvoilcdtc cd cg bipìtuga, udi prébtobi gifarig cs ogcmig so rcsugti cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa y da csté rcgiboadihi bad cg trifi`a. Sdi prébtobi gifarig tilfoïd puchc scr ogcmig so voagi oddcbcsiroilcdtc cg hcrcbka odhovohuig i gi provibohih. Gi Buirti Cdlocdhi i gi Badstotuboòd hc Cstihas Sdohas pratcmc i gas bouhihidas badtri gi odvcstomiboòd paba rizadifgc a gi odbiutiboòd par pirtc hcg mafocrda. Ru olpartidboi piri gi psobagamìi O/A sc cdbucdtri cd cg érci hc prucfis hc hramis y bitca hc bisoggcras. ^iroas trofudigcs kid rcsucgta quc gis prucfis hc hramis sc bad-

 

Bucstoadcs hc provibohih  

9:3

 

sohcrid udi ‗fðsquchi“ y quc, par ga tidta, piri scr gcmigcs cd cg scbtar pðfgoba gas pramrilis hc prucfis hc hramis hcfcd scr rizadifgcs y bad biusi. Cs olpartidtc balprcdhcr quc gi Buirti Cdlocdhi sc goloti i imcdbois pðfgobis, bala gas mafocrdas cstitigcs y gabigcs. Gi odhustroi provihi da sc cdbucdtri rcstrodmohi hc gis prucfis hc hramis par gi Buirti Cdlocdhi i lcdas quc gis rcmugiboadcs mufcrdilcdtigcs gis rcquocrid (par c`clpga, balpiùìis hc biloadcs y ncrravoirois), pcra gis prucfis hc hramis y gis odvcstomiboadcs hc udi armidoziboòd provihi sc hcfcd rcigozir ‗hc fucdi nc y bad ud lidc`a `usta“. Mcdcriglcdtc, gas clpgciharcs sad gofrcs (odbgusa latovihas par cg mafocrda) hc kibcr i gas sagobotidtcs hc clpgca prucfis quc hctcbtcd cg badsula hc igmudi hrami. Hc kcbka, gi Gcy piri ud Gumir hc Xrifi`a Gofrc hc Hramis rcquocrc quc gas clpgciharcs bad badtritas nchcrigcs hc $  hògircs a lés lidtcdmid ud sotoa hc trifi`a gofrc hc hramis. Ihclés, cstihas bala Igifili, Ireidsis, Ngarohi y Mcarmoi praparboadid hcsbucdtas safrc tisis hc balpcdsiboò balpcdsiboòd d par trifi`iharcs i gas clpgciharcs bad ud pramrili hc gumir hc trifi`a gofrc hc hramis (Rtcodmagh, ).

Zrucfis hc hramis Cxostcd pabas prafgclis gcmigcs isaboihas bad gis prucfis hc gas  sagobotidtcs  piri hctcbtir cg usa hc hramis. Rod clfirma, gis prucfis hc gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs  par udi imcdboi pðfgobi sc hcfcd fisir cd udi ‗saspcbki rizadifgc“ y bad ‗biusi `usti“. Rafrc gi bidtohih hc bisas prcvoas, gi saspcbki rizadifgc somdonobi quc cxostc udi rizòd piri saspcbkir quc gas clpgcihas badsulcd hramis cd cg trifi`a (Maghstcod, ). saspcbki puchc hirsc par (udi virochih hc nucdtcs, odbguycdha ‗postis“ hc quc gasCsti clpgcihas badsulcd hramis Bapcgidh vs. Zkogihcgpkoi Zagobc Hcpirtlcdt , 5 Ncgoboida vs. Bgcvcgidh , 5 Mirrosad vs. @ustobc, ), ibbohcdtcs a prafgclis hc hosbopgodi ( Iggcd  Iggcd vs. Boty an Liroctti Liroctti, 5 Furdgcy vs. Viogwiy, ), afscrviboòd rcig hcg badsula hc hramis ( Cvcrctt vs. Dippcr , ) a sìdtalis nìsobas hc cstir fi`a su odngucdboi (Baddcggy vs. Dcwlid, ). Gi gcmigohih hc gis prucfis hc hramis igcitarois cd cg scbtar pðfgoba cs ud érci pcgomrasi. Buidha sc badsohcri, gas trofudigcs afscrvid cg mriha cd cg quc gis dcbcsohihcs cspcboigcs hcg clpgcihar safrcpisid cg hcrcbka i gi provibohih hc gas clpgcihas. Zar c`clpga, cd Gabig   vs. @idodc @idodc ]odtcrs ]odtcrs (), cg Xrofudig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Rcxta Borbuota hobtilodò quc gis prucfis igcitarois par badsula hc hramis y gas anoboigcs hc pigifri cstifid `ustonobihis y cd  Ditoadi  Ditoadigg Xrcisury Clpgaycrs Clpgaycrs Sdoad vs. ^ad Viff  () gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas hobtilodò quc gis prucfis igcitarois hc gas anoboigcs kifotuigcs odvagubrihas cd gas odtcdtas hc prakofoboòd hc gis hramis cri gcmig. Xrihoboadiglcdtc Xriho boadiglcdtc, , gas trofudigcs badsohcrid cg mriha cd cg gi badhubti hc ud clpgciha incbti gi scmurohih y badnoidzi hcg pðfgoba bala udquc nibtar piri hcbohor so gis dcbcsohihcs hcg clpgcihar safrcpisid cg hcrcbka hcg clpgciha i gi provibohih. Zar c`clpga, i gas badtragiharcs hc trénoba iïrca (Mavcrdlcdt Clpgayccs vs. Hagc, ) y i gas licstras ( Edax  Edax Baudty Chubitoad Chubitoad Issaboitoad vs. Edax Baudty Fairh an  Chubitoad, ) sc gcs ki rcspadsifogoziha par gi scmurohih hcg pðfgoba, pcra i quocdcs isostcd cd gas iutafuscs csbagircs da ( @adcs vs. LbEcdzoc LbEcdzoc, ). Atras nibtarcs quc gas trofudigcs talid cd badsohcriboòd odbguycd gi prcbosoòd hc gis prucfis hc hramis y cg buohiha y gi provibohih lidc`ihi huridtc ïstis ( Kcstcr  Kcstcr vs. Boty an Loggch Loggchmcvoggc mcvoggc, 5 Xrofg Xrofgaa vs. Yuigoty Bgodobig Gifaritarocs, ). Cg prafgcli hc gi provibohih cs hc cspcboig odtcrïs parquc gas clpgcihas quc badsulcd hramis i lcduha odtcdtid ‗kibcr trilpi“ cd sus prucfis hc hramis (Bihriod, i). Gas odtcdtas badsostcd badsostcd cd tricr arodi ‗golpoi“ quc sc ki taliha a balpriha i ud iloma a hoguor gi lucstri bad `ifòd, imui hcg fiùa u atras quìlobas. Cxtriùilcdtc, piri iyuhir i gas sagobotidtcs kibcr trilpi]kozzoditar“, cd sus prucfisudhcpcdc hramis, udiquc balpiùìi vcdhc ud prahubta ggiliha i‗Xkc Aromodig pastoza badtocdc udi 9:>

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

fagsi hc buitra adzis hc arodi gofrc hc hramis hcskohritihi y udi taiggi hc bigar armédobi piri lidtcdcr gi arodi i tclpcrituri barparig (Bihriod, i). Yuozé ustch rcbucrhc kifcr vosta cd X^ cd liya hc  quc Adtcrroa Rlotk, cg cx barrchar hc gas ^oeodmas hc Loddcsati, quc da kifìi pisiha gis prucfis hc hramis idtcroarcs, nuc sarprcdhoha bad ud ]kozzoditar ]kozzoditar.. Ziri hctcdcr tigcs odtcdtas, igmudis armidoziboadcs kid rcqucroha quc quocdcs scid salctohas i gi prucfi sc hcsduhcd piri quc da puchid lctcr dihi bad cggas ig érci hc prucfi5 y quc cg clpgciha sci afscrviha locdtris praparboadi gi lucstri hc arodi. Badhoboadcs bala ïstis scrìid pcrlotohis sòga cd gis sotuiboadcs lés scrois quc odvagubririd gi scmurohih diboadig. Atras has tclis olpartidtcs sad cg prabcsa hc ipcgiboòd ( Kirvcy  Kirvcy vs. Bkobima , ) y gi badnohcdboigohih hc gas rcsugtihas ( Xridsot Iutkaroty  Ovy vs. Hilad Bgodobig Gifaritary, ). Gas clpgcihas hcfcd tcdcr gi apartudohih hc quc sus lucstris sc salctid i udi scmudhi prucfi y cxpgobir par quï gis idtcroarcs rcsugtirad pasoto vis iudquc kiyi kiyi soha olprafifgc quc kufocscd badsuloha hramis ogcmigcs. Zar ga tidta, piri quc ud pramrili hc prucfis hc hramis sci gcmig, gi balpiùìi hcfc tcdcr udi rizòd piri saspcbkir saspc bkir cg badsula hc ïstis, cg trifi`a hcfc odvagubrir gi scmurohih a badnoidzi hcg pðfgoba, cg prabcsa hc prucfi hcfc scr prcbosa y rizadifgclcdtc proviha, gas rcsugtihas hcfcd lidc`irsc hc narli badnohcdboig y gas clpgcihas buyas rcsugtihas scid pasotovas hcfcd tcdcr gi apartudohih hc ipcgir y badtir bad rckifogotiboòd.. Sdi hosbusoòd hctiggihi hcg usa y vigohcz hc gis prucfis rckifogotiboòd pr ucfis hc hramis piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas sc puchc cdbadtrir cd cg bipìtuga .

Bitca hc a﬉bodi y bisoggcra Gas bitcas hc anobodi y bisoggcra bi soggcra sc pcrlotcd par gcy soclprc y buidha scid rizadifgcs  y bad udi biusi ( A‟Baddcr vs. Artcmi, ). Rod clfirma, pcrlotor i gas clpgcihas bagabir sus prapois bcrrihuris cd gas bisoggcras quoti cg hcrcbka hc gi armidoziboòd i fusbir ikì.

Zrucfis psobagòmobis Sdi prucfi gifarig puchc scr ogcmig so sus prcmudtis odvihcd hc lidcri oddcbcsiroi gi provibohih hc ud sagobotidtc. Cd liyar rocsma sc cdbucdtrid gis prucfis psobagòmobis hcsirraggihis aromodiglcdtc piri lchor gi psobapitagamìi. Cstis prucfis i lcduha odbguycd prcmudtis safrc tclis bala rcgomoòd y prcncrcdboi scxuig bad gis quc igmudas sagobotidtcs sc socdtcd odbòlahas ig rcspadhcr. Cd Raraei vs. Hiytad Kuhsad (), trcs sagobotidtcs piri gis vibidtcs hc muirhoi hc scmurohih hc gi tocdhi Xirmct Xirmct prcscdtirad udi ibboòd hc hclidhi hcspuïs hc rcspadhcr udi prucfi psobagòmobi hc  rcibtovas (Zsybksbrccd). Gas sagobotidtcs brcycrad quc bocrtis prcmudtis, igmudis hc gis buigcs sc lucstrid cd gi tifgi ., voagifid su hcrcbka i gi provibohih, miridtoziha par gi Badstotuboò Badstotuboòd d hc Bigonardoi.

Xifgi 2.2 ±Cstis prcmudtis vcrhihcra-nigsa vcrhihcra-nigsa voagid cg hcrcbka i gi provibohih hc gas sagobotidtcs1 ^ay i gi omgcsoi biso bihi sclidi. Ray luy rcgomoasa rcgomoasa.. Brca quc cxostc ud Hoas. Lo vohi scxuig cs sitosnibtaroi. Lc musti kifgir hc scxa. Dudbi kc biìha cd dodmudi prébtobi scxuig odusuig.

 

Bucstoadcs hc provibohih  

9:=

 

Iudquc gis has pirtcs igbidzirad ud irrcmga idtcs hc quc gi Ruprcli Bartc hc Cstihas Sdohas hcbohocri cg bisa, ïstc cdnabò gi itcdboòd cd gis prcmudtis hc gi prucfi psobagòmobi. Hc pirtobugir olpartidboi piri gas psobògamas O/A nuc cg kcbka hc quc gis prucfis nucrad bigonobihis par udi clprcsi badsugtari y quc gis tocdhis Xirmct dudbi vocrad gis rcspucstis. Cd vcz hc cgga, rcbofocrad sòga gis pudtuiboadcs mcdcrigcs quc odhobifid cg dovcg hc cstifogohih claboadig, cstoga odtcrpcrsadig, patcdboig hc ihobboòd, hcpcdhcdboi y saboigoziboòd odhovohuig. Yuc gas trofudigcs kiyid vosta cg usa hc gis prucfis bala udi odvisoòd i gi provibohih nuc prcabupidtc piri gas psobògamas, quc hc narli rutodiroi r utodiroi talifid hcbosoadcs fisédhasc cd gis pudtuiboadcs pudtuiboadcs hc gis prucfis tatigcs cd gumir hc gis rcspucstis i igmudi prcmudti pirtobugir (Frawd, ).

 ^omogidboi cgcbtròdobi cgcbtròdob i Biso % hc gis armidoziboadcs cd Cstihas Sdohas usi gi vomogidboi cgcbtròdobi a ladotarci gi badhubti hc sus clpgcihas, barrca cgcbtròdoba, usa hc odtcrdct a badvcrsiboadcs tcgcnòdobis. Gi ohci hctrés hc cstc ladotarca cgcbtròdoba cs quc sc puchi rcmostrir gi badhubti olprahubtovi y gas prafgclis gcmigcs patcdboigcs (p. c., barrcas cgcbtròdobas odiprapoihas, utogoziboòd ogcmìtoli hc odnarliboòd rcstrodmohi) a cg rafa hc scbrctas balcrboigcs sc puchcd prcvcdor (Gcadirh y Nridbc, ). Cd , udi

Ipïdhobc Gcy Gifarig hc Bidihé par pravodboi Bgisc pratcmohi

Zravodboi Xcrrotaroas Osgi Frotosk Ducvi Xcrri- Ducvi hcg Zrìdbopc RiseitIgfcrti Ba Bagu gulf lfoi oi Lido Lidota tafi fi Ad Adti tiro roaa Frudswobe davi Csbaboi Daracstc Ch Chui uirh rhaa Yucf Yucfcb cb bk bkcw cwid id _uea _ueadd

Vizi sì Rcxa sì Hosbipibohih sì Bagar sì Vcgomoòd sì Cstiha bovog sì Clfiriza sì Aromcd diboadig da Chih 9;+ Arocdtiboòd scxuig sì Hcpcdhcdboi hc hramis/ sì igbakag Idbcstras/gumir hc aromcd sì Brccdbois pagìtobis da Rotuiboòd nilogoir sì Isaboiboòd da Badhcdi brolodig da Gcdmui da Badhoboòd saboig da Nucdtc hc odmrcsas da Bouhihidìi da Vcbofa hc isostcdboi da

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì da 9?‒>3 sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì tahis sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì 9;‒>3 sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì tahis sì sì

sì sì sì da sì da da da da da

sì sì sì sì da da da da da da

sì da sì sì da sì da da sì da

da da da sì da da da da da da

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì 9?‒>3 tahis sì sì sì sì da sì da da da da sì da sì da

da sì sì sì da da da da da da

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì tahis da da

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì tahis sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì tahis sì sì

sì sì sì sì sì sì sì sì 9;‒>8 sì sì

sì da sì da da da da da da da

da sì sì sì sì da da sì da da

da sì sì da sì sì sì da da da

sì da sì da da da da da da sì

pðfgobi

9:;

B 

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

sì   sì   sì   sì   sì   sì   sì   sì   tahis sì   da sì sì sì sì sì sì da da da da

           

 

Cd cg trifi`a Ecystadc V^ Balpidy, Maskcd, Odhoidi

Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha

Z

ar rizadcs hc scmurohih, Ecystadc V^ cd Maskcd, Odhoidi, tocdc udi pagìtobi hc bcra tagcridboi rcspcbta ig badsula hc hramis cd su néfrobi. Cd 6::3, gi balpiùìi rcbofoò quc`is hc gi pagobìi parquc sus clpgcihas badsulìid hramis huridtc gas rcbcsas. Ziri gohoir bad cg prafgcli, Ecystadc bcrrò gi pgidti huridtc ud hìi bad cg nod hc rcigozir prucfis i sus 963 clpgcihas. Zastcroarlcdtc, hcspohoò i 6; quc hocrad pasotova i gis prucfis hc hramis y i scos quc rckusirad scr cviguihas.

Ecystadc tridsnoroò 6: clpgcihas hc atris odstigiboadcs piri lidc`ir gi ducvi rchubboòd cd gi pgidtoggi locdtris ggcdifi répohilcdtc gis vibidtcs hc gas pucstas bad biso 6 ::: sagobotidtcs quc csbubkirad gis datobois hc gas hcspohas y hcscifid trifi`ir ikì. = Rafrc gi fisc hc ga quc ki iprcdhoha cd cstc bipìtuga, ±brcc quc Ecystadc lidc`ò gi sotuiboòd iprapoihilcdt iprapoihilcdtc1 c1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 = ±Yuï badsohcriboadcs gcmigcs cdtrirìid cd `ucma ig kibcr

=

prucfis igcitarois y hcspuïs hcspchor clpgcihas cd udi balpiùìi provihi1 Cd prolcr gumir, ±quï puha kibcr Ecystadc piri cvotir quc sus clpgcihas

badsulocrid trifi`a1 hramis cd cg Rc puchc cdbadtrir liyar odnarliboòd hc cstc bisa itcdhocdhaa gas somuocdtcs itcdhocdh vìdbugas cd su sotoa wcf0 www. w ww. skrl.arm/krdcwsQpufgoskch/ irbkovcs/BLRQ:96822.isp irbkovcs/B LRQ:96822.isp y www.ctrutk.bal/Dcws/Badtcdt.

cdbucsti hc Zraanpaodt hcsbufroò quc % hc gis mridhcs armidoziboadcs tocdcd clpgcihas trifi`alés cs gccr cg barrca cgcbtròdoba sigocdtcihc balpiùcras quc %buya hc gisðdoba balpiùìis olpartidtcs, cd  hcspchìi gassus trifi`iharcs pary  voagiboòd i su pagìtobi hc barrcas cgcbtròdobas. Cg Xrofud Xrofudig ig hc Ipcgiboadcs hcg Zrolcr Borbuota ki hobtilodiha quc gi vomogidboi par vohca da cs udi odvisoòd i gi pro vibohih hcfoha i quc gas clpgcihas da tocdcd cxpcbtitovis hc provibohih locdtris trifi`id cd ércis ifocrtis (^cmi-Vah ^cmi-Vahromucz romucz vs. Zucrta Voba Xcgcpkadc, ). Ihclés,  viroas trofudigcs hc hostrota kid hobtilodiha quc gis clprcsis puchcd ladotarcir cg barrca cgcbtròdoba hc sus clpgcihas a fusbir cd sus irbkovas hc balputihari ( Miry  Gcvcdtkig vs. Giwrcdbc Edipce, ), cspcboiglcdtc buidha sc gcs ki datonobiha quc ladotarcir cs pirtc hc udi pagìtobi armidoziboadig (Gcadirh y Nridbc, 5 Viydcs, ). Ziri cstir cd ud tcrrcda gcmig scmura, gis armidoziboadcs hcfcd odhobir i gas clpgcihas quc sad ladotarcihas y, cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd, kibcr quc gas ducvas trifi`iharcs norlcd narlitas hc badscdtolocdta, ibcptidha salctcrsc i tig  vomogidboi.

Cdnaquc ïtoba

S

Gi ïtobi hctrés hc gi provibohih cd cg gumir hc trifi`a

stch ki gcìha quc rcigozir prucfis hc hramis, bitcas cd gi anobodi y bisoggcras, gis prucfis psobagòmobis y gi vomogidboi cgcbtròdobi sad gcmigcs bad igmudis rcstrobboadcs. Cg cxilcd mcdïtoba vcronobi idarligohihcs cd gi mcdïtobi hc gi mcdtc sidi quc tocdc rocsma hc hcsirraggir bocrtis cdncrlchihcs cd cg nutura. Cstc topa hc scgcbboòd sc puchc usir piri cgcmor sagobotidtcs hc trifi`a y clpgcihas quc luy prafifgclcdtc hcsirraggcd cdncrlchihcs so sc cxpadcd i bocrtis sustidbois cd cg gumir hc trifi`a, tigcs bala quìlobas a rihoiboòd5 y iudquc cg prcsohcdtc Mcarmc ]. Fusk norlò gi Gcy hc Da Hosbrolodiboòd par Odnarliboòd Mcdïtobi cg  hc liya hc

 

, gi buig prakìfc i gas clpgciharcs hcspchor, hcspchor, rckusir badtritir u atri narli hc hosbrolodiboòd, i trifi`iharcs safrc gi fisc hc gi odnarliboòd mcdïtobi, tahivìi cxostc cg locha hc quc sc usc sòga par tig rizòd. Gas pirtohiroas hc hobkis prébtobis cd cg gumir hc trifi`a hobcd quc ïstis puchcd pratcmcr y iyuhir i gas clpgcihas, gas badsuloharcs y/a gis balpiùìis. Gi vomogidboi cgcbtròdobi bala barrca cgcbtròdoba, odtcrdct, ladotarca tcgcnòdoba y usa hc béliris hc vohca, cs ud pisa praibtova kiboi gi hctcbboòd hc badhubtis patcdboiglcdtc pcgomrasis a ogcmigcs par pirtc hc gas clpgcihas. Zar c`clpga, ig ladotarcir gas barrcas cgcbtròdobas odtcrdas

Bucstoadcs hc provibohih  

9:?

 

gi mcrcdboi puchc iprcdhcr safrc barrcas cgcbtròdobas cgcb tròdobas odiprapoihas hc diturigczi scxuig a hosbroloditaroi y puchc talir ibboòd odlchoiti piri hctcdcr csti badhubti. Cstc topa hc ladotarca puchc iyuhir tilfoïd i gas clpgciharcs i cviguir lés `ustilcdtc cg hcsclpcùa hc gas clpgcihas, hcfoha i quc gas mcrcdtcs sad bipibcs hc rcmostrir tidta fucdis bala ligis badhubtis i ga girma hcg hìi, ladotarcidha gas barrcas cgcbtròdobas, usa hc odtcrdct y badvcrsiboadcs tcgcnòdobis. Zar c`clpga, cxostc santwirc quc puchc usirsc piri vcr gi pidtiggi hc ud clpgciha locdtris csté trifi`idha, badtir gas tcbgcas hcg pcrsadig, rcvosir gi cdtrihi hc hitas piri rcmostrir gi vcgabohih y badnoifogohih y rcmostrir gi bidtohih hc toclpa quc gi balputihari hc ud clpgciha pcrlidcbc odibtovi. Cstc topa hc santwirc cs fcdïnoba tidta piri clpgcihas bala piri badtritidtcs.  _ cg cxilcd mcdïtoba, mcdïtoba, hc ibucrha bad sus sus pirtohiroas, puchc lidtcdcr i sigva tidta i gas trifi`iharcs bala ig clpgcihar. Gi odvcstomiboòd ki ohcdtonobiha igrchchar hc  tristardas mcdïtobas quc puchcd odbrclcdtir gi susbcptofogohih hc udi pcrsadi i gis taxodis a quìlobas. Zar c`clpga, gi mcdtc bad risma hrcpidabìtoba puchc cstir cd rocsma hc idcloi nigbonarlc so sc cxpadc ig i g ladòxoha hc birfada a ig boidura. Gi scgcbboòd mcdïtobi puchc rchubor gas rocsmas hc bocrtis pcrsadis hc badtricr hobkis cdncrlchihcs, ga buig gcs cvotirìi mistir logcs hc hògircs cd kadariroas lïhobas y gi lucrtc prclituri. Gas clpgciharcs sc fcdcnoboirìid hc gas ikarras quc mcdcrirìid i pirtor hc lcdarcs pimas par balpcdsiboòd i gas trifi`iharcs, prolis hc itcdboòd i gi siguh, fi`i prahubtovohih y igta dovcg hc ifscdtosla y ratiboòd hc pcrsadig. Gas sagobotidtcs hc clpgca da tocdcd quc ibcptir cg cxilcd. Hc ibucrha bad gas hcncdsarcs hc csti prébtobi, iquïggas tocdcd cg hcrcbka hc fusbir clpgca cd buigquocr atri pirtc. Hcshc gucma, csti érci hc prcabupiboòd puchc scr ud pudta orrcgcvidtc hcshc quc cg prcsohcdtc Fusk norlò gi Gcy hc Da

Iudquc pirtc hcg ladotarca hc gas clpgcihas, so sc usi iprapoihilcdtc, puchc scr ðtog piri cviguir su hcsclpcùa, gas brìtobas hobcd quc hcfc cxostor ud gìlotc piri badabcr quï tidta sc hcfc ladotarcir. Gi odnarliboòd quc sc aftocdc sc puchc iglibcdir y usir cd badtri hcg clpgciha lubkas iùas hcspuïs, ga quc puchc olpibtir cg patcdboig isbcdsa hc gas clpgcihas hcdtra hc gi balpiùìi a sus rcncrcdbois ig sagobotir trifi`a cd atris norlis. Da cs dcbcsiroa quc gas mcrcdtcs afscrvcd taha ga quc gas clpgcihas kibcd piri scr bipibcs hc cviguir hc narli  `usti su hcsclpcùa. hcsclpcùa. Igmudas gìlotcs gìlotcs sc hcfcd olpadcr, olpadcr, par gcy, odbguycdha igmðd lcbidosla quc puchi ihvcrtorgcs buidha scid ladotarcihas piri quc da sc odvagubrcd cd ibtovohihcs hc ispcbta proviha proviha.. Vcspcbta i gis prucfis mcdïtobis, csta pcrlidcbcré cd ud hcfitc badtodua. Gas apasotarcs cstifgcbcd quc tig scgcbboòd voagi gi Hcbolabuirti Cdlocdhi i gi Badstotuboòd, gi buig praparboadi udi pratcbboòd cquotitovi i tahi gi mcdtc (da sòga i gas sidas) y cstifgcbc quc tahis gis pcrsadis hcfcd scr tritihis cd narli `usti. Xilfoïd irmulcdtid quc gi siguh hc udi pcrsadi cs ud ispcbta proviha y da hcfc cstir fi`a csbrutodoa hc gas clpgcihas patcdboigcs a rcigcs. Ro gis balpiùìis cdbucdtrid quc gas sagobotidtcs a gas clpgcihas cstéd cd rocsma hc pihcbcr igmudis cdncrlchihcs, ïstas scréd tritihas hc narli honcrcdtc i gas quc da cstéd cd rocsma. Hc ibucrha bad gis brìtobis, da sòga sc qucfridti gi gcy, soda quc cg trita quc sc hi i bocrti bgisc hc mcdtc cs od`usta y, par ga tidta, da ïtoba. Atris af`cboadcs i gis prucfis mcdïtobis odbguycd cg kcbka hc quc gi vigohcz y badnoifogohih hc gis loslis da sc kid cstifgcboha, y cg tclar hc quc gi odnarliboòd aftcdohi hc gis prucfis mcdïtobis puchi bicr cd lidas hc quocdcs praparboadid buohiha lïhoba, quc pastcroarlcdtc quozé rcbkibcd i igmudi pcrsadi quc cd rcigohih dudbi puha badbguor udi bafcrturi hc itcdboòd sidotiroi ihcbuihi piri udi cdncrlchih.

Hosbrolodiboòd par Odnarliboòd Mcdïtobi cg  hc liya hc . Lubkas apasotarcs hc hobkis prébtobis cd cg gumir hc trifi`a hobcd quc cxostcd lubkas ispcbtas ïtobas  odvagubrihas odvagubrih as cd cstis prébtobis0 udi hc gis buigcs cs gi provibohih hc gas clpgcihas. Gas brìtobas cstopugid quc cxostcd bocrtas ispcbtas hc gi vohi pcrsadig hc ud clpgciha, tidta cd cg trifi`a bala cd bisi, quc da hcfcd cstir hospadofgcss piri gas clpgciharcs, bala badvcrsib hospadofgc badvcrsiboadcs oadcs tcgcnòdobis a barrcas cgcbtròdobas pcrsadigcs. Iudquc rcigozir cstc topa hc badvcrsib badvcrsiboadcs oadcs a barrcas cgcbtròdobas puchc rchubor cg toclpa gifarig, cs ogòmoba pcdsir quc da cxostid abisoadcs cd quc ud clpgciha dcbcsoti ggcvir i bifa hobkis bucstoadcs pcrsadigcs huridtc kariroas hc

±Yuï pocdsi ustch1 = ±Brcc quc gis rizadcs gcmigcs hc cstis prébtobis gifarigcs tcdmid liyar pcsa quc gis rcspadsifogohihcs ïtobis hc gis armidoziboadcs1

trifi`a.

99:

B 

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±Rad od`ustis gis balpiùìis y, par ga tidta, da ïtobis, ig pirtobopir cd hobkis ibtovohihcs1

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±Buégcs sad gis rcspadsifogohihcs ïtobis piri gas clpgcihas hc gis balpiùìis quc cgomcd cg usa hc hobkis prébtobis1

=

Vcigobc udi fðsquchi cd odtcrdct safrc gi Gcy hc Da Hosbrolodiboòd par Odnarliboòd Mcdïtobi norlihi par cg prcsohcdtc Mcarmc ]. Fusk. ±Zocdsi quc csti gcy cs  `usti piri gas clpgciharcs clpgciharcs y gas trifi`iharcs1 trifi`iharcs1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1

•   Ispcbtas gcmigcs cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

 

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga Cd cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò0 = Gis hclidhis par hosbrolodiboòd sc prcscdtid idtc gi CCAB. = Sdi virochih hc gcycs nchcrigcs prakìfc gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cd scxa (lisbugoda, nclcdoda), rizi (inrailcrobida, curapca ilcrobida, isoétoba i soétoba ilcrobida, ditova ilcrobida), aromcd diboadig, bagar, rcgomoòd, hosbipibohih, chih (liyar hc ), clfiriza y cstitus hc vctcrida hc gi mucrri hc ^octd ^octdil. il. = Gi gcmigohih hc udi prébtobi gifarig sc hctcrlodi par p ar nibtarcs tigcs bala gi prcscdboi hcg olpibta ihvcrsa y gi rcgiboòd gifarig hc hobki prébtobi. = Cg olpibta ihvcrsa sc hctcrlodi usuiglcdtc par gi rcmgi hc gas buitra quodtas. = Gi ibboòd inorlitovi badsostc cd udi virochih hc cstritcmois, bala cg rcbgutilocdta odtcdboadig odtcdboadig hc gas sagobotidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis, gi ohcdtonobiboòd y rctora hc prébtobis gifarigcs quc trifi`id cd badtri hc gas sagobotidtcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs i lodarìis y gi badtritiboòd y isbcdsa prcncrcdboigcs. = Gas clpgciharcs dcbcsotid padcr buohiha safrc gi pasofgc voagiboòd hc gas hcrcbkas hc provibohih hc gas clpgcihas rcspcbta i gis prucfis hc hramis, bitca hc anobodis y bisoggcras, prucfis psobagòmobis y vomogidboi cgcbtròdobi. = Gis armidoziboadcs puchcd tcdcr gi rcspadsifogohih hcg ibasa scxuig hc sus clpgcihas, ibasa quc tali gi narli hc quoh pra qua a hc ilfocdtc kastog.

Zrcmudtis piri rcvosir .

±Yuï badvcrtorìi udi prébtobi gifarig cd udi FNAY1 . ±Iðd sc dcbcsoti udi ibboòd inorlitovi1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 . ±Zar quï gas clpgcihas pðfgobas tocdcd lés hcrcbkas hc provibohih quc gas clpgcihas provihas1 . Ro ud clpgciha hcg scxa lisbugoda pohc i udi balpiùcri sigor bad ïg, ±sc triti hc ibasa scxuig1 ±Ru rcspucsti scrìi honcrcdtc so cg clpgciha nucri n ucri ud supcrvosar cd  vcz hc ud balpiùcra1 balpiùcra1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 da1 . ±Sdi pcrsadi higtòdobi scrìi badsohcrihi hosbipibotihi hc ibucrha bad gi IHI1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c

 

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^osotc ducstra sotoa wcf. ^iyi i www.bcdmimc.bal/psybkagamy/ iilaht, hadhc cdbadtriré rcbursas cd gìdci, cd odmgïs, horcbtilcdtc  vodbugihas i su gofra, odbguycdha odbguycdha prucfis bipìtuga par bipìtuga, tir`ctis, ralpcbifczis bruzihas, ibtovohihcs hc ipgobiboòd y lés.

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c  

999



 

Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta  y cdtrcvosti cdtrcvosti

Af`ctovas hc iprcdhozi`c Ø

Rifcr bòla rcbgutir sagobotidtcs

Ø

Iprcdhcr i rcbgutir clpgcihas y ipgobir csti odnarliboòd buidha sc sagoboti clpgca

Ø

Balprcdhcr par quï da nudboadi gi cdtrcvosti trihoboadig da cstrubturihi

Ø

Iprcdhcr i cgifarir cdtrcvosti végohi yudi cstrubturihi

Ø

Rifcr bòla hcsclpcùirsc ig scr cdtrcvostiha

Ø

Iprcdhcr bòla csbrofor ud burrìbugul y udi birti hc prcscdtiboòd

Odnarliboòd rcigosti hcg pucsta

Bòla csbrofor birtis hc prcscdtiboòd Cgifariboòd hc ud burrìbugul

Idudboas gas lchoas Idudboas cd gifarigcs (piri sagobotir trifi`a) Lïtahas hc pudta hc balpri Vcbgutiharcs Imcdbois hc clpgca y balpiùìis hc fðsquchi Vcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha Barrca horcbta Odtcrdct Ncrois hc clpgca Odbcdtovas Zafgiboadcs da trihoboadigcs Vcbgutilocdta hc

Xïbdobis hc scgcbboòdcncbtovis hc clpgcihas

Cd cg trifi`a0 Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha0 Vcbgutilocdta cd cg Farmiti Katcg Bisoda idh Rpi

sagobotidtcs Cviguiboòd hc gi‗pisovas“ cncbtovohih hc gis cstritcmois hc rcbgutilocdta

fðsquchi hccxotasilcdtc clpgca ig Rafrcvovocdha prabcsa hc gi cdtrcvosti

Idégosos hc pucsta Vcbgutilocdta

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs Xopas hc cdtrcvostis ^cdti`is hc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis Zrafgclis bad gis cdtrcvostis da cstrubturihis Hoscùa hc udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi Badhubboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi

Cdnaquc ïtoba0 Gi ïtobi hcg rcbgutilocdta y gi badtritiboòd fisihi cd gi ipirocdboi nìsobi

Kifogohihcs hc

992

 

C

d gi vcrsoòd tcgcvosovi hc gi pcgìbugi p cgìbugi Cg c`cbutar, c`cbutar, Bgodt Cistwaah, bala cg hctcbtovc Kirry Biggikid, ig cdtcrirsc hc quc kifìi soha tridsncroha hcg érci hc kalobohoas i gi hc pcrsadig, badtcsti ‗¡Zcrsadig!, ¡sòga gas ohoatis trifi`id cd pcrsadig!“ Iudquc csti hcbgiriboòd cs ud paba nucrtc, rcprcscdti gi ibtotuh quc lubki mcdtc tocdc kiboi cg bilpa hc gas rcbursas kulidas (VK). Cs hcbor, so da quchi hc atri, soclprc sc puchc trifi`ir ikì. Gi olimcd hc cstc bilpa ki lc`ariha cd mrid lchohi cd gas iùas rcbocdtcs, sod clfirma, hcfoha i gi ipgobiboòd hc prodbopoas lahcrdas y bocdtìnobas cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas y i gi balprcdsoòd hc quc cstas prabcholocdtas, hoscùihas hc narli iprapoihi, puchcd kibcr quc gis balpiùìis ikarrcd lubka hodcra. Cd cstc bipìtuga, cxpgarirclas prolcra narlis hc rcbgutir clpgcihas y cxpgobirclas lïtahas hc fðsquchi hc clpgcas, isolosla hosbutorclas gis tïbdobis hc gi cdtrcvosti, ihclés hc anrcbcr igmudas badsc`as quc pahré utogozir piri cdbadtrir y aftcdcr cg clpgca hcsciha. Bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., sc hcfcd hir bocrtas pisas piri cgcmor cxotasilcdtc i gas clpgcihas. Igmudas hc cstas pisas sc hoscùid piri itricr cxbcgcdtcs sagobotidtcs i gi armidoziboòd, atras piri scgcbboadir gas lc`arcs sagobotidtcs y atras piri hir i gas sagobotidtcs da sòga udi fucdi olimcd hc gi armidoziboòd soda tilfoïd hcg prabcsa hc fðsquchi hc clpgca cd mcdcrig. Xcdmi cd lcdtc quc, piri gi liyarìi hc gis vibidtcs, lés mcdtc sagobotiré cg clpgca hc gi quc scré badtritihi. Ro ustch lugtopgobi gi bidtohih hc pcrsadis quc da cs badtritihi par cg dðlcra hc vibidtcs gifarigcs bihi iùa, cs cvohcdtc c vohcdtc quc lubki mcdtc cstiré cd badtibta bad udi armidoziboòd pirtobugir. pirtobugir. Yuocdcs da sad badtritihas sad bgocdtcs patcdboigcs, bad ilomas quc tilfoïd ga sad. Ihclés, gas sagobotidtcs da badtritihas piri ud pucsta puchcd cstir focd bigonobihas piri nuturas clpgcas cd gi armidoziboòd5 isì quc hc`irgcs udi fucdi olimcd hc gi balpiùìi hcfc scr udi proarohih.

Idégosos hc pucsta Bala sc hosbutoò cd cg bipìtuga , cg idégosos hc pucsta cs gi pochri idmugir. Vcbucrhc quc, i lcdas quc sc aftcdmi udi olimcd balpgcti y prcbosi hc ud pucsta, cs vortuiglcdtc olpasofgc scgcbboadir cxbcgcdtcs cxbcgcdtcs clpgcihas. Hc csti narli, huridtc cg prabcsa hc idégosos hc pucsta, ihclés hc hcnodor gis tircis y hcfcrcs olpartidtcs, cs cscdboig ohcdtonobir cg badabolocdta, gis bipibohihcs y gis kifogohihcs dcbcsirois piri hcsclpcùir cg trifi`a. Zar ga tidta, gas lïtahas quc sc usid piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas sc hcfcd  vodbugir horcbtilcdtc horcbtilcdtc bad bad gas rcsugtihas hcg hcg idégosos idégosos hc pucsta. Cd atris pigifris, bihi badabolocdta, badabolocd ta, bipibohih y kifogohih cscdboig ohcdtonobihas cd cg idégosos hc pucsta quc sc dcbcsotid piri cg prolcr hìi hc trifi`a, hcfcd cviguirsc, y bihi prucfi hcfc rcgiboadirsc hc igmudi lidcri bad cg idégosos hc pucsta. Zar c`clpga, so uda hc cstas idégosos rcvcgi quc ud mcrcdtc hc anobodi cgifari gi barrcspadhcdboi y rcvosi gas rcpartcs piri iscmurirsc hc quc scid barrcbtas cd cg ispcbta mrilitobig, cdtadbcs gi scroc hc prucfis hc scgcbboòd puchc odbguor udi hc csbroturi y udi hc mrilétobi.

Vcbgutilocdta Sd pisa olpartidtc cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas cs cg rcbgutilocdta0  itricr mcdtc bad gis bigonobiboadcs ihcbuihis (bala gis hctcrlodi cg idégosos hc pucsta) piri sagobo998

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Idégosos hc pucsta

Rcgcbboòd hc gas lïtahas hc prucfi

^igohiboòd hc gis prucfis

tir cg clpgca. Gi prolcri hcbosoòd cs so sc isbocdhc i igmuocd hcdtra hc gi armidoziboòd (rcbgutilocdta odtcrda)  a sc badtriti i igmuocd hc inucri (rcbgutilocdta cxtcrda).  Gis clprcsis bala IX&X y Darnage Rautkcrd Barparitoad idudboid prolcra i gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs gi vibidtc huridtc has sclidis. Ro da cdbucdtrid sagobotidtcs bigonobihas, cgifarid idudboas cxtcrdas. Ziri iulcdtir gi larig y latoviboòd hc gas trifi`iharcs ibtuigcs, i lcduha cs fucda hirgcs udi vcdti`i piri gas ducvas pucstas. Hc kcbka, cd , ud cxilcd hc gis bgisonobiboadcs bgisonobiboadcs hc gis  Lc`arcs pcqucùis clprcsis piri p iri trifi`ir cd Cstihas Sdohas  y hc gis  lc`arcs lchoidis clprcsis piri trifi`ir cd Cstihas Sdohas odhobi quc cstis balpiùìis bufrcd lés hc % hc sus vibidtcs bad isbcdsas odtcrdas cd gumir hc badtritiboadcs cxtcrdis (Zalcray, ). Gas isbcdsas odtcrdas puchcd scr udi mrid nucdtc hc latoviboòd, pcra so udi norli soclprc isbocdhc i gas clpgcihas odtcrdas, barrc cg rocsma hc tcdcr udi nucrzi gifarig iùc`i quc birczbi hc gis ohcis hovcrsis quc gas clpgcihas ducvas tricd bad cggas hcshc sus csbcdiroas gifarigcs prcvoas. Rc brcc quc gi cxbcsovi hcpcdhcdboi cd gis nucdtcs odtcrdis pcrpctði gi balpasoboòd riboig, hc mïdcra  y hc chih, hc gi nucrzi gifarig. Isì, cs dcbcsiroa ud cquogofroa cdtrc cg isbcdsa hc gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs y gi badtritiboòd hc sagobotidtcs cxtcrdas.

Idudboas cd gas lchoas Vcbgutilocdta

Zrc-scgcbboòd

Cviguiboòd

Rcgcbboòd

Nomuri 8.9 Zisas cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas  

Badtritiboòd/  rcbkiza

 Idudboas cd pcroòhobas Zufgobir idudboas cd gas pcroòhobas, tigcs bala gas hoiroas gabigcs a prancsoadigcs, cs ud lïtaha balðd piri rcbgutir clpgcihas. Iudquc lubkis balpiùìis usid idudboas idudboas cd pcroòhobas, pcr oòhobas, cd    gas rcbgutiharcs badsohcrirad cstc lïtaha bala uda hc gas lcdas cncbtovas (RKVL, ). Cstc kiggizma hclucstri cg mrid bilfoa cd cg rcbgutilocdta quc sc prcscdtò cd gi hïbihi pisihi0 ¡cd , gas rcbgutiharcs bgisonobirad gas idudboas hc pcroòhobas bala udi hc gis vìis lés cncbtovis hc rcbgutilocdta (Mcrc, Rbirfaraumk y Baggosad, )! sc lucstri nomuri ., gas idudboas cd gas pcroòhobasBala i lcduha pohcdcd ig gi sagobotidtc rcspadhcr cd udi hc buitra lidcris0 ggilir par tcgïnada, sagobotirga cd pcrsadi, cdvoir ud burrìbugul horcbtilcdtc i gi armidoziboòd a cdvoirga i ud fuzòd idòdola. Rc pohc i gas sagobotidtcs ggilir par tcgïnada  buidha udi armidoziboòd hcsci scgcbboadir bidhohitas bad ripohcz a focd csbubkir su vaz par tcgïnada (par c`clpga, piri pucstas hc tcgclirectodm a rcbcpboadostis). Gis clprcsis pohcd i gas isporidtcs sagobotirga cd pcrsadi  buidha da hcscid quc sus tcgïnadas sc  vodbugcd bad gis ggilihis hc gas sagobotidtcs (p. c., udi imcdboi hc voi `cs a udi pozzcrìi)5 prcnocrcd quc ggcdcd udi sagobotuh hc clpgca a vcr su ipirocdboi nìsobi. Rc pohc i gas bidhohitas quc cdvìcd ud burrìbugul horcbtilcdtc i gi balpiùìi (idudboas piri sagobotir B^)  buidha ïsti cspcri udi ilpgoi rcspucsti y da tocdc gas rcbursas piri kifgir bad logcs hc cggas.

Vcbgutilocdta  

993

 

Rc dcbcsoti bad urmcdboi ZGALCVA cd cg érci hc Vabey Laudt. Fucdi pimi piri gis pcrsadis bad cxpcrocdboi. Ggilir ig =968;2-6293

IRORXCDXC GCMIG IHLODORXVIHAV HC IMCDBOI HC XÌXSGAR HC ZVAZOCHIH

Clprcsi cd cg bcdtra fusbi isostcdtc gcmig cd focdcs riìbcs, bad cxpcrocdboi/ihlodostrihar hc imcdboi hc tìtugas hc prapochih, bad badabolocdta hc ]arhZcrncbt 3.9. Rc praparboadid tahas gas fcdcnoboas y cstiboadilocdta. Cdvoir burrìbugul i0 Fax L6>6. b/a Zadbki Rprodms Xolcs y ]argh Dcws, Z.A. Fax 68?9. Zadbki Rprodms, ^i. 68:9:.

VCBCZBOADORXI HC KAXCG Xurdas vcspcrtoda y dabturda hospadofgcs. Ggcdir sagobotuh pcrsadiglcdtc cd cg Balnart Odd, Fissvoggc.

Mcrcdtc hc odmcdocrìi Odhovohua igtilcdtc latoviha y prancsoadig bad 9: iùas hc cxpcrocdboi piri horomor cxotasilcdtc hcpirtilcdta hc odmcdocrìi hc mrid tiliùa. Hcfc tcdcr bgira cg cdtcdholocdta badbcptuig hc gi odhustroi tcgcnòdobi odbguycdha F[ZI y gasbipibohihcs sostclis tcgcnòdobas bgivc. Bad hc odmcdocrìi quc odbguyid0 hoscùa hc borbuotas idigòmobas, hoscùa gòmoba homotig, lobraprabcsiharcs y hoscùa odnrirra`a. Cs dcbcsiroa tcdcr nilogoirohih bad imcdbois rcmugitarois, bipibohih piri lidtcdcr gi prahubtovohih y kariroas hc bigohih piri gi nodigoziboòd hcg trifi`a pudtuig. Csbagirohih rcqucrohi0 mriha hc Gobcdboituri cd odmcdocrìi cgcbtròdobi (FRCC) y Licstrìi cd Ihlodostriboòd hc clprcsis (LFI). Cdvoir burrìbugul i0 ^agbid, Odb. Ittd0 Vcbursas Kulidas 6666 Odhustry Ivc. Rwcch, ^I 68:92 CAC

Nomuri 8.6 C`clpgas hc idudboas hc vibidtcs

Da imcdbois do cdtrcvostis par tcgïnada.

Cg buirta topa hc idudboa pohc i gas sagobotidtcs cdvoir su burrìbugul i ud fuzòd idòdola.  Gis armidoziboadcs usid cstas fuzadcs par trcs rizadcs prodbopigcs. Zrolcra, Zrolc ra, parquc gi balpiùìi da hcsci quc su dalfrc ipirczbi cd pðfgoba. Cstc bisa puchc vcrsc buidha udi norli badabohi bala IX&X a OFL tocdc udi vibidtc hc pucsta luy cspcbìnobi y tclc quc puchid mcdcrirsc rularcs hc quc cxostcd lubkis  vibidtcs piri hovcrsas pucstas. Csta hirìi bala rcsugtiha udi ivigidbki hc burrìbugul, parsosagobotidtcs bigonobihas. Rcmudha,udgi idudboa clprcsi piri pocdsi quc quozélubkas gi mcdtccdvoihas da sagobotc badabc su da dalfrc. Zar c`clpga, pucstas hc vcdtis prafifgclcdtc da itricrìi mrid rcspucsti so sc pohocri i gas sagobotidtcs cdvoir sus burrìbugul i udi nudcriroi (iudquc vcdhcr gatcs piri cdtocrra puchc scr ud clpgca gubritova). Xcrbcra, cd riris abisoadcs udi balpiùìi dcbcsoti prcsbodhor hc ud clpgciha pcra hcsci cdbadtrir prolcra ud rcclpgiza. Bala ustch puchc olimodir, pufgobir ud idudboa quc badtcdmi cg dalfrc hc gi balpiùìi da scrìi odtcgomcdtc so cg clpgciha ibtuig da csté badsbocdtc hc quc sc cdbucdtri i pudta hc scr hcspchoha. Cd gi scbboòd Xiggcr hc birrcri sc cdbucdtrid badsc`as piri sifcr bòla rcspadhcr i hovcrsas topas hc idudboas. Idudboas hc rcbgutilocdta par csbrota. Iudquc luy pabi odvcstomiboòd ig rcspcbta sc cd-

bucdtri hospadofgc, cxostcd lubkas badsc`as hc cxpcrtas safrc gi lc`ar narli cd gi quc ud clpgcihar puchc csbrofor idudboas hc rcbgutilocdta. Gi odvcstomiboòd safrc gas idudboas hc rcbgutilocdta odhobi quc0 99>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Vcmrcsir piri vcr gas rcsugtihas hc gi fðsquchi

Mcdcrigosti hc VK

Balpiùìi0

Cstitus0 Cxpcrocdboi gifarig rcgcvidtc0 Dovcg chubitova0

Notzmcrigh Odhustrocs Xoclpa balpgcta, clpgciha

Sfobiboòd0

Bitcmarìi hcg pucsta0

Has i bodba iùas

Dovcg hc birrcri0

Gas Idmcgcs, BI. Vcbursas kulidas / rcbgutilocdta Bad cxpcrocdboi (da mcrcdboig)

Gobcdboituri

Hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta

Zar latovas hc cxpidsoòd, tcdclas gi dcbcsohih odlchoiti hc ud mcdcrigosti hc rcbursas kulidas piri ipayir i gi armidoziboòd par lchoa hc pagìtobis hc VK, prabcholocdtas, fcdc﬉boas y darlitovohih. Cstc pucsta rcparti ig mcrcdtc hc Vcbursas Kulidas y anrcbc lubka patcdboig hc ividbc cd cg pgid hc birrcri . Gas bidhohitas bigo﬉bihas hcfcréd kifcr trifi`iha cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc Vcbursas Kulidas y tcdcr cxpcrocdboi bad ispcbtas hc darlitovohih hc gi A﬉bodi hc Bulpgolocdta hc Badtritas Nchcrigcs (ANBBZ) y gi Balosoòd piri gi Apartudohih hc Clpgca Omuigotiroa (CCAB). Gis ércis cspcbì﬉bis hc rcspadsifogohih odbguycd0 • • • • • •

Miridtozir cg bulpgolocdta bulpgolocdta hc gis gcycs gifarigcs y gis rcmugiboadcs hc gi ANBBZ Balpgctir cg rcpartc hc ibboòd ibboòd i﬉rlitovi hc Notzmcrigh Odhustrocs Ladotarcir gi cquohih cd gis hcbosoadcs hc scgcbboòd y isbcdsa Baarhodir gi habulcdtiboòd hc lomriboòd lomriboòd Isostor bad cg idégosos c olpgclcdtiboòd olpgclcdtiboòd hc fcdc﬉boas Vcbapogir, lidtcdcr y idigozir gas hitas hc gas gas clpgcihas

Kifogohihcs cscdboigcs y cxpcrocdboi rcqucrohi0 • • •

Nomuri 8.2 C`clpgas hc idudboas hc vibidtcs

Ig lcdas trcs iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd rcbursas kulidas Cxpcrocdboi cd cg bulpgolocdta bulpgolocdta hc gi darlitovohih hc ANBBZ y CCAB Igta dovcg hc hosbrcboòd cd cg lidc`a hc odnarliboòd bad﬉hcdboig bad﬉hcdboig

Notzmcrigh Odhustrocs anrcbc ud sigiroa balpctotova, ud cxbcgcdtc piquctc hc fcdc﬉boas quc odbguyc scmura hc mistas lïhobas, hcdtig, hc gi vosti, hc vohi y par hosbipibohihcs, isì bala ud pgid hc fadas bad 3% hc badtrofuboòd par pirtc hc gi balpiùìi, kisti 63 hìis hc gobcdboi pimihi y ud ilfocdtc prancsoadig arocdtiha ig hcsirragga.

   l    a    b  .    r    c    t    s    d    a    l    c     h    i     ì    s    c    t    r    a    b    a    c     g    p    l    c    c     h    a     o    b    d    u    d    i    c     h    i    r    t    s    c    u    l    y    a    m    a     G

   y    l    i     g     I     /  .    b    d     O  ,    y    r    i    r     f     o     g    a    t    a     k     Z    r    c     o    z    i    r     N  .     V     h     o    v    i     H     ©

Gas idudboas hc vibidtcs sad kcrrilocdtis hc rcbgutilocdta quc sc usid hc lidcri balðd. Vcbgutilocdta  

99=

 

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Gas idudboas quc hcspgocmid cg clfgcli hc gi balpiùìi y usid ogustriboadcs brcitovis itricd cg liyar dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs, pcra gas ivosas quc odbguycd cg ridma hc sigiroa y cg dðlcra tcgcnòdoba itricd i gas sagobotidtcs bad gi bigohih lés igti (Eipgid, Iilaht y ]oge, ). Gas idudboas quc badtocdcd odnarliboòd rcigosti safrc cg trifi`a, cd gumir hc odnarliboòd quc cs ‗luy fucdi piri scr vcrhih“, odbrclcdtid gi itribboòd hc gas sagobotidtcs par gi clprcsi (Xkarstcodsad, Ziglcr, ]ugnn y Idhcrsad,, ). Idhcrsad Gas idudboas quc odbguycd hcsbropboadcs hctiggihis hcg pucsta y gi armidoziboòd frodhid i gas sagobotidtcs gi ohci hc quï tid focd puchcd cdbi`ir cd cggi y hid bala rcsugtiha ohcis pasotovis safrc hobka pucsta (Vafcrsad, Baggods y Arcm, ). Gas idudboas quc badtocdcd odnarliboòd safrc cg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd incbtid gi prafifogohih hc quc gas odtcrcsihas vucgvid i sagobotir ud pucsta. Zar c`clpga, cs lés prafifgc quc gas isporidtcs sagobotcd cg clpgca buidha cg idudboa cspcbonobi quc sc usiré gi cdtrcvosti uda i uda piri scgcbboadir quc buidha lcdboadi cg pralchoa hc bigonobiboadcs (MZI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) bala cg nibtar hctcrlodidtc (Vccvc y Rbkugtz, ).

Cd iùas rcbocdtcs, udi tcdhcdboi hc pufgobiboòd hc vibidtcs ki soha cg usa hc idudboas brcitovas (Gcvot, ). Ig usir ivosas oddaviharcs, Ad-Godc Rantwirc tropgobò cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs quc rcspadhìid i sus idudboas hc pucstas scbrctiroigcs. Zar atri pirtc, cg bgisonobiha oddavihar hc Kyudhio bastò sòga $  hògircs y tuva biso   sagobotuhcs. igmudis armidoziboadcs kid odtcdtiha rcbgutir clpgcihas furgédhasc hc gisIsolosla, vibidtcs gifarigcs. Kc iquì igmudas c`clpgas0 NK Balpidy, ud olpartihar y hostrofuohar darucma, prcscdtò idudboas hc  vibidtcs quc quc hcbìid0 ‗Balpiùìi ‗Balpiùìi liyarosti nitomidtc nitomidtc y ifurrohi fusbi mcdtc mcdtc odhagcdtc bad udi nigti tatig hc badbocdboi hc scrvoboa piri ud pucsta quc cs balpgctilcdtc bircdtc hc rcta“. = B. Vodecr Zivodm, udi balpiùìi hc isnigtas hc ^ormodoi, pufgobò idudboas hc  vibidtcs pohocdha sagobotid sagobotidtcs tcs quc ‗tcdmid cg bifcgga bifcgga ga sunobocdtc sunobocdtclcdtc lcdtc barta piri vcr y aìr, scid bipibcs hc hcmgutor ud sédhwobk cd  lodutas, trifi`ir ig lcdas  lodutas sod or ig fiùa do fcfcr igma y quc tcdmid irctcs cd gi diroz ga sunobocdtclcdtc gomcras piri da odtcrncror bad su trifi`a“. = Sdi balpiùìi hc vcdtis diboadig idudboò quc cstifid ‗odtcrcsihas cd badtritir bodba odsostcdtcs prancsoadigcs hc vcdtis sclohctcstifgcs piri ud ud pucsta rcpctotova y ifurroha hc vcdtis. Ducstra pcrsadig hc vcdtis ibtuig =

cs cg mrupa lés nga`a n ga`a quc `ilés vcré, irristrédhasc i trifi`ir bodba hìis i gi sclidi piri hcbohor so sc quc`iréd hcg bgoli, cg binï, cg tcrlastita a cg mcrcdtc“. Isì, gis loslis tïbdobis c olimodiboòd quc sc usid cd gas idudboas hc prahubtas puchcd odbrclcdtir gi cnobiboi hcg rcbgutilocdta cd gas idudboas hc vibidtcs. Csti cs udi rizòd par gi quc gis prodbopigcs balpiùìis pufgobotirois bala Fcrdirh Kahcs  y Iustod-Edomkt sc odvagubrid bihi vcz lés cd cg hcsirragga hc ivosas hc vibidtcs y bilpiùis hc rcbgutilocdta.

 Lchoas cgcbtròdobas Locdtris % hc gis armidoziboadcs pufgobi idudboas hc rcbgutilocdta cd pcroòhobas, sòga % utogozi tcgcvosoòd y gi rihoa piri cg losla nod (RKVL, f).  f). Xig Xig vcz cg lc`ar usa hcg rcbgutilocdta tcgcvosova cd cg scbtar proviha ki soha cg hc LbHadigh‟s, buyas balcrboigcs lucstrid quc csti bihcdi hc balohi répohi cs ud gumir ohcig piri

99;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Xiggcr hc birrcri

Bòla rcspadhcr i gas idudboas cd cg pcroòhoba

Vcspadhcr i gas idudboas bad udi ggilihi tcgcnòdobi R Zribtoquc sus prolcris nriscs bala ‗^o su idudboa

hc vibidtc cd cg pcroòhoba gabig y lc mustirìi aftcdcr lés odnarliboòd“. Da hï par kcbka quc puchc olpravosir a sadiré tid odirtobugiha bala gi pcrsadi tìpobi quc hc`i ud lcdsi`c cd gi léquodi badtcstihari. R Zrcpércsc piri udi pcqucùi cdtrcvosti iscmurédhasc

hc quc tocdc toclpa hc kifgir, tcdmi su burrìbugul i gi lida piri rcspadhcr gis prcmudtis, ihclés hc pipcg y gépoz. Bocrti abisoòd, Mc Mc Fcigg, mcrcdtc hc Vcbursas Kulidas, rcbofoò udi ggilihi `usta buidha sigìi hc gi rcmihcri y idtcs quc tuvocri toclpa hc vcstorsc. Gi pcrsadi quc ggilò rcsugtò scr ud clpgcihar,, quocd cdtrcvostò i Fcigg cd cg tridsbursa clpgcihar hc gi somuocdtc kari. Cg clpgcihar ho`a i Fcigg quc gc mustifid gis cdtrcvostis tcgcnòdobis parquc cg sagobotidtc ‗da tcdìi quc prcabupirsc par padcrsc su tri`c hc cdtrcvosti“. ¡Cd cstc bisa, da sc hoa bucdti hc quï tid ibcrtihi cri su hcbgiriboòd! Ragobotuh cd pcrsadi R Zrcpércsc piri quc sc gc cdtrcvostc cd cg gumir. Gi armidoziboòd puchc solpgclcdtc talir su burrìbugul y ggilir hcspuïs piri pramrilir udi cdtrcvosti. Rod clfirma, cs usuig quc udi armidoziboòd cdtrcvostc i gas sagobotidtcs badnarlc hc`id su burrìbugul.

pcra vcstorsc csbisilcdtc hc`iré udi ligi olprcsoòd, iðd so sc gc kibc a da udi cdtrcvosti odlchoiti. R Ggcvc bapois hc su burrìbugul y hc`c udi so

sc gc pohc

balpgctir udi sagobotuh hc clpgca. R Ggcvc udi pguli. Lubkis armidoziboadcs cgolodid

iutalétobilcdtc i gas sagobotidtcs quc da kibcd csta. R Rci itcdta bad gi rcbcpboadosti a bad

buigquocr atri pcrsadi bad gi quc tcdmi badtibta. Gi prolcri olprcsoòd quc gi armidoziboòd tocdc hc ustch prafifgclcdtc sci gi lés olpartidtc, y puchc cstir scmura hc quc ga quc sc homi hc ud sagobotidtc ligchubiha a csbisilcdtc vcstoha ggcmiré bad ripohcz i gi pcrsadi quc cd rcigohih tali gi hcbosoòd hc badtritir.

Idudboas piri cdvoir burrìbugul R Roclprc odbguyi udi birti hc prcscdtiboòd (badbcpta

quc scré hosbutoha pastcroarlcdtc cd cstc bipìtuga). b ipìtuga). R Hc scr pasofgc, ratugc cg safrc i léquodi.

Idudboas cd ud fuzòd idòdola R Da tcli rcspadhcr i cstc topa hc idudboas. Gi liyar

pirtc hcg toclpa, hiréd bala rcsugtiha fucdas pucstas cd armidoziboadcs rcspadsifgcs. rcspadsifgcs.

R Badtcstc bad ripohcz, pucs cstas fuzadcs sc isomdid

i gas idudboidtcs sòga huridtc cg pcroaha cd cg quc sc pufgobi cg ivosa.

R ^ìstisc bala so nucri i udi cdtrcvosti. Zuchc scr

badvcdocdtc hc`ir su burrìbugul hc biloda i gi pgiyi,

quc gas `ufogihas trifi`cd lchoa toclpa. Ihclés hc mcdcrir sagobotidtcs, gas balcrboigcs^ohcascirbk, sad ud cxbcgc cxbcgcdtc dtc vckìbuga pðfgobis.cd Bigonardoi, rcigozò ud mora udi imcdboi hc rcgiboadcs clpgca iscdtihi odtcrcsidtc cd cg rcbgutilocdta tcgcvosova. Ru pramrili hc tcgcvosoòd hc  lodutas ggiliha ‗Lcct _aur Dcxt Clpgaycr“ (‗Cdbucdtrc i su pròxola clpgcihar“) cs pimiha par armidoziboadcs quc puchcd idudboir sus apartudohihcs hc clpgca. Cg basta hc cstc scrvoboa cs hc biso $  hògircs par loduta hc cxpasoboòd diboadig. Sd pramrili sologir, ggiliha ‗BirccrGodc“, sc tridslotc tridslo tc sclidiglcdtc cd gi Nodidboig Dcws Dctware. Iudquc gi pufgobohih par tcgcvosoòd sucdi pralctchari, cs ud érci quc dcbcsoti lés odvcstomiboòd clpìrobi piri hctcrlodir su cnobiboi rcig. Gi vcdti`i patcdboig piri usir gas lchoas cgcbtròdobas cd cg rcbgutilocdta cs quc % hc gas cstihaudohcdscs csbubki gi rihoa ig lcdas udi vcz i gi sclidi y gi pcrsadi pralchoa pisi buitra karis ig hìi csbubkédhagi cd balpiriboòd bad gas  lodutas quc gcc cg pcroòhoba (@aodsad, ). Ihclés, honcrcdtcs topas hc cstiboadcs rihoigcs (p. c., hc rabe, rip, lðsobi bgésobi, baudtry a bidboadcs voc`is y ducvis) igbidzid honchoncrcdtcs topas hc iuhocdbois y isì gas idudboas par cstc lchoa puchcd horomorsc bad lés nibogohih i gi iuhocdboi hcscihi.

 

Vcbgutilocdta  

99?

 

Kirros Xrubeodm i lcduha idudboi sus vibidtcs piri badhubtarcs cd gis cstiboadcs hc rihoa quc tridslotcd lðsobi baudtry. Cstas ivosas da sòga sc usid piri rcbgutir ducvas badhubtarcs, soda piri imrihcbcr i gas ibtuigcs par kibcr tid fucd trifi`a (Mofsad, ). Cd Akoa, Vcscrvcs Dctware, udi balpiùìi hc bagabiboòd hc clpgcas,  y ]BG^-NL, ]BG^-NL, udi cstiboòd hc lðsobi bgésobi, tilfoïd tocdcd mrid ïxota utogozidha gi rihoa piri rcbgutir clpgcihas5 hc kcbka gi ]BG^-NL hcsbufroò quc idudboirsc cd gi rihoa cs cg lc`ar lïtaha piri rcbgutir sagobotidtcs hc lodarìis. Isolosla, cd ud usa oddavihar hc gas lchoas, Zruhcdtoig Odsuridbc Odsuridbc idudboò sus vibidtcs cd bartas hc pcgìbugis cd bodcs gabigcs idtcs hc praycbtir gis bodtis prodbopigcs pr odbopigcs (Ncrdidhcz, (Ncrdidhcz, ).

Idudboas gifarigcs (piri sagobotir trifi`a) Cstc topa hc idudboas sc pufgobid par cg sagobotidtc cd vcz hc udi armidoziboòd. Bala ga lucstri gi nomuri ., cstas ivosas talid hovcrsis narlis0 igmudas cdgostid bigonobiboadcs cxtcdsis, atras hid gas dalfrcs hc gas sagobotidtcs y atras cd mcdcrig sad lés brcitovas quc sus sologircs. Has cstuhoas (]oggoils y Mirros, 5 ]oggos, ]oggos, Loggcr y Kunn, ) odvcstomirad gi cncbtovohih hc cstas idudboas ig badtibtir sagobotidtcs piri pucstas hc anobodi quc sc pralaboadirad cd dulcrasis pufgobiboadcs hoirois y prancsoadigcs. Gas rcsugtihas hc ilfas cstuhoas sad igcdtiharcs0 .% hc cstas sagobotidtcs nuc badtritiha. Rod clfirma, da tahas gas badtibtas crid hc gas clpgciharcs. Cd su gumir, gumir, igmudas crid hc imcdbois hc clpgca, scrvoboas scr voboas hc cgifariboòd hc burrìbugul c odbgusa hc ud vcdhchar hc cdbobgapchois (±bòla pahrìi pahr ìi cg sagobotidtc pimir udi cdbobgapchoi buidha do soquocri tocdc ud clpgca1). Hc gas sagobotidtcs quc bagabirad gas idudboas, .%scr sì rcbofoò ancrtis trifi`a ud vcrhihcris. idudboas sagobotir trifi`a pircbcd udi narli ðtog hc hc fusbir clpgca y,Gas hiha quc da gcpiri bucstid i gi armidoziboòd, puchc scr ud lïtaha fcdïnoba hc rcbgutilocdta.

Lïtahas hc pudta hc balpri Cg lïtaha hc rcbgutilocdta hc pudta hc balpri sc fisi cd gas loslas prodbopoas hcg ‗ZAZ“ a pudta hc balpri (par sus somgis cd odmgïs) quc sc usid piri balcrboigozir

C[ZCVXA CD CRBVOFOV HORBSVRAR Ibtuiglcdtc cgifari hosbursas piri BCA hc Nartudc 6::. Idtcbchcdtcs cd tcbdagamìi, lðgtopgcs odhustrois, ]igg Rt., ]isk. H.B. Fax CI-692, Xkc ]igg Rtrcct @aurdig. HORZADOFGC 93 HC IMARXA0 LicsIMARXA0 Licstri rcgomoasi. Chubiboòd udovcrsotiroi, cd sclodiroa y piri ihugtas. Licstrìi cd chubiboòd rcgomoasi, Habtari cd nogasanìi, Gotcrituri ilcrobidi, pcroahosti. Cxpcrocdboi cd chubiboòd hc ihugtas da mrihuihas, kalfrcs y lu`crcs. Xrifi`a rcgomoasa, horcbtari csporotuig, pacti, csbrotari. Zcrsadi balpralctohi c odtcrhosbopgodiroi odtcrhosbopgodiroi.. Badtibtir0 Ih Vidhal, Hcpt. G-62=.

Nomuri 8.8 C`clpgas hc idudboas piri sagobotir trifi`a 96:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

prahubtas i gas badsuloharcs. Zar c`clpga, olimodc quc balpri cd udi tocdhi hc ifirratcs gabig. Badnarlc clpu`i su birra i ga girma hc ud pisogga, vc udi ancrti cspcboig hc pipis y, cd cg somuocdtc pisogga, udi hc miggctis. Buidha ggcmi i gi sigohi, irtìbugas bala gi rcvosti  Ditoadig Cdquorcr, Cdquorcr, hugbcs y fitcrìis sc sotðid badvcdocdtclcdtc piri quc puchi cxilodirgas locdtris cspcri cd gi nogi. Gi ohci cs kibcr quc ustch balprc lés irtìbugas udi vcz quc csté cd gi tocdhi. Cd cg rcbgutilocdta, gas idudboas hc vibidtcs sc bagabid cd gumircs hadhc cs prafifgc quc gas bgocdtcs a gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs gas vcid0 vcdtidis hc tocdhis, tifgcras hc fagctodcs, lidtcgcs odhovohuigcs hc rcstiuridtcs y bastihas hc gas biloadcs. Gis  vcdti`is hc cstc lïtaha sad quc da rcsugti bira y quc sc horomc i gi mcdtc quc nrcbucdti cg dcmaboa. Gi hcsvcdti`i cs quc csté cxpucsta sòga i ud dðlcra golotiha hc pcrsadis. Bifcgi‟s, s, udi bihcdi lodarosti quc sc cspcboigozi cd bizi y pcsbi, cs ud cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc udi armidoziboòd quc rcbguti bgocdtcs ibtuigcs piri bufror sus vibidtcs. Hcfoha i quc Bifcgi‟s dcbcsoti clpgcihas bad ud cxtcdsa badabolocdta cd su rila, gc rcsugti lés nébog badtritir odhovohuas quc yi kid tcdoha odtcrïs y sifcr ig rcspcbta quc bipibotir clpgcihas ducvas hcshc bcra. Ihclés hc horomorsc i gas bgocdtcs ibtuigcs, Bifcgi‟s tilfoïd itric bgufcs hc bizi y pcsbi buyas loclfras da sòga sad clpgcihas patcdboigcs, soda tilfoïd bgocdtcs patcdboigcs. Zar so nucri paba, tocdc udi prcstiboòd quc omuiglcdtc iyuhi i rcbgutir biziharcs y pcsbiharcs p csbiharcs évohas0 gas hcsbucdtas hcsbucdtas hc prahubtas y udi pagìtobi quc pcrlotc quc cg pcrsadig hc vcdtis ggcvc ud prahubta i bisi huridtc  hìis piri quc puchi praparboadir i gas bgocdtcs apodoadcs prcbosis safrc cg prahubta (Xiygar, ). Hcfoha i gi honobugtih piri aftcdcr clpgcihas, lubkas rcstiuridtcs hc balohi répohi usid gis tïbdobis hc pudta hc balpri. LbHadigh‟s, Irfy‟s, Furmcr Eodm y Birg‟ Birg‟ss @r. olprolcd idudboas gifarigcs bad cspiboas piri sagobotuh cd sus lidtcgcs odho vohuigcs hc pipcg. Ziri sagobotir ud clpgca, gas bgocdtcs (±pahclas ggilirgcs ikari ‗Lbsagobotidtcs“1) solpgclcdtc solpgclcdtc golpoid gi bitsup hcrrilihi hc su lidtcg odhovohuig, ga ggcdid bad su dalfrc y horcbboòd y sc ga hid ig mcrcdtc. Cd gi nomuri . sc vcd c`clpgas hc csta. ]cdhy‟s ki olprcsa idudboas hc vibidtcs hc clpgca cd sus rcbofas hc gi bi`i rcmostrihari (‗¡Ikari badtritilas biris sadrocdtcs!“), bala ga kibcd Xirmct y Kalc Hcpat5 Haloda‟s Zozzi idudboi cd gis bi`is hc pozzi y Ecdtubey Nroch Bkobecd kibc ga prapoa cd biloadctis quc sc hctocdcd cd gumircs hadhc sc rcðdcd cstuhoidtcs, piri hostrofuor rcnrcsbas mritos y sagobotuhcs hc clpgca. Zar su pirtc, hcfoha i quc Rtarc  tcdìi honobugtih piri rcbgutir iprcdhobcs hc mcrcdtc, talò gi apartudohih hc bagabir idudboas cd gi pirtc gitcrig hc gas birtadcs hc gcbkc. Cg basta hc gi bilpiùi cri lìdola parquc gi balpiùìi ifsarfoò cg mista hc brcir c olprolor csas birtadcs. Atras c`clpgas hc lïtahas oddaviharcs hc rcbgutilocdta odbguycd i Giuroit‟s Faae, quc bagabò idudboas hc clpgca ( `af pastodm  p astodm ) y lodo burrìbugul cd ud scpirihar hc gofras. Isolosla, gi tocdhi hc rapi Vummch ]irckausc padc sus baludobihas gifarigcs cd sus vcstoharcs, y tidta RlotkEgodc bala Zruhcdtoig Odsuridbc Odsuridbc ga kibcd cd gas idudboas cspcbtibugircs hcg érci hc Nogihcgnoi.

Vcbgutiharcs Vcbgutiharcs hc bilpa Lubkis armidoziboadcs cdvìid rcbgutiharcs i gas bilpus udovcrsotiroas bad cg af`ctova hc cdtrcvostir cstuhoidtcs piri bufror gas pucstas hospadofgcs. Da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc cg balpartilocdta y gi ibtotuh hc gas rcbgutiharcs odnguyi cd gis hcbosoadcs hc gas sagobotidtcs piri ibcptir gas clpgcas quc sc gcs anrcbcd (Bkiplid, Smmcrsgcv, Birragg, Zoiscdtod y @adcs, 5 Vydcs, Frctz y Mcrkirt, ).

 

Vcbgutilocdta  

969

 

Nomuri 8.3 C`clpgas hc rcbgutilocdta cd pudtas hc balpri I biusi hc gis badsohcriboadcs hc bastas, lubkas clpgciharcs kid rchuboha cg usa hcg rcbgutilocdta cd bilpa. Bala rcsugtiha hc cgga, ud brcbocdtc dðlcra hc udo vcrsohihcs  vcrsohi hcs armidozi ncrois hc clpgca vortuigcs cd gis quc sus cstuhoidtcs puchcd usir gi wcf piri ‗vosotir“ i gas rcbgutiharcs hc bocdtas hc clprcsis hc udi sagi vcz. Cd udi ncroi hc csti ìdhagc, gas sagobotidtcs puchcd kifgir a cdvoir lcdsi`cs odstidtédcas ig rcbgutihar, iprcdhcr lés safrc gi balpiùìi y prcscdtir su burrìbugul.

966

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Vcbgutiharcs cxtcrdas Lés hc % hc gis armidoziboadcs usi nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta cxtcrdis, cs hcbor, imcdbois hc clpgca provihis a pðfgobis y balpiùìis hc fðsquchi c`cbutovi (RKVL, f). Xidta Xidta gis provihis bala gis hc fðsquchi c`cbutovi cstéd hoscùihis piri mcdcrir mididbois hc gis ibtovohihcs hc rcbgutilocdta, locdtris quc gis imcdbois pðfgobis, apcrihis par cg Cstiha y gis gabigcs sad cstrobtilcdtc sod nodcs hc gubra.

Imcdbois hc clpgca y balpiùìis hc fðsquchi  Imcdbois hc clpgca Gis imcdbois hc clpgca apcrid hc has lidcris. Sdi cs bafridha i gi balpiùìi, y gi atri, ig sagobotidtc buidha ibcpti cg pucsta. Gi bidtohih par ga mcdcrig virìi hc % i % hcg sigiroa hcg sagobotidtc cg prolcr iùa. Hcshc gi pcrspcbtovi hc udi armidoziboòd, cxostcd pabas rocsmas ig usir udi imcdboi hc clpgca quc bafri ig sagobotidtc par sus scrvoboas. Cs hcbor, so gi imcdboi da puchc cdbadtrir ud bidhohita iprapoiha, gi armidoziboòd da ki mistiha hodcra, y so gi imcdboi cs cxotasi, tilfoïd gi armidoziboòd aftocdc ud clpgciha bigonobiha sod basta igmuda. Gis imcdbois hc clpgca sad cspcboiglcdtc ðtogcs so ud hcpirtilcdta hc VK csté safrcbirmiha hc trifi`a a so udi clprcsi da tocdc ud odhovohua bad gis kifogohihcs y cxpcrocdboi dcbcsirois piri scgcbboadir scgcbboadir hc lidcri iprapoihi i gas clpgcihas. Gi hcs vcdti`i hc gis imcdbois hc clpgca cs quc gi balpiùìi pocrhc igma hc badtrag safrc su prabcsa hc rcbgutilocdta y puchc tcrlodir bad sagobotidtcs odhcscifgcs. Vcbucrhc, gi liyarìi hc ‗badsc`cras“ ‗b adsc`cras“ gis imcdbois hc clpgca sadhc badtritihas hcfoha sus kifogohihcs cdgas vcdtis, da par udcdsògoha idtcbchcdtc cd cg érci scgcbboòd hc pcrsa-i dig. Hc kcbka, udi imcdboi hc clpgca rcbkizò i uda hc sus sagobotidtcs hcfoha hcfoha i quc cstc ðgtola kifìi midiha ud mriha cd gi mcrcdboi hc pcrsadig. Huridtc gi cdtrcvosti, cg `cnc hc gi imcdboi ho`a ig sagobotidtc0 ‗Cd vcrhih da cstilas fusbidha i ud prancsoadig hc pcrsadig. Ga quc hcscilas cs cg topa hc pcrsadi quc puchi vcdhcr igulodoa `udta ig prapoctiroa hc gi tocdhi hc tifoqucs“. Cg sagobotidtc riris vcbcs puchc cquovabirsc ig utogozir udi imcdboi piri clpgcas. Ro gi buati sc bafri i gi balpiùìi, aftocdc ud clpgca sod basta. Rod clfirma, so gi buati sc gc birmi i ïg a cggi, iðd sc puchc fcdcnoboir. Zar c`clpga, supadmi quc tocdc honobugtihcs piri cdbadtrir trifi`a y udi imcdboi gc cdbucdtri uda cd cg quc gc pimucd $  hògircs ig iùa. Mistir $  hògircs piri aftcdcr ud fucd trifi`a puchc scr vigoasa parquc bihi lcs su hcsclpgca gc bucsti $  hògircs cd pïrhohis hc odmrcsas. Zar ga tidta, gi buati cs cscdboiglcdtc ud lcs hc sigiroa quc ustch da kifrìi midiha hc dodmudi narli sod cg trifi`a cd bucstoòd.

Balpiùìis hc fðsquchi c`cbutovi Gis balpiùìis hc fðsquchi c`cbutovi, lc`ar badabohis bala ‗kcih kudtcrs“ honocrcd hc gis imcdbois hc clpgca cd hovcrsis narlis. Zrolcra, gas trifi`as quc rcprcscdtid tocdhcd i scr pucstas cd quc sc rcquocrc cxpcrocdboi bad ud pima lés cgcviha, bala c`cbutovas, odmcdocras y pramriliharcs hc balputiharis. Rcmudha, soclprc bafrid sus kadariroas i gis armidoziboadcs cd vcz hc i gas sagobotidtcs. Xcrbcra, gis buatis bafrihis par cstis balpiùìis tocdhcd i scr % hcg prolcr iùa hc sigiroa hcg sagobotidtc. Sdi igcrti safrc gis imcdbois hc clpgca y gis balpiùìis hc fðsquchi c`cbutovi0 hcfoha i quc mcdcrid su hodcra par cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs quc bagabid, tocdhcd i c`crbcr udi nucrtc prcsoòd safrc cstas ðgtolas piri quc ibcptcd gas clpgcas quc sc gcs anrcbcd. Rod clfirma, gas sagobotidtcs da cstéd afgomihas i ibcptir trifi`as y

 

Vcbgutilocdta  

962

 

da sc hcfcd scdtor odtolohihas par rcbkizir ud pucsta quc pirczbi scr udi ligi ancrti.

 Imcdbois hc clpgca pðfgobis Cg tcrbcr topa hc armidoziboòd hc rcbgutilocdta cxtcrda sad gis imcdbois hc clpgca cstitigcs y gabigcs. Cstis imcdbois hc clpgca pðfgobis cstéd hoscùihis prodbopiglcdtc piri iyuhir i gas hcsclpgcihas i cdbadtrir trifi`a, pcra i lcduha anrcbcd scrvoboas bala iscsarìi hc birrcri y prcpiriboòd hc burrìbugul. Hcshc gi pcrspcbtovi hc gi armidoziboòd, gis imcdbois hc clpgca pðfgobis puchcd scr hc mrid vigar ig bufror pucstas hc afrcras y hc anobodi. Da sòga da cxostc dodmðd basta odvagubriha piri badtritir sagobotidtcs, soda quc gas pramrilis mufcrdilcdtigcs i lcduha tilfoïd sc cdbucdtrid hospadofgcs piri iyuhir i pimir ga quc bucsti gi bipibotiboòd. Ihclés, bad gi ggcmihi hc gas pramrilis hc prucfi cstidhirozihas (quc sc hosbutcd cd cg bipìtuga ), gi bigohih hc gas clpgcihas badtritihas i trivïs hc gis imcdbois pðfgobis ibtuiglcdtc cs lubka lés cgcvihi quc cd cg pisiha. Lubkis hc cstis imcdbois kid kcbka quc cdbadtrir trifi`a sci lés nébog, bagabidha eoasbas cd gumircs bala bcdtras balcrboigcs y chonoboas pðfgobas. Gas sagobotidtcs puchcd usir gas eoasbas piri cdbadtrir vibidtcs gabigcs y aftcdcr odnarliboòd safrc bòla pastugirsc piri gas pucstas. Gas clpgciharcs usid bihi vcz lés gas eoasbas hc rcbgutilocdta, quc rcbofcd mridhcs bidtohihcs hc sagobotidtcs sod boti prcvoi. Cd gumir hc ggilir i udi rcbcpboadosti, gas patcdboigcs clpgcihas puchcd usir cg eoasba gabigoziha cd gi rcbcpboòd hc gi balpiùìi piri fusbir vibidtcs ibtuigcs y, pastcroarlcdtc, sagobotir gas pucstas piri gas quc sc cdbucdtrid bigonobihas.

Vcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha Atri narli hc rcbgutir cs lchoidtc rcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha,  cd gis quc gas trifi `iharcs ibtuigcs rcbalocdhid loclfras hc su nilogoi y ilomas piri vibidtcs cspcbìnobis. Gis cdbucstis quc odvcstomid cstc lïtaha hc rcncrcdboi odhobid quc bcrbi hc % hc gis armidoziboadcs provihis tocdc pramrilis hc rcncrcdboi narligcs y % usi gis rcncrcdbois hc clpgcihas cd igmudi narli (Furec, f). Hc gis  lc`arcs armidoziboadcs pcqucùis y lchoidis piri trifi`ir cd Cstihas Sdohas, hosbutohis prcvoilcdtc, % usi gis rcncrcdbois hcg clpgciha y bcrbi hc % hc tahis gis badtritiboadcs nuc rcncroha par ud clpgciha ibtuig (Zalcray, ). Ròga % hc gis armidoziboadcs pðfgobis, bala mafocrdas cstitigcs y bouhihidas, tocdc hobkas pramrilis,  y csis pabis gas usid piri igcdtir cg csbisa rcbgutilocdta hc anoboigcs hc pagobìi y falfcras (Xrobc, ). Cd udi cdbucsti hc  prancsoadigcs hc VK, gis rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas nucrad bgisonobihis bala cg lïtaha hc rcbgutilocdta lés cncbtova (RKVL, ). Igmudis armidoziboadcs cstéd tid badvcdbohis hc ga itribtova hc cstc lïtaha quc praparboadid odbcdtovas nodidbocras i gas clpgcihas quc rcbalocdhid sagobotidtcs quc sad badtritihas. Zar c`clpga, Odtcmritch Rystcls Badsugtodm Mraup hoa $    hògircs  y gi apartudohih hc midir udis udis vibiboadcs vibiboadcs i Kiwio i gas clpgcihas quc rcnorocrid rcnorocrid sagobotidtcs cxotasas. Xridsibtoad Xridsibtoad Odnarlitoad Rystcls hoa $  hògircs i gas clpgcihas quc rcbalcdhirad sagobotidtcs piri ud pucsta hc pramrilihar hc gi Vch Mgafig Ludhoig5 Xclpariry Issaboitcs, cd Oggodaos, hoa $ hògircs piri fcbis hc prcpiritaroi i gas cstuhoidtcs quc rcbalcdhirad sagobotidtcs piri pucstas hc tclparihi5 -Cgcvcd anrcboò $  hògircs i gas clpgcihas par rcbalcdhir badsugtarcs hc bilpa patcdboigcs5 SZR pimò $ $  hògircs par rcncrcdbois hc lcdsi`cras5 Ryfisc pufgobò udi bilpiùi hc rcncrcdbois cd quc gas clpgcihas, buyis rcncrcdbois hocrad bala rcsugtiha udi cdtrcvosti, cdtrirad cd udi roni piri prcloas bala tcgcvosarcs, bodba birtadcs hc bcrvczi,  firris hc bkabagitc Fify Vutk y udi kilibi. Zar su pirtc, ]kotc Lcla968

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

  Zcrnog hc clpgca Vkadhi Hunnoc, licstri cd Bocdbois, prancsoadig cd Vcbursas Kulidas Vcprcscdtidtc hc Vcbursas Kulidas Vcprcscdtidtc Iggoidt Xcbksystcls, Odb.

   c     o     n     n    u     H  .     ]    i     h    d    a     k     V     ©

R

ay rcprcscdtidtc hc Vcbursas Kulidas piri ud nifrobidtc hc ludoboadcs y prapcgcdt prapcgcdtcs cs cd cg suracstc hc ^ormodoi. Ducstri balpiùìi apcri udi udohih prapochih hcg mafocrda y nifrobi bocrta dðlcra hc prapcgcdtcs y balpadcdtcs hc ludoboadcs piri gis nucrzis irlihis hc Cstihas Sdohas. Los rcspadsifogohihcs odbguycd balpcdsiboòd, ihlodostriboòd hc fcdcnoboas y balpcdsiboòd hc trifi`iharcs. Xilfoïd cstay odvagubrihi cd cg rcbgutilocdta y gi scgcbboòd. Vcbgutir y badtritir

sagobotidtcs igtilcdtc bigonobihas cs ud ispcbta brìtoba cd cg ïxota hc ducstris apcriboadcs, pirtobugirlcdtc i riìz hc gi diturigczi vagétog hc gas litcroigcs i gas quc ducstras trifi`iharcs cstéd cxpucstas cd su ilfocdtc gifarig. Ro ud pucsta cs ducva a yi cxostc, cg prolcr pisa cd cg rcbgutilocdta cs iscmurirsc hc quc kiyi udi hcsbropboòd prcbosi hcg losla. Gi odnarliboòd hc csti hcsbropboòd sc utogozi piri cg hcsirragga hc gi rcquosoboòd hcg pcrsadig odtcrda y cd gas idudboas piri gi vibidtc. Cg lcrbiha iprapoiha piri idudboirgi ga hctcrlodi cg topa hc clpgca quc sc bufroré. Gas pucstas hc dovcg fésoba hc prahubboòd sc bufrcd bufrcd mcdcrig-

cscdboig usir udi ilpgoi virochih hc lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdt rcbgutilocdtaa piri igbidzir lés sagobotidtcs patcdboigcs. Xahis gis vibidtcs sc idudboid cd cg sotoa wcf hc gi balpiùìi, quc odbguyc udi fisc hc hitas quc fusbi par gumir, odstigiboòd a bitcmarìi hc pucsta. Gas bidhohitas puchcd balpgctir gi sagobotuh cd gìdci y ih`udtir ud irbkova hc burrìbugul cd ïsti. Ziri pucstas brìtobas a honìbogcs hc bufror, Iggoidt Xcbksystcls anrcbc ud odbcdtova i gas clpgcihas bad cg nod hc igcdtirgas i quc hcd rcncrcdbois hc bidhohitas piri cstas pucstas. Ihclés hcg sotoa wcf hc gi balpiùìi, sc usid atras rcbursas hc pufgobohih, odbguycdha pcroòhobas gabigcs y diboadigcs,

quc odvagubri i rcbgutiharc rcbgutiharcss hc hostodtis schcs hc gi balpiùìi. Omuig quc cd gi liyarìi hc gis armidoziboadcs, udi pirtc olpartidtc hcg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd cs gi cdtrcvosti hc clpgca. Bad cg inéd hc odbrclcdtir su cncbtovohih bala udi kcrrilocdti hc scgcbboòd, sc usi udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi piri tahis gis vibidtcs. Ziri bihi udi hc ïstis, sc ohcdtonobi udi scroc cscdboig hc balpctcdbois. Ihclés, sc hcsirraggid prcmudtis, yi sci hc diturigczi tïbdobi a sotuiboadig, piri bihi balpctcdboi. Sd pidcg, buyas loclfras sad scgcbboadihas par cg mcrcdtc hc badtritiboabadtritiboadcs, cdtrcvosti i gas sagobotidtcs. Bihi cdtrcvostihar tali datis

lcdtc cd isaboiboòd bad gi balosoòd hc clpgca gabig, ihclés hc gas idudboas cd pcroòhobas quc sc dcbcsotcd. Cd bilfoa, cg rcbgutilocdta piri pucstas tïbdobas a hc dovcg ihlodostritova rcquocrc ud cdnaquc lés ilpgoa5 locdtris quc cg rcgiboadiha bad pucstas prancsoadigcs, bocdtìnobas y horcbtovas i lcduha odbguyc udi fðsquchi diboadig. Cd cstis fðsquchis cs

armidoziboadcs balcrboigcs y prancsoadigcs, y scrvoboas hc fðsquchi hc clpgca cd gìdci. Atra ispcbta olpartidtc hc ducstra rcbgutilocdtaa odvagubri csnucrzas rcbgutilocdt hc rcbgutilocdta cd cg bilpa y prcscdtir stidhs hc odnarliboòd cd rcudoadcs hc isaboiboadcs prancsoadigcs. Gi pirtobopiboòd cd cstas cvcdtas sc fisi par ga mcdcrig cd ud cdnaquc armidoziha cd cquopas

huridtc gas cdbucdtras y balpgcti udi ka`i hc bigonobiboòd cstédhir piri bihi uda hc gas sagobotidtcs. Gis cviguiboadcs sc utogozid piri ohcdtonobir ig bidhohita ihcbuiha piri cg pucsta. Nodiglcdtc, usir udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi y ud pidcg hc cdtrcvostiharcs rchubc gas prc`uoboas odvagubrihas cd gis cdtrcvostis tìpobis.

roig Lchobig Bcdtcr praparboadò i gas rcbalcdhidtcs hc clpgcihas cxotasas scr voboa hc golpoczi mrituota par p ar ud iùa balpgcta. Gi bidtohih pralchoa hc gas fadas anrcbohas par gis clprcsis cs lcdar i $  hògircs (RKVL, i). Cg pcroaha quc ud clpgciha ducva hcfc pcrlidcbcr bad gi balpiùìi idtcs hc quc sci cgcmofgc piri ud fada, cs hc trcs lcscs (Rtcwirt, Cggcdfurm, Kobes, Erclcd y Hidocg, ). Rtcwirt y sus bagcmis () da cdbadtrirad dodmudi rcgiboòd cdtrc cg tiliùa hcg fada  y cg dðlcra hc rcncrcdbois do cdbadtrirad quc gis armidoziboadcs quc anrcbocrid fadas par rcncrcdboi rcbofocrid lés rcbalcdhiboadcs quc iqucggis quc da anrcbocrad fadas. Iudquc hobka kiggizma puchc scr sarprcdhcdtc, % hc gas clpgcihas ho`a quc hifi udi rcncrcdboi piri iyuhir i ud iloma, % hcbgirò quc piri iyuhir i su clpgcihar y atra % rcpartò quc ga koza par cg odbcdtova (Gibkdot, ). Iudquc gis rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas sad ud lchoa cncbtova piri rcbgutir, sc hcfc tcdcr prcbiuboòd ig hcsirraggir ud pramrili hc rcncrcdbois piri iscmurirsc hc quc cg bad`udta hc csis rcbalcdhiboadcs sci rcprcscdtitova hc gi balpasoboòd ïtdobi

 

Vcbgutilocdta  

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 y riboig hc gi nucrzi gifarig bigonobihi. bigonobihi. Hobki prcbiuboòd prcbiuboòd cs olpartidtc yi quc quc gi odvcsodvcstomiboòd odhobi quc % hc gas ilomas hc clpgcihas biubésobas y % hc gas ilomas hc gas clpgcihas inrailcrobidas sad hc su losli rizi, isì bala % hc gas sagobotidtcs hc trifi`a usò sus rchcs saboigcs piri iyuhirsc i cdbadtrirga (Lauw, (Lauw, ). Zar ga tidta, so gi liyarìi hc gas clpgcihas hc udi armidoziboòd cs biubésobi, tilfoïd ga scré gi liyarìi hc sus rcncrcdbois. Iudquc gi ohci hc gis rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas pircbc itribtovi, da tahis ga sad. Iilaht y Birr () y Vupcrt () balpirirad balpirirad cg ïxota hc gas clpgcihas quc kifìid soha rcncrohas par trifi`iharcs cxotasas y da cxotasas ibtuigcs, y hcsbufrocrad quc gas rcbalcdhihas par clpgcihas cxotasas tuvocrad udi pcrlidcdboi lés girmi quc gas rcncrohas par gas da cxotasas. Zar ga tidta, sòga sc hcfcd badsohcrir iqucggis rcncrcdbois kcbkis par trifi`iharcs cxotasas. Cstc kiggizma, cxpgobiha par gi odvcstomiboòd psobagòmobi saboig, odhobi quc ducstras ilomas tocdhcd i scr sologircs i dasatras cd biribtcrìstobis bala pcrsadigohih, vigarcs c odtcrcscs. Ro udi clpgcihi pirtobugir cs fucdi cd su pucsta, cdtadbcs sus ilomas y nilogoi balpirtcd gis loslis biribtcrìstobis quc gi vucgvcd udi fucdi clpgcihi. Ga losla ipgobirìi cd cg bisa hc ud clpgciha da cxotasa. Iud buidha gis rcncrcdbois kcbkis par clpgcihas bad ïxota sad udi fucdi vìi hc rcbgutilocdta, gi sologotuh hc ilomas tilfoïd puchc biusir prafgclis. Cg lés mridhc cs quc ducstras ilomas tilfoïd tocdhcd i pcrtcdcbcr ig losla mïdcra, rizi, aromcd diboadig y rcgomoòd quc dasatras. Zar ga tidta, so udi armidoziboòd usi rcncrcdbois hc clpgcihas y sc badstotuyc prchalodidtclcdtc prchalodidtclcdtc hc pratcstidtcs biubésobas hcg scxa lisbugoda, riris vcbcs badtritiré inrailcrobidas a lu`crcs. Isì, iud buidha gi clprcsi da kiyi tcdoha gi odtcdboòd hc hosbrolodir, gis badscbucdbois hc su pagìtobi hc rcbgutilocdta puchcd tcdcr csc cncbta. Da afstidtc, gis armidoziboadcs bala Igpodc Fides hc Bagariha kid usiha csti tcdhcdboi hc sologotuh i su nivar pohocdha i sus clpgcihas fogodm÷cs rcncror sagobotidtcs quc tilfoïd ga scid.

Barrca horcbta Hcfoha i quc cg barrca horcbta  ki soha cxotasa cd gi pufgobohih hc prahubtas, virois armidoziboadcs ga kid usiha piri rcbgutir sagobotidtcs, cd cspcboig iqucggas quc da cstéd fusbidha clpgca hc lidcri ibtovi. Bad cg rcbgutilocdta par barrca horcbta ud clpgcihar darliglcdtc aftocdc udi gosti hc barrca y cdvìi birtis bad vibidtcs a naggctas i pcrsadis par lchoa hcg barrca. Hc ibucrha bad cg cxpcrta cd barrca horcbta, Gcwos Rkalcr, % hcg ïxota hc udi bilpiùi hc cstc topa cs cd sì gi gosti hc horcbboadcs, % cs gi ancrti y % ga badstotuycd gis pigifris y gi ipirocdboi hcg naggcta (]aahwirh, ). Gi liyarìi hc gis gostis hc barrca bucstid hc $ i $ hògircs par   dalfrcs (]aahwirh, ). Sdi subursig hc Iggstitc Odsuridbc, cd Bigonardoi, usifi idudboas cd cg pcroòhoba aftcdocdha udi rcspucsti golotihi. Rod clfirma, hc ud solpgc cdvìa hc   birtis quc cxpgobifi gis apartudohihcs hc birrcri hospadofgcs cd Iggstitc piri gas totugircs ibtuigcs hc pògozis, gi balpiùìi rcbofoò lés hc  ggilihis y cstuva hospucsti i badtritir  ducvas clpgcihas. Sdoad Rpcboig, ud nifrobidtc hc léquodis hc bascr, cd Oggodaos, tuva honobugtihcs piri bufror  pucstas hc odmcdocrìi, par ga quc cdvoò   tir`ctis par barrca i gas odmcdocras hcg érci hc Bkobima i ud basta hc igrchchar hc $  hògircs. Bala rcsugtiha, gi balpiùìi rcbofoò  rcspucstis y rcigozò  cdtrcvostis. Sdi tcrbcri balpiùìi quc usò cxotasilcdtc cg rcbgutilocdta par barrca horcbta cs cg Fide an Ilcrobi. Ziri ikarrir hodcra, cstc fidba koza igma honcrcdtc i Iggstitc y Sdoad Rpcboig0 cd gumir hc cdvoir ud barrca hc rcbgutilocdta cspcboig, odbguyò gotcrituri hc rcbgutilocdta rcbgutilocdta cd gas barrcas lcdsuigcs arhodiroas hc gas cstihas hc bucdti hc sus bgocdtcs. 96>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Nomuri 8.> C`clpga hc ud idudboa hc rcbgutilocdta par barrca horcbta Cg rcbgutilocdta par barrca horcbta cs cspcboiglcdtc ðtog piri gas pucstas quc rcquocrcd kifogohihcs cspcboigozihis. Zar c`clpga, Lodar‟s Gidhsbipc Rcrvobcs, cd Xcxis, tuva prafgclis piri cdbadtrir cspcboigostis cd orromiboòd iutarozihas, par ga quc gabigozò udi gosti hc pcrsadis cd Xcxis quc tcdìid gobcdboi piri rcigozir csti gifar  y gcs cdvoò birtis. birt is. Gi G i balpiùìi cdbadtrò  bidhohitas bigonobihas y puha bufror sus has vibidtcs (Mrudcr, (Mrudcr, ). Cd gi nomuri . sc puchc cdbadtrir ud c`clpga hc rcbgutilocdta par barrca horcbta.

Odtcrdct Odtcrdct somuc socdha udi nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta cd répoha brcbolocdta5 cd , gas mcrcdtcs quc badtritifid ho`crad quc rcbofocrad % hc sus burrìbugul par lchoas cgcbtròdobas (Rtolsad, ). Gas odtcdtas hc rcbgutilocdta par odtcrdct i lcduha sc hid cd udi hc cstis has narlis0 sotoas wcf hc rcbgutilocdta fisihas cd cg clpgcihar  y sotoas hc rcbgutilocdta rcbgutilocdta par odtcrdct. odtcrdct.

Vcbgutilocdta  

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 Rotoas wcf hc rcbgutilocdta rcbgutilocdta fisihas cd cg clpgcihar  clpgcihar  Bad gas sotoas wcf hc rcbgutilocdta fisihas cd cg clpgcihar udi armidoziboòd cdgosti gis vibidtcs gifarigcs hospadofgcs y praparboadi odnarliboòd safrc gis loslis, ihclés hc gas rcquosotas lìdolas dcbcsiroas piri sagobotir ud pucsta cd pirtobugir. Iudquc cg dovcg hc sanostobiboòd virìi hcdtra hc gas sotoas wcf hc gi norli, cd gi liyarìi hc gas bisas gas sagobotidtcs puchcd hcsbirmir sus burrìbugul, badtcstir prcmudtis hoscùihis piri hcsbirtir i gas sagobotidtcs da bigonobihas y, pastcroarlcdtc, prcscdtir prucfis gifarigcs rcigcs. Cd lubkas sotoas, cstis prucfis sc bigonobid hc laha odstidtédca y, so cg sagobotidtc sc badsohcri bigonobiha, sc gc pramrilid cdtrcvostis vìi cgcbtròdobi. Cd toclpas rcbocdtcs, ud bilfoa olpartidtc cd gas sotoas wcf hc csti bgisc hc rcbgutilocdta ki soha cg usa hc halodoas hc clpgca (.`afs, cd odmgïs) (RKVL, ). Idtcs, ud sagobotidtc odtcrcsiha cd cg pucsta hc udi balpiùìi bala Iggstitc Odsuridbc dcbcsotirìi or i su sotoa wcf y pastcroarlcdtc cdbadtrir cg vìdbuga quc horomc i gi scbboòd hc clpgcas. I pirtor hc , gi liyarìi hc gas prodbopigcs badtritidtcs kid iùihoha cg halodoa hc clpgcas piri kibcr lés nébog su prabcsa5 isì, udi pcrsadi odtcrcsihi cd ud trifi`a cd Iggstitc a Viytkcad, par c`clpga, pahrìi ibbchcr hc narli horcbti i pucstas i csi balpiùìi csbrofocdha gi horcbboòd www.iggstitc.`afs a www.riytkcad.`afs. Gas rcstiuridtcs Vabe Fattal (Vabe Fattal Frcwcry, Agh Bkobima pozzi, Bkap Kausc y cg bguf dabturda Rodm Rodm) praparboadid cg cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc ud clpgcihar quc utogozi ud sostcli hc badtritiboòd iutalitoziha. Gas isporidtcs puchcd sagobotir pucstas y balpgctir odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih cd gìdci hcshc su bisi, cd ud rcstiuridtc Vabe Fattal a cd udi ncroi hc clpgca. Cg sostcli fusbi iutalétobilc iutalétobilcdtc dtc cgcmofogohih hc trifi`a, pudtuiboadcs cd prucfis y cdvìi lcdsi`cs i gas mcrcdtcs hc gas rcstiuridtcs piri hirgcs i badabcr udhc sagobotidtc hcquc igticgbigohih sagobotiha clpgca. Cg sostcli odbgusa sumocrc buédha prcmudtis cdtrcvosti mcrcdtckihcfc kibcr i ud sagobotidtc cd pirtobugir (p. c., ±Zar quï tocdc ud pcroaha hc trcs lcscs cdtrc sus clpgcas cd 1). Hcshc quc sc usi cg ducva sostcli cd gìdci, ki hcsbcdhoha gi ratiboòd gifarig.

Vcbgutiharcs par odtcrdct  Gas rcbgutiharcs par odtcrdct badtodðid brcbocdha y tocdcd ud olpibta cd gis badtritiboadcs0 cd cg iùa  kufa lés hc   sotoas wcf hc rcbgutilocdta fisihas cd cg clpgcihar (Gcadirh, ) y % hc gis armidoziboadcs usò ud rcbgutihar par odtcrdct cd gumir hc cdgostir pucstas a fusbir par lchoa hc burrìbugul (Mcrc ct ig .,., ). Sd rcbgutihar par odtcrdct cs udi balpiùìi provihi buya sotoa wcf cdgosti gis vibidtcs hc bocdtas hc armidoziboadcs y gas burrìbugul hc logcs hc sagobotidtcs. Cg lés mridhc rcbgutihar par odtcrdct, Ladstcr.bal tuva lés hc  loggadcs hc vosotidtcs ðdobas par lcs cd . Iudquc gis pcqucùis clprcsis tocdcd gis loslis prafifogohihcs quc gis mridhcs hc rcbgutir clpgcihas par lchoa hc sus pémodis wcf, cs lés prafifgc quc cstis ðgtolis uscd rcbgutiharcs par odtcrdct (Kiusharn y Hudbid, ). Gas clpgciharcs cstéd hcsbufrocdha quc cxostcd lubkis vcdti`is ig usir cg rcbgutilocdta par odtcrdct cd balpiriboòd bad gas idudboas trihoboadigcs hc vibidtcs. Xig  vcz gi vcdti`i lés mridhc m ridhc cs cg basta5 hcpcdhocdha hcg gumir mcamrénoba, cg tiliùa y cg tora hc gas ivosas, idudboirsc cd cg prodbopig pcroòhoba hc gi bouhih puchc scr   vcbcs lés bira quc cg rcbgutilocdta par odtcrdct. Cstc ðgtola igbidzi lés mcdtc i ga girma hc ud érci mcamrénobi lés cxtcdsi quc gas idudboas cd pcroòhobas y, locdtris quc gi choboòd hcg halodma cs gi kcrrilocdti hc rcbgutilocdta prodbopig par pcroòhoba, ‗tahas gas hìis sad halodma“ cd odtcrdct. Iudquc gi rch bilfoi i hoiroa, ïstas nucrad gas prodbopigcs sotoas wcf hc rcbgutilocdta cd Cstihas Sdohas i odoboas hc 0 www.ladstcr.bal www.BirccrFuoghcr.bal www.kat`afs.bal www.birccrfide.bal www.usi`afs.bal 96;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Gi liyarìi hc gas pcroòhobas prodbopigcs tilfoïd tocdcd sus idudboas hc vibidtcs cd gìdci. Zar c`clpga, lubkas clpgcas cd Itgidti sc puchcd vcr cd gi wcf cd kttp0// www.ii`bbgissonochs.bal y clpgcas cd Bkobima (i trivïs hcg sotoa hcg pcroòhoba Rud kttp0//scirbkbkobima.sudtolcsw.bal/`afs/odhcx.ktlg. al/`afs/odhcx.ktlg. Xolcs) sc puchcd vcr cd kttp0//scirbkbkobima.sudtolcsw.b Iudquc cg usa hcg rcbgutilocdta y gi scgcbboòd cd gìdci bocrtilcdtc sc ki odbrclcdtiha, cxostc pabi odvcstomiboòd quc cstuhoc so odtcrdct cs udi nucdtc cncbtovi hc rcbgutilocdta (Kiuhsharn (Kiuhsharn y Hudbid, ).  ). Zircbc kifcr pabis huhis rcspcbta i quc odtcrdct mcdcri lés sagobotuhcs quc gas atras lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdta, pcra sc hcsbadabc gi rcgitovi bigohih hc hobkas sagobotidtcs. Cd cg ðdoba cstuhoa kisti gi ncbki quc idigozi cstc tcli, LbLidus y Ncrmusad () cdbadtrirad quc gis nucdtcs hc odtcrdct ipartirad sagobotidtcs hc lc`ar bigohih quc gas idudboas hc pcroòhoba y ncrois hc clpgca, y badsomuocrad udi bigohih sologir cd gis anobodis hc bagabiboòd csbagir. csbagir. Bala cd cg bisa hc gas lchoas olprcsas, gi ipirocdboi y cg badtcdoha hc udi pémodi a idudboa hc rcbgutilocdta odnguyc cdarlclcdtc cd gis rcibboadcs hcg sagobotidtc. Sd cstuhoa hc Hodccd, Godm, Isk y Hcg ^cbbkoa () hcsbufroò quc gas idudboas hc clpgca fisihas cd gi wcf crid lés cncbtovas buidha crid cstïtobilcdtc pgibcdtcras  y  badtcdìid odnarliboòd pcrsadigozihi safrc cg pucsta y gi balpiùìi, iudquc gi cstïtobi a cg badtcdoha cd sì loslas da crid sunobocdtcs piri odnguor cd gis rcibboadcs hcg sagobotidtc. Lubkis armidoziboadcs cstéd cxpidhocdha cxpidhocdh a su cdnaquc hc wcf trihoboadig lchoidtc cg fgammca (Kissad, ). Cg fgammca pcrlotc i gas rcbgutiharcs hosbutor bad lés odnarligohih gis apartudohihcs hc birrcri y bugturi barparitovi hc udi clprcsi bad gas sagobotidtcs patcdboigcs. Gas fgams i lcduha odbguycd vìdbugas ig sotoa wcf hc clpgca anoboig hc gi armidoziboòd. Sd c`clpga hc ud fgam hc X-Lafogc sc puchc cdbadtrir cd www.worcgcss`afs.bal, y cg fgam hc Kadcywcgg Barp. cd www.kadcywcggfgams.bal. Afscrvc gi ilpgoi honcrcdboi cd cg cstoga y tada hc gas has fgams.

Ncrois hc clpgca Rctcdti par bocdta hc gis armidoziboadcs (RKVL, f) usi gis ncrois hc clpgca  hoscùihis piri praparboadir odnarliboòd cd narli pcrsadig i tidtas sagobotidtcs bala sci pasofgc. Cstis ncrois sc rcigozid mcdcriglcdtc cd trcs narlis. Cd gi prolcri, lubkas topas hc armidoziboadcs tocdcd stidhs cd cg losla gumir. Zar c`clpga, udi ncroi gifarig hc lugtoclpgcihar lugtoclpgciharcs cs cd Ladtmalcry, Igifili, itri`a bcrbi hc   sagobotidtcs y  clpgciharcs (Humid, ). Ru csbucgi quozé tcdmi udi a has hc cstis ncrois gifarigcs bihi iùa, cd gis quc habcdis hc armidoziboadcs cdvìid rcprcscdtidtcs i hosbutor apartudohihcs hc clpgca bad cstuhoidtcs y rcbagcbtir burrìbugul. Ihclés, cstas gotcrituri y rcbucrhas hc gi balpiùìi balabadtibtc pgiycris,i rcmgisrcprcscdtidtcs y tizis. Ro ustchcdtrcmid da ki isostoha i udi ncroi hc clpgca cd su bilpus, su bcdtra hc scrvoboas hc birrcri piri vcr buédha tocdcd pramriliha isostor. Gis ncrois hc clpgca tilfoïd sc kibcd buidha sc prcscdti ud cvcdta a hcsistrc quc incbti cg clpgca gabig. Hcspuïs hcg itiquc ig ]argh Xrihc Bcdtcr hc gi bouhih hc Ducvi _are, cg  hc scptoclfrc hc , udi ncroi hc clpgca piri trifi`iharcs hcspgizihas itri`a i lés hc     fusbiharcs hc clpgca. Ncrois sologircs sc ggcvirad i bifa piri gas trifi`iharcs hc gis gìdcis iïrcis cd Nogihcgnoi y Zottsfurmk (Mcgfirt, ). Hc omuig narli, cd cg prabcsa hc rcbadstrubboòd cd gis scbucgis hcg kuribéd  Eitrodi udi ncroi hc clpgca hc lugtoclpgciharcs, ggilihi ‗cg Cstc hc gi badcxoòd“, sc ggcvò i bifa cd cg érci hc Ducvi Argcids. Cg scmudha topa hc ncroi tocdc lubkis armidoziboadcs pcrtcdcbocdtcs ig losla bilpa cd udi gabigohih. Zar c`clpga, udi ncroi hc clpgca tcbdagòmobi cd gi bouhih hc Ducvi _are, cd , tuva rcprcscdtidtcs hc  balpiùìis y itri`a lés hc   pramriliharcs (Liradcy, ).taha Gi vcdti`i ncroi balapatcdboig ïstis cs quc bad ud saga patcdboigcs bilpa gifarig rcprcscdtiha, vosotidtchccsudi ud sagobotidtc  

Vcbgutilocdta  

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piri bihi udi hc gis clprcsis. Gi hcsvcdti`i, par supucsta, cs quc cd gi ncroi bihi armidoziboòd hcfc balpctor horcbtilcdtc bad atris. Cg tcrbcr topa cs quc udi norli tcdmi su prapoi ncroi hc clpgca. Kc iquì udas c`clpgas0 Miygarhh Zigls, cd Eossollcc, Ngarohi, tuva udi ncroi hc clpgca i gi quc = Miygar isostocrad lés hc   pcrsadis odtcrcsihis cd gis   vibidtcs hc pucstas hcg katcg. Gi ncroi balcdzò bad udi ‗po`ilihi“ quc hurò tahi gi dabkc y i gi quc isostocrad   sagobotidtcs. =

Norst Sdoad Fide tuvacdudi hc clpgca `ucvcs y itri`a i lés hc  pcrsadis odtcrcsihis gis ncroi  vibidtcs hcg ud fidba. = Lobrasant tuva udi ncroi cd Itgidti quc badvabò   pcrsadis, y Badbcdtri Barparitoad tuva udi ‗scsoòd ifocrti ig pðfgoba“ quc itri`a i lés hc  sagobotidtcs y hoa bala rcsugtiha quc sc bufrocrid buitra vibidtcs. Iudquc cstc cdnaquc bocrtilcdtc cs lés bira, tocdc gi vcdti`i hc bcdtrir gi itcdboòd hc gas sagobotidtcs cd udi sagi balpiùìi.

Odbcdtovas Buidha gis tisis hc hcsclpgca sad fi`is, gis armidoziboadcs tocdcd quc talir lchohis cxtri piri rcbgutir clpgcihas. Sdi hc cggis cs anrcbcr odbcdtovas i gas trifi`iharcs piri quc ibcptcd pucstas cd gi balpiùìi. Iudquc cstas odbcdtovas i lcduha vocdcd cd narli hc fadas hc badtritiboòd, atras topas topa s hc odbcdtovas cstéd odbrclcdtidha su papugirohih. c`clpga,hcRcirs y Rtirwaah Katcgs anrcbcd i clpgcihas cd prahubtas Zar y scrvoboas gi balpiùìi (]aahwirh, ) hcsbucdtas y % hc gis armidoziboadcs anrcbc isostcdboi cd kopatcbis piri itricr i gas clpgcihas (Xygcr, (Xygcr, ).

Zafgiboadcs da trihoboadigcs Buidha gas lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdta trihoboadigcs da sad cxotasas, lubkis armidoziboadcs fusbid isporidtcs patcdboigcs hc pafgiboadcs da trihoboadigcs. Kc iquì udas c`clpgas0 Odbarparitch, cd Bkidhgcr, Irozadi, Iroz adi, gas Hcpirtilcdtas hc = Lidpawcr Odbarparitch, Zagobìi hc Bkobima y hc Kibecdsibe, Ducvi @crscy narlirad sabochihcs bad gis omgcsois gabigcs, quc hocrad bala rcsugtiha badtritiboadcs cxotasis (Xygcr, ). = [crax, @. Z. Larmid y Ilcrobid Cxprcss hcsirraggirad cstritcmois hc

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rcbgutilocdta y fcdcnoboas hc ilfocdtc miy bala fcdcnoboas piri sabochihcs hc badvovcdboi bad cg nod hc rcbgutir y rctcdcr clpgcihas miy y gcsfoidis (Irlaur, ). Rctcdti par bocdta hc gis armidoziboadcs ki rcpartiha quc badtritir fcdcnoboiroas hc isostcdboi saboig ki soha udi nucdtc cxotasi hc rcbgutilocdta (Lodtad-Cvcrsagc, ). Hcfoha i gas fi`as bastas cd sigiroa y fcdcnoboas, @astcds Odbarparitch y Csbah Odhustrocs badtritid rcbgusas hc prosoòd piri hcsclpcùir cg trifi`a. Ihclés hc gas ikarras nodidbocras ig clpgcihar y gis kifogohihcs hc trifi`a iprcdhohis par gas rcbgusas,  bcdtivas hc bihi hògir midiha par cggas sc usi piri pimir cg basta hcg cdbirbcgilocdta y atras  piri gi balpcdsiboòd i vìbtolis y cg ipaya hc gi nilogoi hc gas prapoas rcbgusas (]arepgibc ^osoads, ). Hcddy‟s y Rkcfaymid Spkagstcry kid tcdoha ïxota ig rcbgutir i cx badvobtas. Hc kcbka, gi odstotuboòd barrcbboadig Ecttgc Lariodc, cd ]osbadsod, tuva

92:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

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udi ncroi hc clpgca piri  badvobtas pròxolas i scr gofcrihas y i gi buig isostocrad  clpgciharcs (@adcs, ). Bguf Naahs, cd Oggodaos, badtriti mcdtc bad hosbipibohihcs odtcgcbtuigcs bala clpibiharcs clpibihar cs cd gis tocdhis hc ifirratcs (Idhrcws, ). Cd Kifotit Odtcrditoadig, nifrobidtc hc tipctcs cd Xcddcsscc, bcrbi hc % hc gas clpgcihas tocdc udi hosbipibohih hosbipibohih nìsobi n ìsobi a odtcgcbtuig odtcgcbtuig (Idhrcws, ). Ziri rcsagvcr cg prafgcli hc gi csbiscz hc bkancrcs, lubkis balpiùìis biloadcris odtcdtid badtritir pirc`is bisihis bad cg nod hc quc scid badhubtarcs cd cquopa. Ziri itricrgas, gas biloadcs sad lahonobihas piri odbguor bifodis bad harlotaroas lés mridhcs y ipiritas bala kardas hc lobraadhis (Xiygar, f).

Vcbgutilocdta hc sagobotidtcs ‗pisovas“  Bad gi cxbcpboòd hcg cdnaquc hc barrca horcbta y, i vcbcs, hcg usa hc gas rcbgutiharcs c`cbutovas, gi liyarìi hc gas lïtahas hosbutohas idtcroarlcdtc cd cstc bipìtuga gohoid bad gas sagobotidtcs quc fusbid hc narli ibtovi ud trifi`a. Hcfoha i quc ‗gas lc`arcs“ clpgcihas yi sc cdbucdtrid badtritihas, gas rcbgutiharcs odtcdtid cdbadtrir narlis hc ohcdtonobir tigcdta abugta y cdtadbcs badvcdbcr i gi pcrsadi odhobihi piri quc sagobotc cg pucsta cd su balpiùìi. Hobka cdnaquc somdonobi piri gas rcbgutiharcs badstruor rcgiboadcs bad isaboiboadcs prancsoadigcs piri bihi udi hc gis ércis cd gis buigcs rcbgutid. Zar c`clpga, ROAZ (par sus somgis cd odmgïs) scrìi gi isaboiboòd prancsoadig piri gas psobògamas hc O/A, gi Rabochih gi Ihlodostriboòd Kulidas (RKVL,Issaboitoad par sus somgis cd odmgïs) piri piri gas prancsoadigcs cd VKhc y giVcbursas Ilcrobid Balpcdsitoad (Isaboiboòd hc Balpcdsiboòd Cstihaudohcdsc) piri gas prancsoadigcs hc gi balpcdsiboòd balpcdsiboòd.. Gas rcbgutiharcs pastcroarlcdtc isostorìid i gis badncrcdbois, gccrìid gas fagctodcs hc prcdsi y rcvostis, y rcvosirìid cg sotoa wcf hc gi isaboiboòd piri ohcdtonobir ‗gi brcli y diti“, hcspuïs sc ibcrbirìid i csti mcdtc bad cg nod hc quc sagobotc ud pucsta (Avcrlid, ) Sd lïtaha balðd y cd brcbolocdta piri cdbadtrir i cstas sagobotidtcs pisovas cs divcmir cd odtcrdct, cspcboiglcdtc par fgams y sotoas hc rchcs saboigcs bala Nibcfaae  y LyRpibc. Bala sc hosbutoré cd cg bipìtuga , lubkas clpgciharcs cxilodid gas sotoas hc rchcs saboigcs sa boigcs piri rcudor hitas safrc sus sagobotidtcs y, y, hcfoha i quc gi mcdtc padc lubki odnarliboòd safrc sus vohis y birrcris, tilfoïd vosotid cstas sotoas piri  vcr so cxostc mcdtc quc hcsci badtibtir piri sagobotir sagobotir clpgcas.

Cviguiboòd hc gi cncbtovohih hc gis cstritcmois hc rcbgutilocdta

Badsohcridha cg dðlcra hc nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta patcdboigcs, cs olpartidtc hctcrlodir buég cs gi lc`ar. Hobki cviguiboòd sc puchc rcigozir cd virois narlis. Bala lucstri gi nomuri ., ud lïtaha cs cxilodir cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs quc mcdcri bihi nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta. Cs hcbor, so cg idudboa hc ud pcroòhoba hi bala rcsugtiha  sagobotidtcs, y ud idudboa cd udi tocdhi , gas hcspgcmihas cd cg pcroòhoba sc pahrìid badsohcrir ud lïtaha lc`ar. Nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta

Nomuri 8.= Cviguiboòd hc gi cncbtovohih hc gis cstritcmois hc rcbgutilocdta  

Brotcroa Dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs Dðlcra bigonobiha Dðlcra badtritiha Dðlcra cxotasa

 Idudboas

Vcncrcdbois

Horcbtas

8: 9: 6

2: 93 =

9: 3 9

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8

9

Vcbgutilocdta  

929

 

Rod clfirma, vcr sòga cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs da rcngc`i cg basta hc gi bilpiùi hc rcbgutilocdta. Zar ga tidta, ud scmudha lïtaha piri cviguir cg ïxota hc gi losli cs badsohcrir cg basta par sagobotidtc, quc sc hctcrlodi hovohocdha cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs cdtrc gi bidtohih quc sc misti cd bihi cstritcmoi. Badtoduidha bad cg c`clpga prcvoa, supadmi quc ducstra idudboa hc pcroòhoba bastò $ hògircs y prahu`a  sagobotidtcs, y ducstra idudboa cd gi tocdhi bastò $ hògircs y prahu`a has sagobotidtcs. Cg basta par bihi sagobotidtc piri cg idudboa cd cg pcroòhoba scrìi $ hògircs, locdtris quc cg basta par sagobotidtc piri cg hc gi tocdhi scrìi sòga hc $. hògircs. Ssidha cstc lïtaha hc cviguiboòd, c viguiboòd, cg ivosa cd gi tocdhi scrìi lc`ar, soclprc y buidha mcdcrc cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs dcbcsiroas piri gi armidoziboòd. Da afstidtc, so ïsti dcbcsoti badtritir  ducvas clpgcihas y cxostcd sòga has sagobotidtcs piri gas pucstas, gi cstritcmoi hc rcbgutilocdta cd sì losli da cs cncbtovi. Iudquc cg lïtaha hc cviguiboòd hc basta par sagobotidtc cs udi lc`ari cd cg lïtaha hc rcsugtihas par sagobotidtc, tilfoïd tocdc mrivcs badscbucdbois. Sdi armidoziboòd puchc rcbofor ud mrid dðlcra hc bidhohitas i ud fi`a basta rcgitova par bihi uda, pcra puchc quc dodmuda cstï bigonobiha piri cg trifi`a. Zar ga tidta, gi tcrbcri y gi buirti cstritcmois scrìid afscrvir yi sci cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs bigonobihas a cg basta par sagobotidtc bigonobiha. Atra lïtaha piri cviguir gi cncbtovohih hc virois nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta, y tig  vcz cg lc`ar, lc`ar, cs afscrvir cg dðlcra hc clpgcihas cxotasas mcdcrihas mcdcrihas par bihi nucdtc. nucdtc. Csta cs ud lïtaha cncbtova parquc, bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., da tahas gas sagobotidtcs cstiréd bigonobihas do scréd cxotasas. Sd lïtaha nodig piri cviguir gi cncbtovohih hc gi nucdtc hc rcbgutilocdta cs afscr vir cg dðlcra hc lodarìis y lu`crcs quc sagobotirad cg pucsta y quc nuc badtritiha. Iudquc da ki kifoha lubki odvcstomiboòd cd cstc tcli, Eordid, Nirgcy y Mcosodmcr () hcsbufrocrad quc gis lu`crcs y gas inrailcrobidas tcdìid lés prafifogohihcs hc usir nucdtcs narligcs hc rcbgutilocdta (p. c., idudboas cd cg pcroòhoba, ncrois hc clpgca) quc gas kalfrcs y gis da lodarìis. Ziri hctcrlodir gis honcrcdbois cd gi cncbtovohih hc gis nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta, ud lcti-idégosos rcigoziha par Pattago y ]idaus () bitcmarozò par prolcri vcz gas lïtahas hc rcbgutilocdta cd nucdtc odtcrdi (rcncrcdbois hc clpgcihas, rcbadtritiboadcs) y nucdtc cxtcrdi (idudboas, imcdbois hc clpgca, anobodis hc bagabiboòd hc csbucgis, rcbgutiharcs). Cggas hcsbufrocrad quc gas clpgcihas rcbgutihas mribois i nucdtcs odtcrdis pcrlidcbocrad cd gi armidoziboòd lés toclpa (abupiboòd lés igti)  y sc hcsclpcùirad hcsclpcùirad lc`ar quc quc gas rcbgutihas lchoidtc nucdtcs nucdtcs cxtcrdis. ^irois ^irois tcarìis puchcd cxpgobir gi supcroarohih hc iquïggis. Gi prolcri odhobi quc gas rcbadtritihas a gas sagobotidtcs quc kid soha rcncrohas par atras clpgcihas rcbofcd odnarliboòd lés prcbosi safrc cg pucsta quc quocdcs sc rcbgutid par atras lïtahas (]idaus, ). Csti tcarìi ki soha sustcdtihi cd gis odvcstomiboadcs kcbkis par LbLidus y Firitti (), Badirh y Iskwartk () y Frciumk y Lidd () quocdcs hcsbufrocrad quc gas sagobotidtcs rcncrohas par gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs da sòga rcbofocrad liyar bidtohih soda tilfoïd odnarliboòd lés prcbosi safrc cg pucsta hc ga quc ga kibìid gas sagobotidtcs rcbgutihas par atras bidigcs. Gi scmudhi tcarìi pastugi quc gis honcrcdbois cd gi cncbtovohih hc gis nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta sad rcsugtiha hc gis hovcrsis nucdtcs utogozihis par hostodtas topas hc bidhohitas (Rbkwif, ). Iudquc igmudi odvcstomiboòd ki sustcdtiha csti tcarìi hc gis honcrcdbois odhovohuigcs odhovohuigcs (Frciumk y Lidd, 5 Rwirann, Firbgiy y Fiss, F iss, 5 Xiygar  y Rbkloht, R bkloht, ), atra idégosos da ga ki kcbka (Frciumk, ). Cd rcigohih, dodmudi  viroifgc ki hostodmuoha badsostcdtclcdtc i gas usuiroas hc ud lïtaha hc rcbgutilocdta hc gas hc atra. Ihclés, gi pcrsadi tìpobi quc ispori i ud clpgca sc vigc hc udi ilpgoi  virochih hc cstritcmois hc fðsquchi. Ziri sufriyir cstc pudta, pocdsc cd gas trifi`as quc ustch ki tcdoha. ±Bòla sc cdtcrò hc bihi uda1 ±Roclprc nuc cg losla lïtaha1 926

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Bala ustch puchc vcr, cs paba prafifgc quc bocrta topa hc pcrsadi rcspadhi sòga i gas idudboas cd cg pcroòhoba, locdtris atra sòga viyi i gis imcdbois hc clpgca. Sdi tcrbcri tcarìi puchc cxpgobir lc`ar cg kiggizma hc quc gis rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas rcsugtid cd udi liyar pcrlidcdboi hc ga quc gamrid gis cstritcmois hc rcbgutilocdta. Csti tcarìi, botihi idtcs cd gi hosbusoòd hc gas pramrilis hc rcncrcdboi par clpgcihas, tocdc sus riìbcs cd gi gotcrituri safrc itribboòd odtcrpcrsadig, ga buig odhobi quc gis pcrsadis tocdhcd i scdtorsc itriìhis par quocdcs sad sologircs i cggis (Firad y Fyrdc, ).  ). Hc scr vcrhih ga idtcroar (y gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi nucrtclcdtc nucrtclcdtc quc cs isì) cdtadbcs cs biso scmura quc ud clpgciha quc rcbalocdhi i ud badaboha piri ud pucsta prapadmi i udi pcrsadi sologir i ïg. Zar ga tidta, tcdhrìi scdtoha quc igmuocd quc sc cdbucdtri ncgoz bad su trifi`a tr ifi`a rcbalocdhc i udi pcrsadi quc, hcfoha i su sologotuh bad cg totugir hcg birma, tilfoïd cstï ncgoz bad cg pucsta. Hc omuig narli, ud clpgciha hcsbadtcdta rcbalcdhirìi i ilomas sologircs, quocdcs tilpaba cstirìid cstir ìid i musta y prafifgclcdtc tcdhrìid udi barti pcrlidcdboi cd gi armidoziboòd. Csti tcarìi da sc ki odvcstomiha hc lidcri badsostcdtc, pcra ki soha sustcdtihi par has cstuhoas. Bala sc hosbutoò idtcroarlcdtc, tidta Iilaht y Birr () bala Vupcrt () hcsbufrocrad quc gas clpgcihas hc girmi pcrlidcdboi rcnorocrad sagobotidtcs quc, hcspuïs hc scr badtritihas, badscrvirad sus trifi`as lés toclpa quc quocdcs nucrad rcncrohas par gas trifi`iharcs hc barti pcrlidcdboi. Da sc cdbadtrirad honcrcdbois somdonobitovis buidha sc cviguò cg hcsclpcùa hcg pucsta cd vcz hc gi pcrlidcdboi.

Odnarliboòd rcigosti hcg pucsta Hcfoha i quc gis nucdtcs hc rcbgutilocdta sòga tocdcd ud gomcra cncbta cd gi pcrlidcdboi hc gas nuturas clpgcihas, usir atras lïtahas huridtc cg prabcsa puchc scr ðtog cd gi aftcdboòd hc sagobotidtcs quc scréd cxotasas. Sd lïtaha cs gi   odnarliboòd rcigosti hcg pucsta  (V@Z, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). Gi V@Z badsostc cd hir i gas isporidtcs udi cviguiboòd kadcsti hc ud pucsta. Zar c`clpga, cd gumir hc hcborgcs buédti hovcrsoòd tcdhréd trifi`idha cd gi gìdci hc cdsilfgi`c, cg rcbgutihar gcs ihvocrtc bad kadcstohih quc, iudquc cg pima cs fucda cd rcgiboòd bad cg pralchoa, cg trifi`a cs i lcduha ifurroha y cxostc luy pabi pa bi apartudohih hc ividbc. Gi gòmobi hctrés hc gi V@Z cs quc, iudquc hcbor gi vcrhih isusti i lubkas sagobotidtcs (Ries, ]ocsdcr y Rullcrs, ), cspcboiglcdtc i gas lés bigonobihas (Frctz  y @uhmc, ), quocdcs sc quchcd da cstiréd sarprcdhohas hcg trifi`a. Hcfoha i quc sifcd quï cspcrir, gas odnarlihas quocdcs da balprcdhocrad gi diturigczi hcg pucsta.pcrlidcbcréd Zar c`clpga, gilés V@Ztoclpa cd udi quc balpiùìi biloadcri hc girmi hostidboi odbrclcdtò gi sitosnibboòd gifarig y rchu`a gi ratiboòd iduig hc % i % (Xiygar, ). Cd ud lcti-idégosos hc  cstuhoas hc V@Z, Zkoggops () hcsbufroò quc, iudquc rcsugtirad cd udi lcdar ratiboòd, udi sitosnibboòd gifarig lés igti y ud lc`ar hcsclpcùa, cg tiliùa hcg cncbta nuc pcqucùa. Cg lcti-idégosos tilfoïd odhobò quc gi V@Z scré lés cncbtovi tidta so sc hi cd ud narlita arig cd vcz hc csbrota bala so sc cdtrcmi ig sagobotidtc cd cg lalcdta hc gi ancrti gifarig (cd gumir hc idtcs hcg rcbgutilocdta a hcspuïs hc quc sc ki ibcptiha gi ancrti). Cd atra lcti-idégosos, Rkctzcr y Rtibelid () hcsbufrocrad quc gi V@Z quc hosbutc gis apartudohihcs hc pgid hc birrcri (h 󰀼 .) nuc lés cncbtovi quc gi quc da tocdc cg balpadcdtc hc birrcri (h 󰀼 .). Ilfas lcti-idégosos odhobid quc gi V@Z, cspcboiglcdtc so sc rcigozi ariglcdtc y badtocdc ud balpadcdtc hc birrcri, puchc scr ðtog cd cg prabcsa hc odbarpariboòd.

 

Odnarliboòd rcigosti hcg pucsta  

922

 

Sdi viroiboòd hc gi V@Z cs udi tïbdobi ggilihi prabcholocdta rchubtar hc cxpcbtitovis (CGZ, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). I honcrcdboi hc gi V@Z, V@Z, quc sc cdnabi cd ud trifi`a pirtobugir, cg CGZ rchubc gis cxpcbtitovis hc ud sagobotidtc ibcrbi hcg trifi`a  y gis cxpcbtitovis cd mcdcrig (Fubegcy, Laffs, Lcdhazi, Davobcvob, Birrikcr y Fcu, ). Zar c`clpga, gi V@Z puchc odbguor udi hcbgiriboòd bala ‗cstc trifi`a sc hcsirraggi cd ud cspiboa luy pcqucùa, cd igtas dovcgcs hc bigar, bigar, bad pabis apartudohihcs hc odtcribboòd saboig“, locdtris quc ud CGZ puchc odbguor udi hcbgiriboòd bala0 I lcduha das odoboilas cd ud pucsta bad igtis cxpcbtitovis pcdsidha quc cg trifi`a scré pcrncbta. Bala hcsbufroré, dodmðd trifi`a ga cs y kifré vcbcs cd quc sc socdti nrustriha par su supcrvosar y sus balpiùcras. Idtcs hc ibcptir ïstc, iscmðrcsc hc pcdsir ud paba safrc so cg trifi`a y ducstri clprcsi bufrcd gis cxpcbtitovis quc ustch tocdc. Xilfoïd idigobc so sus cxpcbtitovis hcg trifi`a sad rcigostis.

Xïbdobis cncbtovis hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas Ro cg prabcsa hc rcbgutilocdta nuc cxotasa, udi armidoziboòd tcdhré viroas sagobotidtcs cdtrc gas buigcs csbamcr. Cd cstc pudta, sc puchcd usir lubkis tïbdobis piri scgcbboadir i gi lc`ar pcrsadi hc cstc mrupa hc odtcrcsihas. Cd cg rcsta hc cstc bipìtuga hosbutorclas gi cdtrcvosti gifarig. Cd cg bipìtuga  sc cstuhoid lïtahas bala vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdboi, bcdtras hc cviguiboòd, foahiti, prucfis psobagòmobis y prucfis hc kifogohihcs nìsobis. Gas sostclis cncbtovas hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas balpirtcd trcs biribtcrìstobis0 sad végohas, rchubcd gi pasofogohih hc hclidhis gcmigcs y sad cnobibcs cd rcgiboòd bad cg basta. Sdi prucfi hc scgcbboòd végohi cs iqucggi quc sc fisi cd ud idégosos hc pucsta (vigohcz hc badtcdoha), prchobc gi badhubti rcgiboadihi bad cg trifi`a (vigohcz hc brotcroa) y lohc ga quc prctcdhc lchor (vigohcz hc badstrubboòd). Bala ustch rcbarhiré hc gas bipìtugas  y , gis prucfis hc scgcbboòd rchuboréd gi pasofogohih hc udi hclidhi gcmig so su badtcdoha pircbc cstir rcgiboadiha bad cg pucsta (vigohcz ipircdtc), gis prcmudtis da odvihcd gi provibohih hc ud sagobotidtc y sc lodolozi cg olpibta ihvcrsa. Gis prucfis ohcigcs tilfoïd sad cncbtovis cd rcgiboòd bad gas bastas rcgitovas hc balpri a brciboòd, hc ipgobiboòd y pudtuiboòd. Bad cstis biribtcrìstobis cd lcdtc, balcdbclas ducstri hosbusoòd safrc gis tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd bad gi cdtrc vosti gifarig.

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs Rod huhi, cg lïtaha quc lés sc usi piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas cs gi cdtrcvosti gifarig. Hc kcbka, so pocdsi cd tahas gas trifi`as hc lchoa toclpa y hc vcrida quc ki sagobotiha, aftuva gi liyarìi hc cggas hcspuïs hc kifcr pisiha par ud prabcsa hc cdtrc vosti. Zuchc odbgusa rcbarhir gis piglis suharasis quc ga ibalpiùirad huridtc gi losli. Ga lés scmura cs quc gis cdtrcvostis par gis quc pisò sc ctoquctirid bala ‗trihoboadig“ a ‗da cstrubturihi“ y sc hcfcd hostodmuor hc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis quc sc hosbutoréd cd cstc bipìtuga.

Xopas hc cdtrcvostis Xig vcz ud fucd laha piri odoboir udi hosbusoòd safrc cdtrcvostis cs hcnodor sus hovcrsas topas. Gis G is cdtrcvostis virìid cd trcs nibtarcs prodbopigcs0 cstrubturi, cstrubturi, cstoga y lchoa. 928

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Cstrubturi Gi cstrubturi hc udi cdtrcvosti sc hctcrlodi par gi nucdtc hc gis prcmudtis, cg mriha cd cg quc ïstis sc rcigozid i gas sagobotidtcs y gi cstrubturi hcg sostcli quc sc ki utogoziha piri cviguir gis rcspucstis. Sdi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi cs iqucggi ) hadhc gi nucdtc hc prcmudtis cs ud idégosos hc pucsta (prcmudtis rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta), ) sc rcigozid gis loslis prcmudtis i tahas gas sagobotidtcs y ) cxostc udi pudtuiboòd cstidhirozihi bgivc piri cviguir bihi rcspucsti. Sdi cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi cs cd gi quc gas cdtrcvostiharcs sad gofrcs hc prcmudtir ga quc hcsccd (p. c., ±Hòdhc quocrc cstir hcdtra hcprcmudtid bodba iùas1i bihi ±Buégsagobotidtc cs cg lc`ary gofra qucisomdir ki gcìha1), da rcquocrcd badsost badsostcdboi cdboi cd ga quc puchcd bigonobiboadcs scmðd su prapoi hosbrcboòd. Gis cdtrcvostis virìid cd su cstrubturi y, cd gumir hc ggilirsc cstrubturihis a da cstrubturihis, puchc tcdcr liyar scdtoha usir tïrlodas bala igtilcdtc cstrubturihi (tahas gas brotcroas sc bulpgcd), lahcrihilcd lahcrihilcdtc tc cstrubturihi (sc bulpgcd has brotcroas), gomcril gomcrilcdtc cdtc cstrubturihi (sc bulpgc sòga ud brotcroa) y da cstrubturihi (dodmuda hc gas trcs brotcroas sc bulpgc). Gi odvcstomiboòd cs bgiri rcspcbta ig kcbka hc quc gis cdtrcvostis igtilcdtc cstrubturihis sad lés badnoifgcs y végohis quc gis quc tocdcd lcdas cstrubturi (Kunnbutt y Irtkur Irtkur,, ).

Cstoga Cg cstoga hc udi cdtrcvosti sc hctcrlodi par cg dðlcra hc cdtrcvostihas y hc cdtrcvostiharcs. Gis cdtrcvostis uda i uda odbguycd ud cdtrcvostihar quc odtcrrami i ud sagobotidtc. Gis cdtrcvostis cd scroc odbguycd udi subcsoòd hc cdtrcvostis scdboggis. Zar c`clpga, cg mcrcdtc hciVK ud sagobotidtc i gis 0i.i. il. . l., supcr vosupcrvosar hcg hcpirtilcdta gis puchc 0 i.cdtrcvostir l. y cg vobcprcsohcdtc vobcprcsohcd tc i gis 0 Giscgcdtrcvostis hc  rcmrcsa sad sologircs i gis hc cd scroc, bad gi honcrcdboi hc quc pisi ud toclpa cdtrc gi prolcri y gi somuocdtc. Bala c`clpga, ud sagobotidtc puchc scr cdtrcvostiha par cg mcrcdtc hc VK y rcmrcsir udi sclidi hcspuïs piri cdtrcvostirsc bad cg vobcprcsohcdtc. Gis cdtrcvostis pidcg  tocdcd  tocdcd lðgtopgcs cdtrcvostiharcs rcigozidha prcmudtis y cviguidha ig sagobotidtc ig losla toclpa, locdtris quc gis cdtrcvostis mrupigcs tocdcd lðgtopgcs sagobotidtcs rcspadhocdha prcmudtis huridtc gi losli cdtrcvosti. Zar supucsta uda pahrìi `udtir virois balfodiboadcs, bala udi cdtrcvosti cd scroc pidcg-mrupig, pcra gi vohi cs luy barti piri tig nigti hc scdtoha.

 Lchoa Gis cdtrcvostis tilfoïd honocrcd cd cg mriha cd cg quc sc rcigozid cd pcrsadi. Cd gis cdtrcvostis biri i biri, tidta cdtrcvostihar bala sagobotidtc sc cdbucdtrid cd gi losli kifotiboòd. Xigcs cdtrcvostis praparboadid ud csbcdiroa pcrsadig y pcrlotcd quc gas pirtobopidtcs uscd bgivcs vosuigcs y arigcs piri cviguir gi odnarliboòd. Zar atri pirtc, gis cdtrcvostis tcgcnòdobis i lcduha sc usid piri fusbir odtcrcsihas pcra da pcrlotcd cg usa hc bgivcs vosuigcs (ga quc da soclprc cs ud ispcbta dcmitova). Cd bilfoa, gis cdtrcvostis par vohcabadncrcdboi sc rcigozid cd sotoas rclatas. Ragobotidtc  y cdtrcvostihar puchcd aìrsc y vcrsc cg uda ig atra, pcra cg csbcdiroa da cs pcrsadig, do gi olimcd do gi bigohih vabig hcg cdtrcvostihar tid prcbosis bala cd gis cncbtuihis biri i biri. Nodiglcdtc, cd gis cdtrcvostis csbrotis cg isporidtc rcspadhc udi scroc hc prcmudtis csbrotis y cdvìi sus rcspucstis par barrca rcmugir a cgcbtròdoba.

 ^cdti`is hc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis cstrubturihis Iudquc igmudas prancsoadigcs hc VK pocdsid quc usid gi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi parquc rcigozid gis loslis prcmudtis i tahas, cs gi rcgiboòd bad cg pucsta y gis pudtuiboadcs cstidhirozihis ga quc gi hostodmuc lés hc gi da cstrubturihi. Gi hostodboòd cs olpartidtc parquc gas lcti-idégosos (Kunnbutt y Irtkur, 5 LbHidocg, ]kctzcg,

 

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs  

923

 

Rbkloht y Liurcr, ) odhobid bgirilcdtc quc gis cdtrcvostis luy cstrubturihis sad lés végohis quc gis da cstrubturihis. Csta cs vcrhih odbgusa buidha sc rcigozid par tcgïnada (Rbkloht y Vihcr, ). Ihclés, gi odvcstomiboòd (Bilpoad, Bilpoad  y Kuhsad, 5 Bartodi, Maghstcod, Ziydc, Hivosad y Moggogidh, ) odhobi quc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis puchcd iùihor pahcr prchobtova (ggiliha vigohcz odbrclcdgi s prucfis hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi. tig ) piri cg usa hc gis Hcshc cg pudta hc vosti gcmig, gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis sad pcrbofohis hc lidcri lés nivarifgc par gas trofudigcs quc gis da cstrubturihis (]oggoilsad, Bilpoad, Ligas, Vackgodm y Bilpoad, ). Cxostcd has rizadcs prafifgcs piri csta. Sdi, gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis sc fisid cd ud idégosos hc pucsta. Bocrti rcvosoòd rc vosoòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti kcbki par Bilpoad, Ziglcr y Bilpoad () badbguyò quc gis cdtrcvostis fisihis cd ud idégosos hc pucsta scréd lés végohis y hcncdhofgcs cd cg ispcbta gcmig quc atris quc da sc fisid cd tig idégosos. Has, Has , gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis hid bala rcsugtiha ud olpibta ihvcrsa sustidboiglcdtc lcdar hc ga quc ga kibcd gis da cstrubturihis (Kunnbutt y Vatk, ). Cd pirtc, csta sc hcfc ig kcbka hc quc ïstis sc badbcdtrid cd odtcgomcdboi mcdcrig, chubiboòd y bipibotiboòd, locdtris quc iquïggis talid cd bucdti kifogohihcs y badabolocdta hcg pucsta, kifogohihcs lcdtigcs ipgobihis c odtcrpcrsadigcs (Kunnbutt, Badwiy, Badwiy, Vatk y Rtadc, ). Iudquc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis tocdcd lcdar olpibta ihvcrsa, da sad balpgctilcdtc odludcs i gi hosbrolodiboòd patcdboig. Gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc, odbgusa cd gis cdtrcvostis igtilcdtc cstrubturihis, gas cdtrcvostiharcs biubésobas isomdid liyarcs pudtuiboadcs i gas sagobotidtcs biubésobas y gas cdtrcvostiharcs inrailcrobidas kibcd ga losla bad gas inrailcrobidas (Fubegcy, (Fubegcy, @ibesad, Fagoda, F agoda, ^crcs ^crcs y Ncogh, 5 Zrcwctt-Govodmstad, Ncogh, Ncogh, ^crcs y Gcwos, ). Cstis C stis tcdhcdbois hc sologotuh, iudquc prafgclétobis, tocdcd ud cncbta rcgitovilcdtc pcqucùa safrc gis pudtuiboadcs hc gi cdtrcvosti (Fubegcy ct ig .,., ). Iudquc gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis sc badsohcrid lc`arcs quc gis da cstrubturihis, gas isporidtcs pcrbofcd i gis prolcris bala balpgobihis (Moglarc, ). Zar atri pirtc, hcfoha i ga cstrubturiha hc gi cdtrcvosti, gas isporidtcs quozé socdtid quc da tocdcd gi apartudohih hc hcborgc ig cdtrcvostihar taha ga quc gcs kufocri mustiha (Moggogidh & Rtcodcr, ).

Zrafgclis bad gis cdtrcvostis da cstrubturihis ±Zar quï gi cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi pircbc da prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa hcg nutura clpgciha1 Gas odvcstomiharcs kid odhimiha csti prcmudti huridtc viroas iùas c ohcdtonobiha abka nibtarcs quc badtrofuycd i gi csbisi badnoifogohih y vigohcz hc gi cdtrc vosti da cstrubturihi0 ligi ligi bipibohih odtuotovi, odtuotovi, nigti hc rcgiboòd rcgiboòd bad cg pucsta, cncbtas cncbtas proliroas, cncbtas hc badtristc, tcdhcdboi hc odnarliboòd dcmitovi, sologotuh cdtrc cg cdtrcvostihar y cg cdtrcvostiha, ipirocdboi hcg cdtrcvostiha y bgivcs da vcrfigcs.

 Ligi bipibohih odtuotovi Gas cdtrcvostiharcs i lcduha fisid sus hcbosoadcs hc badtritiboòd cd ‗rcibboadcs  vosbcrigcs“ a odtuobo odtuoboòd. òd. Rod clfirma, gi mcdtc da cs fucdi usidha csti ðgtoli piri prchcbor gi badhubti0 odvcstomiboadcs odhobid quc gi odtuoboòd kulidi y cg `uoboa sad prchobtarcs da prcbosas hc udi virochih hc nibtarcs quc vid hcshc cg ïxota hcg nutura clpgciha kisti gi hctcbboòd hcg cdmiùa (Iilaht, )5 y badtriroa i ga quc lubkas prancsoadigcs hc VK pocdsid, da cxostcd honcrcdbois odhovohuigcs cd gi bipibohih hcg cdtrcvostihar piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa nutura (Zugieas, Rbklott, ]kotdcy y Rlotk, ). Cs hcbor, gi odvcstomiboòd da sustcdti gi ohci hc quc igmudas cdtrcvostiharcs scid bipibcs hc prchcbor gi badhubti y atras da ga scid. Gis G is tisis hc hovarboa praparboadid ud cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc csti ligi bipibohih odtuotovi. Gis 92>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

pirc`is odvagubrihis cd rcgiboadcs ralédtobis pisid, cd pralchoa, has iùas `udtis idtcs hc bisirsc. I pcsir hc cstc toclpa, % hc tahas gas litroladoas nribisi (udi rizòd olpartidtc hc csta cs gi nigti hc balpitofogohih. Isì quc, so hcspuïs hc has iùas hc ‗cdtrcvostir“ i ud bòdyumc praspcbta talilas udi hcbosoòd cquovabihi % hc gis vcbcs, ±cs gòmoba supadcr quc hcspuïs hc pisir sòga  lodutas cdtrcvostidha i ud sagobotidtc pahilas prchcbor quï tid focd sc ggcviré bad gas honcrcdtcs loclfras hc udi armidoziboòd1

Nigti hc rcgiboòd bad cg pucsta Gi odvcstomiboòd hc Faggcs ki ohcdtonobiha gis prcmudtis lés baludcs quc rcigozid gas cdtrcvostiharcs. Bala puchc vcr cd gi nomuri ., cstis prcmudtis da sc cdbucdtrid rcgiboadihis bad dodmðd trifi`a cd pirtobugir. Ihclés, gis rcspucstis ihcbuihis i cstis prcmudtis da sc kid hctcrlodiha clpìrobilcdtc. Hobki odvcstomiboòd ki hclastriha buégcs sad gis rcspucstis quc prcnocrcd gas mcrcdtcs hc pcrsadig (Faggcs, ), pcra gi prcncrcdboi par udi cd pirtobugir da olpgobi quc rciglcdtc prchcboré cg hcsclpcùa cd cg pucsta. Bala sc hosbutoò hc narli prcvoi cd cstc y cd bipìtugas prcbchcdtcs, gi odnarliboòd quc sc usi piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas hcfc rcgiboadirsc par cg pucsta so cs quc tocdc buigquocr apartudohih hc prchcbor su hcsclpcùa. Ihclés, hc da cstir rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta, lubkis prcmudtis rcigozihis par gas cdtrc vostiharcs scrìid ogcmigcs (p. c., ‗±csté bisiha1“ a ‗±tocdc igmðd prafgcli hc siguh1“). Hc laha odtcrcsidtc, gi liyarìi hc gas cdtrcvostiharcs quc kibcd prcmudtis ogcmigcs sifcd quc ïstis ga sad (Hcw y Rtcodcr Rtcodcr,, ). Cncbtas proliroas Gi odvcstomiboòd ibcrbi hc gi olpartidboi hc gas cncbtas proliroas a ‗prolcris olprcsoadcs“ cd gi cdtrcvosti csté lczbgihi. Igmudas cstuhoas odhobid quc gi odnarliboòd prcscdtihi idtcs hc gi cdtrcvosti (Haumkcrty, Xurfid y Biggcdhcr, ) a ig prodbopoa tocdc lés pcsa quc gi hihi pastcroarlcdtc (Nirr, ). Ihclés, sc ki odhobiha quc gas cdtrcvostiharcs talid udi hcbosoòd safrc ud bidhohita cd gas prolcras lalcdtas hc udi cdtrcvosti (Hcssgcr, 5 Attodm, ). Hc kcbka, hc ud mrupa hc prancsoadigcs hc VK, % ho`a quc puchc talir udi hcbosoòd hc bosoòd cd gas prolcras bodba lodutas hc udi cdtrcvosti (Fubegcy y Chcr, ) y has cstuhoas (Mogue, Rtcwirt y Rkinncr, Rkinncr, 5 Rtcwirt, Hustod, H ustod, Rkinncr y Mogue, ) hcsbufrocrad udi cgcvihi barrcgiboòd cdtrc gi cviguiboòd hcg cdtrcvostihar rcigozihi hcspuïs hc udas buidtas lodutas hc cdtifgir udi rcgiboòd hc baludobiboòd y gi bigonobiboòd nodig hc gi cdtrcvosti. Rod clfirma, odvcstomiboadcs lés rcbocdtcs (Viylire, Ecotk, Ahgc-Hussciu, Moulctto, Frawd y ^id Ohhceodmc, ) hcsbufrocrad quc sòga % hc gas cdtrcvostiharcs talifi udi hcbosoòd cd cg prolcr loduta y sòga % ga kibìi cd gas prolcras bodba lodutas. Zar ga tidta, gi liyarìi hc gas cdtrcvostiharcs sc talid ig lcdas bodba lo-

Nomuri 8.; Zrcmudtis gifarigcs da cstrubturihis qucbalðd sc rcigozid hc lidcri  

9. 6. 2. 8. 3. >. =. ;. ?. 9:.

±Zar quï hcfcrìi badtritirtc1 ±Yuï tc vcs kibocdha hcdtra hc bodba iùas1 ±Buégcs badsohcris quc sad tus liyarcs nartigczis y tus liyarcs hcfogohihcs1 ±Bòla tc hcsbrofcs i to losla(i)1 ±Yuï litcrois hc gi birrcri tc mustid lés1 ±Buégcs lcdas1 ±Yuï sifcs hc gi balpiùìi1 ±Zar quï hcbohostc fusbir ud pucsta cd gi balpiùìi1 ±Zar quï hc`istc tu ðgtola clpgca1 ±Buédta hcscis midir cd bodba iùas1  ±Yuï hcscis kibcr cd rcigohih cd gi vohi1

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs  

92=

 

dutas piri talir sus hcbosoadcs. Bala uda puchc olimodir, cg toclpa quc abupid gas cdtrcvostiharcs piri talir udi hcbosoòd sc voa odngucdboiha par viroas nibtarcs, tigcs bala cg mriha cd cg quc sc cstrubturò cstr ubturò gi cdtrcvosti, gis holcdsoadcs quc tabò y gi badhubti hcg cdtrcvostiha. Ziri rchubor gas patcdboigcs cncbtas proliroas, sc ibadsc`i i gas cdtrcvostiharcs kibcr `uoboas rcpctohas i ga girma hc gi cdtrcvosti cd gumir hc ud `uoboa mcdcrig ig nodig hc gi losli. Cs hcbor hcbor,, quocd cdtrcvosti puchc bigonobir gi rcspucsti hcg sagobotidtc hcspuïs hc bihi prcmudti a scroc hc prcmudtis cd gumir hc cspcrir kisti cg nod hc gi cdtrc vosti cd bucstoòd piri rcigozir udi sagi bigonobiboòd bigonobiboòd a `uoboa.

Cncbtas hc badtristc Bad cg cncbta hc badtristc,  cg hcsclpcùa hc gi cdtrcvosti hc ud sagobotidtc puchc incbtir gi pudtuiboòd quc sc hï ig somuocdtc bidhohita bidhohita (Ahuwagc, Larmid y Fcrdirha, F crdirha, 5 ]cxgcy, Ridhcrs y _ueg, ). Ro ud pïsola sagobotidtc prcbchc i uda pralchoa, gi pudtuiboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti piri ïstc scré liyar i buidha dodmðd sagobotidtc a uda luy bigonobiha gi kufocri idtcbchoha. Cd atris pigifris, cg hcsclpcùa hc ud sagobotidtc sc `uzmi cd rcgiboòd bad cg hc gas cdtrcvostihas prcvoas. Zar ga tidta, puchc scr badvcdocdtc scr cdtrcvostiha odlchoitilcdtc hcspuïs hc igmuocd quc sc hcsclpcùò lig. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc ]cxgcy, _ueg, Eavibs y Ridhcrs () hcsbufroò quc cdtrc vostiharcs quc cstifid bipibotihas piri tcdcr badbocdboi hc gi prcscdboi hc cncbtas hc badtristc nucrad bipibcs hc rchuborgas. Da afstidtc, atras odvcstomihar odvcstomiharcs cs (Gidhy y Fitcs, ) kid bucstoadiha so cstas cncbtas cd rcigohih hcsclpcùid ud pipcg somdonobitova cd cg prabcsa hc gi cdtrcvosti. Xcdhcdboi hc odnarliboòd dcmitovi Xcdhcdboi Gi odnarliboòd dcmitovi ipircdtclcdtc pcsi lés quc gi pasotovi (Fabectto, Kilogtad  y Liscr Liscr,, 5 Vawc, ). Gi   tcdhcdboi hc odnarliboòd dcmitovi  pircbc prcscdtirsc sòga buidha gas cdtrcvostiharcs da sc cdbucdtrid badsbocdtcs hc gas rcquosotas hcg pucsta (Gidmhigc y ]cotz, ). Csta pircbc sustcdtir gi afscrviboòd hc quc gi liyarìi hc gas sagobotidtcs tocdcd locha i scr kadcstas cd gis cdtrcvostis par cg rocsma hc quc udi rcspucsti dcmitovi gcs bucstc sus apartudohihcs hc clpgca. Csti nigti hc kadcstohih puchc scr cspcboiglcdtc cvohcdtc cd gi cdtrcvosti, hadhc gi diturigczi biri i biri hcg prabcsa odbrclcdti gis olprcbosoadcs quc ud sagobotidtc kiyi rcspadhoha piri vcrsc cd lc`ar narli idtc su odtcrpcgidtc. Cd ud cstuhoa rcigoziha piri odbrclcdtir gi kadcstohih hc gas isporidtcs, Lirtod y Dimia () cdtrc vostirad i viroas cd cggas piri ud clpgca, ipgobidha udi hc buitra badhoboadcs bihi  vcz. Cd gi prolcri, gcycrad prcmudtis hc gi cdtrcvosti y hcspuïs csbrofocrad sus rcspucstis. Cd gi scmudhi, nucrad ‗cdtrcvostihas“ par balputihari. Cd gi tcrbcri, i gas sagobotidtcs sc gcs odtcrramò biri i biri par p ar ud cdtrcvostihar quc sc kifìi balpartiha ilifgclcdtc y, cd gi buirti, sc gcs ipgobirad prcmudtis i birma hc ud cdtrcvostihar quc pircbìi nrìa. Bala sc cspcrifi, Lirtod y Dimia hcsbufrocrad quc gas sagobotidtcs nucrad lés kadcstas cd rcpartir sus pudtuiboadcs MZI MZI y RI RIX X cd badhoboadcs da saboigcs quc odvagubrifid cdtrcvostis bad pipcg y gépoz a balputihari. Zar ga tidta, uda puchc odbrclcdtir gi prcbosoòd hc gi odnarliboòd aftcdohi rchubocdha gi prcsoòd saboig y usidha cdtrcvostis csbrotis a balputirozihis.

 Rologotuh cdtrc cg cdtrcvostihar cdtrcvostihar y cg cdtrcvostiha cdtrcvostiha Cd mcdcrig, gi odvcstomib odvcstomiboòd oòd odhobi quc udi pcrsadi p crsadi cdtrcvostihi rcboforé udi pudtuiboòd lés igti (Kawirh y Ncrros, ) so ïg a cggi cs sologir ig cdtrcvostihar cd tïrlodas hc pcrsadigohih (Nastcr, ), ibtotuh (Nride y Kibelid, ), mïdcra (Nastcr, Hodmlid, Lusbagoda y @ideawseo, ) a rizi (LbNirgidh, Ribba, Vyid y Erosei 92;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

5 Zrcwctt-Govodmstad ct ig .,., ). Rod clfirma, ud cstuhoa hc Ribba, Rbkcu, Vyid  y Rbklott () hcsbufroò quc cg lïtaha usiha piri idigozir gas hitas hc gi cdtrc vosti cs ud nibtar cd cg quc olparti gi sologotuh. Ribba y atras idigostis hcsbufrocrad quc, ig usir ud cdnaquc trihoboadig (pudtuiboadcs h ) piri idigozir sus kiggizmas, gas cdtrcvostiharcs hocrad bigonobiboadcs lés igtis i gas cdtrcvostihas hc gi losli rizi. Buidha sc usò ud lïtaha lés sanostobiha (lahcgas godcigcs `crérquobas) do gi sologotuh riboig a scxuig incbtò gis pudtuiboad pudtuiboadcs. cs. Zar ga tidta, sc dcbcsoti lés odvcstomiboòd piri hctcrlodir hc narli prcbosi gi olpartidboi hc gi sologotuh cd gis hcbosoadcs hc gi cdtrcvosti.

 Ipirocdboi hcg cdtrcvostiha Gas lcti-idégosos (Firrobe, Rkinncr y HcMrisso, 5 Kasihi, Rtadc-Valcra y Baits, 5 Rtcmmcrt, Bkroslid, y Kiip, ) odhobid quc, cd mcdcrig, gas sagobotidtcs itribtovas hcshc cg pudta hc vosti n ìsoba y quocdcs sc vostcd hc lidcri prancsoadig rcbofcd liyarcs pudtuiboadcs cd gi cdtrcvosti quc gas quc sc vostcd lig. Csti tcdhcdboi hc itribboòd aburroò piri kalfrcs y lu`crcs y trihoboadiglcdtc cd topas hc pucsta lisbugoda y nclcdoda. Gi prchospasoboòd hcfohi i gi ipirocdbo ipirocdboii ifirbi cg pcsa5 p csa5 gi odvcstomiboòd (Eutbkcr (Eutbkcr  y Frimmcr, Frimmcr, 5 Zodmotarc, Humado, Xodhigc Xodhigc y Rprodm, ) odhobi quc gas sagobotidtcs sagobotidtcs afcsas rcbofcd cd gi cdtrcvosti pudtuiboadcs pudtuiboadcs lés fi`is f i`is quc sus badtripirtcs lés hcgmihas. Zircbc scr quc gi ipirocdboi hcg cdtrcvostiha cs ud pahcrasa nibtar hc badtritiboòd (Zastkuli, Larmcsad y Bilpoad, ). Bgivcs da vcrfigcs Sd lcti-idégosos par Firrobe ct ig . () cdbadtrò quc cg usa iprapoiha hc gi baludobiboòd da vcrfig csté igtilcdtc barrcgiboadiha bad gis pudtuiboadcs hc gi cdtrcvosti. Gis bgivcs da vcrfigcs iprapoihis odbguycd basis bala rcìr y kibcr badtibta vosuig ihcbuiha (Gcvodc y Ncghlid, ). Kawirh y Ncrros () cdbadtrirad udi rcgiboòd olpartidtc cdtrc cg usa hc balpartilocdtas da vcrfigcs iprapoihas y gis pcrbcpboadcs hcg cdtrcvostihar safrc gi balpctcdboi hcg cdtrcvostiha. Bala cs gòmoba, cg rcsugtiha hcg lcti-idégosos odhobi quc gis bgivcs da vcrfigcs da incbtid hc lidcri olpartidtc i gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis, pcra sì i gis da cstrubturihis (Firrobe ct ig .,., ). Gas rcsugtihas hc gas lcti-idégosos tilfoïd odhobid quc cg usa iprapoiha hc cstis bgivcs vcrfigcs bala tada, mriha, vcgabohih y piusis tilfoïd cstéd rcgiboadihis bad gis pudtuiboadcs lés igtis hc gi cdtrcvosti (Firrobe ct ig .,., ). Iudqucc sc puchcd cdgostir lubka lés cstuhoas y viroifgcs, csti hosbusoòd lucsIudqu tri quc gi quc cdtrcvosti viroas scsmas quc da rcgiboadihas bad cgcspucsta. Vcbucrhc uda hcbadtocdc gas prodbopigcs prapòsotas hc cstéd gi cdtrcvosti hc clpgca hctcrlodir quï sagobotidtc scré cg lés cxotasa cd cg hcsclpcùa hc ud pucsta. Ziri hctcrlodir csta, gis hcbosoadcs hcfcd cstir fisihis cd gi bipibohih hc kibcr cg trifi`a y da cd gis viroifgcs bala gi itribboòd nìsobi n ìsobi y cg badtibta vosuig.

Hoscùa hc udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi Ziri cgifarir udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi, sc aftocdc odnarliboòd safrc cg pucsta (idégosos hc pucsta) y sc brcid prcmudtis hoscùihis piri cdbadtrir cg mriha cd cg quc gis kifogohihcs y cxpcrocdbois hcg sagobotidtc baodbohcd bad gis quc sc dcbcsotid piri hcsclpcùir hc narli cxotasi cg trifi`a. Cstas bucstoadilocdtas sc odbarparid cd ud narlita hc cdtrcvosti usiha par tahas gas cdtrcvostiharcs piri tahas gas cdtrcvostihas. C`clpgas hc rcspucstis fucdis y ligis sc gabigozid `udta i gis prcmudtis piri iyuhir i bigonobir ig cdtrcvostihar gis rcspucstis hc gas isporidtcs.

 

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs  

92?

 

Hctcrlodir gis ERIA quc sc tabiréd cd gi cdtrcvosti Gi prolcri ctipi cd gi brciboòd hc udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi badsostc cd rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta cxkiustova cxkiustova y csbrofor udi hcsbropboòd hctiggihi hcg losla. Bala sc hosbutc cd cg bipìtuga , cg idégosos hcfc ohcdtonobir tircis cgifarihis, badhoboadcs cd gis buigcs sc hcsirraggid, badabolocdta, kifogohihcs, bipibohihcs y atris biribtcrìstobis (ERIA) dcbcsirois piri hcsirraggir gis tircis. Gi scmudhi ctipi cs hctcrlodir gi lc`ar narli hc lchor gi bipibohih hc ud sagobotidtc piri hcsirraggir bihi udi hc gis tircis ohcdtonobihis cd cg idégosos hc pucsta. Igmudis hc gis ERIA sc puchcd lchor hc lidcri ipraxolihilucstris cd udi cdtrcvosti5 hcfcd ifarhirsc bad lïtahas vcronobala prucfis psobagòmobis, hc trifi`a,atris bcdtras hc cviguiboòd, rcncrcdbois, biboòd hc idtcbchcdtcs y bigonobiboòd hc bipibotiboòd y cxpcrocdboi (cstas lïtahas sc hosbutoréd hc lidcri cxkiustovi cd cg bipìtuga ). Zar c`clpga, supadmi quc gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta piri rcbcpboadosti odhobi quc gis tircis prolirois odbguycd csbrofor rcpartcs cd balputihari, irbkovir barrcspadhcdboi, rcspadhcr cg tcgïnada y tritir bad gi mcdtc quc vosoti gi armidoziboòd. Gi bipibohih hc csbrofor cd balputihari sc hcfc lchor bad udi prucfi hc tcbgca5 irbkovir gi barrcspadhcdboi, bad udi prucfi piri irbkova5 badtcstir cg tcgïnada hclastridha bòla kibcrga y cg scrvoboa ig bgocdtc bad udi prcmudti cd gi cdtrcvosti. Cg pudta olpartidtc iquì cs quc da tahi ERIA puchc a hcfc tabirsc cd gi cdtrcvosti.

Vchibboòd hc prcmudtis piri gi cdtrcvosti Bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., cxostcd scos topas hc prcmudtis piri cdtrcvostis0 bgironobiharis, hcsbigonobiharis, hcg dovcgGis hc bgironobiharis kifogohih, cdnabihis ig pisiha, cdnabihis ig nutura y hchctcrlodidtcs i`ustc armidoziboadig.   pcrlotcd ig cdtrcvostihar ibgirir odnarliboòd hcg burrìbugul, gi birti hc prcscdtiboòd y gi sagobotuh, sa gobotuh, ggcdir gas cspiboas y aftcdcr atri odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi. Hcfoha i quc cg burrìbugul y gi birti hc prcscdtiboòd hc bihi sagobotidtc sad ðdobas, cstas bgironobiharcs cspcbìnobas da sad cstédhircs cd gas sagobotidtcs. Zar c`clpga, quozé ud cdtrcvosti-

Nomuri 8.? Xopas hc prcmudtis hc cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis 98:

B 

Xopa hc prcmudti

C`clpga

Bgironobihari

Afscrvï udi frcbki hc trcs iùas cdtrc has hc sus trifi`as. ±Zahrìi kifgirlc hc cgga1 Sstch nuc ud ‗trifi`ihar cd lcsi“ (fcdbk kidh) cd IX&X. ±Yuï somdonobi csa1

Hcsbigonobihari

±Zuchc trifi`ir toclpas cxtri sod prcvoi datonobiboòd1 ±Xocdc gobcdboi piri badhubor vomcdtc1

Hctcrlodidtcs hcg dovcg hc kifogohih

^iroas lcscs hcspuïs hc odstigir udi rch balputiboadig, cg bgocdtc ggili y hobc quc gi olprcsari da olprolc. ±Yuï pahrìi cstir lig1

Cdnabihi ig pisiha (badhubtuig)

Buidha ustch gohoi bad gas bgocdtcs, cs odcvotifgc quc kimi cda`ir i igmuocd. Buïdtcdas safrc udi vcz quc ud bgocdtc sc kiyi cda`iha bad ustch. ±Bòla saguboadò gi sotuiboòd1

Cdnabihi ig nutura (sotuiboadig)

Olimodc quc ho`a i ud bgocdtc quc ustch cstirìi i gis 9:0:: i. l. Rad gis 9:02: y da kiy narli hc quc ustch tcrlodc su trifi`a ibtuig kisti gis 9902: i. l. Rc supadc quc ustch sc tocdc quc rcudor bad atra bgocdtc cd gi kari hc gi balohi i lchoa hìi y pastcroarlcdtc cstir cd atra trifi`a i gi 9093 p. l. ±Bòla lidc`irìi csti sotuiboòd1

I`ustc armidoziboadig

±Yuï topa hc rotla hc trifi`a cs cg lc`ar piri ustch1 Hcsbrofi su cxpcrocdboi trifi`idha cd ud mrupa hc pcrsadis bugturiglcdtc hovcrsa.

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

har dcbcsotc pchor i ud sagobotidtc quc cxpgoquc par quï midò cg prcloa LbIrtkur LbIrtkur,, y i atra sagobotidtc quï koza huridtc gi frcbki hc has iùas cdtrc sus clpgcas. Gis hcsbigonobiharis   sad prcmudtis quc sc hcfcd rcspadhcr cd udi narli pirtobugir a cg sagobotidtc scré hcsbigonobiha. Zar c`clpga, so ud trifi`a rcquocrc quc gas clpgcihas trifi`cd gas nodcs hc sclidi, ud hcsbigonobihar puchc scr ‗±csté hospadofgc piri trifi`ir gas nodcs hc sclidi1 “ Ro gi rcspucsti cs da, cg isporidtc da aftcdhré cg clpgca. Gis hctcrlodidtcs hcg dovcg hc kifogohih  sc rcnocrcd ig mriha hc cxpcrocdboi hc ud cdtrcvostiha. Zar c`clpga so ud sagobotidtc hobc quc cs cnobocdtc bad Lobrasant ]arh, ud cdtrcvostihar puchc rcigozir igmudis prcmudtis safrc cstc pramrili hc prabcsilocdta hc pigifris. Ro atra hobc kifgir bad nguohcz cd atra ohoali, cg cdtrcvostihar quozé gc kimi igmudis prcmudtis cd hobka ohoali. Gis prcmudtis cdnabihis ig nutura,  tilfoïd ggilihis prcmudtis sotuiboadigcs, odquocrcd ig sagobotidtc quï kirìi cd udi sotuiboòd pirtobugir. Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., cg prolcr pisa piri brcir prcmudtis sotuiboadigcs cs rcbapogir odbohcdtcs brìtobas, udi tïbdobi quc iprcdhoò cd cg bipìtuga . Cstas odbohcdtcs sc rcpgidtcid cd prcmudtis quc sc usiréd huridtc gi cdtrcvosti. Cs olpartidtc quc tigcs prcmudtis sc puchid badtcstir bad cg badabolocdta ibtuig hcg sagobotidtc. Cs hcbor hcbor,, ipgobir prcmudtis sotuiboadigcs i sagobotidtcs hc pagobìi cd gis quc ïstas dcbcsotirìid badabolocdta hc prabcholocdtas pagoboibas da scré iprapoiha parquc da iprcdhcd csti odnarliboòd kisti quc sc mrihðid hc gi ibihcloi. Hcspuïs hc cgifarir cstis prcmudtis, cg somuocdtc pisa cs brcir ud bòhoma hc pudtuiboòd. Cstc pisa sc hosbutoré pastcroarlcdtc cd cg bipìtuga. Gis prcmudtis cdnabihis ig pisiha,  i gis quc i vcbcs tilfoïd sc kibc rcncrcdboi bala cdtrcvostis hc hcsbropboòd hc pitròd badhubtuig (ZFHO,  par sus somgis cd odmgïs),  honocrcd hc gis prcmudtis hc gi cdtrcvosti sotuiboadigcs ig cdnabirsc cd gi badhubti  prcvoi  y da cd gi odtcdboadi odtcdboadigg nuturi. Cs hcbor, sc pohc i gas sagobotidtcs praparboadir c`clpgas cspcbìnobas safrc bòla hclastrirad kifogohihcs rcgiboadihis rcgiboadihis bad su trifi`a cd clpgcas prcvoas (@idz, Kcggcrvoe y Moglarc, ). Iudquc gis prcmudtis

Xifgi 8.9 Hoscùa hc prcmudtis hc cdtrcvosti sotuiboadig Cg odbohcdtc brìtoba

Sd bgocdtc odmrcsò i udi subursig fidbiroi y balcdzò i mrotir par gi narli cd gi quc cg fidba kifìi odtcrvcdoha cd su bucdti. Rc lagcstò tidta quc clpczò i lighcbor, hobocdha quc da sighrìi kisti quc sc kufocri saguboadiha cg prafgcli. Hcsinartudihilcdtc, Hcsinartudihilcdtc, gi odnarliboòd quc gi bi`cri dcbcsotifi da sc cdbadtrifi cd csti subursig, par ga quc da kifìi dihi quc cggi puhocri kibcr. Gi prcmudti

Xrifi`i bala bi`cri y tocdc udi 󿬉gi girmi hc pcrsadis cspcridha. Sd bgocdtc vi kiboi cg nrcdtc hc gi 󿬉gi y mroti quc Xrifi`i gc rcfatirad ud bkcquc par cg quc gc bafrirad $6: hògircs, ga quc biusò quc atras bkcqucs rcfatirid. Ïg gi lighobc i ustch y gc hobc quc da sc oré kisti quc da sc kiyi saguboadiha cg prafgcli. Sstch cs odbipiz hc rcvosir su bucdti parquc gi odnarliboòd csté cd atri subursig. ±Yuï kirìi1 Gis rcspucstis hc rcncrcdboi

3 Hcfoha i quc da tocdc gi odnarliboòd y gi 󿬉gi cs girmi, ggilirìi i lo supcrvosar y kirìi quc kifgiri bad cg bgocdtc cd su a󿬉bodi, gc`as hc buigquocri. 8 Locdtris odtcdta biglirga, ggilirìi i lo supcrvosar. 2 Odtcdtirìi biglirga y cxpgobirgc cxpgobirgc quc gi balputihari da nudboadi. nudboadi. 6 Gc cxpgobirìi cxpgobirìi quc da pucha iyuhirga parquc parquc gi balputihari da nudboadi y gc pchorìi rcmrcsir hcspuïs. 9 Gc horìi horìi quc viyi ig 󿬉dig hc gi 󿬉gi y quc cspcrc cspcrc su turda.

 

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs  

989

 

cdnabihis ig nutura y ig pisiha tocdcd honcrcdtcs arocdtiboadcs, gas cdtrcvostihas quc da sc hcsclpcùid focd cd ud topa mcdcriglcdtc sì ga kibcd cd cg atra (Bilpoad ct ig .,., 5 Bakcd y Rbatt, ). Rod clfirma, gis pudtuiboadcs hc gis prcmudtis cdnabihis ig pisiha sad gas lc`arcs prchobtarcs hc hcsclpcùa cd pucstas hc dovcgcs lés cgcvihas quc gis prcmudtis quc sc arocdtid ig nutura (Kunnbutt, Vatk, Badwiy y Egckc, 5 Kunnbutt, ]ccegcy, ]ccegcy, ]ocsdcr, ]ocsdcr, HcMraat y @adcs, 5 Zugieas y Rbklott, ). Cd gumir hc odtcdtir prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa nutura, gis prcmudtis hc i`ustc armidoziboadig tabid cg mriha cd cg quc ud sagobotidtc sc i`ustiré i gi bugturi hc udi armidoziboòd a ig cstoga hc gohcrizma hc ud supcrvosar pirtobugir. Zar c`clpga, igmudis armidoziboadcs cstéd luy arocdtihis i gis pagìtobis, locdtris quc atris latovid i gas clpgcihas i usir su prapoi odoboitovi. Gi ohci hctrés hc gis prcmudtis hc i`ustc armidoziboadig cs iscmurirsc hc quc gi pcrsadigohih y gis lctis hcg sagobotidtc scid badsostcdtcs bad gis hc gi balpiùìi.

Brcir ud bòhoma hc pudtuiboòd piri gis rcspucstis hc gi cdtrcvosti Sdi vcz quc sc brcirad gis prcmudtis hc gi cdtrcvosti, cg somuocdtc pisa cs cgifarir ud bòhoma piri bigonobir gis rcspucstis hc gas sagobotidtcs. Iudquc igmudis sc puchcd bigonobir bala barrcbtis a crròdcis (p. c., ‗±hcfc pimir toclpa cxtri i ud clpgciha par trifi`ir lés hc  karis cd ud hìi1“), bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., cxostcd trcs lïtahas prodbopigcs hc bigonobir gi liyarìi hc gis rcspucstis0 cdnaquc barrcbta/crròdca, cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi y cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc. Cdnaquc barrcbta/crròdca barrcbta/crròdca..  Igmudis prcmudtis hc cdtrcvosti, cd cspcboig gis quc hctcrlo-

did cg dovcg hc sc puchcd bigonobir solpgclcdtc safrc ‗Sstch gi fisc bala hc ga barrcbta a odbarrcbta hckifogohih, gi rcspucsti. Zar c`clpga, badsohcrc gi prcmudti0 lcscra, ±puchc hir ud visa hc voda i ud `avcd hc  iùas so sus pihrcs sc cdbucdtrid prcscdtcs y gc hid pcrlosa1“. Ro gi cdtrcvostihi hobc quc da, aftcdhré ud pudta par udi rcspucsti barrcbti. Ro gi badtcstiboòd cs sì, da aftcdhré ud pudta. Ro cg topa hc prcmudti rcigoziha nuc ud hcsbigonobihar (p. c., ‗±puchc trifi`ir gas nodcs hc sclidi1“) gi rcspucsti odbarrcbti hc kcbka hcsbigonobiré ig odhovohua cd vcz hc rcsugtir cd quc da sc gc atarmuc igmðd pudta.

Xifgi 8.6 C`clpgas hc pudti`cs Cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi

9 6 2 8 3

Gc horìi quc viyi ig 󿬉dig hc gi 󿬉gi y quc cspcrc su turda. Gc cxpgobirìi quc da pucha iyuhirgc parquc gi balputihari da nudboadi y gc pchorìi rcmrcsir hcspuïs. Odtcdtirìi biglirga y cxpgobirgc quc gi balputihari da nudboadi. Ggilirìi i lo supcrvosar. Hcfoha i quc da tcdma gi odnarliboòd y gi 󿬉gi cs girmi, ggilirìi i lo supcrvosar y gc pchorìi quc kifgiri bad cg bgocdtc cd gi a󿬉bodi, gc`as hc buigquocri.

Cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc

         

986

B 

Kibcrgc datir gi girmi 󿬉gi y gi prcabupiboòd prcabupiboòd par atras bgocdtcs bgocdtcs Vcbadabcr gi dcbcsohih hc biglir ig bgocdtc Vcbadabcr gi dcbcsohih dcbcsohih hc rctorir rctorir ig bgocdtc bgocdtc hc atras bgocdtcs Vcbadabcr quc da sc puha puha hir odlchoitilcdt odlchoitilcdtcc iyuhi parquc gigi balputihari balputihari da nudboadifi nudboadifi Da kufa badnradtiboòd bad cg bgocdtc

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi.  Gi ohci hctrés hcg cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi  cs brcir udi

gosti hc tahis gis rcspucstis pasofgcs i bihi prcmudti, kibcr quc cxpcrtas cd gi litcroi (RLC, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) bigonoqucd bihi rcspucsti y pastcroarlcdtc usir cstis cviguiboadcs bala hctcrlodidtcs hctcrlodidtcs piri bihi uda hc gas pudtas cd udi csbigi hc bodba. Iudquc igmudas bòhomas hc bigonobiboòd tocdcd sòga udi rcspucsti hctcrlodidtc piri bihi pudta hc gi csbigi, gi odvcstomiboòd hc Fubkdcr () odhobi quc cg brcbocdtc dðlcra hc rcspucstis hctcrlodidtcs  odbrclcdtiré cd mrid lchohi gi badnoifogohih hc gi pudtuiboòd. Hcfoha i quc cg dðlcra hc rcspucstis pasofgcs pa sofgcs i buigquocr prcmudti cs prafifgclcdtc nodota, cd csti nisc puchc scr fucdi igtcrditovi ggcvir i bifa udi gguvoi hc ohcis hc tahis gis badtcstiboadcs pasofgcs i udi prcmudti y, hcspuïs, hctcrlodir bihi udi hc cggis. Xig cdnaquc rcsugtirìi cd  a lés rcspucstis par prcmudti, cd gumir hc gis bodba trihoboadigcs. Cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc.  Sd prafgcli bad cg cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi cs quc cxos-

tcd lubkis rcspucstis i udi prcmudti y quc gas sagobotidtcs i lcduha praparboadid igmudis quc pahrìid i`ustirsc i pirtcs hc hovcrsas hctcrlodidtcs. Ziri barrcmor cstc prafgcli, sc puchc usir cg cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc. Cd ïstc, gas RLC rcigozid udi gosti hc ispcbtas bgivc quc sc prctcdhc hcfcd scr odbguohas cd udi rcspucsti pcrncbti. Ziri bihi uda hc cstas ispcbtas, cg cdtrcvostiha aftocdc ud pudta, y tilfoïd sc puchcd sapcsir hc tig narli quc gas lés olpartidtcs olpart idtcs aftcdmid liyar bidtohih hc pudtas quc gas lcdas. Cg psobògama Zctc Ho^ista usi cg cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc buidha cdtrcvosti sagobotidtcs piri gas pucstas hc gis nucrzis pagoboigcs. Cd udi hc sus prcmudtis, gcs pohc olimodir quctocdhi. sad udIanoboig hc pagobìi y rcbofcd ggilihiudi safrc cg pasofgc iggidilocdta i udi gi ggcmihi, cg anoboig dati gaudi somuocdtc0 pitruggi cd cg cstiboadilocdta tocdc gis gubcs odtcrlotcdtcs, odtcrlotcdtcs, ud anoboig csté cd cg posa `udta i ïsti, sc ipimò gi igirli hc gi tocdhi y udi pcrsadi sigc barrocdha hc gi losli. Ho^ista cdtadbcs prcmudti i gas isporidtcs quï kirìid cd csti sotuiboòd. Gas ispcbtas bgivc cd udi rcspucsti odbguycd odhobir quc ud pagobìi sc cdbucdtri kcroha y dcbcsoti iyuhi5 cdtcdhcr quc gi pcrsadi quc barrc puchc scr pcgomrasi p cgomrasi pcra quc tilfoïd puchc scr udi vìbtoli5 pcrbitirsc hc quc cs dcbcsiroa cg rcspigha y gi irtobugiboòd ir tobugiboòd hc udas fucdas nudhilcdtas piri cgcmor iyuhir ig pagobìi prolcra a isostor i gi pcrsadi quc barrìi. Ig bigonobir gis cdtrcvostis, cs iprapoiha tcdcr ud sostcli piri cviguir gis bgivcs da vcrfigcs hcg sagobotidtc, cspcboiglcdtc buidha cg clpgca odbguyc kifogohihcs odtcrpcrsadigcs. Hobki pudtuiboòd csté sustcdtihi par gi odvcstomiboòd quc hclucstri quc tigcs bgivcs da vcrfigcs cd gis cdtrcvostis puchcd prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa gifarig (Firrobe ct ig .,., 5 Furdctt y Latawohga, 5 HcMraat y Latawohga, ).

Badhubboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi Iudquc cs balðd usir udi cdtrcvosti pidcg, gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc gis cdtrcvostis prchcboréd lc`ar cg hcsclpcùa buidha ud cdtrcvostihar bipibotiha sci cg losla piri tahas gas sagobotidtcs (Kunnbutt y ]ackr, ). Gi prolcri ctipi hc gi cdtrc vosti cs cstifgcbcr cstifgcbcr cg rippart 5 da balcdzir i kibcr prcmudtis kisti quc gas sagobotidtcs kiyid tcdoha toclpa hc ‗biglir sus dcrvoas“. Badstruor cg rippart  cs  cs ud pisa olpartidtc, yi quc hi bala rcsugtiha quc cg isporidtc sc socdti lés pasotova rcspcbta i gi cdtrcvosti (Bkiplid y Pwcom, Pwcom, ).  ). Sdi vcz quc cg sagobotidtc sc socdtc bòlaha, cstifgczbi gi imcdhi piri gi cdtrcvosti cxpgobidha cg prabcsa. Gi liyarìi hc gas sagobotidtcs da kid pisiha par udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi, par ga quc cs olpartidtc cxpgobir gas topas hc prcmudtis quc sc rcigoziréd y pudtuigozir quc bihi cdtrcvostihar taliré datis y bigonobiré gis rcspucstis odlchoitilcdtc hcspuïs hc quc cg cdtrcvostiha kiyi rcspadhoha. Sdi vcz quc sc ki

 

Cdtrcvostis gifarigcs  

982

 

cstifgcboha gi imcdhi, rcigobc gis prcmudtis hc gi cdtrcvosti. Xig vcz ustch quocri tcdcr sòga udi pcrsadi kibocdha tahis gis prcmudtis a quc bihi loclfra hcg pidcg pgidtcc igmudis. Cs olpartidtc bigonobir bihi badtcstiboòd hcspuïs hc quc sc ki hiha. Sdi vcz quc sc kid ggcviha i bifa tahas gas bucstoadilocd bucstoadilocdtas, tas, praparboadc odnarliboòd safrc cg trifi`a y gi armidoziboòd. Hobki odnarliboòd puchc odbguor cg sigiroa y fcdcnoboas, hcfcrcs hcg pucsta, apartudohihcs hc ividbc, udi kostaroi hc gi armidoziboòd, ctb. Zastcroarlcdtc, rcspadhi buigquocr prcmudti quc cg sagobotidtc puchi tcdcr tcdcr.. Cs udi fucdi ohci cd cstc pudta hcbor igma bala ‗Gc kclas kcbka lubkis prcmudtis pcra tig vcz da gc kclas prcmudtiha hc gis basis quc quocrc hcbordas. ±Kiy igmudi odnarliboòd quc quocri hirdas y quc da gc kiyilas prcmudtiha1“. Xcrlodc gi cdtrcvosti bad udi dati pgibcdtcri kigimidha ig cdtrcvostiha (‗Nuc ud pgibcr badabcrgc“) y kiboïdhagc sifcr buédha ga badtibtiré safrc gis ancrtis gifarigcs. Cd gi badbgusoòd, gis pudtuiboadcs hc gis prcmudtis sc sulid y gi bonri rcsugtidtc cs gi bigonobiboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti.

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca Iudquc ïstc y cg somuocdtc bipìtuga sc arocdtid i gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, cs olpartidtc quc ustch halodc gis kifogohihcs quc sc dcbcsotid piri aftcdcr ud clpgca. Gis somuocdtcs trcs scbboadcs praparboadid badsc`as safrc bòla badhuborsc cd gi cdtrc vosti, bòla csbrofor udi birti hc prcscdtiboòd prcscdtiboòd y bòla bòla cgifarir ud burrìbugul. burrìbugul.

Rafrcvovocdha cxotasilcdtc ig prabcsa hc gi cdtrcvosti Iud buidha gi cdtrcvosti hc clpgca da cstrubturihi tocdc lubkas prafgclis, sad cgcvihis gis prafifogohihcs hc quc i udi pcrsadi quc cs badsohcrihi piri ud pucsta sc gc ipgoquc udi cdtrcvosti isì. Gi odvcstomiboòd y gi cxpcrocdboi odhobid quc gas sagobotidtcs sc prcpirid piri odbrclcdtir sus pudtas cd gi cdtrcvosti. Sda hc gas ispcbtas lés olpartidtcs cs bipibotirsc ibcrbi hc gi narli hc cdtrcvostir. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc Liurcr y sus bagcmis (Liurcr, Ragilad, Idhrcws y Xraxtcg, 5 Liurcr, Ragilad y Xraxtcg, ) ki hclastriha quc hobki bipibotiboòd puchc odbrclcdtir gi pudtuiboòd hcg isporidtc cd gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis. Vcbofor cstc cdtrcdilocdta safrc cdtrcvostis y padcr cd prébtobi gis kifogohihcs quc badggcvi sad fucdis narlis hc rchubor gi idsochih kiboi hobkas cdbucdtras. Csta cs olpartidtc, yi quc gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc cxostc udi barrcgiboòd dcmitovi cdtrc gi idsochih hcg cdtrcvostiha y cg hcsclpcùa hc gi cdtrcvosti (LbBirtky y Mannod, 5 LbBirtky y Ries, ).

Zramrilir gi cdtrcvosti Badtriroa i gas badsc`as quc sc hid cd gis rcvostis papugircs, do cg hìi hc gi sclidi do gi kari incbtid gis pudtuiboadcs hc gis cdtrcvostis (Iilaht, 5 ]oggokdmidz y Lycrs, ). Rod clfirma, ga quc sì incbtiré cs buédha ggcmucd gas sagobotidtcs piri cdtrcvostirsc. Ro ga kibcd tirhc, gi pudtuiboòd scré hréstobilcdtc odncroar (Gidtz, ). Hc kcbka, cd ud cstuhoa quc ya horomì (Iilaht, ), dodmðd sagobotidtc quc ggcmifi tirhc cri badtritiha. Da afstidtc, da sc cdbadtrò dodmudi honcrcdboi cd gis pudtuiboadcs pudtuiboad cs hc gi cdtrcvosti fisihis cd so ud sagobotidtc ggcmifi pudtuig a cdtrc bodba  yquocr  lodutas lés tcl prida. Zar ga rcotcrclas, tidta, gi cdtrcvosti sc puchc pramri pramrilir lir piri kari y hìi hctclprida. gi sclidi pcra, ¡cg sagobotidtc da hcfc ggcmir tirhc!buig988

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

 Idtcs hc gi cdtrcvosti Iprcdhi igma hc gi balpiùìi (]oggoils, ). Vcbucrhc ga quc sc pgidtcò cd gi nomuri . ibcrbi hc quc balðdlcdtc gc kibcd i uda prcmudtis hc cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihis (‗±Bòla sc cdtcrò hc ducstri balpiùìi1“) piri hctcrlodir cg badabolocdta hcg sagobotidtc ibcrbi hc gi armidoziboòd. Da sòga tocdc scdtoha cstc badsc`a, soda quc gi odvcstomiboòd ki hcsbufocrta quc tig badabolocdta sc barrcgiboadi hc narli somdonobitovi (.) bad gi bigonobiboòd hc gi cdtrcvosti (Iilaht, ) y quc gi prcpiriboòd hc ïsti sc barrcgiboadi tilfoïd somdonobitovilcdtc bad quc sc pohi rcmrcsir piri udi scmudhi cdtrcvosti (Bighwcgg y Furmcr, Gis armidoziboadcs olprcsoadid hc lidcri cspcboig so ud sagobotidtc badabc). sus prahubtas y scrvoboas,scdcbcsohihcs nuturis, prafgclis prodbopigcs y gi nogasanìi a losoòd. Gis cstihìstobis bala pirtobopiboòd hc lcrbiha y vagulcd hc vcdtis da sad tid olpartidtcs (Mirhdcr, (Mirhdcr, ). Sdi idtomui cstuhoidtc lìi bucdti gi kostaroi hc udi cdtrcvosti piri ud pucsta hc horcbboòd quc tuva cd Iggstitc Odsuridbc. Gi dabkc idtcroar cggi gcyò tahi gi odnarliboòd hospadofgc hc Iggstitc cd su fofgoatcbi gabig. Huridtc gi cdtrcvosti, sc gc prcmudtò par quï hcscifi trifi`ir piri hobki clprcsi. Cggi rcspadhoò quc cri ibtovi cd gi baludohih y quc sc scdtìi itriìhi par su pramrili baludotiroa ‗Kcgpodm Kidhs“ (‗Lidas quc iyuhid“), hc ga buig kifìi gcìha gi dabkc idtcroar. Cg cdtrcvostihar sc olprcsoadò cdarlclcdtc y pisò gas somuocdtcs  lodutas hcsbrofocdha cg pramrili  y su olpartidboi. Gi cdtrcvosti cdtrcvosti nuc ud ïxota ïxota cd pirtc parquc parquc gi sagobotidtc sagobotidtc kifìi kcbka kcbka su trifi`a. Cg hìi hc gi cdtrcvosti, vìstisc bad pugbrotuh y prancsoadiglcdtc5 ihclés, lahonoquc supartir cstogaibbcsaroas tidta bala sci dcbcsiroa piriggilitovas i`ustirsc yi barfitis gi sotuiboòd (]oggoils, ). Cvotc bala irctcs girmas hc bagarcs fr oggidtcs. froggidtcs. Cg bifcgga sc hcfc pcodir hc narli badscrvihari, cvotir cg ‗bifcgga girma“ y gas bagarcs bala lariha a vcrhc (kibcr gi biribtcroziboòd hc ud loclfra hc gi nilogoi n ilogoi Asfaurdc hc LX^ da cs udi fucdi cstritcmoi piri gi cdtrcvosti).

Huridtc gi cdtrcvosti Gi liyarìi hc gis sumcrcdbois safrc bòla balpartirsc lc`ar cd udi cdtrcvosti ipra vcbkid gis tcdhcdbois hcg cdtrcvostihar hosbutohis cd cstc bipìtuga. Gis badhubtis da vcrfigcs hcfcd odbguor ud iprctòd hc lidas norlc, badtibta vosuig, udi sadrosi y iscdtor bad gi bifczi. Gis badhubtis vcrfigcs hcscihis odbguycd rcigozir prcmudtis, ipudtir sutoglcdtc gi narli cd gi quc ustch cs sologir ig cdtrcvostihar, da prcmudtir safrc cg sigiroa, da kifgir gcdtilcdtc y da huhir ig rcspadhcr gis prcmudtis (HcMraat  y Latawohga, ). ). Xcdmi Xcdmi cd lcdtc quc quc gis prolcris olprcsoadcs sad gis lés olpartidtcs. Ro yustch pircbcr sologir quc ig cdtrcvostihar, anobodi. Eapotzec Loggcrhcsci () hcsbufrocrad gas cgclcdtaslorc hc giigrchchar an obodi hchc anobodi udgicdtrcvostihar i lcduha sc rcgiboadid bad su pcrsadigohih y sus odtcrcscs. Bala lïtaha piri ikarrir mistas hc voi`c isaboihas bad gis cdtrcvostis biri i biri, lubkis armidoziboadcs cdtrcvostid i gas sagobotidtcs par lchoa hc vohcabadncrcdbois cd odtcrdct. Iudquc cg badsc`a prcvoa piri gi cdtrcvosti somuc ipgobédhasc piri gis cdtrcvostis par vohcabadncrcdboi, igmudis sumcrcdbois ihoboadigcs odbguycd kifgir nucrtc, lidtcdcr cg lavolocdta hc lidas y frizas ig lìdola, lorir horcbtilcdtc i gi béliri y vcstor cd bagarcs scroas y badscrviharcs.

Hcspuïs hc gi cdtrcvosti Odlchoitilcdtc hcspuïs hc gi cdtrcvosti, csbrofi udi frcvc birti imrihcbocdha ig cdtrcvostihar par su toclpa. Iudquc gi cvohcdboi hc gi odvcstomiboòd sustcdti tahis gis sumcrcdbois anrcbohis cd csti scbboòd, da sc ki rcigoziha dodmðd cstuhoa kiboi gas cncbtasbiusir hc gis birtis puchc hiùa. hc imrihcbolocdta. Iud isì, cstc imrihifgc hctiggc bocrtilcdtc da

 

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca  

983

 

Bòla csbrofor birtis hc prcscdtiboòd Gis birtis hc prcscdtiboòd  hobcd i ud clpgcihar quc ustch csté ih`udtidha su burrìbugul y quc gc mustirìi sagobotir ud clpgca. Da hcfcd scr lés cxtcdsis hc udi buirtoggi. Bala sc lucstri cd gis birtis hc prcscdtiboòd hc gis nomuris . y . ïstis hcfcd badtcdcr ud siguha, buitra pérrinas fésobas y gi norli hc bocrrc.

 Riguha Hc scr pasofgc, aftcdmi cg dalfrc hc gi pcrsadi i gi quc quocrc horomor gi birti, pcra so da csté scmura hc cgga, ggilc i gi balpiùìi y solpgclcdtc prcmudtc (tïdmiga hcgctrciha) par hobka dalfrc. Ro ïstc hc`i huhi safrc cg mïdcra hc gi pcrsadi, prcmudtc so cs kalfrc a lu`cr piri quc puchi horomor gi birti iprapoihilcdtc ig Rr. Rlotk a i gi Rri. Rlotk. Da sc rcnocri i gi pcrsadi par su prolcr dalfrc (p. c., ‗Yucrohi Ririk“). Ro da puchc aftcdcr cg dalfrc, ud siguha scmura cs ‗Cstoliha Horcbtar hc Vcbursas Kulidas“. Cvotc nriscs bala ‗Cstoliha Rr. a Lihilc“ a ‗I quocd barrcspadhi“. Zérrinas Cg pérrina odoboig hcfc badsostor cd udi a has ariboadcs y baludobir trcs pirtcs hc odnarliboòd0 cg kcbka hc quc sc cdbucdtri ih`udta su burrìbugul, cg dalfrc hcg pucsta quc csté sagobotidha y bòla supa hc gi vibidtc (bala ud idudboa cd cg pcroòhoba a par ud iloma). Cg scmudha pérrina cstifgcbc quc ustch csté bigonobiha piri cg pucsta y praparboadi gis trcs rizadcs hc cgga5 hcfc tcdcr sòga buitra a bodba ariboadcs hc cxtcdsoòd  y ustch da hcfc vagvcr i csbrofor cg badtcdoha badtcdoha hc su burrìbugul. Cg tcrbcra tcrbcra cxpgobi par quï csté odtcrcsiha cd udi balpiùìi cd pirtobugir i gi buig sagoboti clpgca. Cg pérrina

9; hc ifrog hc 6::? Rr. @akd Rlotk Igba, Odb 69= ]cst Rtrcct @akdsad, ^I 68926 Cstoliha Rr. Rlotk0 Ih`udti sc cdbucdtri udi bapoi hc lo burrìbugul. Nivar hc badsohcrirlc piri cg pucsta hc saghihar quc sc idudboò cd cg Vaidaec Xolcs y ]argh Dcws. Zar virois rizadcs, brca quc lc cdbucdtra bigo󿬉biha piri su pucsta. Zrolcra, tcdma scos iùas hc cxpcrocdboi bala saghihar cd ud csbcdiroa odhustroig. Rcmudha, say ud clpgciha luy bad󿬉ifgc bala ga lucstri cg kcbka hc quc sòga kc hc`iha hc trifi`ir has hìis gifarigcs cd gas g as pisihas bodba iùas. Nodiglcdtc, cstay hospadofgc piri gifarir cd buigquocr turda hc buigquocri hc sus trcs pgidtis. Cspcra su rcspucsti. Rc lc puchc badtibtir lc`ar hcspuïs hc gis 20:: p. l. hc gudcs i vocrdcs y i buigquocr kari cd 󿬉dcs hc sclidi.

Nomuri 8.9: C`clpga hc udi birti hc prcscdtiboòd

98>

B 

Rodbcrilcdtc, Idhrcw R. @adcs.

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

93 hc `ugoa hc 6::? Rroti. Liroi Huflc, Horcbtari Hcpirtilcdta hc Vcbursas Kulidas Viydcs Baslctobs, Odb. >? Fcigg Ivcduc Ilotyvoggc, D_ ::296 Cstolihi Rroti. Huflc0 Ih`udti sc cdbucdtri udi bapoi hc lo burrìbugul. Nivar hc badsohcrirlc piri cg pucsta hc rcprcscdt rcprcscdtidtc idtc hc vcdtis quc sc idudboò cg pisiha halodma cd cg ]iskodmtad Zast . Bala puchc vcr i badtoduiboòd, los bigo󿬉biboadcs barrcspadhcd barrcspadhcd bad gas rcquosotas cstopugihas cd su idudboa. Rus rcquosotas

Los bigo󿬉biboadcs

Mriha udovcrsotiroa Has iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd vcdtis

Gobcdboituri cd lcrbihat lcrbihatcbdoi cbdoi hc gi Sdovcrsohih Vihnarh Bodba iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd vcdtis

Kostaroig hc ïxota cd vcdtis

Vcbofì trcs prcloas par vcdtis cd G. G. Fcid

Rògohis kifogohihcs hc a󿬉bodi    

Birrcri tïbdobi scbrctiroig Xrcs iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd a󿬉bodi ^cgabohih hc csbroturi 33 pigifris par loduta

Cstay cspcboiglcdtc odtcrcsihi odtcrcsihi cd trifi`ir cd su balpiùìi parquc kc usiha sus prahubtas huridtc 9: iùas y, par cgga, lc kc nilogoiroziha bad su gìdci hc prahubtas bala bad gi igti bigohih hc sus baslïtobas. Cspcra su rcspucsti. Nivar Nivar hc scdtorsc gofrc hc ggilirlc i bisi hcspuïs hc gis >0:: p. l. a cd cg trifi`a hc ;0:: i. l. kisti gis 30:: p. l. Hcfoha i quc G. G. Fcid csté rcbartidha pcrsadig, lo clpgcihar da tcdhré prafgcli igmuda cd quc ustch lc ggilc ig trifi`a. Rodbcrilcdtc, Lifgc Gcidc

Lifgc Gcidc 6283 Vcvgad Fgvh. Ivad, ^I 68926 Bisi0 (38:) 333-3>=;  Xrifi`a00 (38:) 333-=>=>  Xrifi`a loloJiag.bal

Nomuri 8.99 C`clpga hc udi birti hc prcscdtiboòd ihiptihi

nodig bocrri su birti y praparboadi odnarliboòd safrc gi lc`ar narli hc scr badtibtiha. Iudquc su dðlcra tcgcnòdoba sc cdbadtriré cd su burrìbugul, cstc pérrina cs ud fucd gumir piri hcbor ig clpgcihar gas lc`arcs hìis y kariroas piri badtibtirga.

Norli Idtcs hc su norli utogobc pigifris bala ‗barhoiglcdtc“ a ‗sodbcrilcdtc“. Da sc rcbalocdhi ‗sodbcrilcdtc suya“ y sc sumocrc hc lidcri cdnétobi cvotir pigifris bala ‗ilar“, ‗piz“ a ‗ifrizas y ipipibkas“. Norlc pcrsadiglcdtc bihi birti hc prcscdtiboòd y csbrofi su dalfrc, horcbboòd y dðlcra tcgcnòdoba hcfi`a hcfi`a hc su norli. norli .

 

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca  

98=

 

Gi horcbtari hc VK, Mc Mc Fcigg, praparboadi i gas sagobotidtcs hc clpgca gas somuocdtcs badsc`as piri gis birtis hc prcscdtiboòd0 =

=

=

=

=

=

Cvotc sadir hcscspcriha y da supgoquc (¡Vciglcdtc dcbcsota cg clpgca! ¡Zar nivar, par nivar, badtrétclc!). Cvotc crrarcs mrilitobigcs mrilitobigcs y hc artamrin ìi. Gas clpgciha clpgciharcs rcs vcd gis birtis hc prcscdtiboòd y burrìbugul bala c`clpgas hcg lc`ar trifi`a quc puchcd rcigozir gas sagobotidtcs. Ro su birti badtocdc crrarcs, quocd badtriti puchc prcabupirsc safrc gi bigohih rcmugir hc su trifi`a. Cvotc pigifris a nriscsDa anoboasis. usc udi pigifri astcdtasi buidha udipar scdboggi cs sunobocdtc. sòga gasDa clpgciharcs da cstiréd olprcsoadihas ud mrid vabifugiroa, soda quc i lcduha gas sagobotidtcs quc usid ‗pigifris rolfalfidtcs“ gis usid lig. Bala c`clpga, ud sagobotidtc odtcdtò hcsbrofor su prahubtovohih gifarig hobocdha quc sus csbrotas crid ‗vaguptuasas“ cd gumir hc ‗vagulodasas“, bala brcclas quc quosa hcbor. Da hosbuti sotuiboadcs pcrsadigcs bala ‗Cstay fusbidha trifi`a parquc lc hovarboï rcbocdtclcdtc“. Gas clpgciharcs sc cdbucdtrid odtcrcsihas sòga cd sus bigonobiboadcs. Ro cs pasofgc, pcrsadigobc su birti piri bihi balpiùìi. Gis birtis hc prcscdtiboòd cstédhir sad cnobibcs pcra da tidta bala gis quc sc csbrofcd hc narli cspcbìnobi piri bihi pucsta quc cstï sagobotidha. Da csbrofi su birti hc prcscdtiboòd cd gi pipcgcrìi hc su clpgcihar ibtuig. Iscmðrcsc hc quc ki usiha cg dalfrc barrcbta hc gi armidoziboòd cd gi birti. Da cs rira hc quc, cdvoir mridhcs dðlcraspcra hc birtis hc prcscdtib prcscdtiboòd, oòd,cdbilfoc cg dalfrc gi ig balpiùìi cd gi horcbboòd quc agvohc bilfoirga cg bucrpa hc gi birti.

Cgifariboòd hc ud burrìbugul Cg burrìbugul  cs udi rcscùi hc gas idtcbchcdtcs prancsoadigcs y chubitovas hcg sagobotidtc. Iudquc cd mcdcrig gas clpgciharcs ga pohcd, sc badabc paba safrc su vigar prchobtova hcg hcsclpcùa hcg isporidtc yi bala trifi`ihar. Igmudas cstuhoas kid hcsbufocrta quc buidha ud cdtrcvostihar gcc gc c ud burrìbugul idtcs hc cdtrcvostir i ud sagobotidtc, gi vigohcz hc gi cdtrcvosti gifarig puchc cd rcigohih rchuborsc (Hopfayc, Rtrilgcr  y Nadtcdcggc, Nadtcdcggc, 5 Zkoggops y Hopfayc, ). Da afstidtc, lés iggé hc cstas cstuhoas, da cs bgira quï tidta vigar prchobtova tocdcd gas burrìbugul, so cs quc ga tocdcd. Sd burrìbugul da puchc prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa, cd pirtc parquc tocdhc i scr sòga cg idudboa hc udifocrtilcdtc sagobotidtc. Gis quc sc cspcboigozid cd cg hoscùa hc burrìbugul sc `ibtid hc balpiùìis su bipibohih ‗piri kibcr lés afvois gis nartigczis y lés honìbogcs hc cdbadtrir sus hcfogohihcs“. Bala rcsugtiha, lubkas burrìbugul badtocdcd odnarliboòd olprcbosi. Cd udi rcvosoòd safrc nriuhc hc burrìbugul, Iilaht y ]oggoils () hcsbufrocrad quc gi cstoliboòd lchoi nuc quc % hc gas burrìbugul badtcdìi odnarliboòd olprcbosi. Badtriroa i gi brccdboi papugir, da cxostc gi lc`ar narli hc csbrofor ud burrìbugul. Hcfoha i quc gi mcdtc tocdc honcrcdtcs idtcbchcdtcs, ud narlita quc nudboadi piri ud odhovohua quozé da nudboadc piri atra. Zar ga tidta, csti scbboòd praparboadiré sòga ud badsc`a mcdcrig safrc bòla cgifarirga5 cg rcsta csté cd ustch.

Csbcdiroas hc burrìbugul Gas burrìbugul puchcd scr badsohcrihas hc has narlis0 bala gi kostaroi hc su vohi a bala ud idudboa hc sus kifogohihcs. Gas quc sc csbrofcd bala gi kostaroi hc gi vohi pcrsadig tocdhcdpcrsadig, i scr girmas y cdgostir bihi pucsta ihclés hc odnarliboòd bala pisitoclpas, cstihaquc bovogscykiyi siguh.hcsclpcùiha, Gas burrìbugul csbrotas 98;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

bala idudboa hc sus kifogohihcs tocdhcd i scr lés bartas y badtocdcd sòga odnarliboòd pasotovi y rcgcvidtc piri gi birrcri hcscihi hc quocd fusbi cg pucsta. Cstc ðgtola csbcdiroa hc gas burrìbugul cs cg lés balðd cd gi ibtuigohih.

Biribtcrìstobis hc gas burrìbugul cncbtovas Sda hc gas ispcbtas lés nrustridtcs hc cgifarir ud burrìbugul cs quc pchor badsc `as i  pcrsadis p crsadis hï bala rcsugtiha  honcrcdtcs apodoadcs. Rod clfirma, iudquc cxostcd lubkis prcncrcdbois, kiy rciglcdtc trcs rcmgis quc sc hcfcd scmuor ig csbrofor burrìbugul0 .  Cg burrìbugul hcfc scr itribtova y nébog hc gccr. Ziri gamrir csta, odtcdtc hc`ir ig lcdas ud lirmcd hc udi pugmihi cd tahas gas gihas y pcrloti quc kiyi fistidtc fist idtc cspiboa5 cs hcbor, da ‗clpiquc“ gi odnarliboòd. Sda hc los cstuhoidtcs udovcrsotiroas sc horomoò i lì bad gi ‗mrid ohci“ hc csbrofor su burrìbugul cd udi ka`i hc tiliùa gcmig y pastcroarlcdtc usir udi natabapoihari piri rchubor cg tiliùa ig pipcg rcmugir bad ud lirmcd hc udi pugmihi. Iudquc csti tïbdobi t ïbdobi sc puchc vcr focd, cs prafifgc quc da sci rcbalcdhifgc parquc tahivìi sc cdbucdtri ‗clpibidha“ ‗clpibidha“ odnarliboòd cd ud cspiboa pcqucùa y gas horcbtarcs hc pcrsadig da mistid lubka toclpa gcycdha burrìbugul. Sd burrìbugul puchc tcdcr ud mrid badtcdoha, pcra so cg ‗piquctc“ da cs itribtova, pabas clpgciharcs qucrréd gccrga. Csti rcmgi da sarprcdhc, yi quc cg itribtova nìsoba n ìsoba hi gi prolcri olprcsoòd hc lubkis ibtovohihcs, bala cdtrcvostir, no`ir udi boti y balprir prahubtas. Cg bagar fgidba prafifgclcd cs cg lc`ar, yi quc sc csbidci, csbi dci, sc bapoi y sc cdvìi par nix badprafifgclcdtc lés bgirohihtcquc atras. .  Cg burrìbugul da da puchc badtcdcr crrarcs hc csbroturi, csbroturi, artamrénobas,  mrilitobigcs a hc kcbkas. kcbkas. Buidha ]igtcr Zocrbc, @r. cri anoboig hc pcrsadig

piri Darnage Rautkcrd Barparitoad, su `cnc rcbofoò cg burrìbugul hc ud cxbcgcdtc cxbcgcd tc sagobotidtc quc isporifi i ud pucsta bala pramrilihar hc balputiharis. Iud buidha tcdìi cxbcgcdtcs rcncrcdbois, cg horcbtar hc pcrsadig do soquocri gc anrcbcrìi udi cdtrcvosti, parquc cg sagobotidtc kifìi csbrota lig has pigifris hc su burrìbugul. burr ìbugul. Hobe ]oggoils, mcrcdtc mcdcrig hc D & ] Brchot Sdoad, rcgitò udi kostaroi sologir. sologir. Sdi vcz rcbofoò has birtis hc prcscdtiboòd cdmripihis (ilfis rcnoroïdhasc ig burrìbugul burr ìbugul quc da cstifi ikì). Ziri clpcarir iðd lés gis basis, buitra pigifris cstifid lig csbrotis. Zucha badtirgc lés kostarois hc karrar, pcra cg pudta hcfc cstir bgira0 ¡Da balcti crrarcs par nigti hc itcdboòd! .  Cg burrìbugul hcfc kibcr quc cg sagobotidtc sc vci tid bigonobiha bigonob iha bala  sci pasofgc sod lcdtor. Ïsti cs udi olpartidtc rcmgi ig hctcrlodir quï

odnarliboòd sc hcfc odbguor. Ro lcdboadir pisitoclpas, clpgcas hc vcrida  y gostis hc bursas ga kiré vcrsc lés bigonobiha big onobiha piri cstc pucsta pirtobugir , cdtadbcs ihcgidtc, odbgðyiga. Ro ud burrìbugul somuc gis trcs rcmgis idtcroarcs0 sc vc focd, da badtocdc crrarcs y kibc quc cg sagobotidtc sc vci tid focd bala sci pasofgc, cdtadbcs scré cncbtova. Apodoadcs badtrirois (bala cg ‗usa hc dcmrotis cd gumir hc sufriyir“ a ‗scùigir gas hcfcrcs cd gumir hc padcrgas cd ud pérrina“) quozé rcprcscdtid gis honcrcdbois cd gis prcncrcdbois odhovohuigcs odhovohuigcs cd vcz hc ud prafgcli prodbopig bad cg burrìbugul.

Xopas hc burrìbugul Cxostcd trcs topas prodbopigcs hc burrìbugul0 bradagòmoba, nudboadig y psobagòmoba. Bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., cg burrìbugul bradagòmoba  cdgosti gas pucstas idtcroarcs cd arhcd, hcshc cg lés rcbocdtc kisti cg prolcra. Cstc topa cs ðtog piri

 

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca  

98?

 

BKVORXAZKCV V. LOGGCV

;96 Liod Rtrcct, Miodcsvoggc, NG 26=;? s;6;9Jlmiliog.dct

(?:8) >83-9::9

Af`ctova0

Zucsta ihlodostritova hc dovcg fésoba cd scrvoboas 󿬉didbocras.

Chubiboòd0  

Xìtuga, Sdovcrsohih hc Ngarohi, liya 6::?. Isomdituri prodbopig0 Ihlodostriboòd hc dcmaboas

   

MZI0 2.82/8.: MZI0 Cspcboigohih0 Rostclis hc odnarliboòd Bursas rcgiboadihas bad gas dcmaboas0 Badtifogohih, hodcra y fidbi, prodbopoas hc lcrbihatcbdoi, lcrbihat cbdoi, cbadalìi, cstihìstobi

Cxpcrocdboi prancsoadig0      

@ugoa 6:92 ‒ i gi ncbki Mcrcdtc isostcdt isostcdtc. c. XBF_ _amurt, Miodcsvo Miodcsvoggc, ggc, NG. Vcspadsifgc hc pufgobir gas rcbofas hoiroas y kibcr hcpòsotas fidbiroas. Idtcroarlcdtc Idtcroarlc dtc cri rcspadsifgc hc rcvosir y pramrili pramrilirr ig pcrsadig badtifgc, csbrofor gas rcpartcs hc pramrcsa y lidc`ir gis hosputis hc gas clpgcihas.

     

Imasta 6:96 ‒ `ugoa 6:92 Bi`cra/scrvoboa Bi`cra/scrv oboa ig bgocdtc, XBF_ _amurt, Miodcsvo Miodcsvoggc, ggc, NG Vcspadsifgc hc iyuhir i gas bgocdtcs bad pradtotuh y hc narli bartïs, kibcr figidbc hc bi`i y lidtcdcr golpoi gi cstiboòd hc trifi`a .

 

Liya 6:99 ‒ imasta 6:96

   

Bi`cra hc fidba0 Firdctt Fide, Miodcsvoggc, NG Vcspadsifgc hc iyuhir y ibadsc`ir i gas bgocdtcs bad sus tridsibboadcs 󿬉didbocris. Lidtuvc cg figidbc hc bi`i ??% hcg toclpa. Vcbofì cxbcgcdtcs cxbcgcdtcs bigo󿬉biboadcs hc hcsclpcùa.

     

Imasta 6:9: ‒ liya 6:99 Lcscra, Rkiecrs Vcstiuridt, Miodcsvoggc, NG Vcspadsifgc hc talir gis òrhcdcs hc balohi y fcfohi hc gas bgocdtcs y scrvorgis hc narli bartïs y c󿬉bocdtc. Xrifi`ï cd ud ilfocdtc hc rotla ibcgcriha bad lubki hclidhi.

Ibtovohihcs  

Loclfra hc gi Rabochih Zko Eippi Zko Kadar Loclfra hc gi Armidoziboòd hc dcmaboas Zko Fcti Gilfhi ^obcprcsohcdtc ^obcprcso hcdtc hc gi nritcrdohih saboig Eippi Igpki Zo Loclfra hc gi Armidoziboòd Borbgc E Rcrvobc Zirtobopï cd nutfag ilcrobida odtriluras

 

Nomuri 8.96 Burrìbugul bradagòmoba

93:

B 

gas sagobotidtcs buyas pucstas prcvoas sc rcgiboadid bad sus pgidcs nuturas y buyas kostaroigcs gifarigcs da badtocdcd vibìas. Cg burrìbugul nudboadig,  bala cg quc lucstri gi nomuri ., armidozi gas trifi `as bad fisc cd gis kifogohihcs rcqucrohis piri hcsirraggirgas cd vcz hcg arhcd cd cg quc sc hcsclpcùirad. Cstc burrìbugul cs cspcboiglcdtc ðtog piri gas sagobotidtcs quc cstïd bilfoidha hc birrcri a tcdmid vibìas cd sus kostaroigcs gifarigcs. Ru prafgcli cs quc tali i gas clpgciharcs lés toclpa gccrgas y balprcdhcrgas quc gas atras topas hc burrìbugul, par ga tidta, cstc odbadvcdocdtc ga vucgvc lcdas papugir cdtrc cggas (Xatk, ). Cg burrìbugul psobagòmoba cs cg topa quc ya prcnocra, yi quc badtocdc gi nucrzi tidta hcg cstoga bradagòmoba bala hcg nudboadig y sc fisi cd udi tcarìi psobagòmobi sògohi c odvcstomiboadcs. Bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ., ud burrìbugul hcfc balcdzir bad ud frcvc rcsulcd hc sus nartigczis. nartigczis . Csti scbboòd sc bboòd ipravcbki gas prodbo-

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

LIXXKC] N. @AKDRAD

;9; Fraihwiy Vaih, Gcxodmtad, E_ >29;? (3:;) ;98-=6;6 s;6;9Jlmiliog.dct Af`ctova hc birrcri

Zucsta hc dovcg mcrcdboig cd scrvoboas fidbiroas.

Cxpcrocdboi fidbiroi y mcrcdboig  

Cgifarï rcbofas y rcigobï hcpòsotas fidbiroas hoiroilcdtc cd gi binctcrìi Hudeod¸ Haduts cd Gcxodmtad,, Ecdtubey. @ugoa 6::;‒prcscdtc Gcxodmtad 6::;‒prcscdtc..

 

Rupcrvosï y pramrilï pcrsadig hc bi`cras piri gi binctcrìi Hudeod¸ Haduts cd Gcxodmta Gcxodmtad, d, Ecdtubey. @ugoa 6::;‒prcscdtc 6::;‒prcscdtc..

 

Bi`cra fidbiroa piri cg Botozcd‟s Nohcgoty Nohcgoty Fide cd Gcxodmtad, Ecdtubey. Lidtuvc figidbc hc bi`i ??% hcg toclpa. Bipibotiha cd virois tridsibboadcs 󿬉didbocris hcg bilpa fidbiroa. Liya 6::?‒imasta 6::?.

Cxpcrocdboi cd scrvoboa ig bgocdtc  

Rcrvoboa ig bgocdtc/bi`cra piri gi binctcrìi hc Hudeod¸ Haduts cd Gcxodmta Gcxodmtad, d, Ecdtubey. Isostì i bgocdtcs piri rcigozir òrhcdcs y nuo rcspadsifgc hc lidtcdcr figidbc hc bi`i.

 

 Isostì i gas bgocdtcs répohi y bartïslcdtc cd gis tridsibboadcs 󿬉didbocris cd cg Botozcd‟s Nohcgoty Fide cd Gcxodmtad Gcxodmtad,, Ecdtubey. Vcbofì cxbcgcdt cxbcgcdtcs cs bigo󿬉biboadcs hc hcsclpcùa. Liya 6::?-imasta 6::?.

 

Nuo lcscra cd Cg Xarota Lcxobid Vcstiuridt cd Gcxodmtad, Ecdtubey. Hcspuïs hc talir gis òrhcdcs, scrvì i gas bgocdtcs hc narli répohi y bartïs. Imasta 6::=‒liya 6::;.

Cxpcrocdboi hc gohcrizma  

^obcprcsohcdtc hc gi Nritcrdohih Raboig Romli Cpsogad Zko. Vcspadsifgc hc ipayir cd gas balpralosass cd gi tridsoboòd hc gi nritcrdohih y hc rcbiuhir hodcra piri gi 󿬉gidtrapìi hc gi balpralosa nritcrdohih i trivïs hc viroas rcbagcbtar rcbagcbtarcs cs hc nadhas.

 

Baarhodï y pirtobopï cd cg cquopa odtriluras hc gi nritcrdohih.

Rcrvoboa baludotiroa y ibtovohihcs cd cg bilpus  

Loclfra hc gi Armidoziboòd Ecy Bguf Rcrvobc hcg bilpus.

   

Loclfra hc gi Lidimclcdt Issaboitoad. Loclfra hc gi Rabochih hc kadar Zko Eippi Zko.

Chubiboòd    

Gobcdboiha cd ihlodostriboòd, Sdovcrsohih hc Ecdtubey, liya 6::?. MZI0 MZ I0 2.88/8.: Cspcboigohih0 Rostclis odnarlétobas Bursas0 Badtifogohih, cbadalìi, lcrbihat lcrbihatcbdoi, cbdoi, hodcra y fidbi, y prodbopoas hc ihlodostriboòd.

Nomuri 8.92 Burrìbugul nudboadig

poas hc olprcsoòd-narliboòd hc gi prcpiriboòd (prcpirir ig gcbtar piri ga quc csté par  vcdor), gas proliroas (gis prolcris olprcsoadcs sad luy olpartidtcs) y gas gìlotcs hc lclaroi i barta pgiza (gi gosti da hcfc scr lés cxtcdsi hc soctc pudtas). Gi somuocdtc scbboòd hcfc badtcdcr odnarliboòd, yi sci hc su chubiboòd a su cxpcrocdboi, ga quc sci lés nucrtc piri ustch. Ru hoscùa tocdc cg af`ctova hc praparboadir ud lirba armidoziboadig quc kimi lés nébog ig gcbtar rcbarhir gas badtcdohas. Ig hcbohor quï odnarliboòd odbguor cd cstis has scbboadcs,  sc hcfcd usir trcs rcmgis hc

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca  

939

 

IGC[IDHCV M. FCGG 9869 ]itsad • Hrovc Vodmcl, ^ormodoi 6898= (38:) 333-3333 • ifcggJrudct.chu NAVXIGCPIR NAVXI GCPIR ZVANCROADIGCR •

•

•

•

 Xìtuga cd dcmaboas dcmaboas Has iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd supcrvosoòd y gohcrizma  Xrcs iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cxpcrocdboi cd scrvoboa ig bgocdtc bgocdtc Kifogohih piri usir ka`is hc bégbuga (Cxbcg) y santwirc hc prcscdtiboòd (Zawcrpaodt)

•

•

Cspiùag badvcrsib badvcrsiboadig oadigbadtifgcs y cstihìstobis Cxbcgcdtc Cxbcgcdtcs s kifogohihcs

CHSBIBOÒD

Gobcdboituri cd Bocdbois bala Ihlodostrihar hc Dcmaboas (liya 6::?) Sdovcrsohih hc Vihnarh, Vihnarh, ^I ZSDXAR NSCVXCR

‘ 2.22 M.Z.I. (lchohi hc gamra ibihïloba) ‘ Xiggcr cd mcrcdboi hc rcbursas kulidas ‘ Cspcboigoziboòd cd psobagamìi ‘ Zrcsohcdtc cd gi Rabocty nar tkc Ihvidbclcdt an Lidimclcdt (RIL) ‘ Vcbofì has fcbis ibihïlobis ‘ Xrifi`ï piri 󿬉didboir 3:% hc lo chubiboòd ‘ Zirtobopï cd udi virochih hc ibtovohihcs udovcrsotirois odbguycdha bucstoadcs odtriluras, has armidoziboadcs prancsoadigcs y udi nritcrdohih CLZGCAR HC LCHOA XOCLZA _ HC ^CVIDA Mcrcdtc cstuhoidtog (imasta 6::;‒i gi ncbki)

Sdovcrsohih hc Vihnarh, Rcrvoboas hc Balohi, Vihnarh, ^I Vcspadsifgc hc supcrvosir i 2: cstuhoidtcs trifi`idha cd cg balchar. balchar. Gis rcspadsifogohihcs cspcbì󿬉bis odbguycd pramrilir kariroas kariroas hc gas clpgcihas, rcsagvcr gis quc`is hc gas bgocdtcs, kibcr figidbc hc bi`is, pralavcrr dovcgcs cgcvihas hc scrvoboa ig bgocdtc y miridtozir quc sc somid gis rcmugiboadcs sidotirois. pralavc Bilircra (imasta 6::=‒liya 6::;)

 

Sdovcrsohih hc Vihnarh, Rcrvoboas hc Balohi, Vihnarh ^I Vcspadsifgc hc scrvor balohi i gas cstuhoidtcs, lidtcdcr golpoi cg érci hc trifi`a y scmuor gis rcmugiboadcs sidotirois. Lcscra (vcridas 6::>, 6::=, 6::;)

]kigc‟s Xiog Vcstiuridtc, Vchadha Fcibk, BI

Nomuri 8.98 Burrìbugul psobagòmoba

936

B 

olprcsoòd-ihlodostriboòd0 rcgcvidboi, odusuig y pasotova. Ro gi odnarliboòd cs rcgcvidtc piri gi birrcri hcscihi, prafifgclcdtc sc hcfc odbguor. Zar c`clpga, ustch puchc lcdboadir quc tocdc has doùas so csté sagobotidha ud pucsta bala licstri hc buohiha hourda a cd udi proliroi, pcra da so fusbi ud clpgca quc odvagubrc voi`ir lubka. ±Buédtas trifi`as hcfc cdgostir1 Ssidha cg prodbopoa hc gi rcgcvidboi, gi rcspucsti scrìi quc gi gosti sci ga sunobocdtclcdtc ilpgoi piri odbguor tahas gas clpgcas rcgcvidtcs. Ihclés, cs ibcptifgc cdgostir gas pisitoclpas so sad olpartidtcs. Gi odnarliboòd odusuig sc hcfc odbguor buidha sci pasofgc, hcfoha i quc gi mcdtc gc padc lés itcdboòd quc i gi odnarliboòd tìpobi. Sd prafgcli piri gas pisidtcs cs quc su burrìbugul sc vc ohïdtoba ig hc sus balpiùcras hc bgisc. Cs hcbor hcbor,, gi liyarìi hc gis cspcboigohihcs hc dcmaboas talid gis loslis litcrois, pcrtcdcbcd i gas loslas bgufcs y tocdcd clpgcas hc lchoa toclpa sologircs. Ziri safrcsigor hc atras mrihuihas, ud sagobotidtc dcbcsoti igma odusuig, bala ud odtcrdiha, ud pisitoclpa odtcrcsidtc a udi cxpcrocdboi hc vohi cxtriarhodiroi (par c`clpga, c` clpga, pisir ud iùa cd Curapi a idhir cd fobobgcti par taha cg piìs).

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

Iudquc cs rcbalcdhifgc tcdcr odnarliboòd odusuig, ïsti hcfc scr  pasotovi. Zrafifgclcdtc da scrìi fucdi ohci cdgostir odnarliboòd bala ‗Kc soha irrcstiha lés  vcbcs quc buigquocri cd lo bgisc“ a ‗Hosnruta ‗Hosnruta sigtir hcg hcg fudmcc sod bucrhis“ bucrhis“. Gi odibcpodibcptifogohih hc cstas has c`clpgas cs afvoi y, hc kcbka, pabas sagobotidtcs balctcrìid cg crrar hc padcrgas cd su burrìbugul5 sod clfirma, tclis lés sutogcs puchcd tcdcr cg losla cncbta. Zar c`clpga, supadmi quc hosnruti bizir y cs loclfra hc gas Hclòbritis @òvcdcs cd cg bilpus. Odbguor cstc pudta puchc mcdcrir udi olprcsoòd dcmitovi cd gas Vcpufgobidas y cd iqucggas quc sc apadcd i gi bizi. bizi . Odbguyi sòga odnarliboòd quc gi liyarìi hc gi mcdtc cdbucdtrc pasotovi (bala scr vagudtiroa hc gi Bruz Va`i, trifi `ir piri iyuhir i nodidboir su chubiboòd, ctb.) y cvotc hitas quc puchid badsohcrirsc dcmitovas, tigcs bala inogoiboòd pagìtobi, rcgomoòd y pisitoclpas pcgomrasas (Faddcr, ). Hc gis lubkis ibtovohihcs pasotovis y gamras quc ustch puchc cdgostir, csbrofi sòga gas lc`arcs. Da padmi taha ga quc kiyi kcbka5 udi odvcstomiboòd hc Rpabe y Rtcvcds () hcsbufroò quc cs lc`ar cdgostir sòga udis buidtis basis mridhcs, cd gumir hc udis buidtis basis mridhcs y lubkis basis fucdis. Cstc kiggizma sc fisi cd cg lahcga pralchoa hc Idhcrsad () vcrsus cg lahcga ihotova hc narliboòd hc olprcsoòd, cg buig olpgobi quc gi bigohih hc udi ibtovohih cs lés olpartidtc quc gi bidtohih.

Cd cg trifi`a Vcbgutilocdta cd cg idh Farmiti Katcg Bisoda Rpi

Cdnaquc ïtoba

C

Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha g Farmiti Katcg Bisoda idh Rpi ofi i ifror cg prolcr rcsart ducva cd Itgidtob Boty, Ducvi @crscy, cd 92 iùas. Cg bisoda y rcsart hc 6 ::: kifotiboadcs dcbcsotifi badtritir 3 ::: clpgcihas piri bocdtas hc pucstas. Bad cg nod hc cdbadtrir trifi`iharcs hc igti bigohih, cg

C

=

hospadofgcs, soda tilfoïd su bigohih1 ±Bòla lidc`irìi gas ispcbtas prébtobas hc rcbofor y idigozir gis 󰀲󰀺 󰀺󰀺󰀺 sagobotuhcs1

Ziri vcr bòla cg katcg lidc`ò gi sotuiboòd, somi gas vìdbugas wcf hc su gofra cd cg sotoa hc odtcrdct.

Gi ïtobi hcg rcbgutilocdta y gi badtritiboòd fisihi cd gi ipirocdboi nìsobi

g prancsar hc cbadalìi hc Kirvirh, Vafcrt Firrar, brcc quc gi ipirocdboi nìsobi soclprc cs udi bigonobiboòd hc fucdi nc piri cg trifi`ihar trifi`ihar,, soclprc y buidha gas bgocdtcs y gas balpiùcras brcid quc ga cs. Cs hcbor, so gas bgocdtcs hcscid scr itcdhohas par mcdtc fcggi y gas balpiùcras prcnocrcd trifi`ir bad mcdtc fcggi, cdtadbcs csté focd piri gis balpiùìis rcbgutir y badtritir fisédhasc cd gi ipirocdboi nìsobi hcg odhovohua. Buidha gi mcdtc sc rcnocrc i gi ‗ipirocdboi“ hc igmuocd a gi ‗ipirocdboi nìsobi“, mcdcriglcdtc sc rcnocrcd i gi cstituri, cg pcsa, gi solctrìi niboig (csta cs, pòlugas pralodcdtcs cd badtristc bad pòlugas da vosofgcs, diroz pcqucùi cd balpiriboòd bad gi diroz mridhc a pratufcridtc) hc udi pcrsadi. Hcfoha i quc gi ipirocdboi cs suf-

 

Farmiti sc odvagubrò cd udi brcitovi bilpiùi hc rcbgutilocdt rcbgutilocdtaa quc rcsugtò cd 2: ::: sagobotidtcs hc pucstas focd bigonobihas. = ±Bòla kufocri horomoha ustch udi bilpiùi hc rcbgutilocdta tid cxtcdsi1 = ±Yuï nibtarcs incbtirìid da sòga cg dðlcra hc sagobotidtcs

 `ctovi, taha cs scmðd scmðd cg bagar hcg brostig bad quc quc sc lori. Cd Cstihas Sdohas, isì bala cd atras piìscs, gi mcdtc fcggi i lcduha cs `uzmihi bad fisc cd sus biribtcrìstobis cxtcrdis cd gumir hc gis odtcrdis, bala pcrsadigohih y bipibohih5 pircbc quc lubkas clpgciharcs hcscid quc sus trifi`iharcs scid igtas y nucrtcs (kalfrcs), fi`is/  pcqucùis (lu`crcs) sod mrisi barparig vosofgc y bad biri focd pircbohi a fadoti. Odbgusa iqucggas prancsoadigcs hc VK quc sifcd lés, i lcduha bicd cd gi trilpi hc gi ‗ipirocdboi“ ig rcbgutir y badtritir. Iudquc igmudis bouhihcs tocdcd gcycs badtri gi hosbrolodiboòd hc sagobotidtcs fisihis cd su cstituri, pcsa y/a ipirocdboi nìsobi (p. c., Rid Nridbosba, Bigonardoi5

Kifogohihcs hc fðsquchi hc clpgca  

932

 

Ridti Bruz, Bigonardoi5 ]iskodmtad, H.B.), cscdboiglcdtc da cxostc udi pratcbboòd rcig hc gi hosbrolodiboòd safrc gi fisc hc gi ipirocdboi i lcdas quc scùigc cd pirtobugir i gas sagobotidtcs gi prcncrcdboi cd rizi, mïdcra a chih. Cs hcbor,, da tocdc quc badtritir mcdtc nci soclprc y buidha hcbor da gas cstï hc`idha hc badtritir par su rizi, mïdcra a parquc sad voc`as. Gas prancsoadigcs hc gis badtritiboadcs cd cg Farmiti Katcg Bisoda idh Rpi, cd Itgidtob Boty, ihaptid csti nogasanìi. I gas sagobotidtcs piri pucstas hc lcscras y lcscris sc gcs hobc quc da puchcd pcsir lés hc % hc su pcsa barparig i pirtor hcg pcsa quc tocdcd buidha sc gcs badtriti. Csta somdonobi quc udi lu`cr hc  (paba lcdas quc  em) gofris da puchc safrcpisir hc abka gofris (. em) su pcsa huridtc su pcrlidcdboi cd gi balpiùìi. Zar supucsta,, so ustch cs ud paba pcsihi piri balcdzir (iudsupucsta quc da afcsi) do soquocri aftcdhré udi cdtrcvosti. Gas hcncdsarcs hcg hcrcbka i badtritir fisédhasc cd gi ipirocdboi nìsobi hobcd quc gi mcdtc itribtovi sc pcrbofc hcshc cg pudta hc vosti cstïtoba bala lés odtcgomcdtc, cxotasi, saboifgc, halodidtc y bad iutacstoli lés cgcvihi, hc tig laha quc gas bgocdtcs prcncroréd rcbofor iyuhi hc csc topa hc clpgcihas cd gumir hc gas lcdas itribtovas. Gi brccdboi cs quc locdtris lés clpgcihas fcggas tcdmi udi balpiùìi, lés bgocdtcs itricré ig dcmaboa. Csta, Csta, par supucsta, somdonobi lés hodcra piri gi clprcsi y, locdtris lés hodcra odmrcsc, liyarcs sigiroas pahréd midir gas clpgcihas. Zar ga tidta, hc ibucrha bad gas hcncdsarcs, cs udi sotuiboòd midir-midir. Fucda, midir-midir piri gi mcdtc fcggi, hc buigquocr narli. Kifgidha hc sigiroas, cd , cg Fidba hc gi Vcscrvi Nchcrig hc Rid Guos, Lossauro, rcvosò gi barrcgiboòd cdtrc ipirocdboi y sigiroas. Gi odvcstomiboòd hclastrò quc gas trifi`iharcs bad udi ipirocdboi par hcfi`a hcg pralchoa midifid, mcdcriglcdtc, % lcdas par kari quc gas trifi`iharcs hc ipirocdboi pralchoa.. Gas clpgcihas bad ipirocdboi par cdboli pralchoa

hcg pralchoa midifid % lés quc sus balpiùcras hc ipirocdboi pralchoa. Isolosla, gis  balpiùìis hc Nartudc pircbcd badtritir BCA hcg scxa lisbugoda quc tcdmid udi cstituri hc igrchchar hc scos pocs (paba lés hc . l), ga quc somdonobi trcs pugmihis (biso  bl) lés igtas quc cg kalfrc pralchoa. Gi balpctcdboi y bipibohih piri hcsclpcùir cg clpgca i lcduha sc pisid par igta buidha sc padc ïdnisos cd gi ipirocdboi. Iudquc csti mcdtc fcggi sci bipiz hc rcigozir cg trifi`a, tilfoïd puchc cxostor mcdtc lcdas fcggi, i gi quc sc gc docmuc cg pucsta, quc kimi cg trifi`a bad ïxota. Isì, cg Zrancsar Firrar hchubc quc soclprc quc dasatras, gas bgocdtcs, prcnorilas gi ipirocdboi safrc gas prancsoadigcs igtilcdtc bipibotihas, gis balpiùìis hcfcd tcdcr cg hcrcbka hc rckusir badtritir sagobotidtcs da itribtovas, fi`as y bad safrcpcsa. ±Yuï pocdsi ustch1 =

±^c igmðd hogcli ïtoba patcdboig cd cg rcbgutilocdta y gi badtritiboòd fisihi cd gi ipirocdboi1 Hc scr isì, ±buég cs1

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±Cs ïtoba ibcptir ud sagobotidtc lcdas bipibotiha safrc uda lés bipibotiha sòga parquc cg prolcra cs lés itribtova quc cg atra1

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±Cs `usta a ïtoba quc gumircs bala Farmiti Katcg Bisoda idh Rpi rckðscd badtritir clpgcihas bad ipirocdboi par hcfi`a hcg pralchoa1

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±Cxostc udi narli lés ïtobi hc cquogofrir gas hcrcbkas hc gis balpiùìis quc tocdcd mcdtc itribtovi y gas hcrcbkas hc gi mcdtc quc sc pcrbofc bala da itribtovi1

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±Sstch brcc quc lés cstihas y bouhihcs hcfid brcir gcycs badtri gi hosbrolodiboòd fisihi cd gi ipirocdboi hc gi mcdtc1

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga Cd cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò quc0 = Gas clpgcihas puchcd scr rcbgutihas lchoidtc udi virochih hc lïtahas, odbguycdha idudboas hc vibidtcs y gifarigcs, rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas, imcdbois hc clpgca, lïtahas hc pudta hc balpri, barrca horcbta y ncrois hc clpgca. = Gi cdtrcvosti trihoboadig da cstrubturihi da cs végohi hcfoha i nibtarcs tigcs bala nigti hc rcgiboòd bad cg trifi`a, ligi odtuoboòd hcg cdtrcvostihar, cncbtas hc badtristc, tcdhcdboi hc odnarliboòd dcmitovi, usa hc bgivcs da vcrfigcs, sologotuh hcg cdtrcvostihar bad cg cdtrcvostiha y cncbtas proliroas. 938

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hc clpgcihas0 rcbgutilocdta y cdtrcvosti

 

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Gi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi cs ud prchobtar végoha hcg hcsclpcùa hc gas clpgcihas parquc sc fisi cd ud idégosos hc pucsta5 i tahas gas sagobotidtcs sc gcs rcigozid gis loslis prcmudtis y sus rcspucstis sc bigonobid bad ud prabcholocdta hc pudtuiboòd cstidhirozihi. Ziri hcsclpcùirsc focd ig scr cdtrcvostiha, dcbcsoti scr pudtuig, iprcdhcr hitas safrc gi balpiùìi, vcstorsc barrcbtilcdtc y usir gi badhubti da vcrfig iprapoihi. Cxostcd trcs topas prodbopigcs hc burrìbugul0 nudboadig, bradagòmoba y psobagòmoba.

Zrcmudtis piri rcvosir . ±Zar quï gis rcncrcdbois hc gas clpgcihas sad lchoas cncbtovas hc rcbgutilocdta1 . Hcsbrofi gas prodbopoas quc uda hcfc scmuor piri csbrofor ud idudboa cncbtova hc

 vibidtcs. . Ro gi cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi cs tid ligi, ±par quï somuc kiboïdhasc tid i lcduha1 . ±Cs lc`ar cg cdnaquc hc ispcbtas bgivc piri bigonobir gis prcmudtis hc gi cdtrcvosti quc cg cdnaquc hc rcspucsti tìpobi1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 . ±Yuï prodbopoas psobagòmobas hc narliboòd hc olprcsoòd sad olpartidtcs piri badsohcrirgas ig csbrofor ud burrìbugul1

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c =

 

^osotc ducstra sotoa wcf. ^iyi i www.bcdmimc.bal/psybkagamy/ iilaht, hadhc cdbadtriré rcbursas cd gìdci, cd odmgïs, horcbtilcdtc  vodbugihas i su gofra, odbguycdha odbguycdha prucfis bipìtuga par bipìtuga, tir`ctis, ralpcbifczis bruzihas, ibtovohihcs hc ipgobiboòd y lés.

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c  

933

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Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois  y prucfis prucfis

Af`ctovas hc iprcdhozi`c Ø

Cdtcdhcr par quï i lcduha gis rcncrcdbois da prchobcd cg hcsclpcùa

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Iprcdhcr i usir cg cdnaquc hc rismas piri bigo﬉bir gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd

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Cdtcdhcr bòla cgcmor cg topa barrcbta hc prucfi hc clpgca piri udi sotuiboòd pirtobugir

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Rcrhoncrcdtcs bipiz hc hcsbrofor gas topas hc prucfi quc sc usid piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas

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Rcr bipiz hc brcir y bigo﬉bir ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti (hitas foamré﬉bas)

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Rifcr bòla csbrofor udi birti hc da ibcptiboòd

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd Vizadcs piri utogozir rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd Isudtas ïtobas Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi chubiboòd y gi bipibotiboòd hcg sagobotidtc Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha cg badabolocdta hcg sagobotidtc Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc Bipibohih bamdasbotovi Bipibohih Bipibohih pcrbcptuig psobalatroz Bipibohih nìsobi

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gis kifogohihcs hcg sagobotidtc Lucstris hc trifi`a Bcdtras hc cviguiboòd Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi cxpcrocdboi prcvoi Xisis hc cxpcrocdboi Foahiti (hitas foamré󿬉bas) Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi pcrsadigohih, cg odtcrïs y cg birébtcr Odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih Odvcdtiroas hc odtcrcscs Zrucfis hc odtcmrohih Zrucfis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig Mrinagamìi

Zrchcbor gis golotiboadcs hc hcsclpcùa hcfoha i prafgclis lïhobas y psobagòmobas Zrucfi hc hramis Cxélcdcs psobagòmobas Cxélcdcs lïhobas Balpiriboòd hc tïbdobis ^igohcz Ispcbtas gcmigcs Vcbkiza hc sagobotidtcs Cd cg trifi`a0 Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha0 Bouhih hc Ducva Gadhrcs, Baddcbtobut, Hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi Cdnaquc ïtoba0 Gi ïtobi hc gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih darlig cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas 93=

 

C

d cg bipìtuga , gis cdtrcvostis y cg burrìbugul sc hcsbrofocrad bala gas lïtahas quc sc usid bad lés nrcbucdboi piri rcvosir y scgcbboadir clpgcihas. Iudquc cstas lïtahas sad gas lés baludcs, bocrtilcdtc da sad gas lc`arcs. Cd cstc bipìtuga, hosbutolas virois atris tïbdobis quc sad prcncrohis par gas psobògamas odhustroigcs piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas.

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd Cd psobagamìi, udi brccdboi balðd cs quc cg lc`ar prchobtar hcg hcsclpcùa nutura cs cg hcsclpcùa pisiha. Zar ga tidta, so udi armidoziboòd quocrc badtritir i udi pcrsadi hc vcdtis, cg lc`ar sagobotidtc pahrìi scr ud vcdhchar cxotasa quocd tuva trifi`as sologircs ig quc csté prctcdhocdha ikari. ^cronobir cg clpgca idtcroar da cs honìbog pcra sì puchc scrga vcronobir gi bigohih   hcg hcsclpcùa pisiha. Vcbocdtclcdtc vcìi cd gi tcgcvosoòd cg hrint  hc   hc gi Gomi hc Nðtfag Diboadig hc gas `umiharcs hc prcpiritaroi (cd CRZD, par supucsta) y ikì nuc prc vosta cg kcbka hc quc gas cquopas prancsoadigcs prancsoadigcs hc nðtfag puchcd cviguir cg hcsclpcùa prcvoa ig afscrvir mrifiboadcsCd hc bilfoa, gas pirtohas. Csta cs, puchcd da badnoirhc cdud gis`umihar apodoadcs hc atrasgis cdtrcdiharcs. gas bizitigcdtas gotcriglcdtc puchcd vcr bihi loduta quc ud `umihar pisò cd cg bilpa locdtris cstifi cd gi prcpiritaroi. Zar hcsmriboi, pabas sagobotidtcs tricd ‗vohcas hc pirtohas“ hc sus hcsclpcùas cd gas clpgcas prcvoas. Zar c`clpga, ud clpgcihar hcfc aftcdcr odnarliboòd safrc gi bigohih hc su hcsclpcùa idtcroar bad fisc cd gis rcncrcdbois hcg sagobotidtc, yi sci ig ggilir horcbtilcdtc i hobkis rcncrcdbois a ig pchor birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd hc gas clpgciharcs prcvoas. Cg buihra hc Xiggcr hc birrcri gc hobc bòla pchor udi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd. Idtcs hc hosbutor lés cstc tcli, pahrìi scr fucdi ohci honcrcdboir cdtrc gis vcro nobiboadcs  hc rcncrcdboi, rcncrcdbois  y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd. Sdi  vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdboi cs cg prabcsa piri badnorlir gi prcbosoòd hc gi odnarliboòd praparboadihi par ud sagobotidtc. Sdi rcncrcdboi cs gi cxprcsoòd hc udi apodoòd, yi sci hc lidcri arig a par lchoa gostis hc rcspcbta i gi bipibohih hc nutura. ud sagobotidtc, hcsclpcùa prcvoa,hckéfotas hcvcronobiboòd, trifi`a, birébtcr a patcdboig piri ïxota Cg badtcdoha y narlita hc udi rcncrcdboi sc hctcrlodid par gi pcrsadi a gi armidoziboòd quc pohc gi rcncrcdboi. Sdi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs udi losovi quc cxprcsi udi apodoòd rcspcbta i gis bipibohihcs hcg sagobotidtc, hcsclpcùa prcvoa, kéfotas hc trifi`a, birébtcr a patcdboig piri ïxota nutura. Cg badtcdoha y cg narlita hc udi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd sc hctcrlodid par cg csbrotar hc gi birti.

Vizadcs piri utogozir rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd Bad󿬉rlir hctiggcs cd ud burrìbugul Bala sc lcdboadò cd cg bipìtuga , da cs paba nrcbucdtc piri gas sagobotidtcs lidhir ud burrìbugul nriuhugcdta, lodtocdha safrc sus cxpcrocdbois a gi chubiboòd quc cd rcigohih tocdcd. Zar ga tidta, udi rizòd piri vcronobir gis rcncrcdbois a pchor birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs solpgclcdtc badnorlir gi vcribohih hc gi odnarliboòd praparboadihi par cg sagobotidtc. 93;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Xiggcr hc birrcri

Zchor birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd

o csté i pudta hc mrihuirsc hc gi csbucgi a sagobotidha trifi`a, cd igmðd lalcdta dcbcsotiré rcncrcdbois a birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd. Iquì sc prcscdtid igmudas badsc`as safrc cg tcli praparboadihas par cg prancsar Lire Dimy hc gi Sdovcrsohih [ivocr, cd Akoa (Dimy, ).

R

R Cgo`i rcncrcdbois quc praparboadcd odnarliboòd hcshc

R Zraparboadir i quocd gc pchoré gi rcncrcdboi udi bapoi

R Ro cxostc bocrta topa hc odnarliboòd quc dcbcsotc quc gi

hc su burrìbugul y buigquocr atri odnarliboòd quc ustch brci quc puchi scrgc ðtog. Csti pcrsadi hcfc badabcrga hcg sigòd hc bgiscs pcra puchc da sifcr safrc sus atris cxpcrocdbois. R Iscmðrcsc hc hir i csti pcrsadi cg toclpa sunobocdtc

piri csbrofor udi fucdi birti. Zchor gi birti bir ti has hìis idtcs hc gi ncbki gìlotc a cd ud hìi da kéfog prafifgclcdtc da cs udi fucdi ohci. R Zrcmðdtcgc so puchc csbroforgc udi birti  pasotovi. 

lðgtopgcs pcrspcbtovis. Zar c`clpga, ud prancsar quc kifgc safrc bòla sc hcsclpcùò cd bgisc a safrc su cxpcrocdboi cd odvcstomiboòd, a focd ud clpgcihar quc kifgc safrc su ïtobi cd cg trifi`a. rcncrcdboi odbguyi, da sci tìloha ig kifgir hc cgga. Zar c`clpga, so ustch csté ipgobidha piri ud pramrili hc bipibotiboòd mcrcdboig, pahrìi lcdboadir quc cg clpgcihar praspcbtova csté odtcrcsiha cd csbubkir safrc sus kifogohihcs hc gohcrizma. Ro csté ipgobidha piri ud pramrili hc habtariha, lcdboadc quc cg pramrili csté odtcrcsiha cd csbubkir safrc su odvcstomiboòd. Da sc bakìfi ig pchor i su rcncrcdboi quc cdvìc gi birti5 gis pcrsadis tocdhcd i agvohir y da taliréd bala lagcstoi cg quc ustch gcs rcbucrhc kibcrga hc lidcri ilomifgc.

Sd c`clpga cxbcgcdtc hc ud burrìbugul nriuhugcdta cs gi cxtriùi imrcsoòd hc  badtri gi pitodihari Didby Ecrromid irrcmgihi par Rkiwd Cbeirht, cg muirhicspighis hc gi rovig hc Ecrromid, Xadyi Xadyi Kirhodm. Ïsti badtritò i Cbeirht bala su muirhicspigm uirhicspighis hcfoha i quc su burrìbugul odhobifi quc ïg cri ud cxpcrta cd cg badtricspoadi`c  y cg tcrrarosla odtcrdiboadig, sc kifìi mrihuiha hc udi scgcbti csbucgi hc pratcbboòd c`cbutovi y kifìi pisiha buitra iùas ‗ristrcidha bïgugis hc tcrrarosla“ y ‗rcigozidha udi cxotasi apcriboòd hc rcsbitc bad rckcdcs“ (Lcckid, ). Rod clfirma, hcspuïs hcg itiquc badtri Ecrromid, ud odvcstomihar proviha hcsbufroò quc Cbeirht dudbi sc mrihuò hc udi csbucgi hc scmurohih y quc tcdìi  iùas buidha inorlò quc sc cdbadtrifi cd Curapi sigvidha ig ludha hc gas tcrrarostis. Cg prcsohcdtc hc gi csbucgi hcbgirò quc ïg ‗dudbi badtritirìi i Cbeirht bala muirhicspighis“, udi apodoòd quc kifrìi soha hcsbufocrti par Kirhodm so sc kufocrid vcronobiha gis rcncrcdbois hc iquïg. Cg burrìbugul nriuhugcdta puchc da pircbcr ud mrid prafgcli odoboiglcd odoboiglcdtc, tc, pcra badsohcrc cstas c`clpgas0 = Cd , Lirogcc @adcs, cg hcbida hc ihlosoòd hcg Odstotuta hc Xcbdagamìi hc Lissibkusctts rcdudboò hcspuïs hc ibcptir quc kifìi lcdtoha ibcrbi hc tcdcr gas mrihas hc cstuhoa cst uhoa hc trcs udovcrsohi udovcrsohihcs hcs honcrcdtcs. = Cd ifrog hc , Nchcroqeac HoFrotta nuc hcspchoha hc su clpgca hc $  hògircs ig iùa bala rcbiuhihar hc nadhas cd gi SBGI hcspuïs hc quc sc hcsbufroò quc su burrìbugul cdgostò rcncrcdbois nigsis. Csti da cri gi prolcri vcz quc HoFrotta kifìi cdtrcmiha ud burrìbugul nriuhugcdta5 tilfoïd kifìi nigsonobiha sus brchcdboigcs piri pahcr aftcdcr gas clpgcas prcvoas bala sibcrhatc bitògoba, badsc`cra hc `òvcdcs y horcbtar c`cbutova hc gi scbboòd hc gi Nudhiboòd Diboadig hcg Voùòd hcg Rur hc Bigonardoi. = Cd `ugoa hc , Mgccd Byprocd nuc hcspchoha bala cdtrcdihar hc fésquctfag hc gi Sdovcrsohih hc Guosoidi, cd Giniycttc, hcspuïs hc quc udi pcrsadi idòdoli ggilò y ho`a quc ïg da tcdìi cd rcigohih gi gobcdboituri quc csbrofoò cd su burrìbugul.

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd  

93?

 

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Cd abtufrc hc , Ecddctk Gadbkir nuc afgomiha i rcdudboir hcspuïs hc scrvor par bodba iùas bala mcrcdtc hc nodidzis hc ^crotis buidha gi balpiùìi hcsbufroò quc kifìi lcdtoha safrc su LFI hc Rtidnarh. Cd `udoa hc , Bkirgcs Kirros rcdudboò cd su prolcr hìi hc trifi`a bala ducva horcbtar itgïtoba cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Hirtlautk buidha udi ggilihi hc ud clpgcihar idtcroar odhobò quc ïg da aftuva cg tìtuga hc licstrìi cd pcroahosla quc kifìi idatiha cd su burrìbugul. Cd liya hc , Ridhri Fighwod nuc afgomihi i rcdudboir bala prcsohcdti hcg balotï agìlpoba hc Cstihas Sdohas buidha sc hcsbufroò quc kifìi lcdtoha cd su burrìbugul safrc tcdcr ud habtariha. Cd hoboclfrc hc , Mcarmc A¸Gciry rcdudboò hcspuïs hc sòga igmudas hìis bala cdtrcdihar hc nðtfag cd gi Sdovcrsohih hc Datrc Hilc hcspuïs hc quc sc hcsbufroò quc kifìi lcdtoha ibcrbi hc kifcr cstiha odsbrota cd cg cquopa hc nutfag hc gi prcpiritaroi y rcbofor ud tìtuga hc licstrìi hc gi Sdovcrsohih hc Ducvi _are.

Cstis kostarois sad trémobis y puchcd da scr tìpobis hc bisas hc burrìbugul nriuhugcdta, pcra % hc gas clpgciharcs brcc quc cg prafgcli cs sunobocdtc piri rcqucror  vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdbois (Furec, f5  f5 Rbkrill, ). Cd udi cdbucsti hc clpgciharcs cd Vcoda Sdoha, % ho`a quc cggas kifìid rctoriha ancrtis hc trifi`a cd gas iùas idtcroarcs hcspuïs hc hcsbufror quc gas isporidtcs kifìid lcdtoha cd sus sagobotuhcs5 atra % ho`a quc cggas kifìid hcspchoha i clpgcihas ibtuigcs hcspuïs hc hcsbufror cg burrìbugul nriuhugcdta (Vcihc, ). Cd , gas gcmosgiharcs hcg cstiha hc ]iskodmtad pcdsirad quc cg burrìbugul nriuhugcdta cri ud prafgcli tid scroa quc iprafirad udi gcy quc ga kibc ogcmig, ud hcgota lcdar pcdiha kisti bad $  hògircs cd lugtis a ud iùa hc prosoòd.

^cro󿬉bir prafgclis hc badhubti Sdi scmudhi rizòd piri vcronobir rcncrcdbois u aftcdcr birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs hctcrlodir so cg sagobotidtc tocdc ud kostaroig hc prafgclis hc hosbopgodi bala odisostcdboi, ibasa scxuig y voagcdboi. Hobka kostaroig cs olpartidtc piri udi armidoziboòd bad cg nod hc cvotir honobugtihcs nuturis isì bala piri pratcmcrsc hc ud birma patcdboig hc badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc. Ro udi balpiùìi badtriti i ud sagobotidtc sod vcronobir sus rcncrcdbois do sus idtcbchcdtcs, y hcspuïs ïg balctc ud brolcd locdtris csté clpgciha cd gi armidoziboòd, i ïsti sc gc puchc cdbadtrir rcspadsifgc par badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc, yi quc cg clpgciha tocdc idtcbchcdtcs brolodigcs quc sc puhocrad kifcr hctcbtiha so sc kufocri vcronobiha su kostaroig. Gas bisas hc dcmgomcdboi sad tìpobilcdtc irbkovihas irbkovihas cd gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs bala hc `urospruhcdboi balðd. Rc fisid cd gi prclosi hc quc ud clpgcihar tocdc gi afgomiboòd hc pratcmcr i sus clpgcihas y i gas bgocdtcs hcg hiùa biusiha par sus prahubtas a sus clpgcihas loslas. Ig hctcrlodir so cs udi badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc, gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs sc no`id cd gi diturigczi hcg trifi`a. Gis armidoziboadcs odvagubrihis bad gi scmurohih pðfgobi, tigcs bala hcpirtilcdtas hc pagobìi y muirhcrìis, hcfcd rcigozir vcronobiboadcs hc rcncrcdbois y idtcbchcdtcs hc lidcri lés lctobugasi quc armidoziboadcs bala gis tocdhis. Xigcs balprafiboadcs sad olpartidtcs, bala sc hclastrò cd ud cstuhoa kcbka par udi balpiùìi hc vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdbois, gi buig cdbadtrò quc .% hc gas sagobotidtcs da kifìi rcvcgiha idtcbchcdtcs brolodigcs (Liycr, ). Zar c`clpga, udi muirhcrìi cd Bigonardoi badtritò i ud clpgciha sod cxilodir sus rcncrcdbois. Sdas lcscs hcspuïs, cg clpgciha ifusò hc ud doùa cd gi muirhcrìi. Ïg tcdìi ud kostaroig brolodig hc ifusa odnidtog quc kifrìi soha hcsbufocrta bad udi solpgc ggilihi i su clpgcihar idtcroar. Bala uda pahrìi cspcrir cspcrir,, gas trofudigcs cdbad9>:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

trirad bugpifgc ig clpgcihar par badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc hcfoha i quc da talò cg ‗buohiha ‗bu ohiha rizadifgc“ piri iscmurir cg focdcstir hc sus bgocdtcs. Cd ^ormodoi, ^ormodoi, ud clpgciha hc udi tocdhi hc balcstofgcs bapoò gi horcbboòd hc udi bgocdti hc ud bkcquc bad cg quc kifìi pimiha. Lés tirhc, nuc i bisi hc gi lu`cr y gi voagò. Cd cstc c`clpga, da sc puha clprcdhcr ud bisa hc badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc hcfoha i quc gi balpiùìi kifìi badtibtiha gis rcncrcdbois hc clpgca prcvoa hc csc trifi`ihar y da cdbadtrò latovas piri da badtritirga. Cg kcbka hc quc da sc kifìi hcsbufocrta dihi y quc gi tocdhi kifìi tcdoha cg buohiha rizadifgc piri vcronobir i sus clpgcihas nuc par ga quc da sc badsohcrò bala ud bisa hc badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc. dcmgomcdtc.

Hcsbufror ducvi odnarliboòd safrc cg sagobotidtc sagob otidtc Gas clpgciharcs usid udi virochih hc lïtahas piri cdtcdhcr gi pcrsadigohih y gis kifogohihcs hc gas sagobotidtcs hc pucstas5 gis rcncrcdbois y gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd bocrtilcdtc puchcd scr has hc csas lïtahas. Gas badtritidtcs idtcroarcs y gas prancsarcs puchcd praparboadir gi odnarliboòd safrc kéfotas hc trifi`a, birébtcr, pcrsadigohih y kifogohihcs hc ud sagobotidtc. Rod clfirma, sc hcfc tcdcr buohiha buidha sc uscd cstas lïtahas, yi quc gi apodoòd praparboadihi par buigquocr rcncrcdboi pirtobugir puchc scr olprcbosi a nigsi. Zar c`clpga, udi rcncrcdboi pahrìi hcsbrofor i ud clpgciha idtcroar bala ‗honìbog hc trifi`ir bad ïg“, ga quc olpgobi quc tahas tocdcd prafgcli piri trifi`ir bad cg isporidtc. Rod clfirma, puchc scr quc sòga gi pcrsadi quc praparboadi gi rcncrcdboi kiyi tcdoha csas prafgclis. Csta cs ud pudta olpartidtc parquc bihi uda hc dasatras badabclas mcdtc bad gi quc da das ggcvilas focd5 sod clfirma, iðd i pcsir hc cgga, das badsohcrilas fucdis pcrsadis. Zar ga tidta, gas  vcronobiharcs hc rcncrcdboi soclprc hcfcd hcfcd aftcdcr c`clpgas c`clpgas hc balpartilocdta balpartilocdta cspcbìnobas c odtcdtir aftcdcr ud badscdsa hc virois rcncrcdbois. Sdi tcdhcdboi rcgitovilcdtc rcbocdtc cd gi vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdboi piri gas clpgciharcs cs lctcr cd ‗Maamgc“ cg dalfrc hcg sagobotidtc piri cdbadtrir lés odnarliboòd safrc ïg. Sdi cdbucsti hc  clpgciharcs cdbadtrò quc, cd , % hc cggas usò odstrulcdtas hc fðsquchi piri hcsbufror odnarliboòd hcg sagobotidtc y atra % ho`a quc prafifgclcdtc usirìi odstrulcdtas hc fðsquchi cd cg nutura piri vcronobir i gas sagobotidtcs. Rc hcfc ladotarcir bad buohiha ga quc gas isporidtcs patcdboigcs i ud pucsta tocdcd cd sus fgams a cd sus rchcs saboigcs5 tig cs cg bisa cd cg quc % hc gis armidoziboadcs quc rcpartò quc cgolodò i ud bidhohita hcg pucsta sc hcfoò i gi odnarliboòd quc cdbadtrò cdbadtrò cd gi wcf (RKVL, ). Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa nutura Sdi balðd cd psobagamìi quccd cg gis lc`ar prchobtar hcgbirtis hcsclpcùa nutura cs cg brccdboi hcsclpcùa pisiha. Ig afscrvircsïstc rcncrcdbois y gis hc rcbalcdhiboòd sc odtcdti prchcbor gi bigohih hcg trifi`a quc ud sagobotidtc tcdhré, odbgusa, iudquc gis rcncrcdbois quc cd mcdcrig sc usid piri rcvosir y scgcbboadir clpgcihas, da kiyid soha cxotasis prcbosilcdtc cd iscmurir igmðd nutura ïxota hc gas loslas. Hc Hc kcbka, ud lcti-idégosos cdbadtrò quc cg bacnobocdtc hc vigohcz pralchoa da barrcmoha piri gis rcncrcdbois y gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd y cg hcsclpcùa cs sòga ., bad udi vigohcz barrcmohi  hc . (Iilaht y ]oggoils, ). Cstc C stc fi`a dovcg hc vigohcz sc hcfc cd mrid pirtc i buitra prafgclis prodbopigcs bad rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd0 odhugmcdboi, badabolocdta hcg sagobotidtc, fi`i badnoifogohih y nibtarcs cxtrìdscbas odvagubrihas cd su csbroturi y gcbturi. Odhugmcdboi. Gi odvcstomiboòd hc`i bgira quc gi liyarìi hc gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd

sad pasotovis0 lcdas hc % hc gis rcncrcdbois bigonobi i gas sagobotidtcs bala hcfi`a hcg pralchoa a hcnobocdtc (Iilaht y ]oggoils, ). Hcfoha H cfoha i quc kclas trifi`iha bad clpgcihas tcrrofgcs cd igmðd lalcdta cd ducstris vohis, ig prodbopoa pircbcrìi

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd  

9>9

 

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±Cg balpartilocdta pisiha prchobc cg balpartilocdta nutura1

sarprcdhcdtc quc gis rcncrcdbois scid tìpobilcdtc tid pasotovis. Zcra tcdmi cd lcdtc quc  ¡gas sagobotidtcs cgomcd sus prapois prapoi s rcncrcdbois ! Odbgusa Ihagna Kotgcr, Xch Fudhy y Asili Fod Gihcd kifrìid pahoha cdbadtrir trcs pcrsadis quc praparboadirid rcncrcdbois nivarifgcs. Gi nomuri . lucstri bòla gis ibtotuhcs hc gas balpiùcras kiboi cg clpgciha incbtid gis rcncrcdbois quc hid hc gi pcrsadi. Cd gi prolcri sotuiboòd, tahas y bihi uda hc gas abka balpiùcras hcg sagobotidtc tocdcd scdtolocdtas pasotovas kiboi ïg. Zar ga tidta, so pcholas rcncrcdbois hc has balpiùcras ilfis scréd pasotovis  y  rcprcscdtitovis hc gas atras scos. Cd gi sotuiboòd , gi liyarìi hc gas balpiùcras sad dcutrigcs cd rcgiboòd bad cg sagobotidtc, bad has quc tocdcd scdtolocdtas pasotovas y has scdtolocdtas dcmitovas. Rod clfirma, cd csti sotuiboòd, ilfis rcncrcdbois cgcmohis par cg sagobotidtc scrìid pasotovis y lés nivarifgcs  nivarifgcs quc lubkis hc gis ibtotuhcs hc gas balpiùcras. Cd gi sotuiboòd , sòga has hc gis abka pcrsadis p crsadis quocrcd ig sagobotidtc, iðd buidha gis has birtis hc rcncrcdboi scréd gis loslis cd gi prolcri y scmudhi sotuiboadcs, y gi liyarìi hc gas balpiùcras kid tcdoha scdtolocdtas dcmitovas safrc ducstra sagobotidtc. Cd gi sotuiboòd , dodmuda quocrc ig susahobka. Cd tig bisa, ducstri sagobotuh hc rcncrcdbois kirìi quc gi pcrsadi sc ifstuvocri bad dasatras a gi narzirìia ifocd cdbadtrir rcncrcdbois cd atra gumir. hc sagobotir trifi`a

Rotuiboòd

Zasotovi

Dcutrig

Dcmitovi

9 6 2

Nomuri 3.9 8

 Ibtotuhcs balpiùcras kiboihccggas clpgciha 9>6

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Zcra so rcqucrolas rcncrcdbois rcgiboadihis bad cg trifi`a, prafifgclcdtc, pcra da par nucrzi scrìid dcmitovis hcfoha i quc gi odvcstomiboòd ki lastriha quc gas balpiùcras cstéd  idsoasas par hcbor basis dcmitovis safrc gas clpgcihas hcnobocdtcs. (Mratc, Vafodcr y Kiut, ). Iudqucc gas bagcmis puchcd hcbor ga dcmitova ibcrbi hc csas clpgcihas, gas isudIudqu tas badnohcdboigcs sc puchcd alotor. Zar gcy, gis pcrsadis tocdcd cg hcrcbka hc vcr sus birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd rcbalcdhiboòd.. Rod clfirma, ig norlir udi rcdudboi bala gi quc sc lucstri cd gi nomuri .i, gas sagobotidtcs sc provid hc csc hcrcbka. Csta puchc scr lés fcdïnoba piri ud clpgciha patcdboig5 gi odvcstomiboòd rcigozihi par Bcbo y Zctcrs ()  y Rkinncr y Xalircggo () odhobi quc gis pcrsadis quc praparboadid rcncrcdbois tocdhcd i scr lcdas odhugmcdtcs buidha ud sagobotidtc rcdudboi i su hcrcbka hc vcr udi birti hc rcncrcdboi. Csta cs, buidha igmuocd csbrofc udi birti bir ti hc rcncrcdboi y sifc quc ig sagobotidtc sc gc pcrlotc vcr gi birti, csté lés odbgodiha i praparboadir udi cviguiboòd nivarifgc. Bad csta cd lcdtc, ud bagcmi lìa biso hcsbirti hcsbirt i balpgctilcdtc buigquocr birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd cd gi quc da cstï norlihi gi rcdudboi hc hcrcbkas. Sdi tcrbcri biusi hc odhugmcdboi pravocdc hcg locha i rcpcrbusoadcs gcmigcs. Sdi pcrsadi quc praparboadi rcncrcdbois puchc scr ibusihi hc honiliboòd hc birébtcr (biguldoi, so gi rcncrcdboi cs arig5 honiliboòd, so cs csbroti) so su badtcdoha cs nigsa y ggcda hc odtcdtas ligoboasas. Cstc locha kibc quc virois armidoziboadcs da praparboadcd rcncrcdbois cd ga ifsaguta (Egcolid y ]kotc, ). Rod clfirma, i gis pcrsadis quc hid gis rcbalcdhiboadcs sc gcs atarmi ga quc sc ggili cg  provogcmoa badhoboadig , ga buig somdonobi quc tocdcd cg hcrcbka i cxprcsir su tcstoladoa hc quc cs vcrhih ga quc brccd quc hobcd y tocdcd nudhilcdtas rizadifgcs piri csti brccdboi (Vyid y Gisce,5 Pode y Mutlid, ). Ihclés, viroas cstihas kid iprafiha gcycs quc rcnucrzid cstc provogcmoa badhoboadig. Sdi lidcri hc cvotir pcrhcr ud `uoboa par honi-

Hcbgiriboòd hc gofcriboòd

Dalfrc hc gi pcrsadi i gi quc sc gc pohc csbrofor csti rcbalcdhiboòd

Ncbki

Ragobota quc balpgctc csti narli hc rcbalcdhiboòd, gi buig cdtocdha sc vagvcré pirtc hc lo irbkova cd cg Vihnarh Sdovcrsoty Mrihuitc Baggcmc. Xilfoïd cdtocdha quc0 9) csti hcbgiriboòd hc rcbalcdhiboòd suyi scré udi cviguiboòd ifocrti hc lo fcbi, kéfotas hc trifi`a y patcdboig5 6) gi hcbgiriboòd balpgctihi sc cdvoiré ig Vihnarh Sdovcrsoty Mrihuitc Baggcmc5 y 2) quc gi Anobodi hcg Vihnarh Sdovcrsoty Mrihuitc lidtcdhré gi badnohcdboigohih badloma y hclés pcrsadis.

Dalfrc hcg sagobotidtc (gctri hc laghc)

Norli hcg sagobotidtc

Nomuri 3.6i Sdi tìpobihcrcdudboi hc hcrcbkas rcncrcdboi  

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd  

9>2

 

liboòd cs praparboadir cd udi rcncrcdboi saga gi odnarliboòd rcgitovi ig balpartilocdta. Csta cs, lés quc hcbor ‗Cstc clpgciha cs ud ohoati“, ustch pahrìi hcbor ‗Rc gc ki ihvcrtoha trcs vcbcs par mrotirgc i atras clpgcihas y buitra bagcmis pohocrad da tcdcr quc trifi`ir bad ïg“. Sdi fucdi lidcri hc rchubor gi pasofogohih hc ud `uoboa cs pchor ig sagobotidtc quc norlc udi rcdudboi hc hcrcbkas bala gis quc sc lucstrid cd gi nomuri .f-h. Cg habulcdta hc rcdudboi hc gi nomuri .f cs usiha par ud csbrotar hc rcncrcdbois y gas atras has par gi armidoziboòd quc vcronobi gis rcncrcdbois. Cg narlita hc gi nomuri .b rcdudboi i hclidhis badtri gi pcrsadi quc praparboadi gis rcncrcdbois i gi armidoziboòd y cg hc gi nomuri .h rcdudboi i nuturis hclidhis badtri gi armidoziboòd piri quc puchi praparboadir rcncrcdbois safrc cg clpgca so ïg rcdudboi i su trifi`a cd cggi. Gis rcdudbois sad utogozihis par % hc gis armidoziboadcs (Furec, f). Cd gas iùas rcbocdtcs, virois armidoziboadcs kid rcvcgiha quc sc hchobid i badtibtir balpiùìis piri vcr quï hobcd safrc gas cx clpgcihas. I gi vcz, ïstis sad badtritihis par sagobotidtcs quc tclcd quc su clpgcihar idtcroar puchi praparboadir udi rcncrcdboi dcmitovi. Cstas ‗hctcbtovcs hc rcncrcdbois“ badtibtid ig clpgcihar idtcroar fi`a cg hosnriz hc scr udi balpiùìi quc csté badsohcridha badtritir ig clpgciha cd bucstoòd. Csti odnarliboòd sc tridsnocrc cdtadbcs ig bgocdtc, quocd tocdc gi apboòd hc cdtifgir ud `uoboa hc honiliboòd so da gc musti ga quc sc csté hobocdha (Bihriod, ). Hcfoha i quc ud clpgcihar puchc scr bugpifgc hc badtritiboòd dcmgomcdtc par da badtibtir rcncrcdbois, ud cx clpgcihar tilfoïd puchc scr bugpifgc hc rcncrcdboi dcmgomcdtc  so da praparboadi odnarliboòd rcgcvidtc i udi armidoziboòd quc gi rcquocri. Zar c`clpga, so Hodcra Fide hcspohc i @akd Rlotk par rafa y nribisi cd hovugmir csc kcbka i ud fidba quc csté pcdsidha cd badtritir i Rlotk, Hodcra Fide puchc cdbadtrirsc rcspadsifgc so tig cx clpgciha gamri rafir cd su ducva fidba. Kibc pabas iùas, bad fisc cd virois birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd, ducstra hcpirtilcdta badtritò i ud odstrubtar hc lchoa toclpa. Has sclidis hcspuïs hc quc

_a, , gc kc sagobotiha ig Hr. Lirbus Eoghirc udi birti hc rcncrcdboi piri ibalpiùir lo sagobotuh hc odmrcsa i gi gobcdboituri. Cdtocdha quc cg Hr. Eoghirc tocdc udi rcspadsifogohih prancsoadig piri csbrofor udi birti kadcsti y prcbosi safrc lo balpartilocdta pisiha, isì bala hc lo hcsclpcùa ibihïloba y su apodoòd safrc lo patcdboig piri gi gobcdboituri. Hcfoha i quc cdtocdha gi dcbcsohih hc praparboadir udi apodoòd kadcsti, rcdudboa i lo hcrcbka hc c`crbcr buigquocr honiliboòd u atri hclidhi gcmig quc sur`i hc su rcncrcdboi. Bala badhoboòd hc csti bcsoòd, cg Hr. Eoghirc cdtocdhc gi olpartidboi hc ipartir odnarliboòd prcbosi y csté hc ibucrha bad praparboadir ga quc ïg brcc cs udi vigariboòd nocg y cxibti hc lo balpartilocdta pisiha y patcdboig.

Nomuri 3.6f Lucstri hc rcdudboi hc

Norli hcg cstuhoidtc/Ncb cstuhoidtc/Ncbki ki

Hr. Lirbus I. Eoghirc/Ncbki

hcrcbkas par ud csbrotarclpgcihi hc rcncrcdbois 9>8

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Nomuri 3.6b  Badscdtolocdta hcg clpgciha piri aftcdcr odnarliboòd

_a, , iutaroza i Fudhy Rkac Balpidy cstifgcbcr badtibta bad igmuda a tahas los clpgciharcs idtcroarcs isì bala bad gis rcncrcdbois quc gcs kc praparboadiha, bad cg prapòsota hc vcronobir buigquocr odnarliboòd quc kc nibogotiha y/a bad cg nod hc aftcdcr odnarliboòd, yi sci nivarifgc a hcsnivarifgc, safrc lo pcrsadi a lo trifi`a bad atra clpgcihar idtcroar.

clpczò i trifi`ir, hcsbufrolas quc kifìi rcmrcsiha i su bisi cd atri hclirbiboòd cstitig piri cdnrcdtir birmas par rafir hramis hc su cx clpgcihar, clpgcihar, cg hcpirtilcdta hc psobagamìi hc atri udovcrsohih. Cstéfilas hosmustihas parquc dodmudi hc gis rcncrcdbois hc su clpgca idtcroar lcdboadifi gas birmas. Hcspuïs hc udi badvcrsib badvcrsiboòd oòd ibigarihi bad udi hc gis rcncrcdbois, supolas quc cg sagobotidtc cri cg ko`a hcg prcsohcdtc hcg hcpirtilcdta y quc gi nibugtih tclìi hcbor igma quc kobocri cda`ir ig `cnc. ` cnc. Cstas ðgtolas c`clpgas lucstrid parquï cg praparboadir rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd puchc scr tid honìbog. Zar ud giha, ud clpgcihar idtcroar puchc scr ibusiha hc biguldoi a honiliboòd so hobc igma liga quc da puchc prafirsc ibcrbi hc ud sagobotidtc. Zar atra giha, ud clpgcihar puchc scr badsohcriha rcspadsifgc so da praparboadi odnarliboòd safrc ud isporidtc patcdboiglcdtc pcgomrasa. Hcfoha i cstis rcspadsifogohihcs hc balpctcdboi, virois armidoziboadcs badnorliréd sòga gis ncbkis hc clpgca y gi odnarliboòd hcg sigiroa i lcdas quc cg cx clpgciha kiyi soha bugpifgc hc udi ancdsi brolodig quc biusò cg hcspoha. Cg usa hc balpiùìis vcronobiharis hc rcncrcdbois puchc iyuhir i biglir cstc prafgcli.

_a, , cstay sagobotidha ud pucsta bad Fudhy Rkac Balpidy y iutaroza i buigquocri hc los clpgciharcs idtcroarcs piri quc praparboadc buigquocr topa hc odnarliboòd rcspcbta i lo clpgca prcvoa y/u atra balpartilocdta rcgiboadiha. Cstay hc ibucrha bad rcdudboir i hclidhir par honiliboòd u atras ispcbtas gcmigcs quc cd cg nutura puhocrid surmor hc gas hitas praparboadihas i gi lcdboadihi clprcsi.

Nomuri 3.6h Badscdtolocdta hcg

Norli/Ncbki

clpgciha piri hir odnarliboòd  

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd  

9>3

 

Badabolocdta hcg sagobotidtc. Sd scmudha prafgcli bad gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs

quc gi pcrsadi quc gis csbrofc i lcduha da badabc focd ig sagobotidtc a da ki afscr viha tahas gas ispcbtas hc su balpartilocdta, a ilfis basis. I lcduha, sc pohc i gas prancsarcs quc praparboadcd rcbalcdhiboadcs hc cstuhoidtcs i quocdcs cggas badabcd sòga hc udi a has bgiscs. Cs prafifgc quc tigcs rcncrcdbois da scid tid prcbosis y balpgctis bala gis quc praparboadid gas prancsarcs quc tocdcd cstuhoidtcs cd  virois bgiscs y quozé trifi`irad bad cggas nucri hcg hcg iugi. Odbgusa cd ud gumir hc trifi`a cd cg quc cg supcrvosar praparboadi gi rcbalcdhiboòd, i lcduha ïg da vc tahas gas ispcbtas hcg balpartilocdta hc ud clpgciha (nomuri .). Gas clpgcihas mcdcriglcdtc ibtðid hc lidcri luy honcrcdtc idtc sus supcrvosarcs hc ga quc ga kibcd bad sus balpiùcras y bgocdtcs. Ihclés, bala sc lucstri cd gi nomuri . y bala sc hosbutc bad liyar hctiggc cd cg bipìtuga , gas balpartilocdtas quc cg csbrotar hc rcncrcdbois cd rcigohih rcbucrhi sad sòga udi nribboòd hc gas quc cncbtovilcdtc aburrcd cd su prcscdboi. Badnoifogohih.  Cg tcrbcr prafgcli bad gis rcncrcdbois y gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd odvagubri gi nigti hc balpralosa cdtrc has pcrsadis quc praparboadid hitas rcncrcdboigcs piri cg losla odhovohua. Gis odvcstomiboadcs rcvcgid quc gi badnoifogohih  hc

gi rcncrcdboi cs hc sòga .. (Iilaht y ]oggoils, ). Cg prafgcli bad gi badnoifogohih cs tid scvcra quc cxostc lés ibucrha cdtrc gis rcbalcdhiboadcs csbrotis  par gi losli pcrsadi piri has sagobotidtcs honcrcdtcs quc cdtrc has odhovohuas quc csbrofcd rcbalcdhiboadcs piri gi losli pcrsadi (Iilaht y ]oggoils, ). Zar ga tidta, gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd puchcd hcbor lés safrc gi pcrsadi quc csbrofc gi birti quc ibcrbi hc gi pcrsadi piri quocd sc csbrofc.

I

Balpartilocdta hcg sagobotidtc

Balpartilocdta prabcsiha par I Balpartilocdta rcbarhiha par I Balpartilocdta rcmostriha par I

9>>

B 

Balpartilocdta afscrviha par I y F

Balpartilocdta afscrviha sòga par F

Nomuri 3.2 I ud csbrotar hc rcncrcdbois i lcduha gc nigti badabolocdta balpctcdtc hcgclpgciha balpartilocdta hc ud

Balpartilocdta afscrviha sòga par I

F

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

Balpartilocdta da afscrviha par I do F

 

Cstc fi`a dovcg hc badnoifogohih quozé rcsugtc hcg pudta quc idtcs sc ki botiha cd cg quc ud csbrotar hc rcncrcdbois da ki vosta v osta tahas gas ispcbtas i spcbtas hcg balpartilocdta hc bocrta isporidtc i ud pucsta. Zar ga tidta, udi rcncrcdboi praparboadihi par ud prancsar quc ki afscrviha afscr viha i ud sagobotidtc cd cg sigòd hc bgiscs puchc da barrcspadhcr bad atri ipartihi par ud supcrvosar quc ki afscrviha i gi losli pcrsadi cd ud gumir hc trifi`a. Iudquc puchcd cxostor fucdis rizadcs piri p iri gas dovcgcs fi`as hc badnoifogohih cd gis birtis hc rcncrcdboi, gas buigcs golotid su vigohcz, gi odvcstomiboòd iðd tocdc quc rcspadhcr csti prcmudti0 Ro has rcncrcdbois da badbucrhid, ±buég hc cggis sc hcfc talir bad lés scrochih1 Crrarcs cxtrìdscbas.  Cg buirta prafgcli bad gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd badbocrdc i

nibtarcs cxtrìdscbas quc incbtid su csbroturi y cviguiboòd. Gis odvcstomiboadcs kid odhobiha quc cg lïtaha usiha par quocd csbrofc udi gi birti cs i lcduha lés olpartidtc quc cg badtcdoha rcig. Zar c`clpga, Edausc (), pcra da Gakcr, Kizcr, Xsio, Xogtad y @ilcs (), cdbadtrirad quc gis birtis quc badtcdìid c`clpgas cspcbìnobas sc bigonobirad lés igta quc gis iqucggis quc tritifid mcdcrigohihcs. Lckrifoid () y ]cods, @ibesad, Lidiumk y Litirizza () cdbadtrirad quc iðd buidha gi liyarìi hc gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs pasotovi, gis csbrotis par rcncrcdbois quc cstolid i gas sagobotidtcs sad lés girmis quc gis csbrotis par rcncrcdbois quc da gas cstolid. Csta cs olpartidtc parquc Gakcr y bagcmis () hcsbufrocrad quc locdtris lés girmi sci gi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd, rcsugti lc`ar pcrbofohi. Sd cdnaquc pralctchar piri iulcdtir gi vigohcz hc gis rcncrcdbois cs odbrclcdtir gi cstrubturi hc su vcronobiboòd. Csta sc puchc kibcr ig rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta y hcspuïshcbrcir udi gostiBuidha hc badtrag hc rcncrcdbois qucprabcsa, cstï itihi i gas rcsugtihas csc idégosos. sc ggcvi i bifa hobka gi horcbtilcdtc odvcstomiboòd ki hclastriha dovcgcs lés igtas hc prchobtofogohih (LbBirtky y Mannod, 5 Xiygar Xiygar,, Zi`a, Bkcudm y Rtrodmnocgh, 5 Pollcrlid, P ollcrlid, Xroidi Xroidi y Firrobe, ). Bala ga ogustri csti hosbusoòd, gis rcncrcdbois y gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd i lcduha da sad prchobtarcs hc hcsclpcùa ibcrtihas. Zcra bad lés rcnodilocdta c odvcstomiboòd, tïbdobis bala cg cdnaquc hc rismas a gi cstrubturi iulcdtihi puchcd kibcr brcbcr gis bipibohihcs prchobtovis hc gis rcncrcdbois.

Isudtas ïtobas Hcfoha i quc praparboadir rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs lés quc ud prabcsa suf`ctova, puchcd surmor viroas prafgclis ïtobas scvcras ig odvagubrir su usa. Viydcs () cdgosti trcs godcilocdtas quc hcfcd scmuor quocdcs praparboadid gas hitasZrolcra, rcncrcdboigcs. cstifgcbcr cspcbìnobilcdtc su rcgiboòd bad gi pcrsadi quc sc csté rcbalcdhidha. Cs hcbor, ±ustch cs cg prancsar, `cnc, balpiùcra, iloma, nilogoir hcg sagobotidtc, a igmudi balfodiboòd hc gas bodba1 Csta cs olpartidtc hcfoha i quc gis pcrsadis i lcduha hcsclpcùid ragcs hafgcs0 ud odhovohua puchc scr ud supcr vosar isì bala ud fucd iloma. Rod cdtcdhcr gi diturigczi cxibti hc gi rcgiboòd rcncrcdtc-rcncroha, rcncrcdtc-r cncroha, clotor `uoboas safrc cg badtcdoh badtcdohaa hc udi rcncrcdboi puchc scr hon ìbog. Zar c`clpga, igmuocd lc balcdtò safrc udi sotuiboòd cd gi quc ud sagobotidtc rcbofoò udi birti hc rcbalcdhiboòd ggcdi hc cgamoas hc ud balpiùcra y par buyi sagohcz, cd pirtc, nuc badtritiha. Huridtc gas prolcras lcscs, cg ducva clpgciha tuva prafgclis hc hosbopgodi y sòga cdtadbcs gi armidoziboòd hcsbufroò quc quocd kifìi csbrota gi birti ggcdi hc cgamoas nuc gi ko`i hcg isporidtc. Hcfoha i quc gas ipcggohas hc gi ko`i y gi lihrc crid honcrcdtcs y i quc gi rcgiboòd cxibti cdtrc gas has da nuc cstifgcbohi cd gi birti, gi armidoziboòd dudbi saspcbkò quc tcdìid gizas hc pircdtcsba. Rcmudha, sci kadcsta ig praparboadir hctiggcs. Sd rcncrcdtc tocdc udi afgomiboòd ïtobi y gcmig hc praparboadir odnarliboòd rcgcvidtc safrc ud sagobotidtc. Sdi fucdi

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha rcncrcdbois y birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd  

9>=

 

Cstoliha Horcbtar hc pcrsadig0 Cg Rr. @akd Idhcrsad lc pohoò quc csbrofocri csti birti cd ipaya hc su sagobotuh bala sufmcrcdtc y cstay balpgiboha hc kibcrga. Kc badaboha i @akd par scos iùas buidha nuc lo isostcdtc cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc badtifogohih. @akd soclprc ki rcigoziha su trifi`a hc lidcri barrcbti y cnobiz. Cd sus scos iùas iquì, soclprc bulpgoò bad gi ncbki gìlotc. Cs luy hctiggiha y arocdtiha, hogomcdtc piri cdbadtrir crrarcs y lctòhoba cd su cdnaquc piri rcsagvcr prafgclis. Hc lidcri odtcrpcrsadig, @akd cs luy ilomifgc y udi pcrsadi luy ðtog.

@akd nuc cg clpgciha lés papugir cd ducstri imcdboi ihclés hc quc cs luy ilomifgc, cxtravcrtoha y saboifgc. Xocdc mrid scdtoha hcg kular, cs gosta y luy ðtog. Ig rcigozir su trifi`a cs odhcpcdhocdtc, cdïrmoba y hogomcdtc.

Cstay scmura hc gi bipibohih hc @akd. Ro rcquocrc lés odnarliboòd, par nivar da huhc cd badtibtirlc.

Nomuri 3.8 Has birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd pasotovis bad honcrcdtcs rismas.

9>;

B 

rcmgi mcdcrig cs prcmudtir0 ‗Ro ya cstuvocri cd gas zipitas hcg fusbihar hc rcncrcdbois, ±quï dcbcsotirìi sifcr1“. Zar supucsta, hcbohor quï odnarliboòd praparboadir puchc scr i lcduha ud prabcsa honìbog. Sdi vcz nuo badtibtiha par ud imcdtc hcg Rcrvoboa Rcbrcta quc rcigozifi udi vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdbois safrc ud sagobotidtc piri ud pucsta cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc rcbursas kulidas (VK). Los rcscrvis safrc cg cstuhoidtc sc rcncrìid i su usa cxbcsova hc igbakag cd sotuiboadcs saboigcs y su ibtotuh dcmitovi kiboi gis lu`crcs. Hcspuïs hc igma hc fðsquchi (ga lés quc sc puhc kibcr bad ud imcdtc nchcrig quc da tc pocrhc hc vosti), hcbohì praparboadir odnarliboòd safrc gi ibtotuh hcg cstuhoidtc kiboi gis lu`crcs, yi quc pcdsï quc cri olpartidtc piri ud pucsta hc VK pcra da lcdboadï quc tcdìi prafgclis bad gi fcfohi. Ro cg cstuhoidtc kufocri sagobotiha ud pucsta bala imcdtc, ya kufocri lcdboadiha quc fcfìi. Da cstay scmura hc quc lo hcbosoòd nucri barrcbti, pcra cg c`clpga hclucstri cg hogcli hc figidbcir gi rcspadsifogohih hc praparboadir odnarliboòd ig fusbihar hc rcncrcdbois bad gi hc tritir i ud isporidtc hc udi lidcri kadcsti. Nodiglcdtc, Nodiglcd tc, hc`clas ig sagobotidtc vcr sus rcncrcdboi rcncrcdbois idtcs hc cdvoirgis y hïlasgc gi apartudohih hc hcbgodir usirgis. Xig prabcholocdta cs `usta piri ïg y rchubc gi rcspadsifogohih hcg rcncrcdtc par igmðd birma hc honiliboòd. Iudquc csti ðgtoli poczi hc ihvcrtcdboi pircbc scdsiti, puchc hir bala rcsugtiha hosbusoadcs lagcstis safrc cg badtcdoha hc rcncrcdbois quc da sad pasotovis. Hcspuïs hc udi hosbusoòd, ud cstuhoidtc lc ho`a ‗Xc fusbirï par csta“, iud buidha gi rcncrcdboi dudbi sc lidhò parquc ïg hcbgodò utogozirgi. Inartudihilcdtc, hcspuïs hc has lcscs hc ibasa hc su pirtc y hc virois ggilihis i gi pagobìi hcg bilpus piri rctorirga hcg chonoboa, cg cposahoa tcr-

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Cstoliha Horcbtar hc pcrsadig0 Cg Rr. @akd Idhcrsad lc pohoò quc csbrofocri csti birti cd ipaya hc su sagobotuh bala sufmcrcdtc y cstay balpgiboha hc kibcrga. Kc badaboha i @akd par scos iùas buidha nuc lo isostcdtc cd cg hcpirtilcdta hc badtifogohih. @akd nuc cg clpgciha lés papugir cd ducstri imcdboi ihclés hc quc cs luy ilomifgc, cxtravcrtoha y saboifgc. Xocdc mrid scdtoha hcg kular, cs gosta y luy ðtog. Ig rcigozir su trifi`a cs odhcpcdhocdtc, cdïrmoba y hogomcdtc. Cstay scmura hc gi bipibohih hc @akd. Ro rcquocrc lés odnarliboòd, par nivar da huhc cd badtibtirlc.

S

BB

HV

Nomuri 3.3 Vismas ohcdto󿬉bihas cd gis birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd

LI

@akd soclprc ki rcigoziha su trifi`a hc lidcri barrcbti y cnobiz. Cd sus scos iùas iquì, soclprc bulpgoò bad gi ncbki gìlotc. Cs luy hctiggiha y arocdtiha, hogomcdtc piri cdbadtrir crrarcs y lctòhoba cd su cdnaquc piri rcsagvcr prafgclis. Hc lidcri odtcrpcrsadig @akd cs luy ilomifgc y luy ðtog.

S

BB

HV

LI

^

^

lodò. Zar ga tidta, scr kadcsta y ifocrta bad gas clpgcihas idtcroarcs a gas cstuhoidtcs puchc tcdcr su prcboa.

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi chubiboòd y gi bipibotiboòd hcg sagobotidtc Ziri lubkas pucstas, cs balðd quc gas sagobotidtcs hcfid tcdcr ud dovcg lìdola hc chubiboòd a bipibotiboòd piri scr badsohcrihas. Csta cs, udi armidoziboòd pahrìi rcqucror gas sagobotidtcs tcdmid udi gobcdboituri piri gòmobas, pisir cggiprabcsa odoboig hcquc scgcbboòd. Iudquc mcrcdboigcs gas rcquosotas hcg mriha puchcd pircbcr gotcrituri hc odvcstomiboòd ki cdbadtriha rcsugtihas odbadsostcdtcs rcspcbta i su vigohcz. Sd lcti-idégosos rcigoziha par Kudtcr y Kudtcr () cdbadtrò quc gi vigohcz hc gi chubiboòd nuc sòga hc . y quc da sc iùihoò dodmðd pahcr prchobtova (vigohcz (vi gohcz odbrclcdtig) safrc cg usa hc prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis. Rod clfirma, ud lcti-idégosos hc gi rcgiboòd cdtrc gi chubiboòd y cg hcsclpcùa cd ud pucsta pagobìiba cdbadtrò quc gi prolcri nuc ud prchobtar végoha hcg hcsclpcùa cd gi ibihcloi hc pagobìi (r 󰀼 .,  p 󰀼  .) y cd cg trifi`a (r   󰀼 .,  p  󰀼 .), y sc iùihoò udi vigohcz odbrclcdtig i gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis (Iilaht, ). Gas lcti-idégosos odhobirad quc cg MZI ( mrihc paodt ivcrimc ivcrimc) a pralchoa hc bigonobiboadcs hc ud cstuhoidtc puchc prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa cd cg pucsta (Vatk, Fc^ocr, Rwotzcr y Rbkopplidd, ), hcsclpcùa cd gi bipibotiboòd (Hyc y Vcbe, ), isbcdsas (Bakcd, ), sigiroa (Vatk y Bgirec, ) y hcsclpcùa csbagir (Eudbcg, Kczgctt y Adcs, ). Cg MZI cs cg lés prchobtova cd gas prolcras iùas hcspuïs hc gi mrihuiboòd (Vatk ct ig .,., ). Ga losla quc bad virois lchohis hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi, cg usa

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi chubiboòd y gi bipibotiboòd hcg sagobotidtc  

9>?

 

hc MZI hiré bala rcsugtiha igtas dovcgcs hc olpibta ihvcrsa (Vatk y Fafea, ). Atra nibtar quc balpgobi cg usa hc gi chubiboòd y cg MZI piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas cs cg cgcviha usa hcg lïtaha hc csbucgi cd bisi5 lés hc ud loggòd hc doùas sad chubihas cd bisi ibtuiglcdtc cd Cstihas Sdohas (Fcita, ).

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha cg badabolocdta hcg sagobotidtc Stogozihis prodbopiglcdtc cd cg scbtar pðfgoba, cd cspcboig piri gas isbcdsas, gis prucprodbopiglcdtc fis hc badabolocdta hcg pucsta sad hoscùihis piri lchor buédta sifc gi pcrsadi safrc cg pucsta. Zar c`clpga, i gas sagobotidtcs piri cg pucsta hc firtcdhcr  sc  sc gcs pahrìi prcmudtir bòla sc kibc ud lirtodo a ud rusa fgidba, y i quocdcs sagobotid udi vibidtc hc VK sc gcs pahrìi prcmudtir bòla rcigozir ud idégosos hc pucsta. Cstis prucfis sad sologircs i gas cxélcdcs quc sc kibcd virois vcbcs cd cg sclcstrc cd udi bgisc hc gi udovcrsohih. Rad trihoboadiglcdtc hc apboòd lðgtopgc piri nibogotir gi bigonobiboòd, pcra tilfoïd sc puchcd csbrofor cd narli hc cdsiya a kibcrsc hc lidcri arig cd udi cdtrcvosti hc trifi`a. Gas c`clpgas baludcs odbguycd prucfis hc badabolocdta hc pramrilis hc balputiharis, hc ipiritas cgïbtrobas y hc prodbopoas lcbédobas. I su  vcz, gis prucfis hc badabolocdta hc pucsta cstidhirozihis sc usid cd mcdcrig par gas balotïs hc gobcdbois cstitigcs piri abupiboadcs bala ifamihas y psobògamas. Gis prucfis lcdboadihis tocdcd badtcdoha y vigohcz hc brotcroa cxbcgcdtcs (Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ), y hcfoha i su igta ridma vigohcz sad ibcptihis hc lidcri pasotovi par gas sagobotidtcs (Vafcrtsad Eidhagi, ). gis pruc-i fis hc badabolocdta hc pucsta kibcd udymrid trifi`a piri Odbgusa prchcboriudquc cg hcsclpcùa, lcduha hid bala rcsugtiha ud olpibta ihvcrsa y sc puchcd usir sòga piri pucstas rcspcbta i gas buigcs sc cspcri quc gas isporidtcs tcdmid badabolocdta badabolocdta cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd a hcg isbcdsa.

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc Gis prucfis hc bipibohih lirbid cg mriha cd cg quc ud sagobotidtc puchc iprcdhcr a hcsclpcùir udi kifogohih rcgiboadihi bad cg pucsta. Rc usid prodbopiglcdtc piri abupiboadcs cd gis quc da sc cspcri quc gas sagobotidtcs scpid bòla rcigozir cg pucsta cd cg lalcdta hc gi badtritiboòd. Cd gumir hc cgga, i gas ducvas clpgcihas sc gcs cdscùiréd gis kifogohihcs y cg badabolocdta hcg pucsta dcbcsiroas. Gas c`clpgas hc cstis abupiboadcs odbguycd anoboigcs hc pagobìi, falfcras y pcrsadig logotir. Zar c`clpga, gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi pcrlotorìi i ud bihctc hc pagobìi aftcdcr cg badabolocdta hc gis gcycs hc fðsquchi y hcbalosa5 gi bipibohih psobalatroz (hcstrczi) pcrlotorìi i udi scbrctiroi csbrofor répoha a i ud cdsilfgihar irtobugir bad vcgabohih gas balpadcdtcs cgcbtròdobas5 gi bipibohih pcrbcptuig pcrlotorìi i ud anobodosti hc barrcas gabigozir bòhomas pastigcs a i ud trifi`ihar hc tcgi hostodmuor gas bagarcs5 y gi bipibohih nìsobi pcrlotorìi i ud falfcra iprcdhcr i trcpir udi csbigcri a birmir i udi vìbtoli cd ud chonoboa cd ggilis.

Bipibohih bamdasbotovi Gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi odbguyc holcdsoadcs bala cxprcsoòd y balprcdsoòd arigcs y csbrotis, nibogohih dulïrobi, aromodigohih, lclaroziboòd, rizadilocdta (litclétoba, hchubtova, odhubtova) y iprcdhozi`c cd mcdcrig. Cstc topa hc bipibohih cs olpartidtc pucstas badtihar prancsoadigcs, hc anobodi y hc odspcbboòd, odbguycdha odbguycdha abupiboadcs balapiri supcrvosar, y scbrctiroi. 9=:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Gis prucfis hc bipibohih sad fucdas prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa.

   s    c    m    i    l     O    y    t    t    c     M     /    b    s     o     H    a    t    a     k     Z     ©

Gis prucfis hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi sc usid hc lidcri balðd hcfoha i quc cd Cstihas Sdohas (Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ) sad cxbcgcdtcs prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha, locdtris quc cd gi Baludohih Curapci (Rigmiha, Idhcrsad, Lasbasa, Fcrtui y HcNruyt, ) sad nébogcs hc ipgobir y paba bastasis. Rc pocdsi cd gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa hc trifi`a hc has narlis0 ig pcrlotor i gas clpgcihas aftcdcr néboglcdtc cg badabolocdta rcgiboadiha bad cg pucsta y ig prabcsir gi odnarliboòd quc hï bala rcsugtiha talir gi lc`ar hcbosoòd. Iudquc lubki mcdtc pocdsi quc gis prucfis hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi sad cg lïtaha hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas lés végoha, bocrtilcdtc tocdcd virois hcsvcdti`is. Yuozé gi lés bruboig cs quc hc cggis rcsugtid dovcgcs lés igtas igta s hc olpibta ihvcrsa (Vatk, (Vatk , Fc^ocr, Fc^ocr, Fafea, Rwotzcr Rw otzcr  y Xygcr Xygcr, ) y i lcduha gcs nigti vigohcz hc ispcbta. Isolosla, hcfoha i quc hobkis prucfis tocdcd cg dovcg lés igta hc olpibta ihvcrsa quc buigquocr lïtaha hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc tilfoïd scid bucstoadihis bad nrcbucdboi cd gas trofudigcs. Bala ustch iprcdhoò cd cg bipìtuga , udi armidoziboòd puchc usir tahivìi udi prucfi bad olpibta ihvcrsa so lucstri quc csté rcgiboadihi bad cg hcsclpcùa, y gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis quc kid soha ihcbuihilcdtc hcsirraggihis y vigohihis par ga mcdcrig safrcvovcd i gas rctas gcmigcs (Rkacdncgt y Zchoma, ). Rod clfirma, hcncdhcr ud `uoboa, odbgusa so gi balpiùìi midi, puchc scr bira. Atri hcsvcdti`i hc gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis cs gi honobugtih hc cstifgcbcr udi pudtuiboòd iprafitaroi. Csta cs, ±buédti bipibohih bamdasbotovi sc dcbcsoti piri rcigozir focd ud trifi`a cd pirtobugir1 ±Rc ±R c hcfc hir soclprc prcncrcdboi prcncrcdboi i gas sagobotidtcs lés gostas a cxostc ud pudta cd cg quc gi cgcvihi bipibohih bamdasbotovi da iyuhc1 Cg bisa hc cstuhoa ‗Cd cg trifi`a“, ig nodig hc cstc bipìtuga, gc hiré gi apartudohih hc cxpgarir lés csti prcmudti. Iudquc gas lcti-idégosos sumocrcd quc gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi cs uda hc gas lc`arcs prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa cd tahas gas pucstas (Rigmiha ct ig .,., 5 Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ), gas rcsugtihas hc gas lcti-idégosos cspcbìnobas hcg pucsta gcvidtid bocrti huhi safrc csti supasoboòd. Zar c`clpga, cd ud lcti-idégosos hc prchobtarcs hcg bulpgolocdta hc gi gcy, Iilaht () cdbadtrò quc gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi csté rcgiboadihi hc lidcri badsohcrifgc bad cg hcsclpcùa, pcra gi vigohcz barrcmohi ( ω  󰀼 

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc  

9=9

 

.) da cstuva tid igti bala gi quc sc rcpartò cd cg lcti-idégosos hc Rbkloht y Kudtcr ( ω ^odbkur, Rbkopplidd, Rwotzcr y Vatk () cdbadtrirad rcsugtihas sologircs  ω 󰀼 .). ^odbkur, cd sus lcti-idégosos hc prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa piri vcdhcharcs0 gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi cstuva badsohcrifgclcdtc rcgiboadihi bad gas ìdhobcs hc supcrvosoòd ( ω 󰀼 .) pcra da bad cg hcsclpcùa cd gis vcdtis rcigcs ( ω  ω 󰀼 .). Zar ga tidta, sc dcbcsotiréd iðd lés lcti-idégosos safrc gis abupiboadcs cspcbìnobis idtcs hc quc pahilas badbguor quc gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi cs uda hc gas lc`arcs prchobtarcs piri tahas gas pucstas. Sdi hc gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis lés utogozihis cd gi odhustroi cs gi Zrucfi hc pcrsadig ]adhcrgob. Gi pcqucùi bidtohih hc toclpa ( lodutas) dcbcsiroi piri ipgobir gi prucfi, isì bala cg kcbka hc quc sc puchc badtcstir cd mrupa, gi kibc papugir. Cd gi nomuri . sc lucstri pirtc hc gi prucfi ]adhcrgob. Atris prucfis bamdotovis papugircs sad gi Zrucfi hc idigamìis hc Loggcr, gi Zrucfi répohi y gis Litrobcs pramrcsovis hc Vivcd. Sd mrid ihcgidta patcdboig cd gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis cs gi Zrucfi hc Vizadilocdta V izadilocdta hc Rocdi (RVX, (RVX, par sus somgis cd odmgïs). Rus hcsirraggiharcs badstruycrad gi tcarìi hc quc gis mridhcs honcrcdbois hc rizi cd gis pudtuiboadcs a cd gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis trihoboadigcs sc hcfocrad ig badabolocdta quc sc dcbcsotò piri cdtcdhcr gis prcmudtis lés quc i gi bipibohih rcig piri prabcsir gi odnarliboòd (odtcgomcdboi). Zar c`clpga, gi idigamìi,  Zatra cs i bifigga bala cs i  pcrra pcrra. Ziri rcspadhcrgi barrcbtilcdtc, uda hcfc tcdcr badabolocdta prcvoa hc gas idoligcs isì bala gi bipibohih hc kibcr idigamìis. Ziri rchubor gi badnoidzi cd cg badabolocdta prcvoa, gas pudtas hc gi RVX badtocdcd pigifris sod scdtoha y pigifris quc sad balðdlcdtc badabohis badabohis (p. c., gélpiri, sané). Sd cstuhoa quc balpiri gi RVX bad atris prucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis cdbadtrò quc da sòga gi RVX prcho`a gas mrihas udovcrsotiroas y cg hcsclpcùa hc trifi`a ig lcdas tid focd bala gis prucfis pr ucfis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis trihoboadigcs, soda quc cgolodò gis honcrcdbois riboigcs cd gis pudtuiboadcs hc gi prucfi (Ncrrctcr, (Ncrrctcr, Maghstcod, Rbkcrfiul, _usea y @ud, ). Sd topa hc prucfi rcgiboadiha bad gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi cs gi prucfi hc apodoòd sotuiboadig. Cd cggi sc hi i gas sagobotidtcs udi scroc hc sotuiboadcs y ihclés sc gcs prcmudti bòla lidc`irìid bihi udi. Sd lcti-idégosos rcigoziha par LbHidocg, Larmcsad, Noddcmid, Bilpoad y Frivcrlid () cdbadtrò quc gis prucfis hc apodoòd sotuiboadig cstifgcbìid udi mrid barrcgiboòd bad gis hc bipibohihcs bamdasbotovis (r   󰀼 .) y bad cg hcsclpcùa hcg pucsta (r   󰀼 .). Iudquc gis prolcris cstéd barrcgiboadihis bad gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi, gi balfodiboòd hc ilfis cs lés végohi quc udi prucfi sagi (Bgcvcdmcr (Bgcvcdmcr,, Zcrcori, ]ocb ]ocbklidd, klidd, Rbklott y Kirvcy, ).

Bipibohih pcrbcptuig Gi bipibohih pcrbcptuig badsostc cd vosoòd (bcrbi, gc`as, dabturdi, pcronïrobi), hosbrolodiboòd hc bagar, pcrbcpboòd pranudhi, scdsofogohih ig afscrvir, hosbursa (bgirohih, rcbadabolocdta) y csbubki (scdsofogohih, itcdboòd iuhotovi, gabigoziboòd hc sadoha, ctb.) (Ngcosklid y Vcoggy, ). Gis bipibohihcs hc csti holcdsoòd sad ðtogcs piri gis abupiboadcs bala liquodosti, lirbihar hc bifodi, ladtihar hc laghcs y prahubtar hc laghcs y kcrrilocdtis. Sd c`clpga hc udi prucfi hc bipibohih pcrbcptuig sc lucstri cd gi nomuri ..

Bipibohih psobalatroz Gi bipibohih psobalatroz odbguyc hcstrczi bad gas hchas, hcstrczi liduig, prcbosoòd hc badtrag, baarhodiboòd hc tahis gis cxtrclohihcs, badtrag hc rcspucsti, toclpa hc rcibboòd, norlczi hc friza-lida, vcgabohih hc gas hchas-luùcbi y gi vcgabohih hc gi borbugiboòd hc gis cxtrclohihcs (Ngcosklid y Vcoggy Vcoggy,, f). Gis G is bipibohihcs psobala-

9=6

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

]ADHCVGOB

ZVSCFI HC ZCVRADIG Narlita OO

Dalfrc

(Zar nivar bad gctri hc laghc)

Ncbki

GCI CRXI ZÉMODI BSOHIHARILCDXC. KIMI C[IBXILCDXC GA YSC RC GC CRXÉ ZOHOCDHA. DA MOVC GI ZÉMODI KIRXI YSC RC GC ZOHI YSC GA KIMI GAR ZVAFGCLIR RC HCFCD KIBCV ROD GI I_SHI HC SDI BIGBSGIHAVI S AXVA HORZAROXO^A HC IZA_A

Ïsti cs udi prucfi hc bipibohih hc saguboòd hc prafgclis. Badtocdc viroas topas hc prcmudtis. I badtoduiboòd sc prcscdti udi lucstri ggcdihi barrcbtilcdtc. BARCBKIV cs ga apucsta hc   9 aftcdcr 6 ibgilir

2 badtoduir

8 cxostor

3 sclfrir

BAGAYSC GIR VCRZSCRXIR IYSÌ 

Gi rcspucsti barrcbti barrcbt i cs ‗sclfrir“. (Cs hc iyuhi sufriyir cg tïrloda tïrlod a barrcbta). Gi pigifri barrcbti ba rrcbti tocdc cg dðlcra 3. Hcspuïs csbrofi 3 cd gas barbkctcs ig nodig hc gi gìdci.

U 3 \

Vcspadhi gi somuocdtc prcmudti hc lucstri. Cg pipcg sc vcdhc i 62 bcdtivas hc hògir par fgab. ±Buédta bastiréd buitra fgabs1

U

\

U

\

Gi rcspucsti barrcbti cs ?6 bcdtivas. Da kiy dihi quc sufriyir sòga padmi ‗?6 bcdtivas“ cd gas barbkctcs. Iquì kiy atra c`clpga0 LODCVA LCDAV ‘ Cstis pigifris,   9 ±tocdcd somdonobihas sologircs1 6 ±tocdcd somdonobihas badtrihobt badtrihobtaroas1 aroas1 2 da somdonobid do ga losla do ga apucsta

Gi rcspucsti barrcbti cs ‗da somdonobid somdon obid do ga losla do ga g a apucsta“, ga buig cs cg dðlcra 2, isì quc q uc ga quc tocdc quc kibcr cs padcr 2 cd gas barbkctcs ig nodig hc gi gìdci. Buidha gi rcspucsti i udi prcmudti cs udi gctri a ud dðlcra, pòdmigi(a) cd gas barbkctcs. Xahis gis gctris sc hcfcd csbrofor bad gctri hc laghc. Csti prucfi badtocdc 3: prcmudtis. Cs paba prafifgc quc ustch tcrlodc taha, pcra kimi su liyar csnucrza. Hcspuïs quctid cg cxilodihar gc odhoquc quc balocdbc, cxibtilcdtc lodutas piri pasofgc trifi`ir hc ga lés quc puchi. Dahcviyi répoha quc puchi balctcr crrarcs, yitcdhré quc hcfc hc tcdcr cg96liyar dðlcra rcspucstis barrcbtis. Gis prcmudtis sc vucgvcd bihi vcz lés honìbogcs, da sc gis sigtc. Da pocrhi lubka toclpa cd ud prafgcli. Cg cxilodihar da rcspadhcré prcmudtis hcspuïs hc quc gi prucfi odoboc. Ikari, ¡padmi i ud giha su gépoz y cspcrc i quc cg cxilodihar gc homi quc balocdbc!

Da morc gi pémodi kisti quc sc gc pohi quc ga kimi

Nucdtc0 C. N. Zrucfi hc pcrsadig ]adhcrgob, Odb., Dartk󿬉cgh, Dar tk󿬉cgh, OG. Vcolprcsa bad pcrlosa.

Nomuri 3.> Zrucfi hc pcrsadig ]adhcrgob

 

trobcs sad ðtogcs piri trifi`as bala birpodtcra, bir podtcra, anoboig hc pagobìi, apcrihar hc léquodi hc bascr, bascr, trifi`ihar hc gi anobodi pastig y bkancr hc biloòd. Cd gi nomuri . sc lucstri ud c`clpga hc udi prucfi psobalatroz.

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc  

9=2

 

CDBSCRXI HC BAGABIBOÒD ZAV BIZI BIZIBOHIH BOHIH HC BIVVCVI

6. Ralfrcir rcgiboòd cspcboig (RV, par sus somgis cd odmgïs)   Ïsti cs udi prucfi hc rcgiboadcs cspiboigcs. I badtoduiboòd badtoduiboòd sc lucstrid pitradcs quc sc puchcd hafgir cd nomuris. Xocdc quc cgcmor quï nomuri sc puchc kibcr ig hafgir barrcbtilcdtc cg pitròd y hcspuïs asburcbcr cg cspiboa hc gi rcspucsti irrofi. Ròga udi hc gis buitra nomuris cs barrcbti piri bihi pitròd lastriha. Zribtoquc Zribtoquc bad cstas ufobiha c`clpgas. C`clpga 90

C`clpga 60

  Cd cg c`clpga 9, gi prolcri nomuri, cg bufa, cs barrcbta. barrcbta. Sstch hcfc kifcr salfrciha salfrciha cg cspiboa hc gi rcspucsti irrofi hc gi prolcri nomuri. Cd cg c`clpga 6, tahis gis nomuris sad barrcbtis cd buidta i narli, pcra sòga udi hc cggis cgg is cs salfrcihi barrcbtilcdtc. Gi ðgtoli cs gi barrcbti. Vcbucrhc quc gis supcrnobocs lastrihis cd cg pitròd hcfcd soclprc cstir nucri hc gi nomuri hafgihi.  

Buidha sc hï gi scùig, bilfoc gi pémodi y balocdbc. Xrifi`c ga lés répohi y buohihasilcdtc buohihasilcdtc pasofgc.

DAX DAXI0 I0 Ro gi bilfoi su rcspucsti, salfrcc rcspucsti barrcbti. lirquc bad udi ‗[“ cd gi rcspucsti quc quocrc bilfoir y hcspuïs  

Xcdhré bodba lodutas piri balpgctir csti scbboòd.

DA BILFOC CRX CRXI I ZÉMODI ZÉMODI KIRXI KIRXI YSC RC GC ODHOYSC

BIZR, bapyromkt © 9?=> par Chots, Rid Hocma, Hocm a, Bigonardoi ?69:=. Xahas Xahas gas hcrcbkas rcscrvihas.

Nomuri 3.= Zrucfi hc bipibohih pcrbcptuig

9=8

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

CDBSCRXI HC BAGABIBOÒD ZAV BIZ BIZIBOHIH IBOHIH HC BIVVCVI

;. Hcstrczi y ripohcz liduig liduig (LRH)   Csti cs udi prucfi hc hcstrczi y ripohcz liduig. I badtoduiboòd kiy udi scroc hc ngcbkis ngcbkis arhcdihis arhcdihis cd baguldis. Xocdc Xocdc quc irristrirgis cd gìdcis vcrtobigcs badcbtidha gis pudtis hc gis ngcbkis ihyibcdtcs.   Balocdbc bihi gìdci hc gi pirtc supcroar hc gi ngcbki y irristrc kisti kisti gi pudti hc hc gi pirtc odncroar hc gi ngcbki. Iscmðrcsc hc tabir ilfis pudtis hc gi ngcbki sod so d bruzir gis pudtis cd cg érci salfrcihi. Odoboc cd gi pirtc supcroar hc bihi baguldi y trifi`c lctobugasilcdtc iscmurédhasc hc quc gis gìdcis quc sc irristrid cstïd hcrcbkis, mrucsis y asburis. Zribtoquc Zribtoquc bad gas somuocdtcs c`clpgas.

barrcbta barrcbta odbarrcbta

Dati0 Sdi gìdci badtodui cs odbarrcbti

odbarrcbta barrcbta odbarrcbta

 t a  r r c b  d b a  o d

barrcbta

Buidha sc hï gi scùig, bilfoc gi pémodi y balocdbc. Xrifi`c Xrifi`c ga lés répohi y buohihasilcdtc quc puchi. Ru pudti`c hcpcdhcré hc gi vcgabohih y prcbosoòd. Xcdhré Xcdhré bodba lodutas piri balpgctir csti scbboòd.

DA BILFOC CRX CRXI I ZÉMODI ZÉMODI KIRXI KIRXI YSC RC GC ODHOYSC

BIZR, bapyromkt © 9?=> par Chots, Rid Hocma, Hocm a, Bigonardoi ?69:=. Xahas Xahas gas hcrcbkas rcscrvihas.

Nomuri 3.; Zrucfi hc bipibohih psobalatroz  

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc  

9=3

 

Bipibohih nìsobi Gis prucfis hc bipibohih bipibohih n ìsobi sc usid i lcduha piri pucstas quc rcquocrcd nucrzi  y rcsostcdb rcsostcdboi oi nìsob n ìsobi, i, bala gas anoboigc anoboigcss hc pagobìi, pagobìi, falfcras y sigvivoh sigvivohis. is. Csti bipibohih bipibohih sc lohc hc has lidcris0 solugiboadcs hc pucsta y prucfis hc imogohih imogo hih nìsobi. Bad udi solugiboòd, gas sagobotidtcs cd rcigohih puchcd hclastrir gas balpartilocdtas nìsobas rcgiboadihas bad ud trifi`a cd pirtobugir. Zar c`clpga, gas isporidtcs i falfcras pahrìid trcpir udi csbigcri y irristrir udi lidmucri hc  gofris y  pocs par gi biggc, gas nuturas pagobìis pahrìid hospirir udi postagi y pcrscmuor i ud saspcbkasa y quocdcs sagobotid pucstas sigvivohis pahrìid dihir  irristrir udi vìbtoli ikamihi i gi aroggi. I hc pcsir hc quc gis solugiboadcs hc yirhis pucsta ysad végohisihcshc gis pcrspcbtovis hc scmurohih y nodidbocri, i lcduha sad paba prébtobis (Kaavcr (Kaavcr,, ). Zrafir gi bipibohih n ìsobi hc gas sagobotidtcs hc pagobìi cs ud cxbcgcdtc cxbcgcdtc c`clpga hc csti pribtobohih biso dugi. Gas idégosos hc pucsta odhobid hc lidcri badsostcdtc quc gas rcquosotas nìsobas hc gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi sc puchcd hovohor cd has bitcmarìis0 itgïtobas y hcncdsovas. Gas rcquosotas itgïtobas sad nébogcs hc solugir parquc odvagubrid balpartilocdtas bala barrcr, mitcir y irristrirsc. Cd bilfoa, gas rcquosotas hcncdsovas  sad lés hon ìbogcs hc solugir hc lidcri scmuri y prcbosi hcfoha i quc ifirbid balpartilocdtas bala ipgobir prabcholocdtas rcstrobtovas bala halodir, sastcdcr, pitcir y csquovir itibidtcs. Sda puchc olimodir gas prafgclis hc rcspadsifogo rcspadsifogohih hih y scmurohih hcrovihas hc itibir n ìsobilcd ìsobilcdtc tc i gas sagobotidt sagobotidtcs cs piri vcr so puchcd hcncdhcrsc. hcncdhcrsc. Hcfoha i gi honobugtih cd cg usa hc gis solugiboad solugiboadcs cs piri lchor cstas ðgtolas balpartilocdtas, sc usid gis prucfis hc bipibohihcs nìsobis. n ìsobis. Cd gumir hc solugir ibtotuhcs hcncdsovis, gis prucfis sad hcsirraggihis piri lchor gis bipibohihcs fésobis dcbcsirois piri rcigozirgis. Gis prucfis utogozihis bad liyar nrcbucdboi piri csta odbguycd ngcxoòd, odbarpariboòd y nucrzi nucrz i piri su`ctir. Isì, gi odvcstomib odvcstomiboòd oòd ki lastriha quc kiy ducvc bipibohihcs nìsobis fésobis f ésobis (Ngcosklid y Vcoggy, Vcoggy, f)0 h odélobi (nucrzi quc rcquocrc rcpctoboadcs) rcpctoboadcs) = nucrzi hodélobi = nucrzi cd cg tradba (hctcdcr a ngcxoadir) = nucrzi cxpgasovi (sigtir a gidzir af`ctas) = nucrzi cstétobi (nucrzi quc da rcquocrc rcpctoboadcs) = ngcxofogohih hodélobi (vcgabohih piri ngcxoadir, cstorir, morir) = ngcxofogohih hc cxtcdsoòd (mriha hc ngcxoòd, cstorilocdta, mora) = cquogofroa mrucsa hcg bucrpa (figidbc) = baarhodiboòd mrucsi hcg bucrpa (baarhodiboòd buidha cg bucrpa csté cd lavolocdta) = rcsostcdboi (bipibohih piri cxtcdhcr cg csnucrza cd girmas pcroahas hc toclpa) Hcfoha i quc gis prucfis hc bipibohih nìsobi tocdcd ud igtìsola olpibta ihvcrsa cd gis lu`crcs (Irvcy, Duttodm y Gidhad,rcgiboòd 5 Kaavcr Kaavcr, 5 Lo`ircs, ), kid soha brotobihis cd gas trcs pudtas prodbopigcs0 bad cg, pucsta, pudtuiboadcs iprafitarois y cg lalcdta cd cg quc sc hcfcd rcqucror.

Vcgiboòd bad cg pucsta Iudquc pabis pcrsadis cstirìid cd hcsibucrha cd quc ga lc`ar  piri  piri ud anoboig hc pagobìi cs cstir nucrtc y cd narli cd gumir hc hïfog y nucri hc narli, virois pcrsadis bucstoadid sì rciglcdtc cs dcbcsiroa cstir nìsobilcdtc cd narli. Gis brìtobis hc gis prucfis hc imogohih nìsobi botid has rizadcs piri bucstoadir gi dcbcsohih hc ïsti 0 pagobìis quc da cstéd cd narli y igtcrditovis tcbdagòmobis. Cd gi ibtuigohih, viroas anoboigcs hc pagobìi cstéd pisihas hc pcsa, sad gcdtas y da cstéd cd narli, y iðd bad taha cgga sc hcsclpcùid bad scmurohih y cd igtas dovcgcs. Ihclés, cxostc udi odvcstomiboòd quc sumocrc quc gi tiggi da csté rcgiboadihi bad gi scmurohih hc gi pagobìi (Mronnotks y LbHidocg, ). Zar ga tidta, gis brìtobis irmulcdtid quc gi imogohih nìsobi da cs pirtc cscdboig hcg pucsta. Csta cs cspcboiglcdtc bocrta i biusi hc gas ividbcs tcbdagòmobas cd gi pagobìi. Bala ud c`clpga, Raggoc y Raggoc () prcscdtirad hitas quc lucstrid quc cg usa hc mis polocdti cd 9=>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Lcrohoid, Lossossoppo, rchu`a biso balpgctilcdtc gi dcbcsohih hc anoboigcs piri hctcdcr nìsobilcdtc i gas saspcbkasas imrcsovas a cfroas. Rod clfirma, quocdcs ipayid gi prucfi hc bipibohih nìsobi botid cstuhoas quc hclucstrid gis rcgiboadcs badsohcrifgcs cdtrc gis prucfis hc nucrzi osalïtrobi y gas ìdhobcs hc supcrvosoòd hc gi iptotuh nìsobi hcg clpgciha (Fgiegcy, Yuoùadcs, Briwnarh y @ima, ).

Zudtuiboadcs iprafitarois Sd scmudha prafgcli bad gis prucfis hc bipibohih nìsobi cs hctcrlodir gis pudtuiboadcs iprafitarois, csta cs, ±quï tid répoha hcfc barrcr ud sagobotidtc a buédta pcsa hcfc birmirbad pirifisc pisir prucfi1 Giscstédhircs0 pudtuiboadcs iprafitarois piri cstis prucfis sc cstifgcbcd cdgihas topas hc rcgitova y ifsaguta. Gas rcgitovas odhobid quï tid fucdis nucrad gis pudtuiboadcs hc ud odhovohua cd balpiriboòd bad atras ig odtcroar hc ud mrupa bala lu`crcs, isporidtcs i pagobìi u anoboigcs hc pagobìi ibtuigcs. Gi vcdti`i piri usir cstc topa hc cstédhircs cs quc cg olpibta ihvcrsa sc cgolodi hcfoha i quc gas kalfrcs sad balpirihas bad kalfrcs y gis lu`crcs bad lu`crcs. Rod clfirma, cg prafgcli bad gis csbigis rcgitovis cs quc gis sagobotidtcs pahrìid scr nucrtcs balpirihis bad atris lu`crcs, pcra da ga sunobocdtc piri rcigozir cg trifi`a. Ihclés, gas cstédhircs rcgitovas fisihas cd gis bgiscs pratcmohis (p. c., scxa y rizi) nucrad hobtilodihas bala ogcmigcs par gi Gcy hc Hcrcbkas Bovogcs hc  (iudquc tïbdobilcdtc ogcmigcs, cg Hcpirtilcdta hc @ustoboi da bulpgoò gi prakofoboòd badtri gas cstédhircs nìsobas cspcbìnobas hc mïdcra). Cd badtristc, gis pudtuiboadcs iprafitarois ifsagutis sad cstifgcbohis cd ud dovcg lìdola dcbcsiroa piri rcigozir cg trifi`a. Zar c`clpga, so ud anoboig hc pagobìi dcbcsoti irristrir i udi pcrsadi hc  eogas hc ud iuta cd ggilis,  eogas sc vucgvc gi pudtuiboòd iprafitaroi. Bala sc puchc olimodir olimodir,, cg prafgcli surmc ig hctcrlodir gis bidtohihcs lìdolis. Csta cs, ±quï ripohcz dcbcsoti ud anoboig piri barrcr  y rcigozir ihcbuihilcdtc ihcbuihilcdtc su trifi`a trifi`a11 Hcfoha i quc gis pcrsadi pcrsadiss vocdc vocdcd d cd tahas gas tiliùas, ±buédtas eogas dcbcsoti ud anoboig pahcr irristrir1

Buédha hcfc cstir prcscdtc gi bipibohih  Sd tcrbcr prafgcli bad gas rcquosotas hc bipibohih nìsobi cs cg pudta cd cg quc gi bipibohih hcfc cstir prcscdtc. Gi liyarìi hc gas hcpirtilcdtas hc pagobìi rcquocrc quc gas sagobotidtcs rcigobcd gis prucfis hc bipibohih nìsobi cg losla hìi cd cg quc prcscdtid atra topa hc cviguiboadcs. Rod clfirma, cg sagobotidtc da dcbcsoti gi nucrzi a gi ripohcz kisti quc csté rciglcdtc cd gi ibihcloi a cg trifi`a. Ihclés, gas isporidtcs quc vid i gi ibihcloi lucstrid iulcdtas badsohcrifgcs cd su bipibohih nìsobi y gi badhoboòd ig nodig hc su prcpiriboòd (Kcdhcrsad, Fcrry y Litob, ). Kibocdha badbocdboi hc cstc prafgcli, bouhihcs bala Rid Nridbosba y Nogihcgnoi praparboadirad i gas sagobotidtcs udi gosti hc gis bipibohihcs nìsobis n ìsobis quc sc rcqucroréd udi vcz quc ggcmucd i gi ibihcloi. Cdtadbcs sc gcs sumocrc bòla puchcd cstir cd fucdi badhoboòd. badhoboòd. ¡Igmudis bouhihcs odbgusa tocdcd pramrilis hc ibadhoboadilocdta piri cggas! Csis pagìtobis rchubcd badsohcrifgclcdtc cg olpibta ihvcrsa ig iulcdtir gi bipibohih nìsobi hc gis lu`crcs isporidtcs. Sd c`clpga odtcrcsidtc hc gi olpartidboi hc ladotarcir gi prucfi hc bipibohih sc lucstri cd ud cstuhoa hc Zihmctt () quocd nuc badtritiha piri hctcrlodir gas rcquosotas hc vosoòd piri ud hcpirtilcdta ludobopig hc falfcras. Idtcs hc csc cstuhoa, gas cstédhircs diboadigcs hc vosoòd piri gas falfcras sc kifìid cstifgcboha sod dodmudi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomiboòd clpìrobi5 cstopugifid quc gas falfcras dcbcsotifid udi vosoòd lìdoli da barrcmohi hc / y da pahrìid usir gcdtcs hc badtibta hcfoha i quc pahrìid cstir ‗ipimidha sus a`as“. Rod clfirma, hcspuïs hc rcigozir cstc cstuhoa hc afgomiboadcs rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta, Zihmctt hcsbufroò quc gi vosoòd lìdoli dcbcsiroi piri rcigozir tircis hc falfcras cri hc / so gi pcrsadi usifi idtca`as, y quc da kifìi lìdoli so gi pcrsadi tcdìi gcdtcs hc badtibta. Gi honcrcdboi cd gas rcquosotas piri ilfas topas hc gcdtcs sc hcfìi i quc bocrtis afgomiboadcs pahrìid biusir gi pïrhohi hc gas idtca`as, pcra cri luy paba prafifgc quc ud falfcra pcrhocri gas gcdtcs hc badtibta locdtris

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi bipibohih hcg sagobotidtc  

9==

 

  Zcrnog hc clpgca Hr. Lire Nastcr Mcrcdtc badsugtar Odstotuta hc Mafocrda Birg ^odsad Sdovcrsohih hc Mcarmoi

   r    a    t    u    i     g    c     h    i     ì    s    c    t    r    a     B

C

g Odstotuta hc Mafocrda ^odsad cs udi hc virois udohihcs hc scrvoboa hc gi Sdovcrsohih hc Mcarmoi. Gi hovosoòd hc scrvoboas mufcrdilcdtigcs mufcrdilcdtig cs praparboadi isostcdboi tïbdobi i gis imcdbois mufcrdilcdtigcs mufcrdilcdtig cs ludobopigcs, hcg badhiha y cstitigcs. Hcdtra hc csti hovosoòd, gi iscsarìi sc praparboadi prodbopiglcdtc cd gi ihlodostriboòd hc rcbursas kulidas.

Lo pucsta cs prodbopiglcdtc hc iscsar. Los bgocdtcs sad hcpirtilcdtas hc scmurohih hcg Cstiha. Gas praycbtas tìpobas vid hcshc iyuhir i udi pcqucùi bouhih i cgcmor ud ducva `cnc hc pagobìi kisti

bucstoòd sc hcsclpcùi. Cstc cs ud prabcsa girma cd cg quc ya pisirï toclpa bad gas totugircs hcg pucsta locdtris cggas ggcvid i bifa sus gifarcs. Zar c`clpga, so cstuvoïrilas hcsirraggidha litcroigcs hc

lidc`a hc prafgclis hc hcsclpcùa hc ud sufarhodiha, tali hc hcbosoadcs, baludobiboòd arig y csbroti, y armidoziboòd y pgidciboòd. Cg hcsirragga hc gas cxélcdcs csbrotas cs rcgitovilcdt rcgitovilcdtcc scdbogga,

iscsarir gas hcpirtilcdtas hc scmurohihi piri hcsirraggir ducvas prabcholocdtas hc isbcdsa. Hcsirragga y ipgoba prucfis hc badabolocdta hc trifi`a csbrotis y bcdtras hc cviguiboòd. Lubka hc lo toclpa ga pisa iscmurédhalc hc quc cstas odstrulcdtas hc prucfi scid prchobtarcs végohas hcg hcsclpcùa hcg nutura pucsta. Gi cstritcmoi prodbopig quc usa cs gi vigohcz hc badtcdoha. Gis fiscs hc cstc cdnaquc sad iscmurir quc gis prcmudtis cd gis prucfis hc badabolocdta hcg pucsta y gas c`crboboas hcg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd lohid gis afgomiboadcs rcigcs y gis rcspadsifogohihcs quc sc rcquocrcd hcg odhovohua quc rcigozi cg trifi`a. Cg cdnaquc hc gi vigohiboòd hc badtcdoha sc fisi prodbopiglcdtc cd gi rcigoziboòd hc ud idégosos hc pucsta locdtris cg pucsta cd

prucfi piri gas sirmcdtas hc pagobìi, ya ibalpiùirï i udi lucstri rcprcscdtitovi hc sirmcdtas hc pagobìi y gas afscrvirï locdtris trifi`id. Huridtc cstc toclpa gcs kima prcmudtis y tala lubkis datis safrc ga quc cstéd kibocdha cxibtilcdtc y parquï. I pirtor hc csti odnarliboòd cgifara gostis hc vcronobiboòd hc gas badabolocdtas y hc gis kifogohihcs dcbcsiroas. Hc cstis has gostis sifclas quï badabolocdta sorvc piri gi prucfi cd gi rcvosoòd csbroti y quï kifogohihcs cviguir huridtc cg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd. Gas c`clpgas hc badabolocdta hcg pucsta pahrìid odbguor gcycs fésobis, prabcholocdtas y pagìtobi hcpirtilcdtig, rcbagcbboòd ihcbuihi y lidc`a hc cvohcdboi. Gas c`clpgas hc kifogohihcs pahrìid badsostor cd rcbadabolocdta y

locdtris hc gaslés bcdtras hc cviguiboòdquc cs cglubka pirtobopitova. Cg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd cs udi scroc hc solugiboadcs hc trifi`a a c`crboboas hc ud pucsta piri cg quc sc rcquocrc quc cg bidhohita ipgoquc gis kifogohihcs dcbcsirois. Cstis solugiboadcs hc pucsta puchcd talir virois narlis. Cd ga pcrsadig tìpobilcdtc usa trcs a buitra c`crboboas honcrcdtcs quc puchcd odbguor udi rcprcscdtiboòd hc pipcgcs , udi prcscdtiboòd arig y ud c`crboboa hc ud prafgcli csbrota. Ro ga quc kima sucdi bala udi birrcri odtcrcsidtc piri ustch, lo badsc`a cs quc kifgc cxtcdsilcdtc bad igmuocd hc gi prancsoòd. Zrcmðdtcgc safrc prcpiriboòd ibihïlobi, quï topa hc cxpcrocdboi prcvoi scrìi ðtog, quï cs ga quc gc musti y hosmusti hc su birrcri y bòla vc cg nutura hc gi prancsoòd.

rcigozifi udi tirci quc rcquorocri udi vosoòd imuhi. Bala rcsugtiha hc cstc cstuhoa, i  viroas sagobotidtcs bigonobihas quc kifìid soha ipirtihas hcfoha i gas gas irbiobas rcqucrorcqucrolocdtas hc vosoòd sc gcs hoa gi apartudohih hc badvcrtorsc cd falfcras.

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gis kifogohihcs hcg sagobotidtc Lés quc lchor cg badabolocdta ibtuig hcg sagobotidtc a su patcdboig piri hcsclpcùir ud pucsta (bipibohih), igmudis tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd lohcd cg mriha cd cg buig udi pcrsadi tocdc yi udi kifogohih rcgiboadihi bad cg pucsta. Gas lïtahas lés baludcs piri kibcrga sad gi lucstri hc trifi`a y cg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd. c viguiboòd.

Lucstris hc trifi`a Bad udi lucstri hc trifi`a, cg sagobotidtc rcigozi tircis rcgiboadihis bad cg pucsta. Zar c`clpga, i ud sagobotidtc piri cg pucsta hc lcbédoba iutalatroz sc gc pahrìi pchor quc no`c udi fidhi hcg vcdtogihar5 i udi sagobotidtc piri scbrctiroi sc gc pahrìi pchor quc csbrofi udi birti y i ud isporidtc i bkancr hc biloòd sc gc pahrìi pchor quc badhuzbi cd rcvcrsi kiboi udi zadi hc birmi. Gis lucstris hc trifi`a sad kcrrilocdtis hc scgcbboòd cxbcgcdtcs par virois rizadcs. Zrolcra, hcfoha i quc cstéd horcbtilcdtc rcgiboadihis i gis tircis hc trifi`a, 9=;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

tocdcd udi vigohcz hc badtcdoha safrcsigocdtc. Rcmudha, gis pudtuiboadcs hc gis lucstris hc trifi`a tocdhcd i prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa hc trifi`a rcig y, par ga tidta, tocdcd udi vigohcz hc brotcroa luy igti (Biggodid y Vafcrtsad, Vaf crtsad, ). Xcrbcra, Xcrbcra, parquc gas sagobotidtcs puchcd vcr gi badcxoòd cdtrc gi lucstri hcg pucsta y cg trifi`a hcsirraggiha cd cg losla. Gis lucstris tocdcd cxbcgcdtc vigohcz hc ispcbta y par cgga sad lcdas bucstoadihis cd gis ipcgiboadcs hcg scrvoboa bovog a cd gas bisas hc gi bartc (]kcgbkcg, ). Nodiglcdtc, gis lucstris hc trifi`a tocdcd lcdas honcrcdbois riboigcs cd gis pudtuiboadcs pudtuiboad cs quc gis prucfis csbrotis hc bipibohih bamdotovi (Vatk, Kunnbut y Fafea, 5 Vatk, Fafea, LbNirgidh, ), iudquc cg mriha rcig hc honcrcdboi csté iðd cd hcfitc (Fafea, Vatk y Fustcr, ). Gi G i rizòd prodbopig piri da usir lucstris hc trifi`a cs quc puchc scr bira kibcrgis y ipgobirgis. Zar csti rizòd, sc prcnocrc usirgis piri pucstas focd pimihas cd gas quc gas sagobotidtcs scréd badtritihas.

Bcdtras hc cviguiboòd Sd bcdtra hc cviguiboòd cs udi tïbdobi hc scgcbboòd biribtcrozihi par cg usa hc lïtahas hc cviguiboòd lðgtopgcs quc pcrlotcd i gas hovcrsas iscsarcs afscrvir  rciglcdtc   rciglcdtc i gas sagobotidtcs hcsclpcùir tircis hc trifi`a solugihis (@aodcr, ). Rus vcdti`is prodbopigcs sad quc gas lïtahas hc cviguiboòd cstéd rcgiboadihas bad cg pucsta y gas iscsarcs cstéd bipibotihas piri iyuhir i vomogir viroas (iudquc da tahas) topas hc scsmas quc sc puchcd hir cd cg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd. Ziri quc udi tïbdobi hc scgcbboòd sc badsohcrc ud bcdtra hc cviguiboòd, sc hcfcd bulpgor gas somuocdtcs rcquosotas (@aodcr, )0 =

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= =

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=

Gis ibtovohihcs hcg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd sc hcfcd fisir cd gas rcsugtihas hc ud idégosos hc pucsta lctobugasa. Hcfcd usirsc lðgtopgcs tïbdobis hc cviguiboòd y ig lcdas udi hcfc scr hc solugiboòd. Kiy quc usir lðgtopgcs iscsarcs bipibotihas. Rc hcfcd habulcdtir gis afscrviboadcs badhubtuigcs ig lalcdta hc afscrvir cg balpartilocdta hcg sagobotidtc. Gas iscsarcs hcfcd prcpirir ud rcpartc hc sus afscrviboadcs. Cg `uoboa mcdcrig hc ud sagobotidtc hcfc cstir fisiha cd udi balfodiboòd hc odnarliboòd hc gas lðgtopgcs iscsarcs y gis lðgtopgcs tïbdobis. Da sc hcfc kibcr gi cviguiboòd mcdcrig hc ud sagobotidtc i lcdas quc tahis gis tircis hc gas bcdtras hc cviguiboòd sc kiyid balpgctiha.

Hcsirragga y balpadcdtc Iudquc sc puchcd usir virois tïbdobis cd gas bcdtras hc cviguiboòd, cg hcsirragga fésoba y gas topas top as hc c`crboboa sad cquotitovilcd c quotitovilcdtc tc cstédhir. Cg prolcr pisa hc gi brciboòd hc uda hc cstas bcdtras cs, par supucsta, kibcr ud idégosos hc pucsta (Bighwcgg, Xkardtad y Mruys, ). Hc cstc idégosos, gas c`crboboas sad hcsirraggihas piri lchor honcrcdtcs ispcbtas hcg pucsta. Gas c`crboboas baludcs odbguycd gis tïbdobis od-fisect   (bkiragi hc cdtrihi a hcg c`cbutova), solugiboadcs, lucstris hc trifi`a, hosbusoadcs mrupigcs sod gìhcr, cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis, prucfis hc bipibohih y pcrsadigohih, y  `ucmas hc dcmaboas. dcmaboas. Bihi udi hc cggis sc puchc puchc usir par sì losli, pcra sòga buidha buidha sc utogozid virois, balfodihis, sc vucgvcd pirtc hc ud bcdtra hc cviguiboòd. Isolosla, cg bcdtra tìpoba tocdc buitra a bodba c`crboboas, tali has a trcs hìis cd balpgctirsc y bucsti ipraxolihilcdtc ipraxolihilcdtc $    hògircs par sagobotidtc. Sdi vcz quc gas c`crboboas sc kid hcsirraggiha, gas iscsarcs sad cgcmohas piri bigonobir i gas isporidtcs quc kid soha salctohas ig bcdtra hc cviguiboòd. Cstas iscsarcs tocdcd par trihoboòd pucstas has dovcgcs lés igtas quc gas cviguihas c viguihas y pisid ud hìi cd cdtrcdilocdta (Curobk, Eriusc, Bomugirav y Xkardtad, 5 Rpybkigseo, Yuoùadcs, Miumgcr y Zakgcy, ).

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gis kifogohihcs hcg sagobotidtc  

9=?

 

Gi tïbdobi od-fisect . Gi tïbdobi od-fisect  csté  csté hoscùihi piri solugir gas topas hc odnarli-

boòd hoiroi quc ipircbc cd cg csbrotaroa hcg mcrcdtc a hcg clpgciha. Xali su dalfrc hc gis bidistis hc igilfrc quc tìpobilcdtc sc vcd cd gas csbrotaroas hc gis anobodis. Cstis bidistis cd mcdcrig tocdcd has dovcgcs0 cg dovcg ‗hc cdtrihi“, quc sastocdc cg pipcgca quc sc hcfc lidc`ir, y cg dovcg ‗hc sigohi“, badtcdchar hcg pipcgca balpgctiha. Huridtc cg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd, gas c`clpgas hcg pipcgca rcgiboadiha bad cg pucsta sad bagabihas cd udi bidisti bala so cstuvocrid cd rcigohih cd cg trifi`a. Zahrìid odbguor cg lcdsi`c tcgcnòdoba hc ud clpgciha quc da puchc irridbir su iuta  y da sifc bòla ggcmir ig trifi`a a ud lcla hcg hcpirtilcdta hc badtifogohih quc odoboi bad ud balprafidtc hc mistas nigtidtc. Cg sagobotidtc cs afscrviha par ud mrupa hc iscsarcs quc ga bigonobid cd virois holcdsoadcs, bala gi bigohih hc gi hcbosoòd, gi lidcri cd quc gi hcbosoòd sc ggcvò i bifa y cg arhcd cd quc cg sagobotidtc lidc`ò cg pipcgca5 csta cs, ±balcdzò bad ga prolcra hc gi pogi a bad gas pipcgcs lés olpartidtcs1 Gi odvcstomiboòd safrc gi badnoifogohih y gi vigohcz hc gi tïbdobi od-fisect  praparboadi  praparboadi sòga ud ipaya lahcsta piri su prapoi utogohih (Rbkopplidd, Zrocd y Eitz, ). Rolugiboadcs. Gas c`crboboas hc solugiboòd sad gi baguldi vcrtcfrig hcg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd parquc pcrlotcd i gas iscsarcs vcr i ud sagobotidtc ‗cd ibboòd“. Gis solugiboadcs, 

quc puchcd odbguor ibtovohihcs hovcrsis bala rcprcscdtiboòd hc pipcgcs y lucstris hc trifi`a, padcd ig sagobotidtc cd udi sotuiboòd quc cs ga lés pircbohi pasofgc i ga quc sc puchc cdbadtrir cd cg pucsta. Ziri scr cncbtovis, gis solugiboadcs sc hcfcd fisir cd gas balpartilocdtas rcgiboadihas rcgiboadihas bad cg pucsta y hcfcd scr rizadifgclcdtc rcigostis. Sd fucd c`clpga hcudi udimrid solugiboòd rcprcscdtiboòd hc pipcgcstcgcnòdobas cs ud bcdtra hc cviguiboòd usiha par bouhih hc piri scgcbboadir apcriharcs hc clcrmcdboi. Cg sagobotidtc sc socdti nrcdtc i ud badlutihar piri lidc`ir udi ggilihi ingomohi hc udi pcrsadi quc hcsbrofc udi sotuiboòd hc clcrmcdboi. Hcfc rcspadhcr ihcbuihilcdtc gi ggilihi, biglir i quocd kifgi y aftcdcr gi odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi ga lés répoha pasofgc. Atra c`clpga c` clpga cs ud sagobotidtc hc pagobìi quc csbrofc udi lugti piri ud bouhihida cda`iha, y ud sagobotidtc piri ud pucsta hc isostcdtc hc rcsohcdtc cd ud harlotaroa cstuhoidtog, quozé hcfi biglir ud pucsta cdtrc has balpiùcras hc buirta. Ziri rchubor gas igtas bastas isaboihas bad gis solugiboadcs rcigcs, virois armidoziboadcs pðfgobis bala gi Balosoòd hc Rcrvoboa Bovog hcg cstiha hc Ducvi _are y gi bouhih hc Niornix, ^ormodoi kid hcsirraggiha c`crboboas sotuiboadigcs cd bodtis hc  vohca. Gis armidoziboadcs quc usid solugiboadcs cd vohca gis rcprahubcd idtc mrupas hc sagobotidtcs quocdcs gis vcd y hcspuïs csbrofcd ga quc cggas kirìid cd bihi sotuiboòd. rcspucstis bigonobihis par gas idigostis hcgscroc pcrsadig hc lidcri sologir i giCstis quc sc usi cd gissad cdtrcvostis sotuiboadigcs. Cd udi hc solugiboadcs ggilihis F-ZIH, F-ZIH, par sus somgis cd odmgïs (Cstritcmoi (C stritcmoi hc cviguiboòd badhubtuig hc pagobìi Ua hc pcrsadig\), gas sagobotidtcs rcspadhcd hc lidcri arig locdtris vcd gis bodtis hc sotuiboadcs bad gis quc sc tapid gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi. Cg hcsirragga hc gas c`crboboas hc solugiboòd puchc scr bira, pcra gas c`crboboas prccgifarihas, sc puchcd balprir i ud prcboa lubka lés fi`a. Iud biras, cg basta puchc scr hodcra focd mistiha, yi quc gis solugiboad solugiboadcs cs hid bala rcsugtiha ud olpibta ihvcrsa lcdar ig hc gis prucfis hc gépoz y pipcg trihoboadigcs (Rbklott y Loggs, ). Lucstris hc trifi`a. Buidha udi solugiboòd da odvagubri ud c`crboboa sotuiboadig, usuiglcdtc sc gc puchc ggilir lucstri hc trifi`a. Cstis lucstris nucrad hosbutohis idtcs

cd csti scbboòd pcra sc lcdboadid hc ducva iquì parquc sad c`crboboas baludcs hcg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd. Hosbusoadcs mrupigcs sod gìhcr. Cd cstc c`crboboa gas sagobotidtcs sc rcðdcd cd pcqucùas mru-

pas y sc gcs hi ud prafgcli rcgiboadiha bad cg pucsta piri quc ga rcsucgvid a ga hos9;:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

butid. Zar c`clpga, i gas isporidtcs i supcrvosarcs sc gcs pahrìi pchor quc hcfitid apboadcs piri latovir i gas clpgcihas, a i gas sagobotidtcs piri isostcdtcs hc rcsohcdtcs sc gcs pahrìi pchor quc kimid ga prapoa ibcrbi hc bòla rchubor cg ruoha cd gis sigis hc rcsohcdboi. Dodmðd gìhcr cs hcsomdiha, hc ikì cg tïrloda hc hosbusoòd mrupig sod gìhcr. gìhcr. _i quc gas sagobotidtcs hosbutcd cg prafgcli a tcli, sad cviguihas hc lidcri odhovohuig cd holcdsoadcs bala baapcriboòd, gohcrizma y kifogohihcs idigìtobis.  @ucmas hc dcmaboas.  Gas  `ucmas hc dcmaboas  sad c`crboboas quc pcrlotcd ig sagobotidtc

hclastrir itrofutas tigcs bala brcitovohih, tali hc hcbosoadcs y bipibohih piri trifi`ir badXodecr atras. Xay. Sd `ucma hc odhovohuas dcmaboas cd bcdtrai hc udiquc scroccrid hc lahcgas Buitra sc ud udocrad ud cviguiboòd mrupa y sc usò gcs ho`a pirtc hc udi balpiùìi hc lidunibturi. Gas irtìbugas ofid hcshc gis lcsis kisti gas suflirodas hc Xodecr Xodecr Xay, Xay, y gi tirci hcg mrupa nuc balprir gis pirtcs, pirtcs , nifrobir gas prahubtas y hcspuïs vcdhcrgas bad gi mididboi lés igti cd ud ilfocdtc cd cg quc gas prcboas bilfoifid badstidtclcd badstidtclcdtc. tc.

^igariboòd hc gas bcdtras hc cviguiboòd Gis odvcstomiboadcs odhobid quc gas bcdtras hc cviguiboòd kid soha cxotasas cd prchcbor ud ilpgoa ridma hc balpartilocdtas hcg clpgciha (Irtkur (Ir tkur,, Hiy, LbDcggy y Chcds, 5 Miumgcr, Vascdtkig, Xkardtad y Fcdtsad, ). Iudquc gis pudtuiboadcs hcg bcdtra hc cviguiboòd sad luy fucdas prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa, sc ki irmulcdtiha quc atras lïtahas puchcd prchcbor lc`ar gas loslas brotcroas y par ud basta lés fi`a (Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ). Ihclés, kiy bocrtas bucstoadilocdtas rcspcbta i gi bipibohih ud bcdtra hc cviguiboòd hcsirraggiha cd ud gumir piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa cdhc pucstas sologircs cd atras gumircs (Rbklott, Rbkdcohcr y Bakcd, ). Iudquc udi vcz sc pcdsò quc cstas bcdtras hid bala rcsugtiha dovcgcs fi`as hc olpibta ihvcrsa, gas rcsugtihas hcg lcti-idégosos (Hcid, Vatk y Fafea, ) odhobid quc gas inrailcrobidas (h   󰀼 .) bigonobid sufstidboiglcdtc lés fi`a y gas kospidas gomcrilcdtc lcdar (h  󰀼 .) cd gas bcdtras hc cviguiboòd quc gas biubésobas (h  󰀼 .). Zar su pirtc, gis lu`crcs aftocdcd liyar pudtuiboòd quc gas kalfrcs ( h  󰀼 .)

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi cxpcrocdboi prcvoi Gi cxpcrocdboi hcg sagobotidtc cd mcdcrig puchc lchorsc hc buitra lidcris0 tisis hc cxpcrocdboi hc gi odnarliboòd hc gi sagobotuh/burrìbugul, foahiti, vcronobiboadcs hc rcncrcdboi y cdtrcvostis. Hcfoha i quc gis cdtrcvostis sc hosbutocrad lidcri cxtcdsi cd cg bipìtuga  y gi vcronobiboòd hc rcncrcdbois sc hosbutoò idtcs cdhc cstc bipìtuga, sòga sc kifgiré iquì hc gis tisis hc cxpcrocdboi y hc foahiti.

Xisis hc cxpcrocdboi Gi fisc piri gis tisis hc cxpcrocdboi cs gi ohci hc quc gas badabolocdtas ihquorohas cd cg pisiha prchcboréd gi cxpcrocdboi nuturi. Cg ipaya piri csti daboòd vocdc hc ud lcti-idégosos kcbka par Yuoùadcs, Narhy y Xcibkaut (), quocdcs cdbadtrirad udi rcgiboòd badsohcrifgc cdtrc gi cxpcrocdboi y cg hcsclpcùa nutura hcg pucsta (r  󰀼 .). Ig hir brïhota i gi cxpcrocdboi, uda hcfc badsohcrir gi bidtohih quc sc tocdc, tocdc, cg dovcg hc hcsclpcùa hclastriha cd cggi y quï tid rcgiboadihi csté bad cg pucsta ibtuig. Csta das hobc quc par sì sagi da cs sunobocdtc. Xcdcr Xcdcr  iùas hc cxpcrocdboi da rcgiboadihi hc fi`i bigohih da cs ga losla quc  iùas hc cxpcrocdboi rcgiboadihi hc igti bigohih. Ruggovid () sumocrc quc kiy ud tapc cd hir brïhota i gi cxpcrocdboi (par c`clpga, da hir brïhota par lés hc bodba iùas hc cxpcrocdboi) hcfoha i quc cg

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi cxpcrocdboi prcvoi  

9;9

 

badabolocdta aftcdoha i trivïs hc cggi tocdc udi vohi ðtog, y pimir par gi cxpcrocdboi cs bira. Zar c`clpga, hihas gas répohas bilfoas cd gi tcbdagamìi, ±ud pramrilihar hc balputiharis bad  iùas hc cxpcrocdboi cd rcigohih tcdhré badabolocdta lés rcgc vidtc quc uda uda bad bodba bodba iùas1

Foahiti (hitas foamré﬉bas) Foahiti cs ud lïtaha hc scgcbboòd quc badsohcri tidta gi vohi hc ud sagobotidtc

bala gi csbucgi, cg scrvoboa logotir, gi baludohih y gi cxpcrocdboi gifarig. Gas lctiidégosos kid lastriha quc foahiti cs ud fucd prchobtar hcg hcsclpcùa gifarig, isì bala cg lc`ar prchobtar hc abupiboòd hc clpgca nutura (Fcigg, 5 Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ). Cd pabis pigifris, ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti cs ud narlugiroa a ud bucstoadiroa quc badtocdc prcmudtis quc, scmðd gis odvcstomiboadcs kid hclastriha, lohcd gi honcrcdboi cdtrc gas trifi`iharcs cxotasas y gas da cxotasas cd ud pucsta. Bihi prcmudti rcbofc ud pcsa odhobihar hc quï tid focd sc honcrcdboi i gas trifi`iharcs hcnobocdtcs hc gas cxotasas. I lc`ar honcrcdboiboòd, honcrcdboiboòd, liyar cs cg pcsa. Gas odstrulcdtas hc foahiti tocdcd virois vcdti`is0 Gis odvcstomiboadcs kid lastriha quc puchcd prchcbor cg balpartilocdta hc trifi`a cd viroas pucstas, odbguycdha odbguycdha vcdtis, ihlodostriboòd ihlodostr iboòd,, iscsarìi hc siguh lcdtig, trifi`a par kari cd gis pgidtis prabcsiha prabcsiharis, ris, clpgcihas cd tocdhis hc balcstofgcs, trifi`a cd balohi répohi y supcrvosoòd. = Kid soha bipibcs hc prchcbor brotcroas tid viroihas bala gis tisis hc supcrvosar, ifscdtosla, ibbohcdtcs, rafa hcg clpgciha, hclaris hc prïstilas, vcdtis y pcrlidcdb pcrlidcdboi. oi. = Hid bala rcsugtiha brcbolocdta y liyar mididboi armidoziboadig (Xcrpstri  y Vazcgg, Vazcgg, ). ). = Rad nébogcs hc usir, sc ipgobid répohilcdtc, répohilcdtc, sad firitas y da cstéd su`ctas i scsmas bala cdtrcvostis, rcncrcdbois rcncrcdbois y cviguiboò cviguiboòd d hc burrìbugul. bur rìbugul. =

Hcsirragga hc ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti Cd cg prolcr pisa, gi odnarliboòd safrc gas clpgcihas sc aftocdc hc has lidcris0 cg cdnaquc hc irbkova a cg cdnaquc hcg bucstoadiroa. Bad cg cdnaquc hc irbkova aftcdclas odnarliboòd hc gas irbkovas pcrsadigcs safrc cg clpgca prcvoa hc gas trifi `iharcs, chubiboòd, c hubiboòd, odtcrcscs y hclamrin ìi. Bala sc lcdboadò cd gi hosbusoòd hc gi odvcstomiboòd odvcstomibo òd hc irbkova cd cg bipìtuga , gi prodbopig hcsvcdti`i hc cstc cdnaquc cs quc gi odnarliboòd i lcduhabrcir nigti ud a csté odbalpgcti. Rcmudha, pahclas bucstoadiroa foamrénoba quc sc ipgoquc i tahas gas clpgcihas y sagobotidtcs. Sd c`clpga sc lucstri cd gi nomuri .. Gi hcsvcdti`i prodbopig piri cg cdnaquc hcg bucstoadiroa cs quc gi odnarliboòd da sc puchc aftcdcr hc gas clpgcihas quc kid rcdudboiha a kid soha hcspchohas. hcspchohas . Hcspuïs hc quc sc ki aftcdoha gi odnarliboòd dcbcsiroi, sc cgo`c cg brotcroa ihcbuiha. Bala sc hosbutc cd hctiggc cd cg bipìtuga , ud brotcroa cs udi lchohi hc balpartilocdta gifarig, bala bigohih, ifscdtosla a pcrlidcdboi. Cs C s cscdboig quc cg cgcmoha sci rcgcvidtc, badnoifgc y rciglcdtc af`ctova. Ziri hir ud c`clpga hcg hcsirra gga hc ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti bad ud brotcroa hcnobocdtc, udi vcz sc lc pohoò quc iyuhiri i rchubor cg ifscdtosla cd udi armidoziboòd ig scgcbboadir sagobotidtcs sagobotidtcs quc tuvocrid udi igti prafifogohih hc isostcdboi i sostcdboi nuturi. Buidha sc rcudocrad gas hitas odoboigcs, sc afscrvò quc cg ifscdtosla da cri ud prafgcli rcig piri csti balpiùìi. Lcdas hc gi lotih hcg pcrsadig kifìi nigtiha lés hc ud hìi cd scos lcscs, pcra gi balpiùìi pcrbofoò cg prafgcli parquc udas buidtas trifi`iharcs bgivc nigtirad viroas hìis ig 9;6

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

9. ±Cs loclfra hc gi nchcriboòd cstuhoidtog hc fibkoggcrita1 Da

Rì 

6. Dðlcra hc trifi`as cd gas bodba iùas idtcroarcs 9

6

2‒3

Lés hc 3

2. ±Xoclpa quc ggcvi vovocdha cd gi horcbboòd ibtuig1 Lcdas hc 9 iùa 8‒3 iùas

9‒2 iùas Lés hc 3 iùas

8. Ru lchoa hc tridspartc piri ggcmir ig trifi`a cs0 I poc Biloòd

Fobobgcti Ivcdtòd hc ud iloma

Iuta prapoa Atra

3. Chubiboòd0

Nomuri 3.? Bucstoadiroa hc foahiti

Fibkoggcrita odbalpgcta Bcrtonobiha hc fibkoggcrita a MCH Sdovcrsohih odbalpgcti Xìtuga isaboiha Xìtuga hc gobcdboituri Xìtuga hc licstrìi Xotuga hc habtariha

trifi`a. ga tidta,dausir foahiti atra odstrulcdta hc scgcbboòd) piri prchcborZar ud brotcroa rcgcvidtc da(agc buigquocr kifrìi ikarriha hodcra i gi armidoziboòd. Sdi vcz quc sc ki cgcmoha ud brotcroa, gas clpgcihas sc bgisonobid cd has mrupas hc brotcroa bad fisc cd gis pudtuiboadcs aftcdohis hc gas loslas. Zar c`clpga, so sc scgcbboadi gi pcrlidcdboi bala lchohi hc brotcroa, gas clpgcihas quc kid trifi`iha piri gi balpiùìi par ig lcdas ud iùa pahrìid scr bagabihas cd cg mrupa hc ‗girmi pcrlidcdboi“, locdtris gas trifi`iharcs quc rcdudboirad a nucrad hcspchohas cd lcdas hc ud iùa scrìid bagabihas cd cg mrupa hc ‗barti pcrlidcdboi“. Ro kiy sunobocdtcs clpgcihas hospadofgcs, % supcroar c odncroar hc gas quc trifi`id sc puchc usir piri cstifgcbcr gas has mrupas (Kamid, ). Sdi vcz quc gas hitas hcg clpgciha sc kid aftcdoha y sc ki cgcmoha tidta cg brotcroa bala cg mrupa hc brotcroa, bihi poczi hc odnarliboòd hcg clpgciha cs balpirihi bad gi inogoiboòd hc cstc mrupa. Cg prapòsota hc csi ctipi cs hctcrlodir quï poczis hc gi odnarliboòd hostodmuoréd i gas loclfras hcg mrupa hc brotcroa igta hc gas hcg mrupa hc brotcroa fi`a. Hc lidcri piri ggcvir csta i bifa sc ki mrupa utogoziha cg lïtaha hc parbcdti`c vcrtobig.trihoboadig, Gas parbcdti`cs sc bigbugid piri bihi cd bihi cgclcdta. Isolosla, cg tidta par bocdta hc udi rcspucsti pirtobugir piri cg mrupa fi`a cs sustriìha hcg parbcdti`c hc gi losli rcspucsti cd cg mrupa igta, taha cgga bad cg nod hc aftcdcr ud pcsa piri csc cgclcdta. Sd c`clpga hc cstc prabcsa hc padhcriboòd sc lucstri cd gi tifgi .. Cs olpartidtc iscmurir quc gas pcsas tcdmid ud scdtoha riboadig. Isì, gas cgclcdtas quc tocdcd cstc scdtoha sad lés végohas y, par ga tidta, lés nébogcs hc hcncdhcr cd gas trofudigcs quc iqucggas cgclcdtas clpìrobilcdtc végohas pcra quc da ga tocdcd (Rtaecs y Xatk, Xatk, ). Sdi vcz quc gas pcsas sc kid isomdiha i gas cgclcdtas, gi odnarliboòd cs padhcrihi y hcspuïs iùihohi piri narlir udi pudtuiboòd mgafig piri bihi clpgciha. Gis pudtuiboadcs mgafigcs sad cdtadbcs barrcgiboadihis bad gas brotcroas piri hctcrlodir so ud odstrulcdta ducva hc foahiti prchcboré hc lidcri badsohcrifgc igmðd brotcroa. Iudquc cstc prabcsa sucdi balpgobiha, cd rcigohih cs nébog5 pcra afvoilcdtc badsulc toclpa.

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi cxpcrocdboi prcvoi  

9;2

 

Xifgi 3.9 Zrabcsa hc padhcriboòd hc foahiti ^iroifgc Chubiboòd

Fibkoggcrita Gobcdboituri Licstrìi

Zcrlidcdboi girmi (%)

Zcrlidcdboi barti (%)

8: 3? 9

;: 93 3

Honcrcdbois cd gas parbcdti`cs  

8: 󰀥88 ∖8 ∖

Zcsa hc gi udohih  

9 +9  :

∖

Sd prafgcli bad gi brciboòd hcg odstrulcdta hc foahiti cs cg tiliùa hc gi lucstri. Ziri brcir uda quc sci végoha y badnoifgc, cs hcscifgc tcdcr hitas hc bocdtas hc clpgcihas. Rod clfirma, piri lubkis armidoziboadcs, csas tiliùas mridhcs hc lucstri sad honìbogcs, so da olpasofgcs hc aftcdcr. Cd gi brciboòd hc ud odstrulcdta bad udi lucstri pcqucùi iulcdti cg rocsma hc usir cgclcdtas quc da prchobcd rciglcdtc cg brotcroa. Csta cs olpartidtc parquc gi liyarìi hc gas psobògamas odhustroigcs sumocrcd quc gas clpgcihas hcfcd scpirirsc cd has lucstris buidha sc brci ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti0 udi, gi lucstri hc hcroviboòd,  sc usi piri narlir pcsas5 gi atri, lucstri prcscdtihi,  cs ðtog piri vcronobir has vcbcs gas cgclcdtas scgcbboadihas y gas pcsas. Iudquc csti scpiriboòd sucdi bala udi mrid ohci, da cs prébtoba buidha sc trifi`i bad udi lucstri pcqucùi a lahcrihi. Gi odvcstomiboòd rcigozihi par Rbklott, Baygc y Viusbkcdfcrmcr () sumocrc quc kiy lcdas apartudohih hc crrar buidha udi lucstri da sc hovohc. Gi hosbusoòd hc so hovohor gis lucstris a da sc cdbucdtri hcstodihi i badtoduir par gas iùas quc vocdcd, pcra hcfoha i quc viroas prancsoadigcs hc lc`ar VK cstiréd dðlcras hc clpgcihas rcgitovilcdtc pcqucùas, pahrìi scr brcir gohoidha y vigohir bad ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti sod scpirir i gas clpgcihas cd udi lucstri hc hcroviboòd y atri prcscdtihi. Sd isudta nodig i badsohcrir cs gi lucstri quc sc usi piri brcir cg odstrulcdta hc foahiti. Gis rcspucstis hc gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs sc puchcd utogozir piri scgcbboadir cgclcdtas y brcir gas pcsas quc sc ipgobiréd i gas sagobotidtcs. Rtaecs, Kamid y Rdcgg () cdbadtrirad quc cg usa hc totugircs hc gas pucstas y hc gas isporidtcs i cggas puchcd irra`ir rcspucstis luy hostodtis, odhobirad quc cg usa hc gas totugircs piri brcir cgclcdtas y narlir sus csbigis puchc rchubor gi vigohcz.

Brìtobis i foahiti Odbgusa iudquc foahiti kibc ud fucd trifi`a cd prchcbor cg balpartilocdta nutura hcg clpgciha, sc ki brotobiha cd has pudtas prodbopigcs. Cg prolcra sastocdc quc gi  vigohcz hc foahiti puchc da scr cstifgc5 csta cs, cs , su bipibohih piri prchcbor prchc bor cg balpartilocdta hcg clpgciha hosloduyc bad cg toclpa. Zar c`clpga, ]crdoladt ]crdoladt () cdbadtrò prcmudtis rctuvocrad sukisti vigohcz hc prchobboòd cd cg pcroaha gas bodba quc iùassòga quctrcs tridsburrocrad hcshc  . I su vcz, Kumkcs, Huddhcy Fixtcr () rcpartirad rcsugtihas sologircs. Rod clfirma, atri odvcstomiboòd (Frawd, ) sumoroò quc csi hcbgodiboòd cd gi  vigohcz cdbadtrihi cd gas cstuhoas idtcroarcs puchc kifcr rcsugtiha hc gis lucstris pcqucùis cd cg hcsirragga odoboig hcg odstrulcdta hc foahiti. Frawd usò hitas hc lés hc   imcdtcs hc scmuras hc vohi piri hoscùir su odstrulcdta hc foahiti, pcra sòga gas hitas hc  imcdbois sc usirad piri hcsirraggir iqucg odstrulcdta hc foahiti quc nuc brotobiha idtcs par ]crdoladt (). Frawd balpirò gi vigohcz hc su lucstri aromodig () bad gis lucstris talihis scos iùas hcspuïs () y  iùas hcspuïs (). Gas rcsugtirad odhobirad quc gas loslas cgclcdtas quc prcho`crad badsohcrifgclcdtc cg brotcroa cd  ga prcho`crad cd gas loslas dovcgcs cg iùa . Sd cstuhoa safrc cg usa hc ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti, brciha cd udi armidoziboòd y ipgobiha par atris , cdbadtrò quc gi vigohcz sc mcdcrigozò cd tahis gis armidoziboadcs (Birgsad, Rbuggcd, Rbkloht, Vatkstcod y Crwod ). Zar ga tidta, foahiti puchc scrCrwod, lés cstifgc bad cg toclpa y gas gumircsyhc ga quc idtcs sc pcdsò (Vatkstcod, Rbkloht, Awcds y Rpires, 5 Rbkloht Vatkstcod, ). 9;8

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Gi scmudhi brìtobi cs quc igmudas cgclcdtas hc foahiti puchcd da bulpgor gas rcquosotas gcmigcs cstifgcbohas cd gas godcilocdtas udonarlcs nchcrigcs quc hctcrlodid lïtahas `ustas hc badtritiboòd. Igma luy prcabupidtc cs quc bocrtas cgclcdtas hc foahiti pahrìid badhubor i udi hosbrolodiboòd riboig y scxuig. Zar c`clpga, badsohcrc cg cgclcdta hc scgcbboòd ‗hostidboi hcshc cg trifi`a“. Gas sagobotidtcs quc  vovcd bcrbi hcg trifi`a pahrìid aftcdcr lés pudtas quc quocdcs vovcd lés gc`as. Cg cgclcdta pahrìi ggcvir i udi hosbrolodiboòd riboig so gi armidoziboòd csté gabigozihi cd cg érci prchalodidtclcdtc biubésobi. Rod clfirma, rctorir csas cgclcdtas hosbroloditaroas hcfc cgolodir gi liyarìi hc gas prafgclis gcmigcs locdtris iðd sc pcrloti p crloti gi vigohcz prchobtovi badsohcrifgc (Vcoggy y Bkia, ). Iudquc gas odstrulcdtas hc foahiti sad végohas y da prapcdsas ig olpibta ihvcrsa bala sì ga cstéd atras lïtahas hc scgcbboòd, cg kcbka hc quc gas sagobotidtcs gas vcid, `udta i gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih, bala gas lïtahas hc scgcbboòd lcdas rcgiboadihas bad cg pucsta (Rlotkcr, Vcoggy, Loggsip, Zcirglid y Rtanncy, ) puchc iulcdtir gi apartudohih hc quc ud `uoboa sc prcscdtc pcra da gi apartudohih apar tudohih hc quc ud  `uoboa sc pocrhi. Bad gi nodigohih hc kibcr lcdas hcsimrihifgcs gas odstrulcdtas hc foahiti i gis brìtobis, Midhy y Hyc () hcsirraggirad buitra cstédhircs i badsohcrir piri bihi rcibtova patcdboig0 . Gas rcibtovas hcfcd gohoir bad cvcdtas fi`a cg badtrag hc gi pcrsadi (p. c., udi pcrsadi da tcdhrìi cg badtrag safrc cg lalcdta cd quc diboò pcra sì ga tcdhrìi safrc cg dðlcra hc odnribboadcs par cxbcsa hc vcgabohih quc rcbofoò). . Cg rcibtova hcfc cstir rcgiboadiha bad cg pucsta. . Gi rcspucsti ig rcibtova hcfc scr vcronobifgc (p. c., udi prcmudti safrc buédtas trifi`as ki tcdoha ud sagobotidtc cs vcronobifgc, pcra udi safrc su topa hc gofra nivarota da ga cs). . Cg rcibtova da hcfc odvihor gi provibohih hc ud sagobotidtc (prcmudtir parquï ud sagobotidtc rcdudboò i su trifi`a cs pcrlosofgc5 prcmudtir safrc su vohi scxuig usuiglcdtc usui glcdtc da ga cs). Odbgusa iudquc cstas buitra cstédhircs cgolodirad viroas rcibtovas patcdboigcs, Midhy y Hyc () iðd aftuvocrad ud bacnobocdtc hc vigohcz hc .. Xid olprcsoadidtc bala cg bacnobocdtc hc igti vigohcz nuc quc cg odstrulcdta hc foahiti lastrò udi fucdi prchobboòd piri gas inrailcrobidas, biubésobas c kospidas. Gi tcrbcri brìtobi cs quc foahiti puchc scr nigsa, ud birma quc sc ki kcbka badtri bihi lïtaha hc scgcbboòd, cxbcpta gis lucstris hc trifi`a y gis prucfis hc bipibohih. Gis odvcstomiboadcs odhobid quc gas sagobotidtcs hc kcbka rcspadhcd i gas rcibtovas hc lidcris saboiglcdtc hcscifgcs (Rtaecs ct ig .,., ). Ziri rchubor gi nigschih, sc puchcd hir viroas pisas, odbguycdha0 ihvcrtor i gas sagobotidtcs hc gi prcscdboi hc udi csbigi hc lcdtoris (Egumcr y Bagcggi, ), = usir cgclcdtas vcronobifgcs y af`ctovas (Fcbecr y Bagquott, 5 Rkinncr, Riudhcrs y Awcds, ), = pchor i gas sagobotidtcs quc cgifarcd sus rcspucstis a praparboadcd c`clpgas (Rbklott y Eudbc, . Zar c`clpga, so gi prcmudti hc foahiti hobc ‗±Buédtis pasoboadcs hc gohcrizma tuva cd gi scbudhiroi1“, gi somuocdtc pirtc hcg cgclcdta scrìi ‗Cdgostc gas tìtugas t ìtugas y gis ncbkis hc csas pucstas hc gohcrizma“. Ig odbguor rcibtovas nigsas, bala gas quc sc rcnocrcd i udi cxpcrocdboi quc cd rcigohih da cxostc (par c`clpga, ±somuoò ud prabcholocdta Ncghspir piri idigozir hitas1), sc odtcdti hctcbtir ud foahiti nigsa (Eol, ). Buidha sc odbguycd rcibtovas nigsas cd ud odstrulcdta hc foahiti, cs olpartidtc quc hobkas rcibtovas scid odvcstomihas buohihasilcdtc piri iscmurir quc da rcprcscdtcd ibtovohihcs quc puhocrid =

cxostor Larmcsad y Bilpoad, ). c`clpga,hcudbalputircibtova nigsa hcrciglcdtc ‗±Igmudi (Gcviskodi, vcz ki rcigoziha ud idégosos hc Zirihax hc Zar ud sostcli  

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi cxpcrocdboi prcvoi  

9;3

 

hari1“ pahrìi scr odtcrprctiha bala ‗±Igmudi vcz ki usiha cg pramrili hc balputiboòd Zirihax1“ Sd cstuhoa hc Vilsiy, Eol, Aswigh, Rbklott y Moggcspoc () praparboadi ud c`clpga cxbcgcdtc hc bòla rcnrcdhir ud rcibtova nigsa pahrìi hcfcrsc i udi badnusoòd lés quc udi lcdtori rcig. Cd su cstuhoa, Vilsiy ct ig .,., cdbadtrirad quc sòga trcs hc  su`ctas ho`crad quc kifìid apcriha udi rkctimuirhoi (léquodi quc da cxostc)5 sod clfirma,  hc gas  inorlirad quc kifìid rcsucgta hosputis lchoidtc ud idégosos osalïtroba. ±Zar quï gi honcrcdboi1 Zuchc scr quc lubkis hc gis pcrsadis badazbid gi pigifri ‗osalïtroba“ (quc sì cxostc) y lubkis pcrsadis kiyid rcsucgta hosputis. Zuchcd da cstir scmuras so cggas dudbi usirad ud idégosos osalïtroba piri rcsagvcr su hosputi, pcra cdtadbcs viroas odhobirad quc ga kobocrad. Bad gi rkctimuirhoi, dodmðd sagobotidtc kifìi csbubkiha gi pigifri, par ga tidta cri scmura quc da ga kifìid usiha. Hc lidcri odtcrcsidtc, gas sagobotidtcs froggidtcs da badtcstifid bad nigschihcs i gas rcibtovas bad tidti nrcbucdboi bala gas isporidtcs hc lcdar bipibohih bamdasbotovi. Zcra buidha cgcmìid lcdtor, crid gas lc`arcs cd kibcrga (Giviskodi ct ig .,., ). Da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc gas sagobotidtcs quc locdtcd cd gas odstrulcdtas hc foahiti prafifgclcdtc tilfoïd locdtid cd gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih y cd gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih (Birragg, ).

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi pcrsadigohih, cg odtcrïs y cg birébtcr Odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih Gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih sc vucgvcd bihi vcz lés papugircs bala ud lïtaha hc scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas, cd pirtc parquc prchobcd cg hcsclpcùa lc`ar hc ga quc uda pocdsi y cd pirtc parquc hid bala rcsugtiha lcdas olpibta ihvcrsa quc gis prucfis hc bipibohih. Gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih sc hovohcd cd has bitcmarìis fisihis cd su prapòsota0 lchoboadcs hc gas topas hc pcrsadigohih a lchoboadcs hc psobapitagamìi (pcrsadigohih idarlig).

Zrucfis hc pcrsadigohih darlig  Gis  prucfis hc pcrsadigohih darlig  lohcd   lohcd gas rismas cxkofohas par gas odhovohuas darligcs cd gi vohi hoiroi. Gas c`clpgas hc cstas rismas sad cxtrivcrsoòd, tolohcz, scmurohih y solpitìi. Gi hctcrlodiboòd hcg dðlcra y topa hc gis holcdsoadcs hc pcrsadigohih lchohis par ud odvcdtiroa puchcd cstir i lcduha ) fisihis cd udi tcarìi, ) fisihis cstihìstobilcdtc a ) fisihis clpìrobilcdtc. Gi bidtohih hc holcdsoadcs cd udi prucfi fisihi cd gi tcarìi cs ohïdtobi ig dðlcra pastugiha pa stugiha par ud tcòroba luy badaboha. Zar

c`clpga, cg Odhobihar hc topas Lycrs-Fromms tocdc buitra csbigis y csté fisiha cd gi tcarìi hc gi pcrsadigohih hc Birg @udm, locdtris quc cg Zramrili hc prcncrcdboi pcrsadig hc Chwirhs, bad  holcdsoadcs, csté fisiha cd udi tcarìi hc Kcdry Lurriy Lurriy.. Cg dðlcra hc holcdsoadcs cd udi prucfi fisihi  cd ispcbtas cstihìstobas sc hctcrlodi i trivïs hc ud prabcsa cstihìstoba ggiliha idégosos hc nibtar. Gi prucfi lés badabohi hc cstc topa, cg NZ ( nibtarcs hc pcrsadigohih) nuc brcihi par Viyladh Bittcgg y, bala su dalfrc ga odhobi, badtocdc  holcdsoadcs. Cg dðlcra y gumir hc gis holcdsoadcs fi`a gis buigcs gas rcibtovas bicd cd udi  prucfi fisihi cd ispcbtas clpìrobas  sc hctcrlodi par mrupas hc rcspucstis hihis par pcrsadis quc sc sifc pasccd bocrti biribtcrìstobi. Zar c`clpga, cd cg hcsirragga hcg Odvcdtiroa lugtonibïtoba hc gi pcrsadigohih hc Loddcsati, LLZO,  par sus somgis cd odmgïs), bocdtas hc rcibtovas nucrad ipgobihas i mrupas hc pcrsadis sidas hcshc cg pudta hc vosti psobagòmoba y i pcrsadis quc sc sifìi tcdìid bocrtas tristardas bala gi piridaoi. Gas rcibtovas iprafihas bad lés nrcbucdboi par gas pibocdtcshcg piridaobas rad cd gi holcdsoòd hc piridaoi LLZO. quc par gas odhovohuas sidas sc bagabi9;>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Iudquc cxostcd bocdtas hc odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih quc lohcd atras tidtas rismas, kiy ud ibucrha mcdcrig cd cg quc gi liyarìi hc gas rismas hc pcrsadigohih sc puchcd bagabir cd udi hc gis bodba holcdsoadcs prodbopigcs hc csti ðgtoli. Hobka ibucrha cs balðdlcdtc badaboha bala prucfi ‗Fom Novc“ a lahcga hc bodba nibtarcs, cstis holcdsoadcs sad0

=

ipcrturi i cxpcrocdbois (froggidtc, (froggi dtc, odquosotova), odquosotova), csbrupugasohih (rcspadsifgc, badnoifgc), cxtrivcrsoòd (cxtravcrtoha, ilomifgc),

= =

imrihifogohih (trifi`i focd bad atras, ud `umihar hc cquopa) y  cstifogohih claboadig (da idsoasa, tcdsa)

= =

Gas c`clpgas hc lchohis baludcs hc gi pcrsadigohih darlig quc sc usid cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas odbguycd cg Odvcdtiroa hc pcrsadigohih p crsadigohih hc Kamid, cg Odvcdtiroa psobagòmoba hc Bigonardoi, cg DCA-ZO (Odvcdtiroa hc pcrsadigohih, dcuratobosla, cxtri vcrsoòd, ipcrturi) y cg NZ. NZ. Csas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih af`ctovas sad ðtogcs piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa cd Cstihas Sdohas y Curapi y sc odhobid cd ud lcti-idégosos cgifariha par Xctt, @ibesad y Vatkstcod (), Firrobe y Laudt (), Xctt, @ibesad, Vatkstcod y Vchhad (), Rigmiha () y Kurtz y Hadavid (). ( ). Iudquc cxostc ud paba hc hcsibucrha cd gas honcrcdtcs lcti-idégosos, prafifgclcdtc gi lc`ar odtcrprctiboòd cs quc gi pcrsadigohih puchi prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa cd dovcgcs fi`as cstihìstobilcdtc badsohcrifgcs, gi csbrupugasohih cs cg lc`ar prchobtar cd gi liyarìi hc gis abupiboadcs y brotcroas, y gi vigohcz hc gis atris buitra holcdsoadcs hc gi pcrsadigohih hcpcdhcd hcg topa hc pucsta y hc brotcroa piri gas buigcs sc csté vigohidha gi prucfi. Zar c`clpga, ud lcti-idégosos hc prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa hc pagobìi cdbadtrò quc gi ipcrturi i cxpcrocdbois nuc cg lc`ar prchobtar hc pcrsadigohih hcg hcsclpcùa cd gi ibihcloi5 gi csbrupugasohih, cg lc`ar hc gas ìdhobcs hc hcsclpcùa hcg supcrvosar, y gi cstifogohih claboadig, cg lc`ar cd prchcbor gas prafgclis hc hosbopgodi (Iilaht, ). Cd badtristc, ud lcti-idégosos hc prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa cd vcdtis cdbadtrò quc gi csbrupugasohih nuc cg lc`ar cgclcdta prchobtova hc gas ìdhobcs hc supcr vosar y hcg rcdhol rcdholocdt ocdtaa rcig hc vcdtis vcdtis (^odbk (^odbkur ur,, Rbkopplid Rbkopplidd, d, Rwotzcr Rwotzcr y Vatk, ). ). Sdi hc gis prcabupiboadcs safrc cg usa hc odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas cs quc, hcfoha i quc sad iuta-rcpartcs, rcsugtid rcgitovilcdtc susbcptofgcs hc nigscir. Gi odvcstomiboòd odhobi quc gas sagobotidtcs puchcd lcdtor cd gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih, pcra ga kibcd bad lcdas nrcbucdboi hc ga quc sc pocdsi. Buidha locdtcd, tocdc cg cncbta lìdola cd gi vigohcz hc gas rcsugtihas hc prucfi (Larmcsad ct ig .,., ). Iudquc gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih da sad gas lc`arcs prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha, sad ðtogcs cd gas pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd y hcsirragga cd gas quc clpgcihas y mcrcdtcs odtcdtid balprcdhcr bòla tocdcd rcgiboòd bad atras. Cd csas badtcxtas sc usid balðdlcdtc gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih, bala cg Odhobihar hc topas Lycrs-Fromms. Cs olpartidtc cdtcdhcr quc gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih quc sc usid cd gas pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd y iutahcsirragga da sc hoscùirad piri gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas y dudbi sc hcfcd usir piri cstc prapòsota.

Zrucfis hc psobapitagamìi Gis  prucfis hc psobapitagamìi  (balpartilocdta idarlig) hctcrlodid so gas odho vohuas tocdcd a da prafgclis psobagòmobas tigcs t igcs bala hcprcsoòd, tristarda fopagir  y csquozanrcdoi. Iudquc gas psobògamas bgìdobas gis gi s usid hc laha cxkiustova, cstis prucfis pabis vcbcs sc talid cd bucdti par gas psobògamas odhustroigcs/armidoziboadigcs (O/A), cxbcpta cd gi scgcbboòd hc gas imcdtcs hcg arhcd pðfgoba. I biusi hc quc gas trofudigcs cstihaudohcdscs badsohcrid gis prucfis psobagòmobis bala ‗cxélcdcs

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi pcrsadigohih, cg odtcrïs y cg birébtcr  

9;=

 

lïhobas“, sc puchcd ipgobir sòga hcspuïs hc quc sc ki rcigoziha udi ancrti badhoboadig hc clpgca i ud sagobotidtc. Gis prucfis hc psobapitagamìi cd mcdcrig sc bigonobid hc has lidcris0 af`ctovi y praycbtovi. Gis prucfis praycbtovis praparboadid ig cdbucstiha tircis da cstrubturihis bala gis quc sc hcsbrofcd cd gis lidbkis hc todti y gas hofu`as. Hcfoha i quc cstis prucfis sad hc badnoifogohih y vigohcz bucstoadifgc (Gogocdncgh, ]aah y Mirf, ), ihclés hc quc badsulcd toclpa y sad biris, sc usid paba cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas. Gis prucfis baludcs cd csti bitcmarìi tilfoïd odbguycd gi prucfi hc lidbkis hc todti hc Varsbkibk  y gi prucfi hc ipcrbcpboòd tclétobi, XIX, par sus somgis cd odmgïs. Gis prucfis af`ctovis  cstéd cstrubturihis piri quc cg cdbucstiha sc golotc i pabis rcspucstis quc sc bigonobiréd par lchoa hc bgivcs cstidhirozihis. Bad lubka, gi prucfi lés papugir y lés cstuhoihi hc cstc topa cs cg LLZO-. Atris sad cg Odvcdtiroa Bgìdoba Lugtoc`c hc Loggad (LBLO-OOO, par sus somgis cd odmgïs) y cg Odvcdtiroa hc Cviguiboòd hc gi Zcrsadigohih (ZIO, par sus somgis cd odmgïs).

Odvcdtiroas hc odtcrcscs Bala su dalfrc ga hobc, cstis prucfis cstéd hoscùihis piri ohcdtonobir gas odtcrcscs  vabiboadigcs.  vabibo adigcs. Cg odvcdtiroa hc odtcrcscs quc sc usi bad liyar nrcbucdboi cs cg Odvcdtiroa hc Odtcrïs Nucrtc (ROO), quc pohc i gas odhovohuas odhobir so gcs mustid a da gas  rcibtovas, bala sad dcmaboir, rcpirir bifgciha cgïbtroba y talir rcspadsifogohihcs. Gis rcspucstis praparboadid ud pcrnog quc das cdscùi quï tid sologir cs udi pcrsadi gi mcdtcfésobis yi clpgcihi cd hcabupiboadcs quc kidGisoha bgisonobihis  csbigis hci odtcrïs y scos tclis abupiboòd mcdcrig. tcarìi hctrés hccd cstis prucfis cstifgcbc quc ud odhovohua bad odtcrcscs sologircs i gas hc csis pcrsadis cd ud bilpa pirtobugir prafifgclcdtc cstiré lés sitosncbka cd hobki érci quc cd ud bilpa balpucsta par pcrsadis bad odtcrcscs hostodtas. Atras bucstoadiroas papugircs hcg losla odtcrïs sad cg Odvcdtiroa hc odtcrcscs vabiboadigcs hc Loddcsati, Odvcdtiroa hc prcncrcdbois abupiboadigcs, Cdbucsti hc odtcrcscs abupiboadigcs hc Euhcr, Vcmostra hc prcncrcdbois hc Euhcr y Rostcli hc prcncrcdbois abupiboadigcs hc Bigonardoi. Iudquc gas lcti-idégosos odhobid quc gis pudtuiboadcs cd odvcdtiroas hc odtcrïs tocdcd udi csbisi vigohcz piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas (Iilaht, 5 Rbkloht y Kudtcr, ) atra lcti-idégosos, ggcviha i bifa par Larros y Bilpoad (), cdbadtrò quc gas clpgcihas buyas odtcrcscs crid badmrucdtcs bad gas hcg pucsta cstéd lés sitosncbkas y hcsclpcùid dovcgcs lés igtas quc gas trifi`iharcs quc tocdcd odtcrcscs da badmrucdtcs bad cg pucsta. Gas odvcdtiroas hc odtcrïs sad ðtogcs cd gi arocdtiboòd  vabiboadig (iyuhi i quc gis pcrsadis cdbucdtrcd birrcris piri gis quc scid lés ihcbuihis). Focd rcigozihi, gi arocdtiboòd vabiboadig usi udi fitcrìi quc, bala lìdola, hcfc odbguor ud odvcdtiroa hc odtcrïs y udi scroc hc prucfis hc bipibohihcs. Gis pudtuiboadcs hcg odvcdtiroa hc odtcrïs sumocrcd birrcris balpitofgcs bad gas odtcrcscs hcg odhovohua5 gis prucfis hc bipibohih gc horéd so ïg tocdc gis bipibohihcs dcbcsirois piri odmrcsir i csis birrcris. Cd bisa hc quc gis pudtuiboadcs hc odtcrïs scid igtis cd ud érci abupiboadig pirtobugir, pirtobugir, pcra gis hc gi bipibohih scid fi`is, sc iscsari ig odhovohua ibcrbi hcg topa hc bipibotiboòd quc ga pahrìi prcpirir piri udi birrcri cd csi érci pirtobugir.

Zrucfis hc odtcmrohih Gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih (ggilihis tilfoïd prucfis hc kadcstohih ) hobcd ig clpgcihar gi prafifogohih hc quc ud sagobotidtc rafc hodcra a lcrbidbìi. Cstis prucfis sc usid prodbopiglcdtc cd cg érci hc vcdtis y sc balprid lés hc ducvc loggadcs hc cggis bihi iùa. usa cxtcdsova hcfchc ig gas kcbka hc quc % hcihlotoha gas clpgcihas hc vcdtis, % hc gasCstc hc balohi répohi sc y % hc kaspotigcs kid quc rafirad hc 9;;

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

sus clpgciharcs (@adcs y Xcrros, ). Sd cstuhoa bigbugi quc % hc trifi`iharcs bad ibbcsa ig hodcra, rafi (]olfusk y Higtad, )5 atra cdbadtrò quc % hc gis lcrlis cd vcdtis sc hi parquc cg clpgciha rafi hodcra, % sc hcfc ig kurta hc lcrbidbìi y % sc hcrovi hc crrarcs ihlodostritovas a nriuhcs hcg vcdhchar (Vyid, ). Bad gas iulcdtas cd gi bidtohih hc rafa hcg clpgciha y cd gi ohcdtonobiboòd hcg rafa, da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih sc uscd lubka. Idtcs hc , gas clpgciharcs utogozifid prucfis hc odtcmrohih cgcbtròdobis y hc pipcg y gépoz piri cxilodir i gas sagobotidtcs. Rod clfirma, cd  cg Badmrcsa hc Cstihas Sdohas iprafò gi Gcy piri gi Zratcbboòd hcg Clpgciha badtri gi Zrucfi hcg Zagìmrina, quc mcdcrigozi cg usa hc gis prucfis cgcbtròdobis hc odtcmrohih tigcs bala cg pagìmrina prcbosilcdtc y cg idigozihar hc cstrïs hc vaz, bala ogcmigcs cxbcpta cd pabis sotuiboadcs quc odvagubrcd i gis imcdbois hc arhcd pðfgoba y gi scmurohih diboadig. Rod clfirma, gi gcy pcrlotc cg usa hc prucfis hc odtcmrohih hc gépoz y pipcg, quc puchcd scr ) ifocrtis a ) fisihis cd gi pcrsadigohih (Ribectt y ]idce, ). Gis  prucfis hc odtcmrohih ifocrtis sc fisid cd gi prclosi hc quc gis ibtotuhcs hc udi pcrsadi safrc cg rafa, isì bala su balpartilocdta hc rafa prcvoa, prchcboréd hc lidcri prcbosi su kadcstohih nuturi. Cstis prucfis lohcd gis ibtotuhcs ig pchor i gi pcrsadi cxilodihi quc bigbugc gi nrcbucdboi hc rafa cd gi sabochih, quï tid scvcris hcfcd scr gis pcdigohihcs badtri gas gihradcs, quï tid nébog cs rafir, buéd scmuoha sc ki scdtoha tcdtiha i rafir, bad quï nrcbucdboi sus ilomas kid rafiha y bihi buédha ïg ki rafiha pcrsadiglcdtc. Gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih bad fisc cd gi pcrsadigohih   sad lés mcdcrigcs y ifarhid udi virochih hc rismas hc pcrsadigohih quc, sc pocdsi, cstéd rcgiboadihas bad ud ilpgoa ridma hc balpartilocdtas badtriprahubcdtcs bala rafa, ifscdtosla y voagcdboi. Gis prucfis ifocrtis sad lés badnoifgcs y végohis cd prchcbor cg rafa y atris ibtotuhcs badtriprahubcdtcs badtriprahubcdtcs quc gis prucfis fisihis cd gi odtcmrohih (Adcs, ^oswcsvirid  y Rbkloht, 5 Rdylid ct ig .,., ). Ihclés hc prchcbor cstc balpartilocdta, gi prucfi ifocrti y gi hc odtcmrohih bad fisc cd gi pcrsadigohih kid lastriha scr ihcbuihis piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa cd cg pucsta (Adcs ct ig .,., ) y tocdcd fi`as dovcgcs hc olpibta ihvcrsa cd gis lodarìis (^oswcsvi ( ^oswcsvirid rid y Adcs, ). Cxostcd virois prucfis hc odtcmrohih cd cg lcrbiha, igmudis rcigozid ud trifi`a ibcptifgc ig prchcbor gas rcsugtihas hcg pagìmrina a gis ihlosoadcs hc rafa (Adcs ct ig .,., 5 Rdylid ct ig .,., ). Zar hcsmriboi, pabas cstuhoas kid odtcdtiha barrcgiboadir gis pudtuiboadcs hc gi prucfi bad cg rafa rcig. Zar c`clpga, gi vigohcz hc gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih ki soha hctcrlodihi ig balpirir gis pudtuiboadcs hc prucfi bad0 =

rcsugtihas hc gi prucfi hcg pagìmrina, pagìmri na,

= = = =

iutaihlosoòd hcg rafa, lcrlis (gi bidtohih hc lcrbidbìi pcrhohi par udi tocdhi), mrupas badabohas (p. c., sibcrhatcs vcrsus badvobtas), y  rafa nutura.

Xahis cstis lchohis tocdcd prafgclis, par hcsmriboi. Ro sc usid gas rcsugtihas hcg pagìmrina, cg odvcstomihar csté cscdboiglcdtc balpiridha gis pudtuiboadcs hc gi prucfi hc odtcmrohih bad gis hc atri, cg pagìmrina, quc sc ki kcbka cd pirtc ogcmig hcfoha i gis huhis safrc su prcbosoòd. Ro sc usid gis iutaihlosoadcs, cg odvcstomihar sc fisi cd gis pcrsadis hcskadcstis piri quc homid gi vcrhih safrc su kostaroig brolodig. Ro sc usid gis lcrlis, cg odvcstomihar da sifc quï clpgciha cs cg rcspadsifgc hcg rafa a quï parbcdti`c hc gi lcrli sc puchc itrofuor ig rafa hc csi pcrsadi, i honcrcdboi hcg rafa ig bgocdtc a i gis raturis odbohcdtigcs. Odbgusa so sc usi cg rafa hcg clpgciha i gi clprcsi, gi prucfi puchc prchcbor sòga i gas clpgcihas quc nucrad sarprcdhoh sarprcdhohas as rafidha, i honcrcdboi hc quocdcs rafid y da sad hcsbufocrtas. Cstc prafgcli bad balpiriboadcs hc mrupas badabohas sc hosbutcd bad liyar hctiggc cd cg bipìtuga .

 

Zrchcbor cg hcsclpcùa usidha gi pcrsadigohih, cg odtcrïs y cg birébtcr  

9;?

 

Zrchcbor cg rafa rcig i pirtor hc udi prucfi hc odtcmrohih puchc scr honìbog hcfoha i quc da taha kurta cs biusiha par udi tcdhcdboi pcrsadig  i  i rafir (Lurpky, ). Darliglcdtc gis pcrsadis kadcstis pahrìid rafirgc i ud clpgcihar hcfoha i udi prcsoòd cbadòlobi biusihi par nibtarcs tigcs bala hcuhis igtis a clcrmcdbois nodidbocris a par udi bugturi armidoziboadig cd gi quc sc badsohcri darlig rafir  (p.   (p. c., ‗Csté focd rafir parquc tahas sc ggcvid balohi“). Cg kurta hcg clpgciha puchc tilfoïd scr cg rcsugtiha hc udi rcibboòd i gi pagìtobi armidoziboadig , bala cg hcspoha, a hc ud bilfoa cd gis rcmgis quc gas clpgcihas pcrbofcd bala od`ustis. Ziri rchubor cg rafa biusiha par gas nibtarcs sotuiboadigcs sc dcbcsotid lïtahas hc da prucfi bala lc`arir gi scmurohih, pagìtobi cxpgìboti y hospadofogohih hc sostclis hc sumcrcdbois y hc pchohas. Iudquc gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih hc gépoz y pipcg da sad biris y puchcd scr ðtogcs piri prchcbor cg rafa, cs prafifgc quc tcdmid viroas odbadvcdocdtcs. Gi hcsvcdti`i lés olpartidtc pahrìi scr quc gas kalfrcs tcdmid tisis hc nribisa lés igtis quc gis lu`crcs y gis pcrsadis `òvcdcs gis tcdmid lés igtis quc gis pcrsadis liyarcs. Gas olpibtas ihvcrsas cd cstas has mrupas rcprcscdtid pabi ilcdizi gcmig, pcra hcbor i gas pihrcs hc ud bkoba hc  iùas quc su ko`a ibifi hc nribisir cd udi prucfi hc kadcstohih da cs gi lc`ar lidcri hc nalcdtir gis fucdis rcgiboadcs pðfgobis. Nribisir cd udi prucfi hc odtcmrohih tocdc ud olpibta lubka lés pcr`uhoboig quc niggir udi prucfi hc rcgiboadcs cspiboigcs. Zar csti rizòd, igmudas cxpcrtas gcmigcs ibadsc `id da hc`ir quc gas sagobotidtcs scpid quc da nucrad badtritihas parquc da pisirad cd udi prucfi hc odtcmrohih (Haumgis, Ncgh y Isquotk, ).

Zrucfis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig Sd prafgcli bad gis lchohis hc iuta rcpartc, rcpar tc, bala odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih, y gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih cs quc gas sagobotidtcs da praparboadid gis rcspucstis prcbosis. Csti nigti hc prcbosoòd pahrìi hcfcrsc i quc cg sagobotidtc locdtc cd gis rcspucstis piri pircbcr kadcsta, a tcdcr udi ‗lc`ar“ pcrsadigohih a parquc cd rcigohih da cs badsbocdtc hc su prapoi pcrsadigohih a vigarcs. Gis prucfis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig nucrad odoboiglcdtc hcsirraggihis par @ilcs () piri rchubor cstis rcspucstis paba prcbosis y aftcdcr udi olimcd lés cxibti hc gi tcdhcdboi hc udi pcrsadi piri itricr ud balpartilocdta badtriprahubcdtc a imrcsova. Gis prucfis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig badhoboadig praparboadid i gis pcrsadis quc scréd cviguihis udi scroc hc cdudboihas y hcspuïs sc gcs pohc quc scgcbboadcd gi rizòd quc  `ustonoquc a cxpgoquc lc`ar bihi uda hc cggas. Cg topa hc rizòd scgcbboadiha par p ar cg odhovohua csté pcdsiha piri odhobir su odbgodiboòd imrcsovi a sus brccdbois. Gas odho vohuas imrcsovas tocdhcd tocdhcd i brccr quc (GcFrctad, Fireshigc, Vafod y @ilcs, @ilcs, )0 odtcdboadcs kastogcs hctrés hctr és hc sus balpartilocdtas = lubkis pcrsadis tocdcd odtcdboadcs (tcdhcdboi hc itrofuboòd kastog) = cs olpartidtc lastrir gi nucrzi a halodidboi cd gis odtcribboadcs saboigcs (tcdhcdboi hc patcdboi) = cs olpartidtc badtriitibir buidha sc cquovabi cd gumir hc lidtcdcr udi rcgiboòd (tcdhcdboi hc rctrofuboòd) = pcrsadis pahcrasis vobtoloziréd i odhovohuas lcdas pahcrasas (tcdhcdboi hc vobtoloziboòd) = gis pcrsadis ligvihis lcrcbcd quc gcs piscd basis ligis (tcdhcdboi hc hcramiboòd hc af`ctova) = gis bastulfrcs saboigcs rcstrodmcd rcstro dmcd gofrclcdtc gofrclcdtc gi vagudtih y hcfcd scr omdarihis (tcdhcdboi hc hcsbirtc saboig). Bala rcsugtiha hc cstis tcdhcdbois, gas odhovohuas imrcsovas rcspadhcréd prcmudtis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig hc lidcri honcrcdtc i gas odhovohuas lcdas imrcsovas. Zar‗Sd c`clpga, i udi pcrsadi quc rcigozi gi prucfi pahrìi orsc hir igiiglarzir“. somuocdtc ariboòd0 clpgciha idtomua gc prcmudti i uda ducvascso gcquosocri 9?:

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Cdtadbcs sc pohc i gi pcrsadi quc scgcbboadc buég hc gis somuocdtcs ariboadcs cxpgobi lc`ar parquï cg clpgciha idtomua koza csi odvotiboòd ig clpgciha ducva0 i) Cg clpgciha lés idtomua odtcdtifi kibcr quc cg ducva clpgciha sc sodtocri lés bòlaha a f) tritifi hc quc cg ducva cstuvocri hc su giha idtcs quc gas atras clpgcihas tuvocrid gi apartudohih hc kibcr ga losla. Rcgcbboadir gi prolcri apboòd sumcrorìi udi tcdhcdboi igtruosti locdtris quc aptir par gi scmudhi rcprcscdti udi itrofuboòd kastog gi buig sumcrorìi udi tcdhcdboi lés imrcsovi. Gi odvcstomiboòd cd gis prucfis hcg rizadilocdta badhoboadig odhobid quc ig lcdas sad tid végohis bala ud prchobtar hc balpartilocdta badtriprahubcdtc y sc rcigozid bala prucfis hc odtcmrohih (Fcrry, Ribectt y ]oclidd, ). Odbgusa udi bucstoòd lés pralctchari cs quc iqucggis prucfis sad lés honìbogcs hon ìbogcs hc nigscir quc gis hc odtcmrohih (GcFrctad ct ig .,., ). Iudquc sc dcbcsoti lés odvcstomiboòd, ud cstuhoa cgifariha par Fodm, Rtcwirt, Hivosad, Mrccd, LbOdtyrc y @ilcs () cdbadtrò quc cg balpartilocdta badtriprahubcdtc cs prchobka lc`ar buidha sc balfodid gis prucfis hc rizadilocdta badhoboadig (imrcsoòd olpgìboti) bad gas iuta-rcpartcs hc tcdhcdbois imrcsovis (imrcsoòd cxpgìboti). Csta cs, gis pcrsadis quc tocdcd scos brccdbois hosbutohis prcvoilcdtc  y rcpartid rcpar tid quc bucdtid bad pcrsadigohihcs imrcsovis tocdhcd i itricr ud balpartilocdta badtriprahubcdtc badtriprahubcdtc cd ud mriha lubka liyar quc quocdcs bigonobid igta sòga cd imrcsoòd olpgìboti a cxpgìboti.

Mrinagamìi Sd lïtaha odtcrcsidtc piri clpgcihas idégososhc hccsbrofor gi csbroturi i lida a mrinagamìi.  Gi ohci lés iggéscgcbboadir hc cstc idégosos cs quccsgicglidcri hc udi pcrsadi rcvcgi su pcrsadigohih, ga quc i su vcz hcfc odhobir cg hcsclpcùa hc trifi`a. Iudquc gi mrinagamìi sc usi bad liyar nrcbucdboi cd Curapi quc cd Cstihas Sdohas (Kcigy, ), gas clpgcihas curapcas rcibboadid tid lig i cggi bala gis badtripirtcs cstihaudohcdscs (Idhcrsad y ]otvgoct, ). Ziri idigozir gi csbroturi hc udi pcrsadi, ud mrinògama afscrvi cg tiliùa, gi odbgodiboòd, cg idbka, gi rcmugirohih y gi prcsoòd hc gi csbroturi solpgc. Hc csis biribtcrìstobis sc aftocdc gi odnarliboòd safrc cg tclpcrilcdta y gas rismas lcdtigcs, saboigcs  y larigcs. Gi odvcstomiboòd cd mrinagamìi ki rcvcgiha kiggizmas odtcrcsidtcs. Zrolcra, gas mrinògamas sad badsostcdtcs cd sus `uoboas safrc biribtcrìstobis hc csbroturi pcra da cd su odtcrprctiboòd safrc ga quc cstis biribtcrìstobis somdonobid (Ecodid y Firie, 5 Vinicgo y Egolaseo, ). Rcmudha, gas mrinògamas bipibotihas da sad lés prcbosas a badnoifgcs cd odtcrprctir lucstris hc csbroturi quc gas da mrihuihas da bipibo-y tihas (Vinicgo y Egolaseo gis a gas psobògamas Fcd-Rkiekir, Fir-Koggcg, Fogu, Fcd-Iffi Ngum, ). Hc lidcri lés olpartidtc, cg pcqucùa bucrpa hc gi gotcrituri bocdtìnobi cd cg tcli badbguyc quc gi mrinagamìi da cs udi tïbdobi ðtog cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas (Roldcr y Mannod, ). Gi mrinagamìi sc prchobc lc`ar buidha gi lucstri hc csbroturi cs iutafoamrénobi (cg csbrotar rchibti ud cdsiya safrc sì losla), ga buig somdonobi quc gas mrinògamas kibcd sus prapois prchobboadcs lés safrc cg badtcdoha  hc gi csbroturi quc safrc gi bigohih  hc  hc gi losli (Rollcr y Mannod, ).

Zrchcbor gis golotiboadcs hc hcsclpcùa hcfoha i prafgclis lïhobas y psobagòmobas Bala sc lcdboadò cd cg bipìtuga , gi Gcy hc Cstihaudohcdscs bad Hosbipibohihcs (IHI) sc goloti ircigozir gi badsohcriboòd hc gas lïhobas y psobagòmobas quc olpohcd ig clpgciha gis nudboadcs hc prafgclis trifi`a cscdboigcs.  

Zrchcbor gis golotiboadcs hc hcsclpcùa hcfoha i prafgclis lïhobas y psobagòmobas  

9?9

 

Zrucfi hc hramis Bocrtilcdtc gi prucfi hc hramis cs uda hc gas lïtahas lïtaha s lés badtravcrsoigcs quc usid usid gas prancsoadigcs hc VK. Gi rizòd piri cstc cgcviha usa cs quc .% hc gas clpgcihas ihlotc kifcr badsuloha hramis huridtc cg lcs idtcroar (Girsad, Cycrlid, Nastcr y Mnracrcr,, ) y gas prancsoadigcs hc VK da sòga brccd quc cg badsula ogcmig hc hraMnracrcr mis cs pcgomrasa soda quc lubkas clpgcihas cstéd fi`a su odngucdboi cd cg trifi`a. Rus brccdbois sad sustcdtihis par odvcstomiboadcs quc odhobid quc, cd balpiriboòd bad quocdcs da badsulcd hramis, cs lés prafifgc quc gas quc gis badsulcd hc lidcri ogcmig pocrhid cg trifi`a (Fikgs, 5 Girsad G irsad ct ig .,., 5 Darlidh, Rigyirhs y Likadcy, ), uscd gas fcdcnoboas hcg scrvoboa lïhoba  vcbcs (Fikgs, ) y scid hcspchohas a rcdudbocd (Girsad ct ig .,., 5 Darlidh ct ig .,., ). Ihclés, tocdcd .  vcbcs lés ibbohcdt ibbohcdtcs cs cd cg trifi`a (Bihriod, i). Sdi balpiùìi hc badsugtarìi bigbugi quc ud clpgciha quc ifusi hc tigcs sustidbois bucsti ig clpgcihar $  hògircs par iùa cd prahubtovohih pra hubtovohih pcrhohi, ifscdtosla y mistas lïhobas (Ziydc, ). Iudquc gas pabas cstuhoas hospadofgcs badbguycd quc gis prucfis pasotovis hc hramis hc gas sagobotidtcs itricréd balpartilocdtas badtriprahubcdtcs, badtriprahubcdtcs, igmudas iutarcs (p. c., Larmid, ) brccd quc cstas cstuhoas cstéd tcrrofgclcdtc voboihas. Hcfoha i tigcs cstihìstobis, gis armidoziboadcs cstéd iulcdtidha gi ipgobiboòd hc su prucfi hc hramis idtcs hc quc gas sagobotidtcs scid badtritihas. Cstc odbrclcdta ki hiha bala rcsugtiha lcdas sagobotidtcs quc hid pasotova cd cg cxilcd hc hramis5 .% cd  i balpiriboòd hc % cd  (AKR, Odb., s.n.). Hc ibucrha bad udi cdbucsti hc   ihugtas rcigozihi par gi Ihlodostriboòd hc Rcrvoboas hc Riguh Lcdtig y Ifusa hc Rustidbois hc Cstihas Sdohas (Girsad ct ig .,., ), = .% hc gas clpgciharcs ipgobi gi prucfi hc badsula hc hramis i sus sagobotidtcs = .% hc gas ihugtas ihlotoò quc badsuloò hramis cd cg lcs prcvoa y .% rcpartò rcbocdtc ifusa hc igbakag = kalfrcs, pcrsadis sod bcrtonobiha hc prcpiritaroi, hcsclpgcihas y clpgcihas bad trifi`as lig pimihas nucrad gas quc lés kifìid badsuloha hramis rcbocdtclcdtc = trifi`iharcs quc prcpirid igolcdtas (.%) y csbrotarcs, itgctis y hoscùiharcs (.%) sad gas quc badsulcd hramis lés balðdlcdtc, locdtris gas hc scrvoboas hc pratcbboòd (.%), scrvoboas saboigcs (.%) y pcrsadis quc trifi`id cd chubiboòd (.%) nucrad gas quc lcdas ga kobocrad. Davcdti y abka par bocdta hc gis vcbcs cd quc gis prucfis hc hramis hc gas sagobotidtcs hid pasotova, sc gcs rctorid sus ancrtis hc trifi`a. Buidha hobkis prucfis cd gas clpgcihas ibtuigcs hid pasotova, % hc gis armidoziboadcs gas hcspohc y % gas lidhi i iscsarìi y tritilocdta (Mrccdfcrm, ). Cd mcdcrig, gas sagobotidtcs pircbcd ibcptir gi prucfi hc hramis bala rizadifgclcdtc `usti (Listridmcga, 5 Xruxogga, Xruxogga, Darlidhy y Fiucr F iucr,, ). Da cs hc sarprcdhcr quc, cd balpiriboòd bad gis pcrsadis quc dudbi kid badsuloha hramis, quocdcs ga kibcd ibtuiglcdtc pocdsid quc gi prucfi cs lcdas `usti, y gas quc gis badsulocrad idtcs apodid quc gi prucfi cs lcdas `usti so rcsugti cd tcrlodiboòd pcra da buidha gi badscbucdboi hc scr sarprcdhoha cs gi rckifogotiboòd (Xruxogga ct ig .,., ). Odhcpcdhocdtclcdtc i su papugirohih, gas pramrilis hc prucfi hc hramis pircbcd rchubor cg badsula hc ïstis par pirtc hcg clpgciha (Nrcdbk, Vacfube y Igcxidhrc, ). Csti prucfi i lcduha sc rcigozi cd has ctipis. Cd gi prolcri, ud clpgciha a ud sagobotidtc praparboadid udi lucstri hc arodi a bifcgga, gi buig sc salctc i udi prucfi hc cxpgariboòd odoboig hc hrami. Gis G is cxpgariboadcs odoboigcs lés baludcs piri gi arodi sad gi tïbdobi hc odludacdsiya cdzolétoba lugtopgobiha ,  CLOX, par sus somgis cd odmgïs y cg rihoaodludacdsiya, VOI, par sus somgis cd odmgïs. Gi CLOX usi 9?6

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

cdzolis bala rcimcdtcs, locdtris cg VOI usi ctoquctis rihoibtovis. Gas has bucstid $ hògircs par lucstri. Zar atra giha, gas bastas hc gis prucfis hcg nagìbuga hc bifcgga bucstid has a trcs vcbcs lés quc gi lucstri. Ro gi prucfi odoboig hc hramis cs pasotovi, gi prucfi hc gi scmudhi ctipi csté yi kcbki. Gi lucstri hc arodi csté su`cti i udi prucfi hc badnorliboòd lés biri, bala udi bralitamrinìi cd bipi nodi a idégosos hc bralitamrinìi hc mis/cspcbtralctrìi hc lisis. Buidha sc usid ilfis ctipis, tig prucfi cs luy prcbosi cd hctcbtir gi prcscdboi hc hramis. Gas cxélcdcs hc hramis da sad bipibcs hc hctcrlodir so ud odhovohua csté incbtiha par cg badsula hc ïstis. Gi prucfi hc ud clpgciha quc nuli lirokuidi cg halodma cd gi dabkc hiré pastova cg gudcs, odbgusa buidha gas cncbtas hcg nérliba sc kid oha. Gi liyarìi hc gis hramis sc puchc hctcbtir has a trcs hìis hcspuïs hc quc sc kid badsuloha. Gis cxbcpboadcs sad bad gis fcdzahoibcpodis, gis buigcs sc puchcd hctcbtir iðd buitra a scos lcscs hcspuïs. Isolosla, gis ZBZ sc puchcd hctcbtir hc has i buitra sclidis y gi lirokuidi kisti abka hìis so nuc ud badsula bisuig a kisti  hìis so sc usi bad nrcbucdboi. Gas Ga s cxélcdcs rcigozihas bad gas nagìbugas hc bifcgga cd gumir hc gis lucstris hc arodi puchcd hctcbtir cg badsula hc hramis cd pcroahas lés girmas, locdtris quc gis prucfis bad sidmrc, sigovi a tridsporiboòd ga hctcbtid cd ud pcroaha lés barta. Sdi hcsvcdti`i piri gis prucfis bad nagìbugas pogasas cs quc tali igmudas hìis idtcs hc quc gis hramis scid hctcbtihis cd cg bifcgga5 par ga tidta, da cs ud fucd lïtaha piri hctcrlodir so ud clpgciha csté ibtuiglcdtc fi`a igmudi odngucdboi. Hcfoha i quc gis prucfis pasotovis hc hramis tocdcd bocrta dovcg hc huhi, so ud sagobotidtc da pisi udi hc ïstis prcvoi ig clpgca, i lcduha puchc vagvcr i ipgobir scos lcscs hcspuïs. Bad csti pagìtobi cxostcd igmudas rocsmas gcmigcs. Rod clfirma, cd cg scbtar pðfgoba a cd cg ilfocdtc hc sodhobitas gas cxélcdcs hc hramis sc vucgvcd balpgobihas hcspuïs hc quc gas sagobotidtcs sad badtritihas. Gis prucfis hc gas clpgcihas i lcduha talid udi hc gis somuocdtcs trcs narlis0 . I tahas gas clpgcihas a i iqucggas cgcmohas hc lidcri igcitaroi i gcitaroi sc gcs ipgobi gi prucfi cd lalcdtas prchctcrlodihas. . I tahas gas clpgcihas a i gas cgcmohas hc lidcri igcitaroi sc gcs ipgobi cg cxilcd tilfoïd igcitaroilcdt igcitaroilcdtc. c. . I gas clpgcihas quc kid cstiha odvagubrihas cd ud ibbohcdtc a ud ibta hosbopgodiroa sc gcs kibc gi prucfi hcspuïs hcg losla. Gi scmudhi narli cs prafifgclcdtc gi lés cncbtovi cd tïrlodas hc bistoma a prc vcdboòd hcg badsula badsula hc hramis, pcra gi tcrbcri narli narli hc kibcr prucfis cs gcmiglcdtc gcmiglcdtc gi lés `ustonobifgc (^cmgikd, (^cmgikd, ).

Cxélcdcs psobagòmobas

Cd gas pucstas quc odvagubrid scmurohih pðfgobi (p. c., ipgobiboòd hc gi gcy, pgidti dubgcir, tridspartc) cs prébtobi balðd hc gas clpgciharcs tcdcr cxélcdcs psobagòmobas piri gas sagobotidtcs hcspuïs hc quc sc ki kcbka udi ancrti badhoboadig hc badtritiboòd. Ro cg sagobotidtc da pisi cg cxilcd, gi ancrti sc idugi. Cstis prucfis i lcduha badsostcd cd udi cdtrcvosti kcbki par ud psobògama bgìdoba, ud idégosos hc gi kostaroi hc vohi hcg sagobotidtc y gi ihlodostriboòd hc udi a lés hc gis prucfis psobagòmobis hosbutohis prcvoilcdtc cd cstc bipìtuga. Zar ga tidta, sòga sc hcfcd usir piri hctcrlodir so ud clpgciha patcdboig cs ud pcgomra piri sì losla a piri atras.

Cxélcdcs lïhobas Cd gas pucstas cd quc sc rcquocrc csnucrza nìsoba, viroas clpgciharcs cstifgcbcd quc sc rcigobc ud cxilcd lïhoba hcspuïs hc quc sc ki kcbka udi ancrti badhoboadig hc

 

Zrchcbor gis golotiboadcs hc hcsclpcùa hcfoha i prafgclis lïhobas y psobagòmobas  

9?2

 

badtritiboòd. Cd cstas cxélcdcs, ig lïhoba sc gc hi udi bapoi hc gi hcsbropboòd hcg pucsta y sc gc pohc quc hctcrlodc so cxostc udi badhoboòd lïhobi quc gc olpohi ig clpgciha hcsclpcùirga bad scmurohih.

Balpiriboòd hc tïbdobis Hcspuïs hc gccr cstc bipìtuga, prafifgclcdtc sc kimi gi losli prcmudti quc sc kid kcbka gashc psobògamas huridtc iùas0 ±Yuï lïtaha hc scgcbboòd clpgcihasodhustroigcs/armidoziboadigcs cs cg lc`ar1

 ^igohcz Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., cs bgira quc gi cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi, gi chubiboòd, gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih y igmudas rismas hc pcrsadigohih da sad fucdas prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa nutura hcg clpgciha piri gi liyarìi hc gas pucstas. Cs tilfoïd bgira quc gi bipibohih, gis lucstris hc trifi`a, foahiti y gis cdtrcvostis cstrubturihis kibcd ipcdis udi gifar `usti piri prchcbor hobka hcsclpcùa. Bad cg pisa hc gas iùas, iùas , gas odvcstomiharcs sc kid odtcrcsiha cd hctcrlodir quï balfodiboòd  hc gis prucfis hc scgcbboòd cs gi lc`ar. Iudquc sc dcbcsoti lubka lés odnarliboòd safrc cstc tcli, pircbc quc gi fitcrìi hc scgcbboòd lés végohi odbguyc udi prucfi hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi y, ihclés, yi sci udi lucstri hc trifi`a, udi prucfi hc odtcmrohih a udi cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi (Rbkloht y Kudtcr, Kudtcr, ). Odbgusa iudquc igmudis tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd sad lc`arcs quc atris, tahis  sad lïtahas patcdboiglcdtc ðtogcs piri cgcmor clpgcihas. Hc kcbka, udi pogi hc scgcbboòd badstruohi hc lidcri ihcbuihi badtocdc udi virochih hc prucfis quc tabid honcrcdtcs holcdsoadcs hc ud pucsta. Xalc, par c`clpga, cg trifi`a hc anoboig hc pagobìi5 pahrìilas usir udi prucfi hc bipibohih nìsobi piri iscmurirdas hc quc cg sagobotidtc tocdc gi

Xifgi 3.6 ^igohcz hc tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd ^igohcz Afscrviha Barrcmoha

Brotcroa/tïbdobi hc scgcbboòd

e

D

Lcti-idégosos

Hcsclpcùa  

Bipibohih bamdasbotovi (Cstihas Sdohas)

.2?

.39

                        

BFaoadhaibtoilocdta hcg pucsta Cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi Lucstris hc trifi`a (vcrfigcs) Lucstris hc trifi`a (latroz) Cdtrcvostis hc hcsbropboòd badhubtuig Bipibohih bamdasbotovi (Curapi) Cdtrcvostis sotuiboadigcs Lucstris hc trifi`a Zrucfis hc `uoboa sotuiboadig Bcdtras hc cviguiboòd Bipibohih lcbédobi cspiboig (Curapi) Cxpcrocdboi

.2> .28 .28 .29 .29 .6? .6> .6> .6> .6; .62 .66

..83;9 .3= .8; .82 .39 .>6 .82 .2? .28 .2; .39 .6=

9?8

B 

Rbkloht y Kudtcr (9??;) 66 >: 3; 26 66 ?2 26 38 9:6 63; 8: 88

6: ?:3 > =62 8 66: 6 63> 6 =69 ? 338 6 ;93 9: 8>? 9: >8: ;2 =>9 2 =3: 63 ?99

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

KFcuidgtgc(r9y??K9u)dtcr (9?;8) Ku﬊butt & Irtkur (9??8) Kirhosad, Eol y Ribectt (6::3) Kirhosad, Eol y Ribectt (6::3) Ku﬊butt ct ig . (6::2) Rigmiha ct ig . (6::2) Ku﬊butt ct ig . (6::2) Vatk ct ig . (6::3) LbHidocg ct ig . (6::9) Irtkur ct ig . (6::2) Rigmiha ct ig . (6::2) Yuoùadcs ct ig . (9??3)

 

Xifgi 3.6 ^igohcz hc tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd Brotcroa/tïbdobi hc scgcbboòd

^igohcz Afscrviha Barrcmoha

e

D

Lcti-idégosos

       

Zrucfis hc odtcmrohih Zcrsadigohih (iutac󿬉biboi) Vcncrcdbois Zcrsadigohih (iutacstoli)

.69 .9? .9; .9;

.28 .62 .6? .6>

666 9: 2: 8:

>; =66 9 966 = 89? 3 983

Adcs ct ig . (9??2) @uhmc y Fada (6::9) Iilaht y ]oggoils (6::3) @uhmc y Fada (6::9)

                     

Mrihas Mrinagamìi (iutafoamré󿬉bi) Zcrsadigohih (gabus hc badtrag) Zcrsadigohih (csbrupugasohih) Zcrsadigohih (mcdcrig) Cdtrcvosti da cstrubturihi Zcrsadigohih (cstifogohih claboadig) Mrinagamìi (da iutafoamré󿬉bi) Zcrsadigohih (imrihifogohih) Chubiboòd Odvcdtiroas hc odtcrïs

.9> .9> .98 .93 .96 .99 .:? .:? .:=

.26 .66 .66 .68 .9= .6: .93 .96 .96 .9: .9:

=9 9= 23 86 ?= 93 23 > 2;

92 ?;8 9 :;8 8 29: = 286 92 369 = 2:; 3 :6= 886 3 ;:2

Vatk ct ig . (9??>) Roldcr y Mafld (6::2) @uhmc y Fada (6::9) Kurtz y Hadavid (6::2) Xctt cg it . (9??8) Ku﬊butt y Irtkur (9??8) Kurtz y Hadavid (6::2) Roldcr y Mafld (6::2) Kurtz y Hadavid (6::2) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8)

  Zcrsadigohih (cxtrivcrsoòd)   Zcrsadigohih (ipcrturi) Zcrlidcdboi   Foahiti   Vcncrcdbois Balpctcdboi Balpctcd boi hc bipibotiboòd   Bipibohih bamdasbotovi (Cstihas Sdohas)   Lucstris hc trifi`a (vcrfigcs)   Lucstris hc trifi`a (latroz)   Bipibohih bamdasbotovi (Curapi)   Bipibohih lcbédobi cspiboig (Curapi)   Zrucfis hc odtcmrohih   Foahiti   Zcrsadigohih (cxtrivcrsoòd)   Zcrsadigohih (ipcrturi)   Zcrsadigohih (csbrupugasohih)   Vcncrcdbois   Chubiboòd   Odtcrïs vabiboadig   Zcrsadigohih (cstifogohih claboadig)   Zcrsadigohih (imrihifogohih)

.:> .:2

.:? .:>

2= 22

3 ;:? 8 ;;9

Kurtz y Hadavid (6::2) Kurtz y Hadavid (6::2)

6= 2

=: =2= 6 929

.6; .:;

.2? .2> .6; .6:

.93 .98 .92

.:8 .:8

.3> .88 .89 .38 .8: .2; .2: .6> .63 .62 .62 .6: .9; .:= .:>

3: 2; ?= ;8

2 9>9 = :;> 9> :>3 93 ;28

9= 98 9=

2 9:9 6 =:: 2 3;3

9? 9?

2 6;2 2 >;3

Fcigg (9??9) Iilaht y ]oggoils (6::3) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Kirhosad, Eol y Ribectt (6::3) Kirhosad, Eol y Ribectt (6::3) Rigmiha ct ig . (6::2) Rigmiha ct ig . (6::2) Rbkloht ct ig . (9??8) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Firrobe y Laudt (9??9) Firrobe y Laudt (9??9) Firrobe y Laudt (9??9) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Kudtcr y Kudtcr (9?;8) Firrobe y Laudt (9??9) Firrobe y Laudt (9??9)

Dati0 Afscrviha 󰀼 vigohcz afscrvihi pralchoa5 Barrcmoha 󰀼 vigohcz afscrvihi barrcmohi piri irtcnibtas hcg cstuhoa5 e 󰀼 dðlcra hc cstuhoas cd cg lcti-idégosos5 D 󰀼 dðlcra tatig hc su`ctas cd cg lcti-idégosos.

 

Balpiriboòd hc tïbdobis  

9?3

 

Xifgi 3.2 Honcrcdbois ïtdobis y riboigcs cd gis pudtuiboadcs hc gis tïbdobis hc scgcbboòd Zudtuiboòd h  BiubésobaBiubésobainrailcrobida kospida

Xïbdobi hc scgcbboòd

Bipibohih bamdasbotovi MZI Lucstris hc trifi`a

9.9: .=;

  Ragobotidtcs   Xotugircs-bovogcs   Xotugircs-logotircs Bcdtras hc cviguiboòd Lucstri hc trifi`a/badabolocdta hcg pucsta Zrucfis hc `uoboa sotuiboadig Foahiti Cdtrcvosti cstrubturihi Zcrsadigohih (cxtrivcrsoòd) Zcrsadigohih (ipcrturi) Zcrsadigohih (cstifogohih claboadig) Vcncrcdbois Zrucfis hc odtcmrohih Zcrsadigohih (imrihifogohih) Zcrsadigohih (csbrupugasohih)

.=2 .32 .:2 .36 .8; .2; .22 .62 .9> .9: .:? .:; .:= .:2 ‒.:=

Kalfrclu`cr

.=6

.6; .8= .68

Lcti-idégosos

Vatk ct ig . (6::9) Vatk y Fafea (6:::)

‒.9? ‒.99

.:6 .:6 ‒.:2 ‒.:9 ‒.:3 .:3 ‒.:;

Vatk, Fafea, LbNirgidh y Fustcr (6::;) Vatk, Fafea, LbNirgidh y Fustcr (6::;) Vatk, Fafea, LbNirgidh y Fustcr (6::;) Hcid, Vatk y Fafea (6::;) Vatk, Ku﬊butt y Fafea (6::2) ]kctzcg, LbHidocg y Dmuycd (6::;) Fafea, Vatk y Zatasey (9???) Ku﬊butt y Vatk (9??;) Naghcs, Huckr y Adcs (6::;) Naghcs, Huckr y Adcs (6::;) Naghcs, Huckr y Adcs (6::;) Iilaht y ]oggoils (6::3) Adcs y ^oswcsvirid (9??;) Naghcs, Huckr y Adcs (6::;) Naghcs, Huckr y Adcs (6::;)

nucrzi y vcgabohih dcbcsirois piri pcrscmuor saspcbkasas y hcncdhcrsc, ihclés hc udi cdtrcvosti sotuiboadig piri ifarhir su bipibohih hc tali hc hcbosoadcs, udi prucfi hc pcrsadigohih quc miridtobc quc tocdc gas rismas dcbcsiroas piri cg pucsta y udi vcronobiboòd hc idtcbchcdtcs piri hctcrlodir so tocdc ud kostaroig hc balpartilocdta idtosaboig. Cg honudta psobògama odhustroig/armidoziboadig, Hid @akdsad, udoò cg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd i ud voi`c hc pcsbi. Huridtc ducstra voi`c, puholas odtcdtir itripir ud pcz cdarlc piri kibcr ducstri balohi a pcsbir viroas pcbcs pcqucùas quc, buidha sc babodirid y pusocrid cd ud pgita, scrìi udi balohi hcg losla tiliùa quc gi hcg pcsp csbiha mridhc. Bad gis prucfis pr ucfis hc scgcbboòd, odtcdtilas bad udi a has prucfis prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa bad dovcgcs igtas hc vigohcz. Zcra ig balfodir virois hc cggis bad pabi  vigohcz pahclas prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa hcsclpcùa tid focd bala bala bad udi sagi hc igti vigohcz.

Ispcbtas gcmigcs Bala pahrìi ustch rcbarhir hcg bipìtuga , gas lïtahas quc sc usid piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas cstéd lés prapcdsas i udi bucstoòd gcmig buidha rcsugtid cd ud olpibta ihvcrsa, odvihcd gi provibohih hcg sagobotidtc y da pircbcd cstir rcgiboadihas bad cg pucsta (nigti hc vigohcz hc ispcbta). Bala sc lucstri cd gi tifgi ., gi bipibohih bamdasbotovi y cg MZI hiréd bala rcsugtiha dovcgcs lés igtas hc olpibta ihvcrsa, locdtris quc gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih, rcncrcdbois c odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih rcsugtiréd cd dovcgcs lés fi`as (ig vcr csti tifgi, ustch quozé hcscc rcvosir cg badbcpta hc pudtuiboad pudtuiboadcs cs h  y  y gas tiliùas hc gas cncbtas hosbutohas cd cg bipìtuga ). Cd tïrlodas hc vigohcz hc ispcbta, gas sagobotidtcs pcrbofcd gis cdtrcvostis, lucstris hc trifi`a/solugiboadcs trifi`a/solugib oadcs y burrìbugul bala ga lés rcgiboadiha/`usta ig pucsta y, cd bil9?>

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

foa, vcd gi mrinagamìi, foahiti y prucfis hc pcrsadigohih bala ga lcdas rcgiboadiha/  `usta (Vydcs y Baddcrgcy Baddcrgcy,, 5 Rlotkcr ct ig .,., 5 Rtcodcr y Moggogidh, ).

Vcbkiza hc sagobotidtcs Sdi vcz quc sc ki taliha gi hcbosoòd rcspcbta i quï sagobotidtcs scréd badtritihas, kiy quc datonobir i quocdcs da sc badtritc. Gas rcbkizihas hcfcd scr tritihas focd hcfoha i quc sad bgocdtcs y isporidtcs patcdboigcs piri atris pasoboadcs quc pahrìid cstir hospadofgcs cd gi armidoziboòd (Eaprawseo, 5 ]iudm y Frobc, ). Hc kcbka, Iilaht y Zcmmids () cdbadtrirad cdbadtrirad quc gas isporidtcs rcbkizihas ‗ihcbuihilcdtc“ badtoduirad badtoduirad socdha bgocdtcs cd gi armidoziboòd y prcscdtirad su sagobotuh cd pastcroarcs ipcrturis hc pucstas. Sd fucd c`clpga hc csta nuc praparboadiha cd udi birti ig chotar hc  KV Limizodc par cg prancsoadig hc rcbursas kulidas, @ol Vcotz, quocd nuc tritiha luy lig cd has abisoadcs buidha sagobotò ud pucsta cd udi imcdboi hc clpgca. I gi kari hc badvcrtorsc cd mcrcdtc hc VK bad udi mrid balpiùìi, udi hc gis prolcris basis quc koza nuc ggilir i csi imcdboi piri datonobir quc su balpiùìi da kirìi dcmaboas bad cggas hcfoha i gi lidcri cd quc kifìi soha tritiha bala sagobotidtc. Vcotz scùigò quc csti ducvi clprcsi mistò lés hc ud loggòd hc hògircs cd clpgcihas tclparigcs y gi lcdboadihi imcdboi da aftuva dihi hc csa. ±Buég cs gi lc`ar lidcri hc rcbkizir i ud sagobotidtc1 Gi birti hc rcbkiza lés odtcrcsidtc quc kc vosta vcdìi hc Borbuot Boty kibc  iùas. Cd gi pirtc odncroar hc gi birti kifìi udi ariboòd quc hcbìi quc ustch pahìi ggcvir gi birti hc rcbkiza i buigquocr tocdhi hc Borbuot Boty hcdtra hc gas pastcroarcs  hìis y aftcdcr % hc hcsbucdta. Olimodc i ud loclfra hc gi tocdhi ggilidha par ud odtcrnòd hc gi tocdhi0 ‗Xcdclas i ud sagobotidtc rcbkiziha cd gi bi`i , ±pahrìi vcdor ud mcrcdtc y iprafir cg hcsbucdta1“ h csbucdta1“.. Vcbucrha tcdcr udi birti hc rcbkiza hc gi csbucgi hc pasmriha cd  hobocdha quc tcdìid  pcrsadis sagobotidha y ¡quc i lo sagobotuh gc nigtifi gi bigohih piri ividzir lés iggé hc gi rcvosoòd hcg anobodosti! Nucrad hclisoiha ilifgcs piri hcscirlc ïxota cd lo birrcri. Gas has c`clpgas idtcroarcs bgirilcdtc da sad gis lc`arcs prébtobis. Cdtadbcs, ±buégcs ga sad1 Iilaht y Zcmmids () cdbadtrirad quc gis birtis honocrcd cd cg mriha cd quc badtocdcd gas somuocdtcs topas hc rcspucstis0 = =

= =

= = =

Sdi birti norlihi hc y horomohi hgioromohi pcrsadiglcdtc Cg imrihcbolocdta balpiùìi ig isporidtc par sagobotir ud pucsta hcdtra hc cggi Sd bulpgoha safrc gis buigohihcs hcg sagobotidtc Sd balcdtiroa safrc gis mridhcs buigohihcs quc pascc cd balpiriboòd bad gas atras sagobotidtcs Odnarliboòd safrc cg odhovohua quc cd rcigohih nuc badtritiha Sd hcsca hc fucdi sucrtc cd sus csnucrzas nuturas Sdi pralcsi piri lidtcdcr cg burrobugul hcg sagobotidtc irbkoviha

Iudquc cg odvcstomihar odvcstomihar da ki ohcdtonobiha bgirilcdtc gi lc`ar lidcri hc csbrofor udi birti hc rcbkiza, gis somuocdtcs piutis sad prafifgclcdtc ud fucd odoboa. =

 

Lidhir gis birtis bir tis hc rcbkiza i gas sagobotidtcs. Iudquc lubkis lubkis armidoziboadcs da ga kibcd (Frobc y ]iudm, ), niggir ig cdvoir udi losovi hi bala rcsugtiha quc iqucggas tcdmid scdtolocdtas dcmitovas kiboi udi clprcsi (]iudm y Frobc, ). Gis cxbusis rcncrohis i da tcdcr gas

Vcbkiza hc sagobotidtcs  

9?=

 

=

=

=

=

nadhas piri datonobir i gas sagobotidtcs quozé scid od`ustonobihis buidha uda badsohcri gas ligas scdtolocdtas quc puchcd hcrovirsc hcg da badtibtir i tigcs bidhohitas. Da cdvoir udi birti hc rcbkiza hc odlchoita. Gas rcsugtihas sarprcdhcdtcs hc ud cstuhoa rcigoziha par ]iudm y Frobc () sumocrcd quc gas sagobotidtcs rcibboadid hc lidcri lés pasotovi so kiy ud rctrisa cd rcbofor gi birti. Iudquc cstas kiggizmas pircbcd or badtri gi brccdboi hc quc gas sagobotidtcs puchcd lidc`ir lc`ar sus fðsquchis hc pucsta so sifcd quc kid soha hcsbigonobihas, puchc scr quc ga répoha hc ud rcbkiza kimi quc cg isporidtc sc socdti bala ud pcrhchar quc gi armidoziboòd hcsbirtò répohilcdtc (p. c., gi csbucgi hc pasmriha hadhc cg anobodosti rcbkizò lo sagobotuh). Rcr ga lés imrihifgc y cspcbìnoba pasofgc cd gi birti. Bad cg usa hc gas sostclis iutalitozihas hc ristrca hc sagobotidtcs, cs luy nébog horomor hc lidcri odhovohuig bihi birti, cxprcsidha cg imrihcbolocdta hc gi balpiùìi par sagobotir y quozé cxpgobir quoïd nuc badtritiha y buégcs crid sus buigohihcs. Cd mcdcrig, gis birtis ‗ilomifgcs“ hid bala rcsugtiha lc`arcs ibtotuhcs hcg sagobotidtc (Iilaht y Zcmmids, 5 Ncodfcrm, Lcago-Rtidtad y Mifgc, ). Odbguor ud cdudboiha safrc cg odhovohua quc rcbofoò cg pucsta puchc iulcdtir gi sitosnibboòd hcg sagobotidtc bad cg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd y gi armidoziboòd (Iilaht y Zcmmids, 5 Moggogidh ct ig .,., ). Da odbguyi cg dalfrc hc udi pcrsadi hc badtibta. Hc lidcri sarprcdhcdtc, gi odvcstomiboòd ki lastriha quc odbguor tig badtibta rchubc gi prafifogohih hc quc udi pcrsadi vucgvi i sagobotir pucstas nuturas a usc gas prahubtas hc gi balpiùìi (]iudm y Frobc, ).

Yuozé ga lés olpartidtc i badsohcrir buidha sc csbrofc udi birti hc rcbkiza cs scr kadcsta. Da homi i gas sagobotidtcs quc su burrìbugul sc lidtcdhré irbkoviha so gas irbkovas piri bihi pucsta ifocrta da sc usid. Ihior y Zaggcd () pocdsid quc gis birtis hc rcbkiza tritid i gas sagobotidtcs bala i gas ilidtcs da hcscihas5 yi sci quc sc vid par gis rilis (‗Kifìi viroas sagobotidtcs bigonobihas“) a sc tirhid ud lalcdta (‗Lidtcdhrclas su burrìbugul irbkoviha“). Sd cstuhoa ggcviha i bifa par Frobc y ]iudm () ipayi cstis ohcis isì bala gi liyarìi hc gis armidoziboadcs quc dudbi rcbkizid sagobotidtcs hc lidcri narlig a quc, buidha ga kibcd, talid ud pralchoa hc biso ud lcs piri kibcrga.

Cd cg trifi`a

Cstuhoa hc bisa ipgobiha

G

Bouhih hc Ducva Gadhrcs, Baddcbtobut, Hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi

i bouhih hc Ducva Gadhrcs, Baddcbtobut, cstifi hcsirraggidhaa ud sostcli hcsirraggidh piri scgcbboadir anoboigcs hc pagobìi. Sdi hc gis prucfis quc utogozifi piri cgga cri gi Zrucfi Zcrsadig ]adhcrgob, udi prucfi hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi quc sc lcdboadò cd cstc bipìtuga. Ziri bihi abupiboòd, ]adhcrgob praparboadi udi pudtuiboòd lìdoli

9?;

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

B 

y udi léxoli. Ziri gas anoboigcs hc pagobìi, cg lìdola cs 6: y cg léxola cs 6=. Vafcrt @. @arhid sagobotò ud pucsta hc anoboig hc pagobìi pcra da sc gc hoa udi cdtrcvosti parquc su pudtuiboòd hc 22 (cquovigcdtc i ud OY hc 963) ga koza ‗luy froggidtc“ piri scr ud pagobìi. Cg ducva rizadilocdta hc Gadhad nuc quc gas anoboigcs luy odtcgomcdtcs sc ifurrorìid

cd sus pucstas, ga quc biusirìi ud prafgcli a rcdudboirìid. Cg  `cnc hc gi barpariboòd barpariboòd pagoboibi hc Ducva Gadhrcs nuc botiha hobocdha ‗Faf @arhid cs cxibtilcdtc cg topa hc lubkibka quc quosoïrilas cgolodir. Cg trifi`a hcg pagobìi cs hc topa rutodiroa. Da qucrclas gohoir bad toratcas bihi dabkc. Kiy udi pcrsadigohih quc puchc kibcr csta“.

 

Cg lavolocdta nuc hc udi mrid prcabupiboòd yi quc gi bouhih mistò ipraxolihi ipraxolihilcdtc lcdtc $63 ::: hògircs cdvoidha i bihi anoboig i gi ibihcloi. Cd cg vcbodhiroa hc Mratad, BX,, cg hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi BX tilfoïd usò cg ]adhcrg ]adhcrgobob pcra odtcdtò badtritir i quocdcs tuvocrad gis pudtuiboadcs lés igtis, udi pagìtobi bad gi buig lubkas psobògamas O/A cstuvocrad hc ibucrha. Buidha gi pagìtobi hc Dcw Gadhad rcbofoò gi pufgobohih diboadig, gi bouhih sc vagvoò cg fgidba hc lubkis fralis y gi pagìtobi sc vagvoò udi nucdtc hc vcrm÷cdzi piri viroas hc gas rcsohcdtcs. Sd bagada cxprcsò0 ‗Zrc‗Zrcnocra quc badtritcd ig kalfrc a lu`cr ihcbuihas piri cg pucsta y

Cdnaquc ïtoba

C

hclidhidtc puha kifcr soha hcsbigonobiha olpruhcdtclcd olpruhcdtclcdtc tc pcra da sc gc dcmò pratcbboòd cd tïrlodas hc omuighih.“ = ±Csté hc ibucrha bad cg rizadilocdta hc Ducva Gadhrcs =

=

safrc ‗scr luy froggidtc“1 ±Csté hc ibucrha bad gi hcbosoòd hcg `ucz hc quc da nuc hosbroloditaroa da badtritir pcrsadis quc sad luy odtcgomcdtcs1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 ±Bòla kifrìi hctcrlodiha gas rcquosotas hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi piri cstc pucsta1

Gi odnarliboòd safrc cstc bisa sc puchc cdbadtrir cd gas cdgibcs cgcbtròdobas hcg gofra. hc gi pémodi wcf

Gi ïtobi hc gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih darlig cd gi scgcbboòd hc clpgcihas

d cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò quc gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih piri gas prapòsotas hc scgcbboòd sc kid vucgta bihi vcz lés papugircs, hc lidcri pirtobugir, gis quc sc ipgobid piri udi pcrsadigohih darlig. Bala aburrc bad atri prucfi hc scgcbboòd (csta cs, bipibohih bamdasbotovi, imogohih nìsobi) ud sagobotidtc da tocdc lés apboòd quc balpgctir gi prucfi a, hc atri lidcri, barrc cg rocsma hc da scr badsohcriha piri cg pucsta. Zar ga tidta, sc pohc i gas sagobotidtcs quc balpirtid ud paba hc ga quc sad, cd gumir hc iqucgga quc puchcd kibcr y ga quc puchcd kibcr focd. Roclprc quc cstis prucfis da sc uscd piri hosbrolodir i gis bgiscs pratcmohis, sad gcmigcs y sc puchcd usir cd cg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd. Zcra gas apadcdtcs hc gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih sc prcmudtid quï tid ïtobis sad. Zrolcra, gis prucfis sc puchcd badsohcrir udi voagiboòd hc gi provibohih0 viroas hc cstas cxélcdcs kibcd prcmudtis ibcrbi hc bòla sc socdtc udi pcrsadi a ga quc pocdsi safrc ud badbcpta a udi sotuiboòd cd pirtobugir pir tobugir..

 

scmuor rcclpgizidha quc tcdcr ig losla tiriha par 6: iùas“. Atra balcdtò quc ‗su tadta pralchoa da cs gi pcrsadi quc quocrc quc odtcdtc rcsagvcr udi pcgci cdtrc ud kalfrc y su cspasi i gis 60:: i.l.“ Cg rohìbuga nuc tidta quc atri bouhih pusa ud idudboa hobocdha ‗Luy gosta piri trifi`ir cd Ducva Gadhrcs1 Ggcdi tu sagobotuh bad dasatras“. Cg `cnc hc gi pagobìi hc Rid Nridbosba, Nrch Giu, latovò i @arhid i sagobotir trifi`a cd cg Hcpirtilcdta hc pagobìi hc Rid Nridbosba5 y cd Xadomkt Rkaw , badhuboha par @iy Gcda rccsbrofocrad gi bidboòd hcg pramrili hc tcgcvosoòd Baps, quc odbguìi ‗Hulf baps, hulf baps, witbki maddi ha wotk i gaw OY“. @arhid cdtifgò ud `uoboa, pcra pcrhoò. Cg `ucz hobtilodò quc ‗cg

Zar c`clpga0 gi prucfi hc topagamìi @udm cd gìdci (www. (w ww. kulidlctrobs.bal)) gcs pohc quc rcspadhid sì a da i prckulidlctrobs.bal mudtis bala0 ±Bihi buidha pocdsi safrc cg mïdcra kulida  y su hcstoda15 ±Brcc lés cd gi rizòd quc cd gas scdtolocdscdtolocdtas15 ±Rc socdtc odvagubriha buidha vc tcgcdavcgis cd gi X^1  Ro  Ro cstis prcmudtis da pcrtcdcbcd ig pucsta rcig quc hcsclpcùiré hc sclpcùiré udi pcrsadi, ±buég cs cg af`ctova hc udi balpiùìi piri aftcdcr csi odnarliboòd1 Gas quc ipayid gi tcarìi hc gi prucfi horéd quc ‗pahrìi lastrirdas so ud bidhohita cs odtravcrtoha a cxtravcrtoha“. Zcra, ±quï hcrcbka tocdcd gas clpgcihas hc sifcr so ud bidhohita cs cxtravcrtoha a odtravcrtoha locdtris ïstc puchi kibcr focd cg trifi`a1 Rcmudha, ±quï tid focd prchobcd gis prucfis cg hcsclpcùa hcg trifi`a cd ud pucsta hctcrlodiha1 Csta cs, so su pudtuiboòd hc pcrsadigohih lucstri quc ustch tocdc fi`i brcitovohih, ±csté hobocdha quc su hcsclpcùa scré hcnobocdtc cd ud pucsta quc rcquocrc bocrta dovcg hc brcitovohih1

Vcbkiza hc sagobotidtcs  

9??

 

Xcrbcra, gas rcsugtihas hc igmudis hc cstis prucfis puchcd vcrsc incbtihas par cg cstiha hc édola hc gi pcrsadi quc tali gi prucfi csc hìi. Ro sc socdtc trostc a bidsiha, cg laha cd quc sc bigonobi i sì losla cd udi prcmudti quc kifgc safrc quï tidta gc musti cstir rahciha hc atris pcrsadis puchc rcsugtir honcrcdtc cd balpiriboòd hc quocd kimi gi prucfi sodtoïdhasc rciglcdtc focd a tocdc ud hìi darlig. Zar ga tidta, lés quc usir cstas cxélcdcs piri talir hcbosoadcs bruboigcs fisihis cd sus rcsugtihas, gas brìtobas brccd quc sòga sc hcfcd utogozir bala ralpckocgas, bala c`crboboas cd gas pramrilis hc bipibotiboòd hc clpgciha a piri prapòsotas hc iscsarìi. Gi odhustroi hc gis prucfis da csté fésobilcdtc rcmugihi, iudquc ki kifoha viroas odtcdtas piri odtrahubor udi gcmosgiboòd quc prcvocdc a, lc`ar iðd, gis rcmugi, isì bala i buigquocr atri prucfi hc clpgca. Gi Isaboiboòd hc gi Armidoziboòd hc Zufgobiharcs hc Zrucfis badtodði balfitocdha csas rctas gcmosgitovas quc prcvocdcd cg usa hc cstis prucfis piri prapòsotas hc scgcbboòd. Irmulcdtid, bala ga kibcd gis balpiùìis quc usid prucfis, quc usirgis `udta bad atras lïtahas hc scgcbboòd lc`ari lubka lés cg prabcsa piri cgcmor clpgcihas. Gis cdtrcvostis y atra topa hc prucfis lucstrid gi kifogohih y cg badabolocdta hc ud sagobotidtc. Gis prucfis hc pcrsadigohih lastriréd quï tid focd sc puchc i`ustir ud sagobotidtc i gi bugturi armidoziboadig y ggcvirsc focd bad atras, ga buig cs tid olpartidtc bala gis ERIA hcg sagobotidtc.

Cdtadbcs, ±par quï gi prucfi hc pcrsadigohih da hcfc scr pirtc hcg prabcsa hc scgcbboòd1 ±Yuï pocdsi ustch1 =

Cd su bgisc, su prancsar prafifgclcdtc prafifgclcdtc gc pchoré quc rcsucgvi ud odvcdtiroa hc pcrsadigohih hcg clpgciha. Hcspuïs hc kibcrga, badsohcrc so quocrc quc su hcsclpcùa hcg pucsta sci `uzmiha bad fisc cd gas rcsugtihas hc gi su prucfi. ±Sstch horìi quc ïsti prchcborìi  `ustilcdtc bipibohih piri rcigozir bocrtas pucstas1

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±Gi prcscdtc prucfi hcsbroforìi hc lidcri prcbosi bòla ustch sc i`ustirìi i udi bugturi armidoziboadig a bòla sc ggcvirìi bad atras1 Ro da ga hcsbrofc hc lidcri prcbosi, ±cdtadbcs horìi quc csi prucfi da cs ïtobi1

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±Rc hcfcd rcmugir lc`ar gis prucfis1 ±Gis balpiùìis tocdcd cg hcrcbka hc usirgis cd su prabcsa hc scgcbboòd1

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±^c igmðd atra prafgcli ïtoba rcgiboadiha bad cg usa hc prucfis hc pcrsadigohih1

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±Cxostc udi lidcri lés `usti y lés ïtobi cd gis balpiùìis piri hctcrlodir so gas sagobotidtcs sc i`ustiréd cd gi bugturi armidoziboadig y sc ggcviréd focd bad atras1

Vcsulcd hcg bipìtuga Cd cstc bipìtuga ustch iprcdhoò0 = Gis rcncrcdbois cd mcdcrig da sad fucdas prchobtarcs hcg hcsclpcùa

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hcfoha i nibtarcsgcmigcs bala odhugmcdboi, badnoifogohih locha i rilonobiboadcs y udi virochih hc nibtarcshcnobocdtc, cxtrìdscbas. Cg cdnaquc hc rismas piri bigonobir birtis hc rcbalcdhiboòd cs ud lïtaha végoha piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa nutura. Xidta badnoifogohih, vigohcz y basta, bala patcdboig piri gas prafgclis gcmigcs sc hcfcd badsohcrir buidha sc cgo`i cg topa barrcbta hc prucfi hc clpgca piri udi sotuiboòd cd pirtobugir. Gis prucfis hc bipibohih bamdasbotovi, prucfis hc badabolocdt badabolocdtaa hc pucsta, foahiti, lucstris hc trifi`a t rifi`a y bcdtras hc cviguiboòd sad igmudis hc gis lc`arcs tïbdobis piri prchcbor cg hcsclpcùa nutura. Gas odvcdtiroas hc pcrsadigohih, odvcdtiroas hc odtcrïs, rcncrcdbois y mrinagamìi da cstéd igtilcdtc rcgiboadihas bad cg hcsclpcùa hcg clpgciha. Gis prucfis hc hramis y gas cxélcdcs lïhobas sc usid hc lidcri balðd piri scgcbboadir clpgcihas idtcs hc quc odobocd ud trifi`a.

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Csbrofor udi birti hc rcbkiza focd hoscùihi puchc tcdcr olpartidtcs badscbucdbois armidoziboadigcs. 6::

B 

•   Rcgcbboòd hcg clpgciha0 rcncrcdbois y prucfis

 

Zrcmudtis piri rcvosir . ±Hcfc udi armidoziboòd praparboadir odnarliboòd hc rcncrcdboi hc gas clpgcihas . . . .

idtcroarcs1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 ±Buégcs sad gas nibtarcs lés olpartidtcs piri cgcmor ud lïtaha hc scgcbboòd1 Cxpgoquc sus rcspucstis. ±Yuï lïtahas hc scgcbboòd sad lés végohas1 ±Hcfcd gas clpgciharcs kibcr prucfis hc hramis i sus clpgcihas1 ±Zar quï sì a par quï da1 ±Gis prucfis hc odtcmrohih sad `ustis y prcbosis1 Cxpgoquc sus rcspucstis.

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c =

 

^osotc ducstra sotoa wcf. ^iyi i www.bcdmimc.bal/psybkagamy/ iilaht, hadhc cdbadtriré rcbursas cd gìdci, cd odmgïs, horcbtilcdtc  vodbugihas i su gofra, odbguycdha odbguycdha prucfis bipìtuga par bipìtuga, tir`ctis, ralpcbifczis bruzihas, ibtovohihcs hc ipgobiboòd y lés.

Vcbursas cd gìdci y kcrrilocdtis hc iprcdhozi`c  

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