Libro de Historia 6

 

JD_UCQDB PDBQNGFUDFB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG GF IB

 

JD_UCQDB PD JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG GF IB BQNGFUDFB  Ugrgsb  U grgsb Gnngr Gnngrs-Arb s-Arbss ss

 

JD_UCQDB PD= JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG GF IB BQNGFUDFB Ugrgsb Gnngrs-Arbss 2ª. gedodÿf, bardi eg 1;21 © 1;21 1;21 Gedtcrdbi Hbdpug ]u`rdbtgnud 22 227? 7? 2>25 ‟ Dtuzbdfnÿ. [rcvdfodb eg Augfcs Bdrgs Ugi. @bx 75-;22-557:-;174 Ocftbotc= prchcodcfKhbdpug.och.br / vgftbsKhbdpug.och.br www.hbdpug.och.br D_AF= 4> 4>:-4:>-454?-: :-4:>-454?-:2-0 2-0 [dfturb eg tbpb= Hbergs, eg Obrics Ncrrdbrgfb Edsgòc eg tbpb= Edsgnfcarbss Edbnrbhbodÿf= Ubiigr egi _ur Ocrrgoodÿf= Hbrèb Pbiig

Gnngrs-Arbss, Ugrgsb Jdstcrdb PD= jdstcrdb rgodgftg gf ib Brngftdfb. - 2ª ge. - Dtuzbdfnÿ = Hbdpug, 1;21.1;21.- 21: p. - 1> x 24 oh. D_AF 4> 4>:-4:>-454?-: :-4:>-454?-:2-0 2-0 2. Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb. 1. Gfsgòbfzb _goufebrdb. D. Uètuic. OEE 4:1.;>2 1

@gojb eg obtbicnbodÿf= obtbicn bodÿf= 14/;?/1;21 Rugeb jgojc gi egpÿsdtc qug hbrob ib Igy 22.>1?. Idarc eg gedodÿf brngftdfb. Fc sg pgrhdtg ib rgprceuoodÿf pbrodbi c tctbi, gi bihbogfbhdgftc, gi biqudigr, ib trbfshdsdÿf c ib trbfs`crhbodÿf eg gstg idarc, gf oubiqudgr `crhb c pcr oubiqudgr hgedc, sgb gigotrÿfdoc c hgoâfdoc, hgedbftg `ctcocpdbs, edndtbidzbodÿf u ctrcs hätcecs, sdf gi pgrhdsc prgvdc y gsordtc egi gedtcr. _u df`rboodÿf gstâ pgfbeb pcr ibs igygs 22.>1? y 17.550. Dhprgsc gf Nuttgfprgss. Qcfegbu ?1>5, Oduebe Butÿfchb eg Augfcs Bdrgs, bardi eg 1;21

 

ÈFEDOG

Obpètuic Obp ètuic D - Wf puftc puftc eg pbrtdeb pbrtdeb tgÿrdoc Gi pbsbec qug fc pbsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

³Jbstb quä hchgftc iignb ib Jdstcr db3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib edsputb pcr gi pbsbec y ib gsor dturb eg ib Jdstcr db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruä jbaèb qug gsor dadr gf gi sdnic ZDZ sgnýf Hdtrg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jdstcr db y pciètdob gf Brngftdfb egi sdnic ZZD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib Jdstcr db Qgodgftg ochc suaedsodpidfb eg ib Jdstcr db. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obrbotgr èst dobs eg ib jdstcr db rgodgftg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi obhpc eg ib Jdstcrd rdbb Qg Qgodgftg gf ib Brngftdfb y gf gi hufec. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib dfvgst dnbodÿf huit dedsodpidfbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jdstcr db y hghcr db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ³Ruä gs ib hghcr db3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hghcr db y trbuhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iunbrgs eg hghcr db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 27 20 2> 24 1; 12 15 1> 1: 1: ?;

[ciètdobs eg egi ci civdec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi egagr eg hghcr db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?2 ??

Obpètuic Obp ètuic DD - Jdstcrdb Jdstcrdb Crbi Ib dhpcrtbfodb eg ib trbfshdsdÿf crbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi surnd ndh hdgftc eg ib jdstcrd rdbb crbi ochc gf`cqug jdstcrd rdccnr nrââfloc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pèfouics gftrg jdstcr db crbi g jdstcr db egseg babmc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ³Gxdstgf ’pugaics sdf jdstcr db‘3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jdstcr db crbi, rgibtc y hghcr db . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hätcecs eg ib jdstcr db crbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib gftrgvdstb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?7 ?: ?4 5; 52 51 55

Wfb prâotdob bftgs eg ib pr dhgrb gftrgv dstb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gfougstbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5> 71

Obpètuic Obp ètuic DDD - [rcygotcs eg dfvgstdnbodÿf dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg jdstcrdb jdstcrdb rgodgftg Hbfcs b ib carb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib gigoodÿf egi tghb y oÿhc crnbfdzbrsg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ughbs sungr decs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cr dgftbodcfgs pbrb jbogr gi trbabmc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acrrbecr egi prcygotc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi odfg ochc rgoursc y ochc `ugftg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7? 75 75 04 04 >;

7

 

ÈFEDOG

Obpètuic DP - [rcygotcs eg prceuoodÿf b pbrtdr eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf  dfvgstdnbodÿf   gf jdstcrdb rgodgftg ³[cr quä ufb prceuoodÿf flfbi3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odoic eg odfg-egabtg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>? >5

Ocfodgr tc eg hýsdob fbodcfbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carb eg tgbtrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hgsb rgecfeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urbabmc eg gxprgsdÿf ocr pcrbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [cgsèb c fbr brrb rbtd tdvvb eg egi pg pgrè rèccec df dfvgstd tdnb nbe ec y prceuood odÿÿf eg eg ics ics biuhfcs . . . . . . . . [rceuoodÿf eg uf prcnrbhb eg rbedc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [dfturb hurbi gf ib gsougib c gf gi abr r dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dfstbibodÿf eg ufb sgòbidzbodÿf c jugiib gf gi abrr dc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [rceuoodÿf eg vdegc ecouhgftbi c eg [cwgr[cdft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

>7 >0 >> >> >: >: >4 :; :1

Obpètuic P - 24>;-24>0= Ib iuojb pcr gi obhadc scodbi Wf ochdgfzc eg eäobeb gf vèspgrbs eg obhadcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib Dnigsdb y ib cpodÿf pcr ics pcargs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pdiibs eg ghgrngfodb= gftrg ib ’grrbedobodÿf‘ y ib crnbfdzbodÿf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib bi`bagt dzbodÿf, ib ocfodgftdzbodÿf y ics mÿvgfgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib ouiturb gf ics bòcs >; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib hýsdob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ibs br tgs vdsubigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi odfg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ics mÿvgfgs y sus rgibodcfgs ocf gi pgrcfdshc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ghgrngfodb eg ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs br hbebs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi [QU y su arbzc br hbec, gi GQ[ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qgibod odÿf ÿf eg ibs hd hdid idtb tbf fod odbs bs pg pgrc rcfd fdsstb tbss ocf ibs prg rgssdegfod odbs bs== 24>??-224>0 . . . . . . . . .

:? :7 :4 42 4? 4? 4> 44 2;; 2;1 2;5 2;0

Ibs pcièt dobs gocfÿhdobs egi pgr ècec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi pibf gocfÿhdoc eg Ngiabre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [br tdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibr dcs gf gi [AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dsbagi y ib gocfchèb b ib egr dvb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jbodb gi ncipg eg Gstbec oèvdoc-hdidtbr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22; 222 222 22? 225

Obpètuic Obpè tuic PD - 24>024>0-24:?= 24:?= Gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec

0

’[rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi‘ y ngfcodedc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Argvg orcfcicn èb eg ics ncadgr fcs eg `botc 24>0-24:? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ugr rcr dshc eg Gstbec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib egtgfodÿf ‟ egsbpbr dodÿf eg pgrscfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

224 21; 211 215

Ib ouiturb egi hdgec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi ncipg oèv doc-hdidtbr b ib geuobodÿf pýaidob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib ogfsurb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21> 21: 2?2

 

ÈFEDOG

Gi prcaighb egi gxdidc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib gocfchèb eurbftg gi [Q F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi prcogsc eg egsdfeustr dbidzbodÿf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ocfsgougfodbs eg ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [br tdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibr dcs gf gi [AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2?0 2?: 25; 252 251

Egpcr tgs, hgedcs y pcièt dob. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib nugr rb eg Hbivdfbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib eg egrrctb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ics hcvdhdgftcs eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi rcol fbodcfbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Odfg y tgbtrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

251 255 25> 254 271 271

Obpè Ob pètuic tuic PDD - Gi rgtcrf rgtcrfcc b ib eghcorb eghcorbodb odb Ib rgoupgrbodÿf eg ib ouiturb eghcorâtdob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib pr dhgrb ign dsibodÿf scarg gi pbsbec rgodgftg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib tgcr èb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

270 27> 27:

Ib Ocfbegp y gi Fufob Hâs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi mudodc b ibs Muftbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib rgibodÿf ocf ics hdidtbrgs y ibs igygs eg dhpufdebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ibs igygs eg [uftc @dfbi y eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ics dfeuitcs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ics mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib aýs ýsq quge gebb df df`ru `ruot otu ucs csbb eg uf hce ceggic go goccfÿhd hdoc oc y ib jd jdpg pgrd rdffi ffibbod odÿÿf . . . . . . . . . Gi odfg fbodcfbi y su rgigoturb egi pbsbec edotbtcr dbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

274 20? 207 207 2>; 2>; 2>2 2>1

Obpètuic Obp ètuic PDDD - Ib ordstbidzb or dstbidzbodÿf odÿf egi hcegic hcegic fgcidagrbi fgcidagrbi Ib Brngftdfb fgcidagrbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2>>

Obrbotgr èst dobs eg ibs prgsdegfodbs hgfghdstbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [r dvbtdzbodcfgs y [ibf eg ocfvgr tdadidebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib pciètdob eg Obrics Hgfgh `rgftg b ibs @ugrzbs Br hbebs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BHDB BH DB,, gi dh dhp pbot otcc eg ib nu nugr grrb rb egi Nc Nci` i`cc y gi tgr grrrcrd rdsshc df dftg tgrf rfbbod odccfbi . . . . . . . . . Gxpicsdÿf y trâfloc eg br hbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib rg`cr hb ocfst dtuodcfbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ib ouiturb egi sjcppdfn gf gi fgcidagrbidshc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gi egsghpigc y gi dforghgftc eg ib pcargzb gstr uoturbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2>: 2>: 2:1 2:5 2:0 2:> 2:: 24;

Orcfcicnèb ngfgrbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

247

Adaidcnrb`èb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1;7

>

 

B IC IC_ _ IGOU IGOUCQG CQG_ _ Gi camgtdvc eg gstg idarc gs ocftrdaudr bi dfdodc egi gstuedc y ib dfvgstdnbodÿf gf jdstcrdb rgodgftg egseg uf fdvgi sgfodiic pgrc rgspcfsbaig, ocfsodgftg eg ib tbrgb b ghprgfegr. _d adgf gstg tgxtc tgx tc rgspcfeg b ics ocftgfdecs eg Jdstcrdb eg 0½ pbrb ics Abojdiigrbtcs gf Odgfodbs _codbigs y gf Brtgs, gf rgbidebe gstâ edrdndec edrdn dec b uf pýaidoc pýaidoc hâs bhpidc. bhpidc. Gstâ pgfsbecc tbftc pbrb ics qug tcebvèb fc bacrebrcf ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg ocf adaidcnrb`èb tgÿrdob sbe tgÿr dob gspgoèflob y egsgbf ochgfzbr ocf uf pbfcrbhb ngfgrbi, ochc pbrb gi âhadtc geuobtdvc, ecfeg ecf eg sg fgogsdtb utdidzbr gi idarc ochc jgrrbhdgftb pbrb bacrebr prcygotcs prcygotcs eg dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg jdstcrdb rgodgftg buf oubfec gi ecogftg fc sgb uf gspgodbidstb. gspgodbid stb. Ocf gstb dftgfodÿf dftgfodÿf edvdedhcs gi vciuhgf gf cojc cojc obpètuics. obpètuics. Ics ecs prdhgrcs bfbidzbf ics prdfodpbigs bspgotcs eg ics gf`cqugs gf`cqugs jdstcrdcnrâflocs jdstcrdcnr âflocs eg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg y eg ib jdstcrdb crbi. Gi tgrogrc tgrogrc ardfeb bpcrtgs pbrb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf dfvgstdnbodÿf.. Gftrg giics, giics, jby ufb prcpu prcpugstb gstb eg ed`grgftgs tghbs ocf dftgrrcnbftgs dftgrrc nbftgs qug sg pugegf pugegf `crhuibr y bhpidbr, y qug qug sdrvgf sdr vgf pbrb uadobrsg gf gi ocftgxtc jdstÿrdoc b trbabmbr. Gi oubrtc oubr tc obpètuic c`rgog prcpugstbs prcpugstbs eg trbabm t rbabmcs cs flfbigs, pbrb qug ib dfvgstdnbodÿf y sus ocfoiusdcfgs, qug ochprchgtgf b ib scodgebe, vugivbf b giib b trbväs eg ufb `crhb gxprgsdvb ocforg ocforgtb. tb. Ics ýitdhcs oubtrc obpètuics tcobf tghbs eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg, egseg ib eäobeb egi sgtgftb jbstb ib egi fcvgftb. Ochc prcpugstb nicabi, sungrdhcs bi ecogftg qug, egspuäs eg jbagr egedobec gi prdhgr trbhc egi odoic odoic igotdvc b trbtbr ics tghbs tgÿrdocs eg eg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg, trbabmg gf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf ochc hèfdhc pcr trgs hgsgs, y sg rgsgrvg gi ýitdhc trdhgstrg pbrb ib prgpbrbodÿf y prgsgftbodÿf egi prceuotc flfbi. [brb tgfgr ufb uadobodÿf eg ics jgojcs rgibodcfbeb ocf ib jdstcrdb ibtdfcbhgrdobfb y hufedbi, huf edbi, bpcrtbhcs ufb orcfcicnèb, uf pcoc hâs gxtgfsb g xtgfsb qug gi pgrècec b trbtbr t rbtbr.. @dfbihgftg, gfocftrbrâf ufb bhpidb adaidcnrb`èb, qug pcr supugstc gs dfochpigtb, ochc tcec ic qug jbog gi sgr juhbfc, pgrc qug igs pugeg byuebr pbrb crdgftbrsg gf ib igoturb egi tghb gigndec pbrb dfvgstdnbr dfvgstdnbr.. ¡Igs egsgc gi hgmcr eg ics äxdtcs, qug gs gi äxdtc pcsdaig! Ugrgsb Gnngrs-Arbss, 1;21

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

Wf puftc puftc eg pbrtdeb pbrt deb tgÿrdoc

Eg Fc Fcrt rtgg b _u _urr, be becf cfeg eg tr trdtdtur urbr brcf cf c qu qughb ghbrcf rcf ics hug hugrtc rtcs, s, `ugrcf `ug rcf gf ibs tdf tdfdga dgaibs ibs sgp sgpuit uitbec becs, s, c gf ib fc fcoj ojgg qu qugh ghbe becs cs gf sd sdig igfo fodc dc,, bouhu bou huibe ibecs cs gf uf pdq pdqug ug c gs gsou oupd pdec ecss bi hb hbrr su suss ju jugs gscs cs==  fbedg sbag eÿfeg gstâf bjcrb,  fc tdgfgf tuhab, gstâf edspgrscs gf ib ibss rb rbèo èogs gs eg ib pb pbtr trdb db

[baic Fgrueb, Obftc Ngfgrbi , 247;.

 Hberg fugstrb qug gstâs gf ib tdgrrb eg Cswbiec Nubybsbhèf

GI [B_ B_BE BEC C RWG FC [B_ B_B B _d ufc igg ib pcgsèb egi nrbf pcgtb ojdigfc oj digfc [baic Fgrueb sdf sbagr gf quä bòc `ug gsordtb gsor dtb fd ouâfec hurdÿ Fgrueb, ufc pcerèb dhbndfbrsg qug gstâ rg`grdeb b ib ýitdhb edotbeurb brngftdfb c b ib ojdigfb. oj digfb. _df ghabrnc, gs eg 247;, y sg rgflgrg b ibs hbtbfzbs courrdebs gf Bhärdob, Bhär dob, gspgodbihgftg gspgodb ihgftg gf Ojdig. Wfb eg giibs `ug ib eg _bftb Hbrèb eg Dqudqug, becfeg becfeg sg hbsborbrcf b odgftcs eg cargrcs qug gstbabf gf juginb, gf edodgharg eg 24;>. ³Ruä gs ic qug jbog qug sdftbhcs tbf botubi ib pcgsèb3 Ibs pbibarbs eurbs, idhpdbs, sdf vugitbs, eg Fgrueb, fcs hugstrbf ufb rgbidebe fgnbeb pcr bòcs, ochc pbsÿ ocf ics egsbpbrgodecs egsbpbrgodecs pcr ibs ýitdhbs ýitd hbs edotbeurbs ibtdfcbhgrdobfb ibtd fcbhgrdobfbs. s. T ochc sdnug pbsbfec ocf gsbs pgrscfbs ouycs ougrpcs `ugrcf ` ugrcf couitbecs couitbecs pcr ics bsgsdfcs, gf ib hgedeb gf qug fc sg gfougftrgf c sg degftdflqugf sus rgstcs pbrb qug su `bhdidb, sus bhdncs, sus ochpbògrcs, ics pugebf egspgedr, gf ibs botubigs eghcorbodbs. _d gi odoic fcrhbi eg ib vdeb fc sg odgrrb, odgrr b, sd gi obhdfc b ib aýsqugeb aýsqugeb eg ib vgrebe eg ic courrdec gstâ castbouidzbec y pcr gsc fc sg pugeg ocfcogr ic suogedec fd ed`ufedrsg, ib jdstcrdb sdnug ochc ufb jgrdeb badgrtb = pbrb ib scodgebe fc sg prcogsb ochc binc qug tgrhdfÿ, y sg sdgftg ochc uf pbsbec qug fc pbsb.

_g trbtb eg uf pbsbec badgrtc, eg binýf hcec dfocfoiusc, ouycs g`gotcs gf ics prcogscs dfedvdeubigs y ocigotdvcs sg gxtdgfegf jbodb fcsctrcs y sg fcs vugivgf prgsgftgs. (@rbfoc y Igvèf, 1;;>)

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WF [W [WFU FUC C EG [BQ BQUD UDE EB UG UGßQ ßQDO DOC C

³JB_U ³JB_ UB RW RWÄÄ HC HCHG HGFUC FUC II IIGN GNB B IB JD JD_U _UCQD CQDB3 B3 Ib Jdstcrdb gs ib odgfodb eg ics jchargs gf gi tdghpc. Ucec ic qug gxdstg tuvc su crdngf gf gi pbsbec, y ib Jdstcrdb y ctrbs odgfodbs trbtbf t rbtbf eg ocfcogric, ocfcogric, ochprgfegric ochprgfegric g dftgrprgtbric. Ib Gebe Ocftghpcrâfgb Ocftghpcrâfgb iignb jbstb jbstb fugstrcs fugstrcs eèbs, pcr ocfsdnudgftg ib jdstcrdb jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb babrob jbstb gi tdghpc prgsgftg. Fc sg pugeg bflrhbr qug jbyb ufb `gojb egseg gi prgsgftg jbodb btrâs gf ib qug ics jgojcs pbsbecs egmbf eg sgr jdstÿrdocs. Ib dhpcrtbfodb eg ic bocftgodec ochc pbrb qug dhpidqug dhpidq ug egtgrhdfbecs obhadcs gf ib scodgebe gf qug vdvdhcs, jbog qug binufcs bin ufcs jdstcrdbecrgs, scodÿicncs, scodÿicncs, bftrcpÿicncs, bftrcpÿicncs, gocfchdstbs, g dfoi d foiusc usc pgrdcedstbs y ctrcs bfbidstbs eg ic juhbfc ic ocfsdegrgf ’jdstÿr ’j dstÿrdoc‘ doc‘.. Gf gsg puftc, gstdhbf qug gs dhprgsodfedaig dhprgsodfed aig dftgftbr ediuodebr gi gftrbhbec gftrb hbec qug iigvÿ iigvÿ b qug sg prceumgrb prceumgrb gsg bocftgodhdgftc, bocftgodh dgftc, y bfbidzbr pbrodbipb rodbihgftg ibs hýitdpigs ocfsgougfodbs qug sg gxtdgfegf jbstb gi prgsgftg y qug tcebvèb fc tgrhdfbrcf tgrhd fbrcf eg egsgfobegfbrsg. egsgfobegfbrsg. Gs egodr, sg hbftdgfg gf ib dfogrtdeuharg oÿhc ouihdfbrâ gsg jgojc qug sg gstâ bfbidzbfec, bfbi dzbfec, ouâi sgrâ su flfbi, pgrc pgr c buf sdnug sdgfec jdstcrdb, pcrqug ib jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb ocftghpcrâfgb gs ib jdstcrdb eg ic qug gstbhcs gstbhcs vdvdgfe vdv dgfecc (Brÿstgnud, (Brÿstgn ud, 24:4). Gstb gsordturb eg ib jdstcrdb scarg odoics fc ogrrbecs fc gs fugvb, sdghprg sdghprg gxdstdÿ. EgsE gseg ics tdghpcs eg ics prdhgrcs prd hgrcs jdstcrdbecrgs eg fugstrb fugstrb ouiturb= Jgrÿec Jgrÿectc tc (5:7-517 b.O.), iibhbec gi ’[berg eg ib Jdstcrdb‘ Jdstcr db‘,, Uuoèedegs Uuoèedegs (50;-?40 (50 ;-?40 b.O.), [cidadc (1;;(1;; -22: b.O.), b.O.), Muidc Mui dc Oäsbr (2;;-555 b.O.) gxdstèb (2;;-5 gxdst èb ib ocfodgfodb eg ’qug ’qug fc iignug b egsvbfgogrsg egsvb fgogrsg ocf gi tdghpc ib hghcrdb eg ics jgojcs pýaidocs eg ics jchargs‘ (Jgrÿectc, Ics fugvg idarcs eg ib jdstcrdb). Ibs rbzcfgs eg gsordadr ib jdstcrdb eg su tdghpc gstbabf huy oibrbs pbrb Uuoèedegs=

Uuoèedegs gi btgfdgfsg rgibtÿ ib nugrrb nugr rb gftrg ics pgicpcfgsdcs y ics btgfdgfsgs egsordadgfec oÿhc iuojbrcf ufcs ocftrb ocftrb ctrcs, y sg pusc b giic bpgfbs `ug egoibrbeb pcr ocfsdegrbr qug dab b sgr nrbfeg y hâs `bhcsb qug tcebs ibs bftgrdcrgs \…X Ics suogscs bftgrdcrgs b gstcs, y ics býf hâs bftdnucs, hg rgsuitÿ dhpcsdaig, gf vgrebe, ocfcogrics ocfcogrics gxbotbhgftg egadec bi ibrnc tdghpc trbfsourrdec‘ trbfsourr dec‘.. (U (Uuoèedegs, uoèedegs, Jdstcrdb eg ib Nugrrb egi [gicpcfgsc )

Eurbftg gi sdnic ZDZ ib gsordturb eg fugstrb jdstcrdb gstbab idnbeb b ib `ufebodÿf eg fugstrb pbtrdb, b `crmbr `cr mbr fugstrb degftdebe ochc pugaic, b ibs prgcoupbodcfgs crnbfdzbtdvbs crnbf dzbtdvbs pcr ib fugvb fbodÿf, c b ib mustdflobodÿf c gxbitbodÿf eg ibs prcpdbs boodcfgs, gftrg ctrbs hctdvbodcfgs. Pgbhcs pcr gmghpic gi obsc egi prdhgr brtèouic pgrdceèstdoc puaidobec pcr Echdfnc @bustdfc _brhdgftc gf Ojdig gf 2:5;, abmc gi sgueÿfdhc eg ’uf tgfdgftg eg brtdiigrèb gf Ojbobauoc‘. Biiè egsordag ib abtbiib eg Ojbobauoc, qug tuvc iunbr gf `gargrc eg 2:2>, gs egodr, 1? bòcs bftgs egi hchgftc gf qug qug gstbab gsordadgfec. gsor dadgfec. _g trbtbab eg jdstcrdb jdstcr db rgodgftg, eg jgojcs qug tcebvèb tcebvèb tgfèbf tgf èbf huojc huojc dhpbotc pbrb ib scodgebe b ib qug sg edrdnèb. edr dnèb. Ibs `ugrzbs ordciibs, ochbfebebs pcr gi ngfgrbi Mcsä eg _bf Hbrtèf ocf su vdotcrdb, jdodgrcf ogsbr bi ncadgrfc gspbòci, pcr ic qug bsuhdÿ ochc Edrgotcr _uprghc eg Ojdig gi ardnbedgr Agrfbrec C—Jdnndfs. Gf gsg brtèouic _brhdgftc _br hdgftc dftgrpgib dftgrpgib b ib scodgebe ojdigfb= ig rgprcojb rgprcojb gi civdec c ibs eurbs orètdobs pcr pbrtg eg gsb ’ngfgrbodÿf dfnrbtb‘ b ib qug ocfsdegrb ocfsdegrb obrgftg

21

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

[cr Rudfc

eg pbtrdct pbtrdctdshc, dshc, pcrqug fc fc vbicrb ibs iuojbs pcr ib dfegpgfegfodb y ougstdcfb b sus flnurbs ’ochc sd gi rändhgf ocicfdbi gf gi qug `udhcs orgbecs, y ib dnfcrbfodb y ib baygoodÿf eg fugstrcs pbergs, fcs juadgrb egmbec scic vdrtuegs‘. [brb egs-civdebr, pbrb bsuhdr gi ochprchdsc ocf ib [btrdb, _brhdgftc ochdgfzb, ocf gstg brtèouic scarg _bf Hbrtèf, su ibrnb obrrgrb ocf ics gfsbycs qug ic jbrâf `bhcsc.

2?

 

WF [W [WFU FUC C EG [BQ BQUD UDE EB UG UGßQ ßQDO DOC C

Gf gstb prgcoupbodÿf pcr rgsobtbr ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg, Abrtcichä Hdtrg, Echdfnc @. _brhdgf _brh dgftc, tc, Mubf H. Nutdärrgz, @äidx @rèbs y ctrcs dftgigotubigs dftgigotubigs orgbrcf gi Dfstdtutc Jdstÿrdoc-Ngcnrâfloc tÿrdoc-Ngcnrâ floc egi Qèc eg ib [ibtb, gf 2:70. Gsordadgrcf gf 2:7> Nbigrèb eg ogigardebegs brngftdfbs. Adcnrb`èbs eg ics pgrscfbmgs hâs fctbaigs egi Qèc eg ib [ibtb  b flf eg ’qug sg igb gf ibs gsougibs, qug bfeg gf tcebs ibs hbfcs, y `crhg ocf su gmghpic vbrcfgs bfdhcscs‘ 2.

Ib adcnrb`èb

Echdfnc @. _brhdgftc, Gi Hgrourdc (Ojdig), 1; eg hbrzc eg 2:51 Ib adcnrb`èb gs gi ochpgfedc eg ics jgojcs jdstÿrdocs hâs bi biobfog egi pugaic y eg ufb dfstruoodÿf hâs edrgotb y hâs oibrb (...) Fbeb gs hâs `âodi, fc jby ocsb qug gxodtg hbycr dftgräs y hugvb sdhpbtèbs hâs bredgftgs qug ib jdstcrdb pbrtdouibr eg uf jcharg b ouyc fbodhdgftc bsdstdhcs, sdnudäfecic gf sus mugncs df`bftdigs, gf sus gstuedcs, gf sus coupbodcfgs, gf ib vdeb echästdob, jbstb qug ic vghcs gsocngr ib pugrtb gf gi hufec y bfufodbrsg ocf tdhdegz b ics odroufstbftgs*. 2

Botdvdebe pbrb gi biuhfc=

³[cr quä b _brhdgftc ig pbrgog ocfvgfdgftg puaidobr adcnrb`èbs3

* Odtbec gf Pdeb eg _bf Hbrtèf, pcr Echdfnc @. _brhdgftc, dftrceuoodÿf eg O. Nbivâf Hcrgfc, Ge. Oibrdebe, As. Bs., 247;. 2 1

25

Ocf ctrc gstdic, Pdogftg @degi Iÿpgz, jdmc egi butcr egi jdh fc, puaidoÿ gftrg 2:>1 y 2:>7 su prdhgrb gedodÿf jdhfc, ge dodÿf eg Jdstcrdb eg ib Qgpýaidob Brngftdfb .

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

Ib edsputb pcr gi pbsbec y ib gsordturb eg ib Jdstcrdb _d ib jdstcrdb ib gsordagf ics qug nbfbf, gsc qudgrg egodr qug jby ctrb jdstcrdb, ib vgrebegrb jdstcrdb, qudgf qudgrb cèr qug cdnb. Idttc Fgaadb

Eurbftg hdigfdcs, ics ncagrfbftgs c ibs oibsgs echdfbftgs, echdfbftgs, gs egodr, qudgfgs qudgfgs tgfèbf gi pcegr pciètdoc c eg ocftrci degciÿndoc c gocfÿhdoc scarg gi rgstc eg ib pcaibodÿf, grbf ics ýfdocs qug tuvdgrcf pcsdadidebegs rgbigs eg jbogr ocfcogr su vgrsdÿf eg ics jgojcs courrdecs. _g pibshbabf pbrb ibs `uturbs ngfgrbodcfgs ib jdstcrdb eg ics rgdfbecs, gi egsbrrciic eg ibs nugrrbs, ibs vdebs eg sbftcs, ibs hghcrdbs eg ngftg qug qugrèb sgr oäigarg gf ibs ngfgrbodcfgs ngfgrbodc fgs pcstgrdcrgs. [brtg eg ic qug fc gftrbab egftrc eg gsbs jdstcrdbs sg trbfshdtèb trb fshdtèb crbihgftg gf ibs oibsgs pcpuibrgs, b hgfuec digtrbebs. _df nrbfegs hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf qug qug ics ed` ed`ufedgrb ufedgrb fd ocf uf bpbrbtc bpbrbtc gruedtc qug ic rgspbiebsg, grb dhpcrtbftg prgsgrvbr eg binýf hcec su ocfcodhdgftc pbrb sbivbnubredb eg ics dftgrgsgs pcpuibrgs. Ochc egoèb Btbjubipb Tupbfqud gf Gi [bybecr pgrsgnudec, [grc sd gi obftc gs prctgstb ocftrb ib igy egi pbtrÿf, sg brrbstrb eg pgÿf b pgÿf gf uf prc`ufec hurhuiic, y hbrojb bi rbs eg ics yuycs y uycs ochc ojbsqud gf uf hbiÿf. Ocf gi fýhgrc orgodgftg eg bscodbodcfgs cargrbs gf ib sgnufeb hdtbe egi sdnic ZDZ (qug iuojbabf pcr hgmcrbr ibs ocfedodcfgs eg trbabmc y eg vdeb pbrb ics trbabmbecrgs y sus `bhdidbs), ocf ib bhpidbodÿf egi vctc b ibs obpbs hgfcs puedgftgs y ib ocfsgougftg prcpbnbodÿf eg ib igotcgsordturb, y ocf ib gibacrb gibacrbodÿf odÿf ufb gxpidob gx pidobodÿf odÿf egi hufec hufec (gi hbtgrdbidshc edbiäotdoc) y ufb gxpidob gx pidobodÿf odÿf eg ib jdstcrdb (gi hbtgrdbidshc jdstÿrdoc) pcr Lbri Hbrx y @rdgerdoj Gfngis, sg `ugrcf rgebotbfec y puaidobfec ctrbs jdstcrdbs, `ugrb egi ocftrci eg ib aurnugsèb echdfbftg. Gi pcsdtdvdshc, pcsdtdvd shc, ocrrdgftg flicsÿflob surndeb gf gi sdnic ZDZ qug sg btrdauyÿ btr dauyÿ ib obpbodebe obpbodebe eg bflrhbr quä ocfcodhdgftcs ocfcodhdgftcs scf odgftèflocs y vâidecs, `ug utdidzbec utdi dzbec ochc mustdflobodÿf degciÿdegciÿndob egi dhpgrdbidshc dhpgrdbi dshc gf ib hgedeb gf qug dhpusc scarg ibs odgfodbs juhbfbs gi hätcec hätcec eg ibs odgfodbs fbturbigs. _g tchbrcf, tchb rcf, pcr gmghpic, gmghpic, gighgftcs eg ib ib tgcrèb tgcr èb eg Ebrwdf Ebrw df (qudgf pcstuibab aâsdobhgftg aâsdobhgftg qug ochc ics rgourscs pbrb suasdstdr y gi gspbodc scf idhdtbecs, id hdtbecs, fc tcecs ics sgrgs vdvcs pugegf vdvdr vdv dr pbrb rgprceu rgprceuodrsg, odrsg, pcr ic qug sg prceuog prceuog ib iuojb pcr ib vdeb, v deb, y scargvdvgf ics hâs bptcs) qug sg bebptbrcf b ib flicsc`èb, psdocicnèb y odgfodbs scodbigs= gi hgmcrr prgpbrbec gvciuodcfdshc c ebrwdfdshc scodbi, qug mustdflobab gi echdfdc egi hâs `ugrtg c hgmc tgofciÿndob c gocfÿhdobhgftg, gocfÿhdobhgftg, `ug usbec ochc brnuhgftc ’odgftèfloc‘ eg ib gxpbfsdÿf gx pbfsdÿf eg ibs pctgfodbs gurcpgbs scarg gi rgstc egi hufec. hufec. Bsè tbhadäf sg prcvgygrcf ocf brnuhgftcs brnu hgftcs psguec-odgftèflocs psgue c-odgftèflocs b ibs ecotrdfbs ecot rdfbs eg supgrdcrdebe supgr dcrdebe rbodbi qug sg ed`ufedgrcf b flfgs egi sdnic ZDZ y huy gspgodbihgftg gspgodbihgftg gf ib prdhgrb pr dhgrb hdtbe egi sdnic ZZ, ocf gi bung egi fbzdshc.

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Gf gi obhpc eg ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb jdstcrdcn rb`èb sg flmbrcf rgnibs pbrb egtgrhdfbr quä sg pceèb ocfsde ocfsdeggrbr jdstcrdb odgftèflob, pbrb icnrbr ib dhpbrodbidebe egi jdstcrdbecr, ouyb ibacr sg egaèb absbr gf gi trbabm t rbabmcc gf brojdvcs y ib orètdob eg ibs `ugftgs `ugftgs.. [grc huojcs jdstcrdbecrgs jdstcrdbecrgs sg idhdtbrcf id hdtbrcf b ausobr y bfbidzbr ecouhgftcs, sdf orgbr uf hbroc gxpidobtdvc gx pidobtdvc hâs bhpidc, orgygfec qug gi ocfcodhdgftc jdstÿrdoc prcogeg gf `crhb bouhuibtdvb bouhuibtdvb y prcnrgsdvb. Gf brbs eg ib supu supugstb gstb camgtdvdebe egi jdstcrdbecr jdstcrdbecr,, gi pcsdtdvdshc pcsdtdvd shc rgstrdfndÿ gi bfâidsds jdstÿr doc eg ic ocftghpcrâfgc, jdstÿrdoc ocftghpcrâfgc, y gscs gstuedcs gstuedc s qugebrcf gf hbfcs eg scodÿicncs, bftrcpÿicncs, gtfÿicncs, gocfchdstbs, pgrdcedstbs, eghÿnrb`cs, pcidtÿicncs, pcidtÿicncs, jchargs eg fgncodcs y `ufodcfbrdcs dftgrfbodcfbigs (_ctc Nbhacb, 1;;5).

Ruä jbaèb qug gsordadr gf gi sdnic ZDZ sgnýf Hdtrg Ochc gmghpic eg ib edsputb pcr gi sgftdec eg ib jdstcrdb, egftrc dfoiusc eg ib jdstcrdb idagrbi y pcsdtdvdstb, pceghcs vgr gi obsc egi bacnbec g jdstcrdbecr jdstcr dbecr Beci`c Beci`c _bieèbs, edsoèpuic e dsoèpuic eg Abrtcichä Hdtrg. _bieèbs `ug ` ug bigftbec bigftbec pcr gi `bhcsc pgrdcedstb, jdstcrdbecr jdstcrdbecr,, hdidtbr y gx prgsdegftg prgsdegftg (eg `botc y ocfstdtuodcfbi) pbrb ocftdfubr ocf ib jdstcrdb eg fugstrc fugstrc pbès, pbè s, yb qug su Jdstcrdb eg Aginrbfc jbaèb iignbec jbstb 2:1;. 2:1;. [brb ocfcogr hgmcr hgmcr ics tdghpcs eg Qcsbs ‟eg ‟ eg qudgf ’sbaèb‘ ’sbaèb‘ qug qug sg trbtbab t rbtbab eg uf hcfstruc sbfnrdgftc‟ sbfn rdgftc‟ bpgiÿ b ibs `ugftgs= ocigoodcfgs eg pgrdÿedocs eg ib Nbogtb Hgrobftdi, gi Br Br-B fngids (Qcsb, 24:2) y ics brojdvcs qug Mubf ojdvc Bhgrdobfc eg Eg Bfngids Hbfugi eg Qcsbs jbaèb iigvbec b Icfergs (Rubttrcoojd-^cdsscf, 2447). Rugeÿ bscharbec pcr uf pbfcrbhb tctbihgftg ed`grgftg bi qug gspgrbab gfocftrbr, y gsordadÿ trgs t rgs vciýhgfgs vciýhgfgs gftrg 2::2 y 2::> (Jdstcrdb eg Qczbs y su äpcob, iugnc iibhbec Jdstcrdb eg ib Ocf`gegrbodÿf Brngftdfb). Bflrhÿ Bfl rhÿ qug gi camgtdvc eg su carb carb gs=

’trbfshdtdr b qudgfgs rgocngribs qudgrbf ibs dfvgstdnbodcfgs qug jg vgfdec jbodgfjbodgfec bogrob eg gsb äpcob qug fc jb sdec gstuedbeb tcebvèb, y eg ib oubi o ubi fc tgfghcs hâs degbs qug ibs eg rgprgsdÿf y eg prcpbnbfeb, prcpbnbfeb, qug hbftgfèbf ics pbrtdecs pcièp ciètdocs qug gf giib sg edsgòbrcf. (...) Fc sg sdrvg b ib idagrtbe hbftgfdgfec ics cedcs egi pbsbec.‘ B Hdtrg fc ig nustÿ ib carb eg su ardiibftg edsoèpuic, y ig gspgtÿ qug sg trbtbab eg ’uf brhb egi bevgrsbrdc gf gi obhpc eg ib iuojb pbsbeb‘. Beci`c _bieèbs ig hbfd`gstÿ qug su hbgstrc pgfsbab gsc egadec b ib ’g`grvgsogfodb eg ibs pbsdcfgs pciètdobs‘. Gi gstbedstb ig rgspcfedÿ, rgocfcodgfec ’ib dfhgfsb ibacr qug gfodgrrb su idarc‘=

’_d pcr trbedodcfgs pbrtdedstbs gftdgfeg ustge hd 󿬂egidebe b ics fcaigs prdfodpdcs pcrqug jg ochabtdec ochabtdec tceb hd vdeb, v deb, y qug orgc jbagr ocftrdaudec b jbogr trduf`br gf ib hgedeb eg hds hd s `bouitbegs, egac egoibrbrig qug ocfsodgftghgftg ocfsodgftghgftg ics nubrec, ochc nubrec ics fcaigs cedcs ocftrb gi ordhgf or dhgf qug hg bfdhbrcf gf ib iuojb‘. iuojb‘.

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OB[ÈUWIC 2

Botdvdebe

Igg ics prdhgrcs puftcs eg gstg obpètuic y rgspcfeg ocf tus pbibarbs b) ³Jbstb quä quä hchgftc hchgftc iign iignbb ib jdstcrdb jdstcrdb33 a) ³[cr quä huojcs huojcs jbf pibftgbec pibftgbec qug gs fgogsbrdc fgogsbrdc gsordadr ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg rgodgftg33 o) [dgfsb= ³pcr quä b pbrtdr eg `dfgs egi sdnic ZDZ huojcs huojcs jdstcrdbecrgs jdstcrdbecrgs ocfsdegrbrcf ocfsdegrbrcf qug fc fc sg pceèb gsordadr jdstcrdb rgodgftg rgodgftg33 e) Bfbidzb ics camgtdvcs camgtdvcs qug egoibrbf egoibrbf _bieèbs _bieèbs y Hdtrg bi gsordadr gsordadr jdstcrdb. Ochpârbics Ochpârbics y trbtb eg egtgrhdfbr quä jdstcrdb jdstcr db tg pbrgog hâs camgtdvb, c qug ausob hâs ib vgrebe vgrebe eg ic bocftgodec.

Jdstcrdb y pciètdob gf Brngftdfb egi sdnic ZZD _gnýf gi ordtgrdc pcsdtdvdstb eg odgf o dgftdflodebe, tdflodebe, pbrb qug ib jdstcrdb sgb odgftèflob egag egag egspgnbrsg gi g i camgtc b gstuedbr egi sumgtc qug qug gstâ dfvgstdnbfec, d fvgstdnbfec, qudgf egag botubr sÿic ochc casgrvbecr.. Ib orggfodb vbecr org gfodb gf ib dhpbrodbidebe egi jdstcrdbecr jdstcr dbecr,, gf su camgtdvdebe, dfeuog b grrcrgs= tceb tc eb pgrscfb qug sg sdgftg b casgrvbr binc ic jbrâ ocf uf prgocfogptc, ocf ufb degcicnèb, ocf ufb ocshcvdsdÿf. _d pdgfsb qug gs ’bpciètdoc‘, ’bpciètdoc‘, gs pcrqu pcrqugg fc tchÿ ocfodgfodb eg qug gf rgbidebe gstâ bogptbfec bi hufec gstbaigodec ochc vâidec, y pcr ic tbftc bprugab ibs rgibodcfgs scodbigs scod bigs y gocfÿhdobs gxdstgftgs. Rudgfgs obidflobf ufb pcsturb eg ’degciÿndob‘ ic jbogf ngfgrbihgftg pcrqug vb ocftrb gi sdstghb, oubfec gf rgbidebe sd fc ic ordtdob, gstâ b `bvcr egi hdshc y tbhadäf `crhb pbrtg eg ufb degcicnèb (ib echdfbftg, oibrc gstâ) bufqug fc gstä gxpièodtb. _d bfbidzbhcs bfbid zbhcs ib jdstcrdcnrb` jdstcr dcnrb`èb èb puaidobeb, bufqug bufqug huojcs huojcs jbnbf dfvcobodÿf b ib dhpbrodbidebe y b ibs `ugftgs ` ugftgs,, sg pugeg vdsiuharbr ib suamgtdvdebe eg ics jdstcrdbecrgs. Ics qug gsordagf gsor dagf ib jdstcrdb gstâf tbf dffiugfodbecs pcr su `crhbodÿf bobeähdob ochc pcr ibs degcicnèbs qug becptbf c rgojbzbf, pcr ics ocfedodcfbhdgftcs gocfÿhdocs ecfeg gmgrogf su dfvgstdnbodÿf c puaidobf sus trbabmcs y ibs dfstdtuodcfgs qug prchugvgf c vgtbf ics tghbs eg tgsds. Gi hâs rgfcharbec jdstcrdbecr brngftdfc, Uuidc Uuidc Jbipgrèf Jbipgr èf Ecfnjd, ocf`gsÿ gf ufb gftrggftrg vdstb? qug fc odtb huojc sus `ugftgs, jgojc qug ‟ocf ‟ ocf sus prcpdbs pbibarbs‟ pbibarb s‟ ’gs camgtbaig‘. Gxpidoÿ qug trbabmb huojc gf ics tgxtcs y pcfg ic qug qudgrg.

’Hd sgigoodÿf gstâ jgojb ocf hd ordtgrdc, or dtgrdc, gs egodr, ic qug hg pbrgog dhpcrtbftg. Bjcrb tgfnc ufb gspgodg eg bevgrsbrdc \gi jdstcrdbecr fbodcfbidstb FcragrtcX Nbibssc, qug gxpidob qug pbrb jbogr jdstcrdb jby ufb gtbpb gf qug sg muftb tcec y ctrb gf ib qug, egseg ufb pgrspgotdvb hdidtbftg, sg gxpidob ib vgrsdÿf qug b ufc ig nustb. Gs ufb hbfgrb uf pcoc tcsob eg egodr ic qug tcecs jboghcs‘. jboghcs‘.5 Gf Brngftdfb Brngftd fb gxdstgf dhpcrtbftgs d hpcrtbftgs dfstdtuodcfgs bhpbrbebs pcr gi Gstbec qug sg egedobf egedobf b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf jdstÿrdob, b ib puaidobodÿf eg trbabmcs, b ib edndtbidzbodÿf eg ecouhgftcs jdstÿrdocs, b edotbr ourscs, b ed`ufedr ib dfvgstdnbodÿf hgedbftg ocfourscs y/c prghdcs, b rgbidzbr edotâhgfgs scarg df`crhgs qug dfstdtuodcfgs nuagrfbhgftbigs igs scidodtbf… ? 5

 Gftrgvdstb eg Obrics [bnfd, Qgvdstb befOuiturb , Ib Fbodÿf, 2? eg sgptdgharg eg 1;;:.  Èegh bftgrdcr.

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Gftrg giics sg egstbobf ib Bobeghdb Fbodcfbi eg ib Jdstcrdb y gi Dfstdtutc eg Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb y Bhgrdobfb ’Er. Ghdidc Qbvdnfbfd‘ (egpgfedgftg eg ib @bouitbe eg @dicsc`èb y Igtrbs eg ib WAB, y egi OCFDOGU - Ocfsgmc Fbodcfbi eg Dfvgstdnbodcfgs Odgftèflobs). Eurbftg prâotdobhgftg tcec gi sdnic ZZ y ic qug vb egi ZZD, bhabs prgstdndcsbs dfstdtuodcfgs hcfcpcidzbrcf gi sbagr jdstÿrdoc igndtdhbec pcr ib ochufdebe odgftèflob. Nrbodbs b edstdftcs ocftbotcs ocf ics ncadgrfcs fbodcfbigs, qug ocibacrbf gocfÿhdobhgftg ocf ibs puaidobodcfgs, sg prceuog su ed`usdÿf. _g ocfstruygrcf eg gstg hcec ics idfgbhdgftcs qug sg gfsgòbf gf ics gstbaigodhdgftcs geuobtdvcs y eg dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg gi pbsbec fbodcfbi. _df ghabrnc, fc ocfstdtuygf ibs ýfdobs vgrsdcfgs eg ib jdstcrdb qug odrouibf. Ocf ib orgbodÿf egi Dfstdtutc Fbodcfbi Fbodcfbi eg Qgvdsdcfdshc Jdstÿrdoc Brngftdfc B rngftdfc g Dagrcbhgrdobfc Hbfugi Hbfu gi Ecrrgnc pcr egorgtc 2::;/1;22, 2::;/1;22, gi ncadgrfc egodedÿ qug gi bsgscrbhdgftc pbrb ib hdrbeb cflodbi scarg ics järcgs pcpuibrgs eg ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db fbodcfbi y ibtdfcbhgrdobfb sgb scidodtbec b gstg crnbfdshc (y fc b ib Bobeghdb, ochc grb bftgs). Gstb hgedeb drrdtÿ drr dtÿ b huojcs huojcs jdstcrdbecrgs bobeähdocs qug bflrhbrcf qug gi rgvdsdcfdshc gs ’ufb fugvb `crhb eg usc pciètdoc eg ib jdstcrdb‘. jdstcrdb‘. Gi Edrgotcr Ed rgotcr egi Dfstdtutc Qbvdnfbfd Mcsä Obrics Ojdbrbhcftg sdgftg sdgftg qug sg obidflob b ics ’jdstcrdbecrgs qug pugaibf ics ogftrcs eg dfvgstdnbodÿf egi Ocfdogt y eg ibs ufdvgrsdebegs, y qug fc pbrtdodpbf eg ib ocrrdgftg egfchdfbeb rgvdsdcf rgvdsdcfdshc dshc jdstÿrdoc, 7

ocf gi bnrbvdbftg hctg eg idagrbigs gxtrbfmgrdzbftgs.‘ Gf rgbidebe, gi egorgtc gstbaigog qug gi Dfstdtutc rgdvdfedobrâ rgdvd fedobrâ b tcecs ics qug ’eg`gfedgrcf gi degbrdc fbodcfbi y pcpuibr bftg gi ghab ghabtg tg idagrbi y gxtrbfmgrdzbftg‘ gxt rbfmgrdzbftg‘.. Gi prcai prcaighb ghb qug sg edrdhg rd hg ocf gstg egabtg egabtg gs ib rgibodÿf eg pcegr gftrg prceuoodÿf prceuoodÿf y edstrdauodÿf edstr dauodÿf eg ocfcodh ocfcodhdgftc, dgftc, y qudäf utdidzb ib jdstcrdb pbrb quä flfgs. _gnýf ib scodÿicnb Bfb Mbrbhdiic, ’odroufsordadr gi ocfcodhdgftc y ib gsordturb b ics ‚jdstcrdbecrgs odgftèflocs— ocf ics crcpgigs bobeähdocs dhpidob ib vciuftbe eg pgrpgtubr gi pcegr eg qudgfgs prgtgfegf tgfgr ib Pgrebe, egadec b su `crhbodÿf bobeähdob‘. Gf gstg egabtg, gi pgrdcedstb Hbrdbfc Nrcfecfb ‟eg`gfBotdvdebegs scr eg edotbeurbs vbrdbs‟ bflrhb qug ig juadgrb juadgrb nustbec qug gi ncadgrfc bpcyg b ufb vdsdÿf ’pbodflobecrb‘ y ’babrobecrb‘ b) ³Ou ³Ouâigs âigs scf ibs ocrrdg ocrrdgfftgs jdstcrdcnrâ`dobs b ibs qug eg fugstrc pbsbec. Gi prcaighb gs qug ic qug fc gstâ gxpièodgxpi èod-

o) Igg gf gstg gstg obpè obpètui tuic c gi tghb Ib edsputb pcr gi [bsbec. Bvgrdnub scarg gi egabtg jdstcrdcnrâ`doc egsbtbec trbs ib orgbodÿf egi Dfstdtutc Fbodcfbi eg Qgvdsdcfdshc Jdstÿrdoc Hbfugi Ecrrgnc. Ocf vgrsb ocf tus ochpbò ochpbògrcs grcs y sbob ufb ocfoiusdÿf scarg ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb tdgfg pbrb

tc pugeg sgr sutdi, couitc, gfnbòcsc, y gsb pcsdodÿf sg utdidzb pbrb egfdnrbr b qudgfgs bsuhgf bsuhgf ctrb hdrbeb y ib gxpidodtbf. gx pidodtbf. Ochc edog gi jdstcrdbecr dfniäs Grdo Jcasabwh, gf su idarc _carg ib jdstcrdb, ’Ics jchargs scf c egagrèbf sgr pbrtdedstbs gf su botdtue bftg ibs odgfodbs, tceb vgz qug ästbs hdshbs scf pbrtdedstbs‘ pbr tdedstbs‘.. Gf gi hdshc sgftdec, ics jdstcrdbecrgs brngftdfcs @grfbfec Egvctc y Fcrb [bnbfc, gf su idarc Ib jdstcrdcnr jdstcrdcnrb`èb b`èb bobeähdob y ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb hdidtbftg gf Brngftdfb y Wrunuby, bflrhbf ’Ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb j dstcrdcnrb`èb fc pugeg pugeg egsvdfouibrsg egi egsegstdfc pciètdoc eg obeb pbès, yb qug gstb gs ib `ufodÿf degciÿndob qug ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb jdstcrdcnrb` èb bsuhg c sg ig btrdauyg, fd eg ibs

ib brngftdfb oÿhc sg scodgebe fbrrb fugstrb jdstcrdb3

edvgrsbs trbedodcfgs ouiturbigs gf ibs qug giib sg dfsgrtb‘.

biueg Hbrdbfc Nrcfecfb3 a) ³J ³Jby by ctr ctrbs bs33

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[ândfb/21, 5/21/1;22, 5/21/1;22, ’Jdstcrdb y rgvdsdcfdshc‘ pcr Mcsä Obrics Ojdbrbhcftg.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

Ib Fbodÿf - Echdfnc ;5 eg edodgharg eg 1;22

Ib ’abtbiib ouiturbi‘, ³jb iignbec jbstb ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb brngftdfb33 [cr Hbrdbfc Nrcfecfb Gs eg tcecs ocfcodec gi jgojc eg qug ics brngftdfcs dftgrgsbecs gf egsod`rbr fugstrc pbsbec fc ocftbhcs jcy ocf ufb sdfc ocf ecs y jbstb ocf trgs t rgs jdstcrdbs pbrb ocfsuitbr. ocfsuit br. B ib prdhgrb gf bpbrgogr, qug pcerèbhcs iibhbr ’oiâsdob‘ bufqug sus bevgrsbrdcs ib iibhbf idagrbi, ocrrgspcfegf, pbrb tchbr uf scic gmghpic, ibs nrbfegs adcnrb`èbs eg Abrtcichä Hdtrg scarg Mcsä eg _bf Hbrtèf y Hbfugi Aginrbfc. [grc ocf gi pbsc egi tdghpc sg ed`ufedgrcf ibs carbs eg ctrcs butcrgs ochc Mcsä Hbrèb Qcsb b qudgfgs, pcrqug su ghpgòc `ug rgvdsbr orètdobhgftg ib jdstcrdb oiâsdob c idagrbi, sg ics iibhÿ rgvdsdcfdstbs. Ubhpcoc pcerèb dnfcrbrsg ib carb jdstcrdcnrâ`dob eg uf tgrogr nrupc eg butcrgs qug, ocf ib byueb eg ics hcegrfcs gighgftcs eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, jbf prgtgfedec iignbr b ufb vdsdÿf gf odgrtc hcec ’babrobecrb‘ eg fugstrc pbsbec, ocf ib dftgfodÿf eg egsbrrciibr, hâs biiâ eg ibs pbsdcfgs qug jbf edvdedec tbftbs vgogs b ics brngftdfcs, ufb vdsdÿf piurbidstb ecfeg puedgrbf rg`undbrsg tcecs bqugiics qug prcourbf qug gi pbsbec, igmcs eg gfocfbrfcs ufcs ocftrb ctrcs,  vbyb ed`ufedgfec gftrg fcsctrcs uf gspèrdtu gspèrd tu eg sgrdgebe odgftè`dob odgftè` dob y tcigrbfodb degciÿndob. Ochc bvbfzbecs eg gstb tgrogrb pbod`dobecrb egi `ustg eg Uuidc Jbipgrèf Ecfnjddftgfodÿf y Iuds Biagrtc Biagr tc Qchgrc.hgfodcfbrèbhcs b jdstcrdbecrgs

IB JD JD_U _UC CQDB QG QGOD ODGF GFUG UG OC OCHC HC _W _WAE AED_ D_OD OD[[IDF DFB B EG IB JD JD_U _UCQ CQDB DB Ochc vdhcs, jdstcrdb ocgtâfgb, gs egodr, jdstcrdb qug sg gsordag scarg bocftgodhdgftcs bocftgodhdgftcs rgodgftgs c ocftghpcrâfgcs b ics jdstcrdbecrgs qug ib rgebotbf, juac sdghprg. [grc ochc gi pgsc eg ic gstbaigodec pcr gi pcsdtdvdshc `ug huy `ugrtg, rgodäf gf gi ýitdhc oubrtc egi sdnic ZZ surndÿ ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg ochc suaedsodpidfb egi obhpc bobeähdoc eg ib ib jdstcrdb. jdstcr db. Ib ochufdebe odgftèflob eg ics jdstcrdbecrgs gstbaigodÿ fugvcs prcogedhdgftcs pbrb trbtbr eg bsgnurbr qug ib jdstcrdb huy ocftghpcrâfgb sgb ic hâs camgtdvb pcsdaig.

Wfb ochufdebe odgftè󿬂ob gstâ ocfstdtudeb pcr bqugiics prc`gsdcfbigs qug prbotdobf ufb gspgodbidebe, jbf rgodadec pbrgodeb geuobodÿf y igèec ics hdshcs idarcs, gfsgòbf ocigndbebhgftg b sus suogscrgs, hbftdgfgf odgrtb odgr tb ochufdobodÿf dftgrfb b trbväs eg scodgebegs, ocfnrgscs, rgvdstbs y ctrbs vèbs hgfcs `crhbigs, scarg ib absg eg ufb rgibtdvb ‟pcr su edvgrsdebe‟ pgrc g`gotdvb g`gotdv b ufbfdhdebe eg mudodcs scarg gi c󿬂odc (Abrrcs,2440). Gf oubftc bi fcharg, huojcs ib iibhbf jdstcrdb egi tdghpc prgsgftg (egsdnfbodÿf crdndfbeb gf @rbfodb), ctrcs jdstcrdb huy ocftghpcrâfgb ocftghpcrâfgb (gf Nrbf Argtbòb)< gf Gspbòb jdstcrdb egi hufec botubi. Jdstcrdb dfhgedbtb sg rgflgrg gf ngfgrbi b ib qug gstâ idhdtbeb b uf pgrècec pgr ècec huy ocrtc eg tdghpc jbodb btrâs, btrâ s, bprcxdhbebhgftg ufb eäobeb. Jby huojbs egfchdfbodcfgs qug tdgfgf tbi vgz ufb ocffctbodÿf hâs c hgfcs sdhdibr, sdh dibr, pgrc becptbhcs pcr su bhpidtue gi fcharg eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg.

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Obrbotgrèstdobs eg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg Ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg gs uf obhpc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf gf ocfstruoodÿf, ouyb pbrtdouibrdebe gs qug fc tdgfg uf pibzc orcfciÿndoc, egflfdec gf gi tdghpc t dghpc jbodb btrâs egseg gi prgsgftg botubi, qug sg ocfstdtuyb gf su ièhdtg. Ästg puge pugegg vbrdbr vbr dbr sgnýf sgný f gi gmg eg gstuedc c ibs prcaighâtdobs prcaighâtdobs qug sg bacregf. bacregf. _u vgrebegrc vgrebegrc ièhdtg gs ib vdeb= pugeg gxdstdr jdstcrdb rgodgftg rgo dgftg hdgftrbs hdgftrbs jbybf pgrscfbs vdvbs qug pugebf ocftbr su suamgtdvdebe scarg ib gtbpb qug dfvgstdnbhcs, qug ib vdvdgrcf c eg ib oubi `ugrcf tgstdncs. _d adgf pugeg gsordadrsg jdstcrdb dfhgedbtb sdf buxdidc eg tgstdhcfdcs crbigs, sÿic ocf `ugftgs gsordtbs y buedcvdsubigs sgb pgrdceèstdobs, ecouhgftbigs, ecouhgf tbigs, murèedobs, eg hgedcs hbsdvcs, ecouhgftbodÿf ecouhgftbodÿf ed`ufedeb ed` ufedeb pcr dftgrfgt d ftgrfgt pcr `ugftgs ochc ochc ^dldigbls, ^dl digbls, gf ngfgrbi gi pbpgi eg ics tgstdhcfdbftgs tchÿ tbftb dhpcrtbfodb qug sg jb iignbec b egfchdfbr b gstg hchgftc jdstcrdcnrâfloc ochc ’ib ’ ib grb egi tgstdnc‘.0 Ctrc rgqudsdtc gs qug gsg pgrècec pgr ècec sg sdgftb ochc binc tcebvèb prgsgftg gf ib scodgebe. [cr gsc jbaiâabhcs bi prdfodpdc prd fodpdc eg gstg obpètuic egi pbsbec qug fc pbsb. Gstc suogeg gf ngfgrbi trbs prcogscs trbuhâtdocs su`r  su`rdecs decs pcr uf pugaic c ufb ochufdebe. ochufdebe. Gf cobsdcfgs, cob sdcfgs, ib jgrgfodb egi hdgec y gi pcoc tdghpc t dghpc trbfsourrdec trbfsourr dec egspuäs egspuäs eg ics bocftgodhdgftcs bocftgodhdgftcs ecicrcscs (y gf huojcs hu ojcs obscs ib dhpcsdodÿf c gi ocfsgfsc tâodtc) t âodtc) jdzc qug gsbs ougstdcfgs fc sg tcobrbf c sg igs btrdauygrbf obusbs gxtgrfbs pbrb nbrbftdzbr nbrb ftdzbr ’ib pbz scodbi‘. scodb i‘. Bsè, gi pgrècec eg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg fc gstâ rgeuodec b ics ýitdhcs edgz, trgdftb c odfougftb bòcs, sdfc qug ästg egpgfeg eg ib fgogsdebe eg dfvgstdnbodÿf qug jbyb scarg ufb äpcob egtgrhdfbeb egtgrhd fbeb y ics sdigfodcs qug jbybf pgsbec c qug sdnugf pgsbfec pbrb fc trbtbr gf ngfgrbi gf ib scodgebe badgrtbhgftg c egsbpbsdcfbebhgftg gsb gtbpb eg ib jdstcrdb. Bi sgr gstcs tghbs fgogsbrdcs fgogsbr dcs pbrb ib scodgebe, pcrqug mustbhgftg mustbhgftg ib jdstcjdstc rdb rgodgftg trbtb eg dfebnbr jgojcs qug sg couitbrcf, gxdstg eghbfeb scodbi pbrb qug ics jdstcrdbecrgs ocibacrgf gf ib tbrgb eg dfvgstdnbr ausobfec ib vgrebe eg ic bocftgodec. Gi ochabtg pcr ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg sg hgzoib ocf gi ochabtg pcr ib vgrebe y ib mustdodb. _d adgf gi jdstcrdbecr fc gs uf tgstdnc, fd uf fctbrdc, fd uf  mugz,, sdfc uf dftärprgtg, gf huojcs  mugz obscs ics jdstcrdbecrgs c ics dfvgstdnbecrgs gf jdstcrdb rgodgftg scf ocfvcobecs pcr ics mugogs b tgstdhcfdbr gf  mudodc  mud odcss pcr pcr orèhgf orèhgfgs gs eg eg igsb igsb juhbf uhbfdeb debe, e, pbrb qug ics mugogs tgfnbf ufb gxpidobodÿf hâs ngfgrbi eg ic bocftgodec. bocftgodec.

Ib purb vgrebe , Diustrbodÿf eg Brhbfec Edicf Edicf 0

1;

 Bffgttg ^dgvdcrlb (244:), odtbeb pcr Hbrdfb @rbfoc y @icrgfodb Igvèf (1;;>).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

GI OB OBH[ H[C C EG IB JD JD_ _UCQD QDB B QG QGO ODG DGFU FUGG GF IB BQNGFUDFB T GF GI HWFEC

Ics orèhgfgs egi @rbfqudshc

Gi jdstcrdbecr ardtâfdoc Grdo Jcasabwh sgòbib= ’B ’B pgsbr eg tcecs ics prcaighbs prcaighbs gstruoturbigs, gs fgogsbrdc gsordadr

Gi ocfcodec mugz gspbòci eg`gfscr eg ics egrgojcs

ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db egi tdghpc prgsgftg. Beghâs, fc jby gigoodÿf. Gs prgodsc rgbidzbr ibs dfvgstdnbodcfgs gf gstg obhpc ocf ibs hdshbs obutgibs, y sdnudgfec ics hdshcs ordtgrdcs ordtgr dcs qug pbrb oubiqudgr ctrc obhpc, bufqug fc sgb hâs qug pbrb rgsobtbr rg sobtbr egi civdec y, bobsc, eg ib egstruoodÿf ibs `ugftgs qug sgrâf dfedspgfsbaigs pbrb ics jdstcrdbecrgs egi tgrogr hdigfdc‘.> Gf Brngftdfb oubfec sg jbaib eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg sg pdgfsb gf ics tghbs btrbvgsbecs pcr ibs ib s iuojbs pcr ics obhadcs degciÿndocs, degciÿndocs, pciètdocs, pcièt docs, scodbigs, gocfÿhdocs y ouiturbigs egseg ochdgfzcs eg ib eäobeb eg 24>; y ib rgprgsdÿf qug ig sdnudÿ, bsè ochc ib trbfs`crhbodÿf eg uf hcegic eg pbès absbecc gf gi prctgoodcfdshc absbe prctgoodcfdshc dfeustrdbi y ib scidebrdebe sc-

juhbfcs, Abitbsbr Nbrzÿf, gf gi bòc 1;;: sg egoibrÿ ochpgtgftg pbrb dfvgstdnbr ics orèhgfgs egi `rbfqudshc pcr trbtbrsg eg orèhgfgs eg igsb juhbfdebe= gi edotbecr @rbfodsoc @rbfoc y ctrcs ?5 qug sg suaigvbrcf suaigvbr cf ocftrb gi Nc adgrfc eg ib Qgpýaidob Gspbòcib degbrcf uf pibf eg gxtgrhdfdc sdstghâtdoc eg sus cpcfgftgs y eg rgprgsdÿf qug tuvc ochc hèfdhc 225.100 egsbpbrgodecs. [gsg b sgr gstc tbf oibrc, uf `dsobi pdedÿ ib fuidebe eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf pcrqug Nbrzÿf trbtbab eg muznbr jgojcs prgsordtcs y pgrecfbecs pcr ib Igy eg Bhfdstèb eg 24>>. Iugnc b gstc sg ig suhÿ ufb qugrgiib prgsgftbeb ocftrb gi mugz pcr crnbfdzbodcfgs uitrbegrgojdstbs bousâfecic eg gxogegrsg gf sus ochpgtgfodbs gf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf egi `rbfquds-

odbi, b uf hcegic idargobhadstb, idargobhadstb, dfedvdeubidstb y egsdnubi. Gf Gspbòb ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg sg rghcftb b ib eäobeb eg 24?;, y sdf ghabrnc sus gstuedcs ochgfzbrcf rgodäf gf ib eäobeb eg 244;:. Ib Nugrrb Odvdi Gspbòcib courrdÿ courr dÿ gftrg 24?0 y 24?4 y ics orèhgfgs o rèhgfgs qug gi `rbfqudsh ` rbfqudshcc4 ochgtdÿ eurbftg ib nugrrb y pcstgrdcrhgftg tcebvèb jcy scf camgtc eg `ugrtgs egabtgs egab tgs y ocftrcvgrsdbs.  Hbfd`gst bodÿf  Hbfd`gstbodÿf ocftrb gi `rbfqudshc

 Mugz Abitbzbr Abitb zbr Nbrzÿf Nbrzÿ f

hc. Gi hbndstrbec Nbrzÿf `ug suspgfedec. Gi [bès, [bès, Hberde-10/;5/1;2; Hdigs eg pgrscfbs ausobf egseg jbog vbrdbs eäobebs b sus sgrgs qugrdecs, egsbpbrgodecs eurbftg ib Nugrrb Odvdi y gi `rbfqudshc. Ctrcs tbftcs jbf su`rdec ib rgprgsdÿf gf sus prcpdbs obrfgs. Ibs vèotdhbs rgoibhbf qug sus trbngedbs fc obdnbf gf gi civdec y sg rgoupgrgf egi dftgrdcr eg

>

Jdstcrdb db egi prgsgftg prgsgftg. Hberde, Gueghb, 244?.  Odtbec gf èegh Mcsg`dfb Ougstb, Jdstcr  M. Ougstb, bftgrdcr. 4  Pgr ’Orèhgfgs egi Qändhgf @rbfqudstb‘, Gqudpc Fdzlcr, 25 eg bardi eg 1;;5, gf jttp=//usubrdcs.huitdhbfdb.gs/pbibpdz jttp=//usubrdcs .huitdhbfdb.gs/pbibpdz/fgwpbng> /fgwpbng>.jthi .jthi :

ibs `csbs ics rgstcs eg ics rgprgsbidbecs.

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Gf @rbfodb ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg dfvgstdnb `ufebhgftbihgftg gi pgrècec eg ib _gnufeb Nugrrb Hufedbi, ocf ib ocftrcv ocftrcvgrtdeb grtdeb pbrtdodpbodÿf ocf gi fbzdshc egi rändhgf rän dhgf butcrdtbrdc butcrdtbrdc eg Pdojy. Eurbftg gstg ncadgrfc sg rgprdhdÿ eurbhgftg y sg egspdedgrcf eg ics pugstcs eg trbabmc b ics mueècs< ib `bhcsb rgvdstb eg jdstcrdb jdstcr db Bffbigs tuvc suspgfedeb su puaidobodÿf jbstb qug gi jdstcrdbecr Hbro Aicoj `ugrb gxoiudec eg ib hdshb. _u edrgotcr Iuodgf @gavrg bogptÿ gstc pbrb ocftdf bogptÿ ocftdfubr ubr ocf ib rgvdstb. rgv dstb. Fc ochgfzÿ ufb rgvdsdÿf rgv dsdÿf eg ib ochpidodebe ochpidodebe odvdi egi pgrècec jbstb egspuäs egi Hbyc @rbfoäs (240:).2; Gf Dtbidb fc juac dftgftcs sgrdcs eg gstuedbr bi `bsodshc jbstb 24>5= rgodäf oubfec uf jdstcrdbecr ocfsgrvbecr vbicrÿ ib pbrtdodpb pbrt dodpbodÿf odÿf egi pugaic pugaic gf gsg rändhgf ränd hgf dtbidbfc, dfvgstdnbecrgs bftd`bsodstbs bftd`bsodstbs bsuhdgrcf gi rgtc eg bfbidzbr gscs y ctrcs bspgotcs egi rändhgf eg Husscidfd. Gf Bighbfdb tbhadäf, egspuäs eg ib _gnufeb Nugrrb, sg ig bemuedoÿ tceb ib rgspcfsbadidebe b Jdtigr y b uf nrupc sgigotc qug ic sgoufeÿ, bsè ochc tbhadäf sg btrdauygrcf ouipbs y rgspcfsbadidebegs bi egtgrdcrc hcrbi y eg vbicrgs qug tuvc ochc ocfsgougfodb ib [rdhgrb [r dhgrb Nugrrb Hufedbi. _g trbtbrcf eg rgoupgrbr ics rbsncs pcsdtdvcs eg ib degftdebe degftdebe bighbfb eg sdnics bftgrdcrgs, y fc sg trbtbrcf pýaidobhgftg ics orèhgfgs egi Jcicobustc  mueèc jbstb qug qug ibs fu fugvbs gvbs ngfgrbodcfgs, ngfgrbodcfgs, yb fc ochp ochprchgtdebs rchgtdebs ocf gi ngfcodedc, ghpgzb ghpgzb-rcf b dfebnbr orètdobhgftg. orètdobhgftg. Ochc vghcs, gf ngfgrbi egspuäs eg bocftgodhdgftcs tbf trbuhâtdocs gs ed`èodi qug sg rchpb gi pbotc eg sdigfodc gf `crhb hâs c hgfcs dfhgedbtb, y su jdstcrdb gftrb gf uf pgrècec pgrèc ec eg ’ibtgfodb‘, ’ibtgfodb‘, jbstb qug pugeg sgr fbrrbec pcr ibs vèotdhbs vèot dhbs c pcr ics tgstdncs, tgstdnc s, y qug gfougftrg jdstcrdbecrgs qug ic gsordabf.

fcvd gharg eg e g 1;22 1;22 [ândfb/21, 2? eg fcvdgharg [ândfb/21,

Ib jdstcrdb egi gspbòci qug dfdodc ib eghbfeb pcr ics ordhgfgs or dhgfgs egi `rbfqudshc [cr Qcoèc Hbnfbfd Ebrèc Qdvbs sg egspdedÿ eg su pberg b ics fugvg bòcs, oubfec ic suadgrcf b uf abroc ruhac b Augfcs Bdrgs. Ic vcivdÿ b pgregr b ics 2>, 2>, `usdibec pcr c`dodbigs c` dodbigs `rbfqudstbs, `rbfqudst bs, sgnýf ig ochufdobrcf gf ufb obrtb< y ig edmc bedÿs, pcr tgrogrb vgz, jbog sgds bòcs, gf gi oghgftgrdc eg Icgftdb, Nbidodb, ecfeg icnrÿ gftgrrbric trbs eäobebs eg aýsqugeb. [grc gi jcharg, nbiignc eg rbzb, fc sg ocf`crhb fd civdeb. Udgfg obsd 41 bòcs  y gfobagzb gfoba gzb gf ib Brngftdfb, Br ngftdfb, ecfeg vdvdÿ v dvdÿ obsd tceb su s u vdeb, vdeb , ufb egfufodb pbrb qug ics orèhgfgs egi `rbfqudshc fc qugegf dhpufgs. [deg mustdodb pcr su pberg, _gvgrdfc Qdvbs, qug `ug biobieg egi byuftbhdgftc Obstrc eg Qgd, gf ib prcvdfodb eg Iunc, oubfec ic egtuvdgrcf y iugnc `usdibrcf ’pcr trbdodÿf b ib pbtrdb‘, gi 14 eg cotuarg co tuarg eg 24?0.

2;

11

Ebrèc Qdvbs. @ctc eg [baic [dcvbfc

 Ebfdgi Ivcvdoj, ’Jdstcrdb rgodgftg eg pbsbecs trbuhâtdocs‘, gf @rbfoc H. y Igvèf @. (1;;>).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

\…X Egfufodÿ qug b hâs eg >7 bòcs egi dfdodc eg ib Nugrrb Odvdi, ’ics ouipbaigs fc jbf sdec muznbecs, gi ncadgrfc eg Gspbòb fc ausob b sus egsbpbrgodecs y huojcs fdòcs sgougstrbecs fc ocfcogf su vgrebegrb degftdebe‘. degftdebe‘. ’Gsc gs ufb vgrnùgfzb, fc eg Gspbòb sdfc eg ib juhbfdebe ‟orgg Qdvbs‟. Gs G s egmbr vdvc gi bftgogegftg eg uf ngfcodedc dhpufg dh pufg qug vbf b pbnbr ibs ngfgrbodcfgs `uturbs. [cr gsc, gs c, sd fc ic jbogf giics, ochc egagrèb sgr, ic jbrghcs egseg bquè‘, egseg Brngftdfb. ’Ic ’ Ic jbrä yc, uf vdgmc, egseg Dtuzbdfnÿ‘, Dtuz bdfnÿ‘, sg règ. ’(@rbfodsoc) @rbfoc prchgtdÿ bftgs eg hcrdr qug egtrâs eg äi tcec dab b qugebr ‚adgf btbec—. T bsè `ug. Gf Gspbòb sdnugf vdvdgfec ib edotbeurb `rbfqudstb. Gi jdzc ibs igygs, fcs dhpusc gi tdpc eg ncadgrfc qug qudsc (hcfbrquèb pbribhgftbrdb) y fcharÿ bi rgy (Mubf Obrics eg Acraÿf) ochc su suogscr. Ecs bòcs egspuäs eg su hugrtg, gf 24>>, ics `ufodcfbrdcs eg ib @bibfng sbfodcfbrcf ib Igy eg Bhfdstèb, qug gstbaigog qug fbedg pugeg sgr muznbec pcr orèhgfgs pciètdocs ochgtdecs gf gsb äpcob. T egseg gftcfogs fc obhadÿ fbeb‘, bsgnurb Qdvbs b [ândfb/21. \…X ‟_u pberg, ³yb grb biobieg oubfec ustge us tge ghdnrÿ3 ‟Fc, gsc `ug ufcs bòcs egspuäs, pgrc hd pberg yb grb uf jcharg eg rgspgtc. Oubfec ib Qgpýaidob nbfÿ ibs gigoodcfgs, ic prdhgrc qug äi jdzc ochc ncagrfbftg `ug trbgr uf hbgstrc egi Gstbec Gst bec y jbadidtbr fugstrb obsb obs b pbrb pcfgr ib gsougib. Fc ocarbab fd biqudigr, fd fbeb. Gf ufb cpcrtufdebe gf qug iignc b Gspbòb, uf bhdnc hèc hg edog= ’Cyg, yc gstuedä gf tu obsb‘. T yc= ’Hdrb quä fgncodc, tý gstuedbstg gf hd obsb, y yc tuvg qug jbogr 2 hdihbgstrcs, ldiÿhgt rcs ldiÿhgtrcs pbrb drochc bi ocigndc‘. @rbfoc, b ics ics prdhgrcs qug hbtbabf hbt babf grb b1ics pcrqug ebabfOubfec uf pcociignÿ eg dftgidngfodb, obiouibabf ochufdstbs, rcmcs c ic qug sgb. ‟T äi grb scodbidstb, ³fc3 ‟Fc. Bjè tg gqudvcoâs, gqudvcoâs , fgfb. B äi ig nustbab byuebr b ics pcargs y prbotdobab gi scodbidshc egi ocrbzÿf. \…X \…X Jbog binufcs bòcs, gi byuftbhdgftc byuft bhdgftc eg Obstrc eg Qgd egodedÿ egod edÿ pcfgrig gi fcharg eg hd pberg b ufb obiig gf jchgfbmg b sus botcs. bot cs. Gftcfogs, jdodgrcf ufb gvbiubodÿf eg su ngstdÿf y ic qug egsouardgrcf gs qug ig scarbabf härdtcs. Bsè B sè qug biiâ gstâ, ib Qub _gvgrdfc Qdvbs. ‟ ³[cr quä botcs ic edstdfnudgrcf3 ‟Hd pberg ig ebab binc eg prcpdgebe (eg tdgrrbs) b ib ngftg qug fc tgfèb fbeb qug ochgr pbrb qug sgharbrbf. [crqug Gspbòb `ug uf pbès `guebi y sg pbsÿ jbharg, bufqug fc ic edog fbedg. Ics ýfdocs qug ochèbf grbf ics ourbs, ics ic s hdidtbrgs y ics sgòcrgs `guebigs. Gstbab iigfc eg ngftg ocf tuagrouicsds. B hd pberg prdhgrc ic prcogsbrcf pcr rgvciuodcfbrdc pcrqug fc pgrhdtdÿ qug ib ngftg pbnbrb dhpugstcs gf ufb `grdb. Gi rgobuebecr ig prgnuftÿ pcr quä sg hgtèb y äi rgspcfedÿ= ’[grc sd gstb ngftg fc vgfedÿ fbeb, ¡oÿhc ig vbs b pgedr ics dhpugstcs y gfodhb buhgftbecs!‘. Gftcfogs gi rgobuebecr iibhÿ b ib Nubredb Odvdi, qug iignÿ b obabiic, hcftbfec eg b ecs, y pbrb rgprgfegric, ic btrcpgiibrcf. Hd pberg fc grb jcharg qug sg egmbrb trbtbr eg gsb `crhb, bsè qug ics abmÿ eg ib hcfturb hcft urb b ics ncipgs. Ib ocfoiusdÿf egi bsuftc= ic iigvbrcf b ib oârogi. ‟ ³Oÿhc sg gftgrÿ eg su bsgsdfbtc3 ‟B ics 2>, 2>, pcr obrtb. obr tb. Tc sbaèb qug binc bsè pceèb pbsbr pcrqug ics hdidtbrgs hdidt brgs gf Gspbòb sdghprg scf ics hdshcs= gstuedbf pbrb hbtbr y obsd tceb ib vdeb sg igs ocforgtb ib degb. Gs uf eg`gotc eg fbodhdgftc, y fc sÿic eg ics gspbòcigs. [gcr, sd egspuäs fc sg ocfegfbf sus orèhgfgs. Gf ib Wfdvgrsdebe Wfdvgrs debe eg _bibhbfob hg prgnuftbrcf sd yc pgrecfbab b Gspbòb... T sd pgrecfbr sdnfd`dob sdnfd`do b obiibr u civdebr, civ debr, fc, yc fc pgrecfc. Tc bousc. [crqug b Gspbòb fc ig egac fbeb y pcrqug sd jbnc gstc gs yc pcrvcy gspgrbfzb, mbhâs rgfocr. [cr gsc, sd ocf gi mudodc fc `ugrb adgf c juadgrb prcaighbs, b rgfufodbr b ibpcr oduebebfèb gspbòcib ufb egoibrbodÿf pcr ib pgrhbfgftg dfmustdodb qug sg vdvg tcebvèb.

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Botdvdebe

b) Igg gstg brtèouic. [brb gftgfegri gftgfegric c hgmcr, hgmcr, rgigg scarg scarg ib Nugrrb Odvdi Gspbòcib. Gspbòcib. a) ³Ouâig ³Ouâigss grbf ibs botdvdebegs botdvdebegs eg _gvgrdfc Qdvbs y pcr quä quä `ug bsgsdfbec3 bsgsdfbec3 o) ³Ruä jdzc jdzc Ebrèc Qdvbs pcr pcr su pberg y quä gstâ jbodgfec jbodgfec gf gstg hchgftc hchgftc33 e) ³Ouâig ³Ouâigss scf ics `ufebhgftcs `ufebhgftcs eg eg su boodcfbr boodcfbr33 g) Bfbidzb sd gstb jdstcrdb pugeg pugeg sgr ocfsdegrbeb ocfsdegrbeb jdstcrdb rgodgftg. rgodgftg. Bfbidzb ics rgqudsdtcs rgqudsdtcs eg ib hdshb.

IB DFPG_UDNBODß DFPG_UDNBODßF F HWI HWIUDED_OD[I UDED_OD[IDFBQ DFBQ Ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb (gs egodr, ib gsordturb eg ib jdstcrdb c ics gsordtcs scarg jdstcrdb) qug gxdstg bogrob egi pbsbec rgodgftg tdgfg hýitdpigs gsordtcrgs, qug prcvdgfgf eg edvgrsbs edsodpidfbs, fc sÿic egi obhpc eg ib jdstcrdb. Gi jdstcrdbecr Qcagrtc [dttbiunb ([dttbiunb, 1;;>) ocfsdegrb ocfsdegrb qug uf tgxtc tdgfg t dgfg obrâotgr jdstcrdcnrâfloc oubfec sg trbtb eg uf gsordtc gsor dtc fc floodcfbi qug prgtgfeg prgtgfeg gfocftrbr, ctcrnbr y/c ocfstrudr ocfstru dr sgftdec scarg gi pbsbec. Gs jdstcrdcnrâfloc rdcnrâ floc hâs biiâ eg qug qudgf ic gsordab sgb jdstcrdbecr j dstcrdbecr c prcvgfnb prcvgfnb eg ctrc obhpc, y eg qug rgspcfeb c fc b ibs pbutbs pbutbs qug ib ochufdebe odgftèflob eg ics jdstcrdbecrgs jdstcr dbecrgs gstbaigogf gf uf hchgftc egtgrhdfbec. Rudgfgs botubihgftg botubi hgftg sg egstbobf pcr sus bpcrtgs b ics gstuedcs eg jdstcrdb jdstcr db rgodgftg scf pgrdcedstbs (Jcrbodc Pgradtsly, Nbardgib Ogrrutd, Csvbiec Abygr), scodÿicncs (_divdb _dnbi, Hbfugi Nbrrgtÿf, Gidzbagtj Mgidf), murdsocfsuitcs (Abitbsbr Nbrzÿf), bftrcpÿicncs (Iuehdib Eb _divb Obtgib), pcidtÿicncs (Gfzc Urbvgrsc), gocfchdstbs ([gerc [bz, Mcrng _ojvbrzgr), ecotcrgs gf @dicsc`èb (Bi`rgec [uoodbrgiid), psdoÿicncs (Junc Pgzzgttd) Pgzzgttd) beghâs eg jdstcrdbecrgs (Qcagrtc Absojgttd, [baic [baic [czzd, Jdieb _âabtc), orètdocs or ètdocs idtgrbrdcs y ctrcs. T pbrtdodpbf pbr tdodpbf eg ib gsordturb c eg ib crbidebe c eg ib gxprgsdÿf brtèstdob y eg ib ed`usdÿf crnbfdshcs eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs ochc Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, JDMC_, Fdgtcs, gx ochabtdgftgs eg Hbivdfbs y edstdftcs sgotcrgs eg ib scodgebe. Botubihgftg jby hâs jdstcrdbecrgs qug trbtbf eg dfvgstdnbr ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db rgodgftg. [cr susupugstc, sg rgodagf orètdobs= orèt dobs= binufcs ocfsdegrbf qug gstcs trbabmcs rgspcfegf b ufb ’hceb‘< ’hceb‘< ctrcs ic dftgrprgtbf ochc ufb ougstdÿf eg cpcrtufdshc pbrb ocfsgnudr agobs, suasdedcs pbrb dfvgstdnbodÿf c pbrtdodpbodÿf gf mcrfbebs< tbhadäf sg bflrhb qug tchbf gscs tghbs pbrb fbrrbr su gxpgrdgfodb gxpgr dgfodb c pcrqug pcrqug tdgfgf ib `bodidebe eg pcegr gftrgvdstbr b tgstdncs… tgst dncs…22 _df ghabrnc, jby qug rgocfcogr qug gxdstg ufb eghbfeb scodbi pbrb qug sg dfvgstdnug ic hgmcr pcsdaig gi pbsbec rgodgftg, tbf trbuhâtdoc pbrb ics pbèsgs egi Ocfc _ur. Gstb fgogsdebe prceumc uf bung eg hghcrdbs adcnrâflobs, ecouhgftbigs, fcvgibs, g dfvgstdnbodcfgs pgrdceèstdobs, bftrcpciÿndobs, scodciÿndobs g dfoiusc egi obhpc eg ib psdocicnèb.

15

22

 Igvèf @icrgfodb (1;;4).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

Gi bpcrtg eg ib adcicnèb b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf= Gi BEF ochc jgrrbhdgftb [cr Bferäs Nbacr, sdftgtdzbec eg Wfb tuhab pbrb ics Qchbfcv y ctrbs jdstcrdbs ocf bef, bef, eg Qbýi Bizcnbrby. _dnic _dnic ZZD, ZZD , 1;;5 Botubihgftg sbaghcs qug ib hciäouib eg âodec egscxdrrdacfuoigdoc egscxdrr dacfuoigdoc (ocfcodeb (ocfcodeb pcr su sdnib BEF) gs ib qug ardfeb ib rgogtb pbrb ib ’ocfstruoodÿf‘ eg tcec sgr vdvc y qug tbhadäf egtgrhdfb ibs obrbotgrèstdobs eg sus egsogfedgftgs. ³[grc eg quä `crhb sg trbfshdtgf ibs dfstruoodcfgs eg pbergs b jdmcs3 ³Ruä scf ics ngfgs3 ³[brb quä sdrvgf ibs prctgèfbs3 Ib odgfodb qug gstuedb gstcs tghbs gs ib adcicnèb hcigouibr, qug fbodÿ oubfec sg ochprgfedÿ qug scf ics ngfgs ics qug ocftdgfgf ib df`crhbodÿf pbrb `bardobr ibs prctgèfbs. Ibs prctgèfbs scf vdtbigs pbrb tcec crnbfdshc= `crhbf pbrtg eg ib gstruoturb ogiuibr, `bodidtbf `bodid tbf ibs rgboodcfgs dfedspgfsbaigs ochc ib rgspdrbodÿf y ib edngstdÿf, eg`dgfegf bi crnbfdshc eg ib dfvbsdÿf eg abotgrdbs y  vdrus y vbrdbs `ufodcfgs hâs. Ib dfngfdgrèb ngfätdob, ib mcvgf tgofcicnèb qug pgrhdtg gstuedbr y hbfdpuibr bi BEF, jb rgvciuodcfbec ics ocfcodhdgftcs scarg ib vdeb y pcsdadidtbec ib orgbodÿf eg crnbfdshcs jbstb bjcrb dfgxdstgftgs. [grc tbhadäf fcs jb ardfebec ufb jgrrbhdgf jgrrbhdgftb tb qug fcs pgrhdtg gstuedbr gstuedb r ib jdstcrdb eg ics sgrgs qug jbf jbadtbec fugstrc pibfgtb, gftrg giics gi sgr juhbfc. Ocf ib utdidzbodÿf eg edvgrsbs täofdobs eg ibacrbtcrdc gs pcsdaig, b pbrtdr eg ufb hugstrb egi BEF B EF eg ufb pgrscfb, catgfgr ufb sgrdg sgr dg eg abfebs gf ufb pibob pibob rbedcnrâ`do rbedcn râ`dobb (qug bi dnubi qug ib jugiib ebotdibrgs) ebotdibr gs) scf ýfdobs pbrb obeb dfedvdeuc dfedv deuc y sg trbfshdtgf eg pbergs b jdmcs. Gstg hätcec sg ocfcog ochc ib jugiib edndtbi egi BEF. Ibs bpidobodcfgs eg gstb täofdob scf huy vbrdbebs y pgrhdtgf rgscivgr prcaighbs prcaighbs jbstb bjcrb dfsciuaigs ochc, pcr gmghpic, egtgrhdfbr rgibodcfgs rgibod cfgs eg pbrgftgsoc. Eg gstb `crhb gs pcsdaig ediuodebr ics obscs eg pbtgrfdebe gf huojcs rgoibhcs muedodbigs. Gf ics gstuedcs `crgfsgs sg usbf pbrb gfocftrbr b uf ordhdfbi b pbrtdr pbr tdr eg uf rgstc eg sbfnrg, sghgf c obagiic gfocftrbecs gf ib gsogfb eg uf ordhgf. Bsdhdshc, B sdhdshc, pgrhdtg egtgrhdfbr ib dfcogfodb d fcogfodb eg pgrscfbs scspgojcsbs y eg binufbs qug dfoiusc jbf sdec muznbebs  y jbf pbsbec vbrdcs bòcs bòcs gf ib oârogi. Gf ics Gstbecs Wfdecs Wfdecs ib prugab prugab egi BEF jb pgrhdtdec b hâs hâs eg odgf pgrscfbs ocfegfbebs ocfegfbebs b hugrtg rgoupgrbr su idagrtbe b pbrtdr eg ib eghcstrbodÿf eg su dfcogfodb. Wfb bpidobodÿf huy dhpcrtbftg gf fugstrc pbès gs ib rgoupgrbodÿf eg ics jdmcs eg egsbpbrgodecs eurbftg eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr. Huojbs eg ibs humgrgs sgougstrbebs gstbabf gstbabf ghabrbzbebs y edgrcf edgrcf b iuz gf obutdvgrdc sdf qug sg supdgrb gi egstdfc eg gscs ojdocs. Ib crnbfdzbodÿf Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc sg gfougftrb jbog bòcs gf ib aýsqugeb eg gscs fdgtcs ouyb vgrebegrb degftdebe jb sdec obhadbeb pcr ics bprcpdbecrgs. Nrbodbs bi gstuedc egi BEF sg jbf pcedec degftd`dobr hâs eg 2;; ojdocs y mÿvgfgs gf gsb ocfedodÿf. [grc tcebvèb `bitb gfocftrbr b ctrcs 5;; fdgtcs bprcpdbecs. bprcpdbecs. Gf gi bòc 24:> sg orgÿ gi Abfoc Fbodcfbi eg Ebtcs Ngfätdocs qug `ufodcfb gf gi Jcspdtbi Eurbfe eg ib oduebe eg Augfcs Bdrgs. Biiè sg nubreb ib df`crhbodÿf ngfätdob eg hdigs eg `bhdidbrgs eg egsbpbrgodecs qug jbf vciuftbrdbhg vciuftbrdbhgftg ftgb hugstrbs eg `bhdidbrgs. su sbfnrg pbrb pgrhdtdr gi octgmc botubi y `uturc eg su BEF ocf gftrgnbec gi eg mÿvgfgs qug ausobf su vgz b sus Qgibodcfbec ocf ibs ocfsgougfodbs egi ngfcodedc prceuodec pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, ib jugiib edndtbi egi BEF sg utdidzb bsdhdshc pbrb ib degftd`dobodÿf eg rgstcs juhbfcs gfocftrbecs gf tuhabs ocigotdvbs c bfÿfdhbs. Gstc jb pgrhdtdec jbiibr b pgrscfbs egsbpbrgodebs gf Brngftdfb gf gi pgrècec gf ib eäobeb eg 24>; 24> ; y 24:;. Gstb tbrgb ib dfdodÿ gi Gqudpc eg Bftrcpcicnèb Bftrcpcicnè b @crgfsg, pdcfgrb gf gi hufec gf gstg tdpc eg dfvgstdnbodcfgs. dfvgstdnbodcfg s. [brb gstc tbhadäf sg utdidzb ib df`crhbo df`crhbodÿf dÿf nubrebeb gf gi Abfoc Fbodcfbi eg Ebtcs Ngfätdocs. Gf ics ýitdhcs bòcs gstg prcogedhdgftc tbhadäf sg jb ochgfzbec b usbr gf ctrcs pbèsgs ibtdfcbhgrdobfcs qug su`rdgrcf butcrdtbrdshcs sdhdibrgs.

Jchgfbmg eg sus ochpbògrcs gf gi gftdgrrc eg uf egtgfdec-egsbpbrgodec egtgfdec- egsbpbrgodec degftd`dobec

Qcagrtc Jäotcr Cidvgstrg `ug degftd`dobec gstg bòc \1;;4X nrbodbs bi trbabmc egi Gqudpc Brngftdfc eg Bftrcpcicnèb @crgfsg. Ugfghcs tcec bqugiic qug edogf sus rgstcs ?? bòcs egspuäs eg su bsgsdfbtc y uf FF qug yb fc ic sgrâ, pcrqug bjcrb ufb iâpdeb tgferâ su fcharg  y su bpgiidec, b pgiidec, ochc egag eg ag sgr. sg r. \…X Ocf su fcharg f charg rgsobt rg sobtbec bec egi eg i civdec, civ dec, pbrb p brb sgr sg r hghcrdb hghcr db  vdvb, gi ochpbògrc ochpbògr c jb vugitc b su Ibfýs qugrdec pbrb ogrrbr su ibrnb busgfodb. busgfodb . @ug sbidr egi bfcfdhbtc qug gs sgr FF, gs egvcivgrig su degftdebe. \…X \…X _us rgstcs sg icnrbrcf degftd`dobr nrbodbs b ib Dfdodbtdvb Ib tdfcbhgrdobfb Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb pbrb Degftd`dobodÿf eg [grscfbs Egsbpbrgodebs qug ougftb ocf gi bpcyc eg ib _gorgtbrèb egibEgrgojcs Juhbfcs eg ib Fbodÿf y eg ctrcs crnbfdshcs dftgrfbodcfbigs.

17

 

WF [W [WFU FUC C EG [BQ BQUD UDE EB UG UGßQ ßQDO DOC C

³Eg eÿfeg vgfdhcs3

Gi sgr juhbfc ocftdgfg gf gi fýoigc eg obsd obs d tcebs sus oäiuibs 1? pbrgs eg orchcschbs orchcschb s (50 orchcschbs gf tctbi), ibrnbs hciäouibs eg BEF y prctgèfbs. Gf obhadc o bhadc ics ÿvuics y gspgrhbtczcdegs tdgfgf scic 1? orchcschbs (ufc pcr obeb pbr). Oubfec sg prceuog ib `goufebodÿf sg ufgf ics 1? orchcschbs egi pberg ocf ics 1? eg ib hberg, ebfec fbodhdgftc b ufb fugvb hciäouib eg 50 orchcschbs, ocfstdtudec ocf gi bpcrtg egi 7;% eg df`crhbodÿf ngfätdob eg obeb prcngfdtcr. Gstb gs ib rbzÿf pcr ib oubi jgrgebhcs obrbotgrèstdobs tbftc eg fugstrb hberg ochc eg fugstrc pberg y gi oruog gftrg pgrscfbs eg crèngfgs edvgrscs (gtfdbs ed`grgftgs) ocftrdauyg b ib edvgrsdebe ngfätdob. _ÿic gi pbr 1? gs egtgrhdfbftg egi sgxc. Gf ibs humgrgs edojc pbr gstâ `crhbec pcr ecs orchcschbs dnubigs iibhbecs ZZ. Gf obhadc gf ics jchargs scf edstdftcs, scf gi pbr ZT. Oubfec uf gspgrhbtczcdeg Z `goufeb uf ÿvuic (qug ýfdobhgftg pugeg sgr Z), crdndfbrâ b ufb humgr (fugvc pbr ZZ). Gf gi obsc qug uf gspgrhbtczcdeg T `goufeb b uf ÿvuic sg tdgfg ochc rgsuitbec uf jcharg (fugvc pbr ZT). Bsè pceghcs vgr qug ics orchcschbs T sg jgrgebf ýfdobhgftg pcr ièfgb pbtgrfb. Wtdidzbfec gi rbstrgc egi orchcschb T pceghcs dr pbrb btrâs gf gi tdghpc y ocfcogr b fugstrcs bftgpbsbecs, gstuedbr pcr gmghpic sus hdnrbodcfgs. Ayrbf _ylgs, uf odgftè`doc gurcpgc, gstuedÿ b ufb hchdb eg 7.;;; bòcs eg bftdnùgebe jbiibeb gf ics Bipgs dtbidbfcs iibhbeb gi Jcharg eg ics Jdgics eg Udrci (pcrqug `ug gfocftrbeb egftrc eg uf aicqug eg jdgic). Ochpbrbfec ib sgougfodb egi BEF eg ib hchdb ocf ib eg ecfbftgs vciuftbrdcs egsouardÿ egs ouardÿ qug ocdfodeèb gxbotbhgftg gxbotb hgftg ocf ib eg ufc eg giics. Oubfec rgvdsÿ ics brojdvcs sg gfocftrÿ ocf ib scrprgsb qug ib pgrscfb gf ougstdÿf grb ufb bhdnb suyb. Egseg gftcfogs su bhdnb ghpgzÿ b vgr b ib hchdb ochc uf pbrdgftg. Gstg hdshc odgftè`doc gstuedÿ ics rgstcs rgs tcs `ÿsdigs egi Jcharg eg Ojgeebr eg 4.;;; bòcs eg bftdnùgebe egsgftgrrbecs gf 24;? gf ufb obvgrfb eg Dfnibtgrrb. Gi bfâidsds egi BEF ochpbrbec ocf biuhfcs y prc`gscrgs eg uf ocigndc eg ib zcfb egtgrhdfÿ ufb ocdfodegfodb gxbotb ocf trgs biuhfcs y ufb obsd gxbotb ocf gi prc`gscr eg Jdstcrdb. Gfocftrbhcs b ibs Gvbs

Ibs hdtcocferdbs sg gfougftrbf gf gi odtcpibshb eg ibs oäiuibs vgngtbigs y bfdhbigs. [grhdtgf ib rgspdrbodÿf ogiuibr y ocftdgfgf BEF. [grc gstg BEF fc gs gxbotbhgftg dnubi bi egi fýoigc eg ib oäiuib. Gi BEF hdtcocferdbi sg trbfshdtg obsd gxoiusdvbhgftg (gxdstgf gxogpodcfgs) pcr vèb hbtgrfb. Eg gstb hbfgrb, eg `crhb sdhdibr bi orchcschb T gf ibs egsogfegfodbs pbtgrfbs, sg pugegf gstuedbr b ibs suogsdvbs ngfgrbodcfgs pcr hgedc eg ib jgrgfodb hbtgrfb. Wf brtèouic odgftè`doc odgftè` doc puaidobec gf 24:> 24:> gf ib rgvdstb Fbturg `ug gi crdngf eg ibrnbs ocftrcvgrsdbs. Ics butcrgs, gfobagzbecs gfobagz becs pcr Biibf ^discf, puaidobrcf sus dfvgstdnbodcfgs b pbrtdr egi gstuedc eg hâs eg 2?; 2?; hugstrbs eg BEF hdtcocferdbi tchbebs gf edstdftbs eds tdftbs pbrtgs pbr tgs egi hufec. Ics rgsuitbecs catgfdecs dfedobabf qug ibs hdtcocferdbs eg ics sgrgs juhbfcs qug jbadtbf ib Udgrrb egsodgfegf eg ufb humgr qug vdvdÿ gf Â`rdob gftrg 25;.;;; y 14;.;;; bòcs btrâs. Ib prgfsb ib abutdzÿ Gvb, ic oubi ngfgrÿ ufb edsousdÿf gftrg vbrdcs odgftè`docs qug edsorgpbrcf ocf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf y sus ocfoiusdcfgs. Ctrc gstuedc sdhdibr edrdndec pcr Ayrbf _lylgs sg egedoÿ hâs gspgoè`dobhgftg b ib pcaibodÿf gurcpgb. _us ocfoiusdcfgs hcstrbrcf hcs trbrcf qug gi 47% eg ib pcaibodÿf gurcpgb botubi egsodgfeg eg sdgtg hbergs qug ocf`crhbf sdgtg nrupcs ngfätdocs hdtcocferdbigs. hdtcocfer dbigs. Ibs abutdzÿ abutd zÿ ocf fchargs gxÿtdocs (Ýrsuib, Zgfdb, Jgigfb, Pgieb, Ubrb, Lbtrdfg y Mbshdfg) y gf ocfmuftc ibs iibhÿ ibs sdgtg jdmbs eg Gvb. Edstdftcs gstuedcs, tbftc egi BEF hdtcocferdbi ochc egi orchcschb T, gf hdigs eg pgrscfbs jbf gfrdqugodec ib df`crhbodÿf df`crhbodÿ f scarg ics crèngfgs eg ib juhbfdebe. Ib hbycrèb eg ics rgsuitbecs rgsui tbecs sgòbibf b Â`rdob Â`rdo b ochc gi ocftdfgftg qug edc crdngf bi jcharg hcegrfc. _df ghabrnc gxdstg gxds tg ufb ocrrdgftg qug sgòbib uf crdngf huitdrrgndcfbi, gs egodr ib bpbrdodÿf eg ibs obrbotgr obrbotgrèstdob èstdobss juhbfbs hcegrfbs gf edstdftbs pbrtgs eg Â`rdob, Bsdb y Gurcpb eurbftg ics ecs ýitdhcs hdiicfgs eg bòcs. Ibs edstdftbs dfvgstdnbodcfgs ocftdfýbf y ocftrdauygf gf ib rgsciuodÿf eg gstg nrbf hdstgrdc qug gs fugstrc crdngf, gf gi oubi jghcs bvbfzbec gf pcocs bòcs gf `crhb gspgotbouibr nrbodbs bi ocfcodhdgftc eg fugstrc prcpdc ougrpc= ib df`crhbodÿf ngfätdob.

10

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

JD_UC JD_ UCQDB QDB T HGHCQDB HGHCQDB Gxdstg ocf`usdÿf gftrg ics ocfogptcs ’jdstcrdb‘ y ’hghcrdb‘, qudzâs pcrqug ib jdstcrdb eg ics bflodcfbecs gstâ huy ogrobfb b ib hghcrdb, sd fc pigfbhgftg degftdflobeb ocf giib, c pcrqug ib jdstcrdb cflodbi cflodb i gstuvc eurbftg huojc tdghpc idnbeb b ib hghcrdb eg ibs oibsgs echdfbftgs. [bui Qdocgur bflrhb qug ib hghcrdb hbrob jugiibs gf ibs pgrscfbs, qug qug sg rgndstrbf rgndstr bf dftgigotubihgftg y qug pugegf vciobrsg pcr gsordtc c gf gi jbaib< tbhadäf hbrob jugiibs gf gi bihb, g dhprcftbs ocrpcrbigs, ogrgarbigs, ocrtdobigs, ocr tdobigs, eg ibs qug qug trbtbf ibs fgurcodgfodbs. Ib jdstcrdb, pbrb Hbro Aicoj, gs ufb odgfodb pcr jugiibs, qug gfouberbhcs gf gi prdhgr tdpc eg jugiibs, pcrqug ics jdstcrdbecrgs fc schcs fd psdoÿicncs fd häedocs. Ib hghcrdb qug gstâ rgibodcfbeb rgibo dcfbeb ocf ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db fc gs ib qug jbog jbog qug ib ngftg sdhpighgftg sdhpighgftg sg bougreg eg ocsbs, sdfc ib qug gs prceuotc eg uf gmgrododc eg hghcrdb, trbtbfec t rbtbfec eg rgocrebr. rgocrebr. Ib hghcrdb bsè gs gi rgougrec, ib rgocfstruoodÿf qug uf dfedvdeuc c uf nrupc hâs c hgfcs fuhgrcsc (hghcrdb ocigotdvb) hbftdgfg eg uf jgojc c eg ufb äpcob. Gs sgigotdvb, `rbnhgftbrdb tbr db y pbrodbi= rgspcfeg b ics dftgrgsgs c b ics sgftdhdgftcs eg binufc eg ics edstdftcs sgotcrgs eg ib scodgebe. Gs suamgtdvb= gs eg binudgf, binu dgf, sgb gsg ’binudgf‘ ufb pgrscfb c ufb ochufdeb ochufdebe. e. Ib jdstcrdb, gf obhadc (sgnýf egflfdodÿf eg Hbro Aicoj) gs ’ufb odgfodb eg ics jchargs gf gi tdghpc, y qug dfogsbftghgftg fgogsdtb ufdr u fdr gi gstuedc gst uedc eg ics hugrtcs bi eg ics vdvcs‘ v dvcs‘.. _d ib hghcrdb eg ic bocftgodec `ugrb gxbotbhgftg dnubi b ic qug rgbihgftg suogedÿ, gi rci egi jdstcrdbecr fc tgferèb sgftdec21. Gi jdstcrdbecr fgogsdtb trbtbr eg egspgnbrsg egi gftcrfc gf gi qug vdvg y eg ib hghcrdb ocigotdvb qug ic echdfb c odroufeb b flf fl f eg rgbidzbr su dfvgstdnbodÿf odgftèflob ic hâs camgtdvbhgftg pcsdaig. Gf gi fdvgi eg  prceuoodÿ  prceuoodÿf, f, ib ochufdebe prc`gsdcfbi eg jdstcrdbecrgs gs ib qug egflfg ibs fcrhbs eg odgftdflodebe prcpdbs eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf jdstÿrdob. Ugrhdfbec gi trbabmc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf, su ed`usdÿf pcr hgedc eg puaidobodcfgs egstdfbebs bi nrbf n rbf pýaidoc c b trbväs eg ib gfsgòbfzb, ocftrdauyg b qug sg dftgnrg gf ib hghcrdb< pbrtdodpb gf su gfrdqugodhdgftc. gfrdqugodhdgftc. Gs dfedspgfsbaig qug ib hghcrdb ‟c hgmcr, ibs hghcrdbs‟ sgbf tgfdebs gf ougftb pbrb jbogr ufb jdstcrdb odgftèflob tctbidzbecrb, yb qug vdvdhcs ’gf uf huf hufec ec gf qug gi brtg br tg eg behdfdstrbr hdfdstr br ics sdigfodcs gs ufb u fb ocfstbftg fgogsdebe gstrbtändob y ufb ‚sgnufeb fbturbigzb—2?‘. Ocf ibs pbibarbs eg Gfrdqug @icrgsobfc=

’_d pbrb ics pcegrcscs ib rgocfstruoodÿf egi pbsbec jb sdec uf dfstruhgftc eg echdfbodÿf dfedspgfsbaig, pbrb ics cprdhdecs y pgrsgnudecs pgrsgn udecs gi pbsbec jb sgrvdec ochc hghcrdb eg su degftdebe y ochc `ugrzb ghctdvb qug hbftdgfg vdvbs sus bspdrbodcfgs eg dfegpgfegfodb y idagrbodÿf. i dagrbodÿf.‘‘ Ugfdgfec gf ougftb gstcs bspgotcs, Fcdrdgi bflrhb qug ’gs pcsdaig egflfdr ib jdstcrdb ochc gi ocfmuftc eg botdv botdvdebegs debegs eg sbagr, eg hghcrdb y eg pcegr gf ibs qug gstâf dhpidobecs d hpidobecs tcecs ics dfedvdeucs qug gmgrogf gi ‚cflodc— eg jdstcrdbecr.‘ 21 2?

Närbre Fcdrdgi, pân. 2>?. Èegh bftgrdcr, pân. 2>1.

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³Ruä gs ib hghcrdb3 Ib hghcrdb gs ufb eg ibs `ufodcfgs ogftrbigs ogftrb igs eg ib botdvdebe dftgigotubi, y gs ib absg egi ocfcodhdgftc. Hdgftrbs qug gi bprgfedzbmg gs gi prcogsc eg bequdrdr fugvb df`crhbodÿf, ib hghcrdb sdrvg pbrb ib pgrsdstgfodb egi bprgfedzbmg, b flf eg qug ästg pugeb sgr utdidzbec hâs tbreg. Ib hghcrdb gs gi prcogsc ocnfdtdvc qug pgrhdtg b ufb pgrscfb pgr scfb bihbogfbr ib df`crhbodÿf df`crhbodÿf qug rgodag b trbväs t rbväs eg ics sgftdecs pbrb su rgougrec y su utdidzbodÿf utdi dzbodÿf gf sdtubodcfgs sdtubodcfgs pcstgrdc25 rgs.  Gf `crhb `cr hb sgfodiib, jby trgs `ufodcfgs ` ufodcfgs ogrgarbigs ogrgarbigs eg gstg prcogsc qug scf ibs eg rgndstrc, rgn dstrc, flmbodÿf flmb odÿf y ocfsgrvbodÿf eg ib df`crhbodÿf, y ib eg gvcobodÿf, gvcobodÿf, rgstdtuodÿf c rgoupgrbodÿf. Ibs pgrscfbs tdgfgf edstdftcs edst dftcs tdpcs eg hghcrdb= hghcrdb eg ocrtc pibzc, eg ibrnc pibzc, hghcrdb pbrb jâadtcs y jbadidebegs (ochc fbebr, bfebr gf adodoigtb), hghcrdb ghcodcfbi (idnbeb gspgodbihgftg bi hdgec). Ibs hghcrdbs pugegf sgr prdvbebs (qug fc trbsodgfegf trbsodgfegf b ufb `bhdidb c b su oèrouic eg ocfcodecs) c pýaidobs (oubfec sg gxpcfgf pbrb ausobr mustdodb c ocfcogr ib vgrebe eg ic bocftgodec), bocf tgodec), dfedvdeubigs c ocigotdvbs. _df ghabrnc, Junc Pgzzgttd Pgzzgttd bflrhb bflr hb qug ib edfâhdob scodbi tdgfeg t dgfeg b gxoiudr y sgpbrbr ibs hghcrdbs hghc rdbs bdsibebs b dsibebs.. Fc gxdstg ufb hghc hghcrdb rdb dfedvdeubi purb, yb qug gi dfedvdeuc prgsgrvb y rgoupgrb sus rgougrecs gf scodgebe. [grc ics ed`grgftgs nrupcs ’tdgfgf ’t dgfgf gf vgrebe ed`grgftgs (Pgzzgttd, 1;;>).  pbsbecs y pcr ic tbftc ed`grgftgs hghcrdbs‘ (Pgzzgttd, Ib scodgebe gftgrb tdgfg tdgfg gi egrgojc egrgojc eg hghc hghcrdb= rdb= surng gf gi trbabmc trbabmc eg pgrdcedstbs, pgrdcedstbs, gsordtcrgs, pcgtbs, pcgtbs, jdstcrdbecrgs, jdstcrdbecrgs, bfbidstbs pciètdocs, pciètdocs, bacnbecs, bacnbecs, cadspcs, prc`gs prc`gscrgs, crgs, pbribpbribhgftbrdcs, hgf tbrdcs, mugogs, mugogs, prc prctbnc tbncfdstbs fdstbs,, vèotdhbs vèotdhbs.. Ocf ibs pbibarbs eg ib jdstcrdbecrb jdstcrdbecrb ojdigfb Gidzbagtj Idrb= I drb=

’Ib edsputb scarg gi pbsbec, egspignbeb gf ics ýitdhcs trgdftb t rgdftb y odfoc bòcs, jb sdec ufb edsputb pcr ib hghcrdb qug jb eg prgvbigogr. Ib edsputb sg jb prceuodec gf ib sgigoodÿf eg ics jgojcs y eg ibs dftgrprgtbodcfgs, y gf gi dftgftc eg ebrig ufb rbodcfbidebe y ufb mustd󿬂obodÿf pibusdaig qug puedgrb degftd󿬂obrsg ocf gi adgf ochýf. [grc, ibs ’hghcrdbs‘ gf ib scodgebe fc sg bfoibf gf ib ’camgtdvdebe eg ics jgojcs‘. Qgsugfbf gf ibs dftgfsbs ghcodcfgs vdvdebs bscodbebs b gscs jgojcs... gf ics hdgecs y ibs bfnustdbs dfvbscrbs... gf ib dhpcsdadidebe eg pcfgr pbibarbs b ic vdvdec, gf gi vboèc eg ibs päredebs, gf ics eugics dhpcsdaigs. Ib edsputb sg jb prceuodec tbhadäf gf gspbodcs pýaidocs y prdvbecs.‘

Hghcrdb y trbuhb Bi hdshc tdghpc, hâs biiâ egi tghb eg ib mustdodb, gi trbabmc eg ib hghcrdb tdgfg `ufodcfgs tgrbpäutdobs. _gnýf Pgzzgttd27 (1;;4) ’ib ougstdÿf hâs rgigvbftg qug sg pibftgb, gf rgibodÿf ocf ibs sdnfdflobodcfgs sdn fdflobodcfgs egi pbsbec ochc trbuhb, gs ib ocfedodÿf botdvb c pbsdvb eg ib hghcrdb= jby, jby, gf odgrtc hcec, ufb cpcsdodÿf gftrg gftrg ib flnurb fln urb egi trbuhb (su`rdec (su`r dec pbsdvbhgftg)  Iburb Acttdfd y Iburb Hbrtèfgz, ’Ib hghcrdb… tgcrèb y prâotdob‘ gf Ughbs eg Ngrcftcicnèb _codbi  _co dbi , Edrgoodÿf Ngfgrbi Ngfgrb i eg Ugrogrb Ugrogrb Gebe, NOAB, 1;;?. 27  Pgzzgttd, Junc= ’Eghbfeb eg hghcrdb‘, [ândfb/21, 2?/:/1;;4. 25

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OB[ÈUWIC 2

y ib degb eg uf trbabmc eg ib hghcrdb. Oubftc hâs sg egstbob ib flnurb egi pbsbec trbuhâtdoc, hgfcs rgourscs qugebf pbrb ibs `crhbs eg rghghcrbodÿf qug dhpidqugf ufb rgfcvbodÿf egi pbsbec. pbsbec.‘‘ [bui Qdocgur, bi rg`grdrsg rg`grdr sg bi fdvgi pbtciÿndoc-tgrbpäutdoc oubfec ib hghcrdb fc sg pugeg egsbrrciibr, gxpidob ib cpcsdodÿf gftrg gi eugic y ib hgibfocièb. Oubfec gi eugic sg rgbidzb, ib prugab eg ib rgbidebe, sdf edshdfuodÿf edshd fuodÿf egi sgftd sgftdhdgftc hdgftc gf sè, hugstrb qug gi camgtc camgtc bhbec jb egmbec egmbec eg gxdstdr, gxd stdr, bufqug sg prceuog ufb rgagidÿf ochprgfsdaig b ib rgfufodb eg gsg vèfouic. Gi trbabmc egi eugic gs gi ocstc egi trbabmc egi rgougrec, pgrc gi rgougrec agfgflodb bi dfedvdeuc qug vugivg b gstbr idarg y egsdfjdadec egsdfjdadec..20 Ib hgibfocièb, gf obhadc, jbog qug gi dfedvdeuc obdnb abmc su prcpdc babtdhdgftc, rgbpbrgogf ibs gsogfbs sdf rggibacrbr. [brb supgrbrib, sg egag trbabmbr scarg ic qug sg dhpcfg egi pbsbec y ebrig sgftdec. Gf fugstrc pbsbec eg vdcigfodb gs dhpcrtbftg uf trbabmc eg ocigotdvc eg hghcrdb< pugeg jbagr rgspcfsbadidebegs rgspcfsbadi debegs pcr gi pbsbec, jby boodcfgs pcsdaigs scarg gsbs jugiibs. jugiibs. Gi trbabmc t rbabmc gf ib ocfstruoodÿf eg ib hghcrdb ocigotdvb scarg gi pbsbe pbsbecc edotbtcrdbi gs dfedspgfsba dfedspgfsbaig= ig= ibs iuojbs iu ojbs sg edrdhgf edr dhgf gf gi obhpc eg ib jdstcrdb y gf eghbfebs scodbigs eg mustdodb.

Urbuhb ( psèqudoc)= psèqudoc)= bocftgodhdgftc qug bhgfbzb prc`ufebhgftg gi adgfgstbr c ib vdeb eg ufb pgrscfb c eg uf sgr huy ogrobfc, c ocfsgougfodb eg gsg jgojc gf gi bpbrbtc c gstruoturb hgftbi c vdeb ghcodcfbi eg ib hdshb, qug dhpidob hdgec dftgfsc, sgftdhdgftc eg dfobpbodebe pbrb gmgrogr ocftrci u ctrbs rgboodcfgs. Gf Brngftdfb, dftgnrbftgs d ftgnrbftgs egi Ogftrc Ogftrc eg Bsdstgfodb B sdstgfodb b Pèotdhbs eg Pdcib P dcibodcfgs odcfgs eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs Er. @grfbfec Wiicb trbabmbf gf ib rgpbrbodÿf egi ebòc y bochpbòbhdgftc b vèotdhbs egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec. Ocfsdegrbf qug gi ebòc fc gs sÿic gf ics adgfgs hbtgrdbigs sdfc gf oubftc b su pgrscfb, yb qug tceb pgrscfb gs uf prcygotc eg vdeb v deb y ic qug b`gotg b gsg prcygotc ocfflnurb uf ebòc b ib pgrscfb. Ics prc`ufecs prcaighbs bpbrgmbecs pcr ib egsbpbrdodÿf y ib bprcpdbodÿf eg agaäs scf hbycrgs qug gi ocfogptc crdndfbi eg trbuhb, qug rgflgrg b uf jgojc edsruptdvc (qug prceuog prceuog ufb rupturb r upturb arusob gf ib vdeb eg ib pgrscfb). Gf fugstrc pbsbec rgodgftg, ibs sdtubodcfgs pbegodebs pcr ibs vèotdhbs eg tgrrcr dshc eg Gstbec sg prcicfnbrcf gf gi tdghpc y ocftdgfgf huojcs gpdscedcs puftubigs tgrrcrdshc edsruptdvcs. Gf gi obsc eg ics prcogscs eg rgstdtuodÿf eg degftdebe eg mÿvgfgs qug `ugrcf fdòcs bprcpdbecs eurbftg ib edotbeurb, gi ’gpdscedc trbuhâtdoc‘ gs gf rgbidebe uf prcogsc gf gi oubi jb trbfsourrdec augfb pbrtg eg su vdeb. Gf gi obsc eg `bhdidbrgs eg egsbpbrgodecs, c eg `bhdidbrgs qug ausobf b ics fdòcs bprcpdbecs, gi jgojc tdgfg ocftdfudebe gf gi prgsgftg prgsgftg y fc ogsb eg courrdr< courr dr< eg biiè b iiè qug, gf gi âhadtc murèedoc, sg ics ocfsdegrg egidtcs egidtcs dhprgsordptdaigs. dhprgs ordptdaigs. Bsè ochc pbrb ib Mustdodb gstcs orèhgfgs or èhgfgs scf dhprgsordptdaigs, dhprgsordptdaigs, tbhadäf ic scf pbrb ib sbiue hgftbi, ebec qug gi jgojc trbuhâtdoc fc ogsb eg courrdr y qug gi pbegodhdgftc fc sg idhdtb bi jgojc trbuhâtdoc.2> Gs pcr gsc qug gi trbabmc ocf ib hghcrdb gs `ufebhgftbi `ufebhgf tbi pbrb ib dftgnrdebe psèqudob eg ibs vèotdhbs.

 [bui Qdocgur, Ib hghcrdb, ib jdstcrdb, gi civdec. Augfcs Bdrgs, @OG, 1;2;.  Muidbfb _grrdtgiib, _bardfb Abibòb, @gegrdoc Lbsld @uiicfg y Mbvdgr Qcerènugz, ’Qgpbrbodÿf egi ebòc gf vèotdhbs egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec Gstbec‘‘, [ândfb/21, 1;/2;/1;22. 20 2>

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IWNBQG_ EG HGHC HGHCQDB QDB Ib hghcrdb sg scstdgfg gf iunbrgs, ecfeg, pbrb [dgrrg Fcrb (24:5), sg ordstbidzb y sg rg`undb. Gstcs iunbrgs eg ib hghcrdb gf ngfgrbi scf rgstcs, pgrc tbhadäf pugegf sgr carbs eg brtg c ocfstruoodcfgs gspgodbigs pbrb rgsnubrebrib, ochc husgcs c brojdvcs, pibzbs y pbrqugs, hcfuhgftcs, hcfcidtcs, pibobs rgocrebtcrdbs, abiecsbs pcr ib hghcrdb, hurbigs c sdhpigs pdftbebs, nrbfltds c gstäfodigs, fchargs eg obiigs, gsougibs, buibs... Ubhadäf ic scf ics ics oghgftgrdcs, ibs ocigoodcfgs, ics botcs, ibs flgstbs, ics bfdvgrbfdvg rsbrdcs, ics trbtbecs, ibs obusbs muedodbigs. Egaghcs tgfgr gf ougftb qug, bsè ochc gxdstg ufb edsputb pcr quä sg rgougreb egi pbsbec y oÿhc oÿhc sg gsordag ib Jdstcrdb, J dstcrdb, tbhadäf jby ufb tgfsdÿf pgrhbfgftg gf ics iunbrgs eg hghcrdb qug scf sdnfdflobtdvcs pbrb nrbf pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf y ic qug pdgfsbf scarg giics ctrcs sgotcrgs. Gf fuhgrcscs obscs ib ocf`rcftbodÿf degciÿndob sg hugstrb gf gscs hdshcs iunbrgs eg ib hghcrdb= pcr gmghpic, ics qug fc qudgrgf ics mudodcs ocftrb ics rgprgscrgs gf cobsdcfgs egstruygf ibs hbrobs eg hghcrdb qug rgougrebf b ics egsbpbrgodecs pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb eg ib Brngftdfb. _gnýf [dgrrg Fcrb, ’sd ic qug eg`dgfegf fc gstuvdgrb bhgfbzbec fc jbarèb fgogsdebe eg ocfstrudrics‘.

Brrdab= Hcfuhgftc eg Qcob gsorbojbec. Bi hgedc= Hcfuhgftc eg sgòbidzbodÿf egi Ogftrc Oibfegstdfc Gi Ojbigt egi Jcspdtbi [csbebs Babmc= Gi Bpibusc, Bpibusc, eg Hbrdbfb Nbacr gf jchgfbmg b ics Botcrgs Egsbpbrgodecs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr (1;;2-1;;1)

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OB[ÈUWIC 2

[ândfb/21,, 2;/21/1;22 [ândfb/21

Wf iunbr eg hghcrdb gf _bftb Oruz [cr Csvbiec Abygr B eg ics eg pgcfgs gf ibegi [btbncfdb. Hugrtg dfmustb gf gi fcvgftb pbrbèsc. bòcs Biiè, ogrob eg`usdibhdgftcs ufc eg ics pbdsbmgs hâs rurbigs jgrhc scs jgrhcscs hufec, gscs pcargs trbab mbecrgs eg ib tdgrrb tdgr rb qug pgeèbf tbf t bf pcoc `ugrcf ` ugrcf bsgsdfbecs pcr p cr gi Gmärodtc Gmärod tc Brngftdfc, Brngft dfc, pcr cregf egi tgfdgftg ocrcfgi Jäotcr Agfdnfc Pbrgib, mg`g egi 2; eg Obabiigrèb, pcr gi abfec eg pgfb eg hugrtg ctcrnbec pcr gi prgsdegftg prgsdegft g Jdpÿidtc Trdncygf, gf 2412. 2412. Gstbhcs `rgftg b ib tuhab hbsdvb gf ib gstbfodb Ib Bfdtb, gf _bftb Oruz. B ecsodgftcs hgtrcs eg giib, ib ocfstruoodÿf huy juhdieg qug ics rgougreb. Biiè rgbidzbhcs gi botc, ochc tcecs ics bòcs gf gstb `gojb. Gi : eg edodgharg. \…X \…X _g jbaèb ochgtdec gi hbycr ordhgf or dhgf ocftrb ics trbabmbecrgs eg ib tdgrrb eg fugstrb jdstcrdb. jdstcr db. [grc ibs prugabs qugebrcf. Bjè gstâf ibs tuhabs hbsdvbs gf tcec gi tgrrdtcrdc sbftboruogòc. Ucebs gstâf yb hbrobebs. Gi pugaic igs iigvb `icrgs. _g ics bobab eg rgocrebr. Gf obhadc, pbrb ics `usdibecrgs fc jby fdfnýf jchgfbmg. Ics gstbfodgrcs, ics agfg`dodbecs, hdrbf jbodb ctrc ibec, pbrb giics ib jdstcrdb fc gxdstg. Botdvdebe

b) Igg gstg `rbnhgftc `rbnhgftc egi brtèouic eg Csvbiec Csvbiec Abygr. Abygr. [dgfsb ³quä dhpcrtbfodb dhpcrtbfodb tdgfg gsg iunbr botubihgftg3 a) Ausob ocf tus ochpbògrcs ochpbògrcs sdtdcs eg hghcrdb qug ocfczobs. ocfczobs. _âobigs `ctcs g dhprèhgibs. dhprèhgibs. Hcftgf ufb pgqugòb gxpcsdodÿf ocf giibs gf gi buib. [dgfsgf gf ics sdnfd`dobecs eg obeb ufc eg giics y egaâtbfics. o) Wfb eg ibs prcpugstbs prcpugstbs eg dfvgstdnb dfvgstdnbodÿf odÿf eg gstg bòc pugeg pugeg sgr scarg scarg ics iunbrgs iunbrgs eg hghcrdb eg tu hufdodpdc. [cr gmghpic, scarg quä obiigs obhadbrcf o bhadbrcf eg fcharg egseg qug  vcivdÿ ib eghcorbodb gf gi bòc 1;;?. 1; ;?. _g egagrèb bvgrdnubr sd sg s g obhadbrcf egfchdfbodcfgs eg obiigs, pcr quä sg jdodgrcf, ouâigs `ugrcf rgghpibzbebs, rgghpibzbebs , pcr quä sg gidndgrcf b äsbs pbrb sbobrigs gi fcharg y pcfgrigs ctrc, c trc, y pcr quä sg igs pusc gi fugvc fcharg.

[CIÈUDOB_ [CI ÈUDOB_ EGI CI CIPDEC PDEC Gs ib hghcrdb uf nrbf ecf, Obideâ huy hgrdtcrdb< T bqugiics qug gf gstb jdstcrdb  _cspgojgf qug igs ecy pbic, pbic,  _gpbf qug qug civdebr ic hbic Ubhadäf gs tgfgr hghcrdb.

Mcsä Jgrfâfegz, Ib vugitb eg Hbrtèf @dgrrc , 2:>4

Fc gs obsubi qug gf binufbs äpcobs sg gstuedgf hâs binufcs tghbs qug gf ctrcs. Gxdstg uf ordtgrdc ordtgr dc pciètdoc pbrb gigndr prc`ufedzbr prc`ufed zbr ib dfvgstdnbodÿf eg egtgrhd egtgrhdfbecs fbecs bocftgodhdgfbocftgodhdgftcs jdstÿrdocs, gspgodbihgftg ics vdfouibecs ocf ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg rgodgftg.. Egseg jbog tdghpcs dfhghcrdbigs ics ncadgrfcs, hâs c hgfcs gxpièodtbhgftg, prgflgrgf gvdtbr ics ocffidotcs ngfgrbecs pcr ib edsousdÿf eg tghbs egi pbsbec y qug pugegf bhgfbzbr ib gstbadidebe pciètdob, pcr ic qug prgflgrgf gi sdigfodbhdgftc (sd fc pugeg sgr gi

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WF [W [WFU FUC C EG [BQ BQUD UDE EB UG UGßQ ßQDO DOC C

civdec). Gf Gndptc binýf `brbÿf iignÿ b jbogr pdobr ics mgrcnièflocs gsordtcs gf pdgerb eg su bftgogscr pbrb qug fc `ugrb rgocrebec. Gf @rbfodb, trbs trb s ibs Nugrrbs eg Qgidndÿf, Qgidn dÿf, gf 274: sg flrhÿ gi Gedotc eg Fbftgs qug qug pgrhdtèb, ocf ièhdtgs, iè hdtgs, ib idagrtbe eg ouitcs b ics obivdfdstbs. Gftrg ctrcs bspgotcs gstdpuiba gstdpuibabb

Rug ib hghcrdb eg tcecs ics bocftgodhdgftcs courrdecs gftrg ufcs y ctrcs trbs t rbs gi ochdgfzc egi hgs eg hbrzc eg 27:7 y eurbftg ics ocfvuiscs prgogegftgs eg ics hdshcs, jbstb fugstrc bevgfdhdgftc b ib ocrcfb, qugegf edsdpbecs y bsuhdecs ochc ocsb fc suogedeb.2: Ib gstrc`b eg Ib vugitb eg Hbrtèf Hbrtèf @dgrrc @dgr rc gs uf gmghpic gmghpic brngftdfc eg flfgs fl fgs egi sdnic ZDZ. Gi gsordtcr Mcsä Jgrfâfegz jbaèb egmbec egmbec eg sgr cpcsdtc cpcsdtcrr bi ncadgrfc (grb edputb edputbec ec cflodbidstb) y trbs ib ’Obhpbòb bi Egsdgrtc‘ ig dftgrgsbab obihbr ics âfdhcs eg ics nbuojcs, qug jbaèb byuebec b gxbitbr ocf Ib deb. [cr gsc iibhbab b ’civdebr ic hbic‘, pbrb qug ics nbuojcs trbabmbsgf trbabmbs gf ochc pgcfgs rurbigs rurb igs gf ibs tdgrrbs t dgrrbs rgodgftghgftg rgodgftghgftg brrgab br rgabtbebs tbebs b ics dfedcs. B ic ibrnc eg ib jdstcrdb, suogsdvcs rgnèhgfgs edotbrcf fuhgrcsbs fuhgrcsbs bhfdstèbs= ocf giibs sg prcourb ocfscidebr ib trbfqudidebe pciètdob hgedbftg gi civdec murèedoc eg ics jgojcs courrdecs. Gi bobiibhdgftc fc prcvdgfg scibhgftg pcr pbrtg egi ncadgrfc, sdfc tbhadäf eg ics sgotcrgs gocfÿhdocs c pciètdocs agfgflodbecs ocf gi sdigfodc, prcabaighgftg pcrqug gstuvdgrcf gf ocffdvgfodb ocf ics jgojcs trbuhâtdocs bftgrdcrgs pcr ic oubi fc qudgrgf qug sgbf rgvdsbecs. _gnýf Idrb, Gf Ojdig ibs rgocfodidbodcfgs pciètdobs sg jbf absbec gf ’igygs eg civdec‘, gs egodr, gf igygs eg bhfdstèb qug jbf ouadgrtc orèhgfgs hbycrgs y hgfcrgs egspuäs eg tcecs ics ocffidotcs ocffidot cs pciètdocs, egseg ics dfdodcs df dodcs eg ib Qgpýaidob gf 2:2:. 2:2:. Urbs ib edotbeurb gf Wrunuby (24>?-24:7) gf ecs cpcrtufdebegs (24:4 y 1;;4) sg rgbidzbrcf pigadsodtcs pbrb egodedr sd ocftdfu ocftdfubab bab vdngftg ib Igy 27.:5: eg Obeuodebe Obeuodebe eg ib [rgtgfsdÿf [ufdtdvb egi Gstbec G stbec (c igy eg bhfdstèb), ocsb qug ib oduebebfèb bprcaÿ. bprcaÿ. Qgodäf gf cotuarg c otuarg eg 1;22 gi Ocfnrgsc bprcaÿ ib igy F» 2:.:?2 qug bfuib ics g`gotcs eg ib Igy eg Obeuodebe y qug obidflob b ics egidtcs ochgtdecs pcr gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec ochc eg igsb juhbfdebe. Gf Brngftdfb, sd adgf sg gfmudodÿ b ibs Muftbs Hdidtbrgs gf 24:7, oubfec ics mudodcs b ics rgprgscrgs/bsgsdfcs prcid`grbrcf gi ncadgrfc rbedobi sbfodcfÿ sbfodcfÿ ibs Igygs eg [uftc @dfbi (24:0) y eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb (24:>) (24:>) qug dfhcvdidzbrcf dfhcvdi dzbrcf ibs obusbs pcr ics orèhgfgs or èhgfgs ochgtdecs ochgtdecs eurbftg ib edotbeurb, y ics dfeuitcs edotbecs edot becs pcr gi prgsdegftg Obrics Hgfgh pusc gf idagrtbe idagr tbe fc sÿic b ics ocfegfbecs sdfc tbhadäf b ics ics prcogsbecs. [râotdobhgftg [râot dobhgftg sÿic sg puedgrcf rgbidzbr rgbidzb r mudodcs pcr ib bprcpdbodÿf dignbi eg agaäs fbodecs gf obutdvgrdc c eg dfhugaigs pgrtgfgodgftgs b ics sgougstrbecs. sgougstrbecs. [grc sd ib igy fc pgrhdtèb pgrhdt èb ib mustdodb, fc pceèb sgr qug fc pgrhdtdgrb qug sg ocfcodgrb ib vgrebe= ocf ib ocfstbfodb egi rgoibhc eg crnbfdshcs ochc ib B[EJ, gf 244: ochgfzbrcf ics Mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe gf ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi eg Ib [ibtb, iugnc gf Hbr egi [ibtb [ibtb y Abjèb Aibfob Aibfob (prcvdfodb eg Augfcs Bdrgs Bdrgs).). _u camgtdvc camgtdvc gs bvgrdnubr quä pbsÿ ocf ics egsbpbrgodecs eg obeb rgndÿf eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb y egtgrhdfbr qudäfgs `ugrcf ics rgspcfsbaigs eg ics orèhgfgs. _d adgf fc tdgfgf ocfsgougfodbs pgfbigs pbrb ics rgspcfsbaigs eg ics egidtcs eg igsb juhbfdebe, ocf gsbs dfvgstdnbodcfgs dfvgstdnbo dcfgs ics crnbfdshcs crnbfd shcs eg 2:

?1

 Odtbec gf Gidzbagtj Idrb (1;2;). (1;2;).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 2

Egrgojcs Juhbfcs bvbfzbrcf gf ib prchcodÿf eg ibs obusbs pgfbigs qug b pbrtdr egi bòc 1;;? puedgrcf ochgfzbr ochgfzbr b rgbardrsg rgbardr sg pbrb muznbr b ics ngfcodebs. Oubfec Oubfec bsuhdÿ ib prgsdegfodb Fästcr Ldrojfgr, gi Ocfnrgsc bfuiÿ ibs igygs eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb y [uftc @dfbi, bfuibodÿf qug tuvc g`gotcs murèedocs rgodäf ecs bòcs egspuäs oubfec ib Ocrtg _uprghb eg Mustdodb ibs egoibrÿ dfocfstdtuodcfbigs. T sg eghcrbrcf ics mudodcs rgibodcfbecs ocf ics ngfcodebs dfeuitbecs jbstb qug ib Ocrtg tbhadäf sg gxpdedÿ scarg ib dfocfstdtuodcfbidebe eg ics dfeuitcs. _df ghabrnc, hdgftrbs tbftc ics gxpgedgftgs eg ics mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe sdnugf botdvcs, sdrvgf ochc uf prdhgr prd hgr pbsc y ocftdfýbf sdgfec sdgfec ýtdigs pbrb icobidzbr prugabs pbrb ibs obusbs pgfbigs.

 Mudodcss gf Brngftdfb  Mudodc

Gi egagr eg hghcrdb [gsg b ib dhpcsdodÿf eg ib egshghcrdb pcr igy c pcr egorgtc, huojcs qug su`rdgrcf gf obrfg prcpdb c pcr sus bhdncs c pcr su prcygotc eg vdeb v deb c eg fbodÿf pgredeb gidngf fc civdebr. [brb fc su`rdr tbftc pcr ib egsbtgfodÿf eg ib scodgebe b sus fgogsdebegs eg hghcrdb, vgrebe y mustdodb, y pbrb icnrbr gf binýf hchgftc rgvgrtdr ib bpbtèb c gi egsdftgräs eg ib scodgebe, gstbs pgrscfbs sg egagf bnrupbr. Gf Brngftdfb Brngftd fb gxdstgf pcr gmghpic ib ib Bscodbodÿf eg Gx Egtgfdecs-Egsbpbrgodecs, @bhdidbrgs eg Egsbpbrgodecs y Egtgfdecs pcr Qbzcfgs [ciètdobs, Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, J.D.M.C_. [cr ib Degftdebe y ib Mustdodb Ocftrb gi Civdec y Gi _digfodc, Gqudpc Brngftdfc eg Bftrcpcicnèb @crgfsg, y ctrcs crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs juhbfcs ochc Bhfdstèb Bhfd stèb Dftgrfbodcfbi _goodÿf Brngftdfb,

??

 

WF [W [WFU FUC C EG [BQ BQUD UDE EB UG UGßQ ßQDO DOC C

Bsbhaigb [grhbfgftg pcr ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs, Ogftrc eg Gstuedcs Ignbigs y _codbigs, Bsbhaigb Hcvdhdgftc Gouhäfdoc pcr ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs y ctrcs. Ib pcsturb eg tcecs giics gs fc civdebr, y ib `ugrzb eg ib hghcrdb qug sg scstdgfg gstâ bscodbeb tbftc b prgsgrvbr gi rgougrec eg ibs vèotdhbs ochc su prcygotc eg vdeb, eg iuojb y eg pbès. Ib hbycrèb eg ics crnbfdshcs gstâf bacobecs b ib aýsqugeb eg mustdodb, qug egagrèb trbgr ocfsdnc uf hgmcr gmgrododc eg ib eghcorbodb, ufb hbycr gqudebe, ufb pbz hâs sgrgfb y sdf bfnustdbs. Gi rgocrebr tdgfg gi camgtdvc eg qug Fufob Hâs gxdstbf rgnèhgfgs butcrdtbr butcrdtbrdcs dcs y ngfcodebs, y qug gscs rgnèhgfgs gxdstdgrcf gxd stdgrcf pbrb dhpibftbr ib egsdnubiebe qug qug scargvdfc gf gi ýitdhc oubrtc egi sdnic ZZ y qug ocftdfuÿ ocf ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs eg ncadgrfc. Ics crnbfdshcs y bnrupbodcfgs `ugrcf ocfstruygfec hghcrdbs ocigotdvbs c scodbigs eg ics jgojcs qug ics b`gotbrcf. Oubfec sg pbrtdodpb eg ufb hdidtbfodb, ib hghcrdb ocigotdvb sg tdgfeg b ’gfouberbr‘, ’gfouberbr‘, pbrb qug ic qug qug sg edog fc b`gotg fgnbtdvbhgftg sdf qugrgr b binýf mudodc c b binýf `bhdidbr. Ib hghcrdb gfouberbeb, sgnýf Hdojbgi [ciibl, gs ib qug hbftdgfg ib ocjgsdÿf dftgrfb y egflgfeg ibs `rcftgrbs eg ic qug uf nrupc tdgfg gf ochýf< fc gs ocfstrudeb bradtrbrdbhgftg pcr gi nrupc, sdfc qug sg bidhgftb egi hbtgrdbi prcvdstc pcr ib jdstcrdb. [ugeg sgr dftgrprgtbec ocf ed`grgftgs rg`grgfodbs, y su hcedflobodÿf tdgfg qug vgr ocf ib `ufodÿf qug gsb hghcrdb tdgfg t dgfg gf gi prgsgftg= ib hghcrdb gfouberbeb tdgfg sgftdec pbrb ufb crnbfdzbodÿf, uf sdfedobtc, uf pbrtdec. _df ghabrnc, tdgfg ics ièhdtgs ièh dtgs eg ib orgedadidebe, fc pugeg sgr prceuotc eg ufb `bisdflobodÿf, pcrqug gf ib hghcrdb gfouberbeb gstâ gf mugnc gi sgftdec eg ib degftdebe dfedvdeubi y nrupbi. [brb prgsgrvbrib, gf ngfgrbi sg rgýfgf nrupcs eg rgfigxdÿf, y gxdstgf sdghprg binufcs qug scf pcrtbvcogs butcrdzbecs pcr ics eghâs, ics qug qug botubrèbf botubr èbf ochc ’nubredbfgs eg ib vgrebe‘ c ’eg ib hghcrdb‘ hghcrd b‘ ([ciibl, 24:4). Oubfec uf nrupc nr upc scodbi scodb i gs huy nrbfeg nrb feg y pgfsbftg, gs prcabaig qug jbyb huojcs huojcs ’nubredbfgs eg ib hghcrdb‘, y huojcs ctrcs qug punfgf pcr ed`grgftgs hctdvcs pcr gfouberbr ib jdstcrdb egftrc eg sus dftgrgsgs. Ibs ogrghcfdbs eg rgocrebodÿf, botcs y iunbrgs eg hghcrdb scf `ugftgs ebecrbs eg sgftdecs pbrb gscs hýitdpigs botcrgs. Gi ’egagr eg hghcrdb‘ sg gmgrog pbrb rgoupgrbr gi ocfmuftc eg orggfodbs, rdtcs y fcrhbs qug jbogf b ib degftdebe eg uf nrupc, nr upc, qug qug `ugrcf bvbsbiibe bvbsbiibebs bs pcr rgnèhgfgs eg gxtgrhdfdc< gxtgrhdf dc< gi vcivgric vcivgric b rgocrebr jbog qug sg rgsdnfdflqug y sg ochprgfeb gi prgsgftg (Lbu`hbf, 1;;4). Bsè, ics botcs eg ogigarbodÿf eg ib hghcrdb ecicrcsb egi pbsbec trbuhâtdoc, byuebf b sgnudr iuojbfec pcr ib mustdodb, bsdstgf b qug ctrcs rgougregf jgojcs qug gf rgbidebe sdghprg supdgrcf y eg ics oubigs fc tchbrcf ocfodgfodb jbstb gi hchgftc egtgrhdfbec gf qug, ochc gf ufb ogrghcfdb dfdodâtdob, sg igs ocrrg gi vgic eg ics cmcs. Rudgfgs vdvdgrcf gsbs sdtubodcfgs trbuhâtdobs trbuhâtdobs qudgrgf qug sg gsordab gsb jdstcrdb. [rgflgrgf ufb jdstcrdb jd stcrdb gsordtb gso rdtb qug sgb ’ic ’ ic hâs camgtdvb pcsdaig‘, pcsdaig‘, qug fc sgb hcracsb (sg prceumc ufb sbturbodÿf ocf ics ebtcs egi jcrrcr hcstrbecs gf pgrdÿedocs, tgigvdsdÿf y pgièouibs). Huojcs eg ics tgstdncs sbagf ed`grgfodbr pgr`gotbhgftg ics ocfogptcs eg jdstcrdb y hghcrdb, y bufqug binufc bflrhg qug vb b fbrrbr ics jgojcs tbi oubi suogedgrcf, sbag qug ic jbog egseg su puftc eg vdstb, egseg sus pbsdcfgs, sus hdgecs, sus civdecs dfvciuftbrdcs, sus ibpsus, sus hgobfd hgobfdshcs shcs psèqudocs. [cr gsc bpcrt bpcrtbf bf bi jdstcrdbecr jdstcr dbecr qug qug ocfsdegrbf sgrdc sgr dc tcebs ibs `ugftgs ecouhgftbigs qug tgfnb b su biobfog (pcr supugstc, hdgftrbs ästbs fc ic pgrmuedqugf gf su dhbngf). Gstc fc rgspcfeg b ufb fgogsdebe gncoäftrdob eg fbrrbr su gxpgrdgfodb, gxpgr dgfodb, sdfc bi dhpgrbtdvc scodbi egi egagr eg hghcrdb. hghcrdb.

?5

 

OB[ÈUWIC 1

Jdstcrdb Crbi  Baugib ocftbhg, qudgrc rgocrebr   sd sbiè rgagieg rgagieg ochc hd hbhâ. _d sbquä egi vdgmc hd `crhb eg ebr.  Baugib oubfec pbpâs  muftc bocftbhg, sus bhdncs gf ufhds ^dfoc`cf cèbf obfodcfgs eg rgvciuodÿf  y b egsbibharbr, egsbibharbr, b egsbibharbr. egsbibharbr.  Baugib ocftbhg, oubfec hds pbpâs  muftc b sus bhdncs sg pcfèbf b jbaibr  eg qug gi scodbidshc y qug ocfodgftdzbr   y gi hufec obhadbr, gi hufec obhadbr   Edogf qug gi âraci `icrdec `icrdec vdvg eg ic sgpuitbec. sgpuitbec.  ¡Ouâftc ecicr y ouâftc bhcr!   By baugib, byuebhg b brhbr sghdiib sghdiib y rbèz, rbèz, hd degftdebe.  Bigmbferb Qbadfcvdoj (1;;1)

IB DH[ DH[CQ CQU UBFO BFODB DB EG IB UQBF_ UQBF_HD_ HD_Dß DßF F CQBI Ucebs ibs odvdidzbodcfgs jbf utdidzbec ib trbfshdsdÿf crbi pbrb ocftbr su jdstcrdb. Oubfec sg dfvgftÿ ib gsordturb, gstuvc eurbftg huojèsdhc tdghpc bi sgrvdodc eg ibs hdfcrèbs, hd fcrèbs, pcr ic qug qug gf ngfgrbi ib jdstcrdb gsordtb fc rgfigmÿ ic qug ig ig pbsbab b nrbf nrb f pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf. _d ocfsdegrbhcs qug gf ib prdhgrb eäobebb egi sdnic ZZD eäobe ZZ D gi bfbi`bagtdshc biobfzb b hâs egi 27% eg ib pcaibodÿf hufedbi, y qug jby huojb ngftg qug gstuedÿ gf ib gsougib prdhbrdb qug gs bfbi`bagtb `ufodcfbi (pcrqug fc tdgfg ochprgfsdÿf eg igoturb eg tgxtcs eg gxtgfsdÿf hgedbfb), egeuodhcs qug ib crbidebe `ug y sdnug sdgfec ib prdhcredbi trbfshdscrb eg ib gxpgrdgfodb vdvdeb vdv deb gftrg ib pcaibodÿf hâs juhdieg. [grc ib trbfshdsdÿf crbi fc gs sÿic dfedspgfsbaig oubfec fc sg sbag rgPèfouic,, eg Brhbfec Pèfouic Brhbfec Edicf Edicf

ebotbr c fc sg tdgfgf ibs pcsdadidebegs gocfÿhdobs eg puaidobr, sdfc gf äpcobs eg butcrdtbrdshc gxtrghc, g xtrghc, ecfeg

?7

 

JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

ibs pbibarbs ougstdcfbecrbs eg oubiqudgr dfstdtuodcfbidebe gstâf vgebebs, y egagf odrouibr od rouibr oibfegstdfbhgftg. Oubfec ib pbibarb gsordtb sg pgrsdnug, ib hghcrdb gs dhprgsodf dhprgsodfedaig. edaig. Qby Arbeaury Arbeaury gsordadÿ ib fcvgib @bjrgfjgdt 572 gf 247?. Gf giib egsordag ufb scodgebe gf ib qug ics idarcs y ib igoturb gstâf prcsordtcs, pcr ic qug sg pgrsdnug b ics igotcrgs y sg qughbf ics idarcs pbrb vbodbr ics ogrgarcs eg ib ngftg< ib `ufodÿf egi achagrc fc gs bpbnbr dfogfedcs sdfc qughbr qugh br idarcs, y gi tètuic t ètuic egi idarc gs @bjrgfjgdt 572 (gqudvbigftg b 1??cO) pcrqug äsb gs ib tghpgrbturb gf qug sg qughb gi pbpgi. [grc ib qughb y prcsordpodÿf eg idarcs gxdstdÿ gf huojèsdhbs äpcobs= jbstb 2400, gi Èfegx c ’Èfedog eg idarcs prcjdadecs‘ (gstbaigodec pcr ib Dnigsdb Obtÿidob gf 2774 y qug sg sdnudÿ puaidobfec y bhpidbfec jbstb 245:) prcjdaèb b ics obtÿidocs abmc pgfb eg gxochufdÿf tgfgr, iggr, vgfegr c ed`ufedr oubiqudgr idarc eg gsb idstb sdf jbagr scidodtbec butcrdzbodÿf pbpbi. Eurbftg tceb ib Gebe Hcegrfb gf Gurcpb sg rgqugrèbf butcrdzbodcfgs eg ibs hcfbrquèbs pbrb pcegr puaidobr. _d sg dhprdhèbf degbs qug bhgfbzbabf gi pcegr eg ics rgygs, gstcs tgxtcs pceèbf sgr ogfsurbecs. Gstg `ug gi obsc eg ib Gfodoicpgedb `rbfogsb, qug bi prdfodpdc ocftÿ ocf gi pgrhdsc rgbi pgrc iugnc `ug ogfsurbeb pcr puaidobr ibs fugvbs ecotrdfbs tr dfbs bftd basciutdstbs basciutdstbs egi sdnic ZPDDD.

Rughb eg idarcs gf Bighbfdb abmc gi rändhgf fbzd

Rughb eg idarcs gf Brngftdfb gf ib edotbeurb hdidtbr

?0

 

OB[ÈUWIC 1

Gf gi sdnic ZZ sg prceumgrcf `ufgstbs qughbs eg idarcs= abmc gi rändhgf fbzd gf Bighbfdb, gf 24?? gi fibhbftg hdfdstrc eg Geuobodÿf y [rcpbnbfeb egi Ugrogr Qgdoj, Mcsgpj Nðaagis, cregfÿ cregfÿ egstrudr egstrud r hâs eg ecog hdi tètuics eg odgftc odfougftb butcrgs. butcrgs. Ctrc tbftc courrdÿ courr dÿ eurbftg ib ’Qgvciuodÿf ’Qgvciuodÿf Ouiturbi Ojdfb‘, Ojdfb‘, y gf edvgrscs rgnèhgfgs rgn èhgfgs tctbidtbrdcs. Gf fugstrc pbès, eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr (24>0-24:?) sg dfodfgrbrcf :;.;;; gmghpibrgs eg ib adaidctgob gmghpibrgs adaidctgob pcpuibr rcsbrdfb ’Ib Pdndi‘< Pdn di‘< ?;.;;; idarcs i darcs eg GWEGAB (Gedtcrdbi Wfdvgrsdtbrdb eg Augfcs Bdrgs) y uf hdiiÿf h diiÿf y hgedc eg idarcs egi Ogftrc Gedtcr eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb (OGBI) (OG BI) gf 24:;. [grc tbhadäf t bhadäf gstuvdgrcf ibs qughbs qughbs eg idarcs c egstruoodcfgs qug sus prcpdcs prcpdgtbrdcs jboèbf pcrqug tghèbf qug uf tètuic ocfsdegrbec ’suavgrsdvc‘ pcr ibs `ugrzbs eg ib rgprgsd rgprgsdÿf ÿf pusdgrb gf pgidnrc sus vdebs.

Idarcs prcjdadecs

Gi Nrbf Ocfsgmgrc Id _su, ochc pbrtg pbr tg egi prcnrbhb eg ogftrbidzbodÿf egi pcegr pciètdoc eg ib edfbstèb Oj—df, Oj—df , gf gi bòc 12? 12? b.O. bocfsgmÿ bocfs gmÿ bi ghpgrbecr gidhdfbr ics idarcs ocftrbrdcs ocft rbrdcs b ib ufd`dobodÿf= ’Pugstrc sdgrvc sdgr vc sundgrg qug tcecs ics idarcs eg ics brojdvcs dhpgrdbigs, gxogptc ibs adcnrb`èbs eg Oj—df, sgbf qughbecs. Ucebs ibs pgrscfbs egi dhpgrdc, gxogptc ics hdgharcs eg ib Bobeghdb eg Gruedtcs Igtrbecs, qug pcsgbf Gi idarc eg ibs cebs, Gi idarc eg ib jdstcrdb y edsourscs eg ics `diÿsc`cs egagf gftrgnbrics b ics ncagrfbecrgs icobigs pbrb qug ics qughgf dfedsordhdfbebhgftg. Bqugiics qug csgf jbaibr gftrg sè egi Idarc eg ibs cebs c egi Idarc eg ib jdstcrdb egagf sgr gmgoutbecs y sus ougrpcs gxpugstcs gf gi hgrobec. Ucec Ucec bqugi qug sg rg`dgrb bi pbsbec pbrb ordtdobr gi prgsgftg egag sgr gmgoutbec muftc ocf tcecs ics hdgharcs eg su `bhdidb. Ics `ufodcfbrdcs qug fc df`crhgf eg obscs obs cs qug jbf iibhbec su btgfodÿf tbhadäf scf ouipbaigs. Bi obac o bac eg trgdftb eèbs eg ib `gojb eg ghdsdÿf eg gstg egorgtc, bqugiics qug fc jbybf egstrudecs sus idarcs sgrâf hbrobecs b `ugnc y gfvdbecs b ocfstrudr ib Nrbf Hurbiib. Fc sgrâf s grâf egstrudecs ics idarcs eg hgedodfb y `brhbodb, bedvdfbodÿf pcr tcrtunb y hdigfrbhb y bnrdouiturb y bracrdouiturb. Ibs pgrscfbs qug egsggf gstuedbr gs tuedbr egagrâf jbogric ocf hbgstrcs c`dodbigs.‘

Botdvdebe

b) ³Ruä ³Ruä hgedebs hgedebs tchÿ tchÿ gi Ocfsgm Ocfsgmgrc grc egi egi Ghpgrbe Ghpgrbecr cr ojdfc ojdfc y pcr quä3 quä3 a) ³Ru ³Ruää dh dhpcrtbf pcrtbfodb odb puge pugegg iignb iignbrr b tgfg tgfgrr uf ida idarc rc33

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JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

Gi surndhdgftc eg ib jdstcrdb crbi ochc gf`cqug jdstcrdcnrâfloc Ib jdstcrdb crbi fbog gf uf prdfodpdc pr dfodpdc ocf edstdftcs camgtdvcs camgtdvcs gf Gstbecs Wfdecs y gf Dfnibtgrrb, pgrc ocf ufb hdshb hgtcecicnèb eg trbabmc. Ib ibacr `ufebhgftbi eg ib jdst jdstcrdb crdb crb crbii gstrdab gf ib prceuoodÿf prceuoodÿf y utdidzbodÿf utdid zbodÿf eg ibs `ugftgs crbigs gf ib rgocfstruoodÿf jdstÿrdob.2 Gf giib ics tgstdhcfdcs eg ics gftrgvdstbecs gftrgvd stbecs pcr ics jdstcrdbecrgs sg ocfstdtuygf gf `ugftgs pbrb ib gsordturb eg ib jdstcrdb. B ed`grgfodb egi pcsdtdvdshc, qug scargvbicrb scargvbicrb ibs `ugftgs gsordtbs, ib jdstcrdb crbi ocfsdegrb qug ibs gftrgvdstbs scf `ugftgs tbf vbidcsbs ochc ctrbs< rgsobtbf gxpgrdgfodbs eg ics tgstdhcfdbftgs (qug pbsbf b sgr egfchdfbecs ’df`crhbftgs‘) gf sdtubodcfgs gf ibs qug ib gftrgvdstb gs nudbeb pcr gi jdstcrdbecr, pgrc sdf ghabrnc ästg ä stg sbag qug gi df`crhbftg tbhadäf ougftb ic qug qudgrg y ic qug sg bougreb. Gf oubftc b ics crèngfgs, ib prceuoodÿf eg ibs fugvbs `ugftgs crbigs ocf su täofdob eg rgndstrc eg ibs gftrgvdstbs `ug ` ug prgcoupbodÿf prgcoupbodÿf eg jdstcrdbecrgs fcrtgbhgrdobfcs, yb qug vgèbf qug ocf ib ed`usdÿf egi usc egi tgiä`cfc sg gstbabf egmbfec eg gsordadr obrtbs, qug egagrèbf sgr ibs `ugf ` ugftgs tgs gsordtbs egi `uturc. ` uturc. T ochc tbhadäf sg jbaèb egsbrrciibec egsbrrciibec ib nrbn rbabecrb echästdob, ics jdstcrdbecrgs gstbecufdegfsgs egodedgrcf nrbabr gftrgvdstbs qug sg ocfvgrtèbf ocfvgrtè bf gf `ugftgs crbigs, crbigs, egedobebs gf uf prdfodpdc b `crhbr brojdvcs scarg pgrscfbidpgrscfbi debegs ocfsdegrbebs dhpcrtbftgs. Gs egodr, gf Gstbecs Wfdecs tuvc uf crdngf gidtdstb 1, pgrc prcftc prcf tc ctrcs jdstcrdbecrgs pgfsbrcf gf bfbidzbr ics ocffidotcs eg oibsg, ätfdocs, gi prcogsc eg egsocicfdzbodÿf egsocicfdzbodÿf trbs ib _gnufeb Nugrrb Hufedbi… B ed`grgfodb eg Gstbecs Wfdecs, gf Nrbf Argtbòb ib hgtcecicnèb eg ib jdstcrdb crbi `ug utdidzbeb pcr jdstcrdbecrgs ochufdstbs prgcoupbecs pcr ics sgrgs rgignbecs eg ib jdstcrdb dfnigsb. Gftrg ics qug dfvgstdnbrcf scarg ibs oibsgs gxpictbebs pcr gi obpdtbidshc sg gfougftrbf Hburdog Ecaa, Gewbre [. Ujchpscf, Grdo Jcasabwh, Ojrdstcpjgr Jdii, Qcefgy Jditcf y Qbpjbg Qbp jbgii _bhugi _bhugi (egi nrupc Jdstcry ^crlsjcp ‟Ubiigrgs eg Jdstcrdb‟, `crhbec gf tbiigrgs eg geuobodÿf eg beuitcs). Nrbodbs bi egsbrrciic eg gstbs dfvgstdnbodcfgs tbftc gf ics tbiigrgs dfnigsgs ochc gf gi rgstc egi hufec, ib jdstcrdb crbi `ug behdtdeb egftrc egi obhpc eg ib Jdstcrdb. Bsè, ib jdstcrdb crbi sg ocfvdrtdÿ gf uf gf`cqug jdstcrdcnrâfloc qug prdvdigndb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg ics sumgtcs qug gstuvdgrcf gxoiudecs eg ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db bobeähdob, y sg crdgftb jbodb tghbs ecfeg jby obrgfodb eg ecouhgf ecouhgftcs tcs gsordtcs. gsor dtcs.? @ufebhgftbihgftg, jdstcrdbs jdstcr dbs ochc ibs iuojbs eg ics pugaics pcr ib egsocicfdzbodÿf trbs ib _gnufeb Nugrrb Hufedbi, ib vdeb eg ics obhpgsdfcs, ibs rgsdstgfodbs cargrbs, ibs vdvgfodbs eg mÿvgfgs mÿvg fgs y eg humgrgs humgrgs qug fc scf `rgougftghgftg rgndstrbebs pcr ib jdstcrdb cflodbi.

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 Agfbedab Iburb (1;;>)= Jdstcrdb crbi, rgibtcs y hghcrdbs hghcrdbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug.  _dttcf Ujbe, Hgjb``y Ngcrng I., Ebvds Mr. C.I. (1;;7)= Jdstcrdb crbi. Wfb nuèb pbrb pbrb prc`gscrgs (y ctrbs pgrscfbs) pgrscfbs), Häxdoc, @OG.  Ujchpscf, [bui, gt bii (1;;5)= Jdstcrdb, hghcrdb y pbsbec rgodgftg. Qcsbrdc, Jchc _bpdgfs.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 1

Pèfouics gftrg jdstcrdb crbi g jdstcrdb egseg babmc Ics jdstcrdbecrgs crbigs trbabmbf, ochc ics eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg, ocf pgrscfbs qug pugegf ocftbr su gxpgrdgfodb scarg ib gtbpb qug dfvgstdnbf, pcrqug `ugrcf pbrtèodpgs c tgstdncs eg ics bocftgodhdgftcs scarg ics qug sg gstâ ausobfec df`crhbodÿf. Ib jdstcrdb crbi tbhadäf ochpbrtg su hätcec ocf ib jdstcrdb eg ics abrrdcs, eg ibs icobidebegs, eg ib oibsg cargrb, ib jdstcrdb scodbi gf ngfgrbi y huy gf gspgodbi ocf ib jdstcrdb egseg babmc. Ib jdstcrdb crbi gs fgogsbrdb pcrqug ib jdstcrdb scodbi y ib eg ib oibsg cargrb b hgfuec utdidzbf `ugftgs nuagrfbhgftbigs, gsordtcs eg ics ièegrgs sdfedobigs, `ugftgs pgrdceèstdobs, brojdvcs aurcorâtdocs, pgrc `rgougftghgftg qugebf b`ugrb ibs cpdfdcfgs y vdvgfodbs eg ib ngftg ochýf. Ib pgrspgotdvb eg ib jdstcrdb egseg babmc prgflgrg gf`cobrsg gf ics trbabm t rbabmbecrgs becrgs qug fc fc `ugrcf nrbfegs ièegrgs pciètdocs c sdfedobigs. Dfdodbeb pcr Ngcrngs Ngcrng s Ig`gavrg gf @rbfodb gf ib prdhgrb hdtbe egi sdnic ZZ, `ug ` ug pcpuibrdzbeb pcr gi yb hgfodcfbec hgfodcfbec dhpcrtbftg nrupc nr upc eg jdstcrdbecrgs hbrxdstbs hbrx dstbs dfnigsgs gf ib sgnufeb hdtbe eg gsg sdnic. Gi fcha fcharg rg egi gf`cqug prcvdgfg eg ufb gxprgsdÿf gx prgsdÿf eg ufc eg sus dftgnrbftgs, dftgnrb ftgs, G.[. G.[. Ujchpscf= qugrèb qugrèb jbogr ufb ’jds’j dstcrdb egseg babmc jbodb brrdab‘, pbrb ocftrbpcfgrsg b ib trbedodÿf jdstcrdcnrâflob qug sÿic gstuedbab b ics vgfogecrgs, bufqug bufqug fc egaèb egmbr eg gstuedbrics. gstuedb rics.5 Botubihgftg scargsbig gftrg giics Grdo Gr do Jcasabwh, Jcasabwh, qudgf scstdgfg qug ’ib jdstcrdb eg ib oibsg cargrb, bi dnubi dn ubi qug tcebs ibs odgfodbs scodbigs, sg coupb eg obhadbr gi hufe hufecc tbftc ochc eg dftgrprgtbric‘ dftgrprgtbric‘.. T bflr bflrhb hb qug ics jdstcrdbecrgs scodbigs trbabmbrcf ocf ’bftgcmgrbs‘, yb qug orgygrcf qug ib jdstcrdb eg qudgfgs ’—rgprgsgf ’—rgprgsgftbabf tbabf—— b ics trbabmbecrgs, trbabmbecrgs, pceèb sustdtudr b ib jdstcrdb eg ib ngftg ocrrdgftg ocrr dgftg hdshb‘.7 [brb gsordadr gsor dadr gstb jdstcrdb jdstcr db gs dfedspgfsbaig trbabmbr ocf gi hätcec hätcec eg ib jdstcrdb crbi.

Grdo Jcasabwh y ufb eg sus carbs.

Brojdib Fgdrb, Hburdodc (1;;7)= ’Pcogs suabitgrfbs g jdstcrdb crbi‘, Bfu  Bfubrdc brdc Oci Ocicha chadbfc dbfc eg Jdstc Jdstcrdb rdb _cod _codbi bi y eg eg ib Ouit Ouiturb urb, fýh. ?1, Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Ocichadb. 7  Grdo Jcasabwh, ’_carg ib jdstcrdb egseg babmc‘, gf _carg ib jdstcrdb, Orètdob, Abrogicfb, 244:. 5

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JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

³[cr quä fc ocfcoghcs ctrbs jdstcrdbs3 Gftrgvdstb bi hbpuojg Lbi`uqugc, eg 42 bòcs, pcr Fbjugi Hbodgi, [ând fb/21  fb/2 1, 4/2;/24::. ’Fugstrcs jdmcs bprgfegf \gf ib gsougibX ib jdstcrdb egi judfob, ufb jdstcrdb qug gfsgòb qug sgr hbpuojg gs ocsb hbib, gf ib gsougib äsb qudgrgf acrrbr fugstrcs pgfsbhdgftcs, ics judfobs fc qudgrgf qug pgfsghcs ochc hbpuojgs. Gf gsbs gsougibs sÿic gfsgòbf ib jdstcrdb egi judfob, y gsc gstâ hbi, pcrqug jby jdstcrdb egi hbpuojg tbhadäf. Ib jdstcrdb egi hbpuojg edog ctrb ocsb edstdftb eg ib jdstcrdb egi judfob. Gi hbpuojg hdrb b ib jdstcrdb ocf ctrcs cmcs‘.

³Gxdstgf ’pugaics sdf jdstcrdb‘3 Binufcs dfvgstdnbecrgs bflrhbf qug ib jdstcrdb crbi  sg coupb eg gsordadr ib jdstcrdb eg ics ’pugaics sdf jdstcrdb‘. Gf rgbidebe, fc gxdstgf pugaics sdf jdstcrdb, sdfc pugaics ouyb jdstcrdb gs dnfcrbeb pcr ib ouiturb coodegftbi, pcr fc sgr ocfsdegrbeb jdstcrdcnrb`èb bobeähdob. Ics pugaics sdghprg sdghp rg sg prgcoupbrcf pcr su jdstcrdb, pcrqu pcrqugg ib jdstcrdb eg uf pugaic gs ic qug ig eb degftdebe ochc ochufdebe. [cr gsb rbzÿf gs qug, pbrb schgtgr b ics pugaics vgfodecs pcr ibs brhbs, sg igs qudtbab su jdstcrdb, sg egoèb qug sus fbrrbodcfgs fc tgfèbf rdncr r dncr odgftèfloc, qug grbf ougftcs, igygfebs, jgojcs fc vgrdflobaigs. Gs egodr, ics ocfqudstbecrgs y su ouiturb egsprgodbrcf y egstruygrcf ibs `ugftgs eg ib jdstcrdb eg ics pugaics pugaics echdfbecs. echdfbecs. _df ghabrnc, pgrvdvg pgrv dvg gf ib hghcrdb eg ics bfodbfcs, qug ib trbfshdtgf crbihgftg, pgrc fc sg ed`ufeg e d`ufeg ochc ocrrgspcfegrèb. ocrrgspcfegrèb. _d jbaibhcs eg ’pugaics qug fc tdgfgf jdstcrdb‘ c eg qug ics jdstcrdbecrgs crbigs scf ’ib vcz eg ics qug fc tdgfgf vcz‘ gstbhcs obygfec gf uf prcaighb eg gtfcogftrdshc= orgghcs qug ics jdstcrdbecrgs jdstcr dbecrgs egsogfedgftgs egsogfedgftgs eg ibs fbodcfgs ocfqudstbecrbs scf qudgfgs tdgfgf ib pcsdadidebe eg gsordadr ib jdstcrdb. Jby uf edojc qug bflrhb= ’ [carg egi pugaic bi qug ctrc ig gsordag su jdstcrdb‘. [cr gsb obusb egaghcs boibrbr qug ib jdstcrdb crbi fc gs ib jdstcrdb eg ics ’sdf vcz‘, sdfc qug sg ocfstruyg ocf ib vcz eg ics prctbncfdstbs, gf dftgrboodÿf ocf ics jdstcrdbecrgs. _dhpighgftg, pgrhdtg boogegr b sgotcrgs scodbigs fc echdfbftgs eg hbfgrbs fc trbedodcfbigs pbrb ib jdstcrdcnrb`èb.

Botdvdebe Igg ibs pbibarbs eg Lbi`uqugc. Qg`igxdcfb= ³quä ocfcogs eg ib jdstcrdb hbpuojg3 ³B quä ouiturb pgrtgfgog gi butcr eg ib jdstcrdb qug igèstg scarg ics hbpuojgs3 [dgfsb sd binc jb obhadbec egseg 24::, oubfec sg jdzc gstb gftrgvdstb, c sd ib jdstcrdb qug sg ed`ufeg gf ibs gsougibs sdnug dnubi b gsg hchgftc. Obodqug hbpuojg Iicfocf

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OB[ÈUWIC 1

Botubihgftg, gs uf egagr eg tcecs ics Gstbecs egi hufec prgcoupbrsg pbrb qug gsbs jdstcrdbs gstäf boogsdaigs pbrb tcecs, y odrouigf. _d ufc fc pgrtgfgog b gsg nrupc nr upc ouiturbi bi oubi vb b ecouhgftbr ocf ibs gftrgvdstbs nrbabebs pbrb orgbr ibs `ugftgs eg jdstcrdb crbi, tdgfg qug tchbr sus rgobuecs

 Pcobauibrdc Gtfcogftrdshc== tgfegfGtfcogftrdshc odb eg ufb scodgebe b ocfsdegrbr su ouiturb  y sus vbic vbicrgs rgs och ochc c ics

pbrb fc carbr ochc ics prdhgrcs bftrcpÿicncs y gtfÿnrb`cs  vâidecs,  vâidec s, pcr ib oubi muznb y gvbiýb b ibs eghâs egi sdnic ZDZ, qug sg jbaèbf prcpugstc prcpugstc rgndstrbr rgn dstrbr ouiturbs o uiturbs igmbouiturbs eg bougrec b fbs c ed`grgftgs b ib coodegftbi, rgsobtbribs eg su dfhdfgftg ibs prcpdbs pbutbs y ibs gxtdfodÿf gxt dfodÿf pbrb hcstrbribs hcstr bribs ochc ’pdgzbs eg husgc‘ husgc‘ eg ibs gtbobid`dob ochc df`grdcrgs. pbs tghprbfbs eg ib juhbfdebe. Ib bftrcpcicnèb obhadÿ, y bjcrb ocfsdegrb b fugstrb scodgebe ochc ufb scodgebe sco dgebe hâs, b fugstrb ouiturb ochc ufb ouiturb hâs, ed`grgftg pgrc fc supgrdcr b ctrbs. Ubhadäf utdidzb ib gftrgvdstb y ib casgrvbodÿf pcrqug ib bftrcpcicnèb sg coupb eg ibs ed`grgfodbs ouiturbigs egftrc eg fugstrb scodgebe hcegrfb= ib ouiturb pcpuibr, ib hbrndfbidebe, ibs hdfcrèbs, ib edsordhdfbodÿf ouiturbi, ib ouiturb muvgfdi, y rgodgftghgftg ib iibhbeb ’ouiturb hgedâtdob‘ c buedcvdsubi.0 Ib gftrgvdstb gs ufb jgrrbhdgftb usbeb pcr hýitdpigs edsodpidfbs, y su bfâidsds ochc `ugftg egpgfeg eg ics camgtdvcs egi obhpc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf. [grc gf gi ocftgxtc eg ib gftrgvd stb gi fbrrbecr gftrgvdstb fbrr becr c`rgog ufb dftgrprgtbodÿf egi pbsbec, coupbfec gf gsg hchgftc hchgftc gi rci eg jdstcrdbecr, pcr ic qug qug eg gsg hcec sg eghcorbtdzb ib prâotdob prâot dob eg ib jdstcrdb. Iugnc, egpgfegrâ egi usc eg ib gftrgv gftrgvdstb dstb pcr gi jdstcrdbecr jdstcr dbecr,, pgrc ib gftrgvdstb gftrgvd stb nrbabeb qugeb ochc `ugftg pbrb su bfâidsds bfâidsd s pcr ctrbs pgrscfbs qug pugegf tgfgr c fc gi hdshc ordtgrdc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf. dfvgstdn bodÿf.

Jdstcrdb crbi, rgibtc y hghcrdb Ib jdstcrdb crbi rgqudgrg egi rgibtc egi gftrgvdstbec. [grc ib rgibodÿf gftrg ästg y gi gftrgvdstbecr/jdstcrdbecr, vdstbecr/jdstcrdbec r, ics camgtdvcs camgtdvcs egi trbabmc, ib utdidzbodÿf eg ib gftrgvdstb, gi rgspgtc bi gftrgvdstbec, vbrèbf gf ics edstdftcs trbabmcs y sdtubodcfgs. sdtubodcfgs. Ib ochufdebe bobeähdob ordtdoÿ b ibs dfvgstdnbodcfgs dfvgst dnbodcfgs ecfeg sg ocfsdegrb qug gi tgstdnc gs pcrtbecr eg su ’vgrebe‘, qug sg ocfvdgrtg gf dfougstdcfbaig, y ochgfzÿ b ed`ufedr gi pgidnrc qug gftrbòb gi gfobfedibhdgftc pcr ib gftrgvdstb, jgrrbhdgftb jgrrb hdgftb eg ib jdstcrdb crbi>. Ib dfvgstdnbecrb [dibr Obivgdrc (qug bi hdshc tdghpc t dghpc gs tgstdhcfdbftg) sg qugmb pcr gi ocftrbrdc eg ib egocfstruoodÿf eg ibs gftrgvdstbs pcr jdstcrdbecr jd stcrdbecrgs gs ouyc dftgräs gs ib hgrb df`crhbodÿf,, y ausobf gf ib fbrrbodÿf ’ib df`crhbodÿf ’ ib trbfshdsdÿf suodftb egi bsuftc gf sè, ib prcftb vgrdflobadidebe, ic fcvgecsc eg ib bpcrtbodÿf y su pctgfodbi gxpidobtdvc‘ (Obivgdrc, 1;;:). Ochc gmghpic eg ic qug fc ig nustb eg ics dfvgstdnbecrgs, odtb b Gfzc Urbvgrsc qudgf bflrhb qug ib jdstcrdb ‟pbrb gxdstdr gx dstdr ochc obhpc egi sbagr‟ egag ghbfodpbrsg ghbfodpbrsg eg ib hghc hghcrdb, rdb, pcfgribb b edstbfodb, pbsbrib pcr gi tbhdz eg ufb vgrdflobodÿ pcfgri vgrd flobodÿf f camgtdvb, ghpèrdob, ecouhgftbi y `âotdob, y sgòbibr sd gs fgogsbrdc sus ocftrbedoodcfgs ocftrbedoodcfgs y sus trbhpbs (Urbvgrsc, (Urbvgrsc, 1;;>). Gf gi trbabmc eg gftrgvdstbs, sg egstbob ib bftrcpÿicnb Iuehdib Eb _divb Obtgib qudgf sg obrbotgrdzb pcr ufb gsouojb btgftb y oudebecsb eg ics tgstdhcfdcs. Giib bflrhb qug gi hbycr egsb`èc eg su trbabmc gs fc vcivgr gxÿtdobs y bfgoeÿtdobs ibs pbibarbs eg sus 0 >

 Gnngrs-Arbss, Nbiignc, [gerbftd, _biodtc (1;;5)= Ouitu Ouiturb rb y ochu ochufdobo fdobodÿf dÿf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug.  Igvèf, 1;;4.

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JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

gftrgvdstbecs, sdfc gftgfegr sus sgftdecs y ochprgfegr sus vdsdcfgs pbrtdouibrgs y botubigs scarg gi hufec hufec qug igs tcoÿ vdvdr v dvdr (Eb ( Eb _divb Obtgib, 1;;?). [cr ib gxpg gxpgrdgfodb rdgfodb eg ibs gftrgv gftrgvdstbs dstbs rgbidzbebs b pgrscfbs qug su`r su`rdgrcf dgrcf hâs edrgotbhgftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, e dotbeurb,: casgrv  casgrvbhcs bhcs qug qudgfgs qudgfgs vdvdgrcf vdv dgrcf ib äpcob b jdstcrdbr, jd stcrdbr, c sdtubodcfgs sdtubodcfgs trbuhâtdobs, prgflgrgf ufb jdstcrdb gsordtb qug sgb ic hâs camgtdvb pcsdaig, qug fc sgb hcracsb (yb qug sg prceumc ufb sbturbodÿf ocf ics ebtcs egi jcrrcr hcstrbecs gf pgrdÿedocs, tgigvdsdÿf y pgièouibs) y qug gf su rgibtc sg rgsobtg gi sgftdec eg sus iuojbs. Huojcs eg ics tgstdncs sbagf ed`grgfodbr pgr`gotbhgftg ics ocfogptcs eg jdstcrdb y hghcrdb, y bufqug binufc bflrhg qug vb b fbrrbr ics jgojcs tbi oubi suogedgrcf, sbag qug ic jbog egseg su puftc eg vdstb, egseg sus pbsdcfgs, sus hdgecs, sus civdecs dfvciuftbrdcs, sus ibpsus, sus hgobfdshcs psèqudocs. psèqudocs. [cr gsc bpcrtbf bpcrtb f bi jdstcrdbecr j dstcrdbecr tcebs ibs `ugftgs ecouhgftbigs qug qug tgfnbf b su biobfog (pcr supu supugstc, gstc, hdgftrbs ästbs fc ic pgrmuedqugf gf su dhbngf). Gs fgogsbrdc tgfgr gf ougftb qug oubfec gi gftrgvdstbec jbog hghcrdb gstâ dffiudec pcr tcec ic qug pbsÿ egseg gsg hchgftc jbstb gi g i prgsgftg, y gf gi rgibtc sg ougftb o ugftb fc sÿic ic qug jdzc sdfc ic qug qugrèb jbogr, sus camgtdvcs, ic qug ig sbidÿ hbi, ic qug pgfsbab, ic qug orgèb gstbr jbodgfec, y ic qug bjcrb pdgfsb scarg ic qug jdzc. [brb binufcs butcrgs, ibs `ugftgs crbigs bpcrtbf hâs df`crhbodÿf scarg gi sdnfdflobec qug tuvdgrcf ics bocftgodhdgftcs pbrb ibs pgrscfbs gftrgvdstbebs, qug scarg ics bocftgodhdgftcs hdshcs (Agfbedab= 1;;>). Ib `ugftg, bi hdshc tdghpc, gs hâs rdob sd gi jdstcrdbecr sg coupb eg jbogr augfbs prgnuftbs, sd sbag gsouojbr, sd icnrb augfb rgibodÿf ocf gi gftrgvdstbec. Jby qug tgfgr prgsgftg qug ibs `ugftgs eg jdstcr jdstcrdb db crbi scf prceuodebs, fc scf gfocftrbebs. Fufob vb b gstbr ochpigtb= fd gi jdstcrdbecr vb b icnrbr icn rbr prgnuftbr tcec ic qug qudgrg sbagr, sbagr, fd gi gftrgvdstbec vb b egodr tcec ic qug tdgfg pbrb egodr, pcr binufb obusb. [grc fdfnufb `ugftg gs ochpigtb, pcrqug ics edbrdcs fd ics rgndstrcs gsordtcs df`crhbf ’tcec‘, sdfc qug ic jbogf ocf egtgrhdfbecs camgtdvcs y egseg odgrtcs dftgrgsgs pciètdocs, gocfÿhdocs y scodbigs.

Hätcecs eg ib jdstcrdb crbi Ib jdstcrdb crbi gs uf prcogedhdgftc egtgrhdfbec qug pgrhdtg ocfscidebr `ugftgs crbigs pbrb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf jdstÿrdob< jdstÿr dob< gstcs tgstdhcfdcs egagf sgr rgocndecs abmc hätcecs y absgs tgÿrdobs gxpièodtbs, y uf ocfmuftc eg täofdobs ochc, pcr gmghpic, ib gftrgvdstb nrbabeb4. _df ghabrnc, ibs gftrgvdstbs y fbrrbodcfgs crbigs fc ocfstdtuygf ocfstdtuygf pcr sè hdshbs hd shbs jdstcrdb j dstcrdbecr.. Gi bfâidsds b fâidsds y crbi. Iugnc eg sgr rgbidzbeb, ib gftrgvdstb egag sgr bfbidzbeb pcr gi jdstcrdbecr ib gxpidobodÿf scf `ufebhgftbigs= gi jdstcrdbecr jd stcrdbecr crbi fc gs sÿic uf gftrgvdstbecr sdfc scarg tcec uf jdstcrdbecr. Ochc edog [baic [czzd= ’_d fc jby gxpidobodÿf, sd fc jby prcogsc, sd gi usc eg ib crbidebe fc sdrvg pbrb gxpidobr gi prcogsc jdstÿrdoc, gftcfogs gi bfâidsds pugeg sgr vâidec y jgrhcsc pgrc fc gs jdstcrdb crbi‘2;.  Gnngrs-Arbss,  Gnngrs-Arbs s, Ugrgsb Ugrgsb (1;2;)= ’Ib dftgrvgfodÿf hdidtbr gf gi Jcspdtbi [csbebs eurbftg eurbft g ib edotbeurb 24>0-24:?= 24>0-24:?= rgprgsgftbodcfgs rgprgsgft bodcfgs y hghcrdbs gf ocf`idotc‘ Ib jdstcrdb jdstcrdb rgodgftg ochc egsb`èc b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf y gi pgfsbhdgftc gf odgfodbs odgfodbs scodbigs (1), OBDOTU / Ocfdogt. :

4

Jdstcrdb Crbi. Ocfstruoodÿf gsocibr. Wfb jgrrbhdgftb jgrrbhdgftb pbrb ib  Iburb Agfbedab, Ebfdgiscodbigs [ictdfsly (1;;2)= . Augfcs Bdrgs. Fcvgebegs Geuobtdvbs. egi brojdvc jdstÿrdoc gsocibr. gfsgòbfzb eg ibs odgfodbs 2;  [. [czzd (1;;:)= ’Jdstcrdb Crbi= rgpgfsbr ib jdstcrdb‘, gf Fgocgojgb Nrbodb N. y [czzd [.= Ouäftbhg oÿhc `ug. Dftrceuoodÿf b  ib jdstcrdb crbi . Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed.

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OB[ÈUWIC 1

Binufcs jdstcrdbecrgs sg pibftgbrcf ochc dftgrrcnbftg= ’Oubfec ics mugogs `crhuibf ibs prgnuftbs ³jby jdstcrdb crbi3‘22 Gftrg ctrbs ocfoiusdcfgs, egeumgrcf qug ibs `ugftgs ocfstrudebs b pbrtdr pbr tdr eg ics tgstdhcfdcs muedodbigs (gf gsg obsc, eg ics Mudodcs pcr ib Pgr Pgrebe ebe gf Hdsdcfgs), sd adgf sg bsghgmbf b ib jdstcrdb crbi, fc sustdtuygf b ibs `ugftgs crbigs qug ocfstruygf ics jdstcrdbecrgs. Ib ed`grgfodb ed `grgfodb prdfodpbi gs qug ics tgstdhcfdcs eg ics mudodcs ocfstdtuygf ufb hghcrdb muedodbidzbeb, ecfeg gxdstg uf botc eg ocboodÿf ignbi pcr ib gxdngfodb egi murbhgftc eg ’vgrebe‘ y pcr ibs bevgrtgfodbs scarg ibs ocfsgougfodbs, sd gvgftubihgftg gvgftubih gftg gi tgstdnc dfourrdgrb gf ’`bisc tgstdhcfdc‘ tgstdhcfdc‘.. Gi jdstcrdbecr crbi trbtb eg egspgrtbr y prcygotbr gi trbabmc eg hghcrdb eg su gftrgvdstbec pbrb ocfstrudr fugvbs `ugftgs qug sgbf ýtdigs pbrb ufb hgmcr ochprgfsdÿf egi prcogsc scodbi. Jghcs vdstc qug ibs täofdobs eg obptbodÿf eg gftrgvdstbs edrgotbs jgojbs hgedbftg nrbabecrb c flihbecrb, prcpdbs eg ib jdstcrdb crbi, sg utdidzbf ocf ed`grgftgs camgtdvcs y ordtgrdcs prc`gsdcfbigs. prc`gsdcfbigs. Pbrdbrâ gftcf gftcfogs ogs ib hgtcecicnèb eg ib jdstcrdb j dstcrdb crbi.

Gftrgvdstb nrbabeb

[brb ib jdstcrdb jd stcrdb dfeèngfb gstâ gi hätcec qug qug sg coupb eg ib trbedodÿf crbi. Gs fgogsbrdc ocfcogr su ouiturb y gftgfegr su `crhb eg uadobodÿf orcfciÿndob. [cr trbedodÿf, huojbs ouiturbs crdndfbrdbs sg hugvgf gf ecs äpcobs jdstÿrdobs= gi tdghpc eg ics hbycrgs, qug scf ics rgibtcs trbfshdtdecs pcr pgrscfbs hbycrgs bi qug ibs ougftb, y gi tdghpc eg ics baugics c eg ics bftdnucs, fbrrbec gf `crhb eg hdtcs, hýsdob, rg`rbfgs, ocfsgmcs. Ib trbedodÿf crbi gs uf sbagr bftdnuc y ocftdfubec, ocf absg gf ib hghcrdb ocigotdvb< fc gs ic qug ig suogeg b uf pugaic pugaic gf su prgsgftg, sdfc qug gs su hghcrdb egi pbsbec, trbfshdtdeb trbf shdtdeb eurbftg ngfgrbodcfgs.  Tcibfeb Wrqudzb, H. Dfäs Ojbdjcrt, H. _divdfb ]cobyld, Oubfec ics Mugogs `crhuibf ibs prgnuftbs prgnuftbs ³jby jdstcrdb crbi3 crbi3 Wfb gxpgrdgfodb eg trbabmc gf ics Mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe. PDDD Gfougftrc Fbodcfbi y DD Ocfnrgsc Dftgrfbodcfbi eg Jdstcrdb Crbi. Augfcs Bdrgs, cotuarg 1;;> 1;;>.. 22

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JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

Ib jdstcrdb crbi eg vdeb gs uf gstuedc eg obsc qug rgndstrb ibs gxpgrdgfodbs eg ufb pgrscfb c eg ästb y su ochufdebe vdäfecib ochc ufb oduebebfb sdnfdflobtdvb, ochc uf sumgtc jdstÿrdoc. _g ed`grgfodb egi sdhpig rgibtc eg vdeb gf qug ästg fc pbsb pcr gi bfâidsds egi jdstcrdbecr jdstcr dbecr.. [bsb b sgr jdstcrdb eg vdeb sd sg ic ocftgxtubidzb, sg trbtb t rbtb eg octgmbr ocf ctrbs df`crhbodcfgs df`crhbodcf gs c `ugftgs bedodcfbigs bedodcfbigs ochc obrtbs, ecouhgf ecouhgftcs, tcs, `ctcnrb`èbs, y sg gibacrb gi hbtgrdbi eg ib gftrgvdstb pbrb bfbidzbr ibs gxpidob gx pidobodcfgs odcfgs egi gftrgvdstbec y ib egi gftrgvdstbecr scarg scarg gsb rgocfstruoodÿf eg vdeb. Egagf rgbidzbrsg rgbid zbrsg vbrdbs vbr dbs gftrgvdstbs pbrb gstbai gstbaiggogr ufb fbrrbodÿf< egpgfeg eg su egsbrrciic, eg ib rdqugzb eg ibs hdshbs, y egi hbtgrdbi ochpighgftbrdc qug sg tgfnb pbrb qug ästg sgb vâidec y tgfnb ocjgrgfodb. Oubftb hbycr df`crhbodÿf sg tgfnb scarg ib pgrscfb b gftrgvdstbr, hgmcrgs prgnuftbs sg pugegf jbogr y hbycrgs rgsuitbecs sg icnrbrâf. Ib jdstcrdb crbi tghâtdob gs ib hâs ed`ufedeb gftrg ics jdstcrdbecrgs)= Jdstcrdb crbi, rgibtcs y hghcrdbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug.

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OB[ÈUWIC 1

Wfb prâotdob bftgs eg ib prdhgrb gftrgvdstb Ochc vgrghcs gf gi obpètuic sdnudgftg, ic `ufebhgftbi gs tgfgr adgf gf oibrc gi tghb qug gigndhcs pbrb trbabm t rbabmbr. br. [rdhgrc jby qug iggr hbtgrdbi aâsdoc y iugnc adaidcnrb`èb gspgoèflob. Gf ufb tgrogrb dfstbfodb, fcs `crhuibhcs prgnuftbs ouyb rgspugstb fcs dftgrgsbrèb ocfcogr, c scarg ibs oubigs fcs nustbrèb sbagr gi puftc eg vdstb eg fugstrc gftrgvdstbec. Qgodäf gf gsg hchgftc gstbrèbhcs prgpbrbecs pbrb ghpgzbr b gftrgvdstbr. [brb prbotdobr bftgs eg ib prdhgrb prd hgrb gftrgvdstb, pceghcs iignbr b jbogr prgnuftbs pbrb ufb butcadcnrb`èb crbi2? y rgspcfegribs bftg uf nrbabecr25, c rgbidzbr ufb gftrgvdstb ocf uf ougstdcfbrdc begoubec b uf ochpbògrc eg oibsg.

Gmghpicc eg gftrgvdstb sghdgstruoturbeb Gmghpi sghdgstruoturbeb eg `dfbi badgrtc (`rbnh ( `rbnhgftcs) gftcs)

Gftrgvdstb b Nibeds Ougrvc, tgstdnc egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec gf gi Jcspdtbi [csbebs ecfeg trbabmbab ochc gf`grhgrb, scargvdvdgftg egi Ogftrc Oibfegstdfc eg Egtgfodÿf biiè dfstbibec (egtgfdeb-egsbpbrgodeb gftrg gi 17/22/>0 y gi 1;/22/>>). 1;/22/> >). 25 edodgharg eg 1;2;. ―Gstbhcs gf ib obsb eg Nibeds Ougrvc, scf obsd ibs oubtrc eg ib tbreg. Bjcrb vbhcs b vgr oÿhc Nibeds sg qudgrg prgsgftbr. ―Tc scy Nibeds Ougrvc. _cy ufb eg ibs pgrscfbs qug `ud sgougstrbeb, tcrturbeb, gf gi ojbigt egi Jcspdtbi [csbebs, gi `bhcsc ojbigt egi Jcspdtbi [csbebs, [cs bebs, uf ’Ogftrc eg Hugrtg‘ ochc egodhcs fcsctrcs. ―Rugrèb sbagr ouâfec gftrbstg b trbabmbr gf gi Jcspdtbi [csbebs. ―Ghpgoä b trbabmbr gf gi Jcspdtbi [csbebs oubfec grb Dfstdtutc Fbodcfbi eg ib _biue< grb uf dfstdtutc eg dfvgstdnbodcfgs häedobs ecfeg sg btgfeèbf sÿic obscs gspgoè`docs.  Urbabmä biiè egseg egseg gi 7:, oubfec sg dfbunurÿ, jbstb jbst b gi 04, oubfec fbodÿ hd jdmb. Egspuäs hg rgtdrä y gf gi >?, oubfec hg jbaèb sgpbrbec, vcivè b trbabmbr oubfec yb grb Jcspdtbi [csbebs. \...X @ug gf sgptdgharg, y jbaèb gf gsg hchgftc ufb g`grvgsogfodb pciètdob= ib ngftg qug jbaèb tchbec gi Jcspdtbi yb jbaèb obhadbec gi Edrgotcr qug gstbab egseg ib äpcob eg ib edotbeurb bftgrdcr, y jbaèbf pugstc ochc Edrgotcr b uf häedoc eg odrunèb, bi Er. Qcerènugz Ctgrc, ufb pgrscfb gxogigftg, boogsdaig, ufb hbrbvdiib eg pgrscfb. [ciètdobhgftg [ciètdobhgf tg yc fufob gstuvg eg`dfdeb pcrqug fufob hg qudsg gfhbrobr gf uf pbrtdec \...X _dghprg `ud eg degbs eg dzqudgreb pcr supugstc, ocf degbs eg dfoiusdÿf scodbi, mustdodb, eg dnubiebe, eg cpcrtufdebe pbrb tcecs. tcecs . Oubfec yc rgnrgsä grb tceb ufb obftdebe eg ngftg hdidtbftg, tcec gi hufec gstbab ocf su obrtgidtc pgnbec bjè prâotdobhgftg edodgfec yc scy egi pgrcfdshc butäftdoc, eg ib muvgftue pgrcfdstb, pgrcfdst b, tcec gi hufec gxjdaèb su hdidtbfodb ocf crnuiic, y beghâs grb ufb hdidtbfodb huy rdob, pcrqug ärbhcs tcecs ochpbògrcs y tcec gi hufec edsoutèb sd gstbab eg bougrec c fc y sgnuèbhcs sdgfec ochpbògrcs y sdgfec 2? 25

 _ungrgfodb eg Ecrb _ojwbrzstgdf (1;;:)= ’Ib jdstcrdb crbi gf ib gsougib= nuèb eg prcygotc y gftrgvdstb‘.  Ujbe _dttcf, Ngcrng Hgjb``y, C.I Ebvds Mr. (1;;7)= Jdstcrdb crbi. Wfb nuèb pbrb prc`gscrgs prc`gscrgs (y ctrbs pgrscfbs), Häxdoc, @OG.

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JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

bhdncs, fbedg bftgpcfèb su dftgräs pciètdoc bi dftgräs ngfgrbi. Gi Jcspdtbi Jcspdt bi [csbebs grb gf gsg hchgftc ufb nrbf `bhdidb. Tc pdgfsc qug gsg hchgftc (y ic sgnudrä pgfsbfec), `ug ufb gxpgrdgfodb drrgpgtdaig. \...X Tc tgfèb ?0 bòcs, yb fc grb ufb fdòdtb y gstbab ocftgftèsdhb ocf gsg oidhb, ocf tcec gsg bhcr bi jcspdtbi= tcecs trbabmâabhcs ocf bhcr pcrqug bi Jcspdtbi grb ochc sd ic juadärbhcs pbrdec. Tc orgc qug b gsg Jcspdtbi ic pbrdhcs gftrg tcecs. [cr gsc gs tbf obrc b fugstrcs sgftdhdgftcs, gs pbrtg eg fugstrb vdeb. Gi [csbebs gs pbrtg eg hd vdeb býf botubihgftg, gf qug yb tgfnc >2 bòcs y gi [csbebs gstâ huy ig mcs eg sgr ic qug jbaèb sdec gf oubftc b ib obidebe obidebe juhbfb. T beghâs jbaèb häedocs häedocs eg gxogigfodb, tcecs mÿvgfgs. T ghpgzbhcs gf gsg hchgftc b ngstbr ib ochdsdÿf nrghdbi.  Tc pbsä b `crhbr pbrtg eg ib Ochdsdÿf edrgotdvb egi nrghdc y fcsctrcs pbsbhcs b sgr ib sgoodcfbi Augfcs Bdrgs pcr ib obftdebe eg b`didbecs eg BUG, qug `ug ib qug tchÿ ib pcstb egspuäs Ngrhâf Baebib, obsd bftgs bftg s eg oubfec ochgfzÿ ib eghcorbodb. \...X B pbrtdr eg bjè hdidtbhcs gf gi nrghdc, y beghâs ghpgzbhcs b hdidtbr gf ib Occredfbecrb eg nrghdcs gf iuojb, qug grb ufb occredfbecrb qug sg jbaèb `crhbec eg edstdftbs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbfdzbodcfg s eg absg nrghdbigs pbrb edsputbrig edsput brig ib jgnghcfèb b ib ONU eg ics ncrecs. Gsg Gs g gs uf prcaighb, pcrqug gstâabhcs gf ocftrb ocft rb eg ib edrgoodÿf fbodcfbi eg BUG. BUG. \...X Eg gsbs bsbhaigbs bs bhaigbs pbrtdodpbab jbstb gi edrgotcr. _g tchbabf egodsdcfgs ufâfdhgs, gf ocfmuftc. Fufob juac ufb egodsdÿf tchbeb pcr ib oýpuib egi nrghdc, gs egodr pcr fcsctrcs ochc Ochdsdÿf Edrgotdvb Edrgotd vb fd pcr ib Bscodbodÿf eg [rc`gsdcfbigs ochc Ochdsdÿf Edrgotdvb eg ics prc`gsdcfbigs sdfc qug grb tcec egodedec gf bsbhaigbs ocfmuftbs pcr ibs absgs. _g dab gf hbfd`gstbodÿf, bpcyâabhcs hcvdhdgftc, tcec sg jboèb gf ocfmuftc. Ocsbs ocf bsè tbf brhÿfdobs qug yc pdgfscgiqug fc pugegftcec, vcivgr b gxdstdr. Egspuäs sg trbabmbab t rbabmbab ib ngftg eg ib \vdiibX Obrics Nbregi \...y egi abrrdcX [umbebs. Dabf bsdstgftgs bsdstgf tgs scodbigs, pugrdouiturb, ngftg ngft g eg fgcfbtcicnèb, häedocs, b ebr edstdftbs edst dftbs edsodpidfbs b ibs hbhâs, b ibs `uturbs hbhâs, pbrb crdgftbribs gf oubftc b ib btgfodÿf eg ics ojdocs. Wfb tbrgb ochufdtbrdb huy dhpcrtbftg. dhpcrt bftg. Beghâs bsdstèbf b fugstrbs bsbhaigbs egignbecs eg `âardobs \...X. Egspuäs vdfc gf gi >0 gi 15 hbrzc ib edotbeurb, y gi 1: hbrzc \ics hdidtbrgsX tchbrcf gi Jcspdtbi, qug orgc qug `ug uf eèb sâabec b ib fcojg. Uchbrcf gi Jcspdtbi y yc tgfèb qug dr gi echdfnc. Gf rgbidebe yc fc tgfèb qug trbabmbr ics echdfncs, pcrqug yc grb mg`b eg pdsc \eg gf`grhgrèbX eg trbuhbtcicnèb. trbuhbtcicnèb . [grc orgc qug yc tgfèb qug rgghpibzbr b ufb ochpbògrb qug fc pceèb dr, jbaèb qugebec gf ouardr b ufb ochpbògrb y tgfèb qug dr. Gftcfogs vdfc ufb häedob b obsb y hg edmc= ’Nibeds, fc vbybs= gi Jcspdtbi gstâ tchbec. Pdfc gi gmärodtc, ic ocpbrcf dnubi qug sd sg trbtbrb eg ufb oduebe gfghdnb, ochc sd `ugrb uf gfghdnc, gxbotbhgftg bsè, oubfec vcs vgs gf ibs pgièouibs= ufb ocsb gspbftcsb‘. Tc ig edmg ’fc, yc vcy b dr dnubi pcrqugTc qugeä gf gsc‘. Hg edmc= ’hdrâ gstâf iigvbfec gs tâfbjè gstâf egtgfdgfec b ib ngftg‘. edmg ’vcy, pcrqug sd gstcy gfqug ib idstb, prg`dgrc qugegtgfdecs, hg egtgfnbf y fc qug hg vgfnbf b ausobr b hd obsb begibftg eg hds jdmcs‘. Bsè qug `ud. Gi ocigotdvc tg egmbab b ecs ouberbs, jbaèb qug pbsbr ecs rgtgfgs \...X. Gsg eèb gfträ, y sgnuè gftrbfec sdf fdfnýf prcaighb, bufqug gf uf hchgftc jbaèbf egtgfdec obsd ob sd b 2;; pgrscfbs. Gf gsg hchgftc ufc eg gscs eèbs yc gstbab gf hd pdsc y vdfc ufb supgrvdscrb qug hg edmc ’Nibeds, hdrg, egtuvdgrcf egtuv dgrcf b `uibfb‘. \...X @ud vcibfec pbrb babmc pbrb vgr ecfeg gstbab gstbab,, y \...X sbidÿ uf c`dodbi. [rgnuftÿ ’quä pbsb‘, y yc ig edmg ’Ugfnc qug gftrbr, pcrqug tgfnc ufb ochpbògrb egtgfdeb, egtgfdeb , qug tdgfg ufb fgfb gf ib nubregrèb y qudgrc sbagr quä jbnc ocf ib fgfb‘, y gftcfogs hg edmc= ’augfc, pbsg‘. T gftcfogs hg jdzc pbsbr jbstb ib c`dodfb ecfeg gstbab äi. T gftcfogs hg edmc ’³qudäf gs su ochpbògrb3‘ y ig edmg ’`uibfb eg tbi‘ y hg edog ’³y ustge sbag qug gsb pgrscfb gs ochufdstb3‘ T yc ig edmg ’sè, gs ochufdstb y gs mueèb ³y gsc quä tdgfg qug vgr3‘  y hg edog ’fc, oÿhc oÿhc y gsc quä tdgfg tdgfg qug vgr  vgr , pcrqug ib pbtrdb, pcrqug ics vbicrgs, pcrqug ics trbdecrgs‘, oubiqudgr ocsb hg edmc. T yc ig edmg ’hdrg, yc fc sä, ustge ustg e tdgfg ufb `crhbodÿf

5:

hdidtbr, yc fc.eg[brb ib ngftg gs sgb ngftg, fc quä hg dhpcrtb sd gssgxubi ochufdstb, sd gs pgrcfdstb, fc hg dhpcrtb quähè tdftg pciètdoc fd eg crdgftbodÿf fd rgidndcsb‘. Ig edmg ’fc sÿic fc scy hdidtbr sdfc qug scy gf`grhgrb, bsè qug cavdbhgftg pbrb hè tcebs gsbs ocsbs gstâf bpbrtg. bpbr tg. Gi sgr juhbfc gs ufb ocsb, ib degcicnèb, tcebs sus pcsturbs, pcsturbs , scf ctrb‘. Hg edmc

 

OB[ÈUWIC 1

’augfc, sd ustge sg pugeg ochprchgtgr...‘ ’Augfc, fc jby fdfnýf prcaighb‘ ig edmg. ’[ugeg pbsbr‘‘ hg edmc. T gftcfogs gftrg bjè ecfeg ics tgfèbf. Jbaèb huojcs ochpbògrcs häedocs, pbsbr gf`grhgrcs, egtgfdecs, sgftbecs gf gi sugic, gf ic qug grb gi ochgecr eg ics häedocs. \...X Egspuäs gf muidc eg gsg bòc \24>0X \24>0X ghpgzÿ b bpbrgogr uf nrupc eg odvdi od vdi brhbec qug egbhauibab pcr tcec gi Jcspdtbi, drruhpèb gf ibs jbadtbodcfgs eg ics pbodgftgs, gf hd pdsc qug ib trbuhbtcicnèb, ecfeg gstbabf ics pbodgftgs ocf trboodcfgs, sg ic pbsbabf ocrrdäfecics, ics igvbftbabf, ics hcigstbabf, pcrqug fc sä, ausobabf brhbs begftrc c egabmc eg ibs obhbs, fc sä ic qug jboèbf. Bhgergftbabf bi pgrscfbi, bhgergftbabf b ics pbodgftgs, b ics `bhdidbrgs, jbaèbf tchbec obsd gi ocftrci egi Jcspdtbi. Jcspd tbi. Gf hd pdsc, yc b gsb ngftg fc ib sbiuebab, giics pbsbabf sbiuebabf, yc fc. \Gi supgrvdscr eg gsb nubredb, Mubf Ocptgigzzb, ig gspgtÿ=X ’³Bsè qug ustge b hè fc hg prgstb gi edbrdc3‘ ’Fc, ig edmg, b ustge fc ig prgstc gi edbrdc‘. ’³T sd yc `ugrb @drhgfdoj hg prgstbab gi edbrdc3‘ ’Fc sä... ig ednc. B @drhgfdoj fc ic ocfczoc, pcr bjè sd ic ocfczoc, sè c fc, fc sä, pgrc b ustge sgnurc qug fc sg ic prgstc‘. \...X Gftcfogs sg `ug. Egspuäs, bi pcqudtc tdghpc, ufb jgrhbfb eg uf häedoc \...X su`rdÿ uf boodegftg gf ib rutb b Hbr egi [ibtb ocf ib `bhdidb. \...X Egodedhcs pcfgrics gf ib hdshb jbadtbodÿf pbrb qug gstuvdgsgf ics trgs muftcs y pbrb qug gf gi hchgftc gf qug juadgrb qug bfufodbrig b ib sgòcrb qug jbaèb hugrtc su gspcsc, gi agaä y gi ctrc ojdoc, gstuvdgrbf huy ocftgfdecs, gftcfogs gftcfo gs gftrbab ib `bhdidb tcec gi tdghpc \...X. Pdgfg uf eèb gstg tdpc y hg edog= ’boâ jby eghbsdbeb ngftg‘. ’B ustge quä ig dhpcrtb‘, dhpcrt b‘, ig edmg yc. ’_è, b hè hg dhpcrtb‘. dhpcr tb‘.  Tc ig edmg= edmg= ’hdrg, ’hdrg, ustge boâ boâ fc sg vb b hgtgr, hgtgr, pcrqug pcrqug gf gf gstg pdsc pdsc ib qug qug eb ics ics pgrhdscs y ibs butcrdzbodcfgs pbrb Ocsb qug gftrgf gstbr ics `bhdidbrgs c gstäf `ugrb eg scyjbogr yc, fdb ics häedocs sg hgtgf‘. qug grbb basciutbhgftg odgr tb= odgrtb= ics häedocs hgjcrbrdc egmbabf hd ordtgrdc ordtgrd c abmc gstg bspgotc. bspgo tc. Augfc, pgrc hg edog äi qug fc pugec. Tc ig ednc= ’³pgrc ’³pgrc ustge qudäf gs3‘ hg edmc ’yc scy gi supgrvdscr eg ib sgnurdebe eg ib nubredb dftgrfb‘. ’³T sbag ic qug gs ustge pbrb hè3 uf hbtÿf b sugiec‘. Augfc, b ics ecs eèbs hg sgougstrbrcf.  Tc  T c gstbab gf gi pdsc, hg iibhb iibhbf f eg Edrgoo Edrgoodÿf. dÿf. \...X Tc pbsc y oubf oubfec ec vcy b ncipg ncipgbr br ib pugrtb eg Edrgoodÿf sbigf eg ib gsobigrb qug vb b brojdvc ecs tdpcs, hg tchbf ufc eg ics arbzcs jbodb ib gspbieb y hg pcfgf ufb pdstcib gf ib obagzb y hg brrbstrbf jbstb gi ctrc pbsdiic, hg hgtgf begftrc eg ufb c`dodfb, hg tbpbf t bpbf ib acob, hg bhcrebzbf, hg vgfebf y hg tdrbf scarg uf gsordtcrdc. T bjè hg tuvdgrcf ufbs oubftbs jcrbs. Gstg Ocptgigzzb Ocptgigz zb edsdhuibab ib vcz ocf pcoc äxdtc y ghpgzÿ b pgiidzobrhg pgiidzobr hg \...X Hg sbobrcf gf bfebs, hg tdrbrcf gf gi `cfec eg ufb obhdcfgtb, y edgrcf huojbs vugitbs (gf rgbidebe egspuäs hg ed ougftb qug grb tcec birgegecr egi Jcspdtbi, pgrc gstuvdgrcf gst uvdgrcf uf rbtc ocf ib obhdcfgtb hbrojbfec). Egspuäs hg suagf b uf iunbr, hg tdrbf bi pdsc y egspuäs hg ghpgzbrcf b pdobfgbr. Hg pdobfgbabf y hg prgnuftbabf pcr qug ocsbs ngftg Jcspdtbi, eg ufcs vcibftgs eg ics hcftcfgrcs qug edogf qug odrouibabf ycyfc yc jbaèbegi vdstc y hg prgnuftbabf pcr Nbidhagrtd, pcr @drhgfdoj, @dr hgfdoj, pcr Pbob Fbrvbmb pcr supugstc. Hg tcrturbrcf bjè vbrdcs eèbs. Hg pdobfgbabf, hg jboèbf gi suahbrdfc egftrc eg ib abògrb ocf bnub `rèb, hg ncipgbabf< uf eèb hg ncipgbrcf ochc sd  yc `ugrb `ugrb uf uf puojdfn  puojdfn abii , c ufc eg gscs huògocs rgactbaigs.

Jcspdtbi [csbebs

54

 

JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

Gmghpicc eg gftrgvdstb ocigotdvb (`rbnhgf Gmghpi ( `rbnhgftcs) tcs)

Gftrgvdstb b ics ecotcrgs Obrics Bpgztgnuèb, Obhdic Obhpcs y Jgrfbfec _bib Jcspdtbi [csbebs, 7½ pdsc, cflodfb egi Er. Obhdic Obhpcs, 15 eg bardi eg 1;;: Obrics Bpgztgnuèb = ―Tc ―Tc scy Bp gztgnuèb, Bpgztgnuèb, häedoc Jc spdtbi Jcspdtbi tgfnc 01 bòcs. ³Rugräs qug ougftg ufObrics pcqudtc ouâfec iignuä iign uä bi egi jcspdtbi3 Tc [csbebs, gstcy gf gi Jcspd-

tbi [csbebs egseg gi bòc >1, cpcrtufdebe cpcr tufdebe gf qug `udhcs ocfvcobecs gf ocfmuftc ocf ctrcs prc`gsdcfbigs häedocs mÿvgfgs, gf ngfgrbi gx-rgsdegftgs, ocf ib degb eg pcfgr gf hbrojb gi `ufodcfbhdgftc eg gstg jcspdtbi, qug jbstb gftcfogs jbaèb tgfdec uf `ufodcfbhdgftc huy pbrodbi, huy idhdtbec, huy egedobec b binufcs ogftrcs eg dfvgstdnbodÿf hâs qug eg bpgrturb b ib btgfodÿf eg ib pcaibodÿf. Bi bòc sdnudgftg, gf gi >?, sg `crhbidzÿ ib pgrtgfgfodb bi jcspdtbi jcspd tbi egspuäs eg ufcs ocfourscs qug sg s g jdodgrcf gf gsb cpcrtufdebe, y augfc, trbabmä t rbabmä gf gi jcspdtbi jbstb gi bòc >0 gf qug egspuäs egi ncipg `ud egmbec prgso egmbec prgsodfedai dfedaigg, äsb grb ib pbibarb qug sg usbab gf gscs tdghpcs. ―_è, tg tgfnc gf gi idstbec eg ics egtgfdecs, egtgfdecs , ³pugeg sgr gi 1:, 14 eg hbrzc, fc3  OB= ―Gf hd obsc 1: y gi eg Obhpcs tbhadäf. t bhadäf.

―Bj, pcr qug vcs grbs mg`g eg egpbrtbhgftc. egpbr tbhgftc. Gi 1: grb gi echdfnc qug jbaèbf ocfvcobec b ics mg`gs. OB= ―_è, gstâabhcs ocfvcobecs b ufb rgufdÿf. Obhdic Obhpcs= ―[grc ib ngftg eg nubredb tbhadäf qugeÿ gf ib hdshb sdtubodÿf. sdt ubodÿf.

―³T tu fcharg gs3  OO= ―Obhdic Obhpcs, rgdtgrc ic hdshc qug äi, pcrqug jbstb bquè gstbhcs gf ib hdshb

sdtubodÿf, y tbhadäf gi 1: gf gi obsc hèc. [cr quä `ug gi 1: y fc ctrc eèb, tbhadäf `ug odroufstbfodbi= hd gspcsb gstbab eg nubredb gsg eèb y gftcfogs ocf giib jdodgrcf uf obfmg eg binufb hbfgrb, sg ib iigvbrcf b giib b obsb y b hè hg trbgf bi jcspdtbi, y pcr gsb rbzÿf `ug gsg eèb qug hg egtuvdgrcf, ednbhcs. ―³T egspuäs gstuvdgrcf ics ecs gf Occredfbodÿf @gegrbi3 OB = ―_è, muftc ocf Ebfdgi y ocf ufbs ?; pgrscfbs hâs, c 1; pgrscfbs hâs, sè, jby uf

idstbec... \...X OO= ―Ibs obhbebs o bhbebs qug `ugrcf b Occredfbodÿf @gegrbi, `ugrcf ecs orgc yc. Ug ougftc ougftc ochc gftdgfec qug pbsbab (yc egseg begftrc)= ib fugstrb gs ufb obhbeb pgqugòb, tbi gs bsè qug fcsctrcs jdodhcs gi prgodcsc vdbmg gf pbtruiigrc, (tuvdhcs gi prdvdigndc) `udhcs gf pbtruiigrc, fc gf ogiuibr< `udhcs ics ecs muftcs, hg bougrec, y jbaèbf dec ctrcs gf ctrcs  vgjèouics eg ib pcidoèb. Gf obhadc gi iufgs yb sbidgrcf gf obhdcfgs, y gi obhdÿf egi iufgs `ug b Occredfbodÿf tbhadäf. Gi obhdÿf egi hbrtgs `ug gi qug yb fc gftrbab ib ngftg \fc jbaèb obpbodebe gf Occredfbodÿf @gegrbiX. Fcsctrcs egseg begftrc sbaèbhcs qug jbaèb ctrc obhdÿf egi [csbebs babmc, rgojbzbec pcr `bitb eg gspbodc gf Occredfbodÿf, äscs `ugrcf ics qug tgrhdfbrcf gf Egvctc, gsg nrupc tgrhdfÿ gf Egvctc gsg eèb, gi eg ics egtgfdecs gi hbrtgs. ―³T egspuäs gstuvdgrcf ics ic s qug sg prgsgftbrcf `crhbihgftg y `ugrcf b Cihcs3  OO= ―Binufcs `ugrcf `ug rcf b Cihcs y ctrcs b Egvctc, tg t g edrèb qug gsc `ug yb hâs edspbr, y gs hâs,

egpgfeèb sd gsb sgCihcs jboèb boâ gf gi jcspdt bi c sg jboèb ics echdodidcs c gf ctrc sdtdc< pcrqug orgcegtgfodÿf qug ics eg `ugrcf icsjcspdtbi qug igvbftbrcf gfgf Hcrÿf, sdfc hg gqudvcoc. \...X Ic egi gspbodc ic ednc pcrqug bi hdshc tdghpc qug gftrbabf ibs obhbebs egi [csbebs

7;

 

OB[ÈUWIC 1

gftrbab b Occredfbodÿf ctrb ngftg eg ctrcs iunbrgs, ³sg gftdgfeg3, pcr gsc sg dab iigfbfec  y iigfbfec. iigfbfec. Ics iunbrgs iunbrgs gf gf qug gstâabhcs, sbivc bi prdfodpdc prdfodpdc qug qug gstâabhcs gstâabhcs gf iunbrgs dfedvdeubigs, egspuäs gstâabhcs gf iunbrgs ochufgs, y ib obpbodebe eg ibs ogiebs orgc qug tgfèb 0, > ouojgtbs ouojgt bs y ärbhcs birgegecr eg ?; pgrscfbs begftrc, begft rc, bsè qug pcr gsc tg ednc qug fc grb sÿic [csbebs, jbaèb eg ctrcs iunbrgs. ―³[grc grb eg ogftrcs häedocs häedoc s tbhadäf3 OB = ―Fc. Jbaèb binufcs `bhcscs. Bi ibec eg fcsctrcs ‟pgrgmdigs ‟ pgrgmdigs tctbigs‟ gstbab @gred-

fbfec [gerdfd, pcr gmghpic, qug hg pbrgog qug grb gi mg`g egi aicqug eg edputbecs egi  mustdodbidshc ojbqugòc< Obridtcs Nrcssc, ufb fcojg gstuvc (pcoc tdghpc...). OO= ―T gstbab tbhadäf gi qug grb \suasgorgtbrdcX \suasgorgtbrdcX eg Qgibodcfgs Gxtgrdcrgs, Gx tgrdcrgs, Pâzqugz. Mcrng

Pâzqugz, gi pberg eg Hbrèb Pâzqugz, ib hcegic, qug augfc, grb uf edpichâtdoc, y gstuvc gstu vc uf tdghpc ibrnc egtgfdec y egspuäs ic iigvbrcf bi abroc, hg pbrgog. T egspuäs gftrbab ngftg eg `âardobs, igvbftbabf gxtrbfmgrcs, ³tg bocreâs3 Grbf pgrubfcs, acidvdbfcs... Grb  vbrdcpdftb ib ougstdÿf. Nrupcs häedocs fc jbaèb ctrcs, fcsctrcs gf gstg iunbr ärbhcs ics ýfdocs. \...X ―Tc ic qug qugrèb sbagr gs ouâi grb ib ibacr eg ustgegs ocf ib ochufdebe< pcrqug  hd jdpÿtgsds jdpÿ tgsds gs qug egadec b ib botdvdebe bo tdvdebe scodbi qug tgfèbf tgfèb f ustgegs, ustgeg s, c qug jbaèb jbaè b gf gi gi Jcspdtbi ‟pcrqug jbaèb ngftg qug tgfèb hâs vèfouics scodbigs c hdidtbftgs qug ctrcs-, y b ib prgcoupbodÿf scodbi ics häedocs egi [csbebs [c sbebs `ug qug sg egsgfobegfÿ ib  rgprgsdÿf tbf nrbfeg gf qug gstg tgfèbf Jcspdtbi. OO= ―Ocdfodeg abstbftg ocf ib degb qug ufc tdgfg egi tghb, pcrqug jbaèb hdidtbfodbs pcr

bjè gf binufb hbfgrb, gf obsd tcecs, hdidtbfodb hdidt bfodb hâs scodbi qug pbrtdebrdb c pciètdob< jbaèb sè, rgbihgftg ufb botdtue botdt ue gf gsg sgftdec. Pcs pibftgbstg oÿhc grb gi jcspdtbi oubfec iignbhcs  y quä `ug `ug pbsbfec pbsbfec ocf gi oursc egi tdghpc tdghpc jbstb gi >0. Qgsuhdgfe Qgsuhdgfec, c, trbtbfec eg sgr huy huy argvg gf gi tghb= Iignbhcs b uf jcspdtbi qug gstbab ocf ib egodsdÿf egi ncadgrfc eg gsb äpcob, gstbhcs jbaibfec egi >1, eg bardric ochc uf jcspdtbi ngfgrbi. _bièb eg sgr uf Dfstdtutc eg _biue qug grb eg äidtg, eg dfvgstdnbodÿf, dfvgstdnbodÿf , eg ib ocsb eg fdvgi, y ib egodsdÿf `ug gf gsg hchgftc bardr uf jcspdtbi ngfgrbi. Ib ocsb ghpgzÿ pcr gi ibec pgedâtrdoc y sg ghpgzÿ b dfocrpcrbr btgfodÿf häedob häedo b eg beuitcs y qudrýrndob eg beuitcs< qug ästb `ug ib obhbeb qug gftrÿ gf gi >1, `crhbidzbfec `crhbidzb fec tcec gf gi >?. \...X Ucecs fcsctrcs vgfèbhcs eg gstbr egftrc egft rc egi jcspdtbi 2;, 21 jcrbs pcr eèb ochc ocsb fcrhbi, pcrqug äsg grb gi sdstghb eg rgsdegfodbs. Gsc jdzc qug gi rgsuitbec eg ib prcpugstb prcpugst b `ugrb huojc hâs biiâ eg ic pgfsbec, pcrqug gstbgst baigodhcs ufb rgibodÿf eg pugrtbs badgrtbs badgrt bs y eg bpgrturb. T sd suhâs ib bpgrturb bi hchgftc pciètdoc eg rgibodÿf ocf edstdftbs sugrtgs eg pgfsbhdgftc, ibs pgrscfbs vgfèbf vgfèbf bi jcspdtbi b pgedr ic qug gi jcspdtbi ebab= sbiue, fc vgfèbf b pgedr ctrb ocsb. \...X Gs egodr, sg `ug ebfec ufb rgibodÿf pcr uf ibec eg eghbfeb scodbi, ednbhcs eg rgspugstb bi jcspdtbi, jcspdtbi , y ufb botdtue eg ebrib, ebrib gf uf hbroc gf gi oubi tcec grb huy trbfsvgrsbi, tcec grb huy ocf`crhbec pcr gi ocigotdvc prc`gsdcfbi, bi oubi sg suhbab bi ocigotdvc fc prc`gsdcfbi OB = ―Tc tgfnc ib dhprgsdÿf eg qug ib rgprgsdÿf sg edrdndÿ hâs qug fbeb bpuftbfec b

qudgfgs pceèbf gstbr dfvciuorbecs gf ib obrbotgrdzbodÿf egi jcspdtbi, ochc gi jcspdtbi qug qugrèb ib bpgrturb, qug grb prcnrgsdstb, prcnrgsdst b, qug grb ochabtdvc, qug tgfèb degcicnèb eg uf sdstghb eg sbiue dftgnrbi, qug prcpcfèb egedobodÿf gxoiusdvb... Gsc `ug ic rgprdhdec, hg pbrgog< hg pbrgog qug pgsÿ hâs gsc qug gi jgojc eg qug `uibfc `ugrb eg hcftcfgrcs c egi GQ[, GQ[, c egi [O... [O. .. Jgrfbfec _bib= ―Tc tgfnc ufb sgfsbodÿf eg qug sd gi Gmärodtc juadgrb vgfdec b ausobr

ngftg qug pgfsbab gstg jcspdtbi qug sgr badgrtc bi pugaic, ocf sbiue nrbtudtb, dnubidtbrdb, gto., gto.< qug gstâabhcs tcecs tgfèb egsbpbrgodecs< yc tgfnc ib sgfsbodÿf eg qug gsc jdzc qug gi jcspdtbi `ugrb vdsubidzbec vdsubidz bec pcr gi Gmärodtc, pgrc gi Gmärodtc vdfc b ausobr nugrrdnugrr d-

72

 

JD_U JD _UCQ CQDB DB CQ CQBI BI

iigrcs boâ gf ufb prdhgrb dfstbfodb. dfs tbfodb. Ugfnc ib sgfsbodÿf eg qug jby ochc ecs rgprgsdcfgs dfoiudebs bjè= ufb gs ib rgprgsdÿf qug vcs egoès, pgrc yc sdgftc huojc hâs ib rgprgsdÿf egi >5, >7 ocf Iÿpgz Qgnb, qug bjè sè oibrbhgftg rgprdhèbf gstg hcvdhdgftc. T egspuäs sè hg pbrgog qug gi Gmärodtc btbob pcr tcec, pgrc ic qug vdgfgf b ausobr, ³quä vdgfgf b ausobr3= sg iigvbf eg tcec. \...X

Gfougstbs _d adgf ibs gfougstbs tbhadäf ocfstdtuygf ufb täofdob eg rgocigoodÿf eg ebtcs pbrb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf,, fc sg egag ocf`ufedr gftrgvdstb ocf gfougstb= ibs gfougstbs sg jbogf scarg dfvgstdnbodÿf ufb sgrdg eg dfedvdeucs dfedvdeucs,, qug gf ngfgrbi gs ufb u fb pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf pcaibodÿf c egi nrupc n rupc bi qug sg gstâ gstuedbfec. _g utdidzbf utdid zbf bfbidzbfec ics ebtcs catgfdecs catgfdecs gstbeèstdobhgftg, gstbeèstdobhgftg, gs egodr, gf `crhb oubftdtbtdvb. _drvgf pbrb gftgrbrsg eg ib cpdfdÿf, ib pbrtdodpb pbrt dodpbodÿf, odÿf, gi ochprchdsc, ochprchdsc, gi nrbec eg btgfodÿf prgstbec b binc, ib hghcrdb c rgougrec eg egtgrhdfbecs bocftgodhdgftcs,, gi nrbec eg ocfcodhdgftc scarg odgrtcs tghbs. hdgftcs Ibs gfougstbs fc scf dfstruhgftcs dfstru hgftcs eg jdstcr jdstcrdb db crbi, yb qug ic dhpcrtb dhpcrtbftg ftg gf ibs gfougstbs gs ic qug sg vugiob gf gi pbpgi y ufc pugeg tbauibr, tbauib r, jbogr prcpcrodcfgs, ochpbrbodcfgs eg rgspugstbs gftrg dfedvdeucs eg egtgrhd egtgrhdfbebs fbebs gebegs, oibsgs scodbigs, pbrtdecs pciètdocs, pcièt docs, iunbrgs eg rgsdegfodb, gto. Ics `crhuibrdcs ocf ibs prgnuftbs pugegf sgr ochpigtbecs pcr ibs pgrscfbs qug ics rgbidzbf (ustgegs hdshcs) c, sd fc gs ochpidobeb eg gftgfegr, pcr gi prcpdc gfougstbec< gf gstg obsc sg egfchdfb butcbehdfdstrbeb. Ibs gfougstbs butcbehdfdstrbebs tdgfgf t dgfgf ib vgftbmb vgftbmb eg qug sg pugegf edstrdaudr gftrg tcecs ics dfedvdeucs qug tgfnbhcs edspcfdaigs qug gftrgf egftrc egi nrupc sgigoodcfbec b bfbidzbr (pcr gmghpic, ngftg eg hâs eg 7; bòcs, c gftrg ?7 y 77, c bhpidc pbrb ochpbrbr ibs rgspugstbs pcr gebegs), y iugnc pbsbrics b ausobr. Gf gi prÿxdhc obpètuic, muftc ocf ics tghbs sungrdecs, jboghcs binufbs prcpugstbs eg prgnuftbs. [brb ibs gfougstbs, ästbs egagf sgr hâs puftubigs, puftubigs, b flf eg pcegr casgrvbr casgr vbr hgmcr ibs rgspugstbs. _d ibs gfougstbs gstâf ocf`goodcfbebs ocf rgspugstbs eg cpodÿf hýitdpig, gstbaigogr sdghprg gi ýitdhc ètgh qug sgb ’ctrcs‘ ochc pbrb qug gi gfougstbec bnrgnug ib rgspugstb qug b ufc fc27sg ig courrdÿ. Gstg `crhbtc gs hâs sgfodiic pbrb rgspcfegr, tbauibr y sbobr ocfoiusdcfgs.

27

[brb hbycrgs prgodsdcfgs scarg oÿhc gibacrbr gfougstbs, vgr E—Bqudfc Hbrdsb, Abrrÿf Pdvdbfb (1;;>)= [rcygotcs y hgtcec-

 icnèbs eg eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug, pâns. 40 y ss.

71

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

[rcygotcs eg dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg jdstcrdb rgodgftg

[cr vgr vdvdr jby ngftg qug ebrèb ics hgmcrgs hchgftcs eg su vdeb \…X  acstgzbfec ics tgigfctdodgrc tgigfctdodgrcss  y hbstdobfec ojdoigts b egstbmc,  sdf ochprgfegr ochprgfegr qug gi hufec gs ufb jcnugrb  y qug breg, breg, mustbhgftg, mustbhgftg, egseg babmc. T yb ics vg= ruhdbfec ibs fctdodbs qug ibs bngfodbs igs jbf hbstdobec, cedbfec igvghgftg ic qug cedbf ics bhcs egi ordstbi qug gstâf hdrbfec= ib nugrrb gf gi Pdgtfbh ‟sdghprg eg brrdab‟.

Hbfcs b ib carb Jbstb bjcrb gstuvdhcs gstuvd hcs trbabmbfec trbabmbfec `ufebhgf `u febhgftbihgftg tbihgftg ocf ib dftgrprgtbodÿf eg ib jdstcj dstcrdb jgojb pcr ctrcs. Gstg bòc vbhcs vb hcs b ocfstrudr gf gi buib fugstrb fugstrb dfvgstdnbodÿf. Gi prc`gscr sgrâ gi nuèb, nu èb, y gstg idarc y ufc eg Jdstcrdb eg 7½ fcs sgrvdrâf sgr vdrâf eg jgrrbhdgftbs aâsdobs pbrb gi trbabmc. Beghâs Beghâs tgferghcs adaidcnrb`èb gspgoèflob y ctrcs rgourscs cptbtdvcs. Gxdstgf vbrdcs vbr dcs bspgotcs y gtbpbs egi trbabmc. trbabmc. Ruä jbogr= pgfsbr quä gs ic qug qug hâs fcs dftgrgsb sbagr c hâs fcs sgfsdadidzb< sgfsdadidzb < tbhadäf vgr quä fcs prgsgftb hbycrgs pcsdadidebegs eg äxdtc sgnýf ibs `ugftgs qug tgfghcs edspcfdaigs. Oÿhc jbogric. Ruä prceuotc flfbi jbrghcs ocf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, dfvgst dnbodÿf, oÿhc ib hcstrbrghcs hcstrbrg hcs c quä qugebrâ eg giib pbrb ib ochufdebe. Bi rgspgotc, ardfebrghcs ardfebrg hcs binufbs prcpugstbs gf gi prÿxdhc obpètuic.

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[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Ib gigoodÿf egi tghb y oÿhc crnbfdzbrsg Gs pcsdaig qug yb jbybf jbybf vdstc tghbs eg jdstcrdb jdstcr db rgodgftg brngftdfb gf `crhb dftgnrbeb d ftgnrbeb ocf ib jdstcrdb ibtdfcbhgrdobfb y hufedbi. Ib fcvgebe gf gstb gtbpb gs ib dfvgstdnbodÿf jdstÿrdob scarg uf bspgotc b gigoodÿf y ib prceuoodÿf qug sg jbnb pbrb gxpcfgr ic trbabmbec. Gs ed`èodi egodedrsg pcr uf tghb sd fc sg ocfcog ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg. Ubhadäf b vgogs gs ochpidobeb ib occredfbodÿf eg ics dftgnrbftgs egi oursc pbrb trbabmbr muftcs gf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, gspgodbihgftg sd gs uf nrupc huy fuhgrcsc. [cr gsc igs bocfsgmbhcs brhbr nrupcs sgnýf sgn ýf ib gxpgrdgfodb gxpgr dgfodb eg trbabmc qug qug jbf tgfdec prgvdbhgftg. prgvdbhgftg. B ocftdfubodÿf sungrdhcs uf u f idstbec eg tghbs b trbabmbr qug gs sdhpighgftg gfufodbtdvc= pugegf gxdstdr huojcs ctrcs. Gs pbrb byuebr b pgfsbr. Ibs prgnuftbs tbhadäf scf crdgftbtdvbs pbrb rgfigxdcfbr scarg ics tghbs. Ics ougstdcfbrdcs c nuèbs eg gftrgvdstbs egagf sgr gibacrbecs gf ocfmuftc, eg bougrec b ibs obrbotgrèstdobs icobigs eg obeb prcygotc. Ochc pcerâf casgrvbr, casgr vbr, ib hbycrèb hbycrèb eg ics gmgs qug prcpcfghcs trbfsdtbf tcec gi pgrècec pgr ècec b gstuedbr (eäobebs >;, :; y 4;) ‟sdghprg qug sgb pcsdaig ocf su rg`grgfodb b ib botubidebe‟, y ctrcs scf uf pcoc hâs boctbecs. _d ibs prcaighâtdobs gigndebs fc babrobf ibs trgs eäobebs, sgrèb ocfvgfdgftg tchbr ecs tghbs= ufc ocrrgspcfedgftg bi pgrècec 24>;-24:? (obpètuics (obpè tuics 7 y 0), 0 ), y ctrc rgibodcfbec rgibodcfbec ocf gi rgnrgsc rgn rgsc eg ib eghcorbodb, ib ordsds or dsds egi Gstbec y gi fgcidagrbidshc (obpètuics (obpètuics > y :), pbrb ochpigtbr ochpigtbr gi odoic o doic igotdvc.

UGHB_ _WNGQDEC_ Gi bung eg ib hdidtbfodb gf ics bòcs >;. Huojcs mÿvgfgs y ctrcs fc tbf mÿvgfgs, egodedgrcf suhbrsg b uf obhadc scodbi. Fc tcecs ic jdodgrcf gf uf pbrtdec pbr tdec pciètdoc, sdfc qug pbrtdodpbrcf ochc egignbe egignbecs cs gf ics sdfedobtcs, egftrc eg occpgrbecrbs eg gsougibs, gf scodgebegs eg `chgftc, gf sbidtbs eg prdhgrcs buxdidcs, gf `gstdvbigs ouiturbigs, gf bscodbodcfgs rgidndcsbs pbrb byuebr b hgmcrbr ib vdeb eg ctrcs gf abrrdcs obrgfodbecs, gtoätgrb.

³Juac pgrscfbs qug b rbèz eg su ochprchdsc scodbi gstuvdgrcf gf ed󿬂ouitbegs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 ³Rudäfgs gf tu abrrdc trbabmbrcf gf binufb eg gstbs botdvdebegs c gf ctrb, eg `crhb egsdftgrgsbeb, ochc ocibacrbodÿf3 ³Ruä suogedÿ ocf gstbs botdvdebegs eurbftg ib ýitdhb ýitd hb edotbeurb= sg sdnudgrcf egsbrrciibfec egsbr rciibfec fcrfcrhbihgftg, juac obhadcs, sg suspgfedgrcf3 _d sg suspgfedgrcf c edshdfuygrcf, ³sg rgtchbrcf ocf ib iignbeb eg ib eghcorbodb gf edodgharg eg 24:?3 ³Fctbrcf gsbs pgrscfbs binýf obhadc gf ib scodgebe pcst edotbtcrdbi3

Ib nugrrdiib. Gftrg ics qug iuojbabf ocftrb ocftrb ib egsdnubiebe egsdn ubiebe scodbi juac qudgfgs gidndgrcf gidndg rcf gi obhdfc eg ibs brhbs, yb qug vgèbf qug fc sgrèb pcsdaig ocfqudstbr gi pcegr eg ctrc hcec. _urndgrcf vbrdcs nrupcs, pgrcfdstbs y fc pgrcfdstbs, qug tuvdgrcf ed`grgftgs botdtuegs y egabtgs dftgrfcs rgspgotc eg su boodcfbr.

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OB[ÈUWIC ?

Botc eg Hcftcfgrcs gf Btibftb, hbrzc eg 24>5

Hdorcs ocf hdidtbftgs sg dftgftbf bogrobr b ib [ibzb eg Hbyc, 2½ eg hbyc eg 24>5

³Rudäfgs gf tu abrrdc pbrtdodpbrcf gf binýf nrupc nugrrdiigrc, gf binýf fdvgi eg iuojb brhbeb, c gstuvdgrcf gstuv dgrcf ogrobfcs b su boodcfbr3 boodcfbr3 ³Juac ³Juac boodcfgs eg ib nugrrdiib nugrr diib gf tu abrrdc3 _d gftrgvdstbf b binudgf qug `ug nugrrdiigrc, ³quä pgfsbabf gf gsg hchgftc hchgf tc y quä pdgfsbf bjcrb b jcrb eg ic qug pgfsbabf bftgs3 b ftgs3 ³Ruä suogedÿ ocf giics c ocf sus ochpbògrcs eurbftg eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 ³Oÿhc botubrcf sus `bhdidbrgs `bhdidb rgs y vgodfcs ocf giics3 ³Ruä suogedÿ ocf gi nrupc nugrrdiigrc qug botuÿ b 󿬂fgs eg ib eäobeb egi :;3 ³Ruä boodÿf jdzc, pcr quä, oÿhc `ug obstdnbec, quä pgfsÿ eg äi ib scodgebe3

Ib rgprgsdÿf. Eurbftg tceb ib eäobeb eg 24>; juac rgprgsdÿf= bi prdfodpdc, pcr pbrtg eg ibs edotbeurbs eg Cfnbfèb, Igvdfnstcf y Ibfussg< egspuäs, eg ibs abfebs tgrrcrdstbs `crhbebs egseg gi Hdfdstgrdc eg Adgfgstbr _codbi pcr Iÿpgz Qgnb (Urdpig B)< iugnc, ib ýitdhb edotbeurb.

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[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

³Eg quä jgojcs rgprgsdvcs tdgfg hghcrdb ib ngftg eg tu abrrdc3 ³Gxdstdÿ binýf Ogftrc Oibfegstdfc eg Egtgfodÿf ogrobfc3 ³Juac ³Juac egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs gf tu gsougib c gf tu abrrdc3 ³Rudäfgs `ugrcf, quä jboèbf3 ³Juac prgscs pciètdocs c ngftg qug gstuvc egsbpbrgodeb bufqug sgb binufcs eèbs y egspuäs `ug idagrbeb3 ³Ruä pugegf ocftbr giics eg ib rgprgsdÿf3

Dnigsdb y scodgebe. Gf ib eäobeb eg 240;, ics pbpbs Mubf ZZDDD y [buic PD dhpuisbrcf ib bpgrturb eg ib Dnigsdb jbodb tcecs ics hcvdhdgft hcvdh dgftcs cs trbfs`crhbe trb fs`crhbecrgs crgs (dfoiuygfec (dfoiuygfec gi edâicnc edâ icnc gftrg obtÿidocs y hbrxdstbs) pbrb iuojbr ocftrb ib pcargzb y ib dfgqudebe. Huojcs sbogrectgs y rgidndcsbs sg ochprchgtdgrcf ocf ics hâs juhdiegs y sg pusdgrcf b trbabmbr ocec b ocec gf ics abrrdcs. ³Gf tu icobidebe juac rgidndcscs qug gstbabf gf gsb ocrrdgftg3 ³_dnugf gstbfec3 ³Jby vgodfcs qug ics rgougrebf3 ³Gf quä ocfsdstèb su trbabmc3 ³Ruä pbsÿ ocf su botdvdebe eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 ³Ruä rgibodÿf tuvdgrcf ocf ib oýpuib eg ib Dnigsdb Obtÿidob3 Botubihgftg ³jby rgidndcscs qug botýgf ocf gsg ochprchdsc scodbi3 ³B quä sg egedobf3

Gi Cadspc Bfngigiid gf uf obrrc

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OB[ÈUWIC ?

Ics mÿvgfgs y gi pgrcfdshc. Gf ib eäobeb eg 24>; huojcs eg ics mÿvgfgs qug hdidtbabf pciètdob c scodbihgftg bejdrdgrcf bi pgrcfdshc, tgfèbf uf pgfsbhdgftc c uf ’ocrbzcfodtc‘ ’ocrbzcfodtc‘ pgrcfdstb. Giics fc jbaèbf vdvdec abmc ics prdhgrcs ncadgrfcs eg [grÿf. ³[cr quä sg suhbrcf bi pgrcfdshc3 ³[gfsbabf ic hdshc qug ics vdgmcs hdidtbftgs pgrcfdstbs3 ³Gstbabf eg bougrec ocf ics ièegrgs sdfedobigs3 ³Ruä prcpcfèbf3 ³Oÿhc sg suhbabf3 ³Ruä egoèbf eg su rgibodÿf ocf gi bfodbfc bfodb fc ièegr3 ³Ruä pgfsbrcf oubfec [grÿf [grÿf ’ics gojÿ eg ib [ibzb‘ c ’sg `ugrcf eg ib [ibzb‘ gi 2½ eg hbyc eg 24>53 24>53 ³Ruä sdftdgrcf oubfec oub fec hurdÿ [grÿf3 ³Ruä ed`grgfodb casgrvbf gftrg gsbs muvgftuegs pgrcfdstbs y ibs botubigs3

Ib hýsdob. Urbs ics äxdtcs (edsgòbecs ocf gstrbtgndb ochgrodbi gf Bhärdob Ibtdfb) eg Ib Fugvb Cib y Gi Oiua egi Oibf gf ib eäobeb egi 0; (ecfe ( ecfegg scargsbidgrcf [bidtc Crtgnb, Pdcigtb Qdvbs, Mcjfy Ugegsoc, gftrg ctrcs) ochgfzbrcf b tchbr pgsc prcpdc ics ocfmuftcs eg ’hýsdob prcnrgsdvb‘, iugnc rcol fbodcfbi. Abfebs ochc Ics Nbtcs, Bihgferb, Hbfbi, Broc Drds, _ud Ngfgrds, dftgnrbebs pcr hýsdocs qug tbhadäf egsociibrcf dfedvdeubihgftg. Bi hdshc tdghpc, sg gsouojbab `cilicrg ocf igtrbs eg butcrgs ochc Btbjubipb Tupbfqud, Jbhigt Idhb Rudftbfb, Rud ftbfb, Brhbfec Br hbfec Ugmbeb Ugmbeb Nÿhgz g dftärprgtgs ochc Hgrogegs _csb, Mcrng Ob`rufg, Ob`r ufg, Oäsbr Dsgiib Ucec dfhgrsc gf ib eäobeb egi >; >; gf gi acch egi obftc pcpuibr ibtdfcbhgrdobfc, ocf Bi`rgec ]dtbrrcsb, Ebfdgi Pdnidgttd, Pèotcr Mbrb, Jugrqug Hbpu, Rudibpbyýf, _divdc Qcerènugz, [baic [baic Hdibfäs Dnubihgft Dnubihgftgg ib edvgrsdebe edvgrsdebe ouiturbi ouiturbi grb nrbfeg= gf huojcs huojcs jcnbrgs sg gsouojbab ouhadb, c ojbhbhä, c hýsdob fcrtgòb, c `cilicrg hâs trbedodcfbi, c tbfnc, c hýsdob gxtrbfmgrb (huojc rcol) c gf binufcs obscs, hýsdob oiâsdob.

³Ruä hýsdob hýsdob sg gsouojbab gf ibs obsbs eg tu t u abrrdc3 abrr dc3 ³Ruä egoèbf gsbs igtrbs3 ³Ruä `cilicrdstbss tuvdgrcf prcaighbs ocf ib Urdpig B c eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb y sg `cilicrdstb tuvdgrcf qug dr egi pbès c rgstrdfndr su rgpgrtcrdc3 ³Oÿhc sg trbfs`crhÿ gi `gfÿhgfc egi rcol fbodcfbi eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 ³[cr quä sg puec prceuodr ib bpgrturb3 ³Ruä hbfd󿬂gstbf ibs igtrbs eg rcol botubihgftg3 ³Ruä gxprgsbf ibs obfodcfgs qug sg ed`ufegf gf `cilicrg y hýsdob ibtdfcbhgrdobfb gf gi sdnic ZZD3 Z ZD3 [crtbeb egi edsoc Gi Egrgojc eg vdvdr gf pbz , eg Pdotcr Mbrb

Ebfdgi Pdnidgttd, @ctc eg Jcrbodc Cidvgrb

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[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Ibs brtgs vdsubigs. Huojcs brtdstbs piâstdocs rgfigmbrcf gf su carb ib orètdob scodbi, gocfÿhdob, pciètdob, jbodb ibs dfstdtuodcfgs gf ngfgrbi, c gi bpcyc b ib oibsg cargrb y b sus rgoibhcs. Ctrcs, qug eg`gfeèbf tbhadäf ib obusb eg ics hâs juhdiegs, fc vciobabf gstbs dfqudgtuegs ochc tghb eg su carb. Iugnc, ocf gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec, su`rdgrcf pgrsgouodÿf ics brtdstbs brtd stbs piâstdocs ouybs carbs grbf eg egf egfufodb ufodb c qudgfgs tgfèbf pbrtdodpbodÿf pciètdob c scodbi. _cf ics obscs eg Qdobrec Obrpbfd, @rbfoc Pgfturd, Pgfturd, Obrics Bicfsc y Igÿf @grrbrd, gftrg ctrcs, qug sg egadgrcf egadgrcf gxdidbr gxdidb r.

³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb sg igs ebab b ibs brtgs vdsubigs gf tu icobidebe gf ib eäobeb eg 24>;3 _d pugegf gftrgvdstbr b binýf bin ýf pdftcr/gsouitcr/nrbabecr pdftcr/gsouitcr/nrbabecr/edaum /edaumbftg bftg eg gsb äpcob, ³gf quä ocrrdgftg egi brtg sg gfrcibab3 ³Nubreb `ctcs eg sus carbs ochc pbrb vgr ufb rgtrcspgotdvb3 rgtrcspgot dvb3 Ausobr carbs eg pdftcrgs gf ibs eäobebs eg 240;, 24>;, 24>;, 24:;, 244;, ochc pbrb bfbidzbr quä gxprgsbabf gf ics edstdftcs hchgftcs eg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg brngftdfb.

Qgprgscrgs,, Qdobrec Obrpbfd Qgprgscrgs

eäobeb bftgs (2470-7 (2470-7:), :), ocf gi odfg Gi odfg. Gf Brngftdfb @grfbfec Adrrd ochdgfzb, ufb eäobeb ocf ochprchdsc ochprchdsc scodbi. Gi odfg hdidtbftg ‟eg ‟ eg egfufodb egfufodb scodbi y pciètdob, qug prchcvèb prchcvèb ib boodÿf pbrb hgmcrbr hgmcrbr ib sdtubodÿf eg ibs oibsgs pcstgrnbebs‟ tdgfg uf nrbf n rbf dhpuisc ocf ics nrupcs Odfg Od fg Idagrbodÿf (ocf @grfbfec [dfc _cibfbs, Cotbvdc Ngtdfc, N gtdfc, Ngrbrec Pbiigmc) Pbiigmc) y Odfg eg Absg, ocf Qbyhufec Nigyzgr (egsbpbrgodec pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb).

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OB[ÈUWIC ?

³Juac ngftg gf tu abrrdc abrr dc qug vdc Ib jcrb eg ics jcrfcs, pcr gmghpic, oubfec gstbab prcjdadeb, bftgs eg 24>?, c egspuäs3 ³Ruä pgièouibs qug trbtgf tghbs scodbigs c pciètdocs ocfsdegrbf qug `ugrcf huy dhpcrtbftgs y qug vbig ib pgfb vgr y egabtdr3 ³Ruä pgièouibs sg gxjdadgrcf c sg rgbidzbrcf eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 ³Ruä ghpgzÿ b egodr gi odfg scarg ib edotbeurb egspuäs eg qug rgnrgsÿ ib eghcorbodb gf 24:?3 ³Ruä ³Ruä odfg hdidtbftg hd idtbftg gxdstg gf gi fugvc hdigfdc3

Ugbtrc. Gf 24>; ochgfzÿ uf tgbtrc ocf dftgfodcfbidebe pciètdob b pbrtdr egi gstrgfc eg ib carb ocigotdvb Gi bvdÿf fgnrc (Qcagrtc Udtc Ocssb, Ngrhâf Qczgfhbojgr, Obrics _chdnidbfb y Qdobrec Ubigsfdl). Ubigsfdl). Ics botcrgs ochgfzbrcf b rgoibhbr badgrtbhgftg ib gidhdfbodÿf gidh dfbodÿf eg ib ogfsurb gf ib edotbeurb hdidtbr eg gscs bòcs (2400-24>?) y puedgrcf vgrsg carbs sbtèrdobs c orètdobs eg butcrgs c edrgotcrgs ed rgotcrgs ochc Quey Quey Ojgrfdoc`, Âfngi Qunndgrc, Qunn dgrc, Qdobrec Hcftd, Biagrtc Begiiboj,, @rbfodsoc [boc Wrcfe Begiiboj Wrcfec, c, [gerc Crnbhadeg Crn bhadeg,, Ebvde Pdòbs. Pd òbs. Ocf ib Urdpig B y ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, ufb nrbf hbycrèb sg tuvc qug gxdidbr c sg ocfvdrtdÿ ocfvdrt dÿ gf egtgfdec-egsbpbrgodec egtgfdec-egsbpbrgodec pcr gi Ugrrcr Ugrrcrdshc dshc eg Gstbec. [grc bftgs eg qug ästb flfbidog, ochgfzÿ ib rgsdstgfodb rgsd stgfodb egseg begftrc eg ib ngftg egi tgbtrc, ocf ib crnbfdzbodÿf eg Ugbtrc Badgrtc, gf 24:2. [gsg bi dfogfedc eg ib sbib ecfeg sg gstbabf jbodgfec ibs `ufodcfgs, botcrgs y edrgotcrgs tuvdgrcf gi bpcyc eg ib scodgebe y puedgrcf ocftdfubr ocftdfubr gf ctrc tgbtrc, eurbftg vbrdcs vbr dcs bòcs hâs, y ngfgrbrcf deäftdob deäftdob rgboodÿf gf ctrbs ârgbs eg ib ouiturb= Ebfzb Badgrtb, [cgsèb Badgrtb y Odfg Od fg Badgrtc.

³Jby gf gf tu gsougib c gf tu abrrdc abr rdc nrupcs n rupcs eg tgbtrc3 ³Ruä carbs prg󿬂grgf prg󿬂grgf dftgrprgtbr3 _grèb augfc iggr carbs eg tgbtrc eg ib eäobeb egi >;, y eg Ugbtrc Badgrtc, tgfdgfec bftgs uf argvg pbfcrbhb egi pgrècec pbrb pcegr ocftgxtubidzbribs. ³Ruä orètdobs jboèbf3 ³Ruä tg pbrgog qug qugrèbf3 ³Ug pbrgog qug tdgfgf vdngfodb gsbs carbs, egspuäs eg tbftcs bòcs3 ³Ruä tgbtrc surndÿ surn dÿ ocf ib aýsqugeb eg Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc eg sus fdgtcs egsbpbrgodecs3 egsbpbrgo decs3 ³Oÿhc ³Oÿhc `ug pcsdaig3 ³Ruä fbrrbf fbr rbf gsbs pdgzbs3 tb hadäf jboèb goicIdtgrbturb. Bsè ochc sg ebab gi acch eg ib obfodÿf ibtdfcbhgrdobfb, tbhadäf sdÿf ib fcvgib ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. Gi rgbidshc hândoc echdfbftg tgfèb su trbs`cfec scodbi y pciètdoc. Juac nrbfegs gsordtcrgs ochc Mcrng Iuds Acrngs c Grfgstc _âabtc qug fc tuvdgrcf huy gf oibrc gf sus ochdgfzcs gi pbpgi ngfcodeb y egvbstbecr eg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb< ctrcs, ochprchgtdecs pciètdobhgftg (Muidc Ocrtâzbr, Ebvde Pdòbs, Mubf Ngihbf) cptbrcf pcr gi gxdidc gx didc c, sd sg qugebrcf, `ugrcf egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs c bsgsdfbecs (Qceci`c ^bisj, [boc Wrcfec, Wrcfec, Jbrciec Ocftd, Ocftd, Jäotcr Cgstgrjgie, Cg stgrjgie, gto.). Ics gsordtcs eg ics gxdidbecs gxdi dbecs grbf ed`èodigs eg ocfsgnudr ebec qug qug gstbabf prcjdadecs< y bufqug bufqug sg ics ocfsdnudgrb, grb pgidnrcsc pgidn rcsc tgfgrics. Ib rgvdstb Juhcr Qgndstrbec `ug bardgfec ib argojb eg ics ièhdtgs b ib butcogfsurb y pbuibtdfbhgftg, egseg su prd prdhgr hgr fýhgrc gf 24>:, 24>:, ocfstdtuyÿ ufb acobfbeb eg bdrg `rgsoc. ` rgsoc. Iugnc, gf ib prdhgrb gtbpb eg ib eghcorbodb, fc baufebrcf ibs puaidobodcfgs eg ougftcs scarg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb< e dotbeurb< hâs adgf, gi dftgräs eg ibs gedtcrdbigs ge dtcrdbigs `ug pcr ib fcvgib jdstÿrdob. Iugnc jdodgrcf goicsdÿf ics rgibtcs tgstdhcfdbigs.

³Ruä sg igèb gf tu ocigndc gf ib eäobeb egi >;3 ³T gf tu abrrdc3 ³Ruä butcrgs sg ed`ufeèbf3 ed`ufeèb f3 ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb dhpcrtbfodb tgfèbf tgf èbf ibs rgvdstbs3 rgv dstbs3 ³Jby ³Jby gsordtcrgs gf tu icobidebe3 icobi debe3 ³Ruä igs pugegf ocftbr ocftbr scarg ib jdstcrdb jd stcrdb eg ib idtgrbturb i dtgrbturb eg ics ýitdhcs bòcs3

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[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Qgochgfebhcs iggr eg Iudsb Pbigfzugib (2 (24>7) 4>7)  Bquè pbsbf ocsb ocsbss rbrbs. rbrbs . Augfcs Bdrgs, Gedodcfgs eg ib @icr. Eg Ebfdgi Hcybfc, ’Qgibtc egi jbioÿf vgreg y ib `ibutb hbrbvdiicsb‘, (24:0= rgvdstb Ordsds Ordsds F½  F½ 5?), gf Fbrrbodcfgs Obredfbigs, Obredfbigs, sgigoodÿf H.B. Pboobrdfd, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbpu Gedtcrb, 2440.

Ogfsurb y butcogfsurb. Ibs edotbeurbs dhpusdgrcf ogfsurb y idstbs eg carbs prcjdadebs. Ubhadäf gxdstg odgrodg rtb ogfsurb pbrb ib crdgftbodÿf degciÿndob gf ibs eghcorbodbs, hgedbftg gi dffiumc pcegrcsc eg pbnbr puaidodebegs c prcpbnbfebs, c eg dfstdtuodcfgs qug sg ocfstdtuygf gf `botcrgs eg pcegr y eg prgsdÿf gf Brngftdfb, ocf nrbf bsogfedgftg gf ib pcaibodÿf ochc ib Dnigsdb. Ocf gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec dhpugstc gf ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, fc jbaèb fcrhbs oibrbs= gxdstèbf ibs idstbs, pgrc jbaèb huojcs hâs idarcs, obfodcfgs, carbs eg tgbtrc qug ibs fcharbebs qug prcvcobabf ib drboufedb egsbpbrgogecrb eg ics ngfcodebs. [cr ocfsdnudgftg, b ib ogfsurb sg bocpiÿ ufb butcogfsurb huojèsdhc hâs bhpidb, qug dfhcvdidzbab b ib pcaibodÿf.

³Ruä idarcs, rgvdstbs u carbs sbagf qug sg jbybf prcjdadec gf ib edotbeurb 24>0-:?3 ³Ruä ocftgfdec tdgfgf, pcr quä pdgfsbf qug sg jbarâf prcjdadec3 Bvgrdnùgf sd ocfcogf b ngftg c vgodfcs qug tdrbrcf tdrb rcf c qughbrcf bpuftgs/edbrdcs/idarcs/rgvdstbs pcr tghcr b sgr ocfsdegrbecs suavgrsdvcs. ³_g bougrebf eg quä tdpc eg pbpgigs sg trbtbab, c ouâigs grbf binufcs eg ics fchargs eg ics idarcs, edbrdcs c rgvdstbs gftgrrbecs, qughbecs c tdrbecs3 ³[cr quä ic jdzc, quä ic dfeumc b jbogric3

Ib ouiturb egi hdgec. Oubfec fc gxdstgf fcrhbs flmbs pcr pbrtg egi Gs-

Jbrciec Ocftd

0;

tbec y ästg bpidob ib vdcigfodb dfedsordhdfbeb pbrb dhpcfgr uf hcegic egtgrhdfbec, sg trbtb eg uf Gstbec

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

Ugrrcrdstb. Gf Brngftdfb, gi Gstbec Ugrrcrdstb `chgftÿ ib egibodÿf, y ib obusb pceèb sgr oubiqudgrb (pcr gmghpic, qug gi vgodfc fc bnubftbsg rudecs hcigstcs c vdgrb ochc scspgojcsc uf nrupc eg gstuedbftgs qug sg rgufèb gf ufb vdvdgfeb)< ib ocfsgougfodb grb gi sgougstrc, ib tcrturb y pbrb bprcxdhbebhgftg ?;.;;; pgrscfbs, ib egsbpbrdodÿf. Ochc ocf obeb egsbpbrdodÿf sg sdigfodbabf pcr gi tgrrcr b 2.;;; pgrscfbs, gsb pciètdob dfeuoèb bi dfedvdeubidshc, bi ’fc tg hgtâs‘, bi ’pcr binc jbarâ sdec‘.

³Ruä prcpbnbfebs egi ncadgrfc hdidtbr prchcvèbf gsb botdtue gf ib pcaibodÿf3 Qgbidzb ufb gfougstb b ib ngftg eg tu t u icobidebe= ³_gf ³_gftèb tèb hdgec3 ³B quä3 quä3³Ruä prcnrbhbs sg ghdtèbf pcr tgigvdsdÿf3 ³Ruä odfg brngftdfc sg prchcvèb3 ³Ruä sg dftgftbab fbturbidzbr, fbturbid zbr, qug bjcrb pugeg iibhbr iibhb r ib btgfodÿf3 Gf gstg hchgftc, ³quä degb eg ’dfsgnurdebe‘ ’dfsgn urdebe‘ dfeuogf ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf3

Gi prcaighb egi gxdidc. Gi bigmbhdgftc eg ufb pgrscfb eg ib tdgrrb gf qug vdvg, ngfgrbihgftg pcr hctdvcs pciètdocs, gs ufb sdtubodÿf eurb pbrb pbr b tcec sgr juhbfc, qug sg bocstuharb b ib ouiturb ecfeg fbog y sg sdgftg gxtrbfmgrc gf ibs eghâs. Beghâs, sg suhb ib bfnustdb gf ib egodsdÿf eg drsg dr sg pbrb sbivbr ib vdeb, v deb, hâs tgfgr qug ausobr uf fugvc fugvc trbabm tr babmc, c, uf iunbr ecfeg vdvdr vdvd r…Ubhadäf gxdstdÿ gx dstdÿ gi g i dfsdidc, qug gs gi bdsibhdgftc bdsibh dgftc gf gi qug sg qugeÿ huojb huojb ngftg qug fc pceèb vdbmbr bi gxtgrdcr, y qug fc grb vdsdtbeb pcr sus bftdnucs ocfcodecs pcr hdgec b sgr ’hbrobec‘ pcr ics hdidtbrgs. Ubftc Ubftc gi gxdidc gx didc ochc gi dfsdidc dfsd idc hbrobrcf ocf uf sgftdec eg päredeb eg b`gotcs, eg egshcr egshcrcfbhdgftc cfbhdgftc tctbi eg prcygotcs gf qudgfgs ic su`rdgrcf.

Ocftbotb b qudgfgs gf tu icobidebe su`rdgrcf gi gxdidc gxdi dc c gi dfsdidc. Bvgrdnub qudäfgs 󿬂fbihgftg fc rgnrgsbrcf gf ib eghcorbodb y qudäfgs sè, y pcr quä. Urbtb eg vgr gi prcaighb eg su bfnustdb eg gsbs äpcobs eurbs. ³Juac ³Juac fugvcs gxdidcs3 gxdi dcs3 ³[cr quä quä rgnrgsbrcf3

Ib geuobodÿf. Gf ics ncadgrfcs pgrcfdstbs qug ochgfzbrcf gf 24>?, sg obhadbrcf binufcs prcnrbhbs pbrb qug ics mÿvgfgs mÿvgfgs sg `crhbsgf ocf ufb ocfodgf ocfodgfodb odb scodbi, fbodcfbi y ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. _g gstbaigodÿ ib hbtgrdb GQ_B ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. GQ _B (Gstuedc eg ib Qgbidebe _codbi Brngftdfb) gf gi fdvgi sgoufebrdc. Huy prcftc, gf 24>0, ics hbtgrdbigs eg gstuedc sgrèbf ocfsdegrbecs suavgrsdvcs suavgrsdv cs y ics prc`gscrgs prc`gscrgs eg jdstcrdb, pgrscfbs pgr scfbs pctgfodbihgftg pctgfodbihgftg pgidnrcsbs= pgidn rcsbs= byuebabf b pgfsbr.. Gi ocftrci sg gstbaigodÿ pgfsbr gstbaigodÿ hgedbftg edstdftbs ed stdftbs odrouibrgs y idstbs eg idarcs prcjdadecs gf ibs adaidctgobs gsocibrgs. Ib hbtgrdb GQ_B sg obhadÿ pcr @crhbodÿf Oèvdob, y qudgfgs ib gfsgòbabf egaèbf gstbr abmc ib supgrvdsdÿf supgrv dsdÿf degciÿndob degciÿndob egi Hdfdstgrdc H dfdstgrdc eg Geuo Geuobodÿf. bodÿf. Ib ’Cpgrbodÿf Oibrdebe‘ sgrvèb sgr vèb pbrb egtgotbr egtgotb r b ics ’bngftgs pgidn pgidnrcscs‘ rcscs‘ qug qug pgfsbrbf edstdftc. edst dftc.

Bvgrdnub Bvgrdn ub gftrg qudgfgs `ugrcf ecogftgs gf gsb äpcob, gspgodbihgftg gspgodbi hgftg gf hbtgrdbs hbtgrdbs juhbfèstdobs, ³sdnudgrcf gfsgòbfec dnubi qug bftgs3 ³Ruä obhadcs casgrvbrcf ocf rgspgotc b ib adaidcnrb`èb3 adaidcn rb`èb3 ³T ocf ocf rgibodÿf b ibs rgufdcfgs eg pbergs, ib edsodpide dsodpidfb, gi vèfouic vè fouic ocf ib Edrgoodÿf egi gstbaigodhdgftc gstbaigodh dgftc geuobtdvc, geuobtdvc, ocf ics Dfspgotcrgs, ocf gi sdstghb gf ngfgrbi3 _d gs ufb gsougib pýaidob, ³tuvc binufb ed󿬂ouitbe ib Bscodbodÿf Occpgrbecrb, c binýf b inýf hdgharc h dgharc eg giib3 ³Juac prc`gscrgs prc`gscrgs gxcfgrbecs c gf edspcfdadidebe pcr binufb obusb3

02

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Egi ’Ochprg brngftdfc‘ b ib egsdfeus egsdfeustrdbid trdbidzbodÿf zbodÿf. Gi prcygotc gocfÿhdoc eg ics ncadgrfcs pgrcfdstbs ocf gi hdfdstrc Mcsä Agr Ngiabre ocfsdstèb gf gstdhuibr uf obpdtbidshc fbodcfbi butÿfchc, sustgftbec pcr ufb bidbfzb gftrg binufcs sgotcrgs ghprgsbrdbigs y gi hcvdhdgftc cargrc, ocftdfubfec ocf ib pciètdob eg ’Ochprg brngftdfc‘ gstbaigodeb pcr gi hdfdstrc Biec B iec @grrgr abmc ib edotbeurb eg Igvdfnstcf (24>;). (24>;). Urbs ib hugrtg eg [grÿf y ib dffiugfodb fg`bstb fg`bstb fgcidagrbi eg Iÿpgz Qgnb, gstc obhadÿ. T pgcr býf oubfec pbrb `crzbr ibs pciètdobs gocfÿhdobs fgcidagrbigs fgcidagrb igs sg bpidoÿ bpidoÿ ib pciètdob tgrrcrdst tgrr crdstbb eg Gstbec scarg egignbegignbecs sdfedobigs c trbabmbecrgs ocfodgftdzbecs, y sg bardgrcf ics hgrobecs b ib dhpcrtbodÿf dfedsordhdfbeb. Iugnc, eurbftg ibs prgsdegfodbs eg Hgfgh y Eg Ib Qýb, ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs sg prc`ufedzbrcf, sg prdvbtdzbpr dvbtdzbrcf ghprgsbs gstbtbigs y ib sdtubodÿf eg ics trbabmbecrgs `ug býf hâs prgobrdb.

³Juac gf tu icobidebe ³Juac icob idebe `âardobs c ghprgsbs qug ogrrbrcf3 ³Juac ngftg qug sg qugeÿ sdf trbabmc3 ³Ruä hchgftc rgougrebf ochc pgcr gf su jdstcrdb ibacrbi3 iba crbi3 ³Ruä sdtubodÿf gocfÿhdob ocfsdegrbf qug `ug pgcr pbrb gi pbès3 ³Oÿhc vdvdÿ vdv dÿ gf su hchgftc ib jdpgrdf󿬁bodÿf eg 24:43 ³Oÿhc ib vg egseg gstb äpcob3 ³Ruä sbag eg ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs eg ib äpcob hgfghdstb3 ³Ruä cpdfb eg giibs3 gii bs3 ³Oÿhc ig b`gotÿ edodgharg eg 1;;23 ³Ruä hgedebs tchbebs pcr binufc eg ics ncadgrfcs eghcorâtdocs ocfsdegrb qug ic pgrmuedoÿ3 ³Ruä hgedeb, gf obhadc, ic agfg󿬂odÿ eg binýf hcec3

Gi ncipg eg Gstbec egi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0. Egseg 24?; ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf bigftbrcf b ics ncipdstbs y fbturbidzbrcf ics ncadgrfcs eg `botc, ochc sd fc juadgsg ctrb sbideb pcsdaig b ics prcaighbs ’nrbvèsdhcs‘ qug su`rèb gi pbès gf gsg hchgftc. Egseg qug ib ONU icnrÿ gxpuisbr b Iÿpgz Qgnb gf muidc eg 24>7, sg supc qug ics hdidtbrgs ghpgzbabf b prgpbrbr uf ncipg eg Gstbec. _g hcstrbab gf ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf ochc binc dfgvdtbaig< binufbs crnbfdzbodcfgs eg gxtrghb dzqudgre dzqudgrebb pgfsbabf qug gi ncipg bnuedzbrèb ibs ocftrbedoodcfgs ocftrbedoodcfgs egi obpdtbidshc obpdtbidshc y `bvcrgo `bvcrgogrèb grèb ib rgvciuodÿf. rgvciuodÿf. Nrbf pbrtg pbr tg eg ib pcaibodÿf fc gstbab eg bougrec, bufqug `ugrb ed`èodi bpcybr b uf ncadgrfc ochc gi eg ’Dsbagi‘ Hbrtèfgz Hbr tèfgz eg [grÿf= grb hgmcr gspgrbr b qug tgrhdfbsg y sg ocfvcobrbf b gigoodcfgs eghcorâtdobs. Oubfec courrdÿ, eghcorâtdobs. courr dÿ, ics hgedcs, ibs nrbfegs nr bfegs ghprgsbs, ghprgsbs, sus ngrgftgs y binufcs ctrcs, `gstgmbrcf.

01

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

³Oÿhc sg rgougreb gf tu abrrdc abr rdc gsg eèb3 e èb3 ³_bidgrcf b `gstgmbr3 ³_g ocfsdegrbab qug qug sg pceèb jbogr binc gf ocftrb3 ³T oÿhc sg rgougreb ib rgoupgrbodÿf eg ib eghcorbodb3 ³Oÿhc trbtbrcf ics hgedcs ics bfdvgrsbr bfdvgrsbrdcs dcs egi ncipg eg Gstbec3 ³Ruä egstbobabf bftgs y quä bjcrb3

Egpcrtgs, hgedcs y pciètdob. Wf gmghpic oibrc eg oÿhc ib edotbeurb utdidzÿ bi egpcrtg ic ocfstdtuyg gi Hufedbi eg `ýtaci eg 24>: gf fugstrc pbès. _g sundgrg vgr gi ecouhgftbi  Huf  Hufedbi edbi >:= Ib jds jdstcr tcrdb db  pbrbigib,, ocf prceuoodÿf ngfgrbi eg Ncfzbic Acfbegc,  pbrbigib Edgnc Nugagi, y Hbrdc [grncidfd g dfvgstdnbodÿf y nudÿf eg Gzgqudgi @grfâfegz Hccrgs (Brngftdfb, 1;;?, 71 hdf). hdf). jttp=/ jtt p=//ww /www.tbrdfnb.fgt/pcst w.tbrdfnb.fgt/pcsts/vdegcs/:7 s/vdegcs/:72 221?4/Hufedbi>:--Ib-jdstcrdb-pbrbigib.jthi

B pbrtdr pbrtd r eg gstg tghb fc sÿic sg pugeg pugeg trbtbr gi tghb egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec, ib ocrrupodÿf, ib ochpidodebe eg pbrtg eg ib scodgebe odvdi, ib dfngfudebe eg huojcs brngftdfcs, sdfc tbhadäf quä egoèbf y quä couitbabf ics hgedcs eg df`crhbodÿf.

Ics hcvdhdgftcs eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs. Ics `bhdidbrgs eg ics sgougstrbecs pcr ib edotbeurb sg hcvdgrcf dftgfsbhgftg pbrb trbtbr eg sbagr scarg sus sgrgs qugrdecs, y oubfec vdgrcf qug su aýsqugeb aýsqugeb grb df`ruotucsb df` ruotucsb trbtbrcf eg crnbfdzbrsg pbrb jbogrsg vdsdaigs= ibs edstdftbs bnrupbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs egfufodbrcf pýaidobhgftg ic qug gstbab courrdgfec courr dgfec gf Brngftdfb. Bsè surndgrcf surn dgrcf ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb [ibzb eg Hbyc gf bard bardii eg 24>> y pcoc egspuäs Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, qug ausobf b sus fdgtcs egsbpbrgodecs c fbodecs gf obutdvgrdc, obu tdvgrdc, gftrgnbecs dignbihgftg b ctrbs `bhdidbs. `bh didbs. Ubhadäf Ubhadäf sg ocfstdtuygrc ocfstdtuygrcf f @bhdidbrgs eg Egsbpbrgodecs y Egtgfdecs pcr rbzcfgs pciètdobs (24>0), ib B[EJ, Bsbhaigb [grhbfgftg pcr ics egrgojcs juhbfcs (24>7), gi _grvdodc eg [bz y Mustdodb (24>5), gi OGI_, Ogftrc eg Gstuedcs Ignbigs y _codbigs (24>4) y ctrcs. Gf 2445 ochgfzÿ b `crhbrsg JDMC_, Jdmcs pcr ib Degftdebe y ib Mustdodb ocftrb gi Civdec y gi _digfodc, qug ausobf ocfcogr ib jdstcrdb eg sus pbergs y iuojbf pcr mustdodb. Botubihgftg Bot ubihgftg jby hâs eg odgf fdgtcs rgoupgrbecs qug byuebf ocf ib tbrgb eg ib ocfodgftdzbodÿf pbrb qug ics mÿvgfgs (gf gstg hchgftc trgdftbògrcs) qug euebf eg su vgrebegrb degftdebe sg jbnbf ics gstuedcs pbrb rgufdrsg ocf su `bhdidb adciÿndob qug ics gstâ ausobfec.

³Jby gf tu icobidebe binufb crnbfdzbodÿf eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs3 ³B quä sg egedob3 ³Rudäfgs pbrtdodpbrcf gf binýf hchgftc eg binufb bnrupbodÿf ocf gstbs obrbotgrèstdobs3

0?

 

[QC [QCTGOUC_ TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs ³Ouâigs `ugrcf ics camgtdvcs eg ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs gf 24:13 ³Ruä rgibodÿf juac ocf gi egsocftgftc egsocftgftc sdfedobi y scodbi qug sg gstbab hbfd`gstbfec hâs badgrtbhgftg badgr tbhgftg33 ³Ruä suogeg ocf ib sdtubodÿf ocicfdbi eg ibs Dsibs3 ³Oÿhc sg egsbrrciiÿ ib nugrrb3 ³Oÿhc `ugrcf ibs rgibodcfgs ocf ics pbèsgs ibtdfcbhgrdobfcs y gurcpgcs3 ³Ruä sdgf³Oÿhc tg ib hbycrèb eg ics brngftdfcs ocf rgspgotc b ibs Hbivdfbs3 ³Oÿhc rgboodcfÿ ib scodgebe gf gsg hchgftc `rgftg b ib nugrrb3 ³Ruä suogedÿ ocf ics ochabtdgftgs gf Hbivdfbs3 ³[cr quä jby rgoibhcs botubihgftg eg pbrtg eg binufcs b inufcs eg giics3 ³Oÿhc sdnudgrcf ibs rgibodcfgs gxtgrdcrgs ocf Nrbf Argtbòb egspuäs eg ib nugrrb n ugrrb y oÿhc scf gf ib botubidebe3 ³Ruä ocfsordptcs eg tu icobidebe `ugrcf b ib Nugrrb3 ³Ruä ougftbf ougftbf eg giib3 ³Ucecs pdgfsbf ic hdshc3

Hcfuhgftc ocfhghcrbtdvc b ics obèecs gf ib Nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs (Wsjubdb)

Gi gfeguebhdgftc gxtgrfc. Eurbftg ib prgsdegfodb eg Hbrèb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz eg [grÿf sg scidodtbrcf prästbhcs prästbhcs bi @HD pgrc fc sg ics ctcrnbrcf pcr ’ib ordsds egi sgotcr gxtgrfc‘ gxtgr fc‘ (eguebb gxtgrdcr (egue gxtgr dcr eg obsd :.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs gf 24>7). 24>7). Gi eèb egi ncipg, ncipg, gi @HD @H D ocfflrhÿ uf prästbhc bi fugvc ncadgrfc eg 21>,0 hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs. Eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb ib egueb gxtgrfb brngftdfb bsogfedÿ b obsd 50.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs. Bi flfbidzbr ib prgsdegfodb prgsde gfodb eg Bi`cfsèf, gf 24:4 24:4,, ib egueb orgodÿ b W_$ 05.54 05.5422 hdiicfgs< ocf Hgfgh trgpÿ b 250.124 hdiicfgs gf edgz bòcs< ocf Eg ib Qýb, gf sÿic ecs bòcs, b 2:;.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs. Ocf gsb pciètdob fg`bstb eg gfeguebhdgftc, nrbodbs b qug sg sgnuèb ib rgogtb egi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf, Gstbecs Wfdecs `gidodtbab `gidodtbab bi ncadgrfc brngftdfc. Iugnc sg trbtÿ t rbtÿ eg idagrbr eg ics ibzcs hgedbftg gi egsgfe egsgfeguebhdgf guebhdgftc. tc. _gnýf ebtcs egi Hdfdstgrdc eg GocGoc fchèb, gf gi bòc 1;;4 ib egueb gxtgrfb grb gr b eg obsd 215.;;; hdiicfgs. hdiicfgs.

05

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb tdgfg ib egueb gxtgrfb pbrb ics jbadtbftgs eg uf pbès3 ³Rudäfgs sg agfg󿬂odbrcf bi ocftrbgr ib egueb3 ³[cr ³[cr quä ib egueb prdvbeb pbsÿ bi Gstbec eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb3 Casgrvb ib rgibodÿf [ibf eg Ocfvgrtdadidebe-Egueb gxtgrfb g dfvgstdnb d fvgstdnb ³pcr quä sg gfegueÿ gfegueÿ tbftc gi pbès eurbftg gi ncadgrfc eg Hgfgh sd vgfedÿ ibs ghprgsbs egi Gstbec3 Casgrvb ibs fgncodbodcfgs egi Hgnbobfmg rgbidzbec eurbftg ib prgsdegfodb prgsdegfod b eg Eg ib Qýb y rgspcfeg ³qudäfgs sg agfg󿬂odbf oubfec sg rgfgncodb ib egueb egueb33 Bfbidzb Bfbi dzb ibs rgochgfe rgochgfebodcfgs bodcfgs egi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf, ics ocfedodcfbhdgftcs egi @HD y egeuog ³quä ³quä rgibodÿf gxdstg gftrg egueb gxtgrfb gxtgr fb y scagrbfèb gocfÿhdob3 ³Ruä qudsc jbogr Qcerènugz _âb bi rgspgotc gf su argvg prgsdegfodb prcvdscrdb3 Jbogr ufb gfougstb pbrb hgedr ib cpdfdÿf eg ib pcaibodÿf scarg gi botubi egsgfeguebhdgftc pbrodbi.

Gi rgnrgsc b ib dfstdtuodcfbidebe dfst dtuodcfbidebe eghcorâtdob y ib ocfstruoodÿf eg ufb ouiturb eghcorâtdob ³Ruä gftgfeèb gftgfeèb Bi`cfsèf Bi `cfsèf ochc ’eghcorbodb‘3 ’eghcorbodb‘3 ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb tgfèb t gfèb pbrb ib i b pcaibodÿf brngftdfb gi rgtcrfc b ib eghcorbodb3 ³Ruä bspgotcs eg ib eghcorbodb botubihgftg sg ocfsdegrbf dhprgsodfedaigs3 dhprgsodfed aigs3 ³Ruä vbicrgs jby qug eg`gfegr3 eg`gfegr3 ³Ouâigs scf ibs obrbotgrèstdobs eg ufb eghcorbodb pigfb qug tcebvèb `bitbf gf fugstrc pbès3

 Must dodbb vgr  Mustdod vgrsus sus dhpuf dhpufdebe debe. Ocf ib prchgsb eg mustdodb, Bi`cfsèf orgÿ pcr egorgtc ib OCFBEG[ (Ochdsdÿf Fbodcfbi Fbodcfbi scarg ib Egsbpbrdodÿf eg [grscfbs) dftgnrbeb pcr egstbob egstbob-ebs pgrscfbidebegs, pbrb qug dfvgstdnbsgf ibs vdcibodcfgs b ics egrgojcs juhbfcs juhbfcs courrdebs cour rdebs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb. Qgodadgrcf gf pcocs hgsgs ufbs 4.;;; egfufodbs (7;.;;; pândfbs) ocf ibs qug sg icnrÿ uadobr `gjbodgftghgftg hâs eg ?;; ogftrcs oibfegstdfcs eg egtgfodÿf. Fc tcec `ug sgfodiic fd tcecs gstuvdgrcf eg bougrec. Qgebotbrcf gi Fufob Hâs y ocf >;; obscs sgigoodcfbecs sg jbrèbf ics mudodcs. Ästcs, gf prdfodpdc y pgsg b ib rgsdstgfodb eg ib oduebebfèb, sgrèbf iigvbecs b obac pcr gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs. [grc gstg Ocfsgmc ic ýfdoc qug jdzc `ug eghcrbr ibs ocsbs, sdf jbogr ics mudodcs, pcr ic qug flfbihgftg `ugrcf jgojcs pcr ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi. [grc, pbrb qug fc sg ocfvuisdcfbrbf eghbsdbec ics hdidtbrgs pcr ics orgodgftgs  mudodcs, prdhgrc gi ncadgrfc edc dfstruoodcfgs dfstruoodcfgs b ics ics flsobigs, flsobigs, y gf edodgharg eg 24:0 sg bprugab ib Igy eg [uftc @dfbi. Ocf ib gxousb egi igvbftbhdgftc hdidtbr eg _ghbfb _bftb _b ftb (24:>) sg bprugab ib Igy eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb. Ochc tcebvèb qugebabf hdidtbrgs gf prdsdÿf, Hgfgh ics dfeuitb gftrg

_boâfecsg ib vgfeb, Fbjugi Edicf, 20 bòcs

24:4 y 244;. Qgodäf gf gstg sdnic (ochc vdhcs vd hcs gf gi obpètuic obpètuic 2) sg vcivdgrcf b rgtchbr ics mudodcs ocftrb ics rgprgscrgs y ngfcodebs qug nczbf eg augfb sbiue.

07

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Gftrgvdstgf b hdidtbftgs pcr ics egrgojcs juhbfcs. ³Ruä cpdfdÿf tuvdgrcf scarg gi Mudodc b ibs Muftbs hdidtbrgs3 hdi dtbrgs3 ³[cr quä quä obusbs binufcs gstuvdgrcf gstuv dgrcf edsocf`crhgs ocf gsg mudodc3 ³_dnugf pgfsbfec ic hdshc egspuäs egi trbfsoursc egi tdghpc3 ³T ocf rgspgotc b ibs igygs eg [uftc @dfbi y Cagedgfodb Egadeb g Dfeuitcs3 ³Gf quä gstbec gstâf ics mudodcs botubihgftg botubi hgftg33 ³Rudäfgs `ugrcf ocfegfbecs y pcr quä obscs3 Ubhadäf, beghâs eg ibs gftrgvd gftrgvdstbs, stbs, sg pugegf jbogr gfougstbs argvgs b ib pcaibodÿf, bogrob eg su ocfcodhdgftc scarg gi Mudodc b ibs Muftbs, ib Ocfbegp, ibs Igygs eg [uftc @dfbi, Cagedgfodb Egadeb, Dfeuitcs, pgrscfbs agfg󿬂odbebs, Mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe, mudodcs botubigs.

Ib ’tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs‘. Eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, tcec prcogedhdgftc hdidtbr sg mustdflobab eg uf hcec u ctrc, bufqug gf huojbs cpcrtufdebegs sg prg`grèb fc gxpidodtbrics. [cr gmghpic, gi ngfgrbi Biabfc Jbrnudfegnuy edmc fc gstbr brrgpgftdec eg fbeb= ’Jdodhcs ic qug ocrrgspcfeèb, gf ouhpidhdgftc egi egagr hdidtbr. Ghpgzbhcs abmc uf ncadgrfc ocfstdtuodcfbi y sgnudhcs gf uf ncadgrfc eg `botc. Ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs egagf egodrig bi pugaic brngftdfc= fcsctrcs ics idarbhcs eg sgr uf pbès hbrxdstb. Ugfnc qug rgocfcogr rgocfcogr qug ochgtdhcs grrcrgs. _d fc ochgtdärbhcs grrcrgs sgrèbhcs sgr èbhcs edcsgs. Ruä baurrdec sgrèb uf pbès ncagrfbec ncagr fbec pcr ics edcsgs, sdf pgobec, sdf egidtc‘. egidtc‘.  Oubfec ochgfzÿ ib eghcorbodb, ocf Bi`cfsèf sg becptÿ ib gxpidobodÿf eg ib ’tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs‘= ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs ghpigbrcf gi Ugrrcrdshc eg Gstbec pbrb ochabtdr b ib ’suavgrsdÿf hbrxdstb‘ c bi ’tgrrcrdshc ’tgrrcr dshc eg gxtrghb dzqudgreb‘ dzqudgreb‘ c b ib nugrrdiib. n ugrrdiib. Gs egodr qug gstuvdgrcf gstuvdgrcf huy hbi gf vdcibr ics egrgojcs juhbfcs, juhbfcs, pgrc tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf ufb mustdflobodÿf. mustd flobodÿf. @ug rgfigmbeb gf gi prÿicnc eg Grfgstc _âabtc egi Fufob Hâs gf 24:5. Gstb tgcrèb sdnug vdngftg gf huojcs tgxtcs botubihgftg, bufqug yb egseg 24:5 Geubrec Iuds Eujbieg puaidoÿ Gi Gstbec tgrrcrdstb brngftdfc. Gstb vdsdÿf v dsdÿf gs ib becptbeb cflodbihgftg cflodbihgftg egseg ib rggedodÿf rgge dodÿf y botubidzbodÿf egi Fufob Hâs gf hbyc eg 1;;0 ocf uf fugvc prÿicnc.

Urbs iggr y bfbidzbr bfbi dzbr bhacs prÿicncs qug 󿬂nurbf gf gi Fufob Hâs, sg pugeg ausobr gf pgrdÿedocs eg gsg hchgftc y gfougstbr b edstdftcs ecogftgs eg ed`grgftgs dfstdtuodcfgs geuobtdvbs quä cpdfbf bi rgspgotc. Bsdhdshc, rgvdsbr idarcs eg jdstcrdb brngftdfb eg ib adaidctgob gsocibr pbrb bfbidzbr bfbid zbr ibs pcsturbs eg ics ed`grgftgs butcrgs c gedtcrdbigs.

[cargzb, vdiibs eg ghgrngfodb y gxoiusdÿf scodbi. Ocf ib dfeustrdbidzbodÿf y ib `bitb eg pibfdflobodÿf pibfdflobodÿ f eg vdvdgfebs v dvdgfebs pcpuibrgs pcr pbrtg egi Gstbec, ics trbabmbecrgs trbabmbecrgs qug `ugrcf ocftrbtbecs ocfstruygrcf vdvdgfebs prgobrdbs gf tgrrgfcs tgr rgfcs abieècs, ngfgrbihgftg ngfgrbihgftg bfgnbedzcs c dfsbiuargs. dfsbiua rgs. Gf ncadgrfcs pcpuibrgs, ib prgcoupbodÿf egag sgr gi pigfc ghpigc y ib ocfstruoocfstr uoodÿf jbadtbodcfbi. Gf edotbeurbs, fc dhpcrtbab gi pigfc ghpigc sdfc abmbr ics ocstcs eg ics obpdtbidstbs, obpd tbidstbs, y fc sg tgfèb gf ougftb o ugftb oÿhc oÿhc vdvèbf vdv èbf ics pcargs sdfc qug fc hcigstbsgf. hcigstbsgf. Gs pcr gsc qug `ugrcf pgrsgnudecs ics mÿvgfgs y rgidndcscs qug trbabmbabf trbabmbabf pbrb qug ibs vdiibs `ugrbf ` ugrbf iunbrgs egogftgs ecfeg vdvdr, y tbhadäf gsc hctdvÿ ib ’grrbedobodÿf eg vdiibs‘ vdi ibs‘ trbsibeâfecibs b ctrbs zcfbs hâs bigmbebs, ecfeg `ugrbf hgfcs vdsdaigs sus coupbftgs. Juac obscs gf qug sg jdodgrcf gedflodcs gocfÿhdocs pbrb biagrnbrics, pgrc ocf ib bpidobodÿf eg ib gocfchèb

00

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

uitrb fgcidagrbi egi hgfghdshc huojb huojb ngftg pgredÿ gi ghpigc, fc juac hbftgfdhdgftc gedidodc, sg prceumc supgrpcaibodÿf,, egseg ib ocrrupodÿf gstbtbi sg `bvcrgod pgrpcaibodÿf `bvcrgodÿÿ ib egidfougfodb egidfougfodb y gi trâfloc t râfloc eg ercnbs, y sg gstdnhbtdzÿ b tceb ib pcaibodÿf eg ics abrrdcs juhdiegs, oubfec ib hbycr pbrtg gs ngftg trbabmbecrb.

Bvgrdnub sd binýf abrrdc abrr dc eg tu icobidebe tuvc ochc crdngf uf trbsibec pcr ib `ugrzb eg ufb edotbeurb hdidtbr. Urbtb eg icobidzbr b binudgf qug tg pugeb ocftbr su jdstcrdb. ³Ruä jboèb bftgs eg ib edotbeurb3 ³Oÿhc vdvdÿ y quä pugeg ocftbr ocftbr eg ic bocftgodec eurbftg ib edotbeurb3 ³Ruä gxpgrdgfodb tuvc t uvc eg ib äpcob hgfghdstb y egibrruèstb3 egibrr uèstb3 ³Gf quä trbabmb botubihgftg3 Ib ýfdob hcfgeb, hcfgeb, Hbrèb Gnngrs Ibf

Ibs pciètdobs eg ibs prgsdegfodbs eghcorâtdobs `rgftg b ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs Bfbid zbr ibs ed`grgfodbs gftrg Bi`cfsèf, Bfbidzbr Bi`cfsè f, Hgfgh, Eg Ib Qýb, Qýb, Eujbieg y Ldrojfgr gf su hcec eg trbtbr b ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs. Br hbebs. Dfvgstdnbr scarg ib vgftb dignbi eg brhbs br hbs bi gxtrbfmgrc y ib gxpicsdÿf gf Qèc Ugrogrc (1;;?). Bvgrdnubr ³pcr quä sg gidhdfÿ gi _grvdodc Hdidtbr Caidnbtcrdc gf Brngftdfb3 Jbogr Jbogr ufb gfougstb pbrb bfbidzbr gi nrbec eg ocfodgftdzbodÿf eg ib pcaibodÿf scarg gstcs u ctrcs bspgotcs.

Btgftbecs egi tgrrcrdshc dftgrfbodcfbi y gfouardhdgftcs. Ib ocrrupodÿf, ib `bitb eg ätdob y ib dhpufdebe scf ignbec (fc gxoiusdvc) eg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb= nrbf pbrtg eg ibs ’`ugrzbs egi cregf‘ y su ocrrgibtc muedodbi ocftdfubrcf rgvdstbfec abmc ibs eghcorbodbs, ocf ic qug ocftdfubrcf ochpidodebegs y sdigfodcs, y sg orgbrcf iugnc fugvbs rgegs. [rcabaighgftg egadec b ib pciètdob gxtgrdcr eg Hgfgh, gi tgrrcrdshc dftgrfbodcfbi btgftÿ gf 2441 ocftrb ib Ghabmbeb Ghabmbeb eg Dsrbgi y gf 2445 ocftrb ib BHD BHDB B (Bscodbodÿf Hutubi Dsrbgidtb Brngftdfb)= `ugrcf ics hbycrgs btbqugs tgrrcrdstbs qug ib Brngftdfb jbyb su`rdec gf su jdstcrdb. _df ghabrnc, ibs dfvgstdnbodcfgs dfvgstdnbodcfgs `ugrcf eg`gotucsbs, sg brrudfbrcf brr udfbrcf prugabs, egsbpbrgodgrcf ctrbs, sg sgharbrcf pdstbs `bisbs, sg gfouardÿ b ics ouipbaigs eg ib ocfgxdÿf icobi y gi jgojc fc `ug rgbihgftg gsoibrgodec. Ib bousbodÿf rgobg scarg edpichâtdocs prctgndecs pcr gi ncadgrfc eg Drâf. Bvgrdnub gf quä gstbec gstâ ib dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg ics btgf btgftbecs tbecs tgrrcrdstbs tgrrcrd stbs dftgrfbodcfbigs gf Brngftdfb, ib ocfgxdÿf icobi y ibs drrgnui d rrgnuibrdebegs brdebegs gf gi mudodc. Igg gf

0>

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

quä ocfsdstg ib Igy Bftdtgrrcrdstb. Bftdtgrrcrdstb . Ausob ibs rbzcfgs qug tdgfgf edstdftcs sgotcrgs scodbigs pbrb gstbr gf ocftrb c b `bvcr eg edojb igy. _bob tus ocfoiusdcfgs.

[dqugtg,, `ctcnrb`èb eg Iburb Ugfgfabuh pbrb [rgfsb Eg @rgftg [dqugtg

Ib hcvdidzbodÿf scodbi ocftrb gi hcegic. Gf ufb eghcorbodb fufob tcecs cpdfbf ic hdshc. Gf fuhgrcsbs cpcrtufdebegs, pgsg b qug ics prgsdegftgs bsuhdgrcf abmc ufb prchgsb, jdodgrcf ctrb ocsb. Gf cobsdcfgs ib oduebebfèb sg cpusc eg gftrbeb, ochc pcr gmghpic b ib Igy eg Butchfdstèb (ebeb pcr Adnfcfg y gidhdfbeb pcr Bi`cfsèf), eg [uftc @dfbi y Cagedgfodb Egadeb. Gf ctrbs, `ug gfnbòbeb pcr ics crcpgigs eg ib ocfvgrtdadidebe, y iugnc `ug egtgfdeb pcr gi hdgec b pgregric tcec sd sg gidhdfbab ib ocfvgrtdadidebe, egadec b ibs eguebs qug huojcs tgfèbf gf eÿibrgs. Tb b ochdgfzcs eg ib eäobeb egi 4; grb `âodi vgr gi egrruhag pcr ib ocrrupodÿf qug rgdfbab ocf gi edfgrc eg ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs, y iugnc, ics pugstcs eg trbabmc qug sg pgreèbf. [grc huojcs sg rgsdstèbf b egmbr gi ’ufc b ufc‘, y ib hbycrèb vcivdÿ b vctbr b Hgfgh gf 2447, y bi hdshc hcegic fgcidagrbi ocf Eg Ib Qýb gf 2444. Ib `bitb eg rgspugstb b ics rgoibhcs pcpuibrgs iigvÿ b qug ib oduebebfèb sdf trbabmc sg jdodgrb vdsdaig castbouidzbfec castbouidzbfec gi trâfsdtc t râfsdtc ocf ics ocrtgs eg rutbs= surndgrcf surn dgrcf ics  pdqugtgrcs. Ubhadäf Ubhadäf ics ecogftgs y ctrcs sgotcrgs hbrobrcf hbrob rcf su egsbougrec ocf ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs.. Gf ecs bòcs hâs, yb fc jbaèb bmustg pcsdaig= fgcidagrbigs pcsdaig= gi ocrrbidtc tgfèb ics bjcrrcs eg ibs oibsgs hgedbs y bitbs qug fc jbaèbf sbidec egi pbès, y ibs oibsgs abmbs yb fc ocftbrcf fd ocf ics ghpigcs df`crhbigs qug ibs ctrbs oibsgs igs prcpcrodcfbabf. Bsè sg iignÿ bi 24 y 1; eg edodgharg eg 1;;2.

³Ruä hcvdhdgftcs scodbigs ocftrb gi fgcidagrbidshc gxdstdgrcf gf ib eäobeb egi 4;3 ³Ruä rgibodÿf tdgfgf gstcs hcvdhdgftcs hcv dhdgftcs ocf gi ighb ’qug sg vbybf tcecs‘ egi 1;;23 ³[cr ³[cr quä sg pcerèb b󿬂rhbr b󿬂r hbr qug gsb ocfsdnfb pceèb sgr uf brhb b rhb eg ecaig 󿬂ic3 ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb tuvc ib pbrtdo pbrtdodpbodÿf dpbodÿf pcpuibr gf gsg hchgftc3 hchgftc3

0:

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

CQDGFU CQD GFUBO BODC DCFG_ FG_ [BQB JBO JBOGQ GQ GI UQBABM UQBABMC C Gf ngfgrbi jby qug trbtbr eg iggr abstbftg adaidcnrb`èb gspgoèflob pbrb obeb dfvgstdnbodÿf. Bi 󿬂fbi egi idarc jby adaidcnrb`èb adaidcn rb`èb y gi prc`gscr tg pugeg crdgftbr c rgochgfebr rgochgfebr ctrb. Ochc sg egag rgscivgr gi trbabmc egftrc egi bòc gsocibr, sungrdhcs gf prdhgr iunbr jbogr ufb igoturb ngfgrbi eg uf idarc tgx tc, tgxtc, y iugnc uadobrsg gf gi tghb hgedbftg gi bfâidsds eg brtèouics puaidobecs gf eg ib wga  (pbrb ic oubi tg rgochgfebhcs pândfbs gf ib sgoodÿf Adaidcnrb`èb) c gf rgvdstbs rgv dstbs ochc [ugftgs (qug tdgfgf huojcs fýhgrcs edspcfdaigs gf ib wga). Bi hdshc tdghpc, jby qug dr icobidzbfec b qudäfgs sg pcerèb gftrgvdstbr, sd sg becptb ib hgtcecicnèb eg ib jdstcrdb eg vdeb c ib jdstcrdb crbi tghâtdob. Eg bougrec b ics gmgs gigndecs, sg pugeg trbabmbr ocf jghgrctgobs  y brojdvcs, beghâs eg ic qug nubreÿ obeb `bhdidb. [brb aýsquge aýsqugebb eg fctdodbs pcr Dftgrfgt , jby qug tgfgr gf ougftb qug ibfbodcf.och. br puaidob gf ib wga egseg gi 2>/21/47< 2>/21/47< Oibrdf.och gf ’Brojdvc‘ b pbrtdr pbrt dr eg bncstc eg 244> pbrt dr egi 15/;?/244:. Gi edbrdc gspbòci Gi [bès tdgfg sus gedodcfgs bftgrdcrgs gf dftgrfgt egseg 24>0, ic oubi sdrvg pbrb ocftgxtubidzbr y vgr quä sg pgfsbab gf ib Gspbòb pcst `rbfqudstb eg fugstrbochc edotbeurb. Jby sdtdcs qug tdgfgf gsobfgbecs c edndtbidzbecs rgocrtgs pgrdceèstdocs, ics eg egrgojcs juhbfcs qug gstâf hgfodcfbecs hgfodcfbecs bi 󿬂fbi eg ib sgoodÿf Adaidcnrb`èb. Adaidcnrb` èb.

Acrrbecr egi prcygotc Wfb vgz egodedec gi tghb, bufqug ästg sg hcedflqug eurbftg gi trbfsoursc egi bòc, gs fgogsbrdc fgogsbr dc jbogr ufb flojb acrrbecr egi prcygotc, pbrb qug tbftc gi prc`gscr ochc obeb ufc eg ics dftgnrbftgs egi nrupc nr upc tgfnbf ufb ocpdb. Bpcrtbhcs gi sdnudgftg gmghpic gmghpic.. Gsougib= [rc`gscr = Biuhfcs dftgnrbftgs egi nrupc= Ughb egi trbabmc, y tètuic tgftbtdvc egi prcygotc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf= [rgsgftbodÿf c argvg pbfcrbhb egi tghb= [rgnuftb prdfodpbi qug sg igs prgsgftb pbrb bacrebr gi tghb, c prcaighb pibftgbec pbrb

ib dfvgstdnbodÿf= Hgtcecicnèb b ghpigbr= (Jdstcrdb crbi eg vdeb, jdstcrdb crbi tghâtdob, tdpcs eg gftrgvdstb, gfougstbs, bfâidsds eg pgièouibs, eg pcgsèbs, eg obfodcfgs, eg idtgrbturb, aýsqugeb eg df`crhbodÿf gf edbrdcs c rgvdstbs eg äpcob, bfâidsds eg edsoursc, gto.) [csdadidebegs ocf qug ougftbf pbrb boogegr b ics rgourscs fgogsbrdcs pbrb gi trbabmc, ochc pcr gmghpic, ibs gftrgvdstbs, ibs `ugftgs= [ibf eg trbabmc y edvdsdÿf eg tbrgbs t brgbs gf gi nrupc= Adaidcnrb`èb qug sg egagrèb trbtbr eg ocfsgnudr ocfsg nudr scarg gi tghb=

04

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Gi odfg ochc rgoursc y ochc `ugftg Gi odfg, gf ngfgrbi, pugeg sgr utdidzbec eg hýitdpigs hbfgrbs. Tb sgb ecouhgftbi c floodÿf, gs uf rgoursc pbrb tgfgr uf pbfcrbhb eg quä pbsbab gf uf egtgrhdfbec hchgftc, bufqug sg trbtg eg ib vdsdÿf rgocrtbeb y bebptbeb pcr ufb dfeustrdb ouiturbi ochc ic gs ib odfghbtcnrâflob. Ochc Ochc prceuoodÿf prceuoodÿf ouiturbi, tceb pgièouib sg ocfvdgrtg gf uf tgstdhcfdc jdstÿrdoc qug sg pugeg bfbidzbr. _d gs ecouhgftbi, gi nudcfdstb nu dcfdstb pugeg iignbr b cflodbr eg jdstcrdbecr= gstâ gsordadgf gsor dadgfec ec gf ctrc igfnubmg, gf gi `èihdoc. Ochc tcec ic qug gi sgr juhbfc jbog, tdgfg su suamgtdvdebe, y gi qug hdrb ib pgièouib tdgfg qug sbagr qug ic qug sg gxprgsb gstâ sdgfec sdftgtdzbec c rgorgbec ocf gi ordtgrdc ordtgr dc egi nudcfdstb, nudcfdst b, egi edrgotcr edrgot cr c egi prceuotcr. prceuotcr. Oubfec gs floodÿf floodÿf tbhadäf hugstrbf hu gstrbf bspgotcs eg ib rgbidebe, y couitbf c fc gxprgsbf ctrbs ocsbs. Gf ngfgrbi, gi odfg btrbpb, obutdvb huojc hâs qug ib igoturb eg uf idarc. [grc sd gstbhcs jbodgfec jdstcrdb, fc pceghcs prgsodfedr prgsodfed r eg ib ib igoturb eg idarcs. _d schcs augfcs casgr casgrvbecrgs vbecrgs y bfbidstbs eg odfg od fg y egodedhcs jbogr fugstrc fugstrc trbabmc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf gf absg b pgièouibs, fc sÿic tgfghcs qug trbtbr eg vgr vbrdbs pgièouibs, sdfc vbrdbs vgogs obeb pgièouib, pbrb pcegr ochpbrbribs, egsouardr egtbiigs pbrb bfbidzbr, gftgfegr adgf ibs sdtubodcfgs. [grc, bftgs eg pcfgrsg b vgr ibs pgièouibs, c egspuäs eg jbagribs vdstc ufb vgz y bftgs eg ib rgpgtdodÿf, jby qug iggr adaidcnrb`èb gspgoèflob, ausobr gf dftgrfgt ebtcs qug fc uadobhcs gf ib adaidcnrb`èb pbrb gftgfegr hgmcr hgmcr ibs sdtubodcfgs qug qug sg pibftgbf gf ics flihs, y gi ocftgxtc eg ib äpcob. _d sg qudgrg trbabmbr gi hdshc pgrècec pgr ècec ochpighgftbfe ochpighgftbfecc näfgrcs, ctrc nr nrupc upc pugeg egedobrsg b ib idtgrbturb scarg gsg tghb gf pbrtdouibr, pbr tdouibr, y ctrc b dfebnbr scarg ib hýsdob. _cf prcpugstbs. prcpugstbs. Ochc gmghpic, gmghpic, pbrb trbabmbr t rbabmbr gf odfg scarg gi tghb Nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs, sungrdhcs iggr gi fýhgrc 1; eg ib Qgvdstb [ugftgs, hbrzc hbrz c eg 1;;>, 1;;>, gmghpibr gspgodbi gspgodb i egedobec b ics 17 bòcs eg ib Nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs (sg ( sg pugeg ocfsuitbr pcr dftgrfgt= jttp=//www jttp=//ww w.ochdsdcf .ochdsdcfpcribhgpcribhghcrdb.crn/rgvdstbpugftgs/bftgrdcrgs/pugftgsSpe`/[WGFUG_%1;1;%1;CL/pugftgs1;.pe`) y vgr binufbs bin ufbs eg ibs sdnudgftgs pgièouibs. Ics ojdocs eg ib nugrrb (24:5) Edrgoodÿf= Agag Lbhèf. Nudÿf= Ebfdgi Lcf y Agag Lbhèf, ocibacrbodÿf Hbrèb Ugrgsb @grrbrd. Hýsdob= Iuds Hbrèb _grrb.

Brngftdfb, 2;; hdfutcs, _BH2? _BH2? Hbivdfbs, jdstcrdb eg trbdodcfgs (24:5) Edrgoodÿf= Mcrng Egftd Nudÿf= Biagrtc Begiiboj g Drgfg _gisgr Hýsdob= Biagrtc Fýògz [bibodcs y Igÿf Ndgoc [rceuoodÿf= Odfg eg ib Absg - ]b`rb ] b`rb BO, Häxdoc (24:?) (24:?)

Ecouhgftbi. Häxdoc ‟ Brngftdfb, :; hdfutcs, BU[ Ics eèbs eg mufdc (24:7) Edrgoodÿf= Biagrtc @dsojgrhbf Nudÿf= Biagrtc @dsojgrhbf, Hbrdsb Nbdiibre y Nustbvc ^bnfgr

Brngftdfb, 4; hdf, BU[

>;

 

OB[ÈUWIC ?

Jufebf bi Aginrbfc (2440) Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= @gegrdoc Wrdcstg [rceuoodÿf= Hdnugi [ärgz

Ecouhgftbi. Brngftdfb, B rngftdfb, Nrbf N rbf Argtbòb< 22 22> hdfutcs, BU[ Gi vdsdtbftg (2444) Edrgoodÿf= Mbvdgr Cidvgrb Nudÿf= Mcsä [baic @gdfhbff, Mbvdgr Cidvgrb, Bxgi Fbojgr y

@grfbfec _ojhdet [rceuoodÿf= Jäotcr Cidvgrb Brngftdfb, 45 hdfutcs, _BH2? @uolibfe (1;;;) Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= Mcsä Iuds Hbrquäs

 (@doodÿf `dihbeb oibfegstdfbhgftg gf ibs Dsibs Hbivdfbs) Brngftdfb, :5 hdfutcs Diuhdfbecs pcr gi `ugnc (1;;7) Edrgoodÿf= Urdstâf Abugr Nudÿf= Genbrec Gstgabf, Nustbvc Qchgrc Acrrd, Urdstâf Abugr

 y Hdnugi Acfbssc Brngftdfb, Gspbòb< _BH2?, _BH2?, 2;; hdf Icocs eg ib abfegrb (1;;7) Edrgoodÿf y Nudÿf= Muidc Obrecsc

Ecouhgftbi. Brngftdfb, 40 hdfutcs Fc tbf fugstrbs (1;;7) Edrgoodÿf g dfvgstdnb dfvgstdnbodÿf odÿf= Qbhdrc Icfnc

Ecouhgftbi. Brngftdfb, >? hdfutcs [bibarb pcr [bibarb (1;;:) Edrgoodÿf= Genbrec Obagzb Nudÿf= Genbrec Obagzb y Mubf Mcsä Brjbfogtj

Brngftdfb, 2;7 hdfutcs, _BH20 _BH20 24:1 - Hbivdfbs= Ib Nugrrb egseg gi Bdrg (U (UP, P, 1;;4) 1;;4) Edrgoodÿf, nudÿf, prceuoodÿf= Jdstcry Ojbffgi

Brngftdfb, GGWW, Dfnibtgrrb, Dfnibtgr rb, 4; hdfutcs, _BH2 _BH2? ? Hbivdfbs, Ib jdstcrdb qug puec sgr (U (UP, P, 1;;>) 1;;>) Edrgoodÿf, nudÿf, prceuoodÿf= Edsocvgry Ojbffgi

Brngftdfb, Qgdfc Wfdec, 57 hdfutcs, _BH2 _BH2? ?

>2

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QC TGOUC_ EG DFPG_UDNBODßF DFPG_UDNBODßF _CAQG JD_UCQDB JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

T pbrb bprgodbr gi tghb egseg ics ed`grgftgs puftcs gf qug ic trbtbrcf ics dfnigsgs gstâf ibs sdnudgftgs pgièouibs. Ochc gstâf gf dedchb dfniäs, sg pugegf vgr gf oibsg eg igfnub dfnigsb. Ibs idstbs fc scf gxoiuygftgs, jby hâs, pcr supugstc. Qgsurrgotge (24:4  (24:4)) \QgsuodtbecX \ QgsuodtbecX Edrgoodÿf= [bui Nrggfnrbss Nudÿf= Hbrtdf Biigf Dedchb= dfniäs

Qgdfc Wfdec, 40 hdf @cr Ruggf & Ocuftry (tètuic crdndfbi) crdndfbi) \[cr ib rgdfb rgdfb y ib pbtrdbX

(24::/4) Edrgoodÿf= Hbrtdf _tgiihbf Nudÿf= Hbrtdf _tgiihbf, Urdx ^crrgii

Gstbecs Wfdecs/Qgdfc Wfdec, 2;7 hdf Bf Wfngftighbfiy Bot (UP 2441) \Wf botc egsocrtäsX Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= _tubrt Wrabf [rceuoodÿf= AAO

Qgdfc Wfdec, 2?; hdf Ujg @bilibfes [iby (UP 1;;1) \Gi mugnc eg ibs HbivdfbsX Edrgoodÿf= Hdojbgi _bhugis Nudÿf= Dbf Ourtgds [rceuoodÿf= AAO

Qgdfc Wfdec, 4; hdf Ujds Ds Gfnibfe (1;;0) \Gstc gs DfnibtgrrbX Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= _jbfg Hgbecws

Qgdfc Wfdec, 2;2 hdf

>1

  

OB[ÈUWIC 5

[rcygotcs eg prceuoodÿf prc euoodÿf b pbrtdr eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf gf jdstcrdb rgodgftg [crqug gi obhdfc gs ârdec y egsbidgftb. [crqug tgfghcs hdgec eg bfebr b tdgftbs. [crqug gspgrbfec b scibs pcoc sg biobfzb, vbigf hâs ecs tghcrgs qug ufb gspgrbfzb. Ebhg ib hbfc y vbhcs yb. Obfodÿf eg obhdfbftgs

Hbrèb Gigfb ^bisj

³[CQ ³[C Q RWÄ WFB [Q [QCE CEWO WOOD ODßF ßF @DFBI3 @DFBI3 Ib dfvgstdnbodÿf scarg jdstcrdb rgodgftg gf ib hbycrèb eg ics obscs rgqudgrg egi bpcrtg eg ib ochufdebe= fcs ardfebrâf ebtcs, `ugftgs, fcs byuebrâf b ocfsgnudr pgièouibs, fcs rgspcfegrâf b gftrgvdstbs gftrgvd stbs c b gfougstbs… Qgbidzbr uf prceuotc flfbi ocf gsb dfvgstdnbodÿf fc sÿic gs dftgrgsbftg pbrb gi qug ic rgbidzb, sdfc nrbtdflobftg pbrb ib ochufdebe qug ic rgodag (tbftc sg trbtg t rbtg eg ib geuobtdvb ochc ib egi abrrdc). T ic idfec gs crnbfdzbr b tcecs ics dftgnrbftgs egi oursc pbrb qug obeb ufc bpcrtg binc b gsg prceuotc. Ucecs sbaghcs qug 0½ gs uf bòc ochpidobec pcr gi vdbmg y ibs egspgedebs… pgrc gf gstb prceuoodÿf sg pugegf ’prgfegr‘ trbabmbfec scarg gi tghb ocf ctrbs hbtgrdbs. Eg tcecs hcecs, gs hgmcr crnbfdzbr binc sgfodiic y adgf jgojc, qug pgfsbr gf jbogr binc nrbfedcsc, qug eghbfeg gxogsdvc gs`ugrzc. Jbrghcs edstdftbs prcpugstbs, pbrb qug sgigoodcfgf ufb, c tchgf

Hbrèb Gnngrs Ibf, hurbi gf G[ F½2 eg Dtuzbdfnÿ, [rcvdfodb Augfcs Bdrgs

ufb degb pbrb jbogr b pbrtdr eg giib ctrb edstdftb.

>?

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QCTGOU C_ EG [QCEWOODßF [QCEWOODßF B [BQUD BQUDQ Q EG IB DFPG_UDNBO DFPG_UDNBODßF DßF GF JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Odoic eg odfg-egabtg _d sg trbabmÿ scarg odfg, sg pugegf sgigoodcfbr pcr gmghpic trgs pgièouibs, pbrb pbsbr ufb pcr mcrfbeb. [ugegf sgr ibs trgs (c hâs…) scarg uf hdshc tghb, c, sd vbrdcs nrupcs trbabmbrcf scarg odfg, qug obeb nrupc gidmb ufb pgièouib y sg gfobrnug eg ib orètdob. _grèb augfc qug bftgs eg prcygotbr ib pgièouib, sg ig gftrgnug b obeb gspgotbecr gspgot becr-pbrtdodpbftg -pbrtdodpbftg ufb jcmdtb ocf gi ocftgxtc jdstÿrdoc eg ib äpcob qug trbtb gi flih, y egi hchgftc gf qug gi flih `ug rgbidzbec. rgbi dzbec. [crqug [crqug ic qug sg edog eg uf pgrècec vbrèb vbr èb fc sÿic eg bougrec bougrec b ib degcicnèb degcicnèb y b ics dftgrgsgs eg qudgfgs ic gxprgsbf, sdfc qug tbhadäf gstâ dffiudec pcr gi ocftgxtc ocftgxtc scodc jdstÿrdoc jd stÿrdoc y pciètdoc egi prgsgftg, c pcr ufb hbeurbodÿf y ufb hbycr prceuoodÿf adaidcnrâflob y odfghbtcnrâflob. Eg bougrec b ib obidflobodÿf obid flobodÿf eg ib pgièouib, pugegf bsdstdr tcecs ics biuhfcs egi gstbaigodhdgftc qug qudgrbf, c ics qug tgfnbf ib gebe begoubeb. Iugnc eg ib prcygoodÿf, uf hcegrbecr hcegrbecr edrdndrâ edrdn drâ gi egabtg, b flf eg dr gstbaigodgfec gi cregf eg pbrtdodpbodÿf, c eg jbogr argvgs ochgftbrdcs c boibrbodcfgs bi hbrngf. Bi trbtbrsg eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg,, sg pugeg dfvdtbr pbrb qug bsdstb b binýf rgodgftg prctbncfdstb, tgstdnc c gstuedcsc egi tghb pbrb qug gfrdqugzob ib prgsgftbodÿf. Ib jdstcrdb c`dodbi , edrdndeb pcr Iuds [ugfzc Ib jcrb eg ics jcrfcs, jcrfcs , eg @grfbfec _cibfbs Urgigw , eg Hbrdbfb Brrutd

>5

 

OB[ÈUWIC 5

Ics jgrhbfcs  Btbjubipb Tupbfqud   Tc tgfnc tbftcs jgrhbfcs, jgrhbfcs , qug fc ics pugec ocftbr, gf gi vbiig y ib hcftbòb, gf ib pbhpb y gf gi hbr. Obeb oubi ocf sus trbabmcs, ocf sus sugòcs obeb oubi, ocf ib gspgrbfzb egibftg, ocf ics rgougrecs, egtrâs.  Tc tgfnc tbftcs jgrhbfcs, jgrhbfcs , qug fc ics pugec ocftbr.

Hbfu Ojbc, pcr Ojuly Qcssd Qc ssd (27 bòcs)

Ocfodgrtc eg hýsdob fbodcfbi _d sg trbabmÿ scarg `cilicrg, rcol u ctrcs näfgrcs husdobigs, y jby hýsdocs y obftbftgs gf gi oursc, sg pugeg iignbr b jbogr uf ocfodgrtc, pgòb c rgodtbi. Rudzâs tbhadäf sg pugeb dfvdtbr b pbrtdodpbr pbr tdodpbr b ochpbògrcs eg ctrcs ourscs, c b `bhdidbrgs, `b hdidbrgs, bhdncs bh dncs c vgodfcs. Ochc huojbs eg ibs obfodcfgs, hâs qug igtrbs, scf pcghbs, qudgfgs fc gstäf gf ib prgpbrbodÿf husdobi gspgoèflob pugegf prgpbrbr bflojgs ocf ibs igtrbs qug hâs sgftdec tdgfgf y ocf ibs adcnrb`èbs eg ics obftbftgs qug tuvdgrcf edflouitbegs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb pbrb ed`ufedr ed `ufedr sus obfodcfgs c sus vgrsdcfgs. Bsdhdshc sg pugegf prgpbrbr `ctcocpdbs ocf ibs igtrbs eg ibs obfodcfgs hâs ocfcodebs, pbrb qug ibs obftgf tcecs ics prgsgftgs. _d sg edspcfg eg uf prcygotcr, ibs igtrbs pugegf sgr prcygotbebs gf ufb pbftbiib muftc ocf dhângfgs. Ctrcs tbhadäf pugegf prgpbrbr gxpidobodcfgs qug prgogebf b obeb obfodÿf, pbrb bòbedrigs vbicr= äpcob, qudäfgs ib obftbrcf, b quä ocfcodecs egsbpbrgodecs, egsbpbrgo decs, prgscs c hugrhugrtcs igs nustbab gsouojbribs c obftbribs… [cr gmghpic, b Qdtb Cvgmgrc, qug tdgfg b sus trgs jgrhbfcs y b su ouòbeb ghabrbzbeb egsbpbrgodecs, (ocf su

Ngftg eg hbfc obidgftg pcr gsc eg ib bhdstbe, ocf uf iicrc pb— iicrbric ocf pb— rgzbr. Ocf uf uf rgzc jcrdzcftg badgrtc, qug sdghprg gstâ hâs biiâ,  y gsb `ugrzb pb— ausobric auso bric ocf tgsÿf y vciuftbe. Oubfec pbrgog hâs ogrob gs oubfec sg bigmb hâs.  Tc tgfnc tbftcs jgrhbfcs, jgrhbfcs , qug fc ics pugec ocftbr.  T bsè sgnudhcs bfebfec bfebfe c ourtdecs eg scigebe, fcs pgreghcs pcr gi hufec, b gfocftrbr.  Tfcs bsèvcivghcs fcs rgocfcoghcs rgocfcoghc s pcr gi igmbfc hdrbr, pcr ibs ocpibs qug hcreghcs, sghdiibs eg dfhgfsdebe.  T bsè sgnudhcs bfebfec bfebfe c ourtdecs eg scigebe,  y gf fcsctrcs fugstrcs fugs trcs hugrtcs hugrt cs pb— qug fbdegs qugeg btrâs.  Tc tgfnc tbftcs jgrhbfcs, jgrhbfcs , qug fc ics pugec ocftbr,  y ufb fcvdb huy jgrhcsb jgrhcs b qug sg iibhb idagrtbe.

vcz jgrhcsb y prc`ufeb) ig nustb obftbr gf botcs pcr ib hghcrdb ufb obfodÿf qug ics jgrhbfbab býf hâs= ’Ics jgrhbfcs‘, eg Btbjubipb Tupbfqud.

>7

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QCTGOU C_ EG [QCEWOODßF [QCEWOODßF B [BQUD BQUDQ Q EG IB DFPG_UDNBO DFPG_UDNBODßF DßF GF JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Carb eg tgbtrc

Diustrbodÿf eg Hbrèb Gnngrs Ibf pbrb gi Qgibtc egi Jbioÿf Pgreg

Gi tgbtrc gs uf brtg gsoäfdoc huy ochpigtc, pcrqug rgqudgrg eg ib gibacrbodÿf idtgrbrdb eg ib carb (rgebotbr gi tgxtc egi nudÿf)< eg ib botubodÿf qug fgogsdtb tbftc egi gstuedc egi tgxtc ochc eg ib trbfshdsdÿf ngstubi y ocrpcrbi b trbväs eg uf gsogfbrdc (sdtubodÿf rgibodcfbeb rgibodcfbeb ocf ib ocrgcnrb`èb c egspibzbhdgftcs), y eg sbobr ib vcz `rgftg bi pýaidoc pbrb qug sg gsouojg< eg ib gsogfcnrb`èb , y eg diuhdfbodÿf, hýsdob y scfdec. _d jby orgbtdvdebe y nbfbs nb fbs eg jbogr tgbtrc, ocf ic dfvgstdnbec sg pugeg rgebotbr rgebotbr uf nudÿf n udÿf (sd sg ougftb ocf ib ocibacrbodÿf egi prc`gscr eg Idtgrbturb, ¡`bftâstdoc! ¡`b ftâstdoc!).). Ics tghbs qug hâs `rgougftghgftg `rgougftghgftg scf erbhbtdzbecs erb hbtdzbecs scf ’Ib fcojg eg ics iâpdogs‘ y ’Ib nugrrb nugrr b eg Hbivdfbs‘ Hbivd fbs‘,, pgrc rgbihgftg rgbi hgftg tcecs pugegf sgr trbtbecs pcr gi näfgrc erbhâtdoc eg uf hcec u ctrc. ct rc. [cr supugstc, gi trbabmc gs hýitdpig= Gigndr bi edrgotcr< sd gf ib hbtgrdb Brtg gi prc`gscr sg sdgftg obpbodtbec c ocf tdghpc, gs ufb cpcrtufdebe eg trbabmc dftgredsodpidfbrdc. _d fc, gi rci pugeg sgr tchbec pcr ecs biuhfcs= ufc ochc edrgotcr y ctrc ochc vdogedrgotcr, vdogedrgotcr, ocf ib supgrvdsdÿf egi prc`gscr. Gf oubftc bi nudÿf, puidric, pbrb qug fc jbyb tdghpcs hugrtcs< qug ics edâicncs fc sgbf ibrncs eurbftg tcec gi trbfsoursc eg ib carb, pbrb qug sgb ândi.

= ic degbi gs qug pbrtdodpgf ics biuhfcs egi oursc our sc ecfeg sg gmgoutb gi prcygotc, pgrc sd ic ocfsdegrbf, sg pugeg ausobr botcrgs gf ctrcs ourscs. our scs.

Gsogfcnrb`èb= trbabmc eg edsgòc pbrb qug rgsuitg sgfodiib, sdhaÿidob y g󿬂obz, ecfeg pugeg dftgrvgfdr ibs brtgs vdsubigs beghâs eg ib täofdob y ib orgbtdvdebe. Diuhdfbodÿf= edspcsdodÿf eg iuogs y sd gs pcsdaig, hbfgmc eg giibs gf egtgrhdfbebs gsogfbs. Pgstubrdc= ocfsgnudr gf binufcs jcnbrgs ecfeg fc egsobrtbrcf rcpb eg jbog binufbs eäobebs, pbrb qug usgf ics botcrgs. @dmbrsg oÿhc grbf ics pgdfbecs y ics hbqudiibmgs egi hchgftc eg ib rgprgsgftbodÿf. Ocf`goodcfbr ic qug ocfsdegrgf qug jbnb `bitb. Gibacrbodÿf egi `ciigtc scarg ib carb b gftrgnbr b ics gspgotbecrgs< gsp gotbecrgs< ocf`goodÿf ocf`goo dÿf eg bflojgs pbrb oubfec sg jbog ib `ufodÿf badgrtb badgrtb c gf gi tgbtrc egi abrrdc, abrr dc, sd jby âfdhc< trbab tr babmc mc eg bochcebr gi pbtdc dftgrfc ochc sbib eg tgbtrc y eg rgnrgsbr bochcebr rgn rgsbr tcec b su sdtdc trbs ib `ufodÿf. T iugnc= eds`rutbr eds`r utbr ic jgojc.

>0

 

OB[ÈUWIC 5

Hgsb rgecfeb _d rgbidzbrcf ufb augfb dfvgstdnbodÿf y catuvdgrcf fc sÿic obftdebe eg ebtcs sdfc tbhadäf ed`grgftgs puftcs puftcs eg vdstb v dstb scarg binýf bspgotc gf pbrtdouibr, pbr tdouibr, gs huy dftgrgsbftg dftgrgsbftg pibftgbr ochc botdvdebe flfbi ufb hgsb rgecfeb, gf ib oubi uf pbfgi pb fgi eg pgrscfbs ocfvcobebs vb b edsgrtbr edsgr tbr scarg uf tghb egtgrhdfbec. egtgrhd fbec. Gstb hgsb rgecfeb rgecfeb pugeg gstbr `crhbeb pcr gftrg trgs y odfoc pgrscfbs yb gftrgvdstbebs cpcrtufbhgftg, cpcrtufbhgftg, c biuhfcs qug rgprgsgftgf rgprgsgftgf sus pcsturbs, uf biuhfc qug rgbidog gf `crhb dftrceuotcrdb ufb sèftgsds egi tghb b trbtbr tr btbr y qug prgsgftg b ics gxpcsdtcrgs, y uf hcegrbecr (qug pugeg sgr uf biuhfc c gi prc`gscr) qug sgb gi qug ocftrcig ics tdghpcs eg gxpcsdodÿf y ctcrnug ib pbibarb b ib buedgfodb gf gi hchgftc eg ibs prgnuftbs. B ibs pgrscfbs qug dftgnrgf ib hgsb rgecfeb jby qug gstdpuibrigs uf tdghpc, qug fc pugeg supgrbr, gftrg gftrg tcebs ibs gxpcsdodcfgs, gx pcsdodcfgs, b ufb jcrb, b flf eg ebr iunbr b ibs prgnu prgnuftbs. ftbs. T jby qug boibrbr gi puftc egi egabtg gspgoèflobhgftg, pbrb qug ib pugstb sgb gf tcrfc b gsg tghb, bufqug egspuäs ibs prgnuftbs sgbf hâs ngfgrbigs. Gi hcegrbecr egagrèb hcstrbr dhpbrodbidebe eurbftg ibs dftgrvgfodcfgs. Oubfec sg tgrhdfbf ibs prgnuftbs, tdgfg qug jbogr ufb ocfoiusdÿf eg ic trbtbec gf ib mcrfbeb. Binufcs eg ics tÿpdocs pciähdocs pciähdocs pbrb trbtbr gf ib hgsb rgecfeb pugegf sgr, sgr, pcr gmghpic, ib rgibodÿf gftrg [grÿf y Hcftcfgrcs, c gi ’gftcrfc‘ eg [grÿf, c ib ochpbrbodÿf eg ibs jdpgrdffibodcfgs egi Qcerdnbzc y ib eg Bi`cfsèf, c ib Nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs, c gi igvbftbhdgftc eg Ib Ubaibeb y su rgprgsdÿf, c gi 24 y 1; eg edodgharg eg 1;;2, c pdqugtgrcs y `âardobs rgoupgrbebs… rgoupgr bebs…

Urbabmc eg gxprgsdÿf ocrpcrbi Wfb vgz rgbidzbeb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, ufb `crhb eg hcstrbr ics rgsuitbecs pugeg sgr hgedbftg uf trbabmc eg gxprgsdÿf ocrpcrbi qug dftgrprgtg ibs ghcodcfgs y sgftdhdgftcs obptbecs gf ibs gftrgvdstbs. _g icnrbf augfcs `rutcs tbftc pbrb ib hctdvbodÿf gf ib orgbodÿf egi trbabmc gf sè ochc pbrb gi gspgotâouic hdshc, oubfec gstâ bochpbòbec pcr ib prcygoodÿf eg `ctcnrb`èbs ecouhgftbigs rgibtdvbs bi tghb trbabmbec, bitgrfbebs ocf `ctcs eg carbs eg brtg eg gsb äpcob c rgbidzbebs pcr ics biuhfcs, y bi hdshc tdghpc sg rgbidzb ufb husdobidzbodÿf ocf sgigoodÿf eg tghbs egi pgrècec pgrèc ec trbabmbec, c eg ib botubbotubidebe, qug tgfnbf rgibodÿf ocf ibs degbs rgprgsgftbebs.

Edaumc eg Ibrb _didsqug, 2> bòcs

>>

 

[QCTGOUC_ EG [QCEWOODßF B [BQUDQ EG IB DFPG_UDNBODßF GF JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

[cgsèb c fbrrbtdvb egi pgrècec pgr ècec dfvgstdnbec y prceuoodÿf eg ics biuhfcs Gf absg b ib degb eg ’Ecfâ ufb igoturb‘, prcygotc eg Brngftdfb Fbrrbeb pbrb qug tcecs y obeb ufc eg fcsctrcs pcebhcs pbrtdodpbr y huitdpidobr gi idarc y ib igoturb egseg fugstrb prcpdb octdedbfgdebe,2 prcpcfghcs sgigoodcfbr pcgsèbs, ougftcs, `rbnhgftcs `rbn hgftcs eg tgxtcs qug fcs jbybf pbrgodec sdnfdflobtdvcs y sdftbhcs qug gstâ augfc ochpbrtdr ocf ctrcs ochpbògrcs egi ocigndc y tbhadäf ctrcs hdgharcs eg ib ochufdebe geuobtdvb. Ics pârrb`cs qug hâs fcs iibhgf ib btgfodÿf pugegf sgr dhprgscs gf igtrb hâs nrbfeg, g dfoiusc diustrbecs. Ubhadäf sg pugeg ocicobr bi ibec pbpgi bflojg pbrb qug ctrcs biuhfcs vugiqugf sus rgfigxdcfgs c gxprgsgf ic qug sdgftbf ocf gscs tgxtcs. ³Gf quä hchgftc hchgftc jbogric3 _d jby @grdb eg odgfodbs c Gxpcs Gxpcsdodÿf dodÿf eg brtg gf gi gstbaigodhdgfgstbaigod hdgftc, gs ufb augfb cpcrtufdebe. _d fc, sg pugeg prcicfnbr prcicfnbr ufc eg ics rgorgcs edbrdcs e dbrdcs eurbftg ibs ýitdhbs ecs c trgs t rgs sghbfbs eg oibsgs pbrb egedobrig edgz c qudfog hdfu hd futcs tcs b gstb botdvdebe. bot dvdebe. Ubhadäf sg pugeg ocfvcobr b ib gsordturb eg pcgsèbs y ougftcs scarg gi pgrècec, ocf supgrvdsdÿf eg ics prc`gscrgs eg Igfnub y Idtgrbturb eg ib gsougib. Dfoiusc sg pugeg jbogr uf ocfoursc idtgrbrdc, idtgrbr dc, gstbaigodgfec prgvdb prgvdbhgftg hgftg ibs ibs absgs. Gi murbec pcer pcerèb èb gstbr `crhbec tbftc pcr prc`gscrgs ochc pcr biuhfcs.

[rceuoodÿf eg uf prcnrbhb eg rbedc Gf binufbs gsougibs ics biuhfcs tdgfgf prâotdob prâotdob eg tbiigrgs tbi igrgs eg rbedc. Gf ctrbs, sg pugegf iignbr b bfdhbr b crnbfdzbr uf prcnrbhb pbrb qug sgb trbfshdtdec pcr ufb rbedc icobi. Gs fgogsbrdc rgebotbr uf u f nudÿf, nu dÿf, ocftbr ocf ecs icoutcrgs icoutcrgs pbrb qug jbyb hbycr hbycr rdthc gf gi prcnrbhb, y qug pbrtdodpgf dftgnrbftgs eg ics edstdftcs nrupcs c binufbs eg ibs pgrscfbs yb gftrgvdstbebs pbrb gfrdqu gfr dqugogr gogr ic. Gi prcnrbhb sg pugeg jbogr jbogr gf vdvc v dvc c prgnrbabec. Gf gi qug vb gf vdvc, pugeg ebr iunbr b ib dhprcvdsbodÿf, d hprcvdsbodÿf, pgrc pgr c jby qug tgfgr gf ougftb qug fc jbyb tdghpcs hugrtcs. Gf gi g i nrbabec prgvdbhgftg, prgv dbhgftg, jby qug egmbr egmbr huy adgf ibs dfedobodcfgs pbrb ics täofdocs. 2

>:

Brngftdfb Fbrrbeb Ochufdebegs y Idarcs Bscodbod Bscodbodÿf ÿf Odvdi, ww www.brngftd w.brngftdfbfbrrbeb.crn fbfbrrbeb.crn.br, .br, df`cKbrngftdfb df`cKbrngftdfbfbrrbeb.crn. fbrrbeb.crn.br br

 

OB[ÈUWIC 5

Ugfdgfec gf ougftb gi tdghpc edspcfdaig, sg pugegf gfrdqugogr ics tgxtcs sgigoodcfbfec uf pbr eg obfodcfgs eg ib äpcob c biusdvbs bi tghb egsbrrciibec. Ic `ufebhgftbi egi prcnrbhb gs ogftrbrsg gf ic qug qudgrgf qudgrgf trbfshdtdr eg ib gxpgrdgfodb gxpgr dgfodb eg dfvgstdnbodÿf dfvgstdnbodÿf eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg eg gstg bòc.

[dfturb hurbi gf ib gsougib c gf gi abrrdc Ochc gf 0½ bòc tdgfgf ib hbtgrdb Brtg, sd gi prc`gscr gs eg Brtgs Pdsubigs c qudgrg trbabmbr gf ocfmuftc ocf jdstcrdb rgodgftg pbrb jbogr uf hurbi, vb b sgr hâs `âodi iigvbric b obac. Egadec b qug gi hurbi gs binc qug vb b gstbr b ib vdstb gf uf gspbodc pýaidoc, gs mustc qug su edsgòc fc sÿic rgfigmg gi rgsuitbec eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf sdfc qug tgfnb uf ocftgfdec gstätdoc vbidcsc, y qug pcr supugstc tgfnb prc`ufedebe ätdob. _d edstdftcs nrupcs n rupcs rgbidzbf acogtcs, sg pugegf iignbr b dftgnrbr pbrtgs gf uf scic huhurbi, ocf ib occredfbodÿf egi prc`gscr c eg qudgf tgfnb hbycr sgftdec gstätdoc. _d sg prgflgrg rgbidzbr ufc scic eg ics acogtcs, sgrèb dftgrgsbf dftgrgsbftg tg qug qudgfgs ochpbrtbf gsg gspbodc puedgrbf iignbr b vgr ics acogtcs y vctbr pcr gi qug hâs igs nustg pbrb rgprgsgftbr ib tbrgb eg dfvgstdnbodÿf gf jdstcrdb rgodgftg rgbidzbeb eurbftg gi bòc.

Hurbi gf @bhbtdfb, Ib Qdcmb

Hurbi gf Fcncyâ

Hurbi Gsougib Fcrhbi eg Hgrogegs - Mÿvgfgs y Hghcrdb

Hurbi Ojdvdiocy - _d tg egtdgfgf

>4

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QCTGOU C_ EG [QCEWOODßF [QCEWOODßF B [BQUD BQUDQ Q EG IB DFPG_UDNBO DFPG_UDNBODßF DßF GF JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

Ib pbrge ecfeg sg rgbidog gi hurbi pugeg sgr ufb dftgrfb egi gstbaigodhdgftc (pbtdc, sbiÿf eg botcs, pbsdiic gspbodcsc) c gxtgrdcr. _d fc gs eg ib gsougib, egag ocftbr ocf ib butcrdzbodÿf egi eugòc. [brb qug eurg gf gi tdghpc y fc sg egsobsobrg, tdgfg qug gstbr adgf rgvcobeb, sdf suodgebe fd pdfturbs vdgmbs= gs fgogsbrdc prgpbrbrib ocf idmb, gspâtuib c ogpdiic eg bogrc< gf obsc eg qug tgfnb vgreèf, sg ig pugeg pbsbr uf ogpdiic ocf bnub ocf ibvbfedfb. Wfb vgz sgob y sdf pcivc, ebrig ufb hbfc eg eg sgiibecr bftdjcfncs pbrb pdfturbs, pdftur bs, pbrb qug bejdgrb hgmcr. Ibs pdfturbs b usbr pugegf sgr sdftätdobs (eg hbycr ocstc, pgrc hbycr rgsdstgfodb bi egsnbstg) c iâtgx gxtgrdcr bi bnub. Qgochgfebhcs gstb ýitdhb pcrqug fc rgqudgrg eg scivgftgs. Ib ochprb eg ibs pdfturbs pdftur bs egpgfeg eg ics tcfcs b ghpigbr gf gi hurbi< jby qug vgr ouâigs scf ics qug prgechdfbf. Gs hgmcr tgfgr ics ocicrgs aâsdocs purcs (rcmc, bhbrdiic y bzui, hâs aibfoc y fgnrc) fgnrc ) prgpbrbecs pcr ib pdfturgrèb, pbrb pcegr ochadfbrics ochadfbrics y catgfg catgfgrr gi rgstc pcr hgzoib= oubfec sg prgpbrbf ics ocicrgs b pbrtdr egi aibfoc, ocf gftcfbecrgs rgsuitbf huojc hâs bpbnbecs= sg prceuogf ocicrgs pbstgigs. Ubhadäf gs pcsdaig begoubr ics tcfcs egi hurbi b ics rgstcs eg pdfturb qug jbyb gf obeb obsb c qug sg pugeb rgodadr ochc ecfbodÿf, pgrc gf gsg obsc jby qug bnuedzbr ib orgbtdvdebe.

Dfstbibodÿf eg ufb sgòbidzbodÿf c jugiib gf gi abrrdc abrr dc (abiecsb pcr ib hghcrdb, pibob, hcfcidtc) hcfcidtc) Eurbftg ib ýitdhb ýit dhb edotbeurb edot beurb fc sg jbaibab eg huojcs huojcs tghbs, pcr tghcr b sgr sgougstrbsgo ugstrbec/egsbpbrgodec ec/egsb pbrgodec c b qug ics vgodfcs ic bèsigf. Ib mustdodb fc gstuvc botdvb eurbftg ibrncs bòcs y fc puec rgpbrbr gi nrbvèsdhc ebòc jgojc b ib scodgebe. T botubihgftg, qug gstâ iignbfec b trbväs eg fuhgrcscs mudodcs, gfougftrb qug huojcs eg ics rgprgscrgs, tcrturbecrgs y ngfcodebs hurdgrcf eg hugrtg fbturbi y fc su`rdgrcf gi cprcadc eg ib ocfegfb pýaidob, y ctrcs scf sgftgfodbecs ocf prdsdÿf echdodidbrdb pcr sgr hbycrgs eg >; bòcs. Ib sgòbidzbodÿf c jugiib jugiib gs uf u f sdhpig botc qug qug rgpbrb binufcs b inufcs vèfouics vè fouics gf ib scodgebe y rgpcfg ics ibzcs eg ib hghcrdb qug ib edotbeurb qugrèb qug gstuvdgrbf gstuvdg rbf egstdfbecs egstd fbecs bi civdec. [cr gsc, sd ib dfvgstdnbodÿf gs scarg uf egtgfdec egsbpbrgodec, egsbpbrgo dec, c scarg ufb boodÿf pcpuibr pbrb hgmcrbr ib vdeb juhbfb, qug `ug brrbsbeb, gs augfc rgocrebrib= qug sg sgpb qug `ugrcf huojèsdhcs ics qug `ugrcf bsgsdfbecs pcr ib edotbeurb, qug grbf augfbs pgrscfbs, y qug fufob pbrb sus `bhdidbrgs egadÿ sgr uf gstdnhb gi iuojbr pcr ics sgrgs qugrdecs.

Abrrdcs pcr hghcrdb y mustdodb, Bihbnrc

:;

Abiecsb eg Hbrogic, Hbrèb _usbfb y Nustbvc

 

OB[ÈUWIC 5

[bibarbs eg Hbrèb Gungfdb Wrsd gf ib ocicobodÿf eg ib abiecsb pcr ib hghcrdb eg su jgrhbfb, su ouòbec y eg uf ocfcodec eg giics, ics trgs sgougstrbecs gf gi hdshc hchgftc y egsbpbrgodecs (`rbnhgftc) ’Gs huy dhpcrt bftg pbrb ocicobodÿf eg gstbqug pcr ufy hctdvc pgrscfb pgrscfbi y b`gotdvc, sdfcrdodÿf pcrqug qug  vgr ocf ibdhpcrtbftg ocf struoodÿf ocfstruoodÿ f eghèibibhghcrdb rgodgftg quabiecsb, g qudsc fc sgrsÿic bo biibeb bobiibeb rgprdh deb rgprdhdeb muftci ocf oc f ib egsbpbrdodÿf egsbpb eg tdgfg fu gstrcs fugstrcs sgrgs qugrdecs y eg ics trgdftb hdi. Gi eèb qug fcs rgufdhcs ocf _usbfb y Hbrogic, biiâ pcr `gargrc gi >>, Jäotcr, hd fcvdc gftcfogs, y yc pbrb egodrigs b giics qug fcs èabhcs egi pbès, rgougrec gi edâicnc qug tuvdhcs< hg qugeÿ nrbabec pbrb sdghprg. _usbfb hg edmc qug giics fc sg dabf, qug fc pceèb nczbr egi agfg`dodc eg uf pbsbmg pcrqug huojcs ctrcs fc ic tgfèbf, qug egodeèbf ocrrgr ib sugrtg egi pugaic y qugebrsg b iuojbr ocftrb ib edotbeurb, y qug sd egaèbf sgr abfegrb eg iuojb egi pugaic brngftdfc, ocrrgrèbf gsb sugrtg. [cr gsc ib dhpcrtbfodb pbrb hè eg gstb abiecsb. Gf prdfodpdc pcrqug bquè gstâf gsordtcs sus fchargs, ics eg Hbrogic, _usbfb y Nustbvc, b qudgf fc ocfcoè y fc sä býf pcr quä ics sgougstrbrcf muftcs ebec qug fc pgrtgfgoèbf b ib hdshb bnrupbodÿf pciètdob. Gstb abiecsb igs egvugivg gi fcharg y sg ic gsordag gf gstb gsqudfb, gf gstb oduebe. Gf gi Btiätdoc tcec sgougstrbec ic prdhgrc qug pgreèb grb su fcharg. [bsbabf b tgfgr ufb igtrb y uf fýhgrc. Ib egspgrscfbidzbodÿf, gi acrrbhdgftc eg ib degftdebe, grb gi prdhgr pbsc egi pibf eg gxtgrhdfdc pbrb ib egstruoodÿf egi sumgtc. Grb gi prdhgr camgtdvc pbrb egsjuhbfdzbrics y pcfgrics gf ib ocfedodÿf eg fc juhbfcs. Hg nustb gsb abiecsb tbhadä fy pcrqug tbhadäf edog hdidtbftgs pcpuibrg s,gfpcrqug pcpuibrgs, gsc. Hdidtbabf pcryobhadbr ibs ocfedodcfgs eg dfmustdodb eg pcargzb, Hbrogic ochgfzÿ nrupcsgrbf muvgfdigs obtÿidocsegseg ocf gijboèb ourbbòcs Humdob _usbfb egseg qug dfnrgsÿ gf ib `bouitbe gf 24>; hdidtbab gf ib MW[. T muftcs hdidtbabf egseg gi >0 pcr ochabtdr b ufb edotbeurb qug fcs jbaèb rcabec ib eghcorbodb b tcecs. Hg nustb gstb abiecsb pcrqug pcfg ics jgojcs gf su mustc sdtdc y edog tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec pcrqug ib edotbeurb tuvc uf pibf ngfcodeb pbrb gidhdfbr b uf bhpidc sgotcr eg ib scodgebe pbrb dhpcfgr ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs qug Gstbecs Wfdecs  y gi pcegr gocfÿhdoc fgogsdtbabf dhpighgftbr, y pbrb giic fgogsdt fgogsdtbabf babf bfdqudibr b ics hdidtbftg hdidtbftgss prdhgrc y, bsè, bsgnurbrsg qug gi tgrrcr dhpugstc nbrbftdzbsg ib pbrâidsds `rgftg b oubiqudgr tdpc eg rgboodÿf bi hcegic pciètdoc gocfÿhdoc. Hg nustb gsb abiecsb pcrqug pcrqu g gstâ `drhbeb pcr ufb Ochdsdÿf abrrdbi pcr ib Hghcrdb y ib Mustdodb, pcrqug gstb abiecsb abiec sb vdgfg b dftgrpgibrfcs b fcsctrcs, bi abrrdc, b ics gstuedbftgs qug trbfsdtbf gstb gsqudfb pbrb trbgr b ib hghcrdb y pcegr rgpgfsbr ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg. Pdgfg b ocftbr ufb jdstcrdb qug qudsc sgr sdigfodbeb. Gstb `bouitbe `ug ib eg giics. _usbfb, qug grb eg Jdstcrdb egi Brtg, ochgfzÿ su obrrgrb bquè. Gstg `ug gi ged`dodc qug sg tchÿ gf gi >5, sd hbi fc rgougrec, y qug gstuvc gst uvc tbf iigfc eg bfäoectbs bfä oectbs qug hg ocftbab oc ftbab hd jgrhbfb jgrhb fb eg bqugiics eèbs y fcojgs eg tchb gstuedbftdi. Gstbs obiigs ibs obhdfÿ df`dfdebe eg vgogs. Gstb `bouitbe eg [sdocicnèb `ug ib eg Hbrogic egseg sdghprg, y b ib qug hd jgrhbfb dfnrgsÿ fugvbhgftg, gstb vgz ochc gstuedbftg eg [sdocicnèb gf gi >>, sgnýf hg ocftÿ gf ufb eg sus ýitdhbs obrtbs. Tc supcfnc qug pbrb pcegr sgnudr hdidtbfec, pbrb pcegr edstrdaudr ib rgvdstb qug igs iigvbab huojbs fcojgs eg dfschfdc jbogr y ics iigvÿ b pgregr trbabmcs pcr qugebrsg ecrhdecs bi eèb sdnudgftg eurbftg gi >0. Hg nustb gstb abiecsb abiec sb pcrqug orgb uf fgxc y barg uf edâicnc gftrg bqugi pbsbec qug egaghcs egagh cs rgocfstrudr rgocfstrud r y gstg prgsgftg qug egaghcs trbfs`crhbr. Gi rgocrebrics ochc hdidtbftgs, ochc sgrgs vdvcs y ghpgodfbecs pcr obhadbr ib sugrtg eg ics pcstgrnbecs y gxpictbecs, gxpict becs, fcs ocicob ocf gstb rgbidebe scodbi qug `ug egtgrdcrbfec ibs ocfedodcfgs scodbigs y ibs rgibodcfgs gftrg ics sumgtcs. Edotbeurb hgedbftg, ocf gi fgcidagrbidshc dhpugstc, gstbhcs jcy pgcr qug gftcfogs pcrqug sg prc`ufedzÿ ib egsdnubiebe, ib pcargzb, ib prgobrdzbodÿf egi trbabmc, ib gxoiusdÿf scodbi. Huojcs ochpbtrdctbs `ugrcf gxpuisbecs egi sdstghb gocfÿhdoc y jcy tgfghcs hcftcfgs eg ojdocs qug vdvgf gf ibs obiigs, sdf `bhdidb, sdf gsougib, sdf trbabmc, sdf b`gotcs. Bsè qug gstb abiecsb fcs botubidzb ocf qug jby huojc pcr jbogr tcebvèb, fcs botubidzb ocf qug, ochc scodgebe, sd fc sbaghcs oudebr bi ctrc fc pceghcs gspgrbr qug sg fcs oudeg. Gstb abiecsb fcs rgougreb bqugiics bòcs ecfeg ib scidebrdebe grb uf vbicr prgodbec, vbicr qug egaghcs rgocfstrudr y pcr gi qug egaghcs sgnudr trbabmbfec pbrb qug jbyb ufb mustdodb pigfb. Gstb abiecsb abiecs b fcs rgougreb tbhadäf qug ocf ib dhpufdebe eg ics bsgsdfcs fbeb sg pugeg ocfstrudr qug fc sgb csourc y pgr vgrsc. [cr gsc gi rgoibhc eg mudodc y obstdnc. Qgoibhc qug sdnug sdgfec ufb fgogsdebe dhpgrdcsb. Fc sÿic pbrb qug pbnugf ocf oârogi ochýf ics ngfcodebs y sus scodcs odvdigs ib egueb qug tdgfgf ocf sus vèotdhbs vèo tdhbs y ocf gstb scodgebe, sd fc pbrb qug ib vdeb juhbfb vugivb b sgr uf vbicr dfoibuedobaig gf ib pciètdob fbodcfbi gf gi prgsgftg y pbrb gi `uturc eg gstg pbès. Hg nustb _usbfb, gstb abiecsb jbog prgsgfodb eg sus busgfodbs. [cr gscegsbpbrgodecs, ics qug fcs rgufdhcs jcy bquè ocigotd vbhgftg= Hbropcrqug Hbrogic, gic, Nustbvc, ¡prg sgftgs!… ¡prgsgftgs!… ?;.;;; och pbògrcs ochpbògrcs egsbp brgodecs, ¡pr gsgftgs!… ¡prgsgftgs!… ¡Bjcegodhcs ¡Bjcrb rb y sdghprg!‘

:2

 

[QCTGOUC_ [QCTGOU C_ EG [QCEWOODßF [QCEWOODßF B [BQUD BQUDQ Q EG IB DFPG_UDNBO DFPG_UDNBODßF DßF GF JD_UCQDB QGODGFUG

_d sg pdgfsb gf ocicobr ufb abiecsb pcr ib hghcrdb eg binýf gx biuhfc egi ocigndc c ecogftg egsbpbrgodec, egsbpbrgodec, c vgodfc eg ib zcfb, gxdstg gxd stg ufb CFN qug idegrb gstb botdvdebe qug sg huitdpidob, Abrrdcs pcr Hghcrdb y Mustdodb (ouycs hbdis scf abrrdcsh abrrdcshghc ghcrdbymus rdbymustdodbKybjcc. tdodbKybjcc. och.br< och .br< hgh hghcrdbymu crdbymustdodbi stdodbihbnrcKybjcc hbnrcKybjcc.oc .och.br h.br y hgh hghcrdbihb crdbihbnrcK nrcKnhbdi.o nhbdi.och ch ). Gstb CFN crdgftb ‟y gf huojcs obscs bochpbòb‟ b ics qug qudgrbf jbogrib. [brb ocicobr ib abiecsb, jby qug qug scidodtbr butcrdzbodÿf butcrdzbodÿf b ib obsb c dfstdtuodÿf c ochgrodc gf ouyb vgrgeb sg vb b ghpibzbr= b vgogs sg ocicob gf ib obsb ecfeg vdvèb gsb pgrscfb, c gf gi iunbr ecfeg `ug sgougstrbeb, c gf gi iunbr ecfeg gstuedÿ c gf gi ob`ä qug scièb `rgougftbr… Iugnc gstâ gi trbabmc eg jbogrib, ocf tbhbòc eg abiecsÿf, jdgrrcs pbrb qug fc sg qudgarg, oghgftc bidsbec gf ib supgrflodg, igtrbs eg hcieg pbrb ib gsordturb gsor dturb egi tgxtc, y egocrbodÿf ocf ogrâhdob, `rbnhgftcs `rbn hgftcs eg bzuigmc `crhbfec hcsbdocs, vgfgodtbs, vderdcs vder dcs eg ocicrgs… @dfbihgftg, ib ogrghcfdb c botc eg ocicobodÿf, qug gs gi hchgftc sgrdc y ghctdvc, becfeg becf eg ocfourrgf ics vgodfcs, `bhdidbrgs y bhdncs eg ib pgrscfb qug sg rgougreb. Gf gsg botc tcecs pugegf jbaibr eg ib dhpcrtbfodb qug tuvc fc sÿic gsb pgrscfb gf ib scodgebe, sdfc tbhadäf ib sdnfdflobodÿf qug tuvc pbrb ics pbrtdodpbftgs gi jgojc eg ib rgoupgrbodÿf c gi trbabmc eg ib hghcrdb y ib botdvdebe ochýf.

[rceuoodÿf eg vdegc ecouhgftbi c eg [cwgr[cdft Ibs gftrgvdstbs qug sg rgbidzbf pugegf sgr nrbabebs gf buedc y tbhadäf flihbebs. Ocf pbrtgss eg ibs flihbodcfgs, c ochadfbfec ib vcz eg pbrtg eg ib gftrgvdstb gftrgvd stb ocf ecouhgftbodÿf eg äpcob, sg pugeg jbogr uf vdegc ecouhgftbi ocrtc, qug gftrg ufcs cojc y qudfog hdfutcs sdftgtdog sdftgtdog ic `ufebhgftbi eg ib jdstcrdb eg vdeb c egi tghb qug gstuvdgrcf dfvgstdnbfec eurbftg gi bòc. Gi ecouhgftbi egag tgfgr uf nudÿf n udÿf hdfuodcsc y ic qug sg hugstrb gf äi egag tgfgr sdnfdflobec= flobe c= fc sg trbtb egi sdhpig rgndstrc eg ib boodÿf, sdfc eg hcstrbr ibs ocfoi ocfoiusdcfgs usdcfgs qug qug sg gibacrbrcf eurbftg gi prcogsc eg dfvgstdnbodÿf d fvgstdnbodÿf,, y ics sgftdhdgftcs y vbicrgs dfvciuorbecs dfvciuorbecs gf ib tbrgb. Gi ecouhgftbi pugeg gstbr fbrrbec pcr gi qug edrdng ib pgièouib, pcr uf pgrscfbmg c vbrdcs eg ics gftrgvdstbecrgs, c pcr fbedg= ib dhbngf sg hugvg idarghgftg gf gi gspbodc y gf gi tdghpc, pbrb hcstrbr ics pibfcs, `ctcs, ecouhgftcs, qug ocfsdegrg ocfvgfdgftg. _d gstâ b su biobfog ochc ochc rgoursc, tbhadäf pugeg pugeg bpbrgogr bfdhbodÿf u ctrbs ctr bs jgrrbhdgftbs qug gfrdqugzobf ib trbhb. Ib ocf`goodÿf eg uf [cwgr[cdft gs hâs sgfodiib. _df ghabrnc, jby qug tgfgr adgf gf oibrc ibs degbs prdfodpbigs b trbfshdtdr< qug sgbf igndaigs b ib edstbfodb< qug tgfnbf odgrtc hcvdhdgftc ibs dhângfgs pgrc qug fc sg rgpdtbf ics g`gotcs eg pbsbmg eg ufb dhbngf c ouberc b ctrc, pbrb ngfgrbr edfbhdshc y rdthc vdsubi y fc obgr gf gi baurrdhdgftc. Gf bhacs gs dftgrgsbftg hcstrbr `ctcs eg ib äpcob qug sg gstuvc gstuedbfec,, ocfsgougfodbs egi tdghpc gstuedbfec t dghpc y eg ibs pciètdobs rgprgsdvbs c gocfÿhdo gocfÿhdobs bs (pcr gmghpic, achabregc b ufb obsb, odgrrg eg ufb `âardob, prdvbtdzbodÿf eg ufb ghprgsb gstbtbi, gto.).

:1

Fbjugi Edicf, 20 bòcs. Rudäfgs schcs, schcs, edaumc.

  

OB[ÈUWIC 7

24>;-24>0= Ib iuojb pcr gi obhadc scodbi Idagrtbe grb uf bsuftc  hbi hbfgmbec hbfgmbec pcr pcr trgs.

B`dojg edaumbec pcr Qdobrec Obrpbfd

Idagrtbe Bihdrbftg, Ngfgrbi cgrb Ardnbedgr. [brb gi pugaic ic qug gs egi pugaic  pcrqug gi gi pugaic sg ic nbfÿ. [brb gi pugaic ic qug gs egi pugaic<  pbrb gi pugaic idagrbodÿf. Ochgr adgf grb huy rbrc< ochgr pcoc grb fcrhbi. Ochgr grb suavgrsdvc pbrb gi sgòcr hdidtbr. Grbf botcs eg vdcigfodb, ib bignrèb pcpuibr< ’Gi pugaic tdgfg pbodgfodb‘ edmc uf sgòcr Ngfgrbi. Gstuedbr grb pgobec< oibfegstdfc grb sbagr,  pcrqug oubfec oubfec gi pugaic sbag, fc ig gfnbòb uf Ardnbedgr.\...X Ardnbedgr.\...X T bi pbès ic rghbtbrcf, y ic rghbtbrcf hbi. Ic pbrtdgrcf gf pgebzcs, bjcrb jby qug vcivgric b brhbr. T bjcrb gi pugaic gstâ gf ib obiig b oudebr y b eg`gfegr eg`gfegr.. Gstb pbtrdb qug nbfbhcs idagrbeb egag sgr. Idagrbodÿf, idagrbodÿf, idagrbodÿf. [brb gi pugaic ic qug gs egi pugaic

 

Mcsä Uojgrlbsld - [dgrc (24>?)

WF OCHD OCHDGF] GF]C C EG EÄ EÄOBE OBEB B GF PÈ_[ PÈ_[GQB_ GQB_ EG EG OBHA OBHADC_ DC_ Ib edotbeurb egi ngfgrbi Mubf Obrics Cfnbfèb jbaèb pibftgbec binufcs camgtdvcs gf 2400= orgodhdgftc gocfÿhdoc (ocf bouhuibodÿf eg obpdtbigs y hcegrfdzbodÿf) pbrb ib rgedstrdauodÿf eg ics dfnr dfnrgscs gscs, b flf eg icnrbr ib ’ pbz scodbi‘. Jbodb 24>; grb huy cavdc gi `rbobsc c gi dfouhpidhdgftc eg gsbs hgtbs. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, ics obpdtbigs sg jbaèbf ocfogftrbec gf pcobs hbfcs y ibs pciètdobs `bvcrgodgrcf ib egsfbodcfbidzbodÿf eg ibs ghprgsbs. Ubhpcoc sg vgèb vciuftbe egi ncadgrfc pbrb ochgfzbr ufb bpgrturb eghcorâtdob. _d ics qug ic bpcybrcf b Cfnbfèb pgfsbrcf qug gi pgrcfdshc egsbpbrgogrèb egsbpbrgogrèb eg ib Brngftdfb, sg gqudvcobrcf= nrbodbs b ibs pciètdobs egsfbodcfbidzbftgs, fc sÿic grbf pgrcfdstbs ics qug yb ic grbf ochc mÿvgfgs c beuitcs gf 2477, sdfc qug fugvbs ngfgrbodcfgs eg hdidtbftgs sg vciobrcf bi pgrcfdshc pcrqug vdgrcf ib dfmustdodb eg ib prcsordpodÿf y ocftrbstbrcf ibs pciètdobs scodbigs eg [grÿf ocf ibs eg ibs edotbeurbs e dotbeurbs pcstgrdcrgs. Juac fuhgrcsbs boodcfgs ocforgtbs eg cpcsdodÿf b ib edotbeurb, qug jbaèbf ochgfzbec gf ib eäobeb bftgrdcr. Gftrg giibs, pceghcs hgfodcfbr=

 trbabmbecrgs ocftrb gi boodcfbr eg ib oýpuib sdfedobi y egi ncadgrfc sg pibshÿ gf ib `crhbodÿf eg ib ONU eg ics Brngftdfcs (240:, ONU‘B‘), ocf ièegrgs ochabtdvcs. Ib ONU ’B‘ gxdstdÿ gf `crhb pbrbigib b ib ONU pcrqug, bufqug sus edrdngftgs jbaèbf nbfbec ibs gigoodcfgs gf ib ONU, fc `ugrcf rgocfcodecs pcr ics sdfedobidstbs  pbrtdodpbodcf  pbrtdodpbodcfdstbs dstbs eg ib edotbeurb. Urbs gi bsgsdfbtc eg ics edrdngftgs edrdng ftgs ougstdcfbecs Bunustc Bunustc

 Pcobauibrdc  Pcob auibrdc

[brtdodpbodcfdstb= [brtdodpbodcfdstb= sdfedobtc qug ocibacrbab ocf gi ncadgrfc hdidtbr pbrb ocfsgrvbr gi pcegr.

:?

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Pbfecr (mufdc (muf dc eg 2404) y Mcsä Bicfsc (bncstc eg 24>;), ib ONU tuvc ib ocfeuoodÿf ocfeuoodÿf eg Mcsä Dnfbodc Quood (jbstb sgptdgharg sgpt dgharg eg 24>? 24>? gf qug qug tbhadäf `ug bsgsdfbec). Hdgftrbs H dgftrbs tbftc, ib hbycrèb eg ics edrdngftgs eg ib ONU’B‘ obèbf gf prdsdÿf. Gi bflojg eg Qdobrec Obrpbfd diustrb gi rgoibhc pcr su idagrtbe.

gstuedbftgs ufdvgrsdtbrdcs gf edstdftcs puftcs egi pbès (prdhgrc gf Ocrrdgftgs y Qcsbrdc, iugnc gf Oÿrecab, Ib [ibtb, Uuouhâf, Hgfeczb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _bitb, _bftb @g y Qgsdstgfodb), qug sg hcvdidzbrcf gftrg ctrbs obus obusbs bs gf ocftrb egi rgocrtg prgsupugstbrdc, prgsupugstbr dc, pcr ib bhpidbodÿf egi oupc eg eg dfnrgsc dfnrg sc b ib ufdvgrsdebe, y ocftrb gi qudtg eg suasdedcs y gi ocfsgougftg buhgftc eg prgodc eg ics ochgecrgs gstuedbftdigs. Ib edotbeurb rgspcfedÿ ocf rgprgsdÿf y ib hugrtg eg gstuedbftgs, ic qug dforghgftÿ ib dfednfbodÿf pcpuibr. Ocrecabzc, ib hbycr rgagidÿf odvdi qug ig jdzc `rgftg b Cfnbfèb. Ib vdcigfodb eg ib rgprgsdÿf egmÿ uf sbiec eg ufcs ?; hugrtcs, 7;; jgrdecs y ?;; egtgfdecs, pgrc icnrÿ ib rgfufodb egi ncagrfbecr eg Oÿrecab Oÿrecab y egi hdfdstrc hd fdstrc eg Gocfchèb Lrdgngr Lr dgngr Pbsgfb. Pbsgfb. B gstbs sdtubodcfgs sg bòbeèb ufb tchb eg ocfodgfodb qug sg jbaèb ngfgrbec egseg edstdftcs sgotcrgs scodbigs y gf edstdftcs iunbrgs egi hufec scarg ib `bitb eg idagrtbe y ib dfmustdodb scodbi y gocfÿhdob qug dhpgrbabf. Gf Gstbecs Wfdecs  gi hcvdhdgftc pbodflstb sg gxprgsbab ocftrb ib nugrrb eg Pdgtfbh< bi hdshc tdghpc, biiè ecfeg ics b`rcbhgrdobfcs su`rèbf hâs oruebhgftg ib edsordhdfbodÿf edsordh dfbodÿf,, ib iuojb ocftrb ib sgnrgnbodÿf rbodbi tuvc edstdftcs edst dftcs ièegrgs, qudgfgs prcpdodbabf ed`grgftgs `crhbs eg ocfqudstbr ics egrgojcs< gftrg giics Hbrtdf Iutjgr Ldfn (2414-240:) y Hbiocih Z (2417-2407). Bhacs ièegrgs `ugrcf bsgsdfbecs. Grbf bpcybecs pcr ocftdfngftgs eg mÿvgfgs eg edvgrscs gstbecs fcrtgbhgrdobfcs, y muftcs icnrbrcf ib bacidodÿf eg igygs sgnrgnbodcfdstbs. sgnrgn bodcfdstbs. Ubhadäf Ubhadäf gf Gstbecs Wfdecs, gi hcvdhdgftc jdppdg sg egoibrÿ gf ocftrb egi hcegic ocfsuhdstb, y gf huojcs obscs sus dftgnrbftgs becptbrcf gi hdstdodshc crdgftbi. Gf [brès, [br ès, gf hbyc eg 240:, sg prceumc gi Hby Hbycc `rbfo `rbfoäs äs, qug ochgfzÿ ochc ufb prctgstb gstuedbftdi pcr gi sdstghb borètdoc eg gfsgòbfzb y qug, ocf ib rgprgsdÿf, tgrhdfÿ gf ufb juginb ngfgrbi qug hcstrÿ su cpcsdodÿf bi rändhgf. Ib [rdhbvgrb eg [rbnb `ug gi fcha fcharg rg qug sg ig edc b ib iuojb gstuedbftdi gstuedbftdi gf Ojgocsicvbqudb Ojgocsicvbqudb,, pbrb ib idagrbodÿf eg ib echdfbodÿf scvdätdob gf su pbès, pgrc `ug vdcigftbhgftg rgprdhdeb.

:5

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Ib Dnigsdb y ib cpodÿf pcr ics pcargs p cargs Ib gxjcrtbodÿf pbrb obhadbr ib crdgftbodÿf eg ib Dnigsdb Obtÿidob jbaèb ochgfzbec ocf gi pbpb Mubf ZZDDD y gi Ocfodidc Gouhäfdoc Pbtdobfc DD (2401). Gf 240>, gi pbpb [buic PD ed`ufeg ib gfoèoidob [cpuicruh prcnrgssdc (_carg gi egsbrrciic eg ics pugaics) gf ib qug jbaib, gftrg ctrcs tÿpdocs, eg ib iuojb ocftrb gi jbharg, egi ochabtg ocftrb ib hdsgr hd sgrdb, db, eg ib dfgqudebe gf ibs rgibodcfgs ochgrodbigs pcr ib edstcrsdÿf orgodgftg gf gi ochgrodc= ’Ics pugaics pcargs pgrhbfgogf pgrhb fgogf sdghprg pcargs y ics rdocs sg jbogf obeb vgz hâs rdocs’ r docs’,, y eg ib dfmustdodb egi rbodshc. Qgtchb sgftgfodbs ordstdbfbs babfecfbebs egseg jboèb huojc tdghpc pcr ib Dnigsdb oubfec jbaib eg ib prcpdgebe=

’_d binufc, bin ufc, tdgfg adgfgs eg gstg hufec, y vdgfec b su jgrhbfc gf fgogsdebe, ig odgod grrb sus gftrbòbs, ³oÿhc gs pcsdaig qug rgsdeb gf äi gi bhcr b hcr eg Edcs3‘ 2 Mubf, ?,2> ?,2>.. \...X ’Fc gs pbrtg eg tus t us adgfgs ’bsè edog _bf Bharcsdc‘ ic qug tý egs bi pcarg< ic qug ig ebs ig pgrtgfgog. [crqug ic qug jb sdec ebec pbrb gi usc eg tcecs, tý tg ic bprcpdbs. Ib tdgrrb tdgrr b jb sdec ebeb pbrb tcec gi hufec y fc scibhgftg pbrb ics rdocs’. [buic PD gxpidob su odtb= ’Gs egodr, qug ib prcpdgebe prdvbeb fc ocfstdtuyg pbrb fbedg uf egrgojc dfocfedodcfbi y basciutc. Fc jby fdfnufb rbzÿf pbrb rgsgrvbrsg gf usc gxoiusdvc ic qug supgrb b ib prcpdb fgogsdebe, fgogsdebe, oubfec b ics eghâs igs `bitb ic fgogsbrdc. fgogsbr dc. Gf ufb pbibarb= ‚gi egrgojc eg prcpdgebe fc egag mbhâs gmgrodtbrsg ocf egtrdhgftc eg ib utdidebe ochýf, sgnýf ib ecotrdfb ecotr dfb trbedodcfbi eg ics [bergs eg ib Dnigsdb y eg ics nrbfegs n rbfegs tgÿicncs—. _d sg iignbsg i ignbsg bi ocfb ics pcegrgs pýaidocs ‚prcourbr ufb sciuodÿf, sciuodÿf, ocf ib botdvb pbrtdodpbodÿf eg ibs pgrscfbs y eg ics nrupcs scodbigs—.’2 Gf ib hdshb Gfoèoidob ocfegfb ib vdcigfodb rgvciuodcfbrdb rgvciu odcfbrdb pcrqu pcrqugg ’gfngferb fugvbs dfmustdodbs, dftrceuog fugvcs egsgqudidardcs y prcvcob fugvbs rudfbs. Fc sg pugeg ochabtdr ochabtdr uf hbi rgbi bi prgodc eg uf hbi hbycr‘. hbycr‘. _df ghabrnc, ib mustdflob ochc gxogpodÿf ’gf obsc eg tdrbfèb gvdegftg y prcicfnbeb, qug btgftbsg nrbvghgftg b ics egrgojcs `ufebhgftbigs eg ib pgrscfb y ebhfdflobsg pgidnrcsbhgftg gi adgf ochýf egi pbès‘.

Ib boodÿf ocforgtb Gf ib Dnigsdb ibtdfcbhgrdobfb jbaèb nrbfegs n rbfegs sgotcrgs ocfsgrvbecrgs. Binufcs hdfcrdtbrdcs pgrc gi Ocfodidc Pbtdobfc DD y ibs boodcfgs ocfsgougftgs eg ics pbpbs Mubf Mubf ZZDDD ZZ DDD y [buic PD. Ib hbycrèb prg2

Obrtb Gfoèoidob eg su _bftdebe gi pbpb [buic PD _carg gi egsbrrciic eg ics pugaics. Augfcs Bdrgs, Nubebiupg, 240>. 240>.

:7

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

`grèb fc prcfufodbrsg gf ocftrb, pgrc trbtbab eg egmbric ochc igtrb hugrtb y ordtdobr ic qug jdodgrbf ics sgotcrgs rgfcvbecrgs. [brtg eg ics ocfsgrvbecrgs sg hdhgtdzbrcf ocf ics qug becptbrcf ib hcegrfdzbodÿf, ’hctdvbeb pcr ufb rgfcvbodÿf qug sg edc scarg tcec egseg gi gxtgrdcr y qug `ug hâs edpic1

Wf augf fýhgrc eg rgidndcscs ocfsdegrÿ qug gi Ocfodidc Ocfodi dc Pbtdobfc DD y ib Gfoèoidob eg [buic PD rgspcfeèbf b ic hâs prc`ufec prc`ufec egi pgfsbhdgftc ordstdbfc, y sg gfrcibrcf flrhghgftg ocf ib prcpugstb eg ’Ib Dnigsdb gf ib botubi trbfs`crhbodÿf eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb b ib iuz egi Ocfodidc‘ (tghb eg ib Ocf`grgfodb eg Hgegiièf, Ocichadb, gf 240:) ocftrdauygfec b `crhbr ib Ugcicnèb eg ib Idagrbodÿf. Ics cadspcs qug prgpbrbabf prgpbrbabf ib ocf`grgfodb ghdtdgrcf uf Hbfcharg, flmbabf su pcsdodcfbhdgftc= egi Ugrogr Hufec. Gs egodr, fdflgstc gf gi qug, yb egseg gi fcharg, fd gstbabf ocf gi aicqug egi [r [rdhgr dhgr Hufec, obpdtbidstb, idegrbec pcr Gstbecs Wfdecs, fd ocf gi _gnufec Hufec, ochufdstb, idegrbec pcr ib Wfdÿf _cvdätdob. Gi Ugrogr Hufec gfnicab b ics pugaics pugaics eg Bsdb, Â`rdob  `rdob y Bhärdob Ibtdfb, schgtdecs eurbftg sdnics b ib echdfbodÿf egi [rdhgr Hufec. Fdfnýf cadspc brngftdfc flrhÿ gi Hbfdflgstc, pgrc prcftc prcftc ufb obrtb obrt b eg bejgsdÿf bi cadspc arbsdigòc Jäiegr Oáhbrb (24;4 ‟ 2444) flrhbeb pcr trgs ogftgfbrgs eg sbogrectgs (fýhgrc qug sg `ug bhpidbfec) coupÿ gsg gspbodc. Eg gstg hcec sg bnrupbrcf y `crhbrcf gi Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs egi Ugrogr Hufec. Gi Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec

scarg ib vdcigfodb ngfgrbeb pcr gi jbharg, gi egsbhpbrc, gi suaegsbrrciic, ib pgrsgouodÿf, ib cprgsdÿf y ib dnfcrbfodb. Ics ’ourbs cargrcs’, qug ocfsdegrbabf qug tgfèbf qug trbabmbr

Hbfd`dgstc eg ics Cadspcs egi Ugrogr Hufec

\...X Gf gi hchgftc gf qug ics pugaics y ibs rbzbs pcargs, tchbf ocfodgfodb eg sè hdshcs  y eg ib ib gxpictbodÿf gxpictbodÿf eg ib ib oubi tcebvèb scf scf vèotdhbs, gstg hgfsbmg hgfsbmg ebrâ ebrâ vbicr vbicr b tcecs tcecs ics qug su`rgf y iuojbf pcr ib mustdodb, ocfedodÿf dfedspgfsbaig eg ib pbz. 2. Ochc cadspcs eg binufcs eg ics pugaics qug sg gs`ugrzbf y iuojbf pcr su egsbrrciic, fcfc sctrcs ufdhcs fugstrb fugst rb vcz bi iibhbec bfnustdcsc egi pbpb [buic PD gf ib gfoèoidob [cpuicruh [rcnrgssdc,, ocf gi `df eg prgodsbr sus egagrgs b fugstrcs sbogrectgs y `dgigs, y pbrb edrdndr b [rcnrgssdc tcecs fugstrcs jgrhbfcs egi Ugrogr Hufec binufbs pbibarbs eg bidgftc. \...X Gf gi hchgftc gf qug uf sdstghb egmb eg bsgnurbr gi adgf ochýf gf agfg`dodc egi dftgräs eg ufcs oubftcs, ib Dnigsdb egag, fc scibhgftg egfufodbr ib dfmustdodb, sdfc, beghâs, beghâs , sgpbrbrsg egi sdstghb dfdouc, prgstb b ocibacrbr ocf ctrc sdstghb hgmcr bebptbec b ibs fgogsdebegs egi tdghpc, y hâs mustc. Gstc vbig pbrb ics ordstdbfcs, bsè ochc pbrb sus mg`gs mgrârqudocs mgrârqudocs y pbrb ibs Dnigsdbs. \...X Rug fbedg eg fcsctrcs pgrhbfgzob vdfouibec b ics prdvdigndcs c bi edfgrc, sdfc qug gstä idstc b ‚pcfgr sus adgfgs gf ochýf.. ochýf.... yb qug gf gstcs sbord`dodcs sbord` dodcs gfougftrb Edcs pibogr— (Jga. 2?, 20). \...X Rug fbedg vbyb b ausobr gf fugstrbs pbibarbs binufb dfspdrbodÿf pciètdob. Fugstrb ýfdob `ugftg gs ib [bibarb egi qug jbaiÿ b ics prc`gtbs y b ics bpÿstcigs= ib Adaidb y gi Gvbfngidc egfufodbf ochc pgobec ocftrb Edcs tcec ncipg b ib ednfdebe egi jcharg orgbec b su dhbngf‘ \...X.

1

:0

@rbfodsoc Juisgf, gf Qdog y Ucrrgs (1;;>)

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

ochc oubiqudgr ctrb pgrscfb juhdieg, fc sg ngfgrbrcf gspcftâfgbhgftg ocf gi Ocfodidc y ib Gfoèoidob= yb gstbabf trbabmbfec, pgrc huy boctbecs pcr ibs mgrbrquèbs goigsdâstdobs ocfsgrvbecrbs. Oubfec tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf ib bprcabodÿf egseg gi Pbtdobfc, puedgrcf crnbfdzbrsg hgmcr pbrb byuebr b ics egspcsgèecs. Gftrg ctrcs ctr cs gmghpics sg pugeg egstbobr su botubodÿf gf gi Hcvdhdgftc Pdiigrc, gf ib crnbfdzbodÿf eg ciibs pcpuibrgs, eg byufcs, gf tchbs eg `âardobs y eg dfngfdcs bzuobrgrcs. @rgftg b ib vdcigftb dhpighgftbodÿf egi ’[ibf eg Grrbedobodÿf eg vdiibs eg ghgrngfodb’, gi Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs egi Ugrogr Hufec prgsgftÿ ufb fctb b Cfnbfèb y prctgstÿ fgnâfecsg b pignbrsg b ibs ogigarbodcfgs fbvdegòbs (240:).? Ib prgcou-

[berg Obrics Hundob

pbodÿf pcr ics tghbs scodbigs ics dfsgrtÿ gf ib prcaighâtdob pciètdob. Wf pcrogftbmg èfflhc sg suhÿ b ib iuojb brhbeb< gi egabtg dftgrfc `ug sd dftgnrbrsg c fc bi pgrcfdshc< jbaèb huojcs huoj cs qug bejgrèbf bi scodbidshc sco dbidshc gf oibvg fbodcfbi, pcpuibr, ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. Wf nrupc nr upc fuhgrcsc (0; sbogrectgs) sg rgufdÿ ocf [grÿf gf su rgnrgsc eg 24>1. _g rgufdgrcf pbrb ib boodÿf ocfmuftb eurbftg ibs edotbeurbs eg Cfnbfèb, Igvdfnstcf y Ibfussg. Eurbftg ibs prgsdegfodbs pgrcfdstbs pgrcfdstb s yb fc flrhbrcf flr hbrcf ecouhgftcs nrupbigs, nr upbigs, y gftrg 24>5 24>5 y 24>0 sg `ugrcf egsnrbfbfec egsnrb fbfec pcr ib dftgfsb rgprgsdÿf tbftc tb ftc b giics ochc b ics flgigs ibdocs qug ocibacrbabf ocf su hdsdÿf, pcr ib dfed`grgfodb eg sus mgrbrquèbs bftg su pgrsgouodÿf pciètdob, gi bsgsdfbtc eg binufcs, ochc gi pberg Obrics Hundob, y gf hgfcr nrbec, pcr ed`grgfodbs dftgrfbs. Juac cadspcs ochc Biagrtc Egvctc, cadspc eg Ncyb, y Gfrdqug Bfngigiid, cadspc eg Ib Qdcmb, qug prcpdodbrcf ib ibacr eg sbogrectgs egi Ugrogr Hufec y eg ibdocs gf sus edÿogsds, y ocf su boodÿf b `bvcr eg ib crnbfdzbodÿf eg ics hâs juhdigs sg nrbfmgbrcf gi cedc eg ics pcegrcscs. Egvctc dhpuisÿ ibs Ochufdebegs Goigsdbigs eg Absg (OGA), (OGA) , gi Hcvdhdgftc eg ibs Idnbs Bnrbrdbs Bn rbrdbs pbrb ibs fgogsdeb fgogsdebegs egs egi obhpgsdfbec ocrrgftdfc, ib Muvgftue Muvgftue Cargrb Obtÿidob (MCO), ibs Pbfnubredbs Cargrbs Obtÿidobs, Obtÿidobs, ib [bstcrbi Qurbi y b ctrbs crnbfdzbodcfgs eg absg cargrbs y obhpgsdfbs. Ocf ib rgprgsdÿf, Egvctc sg egedoÿ dftgfsbhgftg b rgocrrgr ibs prdfodpbigs oârogigs egi pbès ngstdcfbfec ib idagrtbe eg ics iuojbecrgs eg ibs oibsgs pcpuibrgs eg ib rgndÿf y eg ics dftgnrbftgs eg hcvdhdgftcs scodbigs y rgidndcscs. Bfngigiid prchcvdÿ ib orgbodÿf eg sdfedobtcs pbrb ib ocfodgftdzbodÿf eg ics egrgojcs eg ics hdfgrcs, pgcfgs rurbigs y ghpigbebs echästdobs, ibs occpgrbtdvbs eg prceuoodÿf y ocfsuhc, ib rgbotdvbodÿf eg ibtd`ufedcs codcscs eg ib Ocstb Qdcmbfb gf hbfcs eg trbab mbecrgs..  mbec rgs.... Egfufodÿ Egfufodÿ ocf fchar fcharg g y bpgiidec b ics bausbe bausbecrgs crgs y gxpictbec gxpictbecrgs, rgs, g dfvgstdnÿ dfvgstdnÿ ics orèhgfgs eg ics rgprgscrgs. Oubfec `ug bsgsdfbec gf 24>0, gstbab ocf ib obrpgtb eg sus egfufodbs, qug egsbpbrgodÿ gf gi hchgftc egi ordhgf.

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Ucurds, 1;;5.

:>

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Hdsb pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec (24>5) Igtrb= Obrics Hundob, Hýsdob Igtrb= Hundob, Hýsdob== Qcagrtc Ibr

Tc, _cr Bidog

jttp=//www.uoo.geu.br/adaidctgob/adaidctgobSsgoodcf.pjp3sgo85;&pbn8 074# igoturb

Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= nudÿf= Biagrtc Hbrqubret

[brtg Lyrdg _gòcr,2tgf pdgebe eg fcsctrcs. Uý qug jbs fbodec pcarg y jbs vdvdec sdghprg muftc b ics pcargs  pbrb trbgr b tcecs ics jchargs ib idagrbodÿf. Uý qug gstâs b fugstrc ibec `ugrtg y rgsuodtbec pbrb ghpumbrfcs gf ib iuojb ocftrb ib dfmustdodb y ib gxpictbodÿf. _gòcr, pdgebe, _gòcr. Uý qug vgferâs pcr `df bi `dfbi eg ics tdghpcs pbrb iigfbr fugstrc ocrbzÿf eg bignrèb y pigfdtue. [brtg 1 Nicrdb Nicrdb b Edcs qug gs gi bhcr y gf ib tdgrrb pbz b ics jchargs qug iuojbf pcr ib mustdodb. Ug bibabhcs, pcrqug iuojbhcs pbrb qug fugstrcs fdòcs jbhardgftcs ochbf. Ug nicrd`dobhcs, pcrqug qugrghcs egstrudr yb ics dfstruhgftcs eg tcrturb. Ug ebhcs nrbodbs, pcrqug jby jchargs qug ebf su vdeb gf ib rgvciuodÿf. Ug ebhcs nrbodbs, _gòcr, pcrqug fc grgs uf Edcs gspgotbecr, sdfc uf Edcs jgojc jcharg qug pbegog gi pbegodhdgftc eg ics jch args. Uý qug fcs brrbfobs egi gncèshc dhpuisâfecfcs b iuojbr iuo jbr ocftrb ib gxpictbodÿf, tgf pdgebe eg fcsctrcs. \...X _gòcr Edcs, ocregrc eg Edcs, Edc s, qug sdnugs egsbfnrâfectg, gf ics jbojgrcs egi Fcrtg, egsbfnrâfectg. Gf ics hdfgrcs acidvdbfcs, egsbfnrâfectg. Gf ibs `bvgibs egi hcrrc, egsbfnrâfectg. Gf gi `rèc eg ics pcargs, egsbfnrâfectg. Gf ib obrfg egi tcrturbec, egsbfnrâfectg. _gòcr, ¡Uý scic grgs _bftc! _gòcr, ¡Uý scic grgs gi bhcr!  _gòcr, Uý scic gi tctbihgftg ctrc. Gi qug rgsobtb pbrb sdghprg ib orgbtdvdebe juhbfb. Gf ufdÿf ocf gi [berg, `ugftg eg vdeb, eg gfgrnèb, eg bhcr.  Bhäf, pbrb sdghprg. Bhäf.

Botdvdebe

b) Qgibodcfb Qgibodcfb gstcs `rbnhgftcs `rbnhgftcs eg ib Hdsb pbrb pbrb gi Ugrogr Ugrogr Hufec Hufec eg Obrics Hundob ocf ib Ugcicnèb eg ib Idagrbodÿf. ³Ruä sg rgsbitb gf gstg tgxtc3 tgx tc3 ³Ruä sg qudgrg icnrbr ocf gstb hdsb3 a) Bvgrdnub qudäf qudäf `ug Obrics Hundob, Hundob, oÿhc grb su vdeb vdeb bftgs eg gigndr cpodÿf pcr ics pcargs, eÿfeg egsbrrciiÿ su trbabmc y oÿhc yibpcr quä hurdÿ.

::

 Pgr,, cèr,  Pgr cèr, pgfsbr  pgfsbr  (2444)

Ecouhgftbi qug hugstrb gi ochprchdsc scodbi muftc b ics pcargs eg Bidog Echcf, rgidndcsb `rbfogsb qug vdvdÿ gf Brngftdfb egseg 240> y `ug sgougstrbeb y egsbpbrgodeb pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr. Brngftdfb Brngftdfb-@rbfodb, BU[ BU[,, >: hdf.

 Bfngigiid, Ib [bibarb Pdvb. (1;;>) Edrgoodÿf= @grfbfEdrgoodÿf= ec _pdfgr y Pèotcr Ibpibog Nudÿf== Mubf [baic Nudÿf  Tcufn Ecouhgftbi, 0> hdf., Brngftdfb

Qgnrgsc b @crtèf Cihcs (1;;:)

Edrgoodÿf y nudÿf= [btrdodc Ocii & Mcrng Ncieghagrn Ecouhgftbi qug rgocfstruyg ib gxpgrdgfodb eg trbabmc scodbi ocf ics jbojgrcs eg ib rgndÿf fcrtg eg ib prcvdfodb eg _bftb @g, zcfb egvbstbeb pcr Ib @crgstbi, pcr pbrtg eg sbogrectgs  y ibdo ibdocs. cs. _g hug hugsstrbf `rbnhgftcs egi ecouhgftbi eg 2400 ’Jbojgrc fchâs‘, y oÿhc sg egsbrtdouiÿ tcec gf 24>7 ib rgprgsdÿf. 2;5ocf hdf., Brngftdfb

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Gi ochprchdsc ocf ics juhdiegs

[cr Agbtrdz _bibrd Bftgs eg ics >; hg gftgrä eg Obrics Hundob y su trbabmc gf ib Pdiib ?2. Gsouojä sus sgrhcfgs qug iignbabf b ic hâs jcfec y hcvdgrcf b tbftcs t bftcs mÿvgfgs hdidtbftgs eg gsb ngfgrbodÿf, qug edc jbstb su vdeb pcr ufb [btrdb hâs mustb. Gfträ b ocibacrbr gf ib vdiib. Äi grb dfobfsbaig. Fc cregfbab, sdfc qug fcs sgòbibab ibs fgogsdebegs eg ib ngftg b qudgfgs bochpbòbab gf tcec prcaighb= eg sbiue, ibacrbi, pcidodbi, y ocf qudgfgs ochpbrtèb botdvdebegs botd vdebegs egpcrtdvbs. egpcrtd vbs. Ics vdiigrcs scf juhdiegs, trbabmbecrgs, sgrvdodbigs sgr vdodbigs y bnrbegodecs. @ug ufb gxpgrdgfodb qug hbroÿ hd vdeb pbrb sdghprg. Igs egac, ochc huojcs huojc s ctrcs, ic qug scy.

Pdiibs eg ghgrngfodb= gftrg ib ’grrbedobodÿf‘ y ib crnbfdzbodÿf Ics bsgftbhdgftcs drrgnuibrgs gf tdgrrb urabfb vbobftg pcr gstbr babfecfbeb pcr gi flsoc c pcr sus eugòcs ochgfzbrcf ocf ib dfeustrdbidzbodÿf gf ib prdhgrb hdtbe egi sdnic ZZ. Ics trbabmbecrgs qug iignbabf egi dftgrdcr fgogsdtbabf vdvdgfebs y ibs jboèbf ocf hbtgrdbigs prgobrdcs, eg egsgojc, jbstb qug puedgrbf jbogribs sÿidebs y sgnurbs (ocf iberdiics, obi, brgfb, oghgftc, jdgrrcs, gto.). Ibs obsdtbs gstbabf bhcftcfbebs, prâotdobhgftg fc edspcfèbf eg tgrrgfc pbrb pbtdcs, ic qug edc ochc ocfsgougfodb ufb nrbf egfsdebe eg pcaibodÿf. pcaib odÿf. [grc gsbs vdiibs vd iibs fc gstbabf urabfdzbebs, fc tgfèbf obiigs bfojbs fd vgrgebs, rge oicbobi oicbo bi fd bnub ocrrdgf ocrr dgftg, tg, fd ics sgrvdodcs sgrv dodcs geuobodcfbi geuobodcfbigs gs fd sbfdtbrdcs aâsdocs. _us jbadtbftgs vdvèbf vdvèb f ’gf gi abrrc‘ abr rc‘ oubfec iicvèb, pgrc ogrob egi trbabmc. Grbf egsobidflobecs pcr ufb pbrtg eg ics jbadtbftgs eg hgmcr fdvgi scodc gocfÿhdoc ochc ’obagodtbs fgnrbs‘, ’vdiigrcs‘ c ’fgnrcs vdiigrcs‘, y ocfsdegrbecs ochc pbdsbmg qug b`gbab su oduebe. Wf tdghpc egspuäs egi ncipg hdidtbr eg 2477, ibs hâs juhdiegs abrrdbebs ochgfzbrcf b crnbfdzbrsg. Ocfstdtuygrcf ib @gegrbodÿf eg Pdiibs y Abrrdcs eg Ghgrngfodb, ouyc camgtdvc grb hgmcrbr ib obidebe eg vdeb gf gi abrrdc, abrr dc, pgrhbfgogr gf ics tgrrgfcs coupbecs g dhpgedr ics egsbicmcs. Ib edotbeurb eg Cfnbfèb ibfzÿ uf [ibf Fbodcfbi eg Grrbedobodÿf eg Pdiibs eg Ghgrngfodb ([GPG, Igy 2>.0;7) gf 240:, gi qug prgvgèb ufb prdhgrb gtbpb eg vdvdgfeb gf Fýoigcs Jbadtbodcfbigs Urbfsdtcrdcs Urbfsdtcrdcs (FJU), (FJ U), becf becfeg eg grbf trbsibeb tr bsibebecs ecs ics jbadtbftgs jbadtbftgs eg ibs vdiibs< v diibs< iugnc, gf ufb sgnufeb gtbpb, pbsbrèbf b vdvdr gf hcfcaicols qug sg gstbabf ocfstruygfec. Gi egsbicmc sg jboèb gf `crhb huy vdcigftb y juhdiibftg, gf obhdcfgs egi gmärodtc, y `uhdnbabf b ib ngftg y b sus ocsbs ochc sd `ugsgf bpgstbecs. Ic qug ib ngftg fc biobfzbab b iigvbrsg grb brrbsbec pcr ibs tcpbecrbs. Eurbftg ib grrbedobodÿf sg ’rgpbtrdbab‘ b vdiigrcs acidvdbfcs, ojdigfcs y pbrbnubycs.5 Ib edotbeurb eg Cfnbfèb gfvdÿ bsdstgftgs scodbigs pbrb ’odvdidzbr‘ b ics rgodäf iignbecs b ics FJU. [grc ibs bsdstgftgs fc tgfèbf hgftbidebe hdidtbr= byuebrcf b orgbr ibzcs ochufdtbrdcs gftrg ics fugvcs vgodfcs, qug sg crnbfdzbrcf pbrb ougstdcfgs sbfdtbrdbs, rgorgbtdvbs, geuobtdvbs, eg tcec tdpc.7 Ics trbabmbecrgs eg ib sbiue ochprchgtdecs ocf ib mustdodb scodbi jdodgrcf cpgrbtdvcs eg sbiue. [cr gmghpic, ics rgbidzbecs gf ics abrrdcs Obrics Nbregi y Qbhgttb y Obfbid (1;;0). [btrdodb Ebvbics, Hbrogib Mbaabz y Gstgib Hcidfb (24:>)= (24:>)= Hcvdhdgftc vdiigrc y gstbec gstbec (2400-24 (2400-24>0) >0) Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI. Odtbec pcr Qbhgttb y Obfbid (1;;0) 5 7

:4

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Hbrdbfc [umbebs (iugnc ochpigmc [rgsdegftg _brhdgftc) pcr prc`gsdcfbigs y fc prc`gsdcfbigs egi Jcspdtbi [csbebs, qudgfgs beghâs beghâs ochpbrtèbf gi gspbodc pbrqudzbec egi Jcspdtbi ocf ics jbadtbftgs eg bhacs abrrdcs pcpuibrgs. Gf 24>1 sg crnbfdzÿ gi @rgftg Pdiigrc eg Idagrbodÿf Fbodcfbi, Fbodcfbi, pgrcfdstb, y iugnc coupÿ ics gspbodcs gspbodcs gi Hcvdhdgftc Pdiigrc [grcfdstb degftdflobec ocf Hcftcfgrcs0. _bogrectgs, rgidndcsbs y ibdocs ocibacrbabf gf ib tbrgb scodbi pbrb prcvggr bsdstgfodb b tcebs ibs pcsdai pcsdaigs gs fgogsdebegs eg sus jbadtbftgs. Gf ib aýsqugeb eg hgmcrbs gedidodbs, scodbigs y ouiturbigs, ics ’vdiigrcs‘ ’vdi igrcs‘ `ugrcf ocfcodecs ocfcodecs pcr su hdidtbfhdi dtbfodb pciètdob jbstb ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr. [dftbfeb rgocrebfec bi [berg Hundob, Hundob, 1;2; 1;2; Ib rgprgsdÿf b gstg hcvdhdgftc ocarb uf hârtdr ocf gi bsgsdfbtc pcr pbrtg eg ib Urdpig B (Bidbfzb Bftdochufdstb Brngftdfb) egi sbogrectg Obrics Hundob gf hbyc eg 24>5. B pbrtdr eg 24>0 24>0 scf sgougstrbecs y egsbpbrgodecs fuhgrcscs edrdngftgs edr dngftgs vdiigrcs, bsè ochc hdidtbftgs scodbigs, rgidndcscs y ibdocs, y pcr supugstc tbhadäf hdidtbftgs pciètdocs. [brb egsbicmbr ibs vdiibs sg `crmb gf ics hgedcs ib dhbngf eg qug ics vdiigrcs scf hbrndfbigs hbrn dfbigs pcr prcpdb vciuftbe, vciuftbe, qug vdvgf gf ib vdiib pcrqug igs nustb, qug biiè tdgfgf agfgflodcs ochc fc pbnbr dhpugstcs fd sgrvdodcs, sgrv dodcs, y qug huojcs huojcs scf egidfougftgs egidfougftgs y `crhbf pbrtg pbr tg eg ’hbflbs‘ crnbfdzbebs. [brb ocfstrudr ibs obsbs eg ics vdiigrcs fbedg hgmcr qug gi pugaic vdiigrc Qgvdstb Gi Egsobhdsbec F½ ?1 jttp=//www.rudfbsedndtbigs.och/egsobhdsbec/egsobhdsbecpbrbocfstrudribsobsbsegicsvdi?1/ 

Ocf Pdiib >, ib ochdsdÿf hufdodpbi eg ib vdvdgfeb rgvciuodcfb ics ocfogptcs eg ib vdvdgfeb

 B pbrtdr pbrtdr eg `gargrc `gargrc eg 24> 24>55 hâs hâs eg 21 21;; `bhdidbs, `bhdidbs, qug qug bjcrb bjcrb vdvgf gf ib Pdiib >,>, eg Ug Ugiidgr iidgr y Biagred, jbadtbrâf oÿhcecs egpbrtbhgftcs ocfstrudecs pcr ics hdshcs vdiigrcs. Gstg pibf pdictc eg Pdiib >, qug rgvciuodcfb ics ocfogptcs eg vdvdgfeb ednfb, pbrtdodpbodÿf pcpuibr y `dfbfodbod `dfbfodbodÿf, ÿf, `ug crnbfdzbec y edrdndec pcr ib Ochdsdÿf Hufdodpbi Hufdodpbi eg ib  Pdvdgfeb ocf gi bpcyc botdvc eg eg ics ochpbògrc ochpbògrcss vdiigrcs. Gf ufb vdsdtb qug jdzc b ics ged`dodcs eg Ug Ugiidgr iidgr y Arbnb Arbnbec, ec, gi dftgfegftg \eg Obpdtbi @gegrbi ngfgrbi McsäX Ghardcfd egodedÿ qug pbrb carbs pcstgrdcrgs sg tchbrâ ochc gmghpic ics trbabmcs eg Pdiib >. Gi mugvgs 1; qugeÿ rbtd`dobec qug ics ordtgrdcs sustgftbecs pcr ib Ochdsdÿf Hufdodpbi eg ib  Pdvdgfeb y gi Hcvdhdgftc Pdiigrc [grcfdstb scf ics ocrrgotcs< ghprgsb pcpuibr pbrb ib Qgocfstruoo Qgocfstruoodÿf dÿf Fbodcfbi. Fbodcfbi. \... \...XX [brb `dfbfodbr ics egpbrtbhgftcs qug rgodadrâf ics vdiigrcs trbs uf bòc y hgedc eg ibacr, sg becptÿ uf ordtgrdc pgrcfdstb= fc sg bpidobrâ gi dfmustc sdstghb eg ocarbrx ouctbs ouct bs eg bougrec bi tbhbòc eg ibs vdvdgfebs sdfc eg bougrec b ibs pcsdadidebegs eg obeb `bhdidb. Bsè, qudgfgs sgrâf prcpdgtbrdcs prcpdgt brdcs eg vdvdgfebs vdvdgfe bs nrbfegs, fc pbnbrâf pcr ib obftdebe eg bhadgftgs qug pcsgb ib hdshb, sdfc eg bougrec b ics dfnrgscs eg ib `bhdidb. Ib Ochdsdÿf Hufdodpbi eg ib Pdvdgfeb Pdv dgfeb rgqudgrg gi pbnc egi 5; pcr odgftc eg ibs vdvdgfebs gf uf pibzc eg edgz bòcs. Gi rgstc egi pbnc sgrâ egodedec gf ib `crhb hâs ocfvgfdgftg pbrb ics vdiigrcs. vdiigrc s. \...X Gf prdfodpdc nbrbftdzÿ qug ics 1:; vdiigrcs vdiigrc s qug trbabmbf botubihgftg gf  Pdiib >, pbsbrâf pbsbrâf b ocfstrudr ocfstrudr ics ged`dodcs eg _bf [gerdtc, bsgnurb bsgnurbfec fec bsè ocftdfudeb ocftdfudebee eg trbabmc pbrb ics ochpbògrcs egscoupbecs. Igmcs eg ib egsbogrtbeb agfg`dogfodb qug sg pibftgbf binufcs `ufodcfbrdcs eg Adgfgstbr _codbi ocf hcfstrucscs pibfgs pcoc prâotdocs, ib gxpgrdgfodb eg Pdiib > eghugstrb qug pbrb ocfstrudr ibs obsbs eg ics vdiigrcs v diigrcs fc jby fbedg hgmcr qug gi pugaic vdiigrc.

0

4;

Orbvdfc, 244: y 1;;1.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Botdvdebegs

b) ³Oÿhc sg gstâf ocfstruygfec ibs ibs vdvdgfebs pbrb ibs `bhdid `bhdidbs bs eg Pdiib Pdiib >3 ³Ruä obrbotgrèstdobs tdgfgf3 ³Oÿhc sg pbnbrâf3 Bvgrdnub b quä tgfegfodb egftrc egi hcvdhdgftc pgrcfdstb p grcfdstb pgrtgfgog ib rgvdstb Gi Egsobhdsbec. Egsobhdsbec. ³[cr quä tg pbrgog qug egstbob ib fctdodb3 a) ³Ruä cpdfbf cpdfbf ustgegs eg eg gstb `crhb eg ocfstruoodÿf eg vdvdgfebs3 vdvdgfebs3

Ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf, ib ocfodgftdzbodÿf y ics mÿvgfgs ’ Wfb Wfb prdhgrb rg󿬁gxdÿf bogrob egi bfbi`bagtdshc pcerèb pcer èb sgr= ³Ouâi gs ib rgibodÿf gftrg pcargzb y bfbi`bagtdshc3 ³Bobsc jby bfbi`bagtcs rdocs c tcecs ics bfbi`bagtcs scf hâs adgf pcargs3 Gi camgtdvc gstrbtändoc eg ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf ‚³gs qug tcecs bprgfebhcs b iggr y gsordadr c gs qug pcebhcs dfdodbr ib ibrnb hbrojb pbrb qug ib mustb edstrdauodÿf eg ib rdqugzb sgb ib obusb ogftrbi eg ib egsbpbrdodÿf egflfdtdvb egi `gfÿhgfc egi bfbi`bagtdshc3—‘ ([rc`. Mubf Hbrèb Jgbidcf. Gx dftgnrbftg egi gqudpc occredfbecr eg ib  Obhpbòb Fbodcfbi eg Bi`bagtdzbodÿf Bi`bagtdzbodÿf OQGBQ. OQGBQ . Qgpýaidob Brngftdfb, 24>?) jttp=//ww jttp=//www. w.bi`bagtd bi`bagtdzbodcf. zbodcf. `ufebodcfsbftdiibfb.crn/

Wf `ciigtc eg ib Wfgsoc eg Brtjur Br tjur Ndiigttg (24>?) tdtuibec Ics mÿvgfgs y ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf hcstrbab ib dhpcrtbfodb egi pbpgi eg ib muvgftue gf ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf eg ics beuitcs= ics mÿvgfgs eg uf hdshc pugaic tdgfgf hbycr rgogpodÿf pcr pbrtg eg ics beuitcs pcrqug igs jbaibf gf su hdshc dedchb y ocfcogf sus fgogsdebegs. Qgsbitbab gi pbpgi eg ib muvgftue gftrg ics ardnbedstbs ouabfcs qug jdodgrcf ib obhpbòb eg 2402, pcr ib oubi gi fýhgrc eg bfbi`bagtcs beuitcs gf Ouab sg rgeumc eg 1?,0 pcr odgftc b ?,4 pcr odgftc. T ochpbrbab gi hätcec hätc ec ghpigbec pcr ics bi`bagtdzbecrgs qug sg egedobabf gf ocicfdbs b`rdobfbs b` rdobfbs b ib ocfodgftdzbodÿf pbrb ib iuojb pcr ib idagrbodÿf, ocf gi hätcec egi pgebncnc arbsdigòc [buic @rgdrg=

’[cr `df y fc ocf hgfcs dhpcrtbfodb bpbrgogf ics ochabtdgftgs eg ib idagrtbe. Urbabmbfec gf zcfbs idagrbebs eg pbèsgs tcebvèb schgtdecs bi echdfdc ocicfdbi c dhpgrdbi,, rgibodcfbf ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf ocf dhpgrdbi ib iuojb brhbeb. [cr gmghpic, gf Bfncib, ics hdidtbftgs egi H[IB (Hcvdhdgftc eg Idagrbodÿf eg Bfncib), absbf ib gfsgòbfzb eg ib igoturb y gsordturb gf ufbs pbibarbs oibvg eg sdnfd󿬂obodÿf pciètdob. (Gstg hätcec gs sdhdibr b ib täofdob eg ocfodgftdzbodÿf eg [buic @rgdrg, utdidzbeb gf binufcs pbèsgs ibtdfcbhgrdobfcs, ibtdfcbhgrdobfcs, yb qug ib bi`bagtdzbodÿf sg edrdng b egspgrtbr ib ocfodgfodb eg ics obhpgsdfcs y trbabmbecrgs cprdhdecs.)’

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Cfnbfèb, qug pbrtdodpÿ gf fuh fuhgrcscs grcscs rgtdrcs gspdrdtubigs (Oursdiics eg Ordstdbfebe tèpdocs eg ib Gspbòb `rbfqudstb) prg`grèb egsdnfbr ochc `ufodcfbrdcs b obtÿidocs fbodcfbidstbs. fbodcfbidstbs. [rgechdfbab ib rgprgsdÿf eg tcec ic qug pbrgodgrb hbrxdshc hbrx dshc y pgrcfdshc, pgrc gftrg ibs butcrdebegs fcharbebs pcr ib edotbeurb jbaèb obtÿidocs qug fc sdghprg grbf eg egrgojb.> Nrbodbs b gstb sdtubodÿf, ’rgspcfedgfec b ufb tgfegfodb ufdvgrsbi ufdvgr sbi qug pcr gsb äpcob ig ctcrnbab hbycr :

dhpcrtbfodb b ib geuobodÿf eg beuitcs’  sg orgÿ ib EDFGB, EDF GB, Edrgoodÿf E drgoodÿf Fbodcfbi eg Geuobod Geuobodÿf ÿf egi Beuitc. [grc gsb geuobodÿf egi beuitc sg jboèb gf uf hbroc gf gi oubi gstbab prcjdadec gi trbtbhdgftc eg ibs prcaighâtdobs qug b gscs beuitcs igs dftgrgsbab, bsè ochc gstbab prcsordptc gi hcvdhdgftc eg hbsbs ocf gi qug huojcs sg degftdflobabf. Gf ib eghcorbodb qug ochgfzÿ gf 24>? sg pibfdfloÿ egseg ib EDFGB ufb Obhpbòb Fbodcfbi eg Bi`bagtdzbodÿf, iibhbeb Obhpbòb eg Qgbotdvbodÿf Geuobtdvb eg Beuitcs (OQGBQ). Ochc sg pugeg vgr gf ecouhgftbigs ochc Wsc hds hbfcs, usc hds degbs, c Uchbr ib pbibarb, sg utdidzbrcf iâhdfbs rgibodcfbebs ibodcf bebs ocf pbibarbs ngfgrbecrbs, vdfouibe vd fouibebs bs ocf sus fgogsdebegs fgogsdebegs y ocf gi pgfsbhdgftc eg mustdodb scodbi dhpgrbftg d hpgrbftg gf ib hdidtbfodb. _dnudgfec _dn udgfec gi hätcec eg [buic [buic @rgdrg, gi bi`bagb i`bagtdzbecr prdhgrc iigvbab i igvbab b qug ics geuobfecs geuobfecs jbaibrbf scarg quä sg trbtbab t rbtbab ib iâhdfb, iugnc sg bfbidzbab ib pbibarb ngfgrbecrb ngfgrbecrb y pcr ýitdhc sg ib gsordaèb. _u camgtdvc grb fc sÿic qug ics beuitcs bprgfedgrbf b iggr, gsordadr y ochprgfegr ibs igoturbs, sdfc tbhadäf b crnbfdzbrsg  Pgr, cèr, pgfsbr 

Wsc hds hbfcs, usc hds degbs (1;;?)

Edrgoodÿf Ocigotdvb= Ocigotdvb= Qbýi Qcerènugz y Hbsobrÿ, Odfg Bhgrdobfc Edrgoodÿf pgièouib 24>?= Qbýi Qcerènugz  Hýsdob Crdndfbi  Crdndfb i = Nduftb eg Augygs Crdgftbodÿf gf Geuobodÿf [cpuibr = Gisb [bibvdodfd, Oibuedb Lcrci Brngftdfb, 77 hdfutcs Ecouhgftbi qug dfoiuyg `rbnhgftcs eg ctrc `dihbec gf 24>? eurbftg gi egsbrrciic eg ufb gxpgrdgfodb prgourscrb eg ibs obhpbòbspcpuibrgs fbodcfbigsdfdodbrcf eg bi`bagtdzbodÿf, uf nrupc eg hdidtbftgs uf prcygotcoubfec eg bi`bagtdzbodÿf beuitcs gf gi Abrrdc Pdiib Cargrb, prcvdfodb eg Fguquäf. Uchbr ib pbibarb (1;;:)

Edrgoodÿf== Hbrogic Igvy  Edrgoodÿf Ecouhgftbi eg ib Edrgoodÿf eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs egi Hufdodpdc eg Hcrÿf qug fbrrb ib gxpgrdgfodb eg trgs bi`bagtdzbecrbs egi prcnrbhb OQGBQ gf ib Ogrâhdob Jbgec (24>?/24>5).

>

pbrb sciu sciuodcfbr odcfbr prcaigh prcaighâtdobs âtdobs ochufgs. ochuf gs. Eg gstg hcec sg vdfv dfouibab gi prcygotc geuobtdvc ocf gi pciètdoc. Ochc gstg trbabmc ic rgbidzbrcf mÿvgfgs hdidtbftgs y geuobecrgs, ibs gxpgrdgfodbs sg ghpgzbrcf b `rustrbr trbs ib hugrtg eg [grÿf, oubfec ib egrgojb ’iÿpgzrrgnudstb‘ tchÿ gi ocftrci egi ncadgrfc, y flfbihgftg ocf gi bevgfdhdgftc eg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb. Ics bi`bagtdzbecrgs eg ib EDFGB `ugrcf ocfsdegrbecs gf su hbycr pbrtg ochc ’suavgrsdvcs‘ y gstg crnbfdshc crnbf dshc pgredÿ su obpbodebe obpbodebe eg boodÿf ocf ib trbfs`grgfodb eg dfstdtuodcfgs geuobtdvbs b ibs prcvdfodbs. @ug flfbihgftg ogrrbec gf 2441 abmc ib prgsdegfodb eg Obrics Hgfgh.

[cr gmghpic, gftrg ics `ufodcfbrdcs ` ufodcfbrdcs eg Geuobodÿf eg ib Fbodÿf rgvdstÿ Ghdidc @grhèf Hdnfcfg (gftrg 240: y 24 24>2), >2), qudgf iugnc

gftrg 24>? 24 >? yeg24>0 24> 0 `ug rgotcr eg ib Wfdvgrsdebe egibIumâf. [bibarbs Mcrng Hbrèb Qbhbiic, `ufodcfbrdc eg EDFGB gf 2404, qudgf obid`doÿ b ibs Absgs pbrb ufb pciètdob geuobtdvb egi beuitc (EDFGB, 24>?) eg rg`igmbr ufb crdgftbodÿf eg obrâotgr suavgrsdvc. Gs egodr qug uf `ufodcfbrdc eg uf ncadgrfc aurcorâtdoc butcrdtbrdc obid`dob b ib boodÿf egi crnbfdshc dfstdtuodcfbi gf eghcorbodb ochc ’suavgrsdvc‘. :

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OB[ÈUWIC 7

IB OW OWIIUW UWQB QB GF IC_ BÒ BÒC_ C_ >; Ib hýsdob Gi rcol jbaèb surndec gf Gstbecs Wfdecs ocf scidstbs ochc Givds [rgsigy y tuvc ed`usdÿf b gsobib hufedbi ocf ibs abfebs dfnigsbs Ics Agbtigs y Qciidfn _tcfgs. Brngftdfb Brn gftdfb fc gstuvc bi hbrngf eg gstc= huojcs mÿvgfgs gsouojbabf hâs hýsdob bfnicsbmcfb qug fbodcfbi. Juac gf binufcs obscs ghprgsbrdcs y gf ctrcs hýsdocs qug sg prcpusdgrcf jbogr gsouojbr obfodcfgs gf obstgiibfc. Gi augf tbfnc sdghprg sdnudÿ ardfebfec gspgotâouic pbrb hbycrgs hbyc rgs y turdstbs, tur dstbs, pgrc fc nczbab eg `grvcr `gr vcr gftrg ics mÿvgfgs. Eg gstg hcec tuvdgrcf fctbaig ed`usdÿf ibs obfodcfgs obfodcfgs ’pgnbedzbs‘ eg [bidtc Crtgnb Cr tgnb y eg ctrcs bftdnucs dftgnrbftgs eg Ib Fugvb Cib y Gi Oiua egi Oibf, pgrc tbhadäf ib ’hýsdob prcnrgsdvb’.. Binufbs prcnrgsdvb’ Bin ufbs eg ibs abfebs, ochc Ics Nbtcs, bi prdfodpdc becptbrcf uf bspgotc agbt, pgrc ic suyc fc grb ocpdb sdfc orgbodÿf y gxpicrbodÿf husdobi. Gstg näfgrc husdobi, iugnc iibhbec rcol fbodcfbi, ochgfzÿ b suhbr begptcs y b prceuodr binufcs jdts ochc Gi gxtrbòc egi pgic ibrnc (eg Qcqug Fbrvbmb, pcr Ib Mcvgf Nubredb), Munc eg tchbtg `rèc (eg Mbvdgr Hbrtèfgz, pcr Hbfbi) y obfodcfgs qug jcy scf ghaighâtdobs= eg Idttc Fgaadb pcr Ics Nbtcs, Ib Abisb< Pdgftc, edig b ib iiuvdb < By Bygr gr fchâs fchâ s< eg Ojbriy Nbroèb pcr _ud Ngfgrds, Obfodÿf pbrb hd hugrtg< Rudzâs pcr quä< Ocf`gsdcfgs eg dfvdgrfc < eg Iuds Biagrtc _pdfgttb pcr Bihgferb, Huojbojb (Cmcs eg pbpgi), [brb sbagr oÿhc gs ib scigebe (Ughb eg [ctctc), [ignbrdb pbrb uf fdòc ecrhdec... Gf gstbs obfodcfgs ics hýsdocs fc scibhgftg egaèbf egaèbf gsqudvbr ib ogfsurb ogfsur b gxdstgftg gxd stgftg jbstb 24>? ocf igtrbs gièptdobs, sdfc qug sg prcpusdgrcf ocf su aýsqugeb pcätdob y husdobi gigvbr gi näfgrc egi rcol b ib obtgnc obtgncrèb rèb eg brtg. Fc dhpcrtbab tbftc gi abdig, gi gftrgtgfdhdgftc, sdfc gi sgftdhdgftc qug ngfgrbab gsb hýsdob. [brb bprgodbr gi prcaighb prcaighb eg ib ogfsurb y but butcogfsurb cogfsurb gf ibs edsocnrâflobs ed socnrâflobs brngftdfbs, sg tdgfg gi gmghpic eg Bygr fchâs. Jbaèb sdec gsordtb ochc ufb tdadb prctgstb pcr Hcrds y [dpc Igrfcue, pgrc fc pceèb sgr nrbabeb ocf gscs tärhdfcs, y bhacs ig pdedgrcf b Idttc Fgaadb qug qug rgebotbrb ctrb igtrb pbrb qug sbidgrb gf gi edsoc eg Ics I cs Nbtcs.

4?

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

[rdhgrb vgrsdÿf

Pgrsdÿf nrbabeb

Bygr fchâs, gf gi ocigndc hg gfsgòbrcf, qug gstg pbès gs nrbfeg y tdgfg idagrtbe. idagrt be.

Bygr fchâs pgfsbab yc sd binýf eèb pcerèb gfocftrbr binudgf qug hg puedgrb bhbr.

Jcy egspgrtä y vd hd obhb y vd hd oubrtc. Gf gstg hgs fc tuvg huojc qug ochgr.

Bygr fchâs ufb humgr gf hd obhdfc hg jdzc orggr qug bhâfecib sgrèb `gidz. \...X Jcy egspgrtä y vd ib obrb y vd ib ngftg, gs tcec nrds nrd s y sdf sgftdec, ib ngftg vdvg sdf orggr. Bygr fchâs pgfsä vdvdr `gidz hd vdeb jcy ochprgfeè qug grb `gidz bygr fchâs.

Bygr fchâs, hds `bhdidbrgs hg egoèbf qug jcy jby qug tgfgr edfgrc pbrb sgr `gidz. Jcy egspgrtä, y vd hd obhb y vd hd oubrtc, yb tcec gs nrds nr ds y sdf sgftdec, ib ngftg vdvg sdf orggr. \...X

22 eg `gargr `gargrc c eg 1;2 1;21 1 [ândfb/21, 22 [ândfb/21,

Ib aýsqugeb eg ib gstrgiib [cr _bferb Qussc Qgodäf gi ctrc eèb, oubfec hurdÿ Iuds Biagrtc _pdfgttb, _pdfgttb , hg ed ougftb eg qug augfb pbrtg eg hd ngfgrbodÿf, ics qug ärbhcs pgfegmcs gf ib edotbeurb, gfocftrÿ gfocft rÿ gf ib edhgfsdÿf spdfgttdbfb eg ib vdeb uf rg`undc, uf dsictg, uf gsocfedtg. gso cfedtg. [crqug jby uf ufdvgrsc spdfgttdbfc begftrc fugstrc y binufbs ocsbs gxdstgf g xdstgf sÿic pcrqug _pdfgttb _pdfgtt b ibs jb fcharbec, y fcs jghcsIcs ochdec gscs fchargs eg `icrgs, `icrgs , eg pdgerbs, eg bfdhbigs, âfdhbs iuogs dftgrdcrgs. jghcs edngrdec y hgtbacidzbec, y pbrb huojcs fufobeg jbarâ ufbyhgmcr hbfgrb eg gftgfegr ib ochpbsdÿf qug ib qug äi fcharb gf ib ’[ignbrdb pbrb uf Fdòc Ecrhdec’. \..._pdfgttbX huy mcvgf, egoèb qug _ud Ngfgrds jboèb ufb hýsdob ocf ib qug huojcs pdags sg degftd`dobabf, degftd`do babf, y qug äi fc, qug äi ausobab uf u f igfnubmg. T yc pgfsbab qug huojcs fcs degftd`doâabhcs, yb gftcfogs, prgodsbhgftg ocf gsc, ocf ib aýsqugeb eg ics igfnubmgs fgogsbrdcs, ics igfnubmgs qug fcs `bitbabf, ics igfnubmgs eg ics qug ärbhcs screcs, huecs y bfbi`bagtcs, pcrqug ic hgmcr eg fugstrbs juhbfdebegs muvgfdigs pgrhbfgoèb becrhgodec y btgfbzbec. Ib carb eg _pdfgttb _pdfgt tb gs tceb giib uf obhdfc dfedrgotc, uf obhdfc sdfucsc ochc ic qug trbfshdtg, fbeb spdfgttdbfc gs rgotc, fbeb gs idtgrbi fd casogfc= sutdièsdhc, äi fcs jbaiÿ eg grctdshc, eg dfcogfodb, eg bzbabojgs  y mbegs, mbegs , eg edbhbftgs edbh bftgs,, eg eurbzfcs eurb zfcs qug sbfnr sbfnrbabf, babf, eg e g fdòbs qug abdibabf, abdib abf, eg pugftg pugftgss bhbrdiics. Fcsctrcs gf gi sgoufebrdc gsouojâabhcs b _ud Ngfgrds. T uf eèb egsouarè b _pdfgttb. \...X

45

Bqugi prdhgr `cncfbzc eg rcol fbodcfbi, qug fc pcr obsubidebe o bsubidebe sg ngstÿ ocftghpcrâfgbhgftg bi Ocrecabzc, `ug ic qug pgrhbfgodÿ dfochprgfedec dfo chprgfedec pcr gi pcegr y pcr gsc hdshc dftcobec hdgftrbs tcec ic eghâs dab obygfec. _g prcjdaèbf idarcs, sg prcjdaèbf edsocs,

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

sg prcjdaèbf igtrbs. [grc ib agiigzb grb binc ochpidobec eg prcjdadr, pcrqug juac ngftg ochc _pdfgttb qug pceèb jbaibrfcs eg ic agiic sdf qug ibs agstdbs ic bevdrtdgrbf. Gi `ug gi hbgstrc eg ic caidouc. [cr gsc ednc qug Iuds `crhb pbrtg sustbfodbi sust bfodbi eg uf sgftdhdgftc ocigotdvc, pcrqug juac ufb äpcob gf ib qug ib agiigzb ätdob y gstätdob, ouyb ocfmufodÿf sdghprg gs pciètdob, `ug gi ýfdoc scstäf scst äf eg rgsdstgfodb. T jbaic eg rgsdstgfodbs èftdhbs, eg pbotcs ocf ufc hdshc. Fc jby sgnufec augf pbsc sd äsg fc gs gi prdhgrc. Gf 24:; sg rgufdÿ Bihgferb egspuäs eg edgz bòcs eg sgpbrbodÿf, y tuvg ib sugrtg sugr tg eg sgr ib  mg`b eg prgfsb eg gsb rgufdÿf, qug dfoiuyÿ vbrdcs vbrdcs Carbs y ufb ndrb fbodcfbi. Ctrc tbtubmg. Ib cprgsdÿf sg rgspdrbab gf gi bdrg gftrgocrtbec eg ics gstbedcs rgpigtcs eg tcec gi pbès. Jbaèb tbftb sge. Gf obeb oduebe jbaèb qug gftrgnbr ibs igtrbs eg ibs obfodcfgs egi sgt, sgt , pbrb qug uf ogfscr icobi ibs rgvdsbrb. rgvd sbrb. Gf ufb eg giibs, ib pbibarb crnbshc grb rgghpibzbeb pcr ib pbibarb cobsc, pbrb qug fc juadgrb dfocfvgfdgftgs. Bftgs eg ib ndrb, juac gf Augfcs Bdrgs B drgs b`dojgs obiigmgrcs pbrb gsb ocfvcobtcrdb. Hgrgogf sgr rgocrebecs. Egoèbf= ’Fcs rgufdhcs pbrb obftbr pcr ufb ngfgrbodÿf qug `bitb’. Qgpdtc ib `gojb pbrb pcfgr gf obmb= 24:;. T gf ics gstbedcs, gstbedcs , egspuäs, `ug dfcivdebaig vgr qug jbaèb binc qug fbedg pceèb hbtbr, binc qug pgrhbfgoèb rgtcabec, qug gsc qug sg qugrèb gxtgrhdfbr sg rgngfgrbab, y qug ib `bitb eg df`crhbodÿf fc dhpgeèb ausobr, ausobr, ausobr, auso br, pcrqug jbaèb qug vdvdr gf ib pgrhbfgftg botdtue eg ausobr ufb iuz c ufb sbideb. Jby huojcs tghbs eg _pdfgttb qug mbhâs hg babfecfbrcf fd babfecfä. Fc scf ics oiâsdocs tghbs qug ufc rgougreb pcrqug gsg eèb sg gfbhcrÿ eg binudgf. Hâs adgf, scf obfodcfgs qug gvcobf binc prc`ufec eg ufc, binc ocfstbftg ocfstb ftg y hutbftg bi hdshc tdghpc= gsc gs ib aýsqugeb, sdghprg. Wf nrbf idarc, ufb nrbf obfodÿf, ufb carb eg brtg pugeg egsgfobmbrfcs, egsgstbadidzbrfcs, egsgst badidzbrfcs, hcvgrfcs ibs degbs `dmbs, rgvgibrfcs, gf `df, binc ochpigtbhgftg fugvc. Hg pbsÿ eg huy ojdob, gsouojbfec g souojbfec ’Ib aýsqugeb eg ib gstrgiib’, gst rgiib’, ib pbrtg qug edog ’egspuäs eg tcec tý grgs ib ýfdob hurbiib. _d fc tg sbitbs, fufob ebrâs uf scic pbsc’. Ic gsouojä egogfbs eg fcojgs eg ed`grgftgs äpcobs eg hd vdeb, fc gs qug gstc pgrtgfgzob bi pbsbec, fc gs qug sg trbtg eg binc qug sg `ug ocf ib becigsogfodb, pcrqug tcebvèb jcy, oubfec oubfec binýf tdnrg hg bsbitb gf ib iiuvdb, hg ecy `ugrzb `ugrz b obftbfec b _pdfgttb.

Botdvdebe b) Igg gstg gstg brtèouic brtèouic eg _bfer _bferbb Qussc. Qussc. a) Ausob binufbs binufbs obfodcfgs eg _pdfgttb _pdfgttb y bfbièzbibs pbrb ochprgfeg ochprgfegrr hgmcr oÿhc grb su aýsqugeb eg igfnubmgs. o) Ochpbr Ochpbrbb igtrbs eg eg edstdftcs butcrgs butcrgs egi egi rcol fbodcfbi fbodcfbi eg eg gsb eäobeb. eäobeb. e) ³[cr quä _pdfgttb _pdfgttb puec obftbr eurbftg eurbftg ibs edotbeurbs, sgnýf sgnýf _bferb Qussc3 Qussc3 g) ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb dhpcrtbfodb pceèb tgfgr tgfgr ib `rbsg eg ics b`dojgs b`dojgs eg 24:;, 24:;, ’Fcs rgufdhcs rgufdhcs pbrb obftbr pcr ufb ngfgrbodÿf qug `bitb’3 `) ³Ruä ³Ruä sd sdnf nfd`d d`dob ob,, gf Ib aýsqugeb eg ib gstrgiib, gstrgiib, ib pbrtg qug edog ’egspuäs eg tcec tý grgs ib ýfdob hurbiib. _d fc tg sbitbs, fufob ebrâs uf scic pbsc’3

47

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Gi `cilicrg grb hâs gsouojbec b fdvgi pcpuibr, y ics hdidtbftgs bochpbòbabf obftbfec egseg ibs trbedodcfbigs zbhabs y ojbobrgrbs dftgrprgtbebs dftgrprgtbebs pcr Ics I cs @rcftgrdzcs, Ics Ojbiojbigrcs jbstb ibs eg obftbutcrgs ochprchgtdecs ochc Btbjubipb Tupbfqud y Oäsbr Dsgiib. Huojcs `cilicrdstbs `cilicrdstbs tgfèbf ufb pcsdodÿf pciètdob tchbeb, tchbeb, y ibs igtrbs eg Jbhigt Idhb I dhb Rudftbfb y Brhbfec Ugmbeb Nÿhgz gftrg ctrcs igs ebab ufb obidebe pcätdob huy dhpcrtbftg. Hgrogegs Hgrogegs _csb, prgsgftbeb pcr Mcrng Ob`rufg gf gi `gstdvbi eg Ocsquèf sdf ocfcodhdgftc eg ib crnbfdzbodÿf (2407) ochgfzÿ b egstbobrsg ocf su vcz prc`ufeb y hgicedcsb. Fc sÿic sg gsouojbabf ibs fugvbs vcogs brngftdfbs sdfc tbhadäf ctrbs ibtdfcbhgrdobfbs. _d adgf ib `cilicrdstb y brtdstb piâstdob ojdigfb Pdcigtb [brrb (242>-240>) tgfèb yb ufb nrbf trbygotcrdb, gftrg ics mÿvgfgs brngftdfcs `ug ocfcodeb nrbodbs bi obftc hdidtbftg, gi obftc pcpuibr ibtdfcbhgrdobfc ibtdfcbhgrdobfc (Pèotcr ( Pèotcr Mbrb, Jugrqug Jugrqug Hbpu, Rudibpbyýf), qug sg coupÿ co upÿ eg ed`ufedr ed` ufedr sus obfodcfgs. Gi `cilicrdstb `cilicrdst b y obftbutcr Bi` Bi`rgec rgec ]dtbrrcsb ]dtbr rcsb sg egstbobab gf Wrunuby, bsè ochc ochc Ebfdgi Pdnidgttd, hu huojbs ojbs eg ouybs igtrbs tgfèbf `ugrtg ocftgfde ocftgfdecc scodbi y pciètdoc.

]bhab pbrb fc hcrdr (2407) Igtrb= Jbhigt Idhb Rudftbfb

Qchpgrâ ib tbreg hd vcz jbstb gi goc eg bygr. Pcy qugeâfechg qugeâfechg scic bi 󿬂fbi hugrtc eg sge, jbrtc eg bfebr. [grc sdnc orgodgfec gf gi sci, vdvc. Grb gi tdghpc vdgmc, v dgmc, ib 󿬁cr, 󿬁cr, ib hbegrb `rutbi. Iugnc gi jbojb sg pusc b ncipgbr ncipgbr,, vgrsg obgr, sÿic rcebr. [grc gi âraci rgvgregogrâ, rgv gregogrâ, fugvc. Bi qughbrsg gf gi odgic ib iuz egi eèb, hg vcy ocf gi ougrc bscharbec hg drä rcfoc bi nrdtbr qug vcivgrä rgpbrtdec gf gi bdrg b drg b obftbr, sdghprg. Hd rbzÿf fc pdeg pdgebe, sg edspcfg b pbrtdr. Fc hg bsustb ib hugrtg rdtubi, sÿic ecrhdr, vgrhg acrrbr. Wfb jdstcrdb hg rgocrebrâ, vdvc. Pgc gi obhpc, obhpc, gi `rutc, `r utc, ib hdgi y gstbs nbfbs nbfb s eg bhbr. Fc pugeg gi sdghprg civdec vgfogr jcyhg ochc bygr, iignbr. Gf gi jdmc sg pugeg vcivgr, fugvc.

40

B egsbibharbr (2404) Ebfdgi Pdnidgttd

Tc prgnuftc b ics prgsgftgs sd fc sg jbf pugstc b pgfsbr qug gstb tdgrrb gs eg fcsctrcs y fc egi qug tgfnb hâs. Tc prgnuftc sd gf ib tdgrrb t dgrrb fufob jbarâ pgfsbec ustge qug sd ibs hbfcs scf fugstrbs gs fugstrc ic qug fcs egf. _d hcigstc ocf hd obftc b binufc qug bfeg pcr bjè ig bsgnurc qug gs uf nrdfnc c uf eugòc egi Wrunuby. ¡B egsbibharbr, b egsbibharbr! qug ib tdgrrb gs fugstrb, gs tuyb y eg bqugi, eg [gerc, Hbrèb, eg Mubf y Mcsä.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Botdvdebe

Bfbidogf ibs igtrbs eg ]bhab eg ]bhab pbrb fc hcrdr  eg  eg Jbhigt Idhb Rudftbfb Rudf tbfb (241?-1;;1) (241?-1;;1) y B y B egsbibharbr eg Ebfdgi Pdnidgttd Pdnidgt td (24?4 (24?4). ). _d pugegf gsouojbribs, rg`igxdcfgf rg` igxdcfgf scarg quä trbfshdtgf bhabs. _bqugf ocfoiusdcfgs.

Ibs brtgs vdsubigs Ubi ochc ic jbaèbf prcoibhbec ibs vbfnubredbs b prdfodpdcs egi sdnic ZZ, pbrb ib orgbodÿf fc egaèbf gxdstdr gxdst dr pbutbs flmbs, bufqug bufqug huojcs huojcs orgbecrgs sg sugigf bnrupbr pbrb pb rb ebrig hâs `ugrzb b ufb obrbotgrèstdob gxprgsdvb gx prgsdvb egtgrhdfbeb. egtgrhdfbeb. Gf ib eäobeb egi >; ocftdfubrcf ocftdfubrcf trbabmbfec y gxprgsâfecsg nrbfegs brtdstbs eg eäobebs bftgrdcrgs y tbhadäf surndgrcf fugvbs tgfegfodbs. _d adgf jbaèb brtg qug sÿic pceèb sgr bprgodbec pcr binufcs dfdodbecs, edstdftcs brtdstbs brt dstbs eg ed`grgftgs ocrrdgftgs ocrr dgftgs rgspcfedgrcf b ib ocfogpodÿf egi egi rgbidshc pcr ib oubi ufb carb eg brtg egag sgr ochprgfedeb pcr tcec gi hufec, bi hgfcs gf pbrtg, y gsb pbrtg egag sgr gi tghb egi oubi sg trbtb ib carb.4 Ubi ochc suogeèb ocf ib hýsdob, juac brtdstbs piâstdocs ocf ochprchdsc c scodbigs gf sus carbs, y ctrcs qug sè. Binufcs, b tcfc ocf ic qug pbsbab gf Gurcpb y gf Gstbecs Wfdecs, jdodgrcf brtg gxpggx pgrdhgftbi ochc gi jbppgfdfn (brtg eg boodÿf, gvgftcs ecfeg pbrtdodpb gi pýaidoc, qudgf egmb eg sgr hgrc gspgotbecr), y gi brtg ocfogptubi (ecfeg yb fc dhpcrtbab gi camgtc eg brtg pbrb sgr vgfedec, sdfc ic qug sg qugrèb gxprgsbr). ic qug fgogsdtbab ib scodgebe, pcr ic qug sg pbsÿ b ib pcidtdzbodÿf gf gi brtg. [cr gmghpic, ics brtdstbs piâstdocs rgboodcfbrcf hbsdvbhgftg ocftrb ib nugrrb eg GG.WW. gf Pdgt-Fbh, y pcr ib dftgrvgfodÿf gf _bftc Echdfnc= sg rgbidzÿ uf Jchgfbmg bi Pdgt-Fbh eg ics Brtdstbs [iâstdocs ecfeg gxpusdgrcf gx pusdgrcf ufcs ecsodgftcs ecsodgftcs brtdstbs br tdstbs pbrb rgpuedbr gsbs boodcfgs aäidobs (2400)< (2400)< tbhadäf tb hadäf sg jdzc uf Jchgfbmg bi Ojg egspuäs eg su bsgsdfbtc gf Acidvdb gf 240>. Gftrg ics brtdstbs brt dstbs brngftdfcs hâs egsbflbftgs pcr gi gstdic eg su brtg gstâ Igÿf @grrbrd. Gf 24 2407 07 jb jbaè aèbb prgsgftbec su hcftbmg Ib odvdidzbodÿf coodegftbi y ordstdbfb, ufb carb gf qug, scarg ib räpidob gf piâstdoc eg uf bvdÿf eg obzb, gstbab uf Ordstc eg sbftgrèb oruodflobec scarg gi `usgibmg y ibs bibs. Gstb carb fc `ug gxjdadeb pcr tghcr b ib ogfsurb, pgrc gf gi obtâicnc eg ib hugstrb gstbab rgprceuodeb rgprceuodeb ib `ctcnrb`èb. `ctcnrb` èb. 4

Ib odvdidzbodÿf coodegftbi  y ordstdbfb, ordstdbfb , Igÿf @grrbrd

Iÿpgz Bfbyb B fbyb Mcrng Mcrn g (244>)= (244>)= Jdstcrdb egi brtg brngftdfc. Augfcs Bdrgs, Ghgoä.

4>

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Gf 240: gi prcogsc eg pcidtdzbodÿf pcidtdz bodÿf eg ibs brtgs sg bogigrÿ arusobhgftg. Gf gi Dfstdtutc Ed Ugiib ib hugstrb qug sg egfchdfÿ egfchd fÿ Gxpgrdgfodbs ‚0: prgsgftÿ uf ouaèouic eg pbrgegs aibfobs ocf gi tètuic Gi abòc, ocf ib dftgfodÿf eg qug ics qug gftrbrbf ic ouardgrbf eg edaumcs y `rbsgs eg tcec tdpc. t dpc. Bi pcoc tdghpc `ug oibusurbec gi ouaèouic ouaèouic pcrqug ibs dfsordpodcfgs grbf c`gfsdvbs bi ncadgrfc. Ochc rgspugstb rgspugstb b gstb oibusurb, ctrcs brtdstbs brt dstbs rgtdrbrcf sus carbs. Wf tdghpc egspuäs eg gstcs bocftgodhdgftcs, gi Ocfsgmc eg Behdfdstrbo Behdf dstrbodÿf dÿf egi Dfstdtutc egodedÿ babfecfbr ib sgeg eg ib obiig @icrdeb. _g df`crhÿ qug ibs obusbs grbf eg èfecig gocfÿhdob. _df ghabrnc, bsè ochc gi Dfstdtutc Ed Ugiib tuvc orètdobs eg egrgojb, tbhadäf grb egsborgedtbec pcr ics brtdstbs brtd stbs piâstdocs eg dzqudgreb= ocfsdegrbabf qug gmgroèb uf g`gotc eg btrboodÿf pcr ic ’hcegrfc‘ y pcr ocfsdnudgftg eg edstrboodÿf y bigmbhdgftc egi brtg hâs ngfudfc c hâs `ufebhgftbi. Gf 240: gi cpgrbtdvc Uuouhâf breg `ug prgpbrbec pcr binufcs edsdegftgs egi Dfstdtutc Ed Ugiib, y pcr mÿvgfgs rcsbrdfcs. _gftèbf qug ibs hugstrbs gf nbigrèbs fc iignbabf b ics hgedcs pcpuibrgs y ausobabf ctrc obuog pbrb su boodÿf. [brb gsc ocftbrcf ocf gi odfg oibfegstdfc, bflojgs, vcibftgs, odftbs nrbabebs, n rbabebs, obfodcfgs, y gi tgbtrc eg bndtbodÿf. Gf ib gxpcsdodÿf qug sg jdzc gf ib O.N.U. sg gxjdadgrcf tgstdhcfdcs eg ics jbadtbftgs eg Uuouhâf, gftrgvdstbs y gfougstbs b rbèz egi odgrrg eg ics dfngfdcs bzuobrgrcs. Beghâs sg gxjdaèb Ib jcrb eg ics jcrfcs eg [dfc _cibfbs, gf `crhb oibfegs oibfegstdfb. tdfb. Brtdstbs piâstdocs eg rgocfcodeb trbygotcrdb (sgigoodÿf pcr cregf bi`baätdoc)

Qcagrtc Bdzgfagrn (2 (241:-2 41:-2440, 440, pdftcr y gsouitcr surrgbidstb) (2414, 414, `dnurbodÿf y orètdob) orèt dob) Obrics Bicfsc (2 Ièagrc Abedd (2420-1;;2, gsouiturb goiäotdob)  Bftcfdc Agrfd (24;7-24:2, rgbidshc orètdoc) Qdobrec Obrpbfd (2 (24?;-2 4?;-244> 44>,, nrupc nr upc Gspbrtboc= Gspbr tboc= gxprgsdÿf eg ibs iuojbs scodbigs) Grfgstc Egdrb (24??, fgc `dnurbodÿf)  Mcrng Eghdrmdbf (2 (24?1, 4?1, `dnurbodÿf y orètdob)  Mubf Obrics Edstä`bfc (2 (24??, 4??, `dnurbodÿf y orètdob) Igÿf @grrbrd (2 (241;, 41;, brtg y pciètdob) pcièt dob) Qbqugi @crfgr (2 (24;1-2 4;1-24::, 4::, brtg y scodgebe) scodgebe ) Fcragrtc Nÿhgz (2452, rgbidshc) Obrics Ncrrdbrgfb (2 (2417-1;;> 417-1;;>,, `dnurbodÿf ` dnurbodÿf y orètdo orètdob) b) (2415-1;;;, 415-1;;;, `dnurbodÿf y orètdob) orèt dob)  Biagrtc Jgrgedb (2 Gfdc Dchhd (2410, gsouiturb bastrbotb y gf ib edotbeurb, gxprgsdcfdstb) Nyuib Lcsdog (2 (2415, 415, gsouiturb brtdouibeb, br tdouibeb, jderâuidob) jderâuido b) Qÿhuic Hboodÿ (24??, fgc `dnurbodÿf)  Hbrtb Hdfumèf (2 (245?, 45?, pcp) Iuds @gidpg Fcä (24??, fgc `dnurbodÿf)  Bftcfdc [umèb (2 (2414, 414, gsouitcr `dnurbtdvc) (24?5, 4?5, `dnurbodÿf y orètdob) orèt dob)  Bftcfdc _gnuè (2 Igc Ubvgiib (2 (241;, 41;, gsouitcr/ gs ouitcr/ogrbhdstb ogrbhdstb `dnurbtdvc) Oicrdfec Ugstb (2 (241?, 41?, ocfogptubidst o cfogptubidstb) b)

4:

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Gi odfg2; Gf ics sdnudgftgs bòcs, y abmc ib edotbeurb hdidtbr eg ib ’Qgvciuodÿf Brngftdfb’ Brngftd fb’,, sg trbtÿ eg dhpuisbr uf odfg od fg fbodcfbidstb. Ucrrg Ucrrg Fdisscf bebptÿ bebptÿ bi odfg gi Hbrtèf @dgrrc (240:) y edrdndÿ edr dndÿ pgièouibs absbebs gf flnurbs flnurbs eg ib jdstcrdb= Gi sbftc eg ib gspbeb (24>;) y Nùghgs (24>2) sdf icnrbr ocf giibs, sdf ghabrnc, ib obidebe eg sus bftgrdcrgs pgièouibs. Gftrg ibs qug sg gstrgfbrcf eg ctrcs rgbidzbecrgs gstâf Uutg Obargrc (240:) eg Mubf Mcsä Musde, qug hugstrb ibs hgzqudfebegs b ibs qug sg rgabmbf ics ghpigbecs eg ufb cflodfb gf ib qug bfufodbf qug sg rgeuodrâ gi pgrscfbi. Eg Qceci`c Lujf sg edc [bmbrdtc Nÿhgz (2407), ufb orètdob b ib scodgebe eg ocfsuhc, y Orÿfdob eg uf fdòc scic (2407) eg Igcfbrec @bvdc, egscibecr gfsbyc butcadcnr butcadcnrâfloc âfloc scarg uf fdòc juär`bfc.

Igcfbrec @bvdc

Gi odfgbstb Mcrng [rgicrâf [ rgicrâf flihÿ ecouhgftbigs ecouhgftbigs scarg ibs ochufdebegs dfeèngfbs eg ib Brngftdfb y eg ctrcs pbèsgs eg Ibtdfcbhärdob. Ocf pcocs rgourscs y ufb vdgmb oâhbrb jdzc sgfsdaigs y vbidcsbs bpcrtbodcfgs bi ocfcodhdgftc eg gsbs pcaibodcfgs bdsibebs. Gftrg gstcs ecouhgftbigs ecou hgftbigs egstbobhcs Qg󿬁gxdcfgs eg uf sbivbmg. Ib orgodgftg pcidtdzbodÿf qug vdvdÿ gi pbès gfocftrÿ su gxprgsdÿf gf gi trbabm t rbabmcc eg @grfbfec @gr fbfec [dfc _cibfbs, qug muftc b Cotbvdc _cibfbs y Ngrbrec Pbiigmc `crhbrcf gi nrupc Odfg Idagrbodÿf. Ics ecs prdhgrcs trbabmbrcf ecs bòcs gf ocforgtbr ib pgièouib eg hâs eg oubtrc jcrbs eg eurbodÿf, vbr dbs sgoodcfgs pbrb bfbIb jcrb eg ics jcrfcs, edvdedeb gf vbrdbs idzbr ib sdtubodÿf pciètdob y scodbi egi pbès. Gf ib prdhgrb, ecouhgftb ibs `crhbs qug becptbf ib egpgfegfodb y gi fgcocicfdbidshc fgcoci cfdbidshc b ic ibrnc eg ib jdstcrdb egi pbès. Gf G f ib sgnufeb, rgpbsbf gi prdhgr ncadgrfc eg [grÿf (2457-2477), gi orgodhdgftc egi hcvdhdgftc cargrc y ib botdvdebe bot dvdebe eg ästcs  muftc ocf gstuedbftgs gf ib oibfegstdfdebe, oibfegstdf debe, egspuäs eg ib obèeb eg [grÿf. Gstb pgièouib fc `ug prcygotbeb gf odfgs ochgrodbigs, pgrc sg vdc gf bsbhaigbs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs nrghdbigs, pciètdobs y gstuedbftdigs gftrg 240: y 24> 24>1. 1. Gi tgrogr dftgnrbftg egi nrupc, n rupc, Ngrbrec Pbiig Pbiigmc, mc, prgsgftÿ gf 24>2 su ibrnchgtrbmg, sghd-ecouhgftbi, Gi obhdfc jbodb ib hugrtg egi vdgmc Qgbigs. [brb ochpgfgtrbrsg eg ib sdtubodÿf qug vdvèbf ics cargrcs gf Uuouhâf, pbsÿ uf tdghpc ocf ufb `bhdidb obhpgsdfb. Gxpusc gf su pgièouib ibs edstdftbs 2;

[cr Icrgtb Arbss, gf Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb, ufb hdrbeb hdrbeb orètdob (244:) eg Ugrgsb Gnngrs-Arbss.

44

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

gigoodcfgs eg vdeb qug jboèbf ics jdmcs eg Qgbigs= Âfngi gs gi gxpictbec, gi bsbibrdbec qug fc gfougftrb gfougftrb trbabm t rbabmc< c< Hbrdbfc Hb rdbfc sg ghpi ghpigb gb ochc pcidoèb y bi sgrvd sgrvdrr bi rändhgf rgprgscr tgrtgrhdfb bigmâfecsg bigmâfecsg eg ib `bhdidb. `bh didb. [dag, [ dag, gi tgrogr jdmc, sg ocfvdgrtg gf sdfedobidstb y iuojb pcr ics egrgojcs eg ics pgcfgs. @ug uf rgibtc ocfvdfogftg gf gsg hchgftc gf qug egadec bi odgrrg eg huojcs dfngfdcs ics trbabmbecrgs sg vdgrcf gf sdtubodÿf egsgspgrbebs. _cibfbs puec puec tgrhdfbr tgrh dfbr Ics jdmcs eg @dgrrc gf gi gxdidc, egspuäs egi ncipg hdidtbr eg 24>0. Ocf ufb vgrsdÿf trbsibebeb tr bsibebeb b ib botubidebe eg ib carb eg Jgrfâfegz, ics jdmcs eg @dgrrc scf rgagiegs gf `âardobs qug sg dftgnrbf iugnc gf ib Muvgftue [grcfdstb. Gi trbabmc eg Odfg Idagrbodÿf ocftdfuÿ ocf ctrcs odfgbstbs qug ecouhgftbrcf gi Ocrecabzc gf 2404 gf ecs ibrnchgtrbmgs= Brngftdfb, hbyc 2404 y Tb gs tdghpc eg vdcigfodb. Gi argvg tdghpc gftrg ufb edotbeurb y ctrb pgrhdtdÿ b vbrdcs odfgbstbs rgbidzbr trbab mcs orètdocs. Absbec gf ib fcvgib eg Qceci`c Qceci`c ^bisj, ^bisj, Mcrng Ogerÿf rgocfstruyÿ ib hbtbfzb eg cargrcs pgrcfdstbs gf 2470 gf hbfcs eg `ugrzbs hdidtbrgs. _g jdzc gf 24>1 y sg tdtuiÿ Cpgrbodÿf hbsborg. Tb gf gi tgrogr pgrècec pgrcfdstb sg puec jbogr uf odfg badgrtbhgftg eg egfufodb. Qdobrec ^ùidojgr egsordadÿ gf Rugarbojc (24>  (24>?) ?) ib egpgfegfodb gocfÿhdob brngftdfb brngft dfb jbodb flfgs egi sdnic ZDZ y ochdgfzcs egi sdnic ZZ, oubfec ufb ochpbòèb ochpbòèb dfnigsb tdgfg ib ocfogsdÿf eg tbibr âracigs gf gi Ojboc y babfecfb iugnc ib zcfb brrbsbeb g dhprceuotdvb. Dfoiusc uf rgprgsgftbftg egi odfg ochgrodbi, ochc Jäotcr Cidvgrb, bprcvgojÿ gi hchgftc hgf tc prcpdodc pbrb jbogr ufb pgièouib orètdob y gxdtcsb= Ib [btbncfdb rgagieg (24>  (24>5) 5) absbeb gf gi idarc eg Csvbiec Abygr scarg ib hbsborg jgojb pcr ics hdidtbrgs ocftrb ics pgcfgs pbtbnÿfdocs gf gi bòc 2412. Ib pciètdob odfghbtcnrâflob qugeÿ qugeÿ gf gscs bòcs b obrnc eg nrbfegs n rbfegs edrgotcrgs= Junc egi Obrrdi (24>?) y Hbrdc _c`flod (24>5). Cotbvdc Ngtdfc qugeÿ b obrnc eg ib ogfsurb y idagrÿ eg ib prcjdadodÿf b nrbf obftdebe eg pgièouibs. Egspuäs eg ib hugrtg eg [grÿf nrbf nrb f fýhgrc eg odfgbstbs tuvdgrcf qug gxdidbrsg gxd idbrsg pcrqug `ugrcf bhgfbzbecs eg hugrtg. Gi äxcec, ib rgprgsdÿf y ib ib ogfsurb egstruygrcf egstr uygrcf ib dfeustrdb odfghbtcnrâflob.

IC_ MßPGFG MßPGFG_ _ T _W_ QGIBOD QGIBODCFG_ CFG_ OCF GI [GQ [GQCFD_ CFD_HC HC

Hbyc `rbfoäs c ib nugrrdi n ugrrdiib ib nugvbrdstb, nugvbrd stb, ecfeg ecfeg sg vgèb qug jbaèb qug iuojbr iuojbr pcr ib idagrtbe, pcr ib dfegpgfegfodb rgbi, ocf degbigs bftddhpgrdbidstbs. Ics gstuedbftgs ufdvgrsdtbrdcs, ocf ib rgprgsdÿf eg Cfnbfèb, sg vdgrcf gf ib hdshb sdtubodÿf qug gi rgstc eg ib scodgebe= gstbab prcjdadec jbogr pciètdob egftrc eg ib Wfdvgrsdebe, pgrc jbaèb qug gs`crzbrsg pbrb qug tceb ib scodgebe gstä hgmcr. [rc`gsdcfbigs mÿvgfgs ochc Qceci`c Crtgnb [gòb y Geubrec Iuds Eujbieg fc sÿic sg egedobrcf b eg`gfegr b ics prgscs pciètdocs eg ib edotbeurb eg Cfnbfèb y sdnudgftgs, sdfc qug sg pusdgrcf b dfvgstdnbr gf jdstcrdb pbrb trbtbr eg gfocftrbr gf gi pbsbec ibs obusbs eg ib egpgfegfodb y egi butcrdtbrdshc. Huojcs hdidtbftgs pbsbrcf egseg pbrtdecs eg dzqudgreb (pcr gmghpic, gi scodbidshc), ogftrc (eghcorbodb ordstdbfb) c egrgojb (ocfsgrvbecrgs pc-

2;;

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

puibrgs, y Hcvdhdgftc Fbodcfbidstb Uboubrb) bi pgrcfdshc. Binufcs hbrxdstbs ic jdodgrcf pcrqug ocfsdegrbrcf qug sd adgf gf ctrcs pbèsgs ib `ugrzb pciètdob rgvciuodcfbrdb rgvciuodcfbrdb pceèb gstbr gf gi hbrxdshc, gf Brngftdfb ib `ugrzb rgbi gstbab ebeb pcr gi pgrcfdshc. Huojcs eg ics ordstdbfcs qug gstuvdgrcf eg bougrec ocf gi Ocfodidc Pbtdobfc DD, vdgrcf qug ib hbycr pbrtg eg ics pcargs grb pgrcfdstb, y ausobrcf ib rbzÿf eg sgr eg gsb degftdflobodÿf. [grc fc grb `âodi ib pbrtdodpb pbrt dodpbodÿf, odÿf, ib rgprgsdÿf gstbiibab Qgsdstdr pbrb gxdstdr, gf ocfbtcs arutbigs ochc ics `usdibhdgftcs eg Urgigw, y ib pcr Qdobrec Obrpbfd arutbidebe sg gmgroèb gf gi gftdgrrc eg ibs vèotdhbs jbodb eguecs, bhdncs y ochpbògrcs. _gnýf [btrdodc [btr dodc Ocii, edrgotcr eg ib pgièouib Qgnrgsc b @crtèf Cihcs, ’Ib Hâqudfb eg Dhpgedr‘ (gi butcrdtbrdshc) `ug bsflxdbfec bsflx dbfec ics dftgftcs pboèflocs eg egsbrrciic. [cr gsb obusb, huojcs huojcs  mÿvgfgs  mÿvgf gs sg `ugrcf rbedobidzbf rbedobidzbfec ec gf su hdidtbfodb. hdidtbfodb. Binufcs sg dftgnrbrcf dftgnrbrcf b crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs, ctrcs b crnbfdzbodcfgs crnb fdzbodcfgs pciètdobs eg absg, absg, eg trbabm tr babmcc abrrdbi, abrr dbi, botdvdebegs eg prchcodÿf scodbi, geuobtdvb y ouiturbi, c eg ed`usdÿf pciètdob, qug pceèbf gstbr eg bougrec bougrec c fc ocf gi obhdfc eg ib iuojb brhbeb ghprgfedec ghprgfedec pcr ctrcs, pgrc qug fc grb su gigoodÿf pgrscfbi. Gi pberg Obrics Hundob, pcr gmghpic, gmghpic, sdf sgr nugrr nugrrdiigrc, diigrc, gf ib hdsb hd sb eg rgspcfsc pcr ics hcftcfgrcs hugrtcs gf 24>; gf ^diidbh Hcrrds, ics sgòbiÿ ochc ’gmghpics eg ib muvgftue’ 22.

@usdibhdgftcs eg Urgigw  Eurbftg ibs edotbeurbs edotbeurbs eg Cfnbfèb, Igvdfnstcf y Ibfussg sg egtuvc b huojèsdhcs botdvdstbs pciètdocs y sdfedobigs y b nugrrdiigrcs. B ics prdfodpbigs ièegrgs ics ocfogftrbrcf gf gi bigmbec pgfbi eg Qbwscf, eg bitb sgnurdebe. Ics edrdngftgs eg ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs, egsegs eg begftrc egi pgfbi y ocf bpcyc gxtgrfc, gx tgrfc, crnbfdzbrcf ib `unb, pbrb ib qug sg fgogsdtbab huojb occredfbodÿf y gi sgougstrc eg uf bvdÿf. bv dÿf. Ocibacrbrcf gf ib `unb hâs eg odgf prgscs pciètdocs, pciètdocs , bufqug binufcs, ochc gi edrdngftg sdfedobi ochabtdvc Bnustèf Ucsoc fc qudsc gsobpbrsg pcrqug sd grb fgogsbrdc jbaèb qug rgourrdr b ib vdcigfodb. [uedgrcf sbidr eg ib oârogi 17, pgrc pcr grrcr eg ochufdobodÿf uf obhdÿf fc iignÿ b tdghpc y scibhgftg sgds eg ics edrdngftgs nugrrdiigrcs icnrbrcf tchbr gi bvdÿf, qug `ug egsvdbec jbodb Ojdig. Ics ctrcs 24 qugebrcf gf gi bgrcpugrtc eg Urgigw Urgigw,, y sg gftrgnbrcf, ocf ib supgrvdsdÿf eg bacnbecs, eg uf häedoc y eg ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf pbrb gvdtbr gvdt br ibs rgprgsbidbs. [grc fc `ugrcf egvugitcs b ib oârogi eg Qbwscf sdfc b ufb absg hdidtbr, ecfeg `ugrcf `usdibecs [crtbeb eg Gi egsobhdsbec gi 11 eg bncstc eg 24>1 . Juac trgs scargvdvdgftgs b ib hbsborg, qudgfgs puedgrcf tgstdhcfdbr qug ib vgrsdÿf eg ics jgojcs dfvgftbeb pcr ib edotbeurb eg Ibfussg I bfussg grb `bisb= jbaibab eg uf fugvc dftgftc eg `unb y uf tdrctgc ecfeg hurdgrcf ics prgscs pciètdocs. Gi ngfgrbi Ibfussg scidodtÿ bi prgsdegftg _bivbecr Biigfeg, eg Ojdig, ib gxtrbedodÿf eg ics sgds nugrrdiigrcs `unbecs, pgrc Biigfeg, bi ocfcogr ics `usdibhdgftcs eg Urgigw, Urgigw, egodedÿ egmbrics sbidr jbodb Ouab. Gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec sg jdzc sgftdr tbhadäf t bhadäf gf rgprgsbidbs b ics `bhdidbrgs y hdidtbftgs, y gf ib eurb rgprgsdÿf gf gi vgibtcrdc eg ibs vèotdhbs gf ib sgeg egi [brtdec Mustdodbidstb. 22

Odtbec pcr Hbrogic Ibrrbquy, (1;2;).

2;2

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

 Pgr,, cèr, pgfsbr   Pgr Ecouhgftbi Urgigw (1;;5) Edrgoodÿf= Hbrdbfb Brrutd Eurbodÿf= 4: hdf.

Botdvdebe b) ³Oÿhc sg crnbfdzb ib tchb egi [gfbi eg Qbwscf3 a) ³Ruä egoibrbf ics nugrrdiigrcs gf ib ocf`grgfodb eg prgfsb gf gi bgrcpugrtc bgrcpugr tc eg Urgigw3 Urgigw3 o) ³Ruä bspgotcs eg scidebrdebe ocf ics prgscs pciètdocs pci ètdocs juac gf gi pugaic eg Urgigw3

GHGQN GHG QNGF GFODB ODB EG IB_ CQ CQNBF NBFD]B D]BOD ODCFG CFG_ _ BQHBE BQHBEB_ B_ Ics prdhgrcs dftgftcs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs fc sg jdodgrcf pcr dhdtbodÿf b ib nugrrdiib nugvbrdstb, sdfc qug `ugrcf prceuotc eg ib rgsdstgfodb b ib vdcigfodb eg ib hbi iibhbeb ’Qgvciuodÿf Idagrtbecrb‘ eg 2477. Gi Ochbfec Fbodcfbi eg ib Qgsdstgfodb (idnbec b Mcjf ^diidbh Occlg) ghdtdÿ ibs ’Edrgotdvbs ’Ed rgotdvbs ngfgrbigs pbrb tcecs ics pgrcfdstbs. Mubf E. E. [grÿf. Gfgrc eg 2470.’= ’Gi Mustdodbidshc gs ufb rgvciuodÿf scodbi. Gf 2; bòcs eg rgbidebegs, su ecotrdfb y su hèstdob jbf hcstrbec ics camgtdvcs qug sg pugegf biobfzbr y jbf dfedobec gi obhdfc pbrb icnrbrics. Jghcs ochgtdec gi grrcr eg orggr qug ufb rgvciuodÿf scodbi pcerèb rgbidzbrsg dforugftbhgftg. Ib rgboodÿf fcs jb eghcstrbec qug gstâabhcs gqudvcobecs y jghcs pbnbec uf obrc prgodc pcr fugstrc fugstrc juhbfdtbrd juhbfdtb rdshc. shc. \...X \...X Gi [ugaic Brngftdfc jb prgsgfodbec ics hätcecs eg ib rgboodÿf. rgboodÿf. Ib rudfb r udfb prcnrgsdvb eg ics cargrcs y gi rcac eg sus adgfgs gf ics sdfedobtcs sdfedobtcs y gf ib Ocf`gegrbodÿf Ngfgrbi egi Urbabmc scf gmghpics gicougftgs. Ib hugrtg eg hdigs eg trbabmbecrgs, bsgsdfbecs bsgsd fbecs pcr ib rgboodÿf, fcs gstâ eghcstrbfec gi obhdfc obhd fc gf gstb iuojb, qug qug fcs fgnbhcs b dfdodbr fcsctrcs pgrc qug fugstrcs gfghdncs jbf egsgfobegfbec’. Ibs ’Dfstruoodcfgs ngfgrbigs pbrb ics edrdngftgs ed rdngftgs pgrcfdstbs‘ egi Ochbfec _upgrdcr _upgrdcr [grcfdstb, eg gsg hdshc bòc, pcfg ochc dhpgrbtdvc tgrhdfbr tgrhd fbr ocf ib edotbeurb, y prcpcfg uf pibf eg boodÿf pbrb ib iuojb, ocfsdstgftg gf ib rgsdstgfodb odvdi, ib crnbfdzbodÿf oibfegstdfb egi pugaic, gi pbrc ngfgrbi rgvciuodcfbrdc, rgvciuodcfbrdc, ib nugrrb n ugrrb eg nugrrd n ugrrdiib iib y boodcfgs gspgodbigs.‘ gspgodbigs.‘21 Ocf gi [ibf Ocfdftgs bpidobec bpidobec pcr @rcfedzd ib Qgsdstgfodb sg egshgharÿ, egshgharÿ, y ib nugrrdi n ugrrdiib ib `ug hèfdhb jbstb gi bsgsdfbtc egi Ojg Nugvbrb gf Acidvdb. Gf gsg hchgftc, [grÿf bpcyÿ vgrabihgftg ib iuojb rgvciuodcfbrdb= ’Gs fgogsbrdc gftrbr b ib boodÿf rgvciuodcfbrdb, rgvciuodcfbrdb, ocf absgs crnbfdzbtdvbs, ocf uf prcnrbhb gstrbtändoc y tâotdobs qug jbnbf vdbaig ib ocforgodÿf eg ib rgvciuodÿf. T gstb tbrgb ib egagf iigvbr begibftg qudgfgs sg sdgftbf obpbogs’.2? Odtbec pcr Eujbieg Geubrec I., [ärgz Geubrec H. (1;;?), pâns. 12 b 15. Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf, cotuarg eg 240>. Gf Qcagrtc Absojgttd, Ecouhgftcs eg ib Qgsdstgfodb [grcfdstb 2477-24>; 2477-24>;, Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb, Ob hpbfb, 244>. 21 2?

2;1

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Ib vdeb egi Ojg, egedobeb b ib rgvciuodÿf, `ug uf gmghpic pbrb ics dftgnrbftgs dftgnr bftgs egi Egstbobhgftc 2> eg Cotuarg eg ibs @B[  (@ugrzbs Brhbebs B rhbebs [grcfdstbs), qug prcftc prcftc obygrcf prgscs gf Uboc Uboc Qbic (Uuouhâf, (Uuouhâf, 240:). 240:) . Egseg biiè ghdtdgrcf ghdt dgrcf uf ochufdobec ochufdobec pbrb boibrbr ic sdnudgftg= sdnu dgftg= ’[grtgfgoghcs ’[grt gfgoghcs b ib fugvb fugvb ngfgrbodÿf pgrcfdstb pgrcf dstb fbodeb b ib iuojb iuojb gf hgedc egi gstrugfec eg ibs achabs bsgsdfbs egi 20 eg mufdc eg 2477 gf [ibzb eg Hbyc y ics `usdibhdgftcs `usdib hdgftcs egi 4 eg mufdc egi ngfgrbi Pbiig y sus vbidgftgs ochpbògrcs. \...X Ib botubi edotbeurb hdidtbr jb buhgftbec ib rgibodÿf eg egpgfegfodb ocf gi dhpgrdbidshc, hgedbftg ochprchdscs gocfÿhdocs y pbotcs hdidtbrgs qug fcs jbf trbfs`crhbec gf ufb OCICFDB ocfsgrvbfec gi prdvdigndc eg pcsggr ’tcebvèb‘ abfegrb y fcharg prcpdc, pgrc sumgtcs b dftgrgsgs `crâfgcs qug fc rgprgsgftbf gi sgftdr eg fugstrc [ugaic\...X’ Jbodb gfgrc eg 2404 sg rgbidzbrcf ecs Ocfnrgscs egi [grcfdshc Qgvciuodcfbrdc, ocf rgprgsgftbftgs rgprgsgf tbftgs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs (ochc Nustbvc Qgbrtg, Gfvbr Gi Lberd y Obrics Obrdeg) y eg ib ONU ’B‘ (eg ics Brngftdfcs). Biiè surndÿ ib egfchdfbodÿf Ugfegfodb Qgvciuodcfbrdb egi pgrcfdshc, (qug sg fcharbab, gf `crhb bargvdbeb, ochc Ib Ugfegfodb). Ucecs scstuvdgrcf ib fgogsdebe eg ib iuojb brhbeb, bufqug fc tcecs su cpcrtufdebe< binufcs (ochc _badfc Fbvbrrc) ib dfdodbrcf. Gf uf rgpcrtbmg qug gi pgrdÿedoc pgr dÿedoc ouabfc Nrbfhb ig jdzc b dftgnrbftgs eg ib @B[ @B[ gf sgptdgharg eg 24>;, giics rgocfcoèbf qug gf gsg hchgftc gf ib Brngftdfb gstbabf cpgrbfec oubtrc crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs nrbfegs y ecs hâs pgqugòbs. _df ghabrnc, fc tcebs ibs cpgrbodcfgs grbf jgojbs pcr ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbfd zbodcfgs sdfc pcr oäiuibs qug botubabf bdsibebhgftg y qug tcebvèb tcebvèb fc sg jbaèbf bejgrdec b ufb crnbfdzbodÿf. Ics oubtrc nrupcs nr upcs prdfodpbigs nugrrdiigrcs qug gstbabf cpgrbfec cpgrbfec grbf ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs [grcfdstbs (@B[), ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs Qgvciuodcfbrdbs (@BQ), gi Gmärodtc Qgvciuodcfb Q gvciuodcfb-rdc egi [ugaic (GQ[) y ics Hcftcfgrcs. Egftrc eg gstbs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbfd zbodcfgs juac juac egabtgs egabtgs scarg ib prgghdfgfodb eg ib botdvdebe pciètdob scarg ib hdidtbr (ochc ibs edrdndebs pcr Qgbrtg y Gi Lberd) c b ib dfvgrsb, d fvgrsb, ochc ochc sg edc gf ib @B[ (@ugrzbs Brhbebs [grcfdstbs) c pcstgrdcrhgftg gf Hcftcfgrcs. _us boodcfgs nugrrdiigrbs ocfsdstèbf gf btbqugs b dfstbibodcfgs hdidtbrgs pbrb catgfgr brhbs, sgougstrcs eg dhpcrtbftgs ghprgsbrdcs y bsbitcs eg abfocs pbrb catgfgr `cfecs, c bsgsdfbtcs eg flnurbs pciètdobs c hdidtbrgs qug tgfèbf gi rgpuedc eg nrbf pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf ocf flfgs prcpbnbfeèstdocs c eg ufb supugstb ’mustdodb pcpuibr‘. Gi obsc hâs rgscfbftg `ug gi sgougstrc y bsgsdfbtc egi gx prgsdegftg eg `botc, ngfgrbi [gerc G. Brbhauru, sèhacic egi bftdpgrcfdshc gf gi pbès, pcr pbrtg eg uf nrupc egsocfcodec jbstb gsg gftcfogs gftcfogs,, Hcftcfgrcs. Gi sgougstrc `ug rgbidzbec gf gi prdhgr bfdvgrsbrdc egi Ocrecabzc (14 eg hbyc eg 24>;), y `ug vdstc pcr ics pgrcfdstbs ochc uf botc eg mustdodb pcpuibr pcrqug `ug gstg

Ochufdobec eg Hcftcfgrcs scarg ib gmgouodÿf eg Brbhauru

2;?

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

 Pcobauibrdc

Gftrdshc= botdtue eg bogrGftrdshc= obhdgftc bi pgrcfdshc y aýsqugeb eg vbicrbodÿf pcr ics pgrcfdstbs (ièegrgs c absg pcpuibr) hgedbftg gi bpcrtg eg degbs pbrb ib iuojb c ib ocfstruoodÿf eg uf hcegic eg pbès, prgsgftâfecsg ochc rgprgsgftbftg eg ib oibsg cargrb, sdf sgftdrsg gf rgbidebe dfoiudec gf gi hcvdhdgftc pgrcfdstb. DP Dftgrfbodcfbi = crnbfdzbodÿf dftgrfbodcfbi scodbidstb qug sdnug ibs degbs eg Lbri Hbrx, @rdgerdoj Gfngis, Pibedhdr Igfdf y Igÿf Urctsly (su prdfodpbi edrdngftg). @ug gstbaigodeb gf uf ocfnrgsc gf [brès [brè s gf 24?:.

ngfgrbi qudgf prcsordadÿ, pgrsdnudÿ y `usdiÿ b pgrcfdstbs eurbftg su ncadgrfc hdidtbr (2477-247:). [rcoibhbrcf gf su ochufdobec qug qugrèbf ’pgigbr ocf ibs brhbs gf ib hbfc pcr ib tchb egi pcegr pbrb [grÿf y pbrb su [ugaic y ib ocfstruoodÿf eg ufb Brngftdfb idarg, mustb y scagrbfb‘. _u sdnudgftg boodÿf brhbeb, gf Ib Obigrb (Oÿrecab), `ug uf rctufec `rbobsc= biiè hurdÿ ufc eg ics ièegrgs, ctrc `ug jgrdec, ctrc prgsc y tcecs degftdflobecs. T pcoc egspuäs hcrdrèbf rdr èbf ctrcs ecs edrdngftgs edr dngftgs,, @grfbfec Babi Hgedfb y Obrics Qbhus, gf uf abr eg ^diidbh Hcrrds. Ochc adgf ic bfbidzb Iuobs Ibfussg (1;;7), Hcftcfgrcs sg crnbfdzÿ hgedbftg ib `usdÿf ` usdÿf eg nrupcs eg hdidtbftgs hd idtbftgs eg Oÿrecab, _bftb @g, Qgocfqudstb, Augfcs Bdrgs< iugnc sg dfocrpcrbrcf ocrpcr brcf @B[, @B[, @BQ, Egsobhdsbecs Egsobh dsbecs y ctrcs hgfcrgs. Jbodb 24>1 yb grb ib crnbfdzbodÿf hâs fuhgrcsb y ocfcodeb eg Ib Ugfegfodb. Urbs ib hugrtg eg sus prdfodpbigs edrdngftgs, Hbrdc @drhgfdoj pbsÿ b sgr ib flnurb hâs dhpcrtbftg eg eg ib ocfeuoodÿf hcftcfgrb. Ib ed`usdÿf eg sus degbs sg jdzc hgocfeuoodÿf edbftg ib rgvdstb sghbfbi Gi Egsobhdsbec (hbyc 24>? - bardi eg 24>5 24>5 gf qug `ug prcjdadeb) y gi edbr e dbrdc dc Fctdodbs ( (fcvdgha fcvdgharg rg eg 24>? - bncstc eg 24>5).

Gi [QU y su arbzc brhbec, gi GQ[  

Caigb egi GQ[, 24>7

Hbrdc Qcagrtc _bftuojc

Ib crnbfdzbodÿf brhbeb brngftdfb fc pgrcfdstb hâs dhpcrtbftg `ug gi Gmärodtc Qgvciuodcfbrdc egi [ugaic (GQ[). _urndÿ gf 24>;, pcr egodsdÿf egi P Ocfnrgsc egi [brtdec Qgvciuodcfbrdc eg ics Urbabmbecrgs Urbabmbecrgs ([QU crnbfdzbodcfgs hbrxdstbs= gi @QD[ (@rgftg Qgvciuodcfbrdc Dfecbhgrdobfc [cpuibr), edrdndec pcr gi sbftdbnugòc Hbrdc Qcagrtc _bftuojc, y [bibarb Cargrb (bnrupbodÿf trctsldstb qug prbotdobab gi ’gftrdshc‘ bi pgrcfdshc, pgrcf dshc, ocf Fbjugi Hcrgfc). Fbjugi Hcrgfc rchpdÿ ocf _bftuojc gf 240: iigvâfecsg egi [QU ib dhprgftb y gi fcharg egi pgrdÿedoc Ib Pgrebe. Gftcfogs _bftuojc `ufeÿ Gi Ochabtdgftg. Tb sus hdidtbftgs gstbabf obfsbecs eg sgr rgprdhdecs y sgr jgrdecs y hugrtcs gstbfec dfeg`gfscs. dfeg`gfscs. _u degcicnèb, sgnýf sgný f ufc eg sus prdhgrcs prd hgrcs hdidtbftgs, fc sg pceèb egflfdr ochc trctsldstb, trctsl dstb, pgsg b qug gi [QU sg suhÿ b ib DP Dftg Dftgrfbodc rfbodcfbi fbi.

2;5

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

’Fcsctrcs bargvbhcs hâs eg Hbrdâtgnud, gf uf prdhgr hchgftc, qug eg Hbrx c eg Gfngis. C igèhcs bftgs bi Ojg y b @degi, qug b Igfdf. Gstc fcs edc ufb obrbotgrèstdob edstdftdvb= fcsctrcs fc jbaèbhcs surndec bi obicr egi stbidfdshc, fc ärbhcs bftd ochufdstbs, fcsctrcs rgdvdfedoâabhcs b Urctsly, fc bi trctsldshc, fc b ibs abrabrdebegs qug jdodgrcf huojbs crnbfdzbodcfgs trctsldstbs gf fcharg eg Urctsly. \...X \...X Gi bargvbr eg tgÿrdocs tgÿr docs qug, b su vgz, jbaèbf sdec hdidtbftgs eg IbtdfcI btdfcbhärdob, fcs edc obrbotgrèstdobs obrbotgr èstdobs eg ufb fugvb dzqudgreb, eg ufb dzqudgreb qug fc jbaibab gi igfnubmg egi hcvdhdgftc ochufdstb dftgrfbodcfbi, jbaibab uf igfnubmg huy idnbec b ic fugstrc, b ic bhgrdobfc, b fugstrcs bfogstrcs.‘25. _us prdhgrbs boodcfgs eg prcpbnbfeb brhbeb `ugrcf gf Qcsbrdc= gf 24>; tchbrcf ufb ochdsbrèb gf ib qug dzbrcf ib abfegrb egi GQ[ (ufb abfegrb eg ics Bfegs ocf ufb gstrgiib rcmb eg odfoc puftbs). Gstrgiib Qcmb `ug gi fcharg eg ib rgvdstb egi GQ[ qug ochgfzÿ b sbidr gf 24>2, bòc gf qug sgougstrbrcf bi oÿfsui dfniäs gf Qcsbrdc y ngrgftg egi `rdncrèfloc _wd`t, ocf gi camgtdvc eg ed`ufedr ibs rgdvdfedobodcfgs pcpuibrgs. @ug egvugitc trbs catgfgr ochc rgsobtg ib rgdfocrpcrbodÿf eg trbabmbecrgs egspgedecs egi `rdncrèfloc y ib gftrgnb eg bidhgftcs, `rbzbebs y ýtdigs gsocibrgs gf ocfogptc eg dfeghfdzbodÿf b ics

Cagrebf _biiustrc, edrgotdvc eg @dbt sgougstrbec  y bsgsdfbec pcr gi GQ[

@dbt, sgougstrbfec bi edrgotdvc eg gsb ghprgsb Cagrebf _biiustrc, pgrc ic bsgsdfbrcf oubfec `ugrcf egsouadgrtcs pcr ib [cidoèb @gegrbi. Gstc pgsÿ fgnbtdvbhgftg gf ib cpdfdÿf pýaidob. Gf 24>?, oubfec oubfec gi mustdodbidstb Jäotcr Oâhpcrb nbfÿ ibs gigoodcfgs, gigoodcfgs, scidodtÿ b ib nugn ugrrdiib ufb trgnub. Gi GQ[ ig rgspcfedÿ= ’Gi ncadgrfc qug gi Er. Oâhpcrb prgsdedrâ rgprgsgftb ib vciuftbe pcpuibr. Qgspgtucscs eg gsb vciuftbe, fugstrb crnbfdzbodÿf fc btbobrâ bi fugvc ncadgrfc, hdgftrbs ästg fc btbqug bi pugaic fd b ib nugrrdiib. Fugstrb crnbfdzbodÿf sgnudrâ ochabtdgfec hdidtbrhgftg b ibs ghprgsbs y b ibs `ugrzbs brhbebs ocftrbrrgvciuodcfbrdbs, pgrc fc edrdndrâ sus btbqugs ocftrb ibs dfstdtuodcfgs nuagrfbhgftbigs, fd ocftrb fdfnýf hdgharc egi ncadgrfc egi [rgsdegftg Oâhpcrb \...X Ib gxpgrdgfodb fcs dfedob qug fc pugeg jbagr trgnub ocf ics gfghdncs eg ib pbtrdb, ocf ics gxpictbecrgs, ocf gi Gmärodtc cprgscr y ibs ghprgsbs dhpgrdbidstbs gxpcidbec g xpcidbecrbs. rbs. Rug egtgfgr c edshdfudr ib iuojb gs pgrhdtdrigs rgcrnbfdzbrsg y pbsbr b ib c`gfsdvb’.27 Gi [QU tgfèb gi camgtdvc ’ochc ctrbs bnrupbodcfgs pciètdobs‘, eg egsbrrciibr uf hcvdhdgftc sdfedobi eg absg ocf ochdsdcfgs dftgrfbs eg `âardobs, gf gstg obsc rgibodcfâfecsg 25

MubfQgvciuodcfbrdc Obrics ’Obojc‘ Idarg Urbabmbecrgs y egi Ojg Nugvbrb, ’Jdstcrdb egi [brtdec Qgvciuodcfbrdc eg ics Urbabmbecrgs Gmärodtc egiIgegshb, [ugaic‘, ?gfegOâtgerb hbyc eg 1;;>. 27 Egoibrbodÿf ’[cr quä gi GQ[ fc egmbrâ eg Ochabtdr. Qgspugstb bi [rgsdegftg Oâhpcrb‘ gf B vgfogr c hcrdr, [QU-GQ[ ecouhgftcs, Uchc Uchc 1, sgigoodÿf eg Ebfdgi Eg _bftds, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab, 1;;;.

2;7

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

ocf sdfedobtcs fc pgrcfdstbs. Gi [QU-GQ[, pcr su dfsgrodÿf scodbi eg crdngf, egodedÿ gstbaigogrsg gf gi hcftg tuouhbfc, yb qug gsb prcvdfodb su`rèb pcr gi odgrrg eg dfngfdcs bzuobrgrcs, ib rgprgsdÿf b ics hcvdhdgftcs scodbigs y ib gxpictbodÿf b ics trbabmbecrgs rurbigs. Gi fcharg egi egstbobhgftc nugrrdiigrc `ug ’Ochpbòèb eg Hcftg Qbhÿf Qcsb Mdhäfgz’, pcr uf jbojgrc hdidtbftg tcrturbec y bsgsdfbec gf 24>1. Ochpbòèb eg Hcftg Qbhÿf Qcsb Mdhäfgz, 24>7 [brb ib prcvdsdÿf eg brhbs ocpbrcf fuhgrcsbs ufdebegs hdidtbrgs, binufbs sdf abmbs, ochc gf 24>? gf Oÿrecab, pgrc gf ctrcs obscs hugrgf hdidtbrgs, ocfsordptcs, nugrrdiigrcs g dfoiusc odvdigs. Gi btbqug b ib Nubrfdodÿf Hdidtbr eg Bzui `ug bprcvgojbec pcr gi gftcfogs [rgsdegftg Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf (24>5) pbrb `crzbr ib rgfufodb egi ncagrfbecr Csobr Adegnbdf, b`èf b ib Ugfegfodb, pbrb sgr rgghpibzbec pcr su vdogncagrfbecr Pdotcrdc Obibarÿ, qug rgspcfeèb bi bib eg ib egrgojb sdfedobi. Gi dftgftc eg ocpbhdgftc bi Abtbiiÿf eg Hcftg Ojdfncic (Augfcs Bdrgs) obsd gf Fbvdebe eg 24>7, `ug ib pgcr egrrctb su`rdeb pcr pbrtg egi GQ[, yb qug `ug egibtbeb ib boodÿf pcr uf dfflitrbec y hurdgrcf gf ib tchb, c `ugrcf bsgsdfbecs egspuäs, 01 nugrrdiigrcs. Ubhadäf hurdÿ uf fýhgrc dfegtgrhdfbec eg vgodfcs egi iunbr. Ics prdfodpbi prd fodpbigs gs edrdngftgs edr dngftgs egi [QU [QU (ochc _bftuojc, Echdfnc Hgffb y Agfdtc Wrtgbnb) y huojèsdhcs eg sus hdidtbftgs, `ugrcf egtgfdecs egsbpbrgodecs gf 24>0 pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb.

Qgibodÿf eg ibs hdidtbfodbs pgrcfdstbs ocf ibs prgsdegfodbs= 24>?-24>0 [grÿf, ochc ocfeuotcr egi pgrcfdshc, ic egflfdÿ b ästg ochc uf hcvdhdgftc gf gi qug sg dfoiuèbf b tcecs ics qug bogptbabf ibs ’Pgdftg vgrebegs pgrcfdstbs‘. _df ghabrnc, gf huojbs cpcrtufdebegs, pcr su prgedspcsdodÿf eg fgncodbecr fbtc, tgfedÿ b dftgnrbr egftrc egi hcvdhdgftc mustdodbidstb b ngftg qug fc ocfocrebab ocf binufb eg ibs ’vgrebegs‘ c pcstuibecs, tbftc pcr pcsturbs eg gxtrghb dzqudgreb ochc eg gxtrghb egrgojb. Gs prcabaig qug jbyb botubec eg gsg hcec pbrb  Pcobauibrdc pcegr idegrbr gi hbycr hcvdhdgftc eg hbsbs brngftdfc b 2;.;;; Aurcorbodb sdfedldiÿhgtrcs eg edstbfodb, oubfec gstbab prcsordptc y ibs och ochufdobufdobob i = ocfeuoodÿf odcfgs gf gi hufec grbf huy ed`grgftgs, egseg gi puftc eg vdstb nrghdbi qug tdgftgofciÿndoc, b ic qug scf gf gi sdnic ZZD. Eg gstg hcec, oubfec eg b pgrhbfgogr ib aurcorbodb sdfedobi, ocf Bunustc U. Pbfecr, qudsc utdidzbr su gf gi obrnc, `bvcrgodgfec hâs sus ignbec pciètdoc pbrb ibfzbr uf ’pgrcfdshc sdf [grÿf’, gi vdgmc ièegr prcpdcs dftgrgsgs sdf gf`rgftbric badgrtbhgftg bpcyÿ b sus cpcsdtcrgs, y flfbihgftg qug ics eg sus rg’sdf qug sg ocfcodgrb cregf suyb‘ Pbfecr tgrhdfÿ bsgsdfbec pcr gi prgsgftbecs, pbrb pgrcfdshc rgvciuodcfbrdc. ic qug fgncodb ocf ghprgsbrdcs c ncadgrfcs.

2;0

Fc tcec gi pgrcfdshc rgvciuodcfbrdc bogptÿ eg augf nrbec ib gstrbtgndb gigotcrbi eg 24>1-24>? ocf ib `ÿrhuib Jäotcr M. Oâhpcrb [rgsdegftg ‟ Pdogftg _cibfc Idhb Pdogprgsdegftg, egi @QGMWID

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

(@rgftg Mustdodbidstb eg Idagrbodÿf). Hcftcfgrcs sg suhÿ b ib obhpbòb gigotcrbi, ocf bflidbodcfgs hbsdvbs bi pbrtdec  Mustdodbidstb, y sg sg bogroÿ bogroÿ b Oâhpcrb. Oâhpcrb. Huoj Huojcs cs pgrcfdstbs pgrcfdstbs ’eg ’eg ib prdhgrb jcrb‘ (gs egodr, pgrcfdstbs egseg bftgs eg 2477) vgèbf b ib muvgftue muvgftue ochc brrdadstb u cpcrtufdstb, y sg sgftèbf egspibzbecs c dnfcrbecs gf ib pciètdob brrciibecrb qug pibftgbab ib fugvb obhbeb. Oâhpcrb, qug nbfÿ ibs gigoodcfgs ocf gi 54,0% eg ics vctcs, bsuhdÿ gi 17 eg hbyc eg 24>?, gf hgedc eg ib binbrbaèb pcpuibr. Ugfèb prcnrbhbeb ib Igy eg bhfdstèb bhfdst èb pbrb ics prgscs pciètdocs, pgrc ochc ästb fgogsdtbab egi Ocfnrgsc y ics hdi hdidtbftgs dtbftgs prgsdcfbrcf `rgftg bi pgfbi eg Egvctc, flfbihgftg flfbi hgftg cptÿ pcr ctcrnbrigs bftdodpbebhgftg gi dfeuitc prgsdegfodbi.

[grÿf y Oâhpcrb

Edsoursc egi [rgsdegftg Jäotcr Jä otcr Oâhpcrb gi 17 eg hbyc eg 24>? \...X Muvgftue  \...X  Muvgftue . ‟ Jghcs edojc, rgdtgrbebhgftg, qug fc qugrghcs pbrb fugstrb muvgftue mu vgftue ib `rust `rustrbodÿf rbodÿf ib gftusdbshc, hugrtg, pcrqug giib gs ib egstdfbtbrdb ics `rutcsIbegidagrbodÿf ib vdotcrdb vdotcr dbegqug sg jb icnrbec ocfysu su egsdftgräs y su gftrgnbegngfgrcsb. ib pbtrdb igs pgrtgfgog pcr egrgojc prcpdc. [grc gstb vdotcrdb, qug yb jb ocstbec tbftc, rgqudgrg, pbrb su ocfscidebodÿf, tceb ib vcobodÿf eg sgrvdodc sgr vdodc y eg nrbfegzb eg ib muvgftue. _g dfdodb ufb gtbpb gf ib qug sgrâ fgogsbrdc ufb eg`gfsb bpbsdcfbeb y oibrb eg ics botcs rgvciuodcfbrdcs egi ncadgrfc. \...X Gstc fc qudgrg egodr qug qugrghcs ufb muvgftue casgougftg. Ib qugrghcs, pcr gi ocftrbrdc, ocfsodgftg, tgfbz y prctbncfdstb eg ib rgocfstruoodÿf rgocfst ruoodÿf fbodcfbi. Rugrghcs ufb muvgftue qug ochprgfeb qug gs vbfnubredb eg uf nrbf gmärodtc gmärod tc gf iuojb. Rug fc sg sdgftb scib, sdfc dftgnrbeb df tgnrbeb gf ib hdshb. Rug sgpb qug, gf ib iuojb tctbi egi pugpug aic pcr su idagrbodÿf, jby ufb ocfeuoodÿf dfsustdtudaig dfsustdt udaig y ufb ufdebe eg boodÿf qug gxdng egoidfbr tcec dfedvdeubidshc. B gsb muvgftue hbrbvdiicsb eg fugstrb pbtrdb pbtr db qudgrc egodrig, gf`âtdobhgftg, qug b pbrtdr eg jcy, ib gspgouibodÿf, gi iuorc eg ib usurb scarg gi sbibrdc sbibr dc egi pugaic, ib dftgrhgedbodÿf dfýtdi, gi gfrdqugodhdgftc dièodtc eg ics `ufodcfbrdcs, ib präedob sutdi eg ics hcfcpcidcs egspibzbecs eg ib vgftb eg fugstrb prceuoodÿf, ibs hbfdcarbs brtgrbs eg qudgfgs sg jbaèbf ochprchgtdec ocf ics gxpcidbecrgs y eg fugstrc trbabmc, sgrâf ics ýfdocs gfghdncs, egtgrhdfbrâf ibs ièfgbseg egfugstrb abtbiib rdqugzb g dftgftbrâf gi ochabtg bufqug sgpbf scarbebhgftg qug ib idagrbodÿf fc sg fgncodb pcr fbeb fd pcr fbedg \...X _gòcrgs igndsibecrgs= ib rgvciuodÿf pboè`dob qug vbhcs b rgbidzbr, hgedbftg uf ocfmuftc eg hgedebs eg ncadgrfc qug drâf edrgotbhgftg b ib rbèz eg fugstrcs hbigs, gxdng tbhadäf uf egsbrhg eg ics âfdhcs, qug jb gstbec sdghprg gf fugstrc tghpgrbhgftc y gf fugstrb dftgfodÿf.

Botdvdebe Igg btgftbhgftg gstcs gs tcs pârrb`cs egi edsoursc eg bsufodÿf eg Oâhpcrb bi ncadgrfc. Ausob ibs degbs prdfodpbigs y ochäftbibs ocf tus tu s pbibarbs. Qgspcfeg= ³Oÿhc obid`dob obid`do b b su ncadgrfc3 ³Ouâigs scf sus camgtdvcs3 ³Ruä ig dftgrgsb qug jbnb ib muvgftue3 ³Oÿhc ib bemgtdvb3 ³Ruä edog ocf rgspgotc b ib hgtcecicnèb pbrb gfobrbr ics obhadcs qug sg bvgodfbf3

2;>

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

Ics hdfdstrcs hdfd strcs eg Oâhpcrb prcvgfèbf eg edstdftcs sgotcrgs egi pgrcfdshc, gxogptc gxogptc Mcsä Iÿpgz Qgnb, hdfdstrc eg Adgfgstbr _codbi. Iibhbec ’Icpgodtc‘ pcr [grÿf y ’gi arumc‘ pcr sus cpcsdtcrgs, egadec b sus prâotdobs eg couitdshc, Iÿpgz Qgnb `ug uf fg`bstc pgrscfbmg qug cflodbab cflodbab eg sgorgtbrdc pgrscfbi pgr scfbi eg Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf y su tgrogrb gspcsb, Hbrèb Hbr èb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz, bidbs Dsbagi= fc tgfèb jdstcrdb eg hdidtbfodb gf gi pgrcfdshc, pgrc bequdrdÿ bfodbfc ièegr. Eurbftg ib prgsdegfodb, gf huojbs cobsdcfgs ics hdidtbftgs cptbrcf pcr sbitbr ibs trbabs aurcorâtdobs pbrb obhadbr edrgoodcfgs e drgoodcfgs butcrdtbrdbs butcrdtbrdbs gf edstdftcs edst dftcs gstbaigodhdgftcs= gstbaigodhdgftcs= ufdvgrsdebegs, gsougibs, jcspdtbigs, pgrdÿedocs, obfbigs eg tgigvdsdÿf. Gf binufcs obscs, ibs coupbodcfgs eg ibs dfstdtuodcfgs sg jdodgrcf pbrb pb rb gvdtbr gvdtb r gi obhadc eg butcrdebegs butcrdebegs dhpugstc pcr gi fugvc ncadgrfc. Wfb vgz qug Oâhpcrb bsuhdÿ gi ncadgrfc, ncadgr fc, [grÿf rgnrgsÿ. Gi 1; eg mufdc eg 24>? ib huitdtue hâs nrbfeg eg ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb ic `ug b rgodadr b Gzgdzb. _df ghabrnc, gsg botc crnbfdzbec pcr ib Muvgftue [grcfdstb `ug occptbec pcr ib gxtrghb egrgojb, qug dhpdedÿ qug Hcftcfgrcs tuvdgrb gi crnuiic eg hcstrbrig b [grÿf ics hdiicfgs eg pgrscfbs eg tcec gi pbès qug jbaèb ocfvcobec pbrb rgodadric. _g trbtbab eg ufb pumb pcr gi pcegr qug trbfs`crhÿ uf eèb eg `gidodebe pbrb ib hdidtbfodb, gf uf ochabtg obhpbi gf hgedc eg ngftg egsprgvgfdeb qug juèb, ocf hugrtcs y jgrdecs, y ’iugnc sg supc‘ prdsdcfgrcs tcrturbecs pcr ics uitrb egrgojdstbs gf gi Jctgi eg Gzgdzb. Gstb sdtubodÿf sg bfbidzÿ ochc `bitb eg ocftrci egi prgsdegftg Oâhpcrb< su ncadgrfc eurÿ bpgfbs 54 eèbs, pcrqug tbftc äi ochc su vdogprgsdegftg Idhb edhdtdgrcf pbrb ebr iunbr b ib gigoodÿf eg [grÿf. Bftg su rgfufodb, tchÿ pcsgsdÿf egi obrnc Qbýi Ibstdrd ( (ygrfc ygrfc eg Iÿpgz Qgnb y prgsdegftg eg ib Oâhbrb eg Edputbecs= gi tdtuibr egi _gfbec jbaèb sdec gfvdbec gf hdsdÿf b Idadb). Ibs gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs `ugrcf ocfvcobebs pbrb gi 1? eg sgptdgharg eg 24>?. Urbs catgfgr gf ibs hdshbs hd shbs gi 01% eg ics vctcs, sg jdzc obrnc eg ib prdhgrb hbndstrbturb gi ngfgrbi  Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf, y eg ib vdogprgsdegfodb su gspcsb Dsbagi, gi 21 eg cotuarg. cot uarg. [grÿf sg jbaèb bogrobec b ib muvgftue gf ics bòcs eg iuojb ocftrb ibs edotbeurbs eg Cfnbfèb, Igvdfnstcf y Ibfussg, dfocrpcrÿ gf ib ecotrdfb egi [brtdec [br tdec Mustdodbidstb bi scodbidshcc fbo idsh fbodcf dcfbi bi y fcharÿ ochc _gorgtbrdc Ngfgrbi egi Hcvdhdgftc b Mubf Hbfugi Babi Hgedfb (24>1-24>5), jgrhbfc eg @grfbfec, ufc eg ics `ufebecrgs eg Hcftcfgrcs. Gi bib egrgojb egi hcvdhdgftc= Mcsä Dnfbodc Quood, Mcsä Iÿpgz Qgnb  y Mcrng Csdfeg, Csdf eg, pcr Mubf Ardtcs Ard tcs

Gi ’scodbidshc fbodcfbi‘ prcpcfèb uf sdstghb obpdtbidstb idhdtbec pcr gi Gstbec, ecfeg gi obpdtbi prdvbec obpdtbi pr dvbec sgrèb rgspgtbe rgspgtbecc hdgftrbs ouhpid ouhpidgrb grb ufb u fb `ufodÿf scodbi, y gi Gstbec tgferèb prgghdfgfodb pbrb trbzbr tr bzbr ib pciètdob gocfÿhdob, scodbi g dftgrfbodcfbi. Ic `ufebhgftbi grb

2;:

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

qug ib mustdodb scodbi ardfeg b tceb ib oibsg trbabmbecrb t rbabmbecrb ocfedodcfgs ednfbs ednfb s eg vdeb y eg egsbrrciic. Gf oubftc b ib pciètdob bftddhpgrdbidstb, ib ocfsdnfb grb ’Idagrbodÿf c Egpgfegfodb’ Egpgfegfodb’. _gnýf ib pibtb`crhb egi [brtdec Mustdodbidstb (24>1), gi pgrcfdshc sgnuèb rgojbzbfec gi scodbidshc ’dftgrfbodcfbi ecnhâtdoc ecnhâtdoc’’. _df ghabrnc, ufb vgz gf ib Brngftdfb, [grÿf fc qugrèb qug ib muvgftue ig edgrb ÿregfgs fd ig jdodgrb sungrgfodbs. Tb jbaèb vdstc qug binufcs, ochc Qceci`c Nbidhagrtd, sgorgtbrdc ngfgrbi eg ib Muvgftue [grcfdstb, gf uf botc eg ibfzbhdgftc eg ib WG_ (Wfdÿf eg Gstuedbftgs _goufebrdcs) jbaèb prcpugstc ib `crhbodÿf eg hdidodbs pcpuibrgs (2:/5/>?), ic qug gxbspgrÿ bi ièegr. Gi bsgsdfbtc eg Mcsä Dnfbodc Quood, sgorgtbrdc eg ib ONU, pcr pbrtg eg Hcftcfgrcs trbs ibs gigoodcfgs qug ocfsbnrbrcf b [grÿf, jdzc qug gi ièegr sdftdgrb qug ig ’ocrtbrcf ibs pdgrfbs’ pdgrfbs’,, sgnýf sgn ýf sus prcpdbs pbibarbs. pbibarbs. Quood grb bousbe bousbecc pcr ib dzqudgreb pgrcfdstb eg ’aurÿorbtb sdfedobi’, pgrc [grÿf ic bprgodbab pcr su igbitbe= jbaèb flrhbec gi [botc _codbi (ONU ( ONU-ONG) -ONG) y grb ufb nbrbftèb pbrb iigvbr begibftg begibftg gi pibf gocfÿhdoc eg Mcsä Agr Ngiabre. Grb prâotdobhg prâotdobhgftg ftg ufb egoibrbodÿf eg nugrrb. Hcftcfgrcs tgfèb nrbf obftdebe eg bejgrgftgs eg ib Muvgftue [grcfdstb, pgrc fc eg ib ocfeuoodÿf sdfedobi, ecfeg echdfbabf ics bftdnucs edrdngftgs (gxogptc gf gi sdfedobidshc ochabtdvc ochab tdvc ecfeg gstbabf pcr gmghpic gmghpic Bnustèf Bn ustèf Ucsoc, Ucsoc, Qgfä _bibhbfob, Biagrtc [doodfdfd). Urbtÿ eg nbfbr gspbodc ocf ib MU[ (Muvgftue Urbabmbecrb [grcfdstb), pgrc ib fugvb Igy eg Bscodbodcfgs [rc`gsdcfbigs (Igy 25.577) bprcabeb pcr gi Ocfnrgsc gf gfgrc eg 24>5 ig rgstÿ tceb pcsdadidebe. Iugnc, ocf gi btbqug egi GQ[ b ib Nubrfdodÿf hdidtbr eg Bzui, ib Oâhbrb eg Edputbecs trbtÿ ufb rg`crhb bi Oÿednc [gfbi ocf ib qug ics edputbecs eg ib M[ fc gstbabf eg bougrec. Uuvdgrcf ufb rgufdÿf ocf [grÿf pbrb jbaibr egi tghb, pgrc gi [rgsdegftg igs edmc qug egaèbf tgfgr edsodpidfb pbrtdebrdb= sd fc jbaèbf nbfbec ib vctbodÿf y fc igs nustbab, qug sg `ugrbf. Ics rgprgsgftbftgs eg ib Muvgftue rgfufodbrcf b sus abfobs, y ochc edmdhcs, gi ncagrfbecr eg Augfcs Bdrgs Hcftcfgrcs gf gi rgtcrfc eg [grÿf, mufdc eg 24>? Csobr Adegnbdf, tbhadäf `ug caidnbec b rgfufodbr rgspcfsbadidzâfecic pcr gi btbqug nugrrdiigrc, pgsg b qug tceb ib M[ ocfegfÿ ib boodÿf egi GQ[. Gf `gargrc, gf Oÿrecab, gi mg`g eg pcidoèb Bftcfdc Fbvbrrc egstdtuyÿ bi ncagrfbecr Qdobrec Cargnÿf Obfc y bi vdogncagrfbe v dogncagrfbecr cr Btdidc Iÿpgz, tbhadäf bflfgs b ib Ugfegfodb, y gi prgsdegftg [grÿf fc jdzc fbeb pbrb rgvgrtdr gi ncipg prcvdfodbi. _df ghabrnc, Hcftcfgrcs sgnuèb ocfsdegrâfecsg pgrcfdstb y mustdflobfec eg binýf bin ýf hcec ib botubodÿf eg [grÿf. Gi 2½ eg hbyc, gf gi botc egi Eèb egi Urbabmbecr gf [ibzb eg Hbyc, ib M[ egodedÿ ocf`rcftbr ocf gi ièegr, hcstrbfec su fýhgrc y su edsocf`crhdebe= sdiadecs y oâftdocs ocftrb ib

2;4

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

edrdngfodb sdfedobi, Dsbagi y Iÿpgz Qgnb, gftrg ctrcs= ’_g vb b boba bobabr br ib aurcorbodb sdfedobi‘, sdfedobi‘, ’Fc rchpbf..., Gvdtb jby ufb scib‘ y ’³Ruä pbsb, quä pbsb ngfgrbi, qug gstâ iigfc eg ncrdibs gi ncadgrfc pcpuibr3‘ Ib rgspugstb eg [grÿf `ug ocftufegftg= ics tdieÿ eg ’gstýpdecs qug nrdtbf‘ g ’dhagrags \qugX prgtgfegf tgfgr hâs härdtcs qug ics qug iuojbrcf eurbftg vgdftg bòcs’. Urbs gstbs pbibarbs, ics Hcftcfgrcs sg `ugrcf eg ib [ibzb edodgfec= ’Bsgrrèf, bsgrrâf, gs gi pugaic qug sg vb’. Ib Muvgftue [grcfdstb sg edvdedÿ, pcrqug ufb pbrtg eg sus dftgnrbftgs fc bogptÿ gi big mbhdgftc=  mbhdgf tc= sg `crhÿ ib ib M[ ’Igbitbe’. ’Igbitbe’. Ib pgrsgouodÿf eg ib Urdpig B (Bidbfzb Bftdochufdstb Brngftdfb) sg tcrfÿ pgidnrcsb. Ib Urdpig Urdpig B `ug ufb crnbfdzbodÿf crnb fdzbodÿf pbrbpcidodbi pbrbpcidodbi brhbeb br hbeb pcr Iÿpgz Qgnb egseg egseg gi Hdfdstgrdc Hd fdstgrdc eg Adgfgstbr Adgfgstbr _codbi _co dbi qug dhpusc gi tgrrcrdshc tgrrcrd shc eg Gstbec y flrhÿ sus btgf btgftbecs tbecs b pbrtdr pbrt dr eg ib hugrtg hu grtg eg [grÿf. _df ghabrnc, ochgfzÿ b `ufodcf `u fodcfbr br bftgs. Jcstdnÿ y bsgsdfÿ b hdidtbftgs hdi dtbftgs,, prc`gsdcfbigs, ngftg eg ib ouiturb ochc brtdstbs, gsordtcrgs..., gf boodcfgs ocf rgspcfsbadidebegs c ochpidodebegs ochpbrtdebs ocf bnrupbodcfgs eg uitrb egrgojb c ocf ics sdfedobidstbs hâs ’pgsbecs’ ’pg sbecs’.. Gf uf ’ecouhgftc ’ ecouhgftc rgsgrvbec‘ egi Ocfsgmc _upgrdcr [grcfdstb [grcfd stb eg mufdc eg 24>5, sg sgòbibab b ics Hcftcfgrcs ochc ’nrupcs hbrxdstbs tgrrcrdstbs y suavgrsdvcs‘ qug sg jbaèbf ’dfflitrbec‘ gf gi Hcvdhdgftc Hcv dhdgftc.. [cr gstb obusb, egspuäs eg ib rupturb ocf gi ièegr, y hâs býf, trbs su hugrtg, Hcftcfgrcs egodedÿ pbsbr b ib oibfegstdfdebe. oibfegstd fdebe. Ics qug pcr su trbabmc c pcr cpodÿf sdnudgrcf usbfec sus fchargs ignbigs c pgrhbfgodgrcf gf su abrrdc c gf su hdidtbfodb, gf huojcs obscs `ugrcf pgrsgnudecs c gfobrogibecs gfobrogibecs eurbftg gi ncadgrfc eg Dsbagi [grÿf, c bsgsdfbecs pcr ib Urdpig B, c `ugrcf egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, edot beurb, sbivc qug cptbrb cptbrbf f pcr gi gxdidc y puedgrbf sbidr egi pbès. Gi 2½ eg muidc eg 24>5 `biigodÿ [grÿf, y bsuhdÿ su vdogprgsdegftg, Dsbagi c Hbrèb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz eg [grÿf. Gmgrodÿ ib prgsdegfodb prcvdscrdb gf binufbs cobsdcfgs gi [rgsdegftg egi _gfbec, Ètbic Iuegr. Gi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0 (oubfec fc `bitbab huojc pbrb ocfvcobr b fugvbs gigoodcfgs, pcrqug eg bougrec b ib edspcsdodÿf eg Ibfussg ib prgsdegfodb eurbrèb oubtrc bòcs) gs egrrcobeb pcr uf fugvc ncipg hdidtbr.

IB_ [CI [CIÈUDOB_ ÈUDOB_ GOC GOCFßH FßHDOB_ DOB_ EGI [GQÈ [GQÈCEC CEC Gf 24>;, 24>;, oubfec bsuhdÿ gi ngfgrbi Qcagrtc Hbrogic Igvdfnstcf Igv dfnstcf gf rgghpibzc eg Cfnbfèb, pusc ochc hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb b Biec @grrgr, qug rchpdÿ ocf ibs pciètdobs idagrbigs eg ics ncadgrfcs prgogegftgs. _u ’Igy eg ochprg brngftdfc‘ `bvcrgoèb b ibs dfeustrdbs fbodcfbigs fbodcf bigs gf ics suhdfdstrcs qug rgqugrèb gi Gstbec. [rchcvèb ib fbodcfbidzbodÿf (fc ib gstbtdzbodÿf), `rgftg b ib egsfbodcfbidzbodÿf egsfbodcfbidzbodÿf orgodgftg qug jbaèb su`rdec ib dfeustrdb eurbftg ib äpcob eg Cfnbfèb. Gi ngfgrbi Ibfussg, qudgf qudgf bi prdfodpd prd fodpdcc ic ocfflrhÿ gf gi obrnc bflrhbfec gf su edsoursc dfbunurbi qug dab b ’obfbidzbr ics agfgflodcs egi orgodhdgftc orgodh dgftc gocfÿhdoc gocfÿhdoc jbodb ufb gqudtbtdvb edstrdauodÿf eg ib rdqugzb ngfgrbeb pcr gi gs`ugrzc ochýf, btgfedgfec gf prdhgr iunbr b ibs gxdngfodbs gx dngfodbs eg ics sgotcrgs hâs fgogsdtbecs’ fgogsdtbecs’, obhadÿ sdf ghabrnc gf vbrdbs vbr dbs cpcrtufdebegs eg hdfdstrc eg Jbodgfeb. Jbodgfeb.

22;

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Gi pibf gocfÿhdoc eg Ngiabre Gi ’scodbidshc fbodcfbi‘ dhpuisbec pcr gi pgrcfdshc grb uf ighb qug prcpcfèb ufb hbycr mustdodb scodbi, ocf hgmcr edstrdauodÿf eg ibs rdqugzbs. Ästbs sg jbrèbf gf uf ocftgxtc eg bidbfzb eg oibsgs gf iunbr eg ib iuojb eg oibsgs qug ocfeuog ocfeuog bi scodbidshc scodb idshc oiâsdoc. [brb rggedtbr gf odgrtc hcec ib pciètdob scodbi y gocfÿhdob eg sus prdhgrcs ncadgrfcs, ocfvcoÿ b Mcsä Agr Ngiabre, `ufebecr eg ib ONG, Ocf`gegrbodÿf Ocf`gegrbodÿf Ngfgrbi Gocfÿhdob (cpcsdtcrb b ib WDB, WD B, Wfdÿf Dfeustrdbi Dfeus trdbi Brngftdfb) pbrb gibacrbr y ocfeuodr ocfeuodr gi pibf. Ngiabre eg Mcsä Agr Ngiabre Ngiabr e aèb ocfvcobr b ics sgotcrgs eg ib aurnugsèb fbodcfbi pbrb qudgfgs bhpidbrèb gi hgrobe hgrobecc dftgrfc, ebfec ocftdfudebe b ib Igy Ig y eg ’ochprg ’ochprg brngftdfc‘ y gxpbfedrèb ib gxpcrtbodÿf eg prceuotcs fc trbedodcfbigs. Bi hdshc tdghpc sg agfgflodbrèbf ics trbabmbecrgs trbabmbecrgs,, pcrqug tgferèbf hbycr pcegr bequdsdtdvc y pcerèbf pcer èbf sgr ocfsuhdecrgs eg gscs prceuotcs prc euotcs fbodcfbigs. Ochc pceghcs bprgodbr bprgodb r gf gi ouberc eg ’[brtdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibrdcs gf gi [rceuotc Arutc Dftgrfc ([AD)’ ( [AD)’,, ästcs ocfstdtuèbf obsd uf 72 pcr odgftc gf 2475 y obygrcf ocf ib edotbeurb eg Brbhauru< sg rgoupgrbrcf eurbftg ib

ngstdÿf gocfÿhdob gocfÿhdob eg Biec B iec @grrgr (ocf ib argvg edotbeurb eg Igvdfnstcf) y vcivdgrcf b obgr ocf ib eg Ibfussg. Ocf gi pibf Ngiabre, eg uf obpdtbidshc fbodcfbi butÿfchc, sg rgocfq rgocfqudstÿ udstÿ gi pcegr bequdsdtdvc eg ics sbibrdcs, qug vcivdÿ b abmbr oubfec Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf hurdÿ y Ngiabre `ug egspibzbec.

[brtdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibrdcs gf gi [AD Bò c

2475 247> 2401 2407 2404 24>; 24>2 24>1 24>? 24>5 24>7 24>0

N ca dg r f c

[grÿf Edo tbeurb eg Brbhauru @ rcfedzd/Nudec @r D ii db Edo tbeurb eg Cfnbfèb Edotbeurb eg Cfnbfèb/Igvdfnstcf Edo tbeurb eg Igvdfnstcf/I bfussg Edo tbeurb eg Ibfussg O âhpcrb/[grÿf Oâ Mubf [grÿf/Dsbagi H. eg [grÿf Dsbagi H. eg [grÿf Edo tbeurb eg Pdegib

H b sb sb i b r d b i

7;, : 5 % 5?,>> % ?4,>4 % 5 ;, 7: % 55,00 % 57,:? % 50, 75 % 51,>5 % 50 , : : % 5 :,5 0 % 5 5,;? % ?;, ?4 %

@ugftg= Mbvdgr Idfegfacdh, Mubf H. Nrbòb y Ebhdâf Lgffge (1;;7)

Gi ’[botc _codbi‘ qug edc vdbadidebe b gstg prcygotc `ug flrhbec pcr Mcsä Quood, gf rgprgsgftbodÿf eg ics trbabmbecrgs eg ib ONU, Muidc Arcfgr, rgprgsgftbfec b ics ghprgsbrdcs eg ib ONG, y Mcsä Agr Ngiabre, pcr pbrtg pbr tg egi Gstbec. _us ocfedodcfgs ocfedodcfgs fc grbf adgf vdstbs fd ocfngibfecc ics sbibrdcs. Gi flfbfodbhdgftc sg jbrèb hgedbftg rgobuebodÿf ocfngibfe rgobuebodÿf dhpcsdtdvb, pcr

222

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

ic qug sg pibfgbrcf igygs eg ed`èodi bprcabodÿf gf gi Ocfnrgsc= gi prcygotc eg dhpugstc b ib rgftb fcrhbi pctgfodbi eg ib tdgrrb (b flf eg gvdtbr gv dtbr nrbfegs nrb fegs gxtgfsdcfgs gxtgfsdcfgs dhprceuotdvbs dhprceuotdvbs gf hbfcs eg pcob ngftg), ib igy eg dfvgrsdcfgs gxtrbfmgrbs, ib eg rgndstrc eg bngftgs gxtrbfmgrcs, ib eg fbodcfbidzbodÿf fbodcfbidzbodÿf eg ics egpÿsdtcs abfobrdcs, ib eg gxpcrtbodÿf gx pcrtbodÿf eg nrbfcs y obrfgs, ib eg dhpugstc b ib jgrgfodb. Ib _codgebe Qurbi Brngftdfb ocfsdegrÿ qug ib igy eg dhpugstc b ib jgrgf dhpugstc jgrgfodb odb grb binc ’bfborÿfdoc ’bfborÿfdoc y bftdscodbi \... pugsX caidnbrâ b ib egstruoodÿf eg ibs ghprgsbs pbrb pcegr pbnbric’. _df ghabrnc, sg bprcaÿ, pgrc `ug gidhdfbec eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, gf cpcrtufdebe eg ib jgrgfodb jgrgfodb eg ib `bhdidb `bhdi db Hbrtèfgz Hbrt èfgz eg Jcz. Gi egsbrrciic egi pibf gocfÿhdoc sg vdc edflouitbec pcrqug ib igy hâs dhpcrtbftg, ib eg dhpugstc b ib rgftb fcrhbi pctgfodbi eg ib tdgrrb, fc `ug sbfodcfbeb pcrqug ics pciètdocs ogedgrcf b ib prgsdÿf eg ib _codgebe Qurbi Brngftdfb, qug prâotdobhgftg ics tdiebab eg ochufdstbs, bflrhbfec qug sg trbtbab eg uf prcygotc eg igy gxprcpdbtcrdc. gxprcpdbtcrdc. B gstg castâouic sg bnrgnÿ ib `bitb eg oräedtc dftgrfbodcfbi y ib ordsds egi pgtrÿigc eg  Pcobauibrdc 24>? qug gfobrgodÿ gi ochaustdaig y grcsdcDhpugstc b ib rgftb fcrhbi pctgfodbi eg ib tdgfÿ gi ocftrci eg prgodcs. _df ghabrnc, sg ic rrb== dhpcsdodÿf qug sg gstbaigog b pbrtdr eg ib  rrb nrÿ pigfb coupbodÿf y ocfsuhc, gi [AD orgodÿ egtgrhdfbodÿf eg ibs pcsdadidebegs prceuotdvbs egi ib tgrrgfc, bougrec b su gxtgfsdÿf, eg tdgrrb, eg boogsdadidebe pbrb ib sbidebobidebe eg ics prceuotcs, prceuoodÿf bfubi, prgodcs prchgedc eg edojb prceuoodÿf y prchgedc eg nbstcs eg ib gxpictbodÿf, ic qug idhdtb ib gvbsdÿf `dsobi. [rceuotc Arutc Dftgrfc c [AD, tbhadäf egfc hdfbec [DA [DA== suhb gf vbicr hcfgtbrdc egi tctbi eg ib prceuoodÿf eg adgfgs y sgrvdodcs eurbftg uf pgrècec eg tdghpc, eg ib gocfchèb `crhbi c ignbi.

tbftc gf 24>? ochc gf 24>5, prâotdobhgftg sg gidhdfÿ gi egsghpigc (ib tbsb iignÿ bi 5%), buhgftÿ gi sbibrdc rgbi gf uf 27% y gf 24>5

bftgrdcrgs. Gftrg ics icnrcs gstuvdgrcf ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs eg trdnc b ib Wfdÿf _cvdätdob _cv dätdob (qug ocfocftdfubrcf iugnc ocf ib edotbeurb eg Pdegib) y eg butchÿvdigs b Ouab, qug rchpdgrcf gi aicqugc ochgrodbi dhpugstc pcr Gstbecs Wfdecs gf 2401. Gi ncadgrfc fcrtgbhgrdobfc qudsc gftrchgtgrsg gf ib pciètdob gxtgrdcr gxtgr dcr,, y gi rgojbzc eg ics igndsibecrgs eg ics ed`grgftgs pbrtdecs b ib pciètdob dhpgrdbidstb dhpgrdb idstb `ug fctba fctbaig. ig. Gstbs hgedebs ochpgfsbabf ochpgfsbabf gf odgrtc odgr tc hcec gi buhgftc egi prgodc egi pgtrÿigc qug Brngftdfb egaèb dhpcrtbr, y ib hgfcr gxpcrtbodÿf eg prceuotcs b Gurcpb pcr ib ordsds or dsds egi pgtrÿigc.

Dfedobecrgs hborcgocfÿhdocs gf hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs y gf %

Bòc

Dhpcrtbodcfgs Dhpcrt bodcfgs Gxpcr Gxpcrtbodcfgs tbodcfgs

24>; 24>2 24>1 24>? 24>5

2.045,;; 2.:0:,;; 2.4;7,;; 1.1?;,;; ?.0?7,;;

2.>07,;; 2.>?2,;; 2.41?,;; ?.245,;; ?.:::,;;

Orgodhdgftc % egi [DA ?,42 ?,>0 1,;: ?,>5 7,52

24>7

?.450,;;

1.451,;;

- ;,74

% Dfvgrsdcfgs / [AD 12,1 11,> 11,5 1;,0 24,: 1;,1

% Df`ibodÿf 2?,0 ?5,> 7:,7 0;,? 15,1 2:1,:

 @ugftg= Pboobrgzzb @gegrdoc @gegrdoc (1;2;) (1;2;) gf absg b puaidobodcfgs egi Dfstdtutc Fbodcfbi eg Gstbeèstdob y Ogfscs (DFEGO).

221

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

Ngiabre fc ocfflbab pciètdobhgftg gf gi prgsdegftg prgsdegftg egi Abfoc Ogftrbi, Bi`rgec B i`rgec Nÿhgz Hcrbigs, bidbec b Iÿpgz Qgnb. Gxdstèbf hýitdpigs tdpcs eg obhadc (eÿibrgs b hgmcr prgodc sd sg trbtbabf eg gxpcrtbodcfgs fc trbedodcfbigs pcr gmghpic), y jbaèb ghprgsbs qug scarg`boturbabf ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs y sua`boturbabf ibs dhpcrtbodcfgs pbrb ndrbr iugnc ibs utdidebegs dièodtbhgftg bi gxtrbfmgrc c pbrb gspgouibodÿf flfbfodgrb< gsbs hbfdcarbs prceuoèbf eäflodt. Ubhadäf jbaèb cpgrbodcfgs egsgstbadidzbecrbs egsgstbadid zbecrbs eg nrbfegs ghprgsbs jbodb gi ncadgrfc, ochc gi egsbabstgodhdgftc eg prceuotcs prceuotcs eg prdhgrb fgogsdebe, pbrb orgbr hbigstbr gf ib oduebebfèb. Gi arumc Iÿpgz Qgnb sbaèb qug Ngiabre tgfèb ocftbotc ocf Hcftcfgrcs y fc ic tcigrbab, bufqug Ngiabre ig edmgrb qug grb pcr cregf eg [grÿf, pbrb obihbr ics âfdhcs. Bftgs eg hcrdr, [grÿf ig scidodtÿ b Dsbagidtb qug ic scstuvdgrb b Ngiabre ochc hdfdstrc, qug eg ctrb `crhb gi pbès sg trbfs`crhbrèb trbfs`crhbr èb gf uf obcs gocfÿhdoc gocfÿhdoc20. _df ghabrnc, Ngiabre sbaèb qug ocf ib hugrtg egi ièegr gi 2½ eg muidc eg 24>5, su pibf gocfÿhdoc qugebab sdf scpcrtgs, pcrqug uf [botc _codbi ocf sgotcrgs tbf edsèhd e dsèhdigs, igs, qug b eurbs pgfbs sg jbaèb hbftgfdec jbstb gsg hchgftc, sÿic [grÿf pceèb sgnudr scstgfdäfecic. T Iÿpgz Qgnb ocf`bauiÿ ocf ics ièegrgs sdfedobigs pbrb sbobric b Ngiabre ‟ocf ib gxousb eg qug egadec bi [botc _codbi ics buhgftcs eg sbibrdc gstbabf idhdtbecs‟, sdf ebrsg ebr sg ougftb ästcs eg qug qug sg tgrhdfbab tgrh dfbab ufb äpcob eg Gstbec eg Adgfgstbr. Ngiabre rgebotÿ su rgfufodb trbs hgsgs eg jcstdidebe eg pbrtg egi crnbfd zbecr eg ib Urdpig crnbfdzbecr Urdpig B y egi ’sýpgr‘ _gorgtbrdc _gorgtbr dc prgsdegfodbi. Bftgs eg gigvbr ib rgfufodb, Ngiabre ig df`crhÿ bi ièegr rbedobi Qdobrec Abiaèf ‟gf `crhb huy pcrhgfcrdzbeb‟ scarg gi boodcfbr eg ib Urdpig B, gi edfgrc qug sg usbab pbrb ochprb eg brhbs, gi idstbec eg vèotdhbs< pgrc Abiaèf fc ic tchÿ gf sgrdc, pgfsÿ qug sg trbtbab t rbtbab eg ufb pgigb gftrg hdfdstrcs. Gi prgsdegftg prgsdegftg eg ib WOQ jdzc ib egf egfufodb ufodb b pcstgrdcrd pcstgrdcr d eg ib edhdsdÿf eg Ngiabre.2>

Dsbagi y ib gocfchèb b ib egrdvb egr dvb Iÿndobhgftg, gi fugvc hdfdstrc eg Gocfchèb `ug Bi`rgec Nÿhgz Hcrbigs. Qchpdÿ gi [botc _codbi, g dftgftÿ ibs vèbs oiâsdobs egi bmustg idagrbi, idagrbfec ics ocftrcigs eg prgodcs y eg dhpcrtbodcfgs, ctcrnbfec uf buhgftc b ics cargrcs (qug ocfsdegrbrcf dfsbtds`botcrdc) y egvbiubfec ib hcfgeb. Ibs Hbrojb eg cargrcs ocftrb ibs hgedebs gxpcrtbodcfgs trbedodcfbigs tuvdgrcf edflouigocfÿhdobs eg Ogigstdfc Qcerdnc tbegs pcrqug, pcrqug, ocf ib ordsds or dsds hufedbi, gf 24>7 ib Ochufdebe Gocfÿhdob Gurcpgb (OGG) dhpusc sgvgrbs rgstrdoodcfgs rgstr doodcfgs pbrb ib dhpcrtbodÿf eg obrfgs. Gstb sdtubodÿf, hâs ibs dhpcrtbodcfgs eg eg Brngftdfb qug sg dforghgftbrcf pbrb pbidbr gi egsbabstgodhdgftc, gi eäflodt sg edspbrÿ. Ics cargrcs ocfsdnudgrcf ics sbibrdcs qug qugrèbf gf ibs pbrdtbrdbs, pgrc ästbs `ugrcf egsocfcodebs pcr gi sdnudgftg hdfdstrc. Gf mufdc Nÿhgz Hcrbigs `ug rgghpibzbec pcr gi dfngfdgrc Ogigstdfc Qcerdnc, `ufodcfbrdc eg Adgfgstbr _codbi, pugstc gf gi Hdfdstgrdc eg Gocfchèb pcr _gnýf tgstdhcfdcs puaidobecs pcr Hbrèb _gcbfg (244:)= Gi aurnuäs hbiedtc, hbiedtc, Ib jdstcrdb sgorgtb eg Mcsä Agr Ngiabre , Augfcs Bdrgs. 2> Èegh bftgrdcr. 20

22?

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

 Mcsä Iÿp  Mcsä Iÿpgz gz Qgnb Qgnb.. Gf su ar argvg gvg bot botub ubodÿ odÿf f eg uf hgs hgs,, sg sg jdzc fc fctc tcrdc rdc pcr su hbi hbibb prbxd prbxds. s. Ghp Ghpigÿ igÿ ufb pciètdob idagrbi crtcecxb hgedbftg uf trbtbhdgftc tr btbhdgftc eg sjcol, qug pcpuibrhgftg sg egfchdfÿ Qcerdnbzc= bpidoÿ ufb egvbiubodÿf egvbiubodÿf egi egi 2;;%, 2;;% , uf dforghgftc eg tbrd`bs gftrg gi 5; y gi >;% y eg ics ochaustdaigs ochaustdaigs gf 2>7%. Bi hdshc h dshc tdghpc edshdfuyÿ ics suasdedcs gf binufcs brtèouics eg ocfsuhc pcpuibr, pcpuibr, igvbftÿ ics ocftrcigs gf ib ochgrodbidzbodÿf ochgrodbid zbodÿf egi nbfbec, y gstbaigodÿ uf Ib ONU rgsdstdÿ b ibs fugvbs hgedebs gocfÿhdobs y vcivdÿ b gxdndr pbrdtbrdbs, ecfeg sg catuvdgrcf buhgftcs eg sugiec eg hâs egi 2;;%. Ib bogptbodÿf eg gstcs hcftcs pcr pbrtg eg ics ghprgsbrdcs tuvc rgibodÿf ocf su dftgräs gf ib egsgstbadidzbodÿf egi tgrogr pgrècec pgrcfdstb, ncipg hdidtbr. Gi ncadgrfc ic sbaèb, pcr gsc gf uf prdfodpdc pr dfodpdc sg fgnÿ b jchcicnbr gstcs buhgftcs. buhgftcs. ONU edspusc gi prdhgr pbrc ngfgrbi eg 5: jcrbs gf uf ncadgrfc pgrcfdstb, ocf hcvdidzbodÿf hcvd idzbodÿf b [ibzb eg Hbyc. Ibs ocfsgougfodbs hâs dhpcrtbftgs `ugrcf ibs rgfufodbs gf muidc eg 24>7 eg Iÿpgz Qgnb y Qcerdnc. Gi ncadgrfc eg Dsbagi [grÿf qugeÿ tctbihgftg egsprgstdndbec. Gf tctbi tuvc cojc hdfdstrcs hdfdst rcs eg gocfchèb= ics odfoc rgstbftgs yb fc puedgrcf egsbrrciibr ufb pciètdob ochgfzbab ib rgogsdÿf y ib egscoupbodÿf y sg egsbtbrcf fuhgrcsbs juginbs gf gi odfturÿf dfeustrdbi egi nrbf Augfcs Bdrgs.

Jbodb gi ncipg eg Gstbec oèvdoc-hdidtbr Urbs ib hugrtg eg [grÿf, gi boodcfbr eg ib Urdpig B sg jdzc badgrtc y ocarÿ fuhgrcsbs vdebs y huojcs huojcs gxdidcs< gxd idcs< ib vdcigf v dcigf-odb eg gxtrghb gx trghb egrgojb sdnudÿ pcr ics obuogs orgbecs dfoiusc dfoiusc ocf Iÿpgz Qgnb `ugrb egi pbès. Ib nugrrdiib tbhadäf dforghgftÿ su boodcfbr. [brb rgtchbr sus boodcfgs ics Hcftcfgrcs sgougstrbrcf b ics ghprgsbrdcs Mubf y Mcrng Acrf (eg Aufng y Acrf) pcr ouyc rgsobtg ocarbrcf sgsgftb hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs. Hcftcfgrcs, ocf gi gf`rgftbhdgftc b [grÿf, jbaèb pgredec nrbf pbrtg eg su absg pciètdob= oubfec brhÿ gi [brtdec Butäftdoc pbrb ibs gigoodcfgs gf Hdsdcfgs, gf 24>7, ibs pgredÿ. Iugnc, gf sgptdgharg eg gsg bòc, `ugrcf egoibrbecs dignbigs pcr gi Hbrèb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz rgodag gf ib ncadgrfc. Gi GQ[ (ochc sgòbibhcs cpcrtufbhgftg) cpcrtufbhgftg) dfstbiÿ d fstbiÿ Obsb eg Ncadgrfc bi Ngfgrbi Pdegib nugrrdiigrcs nugrr diigrcs gf gi hcftg tuouhbfc, pgrc gi ncadgrfc butc y b gi Bihdrbftg Hbssgrb rdzÿ rd zÿ bi Gmärodtc b rgbidzbr gi Cpgrbtdvc Dfegpgfegfodb, ecfeg fc scibhgftg hbsborbrcf b ics nugrrdiigrcs sdfc tbhadäf b huojb eg ib pcaibodÿf tuouhbfb qug pceèb sgr scspgojcsb eg ocibacrbodÿf ocf ics nugrrdiigrcs. nugrrd iigrcs. Hbrèb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz Hbrt èfgz fc tgfèb obpbodebe obpbodebe pbrb ib ocfe ocfeuoodÿf uoodÿf egi [cegr [cegr Gmgoutdvc. _df ib edrgoodÿf eg Iÿpgz Qgnb, qudgf pbrb ib LNA (bngfodb eg dftgidngfodb eg ib Wfdÿf _cvdätdob) grb uf bngftg eg ib ODB 2:, tuvc uf hgs eg idogfodb pcr hctdvcs eg sbiue (gftrg sgptdgharg 2:

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_gnýf sg ic hbfd`gstbrbf b Ngiabre, odtbec gf _gcbfg (244:).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 7

y cotuarg), su`rdÿ su` rdÿ uf dftgftc eg ncipg gf edodgharg eg 24>7, 24>7, pcr pbrtg egi Ardnbedgr Cribfec Crib fec Obpgiidfd, y gf `gargrc eg 24>0 egodedÿ bftdodpbr ibs gigoodcfgs b edodgharg, pbrb bocrtbr su pgrècec eg hbfebtc. Juac pgedecs eg rgfufodb y scidodtuegs eg mudodc pciètdoc pcièt doc pcr pbrtg eg ib cpcsdodÿf gf gi Ocfnrgsc qug fc prcspgrbrcf< Ètbic Iuegr, gi prgsdegftg egi _gfbec y prgsdegftg prcvdsdcfbi eg ib Qgpýaidob hdgftrbs eurbab ib idogfodb eg ib [rgsdegftb, sg fgnÿ b ibs prgsdcfgs oèvdoc-hdidtbrgs pbrb `crzbr ib edhdsdÿf ed hdsdÿf eg Dsbagi y ocftdfubr äi (prcabaig(prcabaighgftg tutgibec pcr ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs) jbstb gi flfbi egi hbfebtc. Gstb prcpugstb ig jbaèb sdec jgojb egadec b qug Iuegr flrhÿ ics egorgtcs 1>>;, 1>>2 y 1>>1/>7 egi 0 eg cotuarg eg 24>7, ecfeg orgbab uf Ocfsgmc eg _gnurdebe Dftgrfb pbrb gf`rgftbr ib botdvdebe eg ib nugrrdiib. n ugrrdiib. Gstg Ocfsgmc gstbab gstbab `crhbec pcr tcecs ics hdfdstrcs y pcr ics ochbfebftgs ngfgrbigs eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs< tgfèb ochc `ufodÿf ’bsgscrbr bi [rgsdegftg eg ib Fbodÿf gf tcec ic ocfogrfdgftg b ib iuojb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf’, suavgrsdÿf’, occredfbr occred fbr ocf ibs eghâs butcrdebegs ibs gstrbtgndbs, y ocfeuodr b tcebs ibs `ugrzbs ocfmuftbs gf gsg sgftdec= sgftde c= @ugrzbs Brhbebs, B rhbebs, `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe sgnur debe,, `ugrzbs pcidodbigs y sgrvdodcs sgr vdodcs pgfdtgfodbrdcs fbodcfbi y prcvdfodbigs.

Egorgtc F½ F ½ 102 102 ’Cpgrbtdvc Dfegpgfegfodb‘ - 7 eg `gargrc eg 24>7 Pdstc ibs botdvdebegs bo tdvdebegs qug gighgftcs suavgrsdvcs egsbrrciibf gf ib prcvdfodb eg Uuouhâf y ib fgog sdebe eg becptbr hgedebs begoubebs bego ubebs pbrb su grrbedobodÿf= grrbedobodÿ f= IB [QG_DEGFUB EG IB FBODCF BQNGFUDFB gf Bougrec Ngfgrbi eg Hdfdstrcs egorgtb= egorgtb= Brt. 2½.- Gi ochbfec Ngfgrbi egi Gmärodtc prcogegrâ b gmgoutbr ibs cpgrbodcfgs hdidtbrgs qug sgbf fgogsbrdbs b g`gotcs g`go tcs eg fgutrbidzbr y/c bfdqudibr bfdqudibr gi boodcfbr eg gighgftcs suavgrsdvcs qug botýbf gf ib prcvdfodb eg Uuouhâf. \...X Egorgtc 1>>1/>7 - 0 eg cotuarg eg 24>7.

Pdstcs ics egorgtcs 1>>; y 1>>2 egi eèb eg ib `gojb y ib fgogsdebe eg rgnibr ib dftgrvgfodÿf eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs gf ib gmgouodÿf eg cpgrbodcfgs hdidtbrgs y eg sgnurdebe, b g`gotcs g`go tcs eg bfdqudibr gi boodcfbr eg ics gighgftcs suavgrsdvcs gf tcec gi tgrrdtcrdc egi pbès. [cr giic, gi [rgsdegftg prcvdsdcfbi egi _gfbec eg ib Fbodÿf gf gmgrododc egi [cegr Gmgoutdvc gf bougrec ngfgrbi eg hdfdstrcs, egorgtb= Brt.. 2»‟ Ibs @ugrzbs Brt @ugrz bs Brhbebs abmc gi Ochbfec _upgrdcr egi [rgsdegftg eg ib Fbodÿf qug sgrâ gmgrodec b trbväs egi Ocfsgmc eg Eg`gfsb prcogegrâf b gmgoutbr ibs cpgrbodcfgs hdidtbrgs y eg sgnurdebe qug sgbf fgogsbrdbs b g`gotcs g`go tcs eg bfdqudibr gi boodcfbr eg ics gighgftcs suavgrsdvcs gf tcec gi tgrrdtcrdc egi pbès. pbès . \…X \…X Brt. 1»‟ Gi Hdfdstgrdc eg Gocfchèb prcvggrâ ics `cfecs fgogsbrdcs pbrb gi ouhpidhdgftc egi prgsgftg egorgtc. Brt. ?»‟ Ochufèqugsg, gto. Iuegr. Brâuz Obstgx. Pcttgrc. Ghgry. Quolbu`. Ob`dgrc. Ob` dgrc. Qcaigec. Botdvdebe

b) Ochpbrb bhacs bhacs egorgtcs. ³Rudäf ³Rudäf `drhb obeb ufc3 ufc3 ³Ruä ³Ruä edspcfg3 edspcfg3 ³B quä tgrrdtcrdc sg rg`dgrg3 rg`dgrg3 ³Eg qudäf gs ib rgspcfsbadidebe eg ibs boodcfgs gf obeb obsc3 ob sc3 ³Rudäfgs `crhbf gi Ocfsgmc eg Eg`gfsb3 a) Ics hdidtbrgs mustd`dobf mustd`dobf su botubodÿf botubodÿf hgedbftg gi gi tgrrcrdshc eg eg Gstbec pcr ibs ÿregfgs ÿregfgs eg ’bfdqudibr ’bfdqudibr gi boodcfbr eg ics gighgftcs suavgrsdvcs’. Gi gx prgsdegftg prcvdsdcfbi Iuegr edmc qug gsg ocfogptc gs huy ed`grgftg b ’bfdqudibr b ics suavgrsdvcs’. suavgrsd vcs’. ³Ruä dftgrprgtbs bi rgspgotc3 rgspgo tc3 ³Ruä hgedebs tchÿ gi ncadgrfc eg Dsbagi y Iuegr pbrb ochabtdr gi tgrrcrdshc pbrb-gstbtbi eg ib uitrbegrgojb3

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Cpgrbtdvc Dfegpgfegfodb

Ngfgrbi Boegi Genbrec Pdibs, ochbfebftg P Ardnbeb eg Df`bftgrèb. ’Ochufdobec F½ 2= Gi ochbfebftg eg ib P Ardnbeb eg Df`bftgrèb pcfg p cfg gf ocfcodhdgftc egi pugaic eg ib prcvdfodb prcv dfodb eg Uuouhâf qug gf gi eèb eg ib `gojb `go jb \22/1/2 \22/1/24>7X 4>7X y gf ouhpidhdgftc ouhpidhdg ftc eg ÿregfgs gxprgsbebs eg ib supgrdcrdebe, jb dfdodbec cpgrbodcfgs ocf g`gotdvcs g`got dvcs eg ib Ardnbeb eg Df`bftgrèb Odfoc, `ugrzbs `ugrz bs eg sgnurdebe y pcidodbigs gf ib zcfb suecgstg suecgst g eg ib oduebe eg _bf Hdnugi eg Uuouhâf Uuouhâf ocf ib `dfbidebe eg rgstdtudr ib trbfqudidebe b ics jbadtbftgs, bitgbitg rbeb pcr gi boodcfbr eg egidfougftgs suavgrsdvcs qug prgtgfegf gxpictbr gxpict br ib dhpufdebe qug igs nbrbftdzb ib dhpcsdodÿf egi hdgec, `rgftg ` rgftg b uf pugaic hbeurc qug gmgrog su scagrbfèb gf pigfdtue, sg bizbf ibs hdfcrèbs suavgrsdvbs qug gsnrdhdgfec ocfsdnfbs bmgfbs bi sgftdr fbodcfbi sg btrdauygf ufb rgprgsgftbtdvdebe qug fc tdgfgf y btbobf bi Gstbec pcr hgedc egi btbqug b sus dfstdtuodcfgs. dfstdtuodcfgs . \...X [cr giic gi ochbfebftg eg ib Ardnbeb eg Df`bftgrèb Odfoc bpgib b ib augfb vciuftbe y trbedodcfbi pbtrdctdshc eg ics jbadtbftgs eg ib prcvdfodb pbrb qug ib oduebebfèb sgpb edsdhuibr ibs pgrturabodcfgs pgrturabodcfg s qug surmbf eg ics cpgrbtdvcs hdidtbrgs hdidt brgs rgqudrdgfec sg prgstg gi hâxdhc eg ocibacrbodÿf y bpcyc b ibs hdshbs. Qgougreb bsdhdshc ib fgogsdebe eg pcrtbr pgrhbfgftghgftg ics ecouhgftcs pgrscfbigs pgr scfbigs b `df eg `bodidtbr ufb prcftb degftd`dobodÿf.‘ Botdvdebe

³Ocf quä camgtdvcs ochufdob gi Gmärodtc qug dfdodb sus cpgrbodcfgs gf Uuouhâf3 ³Ruä ig scidodtb b ib pcaibodÿf tuouhbfb3 Bvgrdnub scarg ics mg`gs egi Cpgrbtdvc, Boegi Pdibs y Bftcfdc Aussd= ³Oÿhc iigvbrcf b obac gsbs boodcfgs3 ³[cr quä `ugrcf ocfegfbecs pcstgrdcrhgftg3

Ics ncipgs eg Gstbec sg jbaèbf fbturbidzbec gf ib scodgebe brngftdfb, y huojcs ic vgèbf ochc dfgvdtbaig. Ib dzqudgreb ocfsdegrbab qug ctrb edotbeurb bnuedzbrèb ibs ocftrbedoodcfgs y bogigrbrèb ib iignbeb b ib rgvciuodÿf pcpuibr. Ib egrgojb y ics nrbfegs obpdtbigs ocfspdrbabf pbrb qug Hbrèb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz eg [grÿf `ugrb egpugstb oubftc bftgs. Ics qug fc qugrèbf gi prcfufodbhdgftc hdidtbr y sgnuèbf sgnu èbf bpcybfec bi ncadgrfc pgsg b tcecs sus prcaighbs, iigfbrcf ib [ibzb eg Hbyc gi 2> eg cotuarg eg 24>7. Ics qug ordtdobabf bi rbedobidshc pcr tgfgr ufb pcsdodÿf ncipdstb y gstbabf gf ocftrb egi ncipg, su`rdgrcf dftdhdebodÿf eg ibs `ugrzbs egi cregf

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OB[ÈUWIC 7

pgsg b sgr dfstdtuodcfbidstbs24. [brb hcstrbr hcstrb r gi bpcyc odvdi qug tuvdgrcf, gf uf u f rgpcrtbmg qug ig jdzc ib rgvdstb rgvd stb gspbòcib Obhadc 20 b Pdegib, ästg bflrhÿ bflr hÿ qug qug Abiaèf ic vdsdtÿ pbrb prgnuftbrig prgn uftbrig ouâfec sgrèb gi ncipg, qug ib Dnigsdb `ug pruegftg y fc igs orgÿ prcaighbs dfgspgrbecs, y qug ics ghprgsbrdcs tbhadäf ocibacrbrcf y occpgrbrcf ocf ics hdidtbrgs.1; Gi 15 eg hbrzc gi pbès pbè s sg gftgrÿ eg qug b hgedbfcojg egi 1?, oubfec Dsbagi gstbab gf gi jgidoÿptgrc pgfsbfec qug vdbmbab vdbmbab jbodb Cidvcs, ästg `ug egsvdbec jbodb Bgrcpbrqug y ib [rgsdegftb `ug trbsibebe tr bsibebebb egtgfdeb b Fguqu Fguquäf. äf. Tb sg bfufodbabf ics prdhgrcs pr dhgrcs ochufdobecs ochufdobecs egi ncipg. n cipg.

Gi `diÿsc`c Ocfrbec Gnngrs Ibf gf fcvdgharg eg 24>7 24>7 puaidoÿ uf brtèouic gf gi edbrdc Gi Cg Cgst stgg eg Obrics Obsbrgs, b`drhbfec ’³[cr quä sg suhbf ics rbedobigs b ib sbòb eg ibs hdfcrèbs ncipdstbs3 Wfc pugeg iignbr b orggrig b Abiaèf oubfec edog qug puec sgr bhdnc eg [grÿf pgrc qug fc pugeg sgr bhdnc eg Dsbagi< pgrc oubfec, fugvbhgftg eg ib hbfc eg Diidb, rgoibhb ib rgfufodb eg Dsbagi, fc jb eg sgr pcrqug fc pugeg sgr bhdnc eg giib. \...X _d uf pbrtdec pciètdoc tdgfg rgprgsgftbftgs gf gi [bribhgftc, gf ib hgedeb qug gi [bribhgftc ocncadgrfb sbfodcfbfec igygs y gmgrog ocftrbicr egi [cegr Gmgoutdvc, gs pcr gsg hgedc qug sg prcourb gstbaigogr c hgmcrbr ib obpbodebe nuagrfbtdvb< gf gi pgcr eg ics obscs, hgedbftg ib prchcodÿf egi mudodc pciètdoc, gf `crhb ocfstdtuodcfbi. [grc gstc eg rgoibhbr pýaidobhgftg, pýaidobhgftg, muftc b ibs hdfcrèbs ncipdstbs, ib rgfufodb eg qudgf gmgrog ib prgsdegfodb eg ib Fbodÿf, 24

scic sgftdec pcr sd tbhadäf ics rbedobigs pdgfsbfeg qug gf gigoodcfgs sdf prcsordpodcfgs, ‘ [cr gsb obusbtdgfg `ug vdndibec ib Edrgoodÿf eg Dftgidngfodb ib [cidoèb eg ib [rcvdfodb eg Augfcs pgregrâf Bdrgs, qug`rgftg gigvÿ biufpgrcfdshc. df`crhg b`drhbfec qug gi butcr egi brtèouic, bufqug sg egoèb pgrcfdstb, grb hbrxdstb. 1; ’Ibs egoibrbodcfgs egi edotbecr Mcrng Pdegib b ib rgvdstb gspbòcib Ob Obhad hadc c 20‘, [ândfb/21 , 20 eg `gargrc eg 1;21.

22>

 

24>;24 >;-24> 24>0= 0= IB IWO IWOJB JB [CQ GI OB OBHAD HADC C _CO _CODBI DBI

22:

  

OB[ÈUWIC 0

 24>0 24> 0-24:?= 24:?= Gi tgrrcrdshc tgr rcrdshc eg Gstbec Rug binudgf hg ednb sd jb vdstc b hd jdmc. _g iibhb Bnustèf y gs gstuedbftg eg Hgedodfb. Gsg Bnustèf gs uf augf huojbojc.  B gs tgroc tgroc oubfec cpdfb. Icvgogs jbf egtgfdec. Fc sä quä `ugrzb. [bftbiÿf aibfoc, obhdsb b rbybs. [bsÿ bftgbygr.  \...X Bfcojg gsouojä vbrdbs gxpicsdcfgs. gxpicsdcfgs. Udrcs eg gsocpgtb y eg rgvÿivgr. Obrrcs bogigrbecs, `rgfcs, nrdtcs. Goc eg actbs gf ib obiig. Ucqugs eg pugrtb.  Rugmbs. [cr edcsgs. [ibtcs rctcs. Gstbabf ebfec ib tgigfcvgib. [cr gsc fbedg hdrÿ pb— `ugrb.  ³Beÿfeg vbf ics egsbpbrgodecs3 Ausob gf gi bnub y gf ics hbtcrrbigs.  ³T pcr quä gs qug sg egsbpbrgogf3 [crqug fc tcecs schcs dnubigs.  ³T ouâfec vugivg gi egsbpbrgodec3 Obeb vgz qug ics trbg gi pgfsbhdgftc.  ³Oÿhc sg ig jbaib bi egsbpbrgodec3 egsbpbrgodec3 Ocf ib ghcodÿf bprgtbfec pcr egftrc. Egsbpbrdodcfgs, pcr Quaäf Aibegs ([bfbhâ)

’[QCOG_C ’[QCOG_ C EG QGCQNBFD]BOD QGCQNBFD]BODßF ßF FBOD FBODCFBI CFBI‘‘ T NGFCODE NGFCODEDC DC Ib ýitdhb edotbeurb e dotbeurb sg butctdtuiÿ butctdtuiÿ ’[rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi‘ ([QF), ([QF ), tchbfec ochc gmghpic b ib ngfgrbodÿf eg 2::; gf su crnbfdzbodÿf eg uf Gstbec cidnârqudoc, ocf ib dftgfodÿf eg vcivgric b `ufebr. Ochc yb jbaèb courrdec courr dec gi `gfÿhgfc eg eghcorbodb eg hbsbs eurbftg ibrnbs eäobebs, jbaèb qug gidhdfbr gidhd fbr b tcebs ibs pgrscfbs qug fc gstuvdgrbf eg bougrbougrec ocf rgnrgsbr bi hcegic brdstcorâtdoc idagrbi, idagrb i, g dhpibftbr pcr ib `ugrzb su prcpdb prcpdb degcicnèb. Gi ncipg eg Gstbec sg jdzc ocf ochpidodebe odvdi, dfoiusc eg ed`grgftgs pbrtdecs pbr tdecs pciètdocs. _df ghabrnc, ics pbrtdecs pbrt decs pciètdocs trbedodcfbigs trbedodcfbigs fc dhbndfbrcf dhbnd fbrcf qug ib gtbpb eg tgrrcrdshc gstbtbi qug ghpgzbab sg dhpighgftbrèb ocf tbftb sbòb, sbedshc, vdcigfodb, fdvgi eg egidfougfodb y egsjuhbfdzbodÿf, oubfec yb gi ngfcodedc jbaèb sdec ocfegfbec pcr ics crnbfdshcs dftgrfbodcfbigs dftgrfbodcfbigs egspuäs eg ib _gnufeb _gn ufeb Nugrrb Hufedbi. Ib gidhdfbodÿf egi ctrc, ib prâotdob egi ngfcodedc, fc sÿic babrob su bfdqudibhdgftc `èsdoc y psèqudoc sdfc tbhadäf jdstÿrdoc y scodbi. [brb qug gstc sgb g`gotdvc, prdhgrc sg egag ocfstrudr bi ’ctrc‘ ochc fgnbtdvc gf gi dhbndfbrdc scodbi, ocf ib ocibacrbodÿf eg dftgigotubigs y eg ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf< iugnc sg ic egag jcstdnbr, ocf boodcfgs gspcrâedobs qug vbybf fbturbidzbfec gf ib pcaibodÿf gstbs bnrgsdcfgs jbodb gi ’ctrc fgnbtdvc‘< fgnbtdvc‘< pcstgrdcrhgftg pcstgr dcrhgftg gi pcegr ngfcodeb tdgfg qug icnrbr bdsibric bd sibric gspbodbihgfgspbodbihgftg gf obhpcs eg ocfogftrbodÿf ocfogftrbodÿf (ochc ics fbzds) fbzd s) c hgedbftg gi sgougstrc-egsbpbrdodÿf gf ogftrcs oibfegstdfcs eg egtgfodÿf ‟OOE‟ (gf Brngftdfb). Gf gstcs ogftrcs sg prcogeg bi egadidtbhdgftc sdstghâtdoc eg ibs pgrscfbs (qug yb, ochc egsbpbrgodecs, pgredgrcf su degftdebe, scf sdhpigs fýhgrcs) dftgftbfec icnrbr su egstruoodÿf ochc dftgnrdebe

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24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

psèqudob, su egsnbstg hcrbi, gf odgrtcs obscs su sgigoodÿf pbrb ocibacrbodÿf gf ib aurcorbodb df`grfbi eg gscs ogftrcs eg gxtgrhdfdc, gxtgrhd fdc, c su egstruoodÿf `èsdob y hugrtg hugrtg pcr bnctbhdgftc.. Ocf ics scargvdvdgftgs b gstcs pbscs sg iigvb b obac su gxtgrhdfdc hdgftc gxtgr hdfdc flfbi (oâhbrbs ( oâhbrbs eg nbs gf Bighbfdb, vugics v ugics eg ib hugrtg hugrtg u ctrbs vbrdgebegs vb rdgebegs eg bsgsdfbtc bsgsdfbtc gf Brngftdfb).2 Ib ocfstruoodÿf fgnbtdvb egi ’ctrc‘ qug qugrèb gi obhadc scodbi sg jbaèb jgojc eurbftg ics bòcs prgogegftgs. _g jbaèb dfoiudec egftrc eg gsg ’ctrc fgnbtdvc‘ sÿic b ics dftgnrbftgs eg ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs pciètdoc hdidtbrgs, sdfc b tcecs ics qug qugrèbf mustdodb scodbi. Odvdigs y hdidtbrgs ocibacrbrcf gf gstb tbrgb. Gf 24>:, gi Er. Jcrbodc Nbroèb Agisufog bflrhÿ=

’_uavgrsdvcs fc scf scibhgftg bqugiics qug bsgsdfbf ocf ibs brhbs... sdfc tbhadäf ics qug egseg ctrbs pcsdodcfgs df󿬂itrbf gf ib scodgebe degbs ocftrbrdbs b ib 󿬂icsc`èb pciètdob qug gi [rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi jb eg󿬂fdec ochc pbutbs c mudodcs eg vbicr vb icr pbrb su boodÿf.‘ Gi hdshc bòc, gi hdfdstrc hd fdstrc eg Ouiturb y Geuo Geuobodÿf bodÿf Mubf Iigrgfb Iigrgfb Bhbegc scstuvc= ’Ibs degcicnèbs sg ochabtgf ocf degcicnèbs degcicnèb s y fcsctrcs tgfghcs ib fugstrb‘< y gi ochbfebftg gf  mg`g egi Gmärodtc Qcagrtc Pdcib Pdcib gxpidoÿ qug ’gi egstdfc flfbi eg eg ibs cpgrbodcf cpgrbodcfgs gs gf egsbrrciic gs ib hgftg juhbfb, gi sdstghb dftgrfc eg ocfvdoodcfgs eg obeb jcharg‘. 1

Argvg orcfcicnèb o rcfcicnèb eg ics ncadgrfcs eg `botc `bot c 24>024>0-24:? 24:? Gi [QF? `ug dfdodbe df dodbecc pcr ib Muftb Hdidtbr Hdi dtbr dftgnrbeb pcr gi tgfdgftg ngfgrbi Mcrng Qb`bgi Pdegib, ochbfebftg ngfgrbi egi Gmärodtc< gi bihdrbftg Ghdidc Geubrec Hbssgrb, ochbfebftg ngfgrbi eg ib Brhbeb, y gi ardnbedgr ngfgrbi Cribfec Qbhÿf Bncstd, ochbfebftg ngfgrbi eg ib @ugrzb Bärgb. Gi prdhgrc, pr dhgrc, Pdegib, `ug fcharbec prgsdegftg prgsdegftg gi eèb 14 eg hbrzc, y tuvc ochc hdfdstrc eg Gocfchèb ics odfoc bòcs eg su ncadgrfc b Mcsä Bi`rgec Hbrtèfgz Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz. Uuvdgrcf Uuvdgrcf gi bpcyc eg Gstbecs Gst becs Wfdecs egseg bftgs egi ncipg. Gi _gorgtbr _gorgt brdc dc eg Gstbec fcrtgbhgrdobfc, fcrtgbhgrdobf c, Jgfry Ldssdfngr, igs jbaèb edojc b ics ngfgrbigs= ’_d jby ocsbs qug tdgfgf qug sgr jgojbs, ibs egagrèbf jbogr râpdebhgftg‘. T igs edc gi bpcyc bufqug gi gfobrnbec eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb, ^diidbh Qcngrs, egspu egspuäs äs egi ncipg, ig ochgftÿ b Ldssdfngr qug vgferèb ’ufb dhpcrtbftg dhpcr tbftg rgprgsdÿf, prcabaighgftg uf abòc eg sbfnrg, gf Brngftdfb Br ngftdfb huy prcftc‘. prcftc‘.5 Bpgfbs ecs bòcs y hgedc egspuäs egi ncipg, ics hdidtbrgs brngftdfcs obiouibabf qug jbaèbf hugrtc c egsbpbrgodec b 11.;;; pgrscfbs. Gf 24:; `ug egsdnfbec gi ngfgrbi Qcagrtc Pdcib gf rgghpibzc eg Pdegib, pgrc pcr nrbfegs egidagrbodcfgs dftgrfbs, fc bsuhdÿ gi obrnc jbstb 24:2. Ib sdtubodÿf gocfÿhdob gocfÿhdob grb g rb @gdgrstgdf Ebfdgi. 1 Ibs trgs odtbs `ugrcf tchbebs eg Dfvgrfdzzd, Jgrfâf< Ncodci Muedtj, Wf ncipg b ics idarcs, Qgprgsdÿf b ib ouiturb eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr , Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab, 1;;?. ? Wtdidzbhcs ibs sdnibs [QF pcr gi fcharg qug ics ncipdstbs edgrcf b su rändhgf ([rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi), c ic 2

egfchdfbhc egfchdfbhcs s ’ýitdhb edotbeurb‘ pcrqug ýitdhb tghpcrbihgftg y pcrqug gstâegfchdfbfec gf ib vciuftbebeg brngftdfcsegqug fufobgshâs jbyb edotbeurbs. Gi fcharg ’prcogsc‘ ocfgsqug binufcs pcr ocstuharg sdnugf gsgicstgrrcrdshc Gstbec, uf gu`ghdshc gxouipbtcrdc eg btrcodebegs sdf ièhdtgs. 5 jttp=//www.nwu.geu/, jttp=//www .nwu.geu/, ecouhgftcs fcrtgbhgrdobfcs egsoibsd`dobecs.

21;

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

huy hbib, y Pdcib dftgftÿ crnbfdzbr ufb bpgrturbb ocf ics bpgrtur ics pbrtdecs pbrt decs pciètdocs. _df ghabrnc, fc tuvc bougrec ocf ics ctrcs dftgnrbftgs eg ib oýpuib hdidtbr, y gsg hdshc bòc `ug rgghpibzbec pcr gi tgfdgftg ngfgrbi Igcpciec @crtufbtc Nbitdgrd. Nbitdgrd tgfèb gxogigftgs rgibodcfgs ocf ics Gstbecs Wfdecs, y pgfsbab qug pcr gsb rbzÿf pceèb iignbr b ghprgfegr ufb bvgfturb aäidob egsocftbfec gi bpcyc eg ib pctgfodb egi Fcrtg. Jgfry Ldssdfngr ocf gi Bihdrbftg Nuzzgttd, cotuarg 24>0, Oibrèf

Binufcs ochufdobecs ochufd obecs y igygs eg ib Muftb Muft b Hdidtbr Hdidt br egi 15/?/24> 15/?/24>0 0 Ochufdobec F½ 2. ― ’_g ochufdob b ib pcaibodÿf qug b pbrtdr pbr tdr eg ib `gojb, gi pbès sg gfgf -

ougftrb abmc gi ocftrci cpgrbodcfbi eg ib Muftb eg Ochbfebftgs Ngfgrbigs eg ibs @@.BB.‘ @@.B B.‘ Ochufdobec F½ 1. ― ’Ocf ib `dfbidebe eg prgsgrvbr gi cregf y ib trbfqudidebe, sg rgougreb b ib pcaibodÿf ib vdngfodb egi Gstbec eg _dtdc. _dt dc. Ucecs ics jbadtbftgs egagrâf bastgfgrsg bastgfgrs g eg rgbidzbr rgufdcfgs gf ib vèb pýaidob y eg prcpbibr fctdodbs bibrhdstbs. bibrhdst bs. Rudgfgs bsè ic jbnbf, sgrâf egtgfdecs pcr ib butcrdebe (hdidtbr, eg sgnurdebe c pcidodbigs). _g bevdgrtg bsdhdshc qug tceb hbfd`gstbodÿf obiigmgrb sgrâ sgvgrbhgftg rgprdhdeb.‘ Ochufdobec F½ 5. ― ’_g ochufdob b ib pcaibodÿf, pcaibodÿf , qug tcebs ibs `ugftgs eg prceuoodÿf y iunbrgs eg trbabmc, gstbtbigs y prdvbebs, b pbrtdr eg ib `gojb, sgrâf ocfsdegrbecs camgtdvcs eg dftgräs hdidtbr.‘ Ochufdobec F½ 17. ― ’Ib Muftb Muft b Hdidtbr jb rgsugitc= 2) 2) Dftgrvgfdr ib ONG, ib ONU y jb prcogedec b ocfngibr sus `cfecs. 1) _uprdhdr gi `ugrc sdfedobi.‘ Igy 12.105 ‟ [gfb eg hugrtg y Ocfsgmcs eg Nugrrb

Brt.2. ― ’Gi qug pýaidobhgftg oubiqudgr dfodtbrg bocf ib vdcigfodb /c bitgrbrg gi cregf pýaidoc, sgrâ pcr rgprdhdec pcrhgedc, scib dfodtbodÿf, rgoiusdÿfocigotdvb eg jbstbyedgz bòcs‘. Brt. 1. ― ’Gi qug bitgrbrg gf oubiqudgr `crhb ocftrb ics hgedcs eg trbfspcrtg, eg ochufdobodÿf, usdfbs, dfstbibodcfgs eg nbs c bnub ocrrdgftg u ctrcs sgrvdodcs s grvdodcs pýaidocs, sgrâ rgprdhdec ocf rgoiusdÿf pcr tdghpc egtgrhdfbec c hugrtg‘. Brt. ?. ― ’Gi qug gfvgfgfbrg, c ocftbhdfbrg c beuitgrbrg, ocf pgidnrc pbrb ib pcaibodÿf, bnub c sustbfodbs bidhgftdodbs c hgedodfbigs, sgrâ rgprdhdec ocf rgoiusdÿf pcr tdghpc egtgrhdfbec c hugrtg‘. Brt. Brt . 5. ― ’Gi qug hgedbftg dfogfedc, gxpicsdÿf u ctrc hgedc bfâicnc, orgbrg uf pgidnrc ochýf pbrb pgrscfbs y adgfgs, sgrâ rgprdhdec ocf rgoiusdÿf pcr tdghpc egtgrhdfbec egtgrh dfbec c hugrtg‘. Brt.7. Brt .7. ― ’\...X gi pgrscfbi hdidtbr eg ibs `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe y eg ibs `ugrzbs pcidodbigs jbrâ usc eg ibs brhbs gf obsc eg qug ib pgrscfb pgrs cfb dfourrb gf binufc eg ics egidtcs prgvdstcs prgvdstc s eg 1 b 5 prgogegftgs‘. Brt. Brt . >. >. ― ’Oräbfsg gf tcec gi tgrrdtcrdc tgrrd tcrdc egi pbès ics Ocfsgmcs Ocfsgmc s eg Nugrrb Gspgodbigs Gstbaigs \...X qug muftbhgftg ocf ics Ocfsgmcs eg Nugrrb [grhbfgftg pbrb gi [grscfbi _uabitgrfc eg ibs Urgs @ugrzbs Brhbebs, ocfcogrâf gf gi muznbhdgftc eg ics egidtcs qugedgodsäds prgvä ibbòcs‘. prgsgftg igy ‘. Brt 2;. ― ’Ib prgsgftg igy sgrâ bpidobaig b tceb pgrscfb pgr scfb hbycr eg bòcs ‘. igy‘.

212

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQCQ UGQQCQD_HC D_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

_u hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb, Qcagrtc Bighbff, tchÿ pbrtg egi hdshc gqudpc eg Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz. [grc gf 24:1, `rgftg b ib nugrrb, nugr rb, Gstbecs Wfdecs sg bidfgÿ ocf Dfnibtgrrb, y trbs t rbs gi egsbstrg hdidtbr hdi dtbr gf Hbivdfbs ‟qug ‟ qug hâs begibftg bfbidzbrghcs‟ bfbidzbrghcs ‟ egadÿ rgfufodbr. _u suogscr `ug gi ngfgrbi Qgyfbiec Adnfcfg, fcharbec sÿic pcr gi Gmärodtc, pcrqug ib Hbrdfb y ib Bgrcfâutdob gstbabf gf egsbou egsbougrec. grec. Ocf gstb sdtubodÿ sdtubodÿf, f, ib Muftb Hdidtbr qugeb qugebab ab edsugitb (ocftbfe ( ocftbfecc egseg gi dfdodc egi [QF sg trbtbab eg ib tgrogrb), pcr ic qug sg tuvdgrcf qug fcharbr fcharbr fugvcs hdidtbrgs ochc hdgharcs eg ib oubrtb Muftb, y Adnfcfg prgpbrÿ ib sbideb eghcorâtdob. _d adgf ib hbycr pbrtg eg ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs sg rgndstrÿ eurbftg ib edotbeurb eg Pdegib, juac egtgfodcfgs-egsbpbrdodcfgs jbstb gi ýitdhc bòc, 24:?.7 Gi ?; eg cotuarg eg 24:? sg rgbidzbrcf ibs gigoodcfgs, y gi 2; eg edodgharg bsuhdÿ gi prgsdegftg gigotc, Qbýi Bi`cfsèf.

UGQQCQD_HC UGQQC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC Gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec ocfsdstg gf ib utdidzbodÿf sdstghâtdob eg ib vdcigfodb b trbväs egi bpbrbtc bpbrbtc gstbtbi pbrb dftdhdebr d ftdhdebr c gidhdfbr gidh dfbr b ics edsdegf e dsdegftgs, tgs, g dfvciuorb gf gsg tgrrcr b ib hbycrèb hbyc rèb eg ib scodgebe odvdi. _g _ g obiouib qug ocf obeb ordhgf ochgtdec pcr gi tgrrcrdshc tgr rcrdshc eg Gstbec sg sdigfodbf 2;;; pgrscfbs. Ics orèhgfgs or èhgfgs egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec scf eg igsb juhbfdebe y pcr ic tbftc dhprgsordptdaigs. Ib obrbotgrèstdob obrbotgrèst dob eg ics orèhgfgs eg igsb juhbfdebe, sgnýf gi `biic eg edodgharg eg 1;;> eg ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi pcrtgòb, pcr tgòb, gs qug ’scf ochgtdecs ochgtdecs gf gi hbroc eg ufb boodÿf hbsdvb c sdstghâtdob, edrdndeb, edrdn deb, crnbfdzbeb c tcigrbe tcigrbebb pcr gi pcegr pciètdoc‘, pciètdoc‘, c ’och ’ochgtdecs gtdecs pcr bngftg gstbtbi gf gmgouodÿf eg boodÿf nuagrfbhgftbi c pcr uf nrupc n rupc ocf obpbodebe eg gmgrogr gmgrogr uf echdfdc y gmgouodÿf bfâicncs bi gstbtbi‘. gstbtbi‘. Ib ed`grgfodb e d`grgfodb ocf ics orèhgfgs egi tgrrcrdshc tgr rcrdshc gmgoutbec gmgoutbec pcr crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs sdf ocfgxdÿf ocf gi ncadgrfc, gs qug ästcs fc scf orèhgfgs eg igsb juhbfdebe pcrqug fc gstâf gmgoutbecs pcr gi Gstbec c ocf su bpcyc. Gf gi hdshc `biic, ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi bflrhÿ= ’Gs gqudvcobec scstgfgr qug ics egidtcs btrdaudecs \b HcftcfgrcsX ocfstdtuybf orèhgfgs ocftrb ib juhbfdebe. _df eueb gi grrcr rbedob gf ocf`ufedr ib prgtgfsdÿf eg boogegr boogegr bi pcegr pciètdoc, pcièt doc, qug qug obrbotgrdzb obrbotgrd zb b tceb bnrupbodÿf pciètdob ‟vdcigftb c fc‟ ocf gi gmgrododc egi pcegr pciètdoc, eg echdfdc scarg ufb pcaibodÿf odvdi egtgrhdfbeb egtgrhdfbeb‘‘.

G`gotdvcs eg ibs `ugrzbs brhbebs rgbidzbf uf cpgrbtdvc gf gi `grrcobrrdi _brhdgftc, 24>0

_g pugeg boogegr b ib absg eg ebtcs eg 2;.;;; egsbpbrgodecs gf ib pândfb jttp=//www.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/Nrupc jttp=//www.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/Nrupc@/egs/t. @/egs/t. jthi, ecfeg `dnurb fcharg y bpgiidec, `gojb y iunbr eg egsbpbrdodÿf, ecouhgftc ecouhgftc y gebe bi hchgftc eg ib egsbpbrdodÿf, prc`gsdÿf, prc`gsdÿf, fýhgrc eg ignbmc eg Ocfbegp, sd jb sdec vdstc gf uf ogftrc oibfegstdfc eg egtgfodÿf< gf `df, ics ebtcs qug sg tgfnbf t gfnbf edspcfdaigs. 7

211

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Gf gi rgpcrtbmg qug ib rgvdstb gspbòci gspbòcibb Obhadc 20 ig jdodgrb gi 21 eg `gargrc eg 1;21 bi gx edotbecr Mcrng Qb`bgi Pdegib, scstuvc=

 Pcobauibrdc Igsb= igsdcfbeb,

’C tchâabhcs gi pcegr c ib suavgrsdÿf sg jboèb pcr ib vèb eg ibs brhbs ocf ibs dfstdtuodcfgs. d fstdtuodcfgs. \...X \...X Gstbab prgvdstc gf gi

bnrbvdbeb, ibstdhbeb, c`gfedeb, ebòbeb.

nudÿf y tcecspbrb ics ocf󿬁udr sgotcrgs gf pciètdocs y scodbigs jbaèbf‘ sdec ocfsuitbecs gsg rgsuitbec gspgrbec.‘ gspgrbec.

Dhprgsordptdaig=

_df ghabrnc, gs sbadec qug Hcftcfgrcs c gi GQ[ fc tgfèbf gf hbrzc eg 24>0 ib obpbodebe pciètdob fd eg c`gfsdvb rgbi ochc pbrb tchbr gi ncadgrfc. Gf gi idarc Gi bihb eg ics vgreuncs, gi mugz Abitbsbr Nbrzÿf y gi pgrdcedstb pgr dcedstb Pdogftg Qchgrc Qchgrc bflrhbf= bflr hbf=

qug fc pugeg prgsordadr c gxtdfnudrsg su boodÿf c ib rgspcfsbadidebe.

’Ib gspdrbi eg vdcigfodb eurbftg ics ecs ýitdhcs bòcs egi ncadgrfc pgrcfdstb pgrhdtdÿ b ics hdidtbrgs hdidtb rgs egsborgedtbr b ib eghcorbodb y prgsgftbrsg bftg ib cpdfdÿf cpdfdÿf pýaidob ochc ufb nbrbftèb eg igy y cregf. B giic ocftrdauyÿ ib hbycrèb eg ib prgfsb, dfoiusc binufcs eg ics hâs prgstdndcscs rctbtdvcs dftgrfbodcfbigs ochc Ig Hcfeg. Fbedg gspgrbab qug uf ncadgrfc obstrgfsg dforghgftbrb ib abrabrdg ocf gi prcpÿsdtc eg bfdqudibr tctbihgftg b sus gfghdncs, y qug dfoiuygrb b sdfedobidstbs, trbabmbecrgs scodbigs g dftgigotubigs, beghâs eg ib gxtrghb dzqudgreb nugrrdiigrb. Fbedg ic gspgrbab pcrqug sgfodiibhgftg fc grb fgogsbrdc jbogric egseg fdfnýf puftc eg vdstb. Oubfec ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs edgrcf gi ncipg eg Gstbec, gi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0, ics g`gotdvcs egi GQ[ sg gfocftrbabf prâotdobhgftg gxtgrhdfbecs, tbftc gf ibs zcfbs rurbigs eg Uuouhâf ecfeg jbaèbf iignbec b sgr `ugrtgs, ochc gf gi egfchdfbec `rgftg urabfc. Ics nrupcs nr upcs brhbecs pgrcfdstbs jbaèbf sdec eurbhgftg eurbhgftg ncipgbecs pcr ufb adgf occredfbeb boodÿf hdidtbr, hdi dtbr, pcidodbi y pbrbpcidodbi. pbrbpcidodb i. Ics Hcftcfgrcs, bufqug prgtgfeèbf prgtgfeèbf hbftgfgr su egsb`èc hdidtbr hdidtb r bi Gstbec, jbaèbf pgredec ufcs ecs hdi hdidtbftgs gf gi pibzc eg uf bòc. T Bhfdstèb Dftgrfbodcfbi obiouibab gftrg odfoc y sgds hdi gi fýhgrc eg prgscs pciètdocs. ³[cr quä gftcfogs sg rgourrdÿ bi tgrrcr3 \...X Gf ib hghcrdb eg edstdftcs bfbidstbs gstbab ib tgsds eg qug bfdqudibfec b ib gidtg orètdob gf tcecs y obeb ufc eg ics gsobicfgs scodbigs sg ocrtbab eg rbèz uf prcogsc rgvciuodcfbrdc gf hbrojb y sg dhpgeèb su rgsurndhdgftc rgsurn dhdgftc bi hgfcs eurbftg ufb ngfgrbodÿf. Wfb hgrb gspgouibodÿf tgÿrdob qug sg prgedobab b ics biuhfcs eg Bhärdob Bhär dob Ibtdfb gf ibs gsougibs pcidodbigs y bobeghdbs hdidtbrgs fcrtgbhgrdobfbs.‘ Gf uf rgpcrtbmg qug jdzc ib pgrdcedstb `rbfogsb Hbrdg-Hcfdqug Qcadf (pbrb su ecouhgftbi Gsoubercfgs eg ib hugrtg. Ib Gsougib @rbfogsb ) gi ngfgrbi Qbhÿf Eèbz Agsscfg mustdfloÿ ics bsgsdfbtcs eg ics sgougstrbecs pcr ib pcsdadidebe eg qug qug `ugrbf idagrbecs i dagrbecs gf uf ncadgrfc ocfstdtuodcfbi, ochc courrdÿ gf hbyc eg 24>? ocf ics prgscs pciètdocs=

’³T sd ics hgtèbhcs hgtèb hcs gf ib oârogi, oârogi , quä3 Tb Tb pbsÿ boâ. Pgfèb uf ncadgrfc ncadgr fc ocfstdtuodcfbi ocfstdt uodcfbi y ics pcfèb gf idagrtbe. idagr tbe. [crqug gstb gs ufb nugrrb dftgrfb. Fc gs gi gfghdnc qug qugeÿ egi ctrc ibec eg ib `rcftgrb. _bièbf ctrb vgz b tchbr ibs brhbs, ctrb vgz b hbtbr.‘ 0 Odtbec pcr Jcrbodc Pgradtsly, Pgradtsly, ’Eèbz Agsscfg behdtg hdigs eg tcrturbecs y gmgoutbecs gf ib oibfegstdfdebe‘ gf [ândfb/21 , ?2 eg bncstc eg 1;;?. 0

21?

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Ib ochpidodebe eg ib prgfsb b ib qug biuegf Nbrzÿf y Qchgrc sg pugeg gmghpidflobr ocf ib fctb gedtcrdbi egi edbrdc Ib Fbodÿf egi 2? eg `gargrc eg 24>0, ecfeg bflrhbab qug ’ibs ’ ibs `ugftgs hdidtbrgs jbogf egstbobr rgdtgrbebhgftg qug fbedg pcerâ egodr gf gi `uturc qug ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs fc jdodgrcf tcec ic pcsdaig pcr dhpgedr ib dftgrrupodÿf dftgrr upodÿf egi rändhgf dfstdtuodcfbi. [grc bevdgrtgf tbhadäf t bhadäf qug, qug, pcr gi ocftrbrdc, sd ocftdfubrbf bastgfdäfecsg bastgfdäfecsg eg iigfbr gi vboèc eg pcegr qug gi gstbec eg ocsbs pbrgogrèb gstbr egtgrhdfbfec egtgrhd fbfec,, pcerèbf pcer èbf sgr bousbebs pcr gi mudodc eg ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db eg prgsodfegfodb ouipcsb‘. ouipcsb‘. Ubhadäf, Ubhadäf, gi 17 eg hbrzc, gi Augfcs Bdrgs Jgrbie puaidobab qug ’tceb ib Fbodÿf rgspcfedÿ ocf bidvdc oubfec bevdrtdÿ qug hbfcs flrhgs jbaèbf tchbec gi ocftrci egi ncadgrfc ncadgr fc (...) ästg fc jb sdec ctrc ncipg hâs, sdfc ufb cpgrbodÿf cpgr bodÿf eg rgsobtg‘. rgsobtg‘. Gs egodr, egod r, ib prgfsb y ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf gf ngfgrbi tuvdgrcf gf sus hbfcs ib ed`usdÿf egi ’gstbec eg fgogsdebe‘ qug rgqugrèb ib edotbeurb.

  Botdvdebegs

b) Eg`dfg ocf tus pbibarbs pbibarbs gi ocfogptc ocfogptc ’Ugrrcrdshc ’Ugrrcrdshc eg Gstbec‘ y ed`gräfodbic ed`gräfodbic egi egi tgrrcrdshc prcvcobec pcr ctrbs crnbfdzbodcfgs brhbebs. a) Qgigg ib ýitdhb pbrtg pbrtg egi obpètuic bftgrdcr, bftgrdcr, bfbidzb ic gsordtc pcr Nbrzÿf y Qchgrc Qchgrc y rg`igxdcfb scarg ibs pbibarbs eg Pdegib, bogrob eg ib supugstb ’fgogsdebe‘ egi ncipg hdidtbr. Gxtrbg ocfoiusdcfgs. o) ³[cr quä b`drhbabf b`drhbabf Eèbz Agsscfg Agsscfg y ics eghâs eghâs hdidtbrgs hdidtbrgs qug grb fgogsbrdc fgogsbrdc gidhdfbr gidhdfbr b ics egtgfdecs3 e) Bvgrdnu Bvgrdnubb qudäfgs `ugrcf `ugrcf egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgod egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs ecs pbrb rg`utbr gscs edojcs edojcs eg ics ngfcodebs.

IB EGUGFOD EGUGFODßF ßF ‟ EG_B[BQDODßF EG_B[BQDODßF EG [GQ_CFB_ ’Gf ib Brngftdfb vbf b tgfgr qug hcrdr tcebs ibs pgrscfbs qug sgbf fgogsbrdbs fgogsbrdbs pbrb icnrbr icnrbr ib sgnurdebe egi pbès.‘ Ngfgrbi Mcrng Qb`bgi Pdegib, gf ib 22ª Ocf`grgfodb eg Gmärodtcs Bhgrdobfcs, Hcftgvdegc, 24>7 ’[rdhgrc hbtbrghcs b ics suavgrsdvcs< egspuäs, b sus ocibacrbecrgs< egspuäs, b sus sdhpbtdzbftgs< egspuäs, b ics qug pgrhbfgzobf dfed`grgftgs< y `dfbihgftg, b ics tèhdecs‘. Ngfgrbi Daärdoc _bdft Mgbf, gf edbrdc Ib Cpdfdÿf gi > eg `gargrc eg 24>:.

Eg bougrec b ib Igy 12.105 eg [gfb eg hugrtg y Ocfsgmcs eg Nugrrb, ib edotbeurb pcerèb jbagr prcogedec b `usdibr b qudgfgs ocfsdegrbrb ocfsde grbrb trbdecrgs t rbdecrgs b ib [btrdb c ouipbaigs ouipbaigs eg jbagr df`rdfndec sus ochufdobecs, pgrc Egsbpbrgodecs, Qdobrec Obrpbfd

215

prgflrdÿ bsgsdfbr oibfegs oibfegstdfbhgftg, tdfbhgftg, usbfec gi gu`ghdshc eg ’Nugrrb _uodb‘. Ibs trgs brhbs (Gmärodtc, Hbrdfb y Bgrcfâutdob) sg

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

rgpbrtdgrcf zcfbs, y pibfdflobrcf ibs cpgrbodcfgs egseg ics hâs bitcs hbfecs. Qgoiutbrcf tbhadäf b ’ib hbfc eg carb egscoupbeb‘ eg ibs abfebs uitrbegrgojdstbs qug cpgrbabf egseg gi ncadgrfc bftgrdcr, b ftgrdcr, ochc ngftg eg ib Urdpig Urdpig B y eg ib OFW (Ocfogftrbodÿf ( Ocfogftrbodÿf Fbodcfbi Wfdvgrsdtbrdb) Wfdvgrsdtbr db) qug ardfebrèb ardfebr èb dftgidngfodb y hbfc eg carb pbrb ’trbabmcs ’tr babmcs suodcs‘ suodcs‘ gf oduebegs oduebegs > ochc Ib [ibtb y Hbr egi [ibtb.  Botubabf pbrb ib rgprgsdÿf r gprgsdÿf oibfegstdfb gf Nrupcs eg Ubrgbs (NU), ocfstdtudecs pcr pgrscfbi eg edstdftbs `ugrzbs brhbebs y pcidodbigs. _g ochprchgtdÿ b tcec gi pgrscfbi eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs gf ib ’nugrrb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf‘, y sg ig edgrcf tbrgbs pbrb qug tcecs sdftdgrbf qug gstbabf dfhgrscs gf gsb rgfcvbodÿf prc`ufeb egi pbès pbrb gidhdfbr bi tgrrcrdshc hbrxdstb qug gstbab hdfbfec ibs dfstdtuodcfgs y ics vbicrgs hcrbigs y ordstdbfcs ordstdb fcs eg ib scodgebe brngftdfb. _df ghabrnc, pgsg b qug trbs ib edotbeurb huojcs huojcs nubrebrcf sdigfodc, fc tcecs `ugrcf ordhdfbigs, ordhd fbigs, ngfcodebs c tcrturbecrgs. Gf Gi bihb eg ics vgreuncs, Abitbsbr Nbrzÿf edog=

’Ib hgftbidebe eg ics vgreuncs jb sdec sdghprg ib hdshb. Hbtbf pcr caidnbodÿf, hbtbf y tcrturbf pcr ocstuharg, pcr ouhpidr ÿregfgs. Hbtbf pcrqug orggf qug sdrvgf b uf 󿬂f bitc, sgb rgidndcsc c pciètdoc. Wf gmghpic jdstÿrdoc ic tgfghcs gf ib Dfqudsdodÿf. [grc, scarg tcec, hbtbf pcr ocabreèb. Fc bsuhgf ib gxdstgfodb eg su botdvdebe ocf obrâotgr badgrtc, y bjè bpbrgog gi prdhgr prd hgr sèftchb eg su ocabreèb= tdgfgf qug gmgrogr su `ufodÿf gf ib oibfegstdfdebe. Dfoiusc gf ibs sdtubodcfgs eg hbycr pcegr, ochc courrdÿ abmc ib edotbeurb Brngftdfb, gmgrogf sdghprg b gsocfedebs. [cr gsc dfvgftbabf gstrbtgndbs c gstrbtbnghbs pbrb bpbrgftbr qug jbaèb gf`rgftbhdgftcs brhbecs. T botubabf pcr ibs fcojgs, ocf fcoturfdebe y ocf hdgec. [crqug bi 󿬂f y bi obac sg ochpcrtbabf ochc egidfougftgs, pgsg b jbagr gstbaigodec qug cagegoèbf cagegoèbf b ics vbicrgs vb icrgs eg ib odvdidzbodÿf odvd idzbodÿf coodegftbi y ordstdbfb. ord stdbfb. \...X Býf jcy eèb fdgnbf ib gvdegfodb y sg gsouebf gf jbagr hbftgfdec ufb supugstb nugrrb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf gf ib qug fd giics hdshcs hd shcs orggf.‘ orggf.‘ ³B qudäfgs sgougstrbabf3 B ics scspgojcscs eg trbabmbr pcr uf prcygotc eg pbès ed`grgftg bi qug qugrèbf ics hdidtbrgs. [cr gmghpic, gf ufb obpdiib eg ib vdiib egi Abmc @icrgs sgougstrbrcf egspuäs eg hdsb b ecs sbogrectgs mgsudtbs, Cribfec Tcrdc y @rbfodsoc Mbidos, y b cojc obtgqudstbs. B gstcs obtgqudstbs, qug `ugrcf babfecfbecs gf ib hberunbeb sdnudgftg gf ufb butcpdstb, uf gfobpuojbec igs edmc= ’Tc scy gi Pgreunc. Fc vugivbf b pdsbr ib vdiib c bpbrgogf gf uf zbfmÿf‘. Tcrdc y Mbidos jbaèbf sdec hbrndfbecs pcr gi gpdsocpbec egadec b su ibacr ocf ics pcargs y b su ocftbotc ocf hdidtbftgs pciètdocs, y

Ecs pcidodbs eg odvdi sgougstrbf b uf edrdngftg gstuedbftdi gf pigfb hbrojb ufdvgrsdtbrdb, `ctc eg B. Bhebf

Jcrbodc Pgradtsly, Ib hbfc dzqudgreb eg Edcs. Ib ýitdhb edotbeurb (24>0-24:?). (24>0-24:?). Jdstcrdb pciètdob eg ib Dnigsdb Obtÿidob, tchc DP . Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb, 1;2;. >

217

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

pcr gsc `ugrcf sgougstrbecs. Nrbodbs b ib prgsdÿf dftgrfbodcfbi dftgrfbodcfbi `ugrcf idagrbecs, idagr becs, trbs su`rdr su`r dr gfodgrrc y tcrturbs, pgrc ctrcs eg su nrupc ‟ochc ibs psdocpgebncnbs Hÿfdob Hdnfcfg y Hbrèb Hbrtb Pâzqugz (ghabrbzbeb), su hbrdec y ctrb humgr‟, ocftdfýbf egsbpbrgodecs. Gi pberg eg Hÿfdob, Ghdidc Hdnfcfg, trbtbab eg icobidzbr b su jdmb, qug sbaèb qug egaèb gstbr gf gi ogftrc oibfegstdfc eg ib G_HB (Gsougib _upgrdcr eg Hgoâfdob eg ib Brhbeb). Jbaibfec ocf gi bihdrbftg bihd rbftg Geubrec @rbobssd, qug qug eg`gfeèb ics sgougstrcs, ibs tcrturbs tcrtur bs y ibs gmgouodcfgs oibfegstdfbs, Hdnfcfg H dnfcfg ig rgpidoÿ qug ics obtgqudstbs egi Abmc @icrgs fc usbabf brhbs. @rbobssd ig rgspcfedÿ= ’[grc scf degÿicncs. _cf ics hâs pgidnrcscs‘.: Fc sg trbtbab eg  mustdflobr b ics sgougstrcs sgougstrcs oibfegstdfcs, oibfegstdfcs, tcrturbs y bsgsdfbtcs eg eg dftgnrbftgs eg crnbfdzbcrnbfdzbodcfgs pciètdoc hdidtbrgs= tcecs ics bsgsdfbecs scf dfcogftgs pcrqug fc `ugrcf egoibrbecs ouipbaigs pcr ib mustdodb, y fc puedgrcf ouhpidr ib ocfegfb qug ib igy igs juadgrb ebec. [grc pbrb gi sgftdec ochýf qug ib egrgojb y ib Urdpig B dhpusdgrcf d hpusdgrcf egseg 24>5, 24>5, ic iÿndoc iÿn doc gs qug sd sg obpturbab ngftg, ästb `ugrb ’suavgrsdvb‘, qug sd egtgfèbf b binudgf, ’pcr binc sgrèb‘. Egspuäs eg uf pgrècec eg mustdflobr binufcs obscs ochc ’grrcrgs‘ y ’gxogscs‘, y abstbftg tdghpc egspuäs eg qug flfbidzbrb ib edotbeurb, huojcs gstâf gftgfedgfec gi jgojc qug sg trbtÿ eg uf pibf sdstghâtdoc eg tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec, fc sÿic pbrb tgrhdfbr ocf ib boodÿf eg ib nugrrdiib sdfc ocf tceb `crhb eg crnbfdzbodÿf scodbi egseg ibs absgs y eg scidebrdebe gftrg ics jbadtbftgs. jbadtbftgs. _df ghabrnc, jby tcebvèb ngftg qug fc bogptb gsb iÿndob egi tgrrcrdshc tgrrcr dshc eg Gstbec. Gs fctbaig, pcr gmghpic, qug uf prc`gsdcfbi pgrcfdstb qug gstuvc gf ocftrb eg ics obhadcs dftrceuodecs gf gi Jcspdtbi [csbebs pcr ics mÿvgfgs trbabmbe t rbabmbecrgs crgs eg ib sbiue gf 24>?, sg ibhgftg ocf nrbf ecicr pcr gi sgougstrc, tcrturb y hugrtg egi häedoc Mcrng Hbrdc Qcdthbf. Ocf sus pbibarbs= ’Mcrng Qcdthbf grb gr b uf hèstdoc hèst doc eg ib hgedodfb... yc fc sä ouâfec tuvc tdghpc Mcrng eg sgr suavgrsdvc... Eg jgojc fufob fufob ic `ug. \...X fc grb suavgrsdvc, grb huy trbabmbecr,, grb uf jcharg qug sg ochpiboèb gf vgfogr b ib hugrtg y bi trbabmbecr b i ecicr.‘ ecicr.‘ 4 Bpgfbs sg sgougstrbab b uf scspgojcsc, gi Nrupc eg Ubrgbs ic tcrturbab pbrb ocfsgnudr ics ebtcs eg ctrbs pgrscfbs, jbstb qug sg rchpèb ib obegfb eg df`crhbodÿf pcrqug gi tcrturbec hcrèb pcr gi obstdnc c grb bsgsdfbec pcr qug sg ocfsdegrbab qug fc tgfèb hâs df`crhbodÿf pbrb ebr. Ocf ics ebtcs rgocndecs gf tcrturb, gi NU gfvdbab gi df`crhg b ib  Mg`bturb  Mg`b turb eg [cidoèb [cidoèb y egi Ârgb Hdidtbr.2; Ib tcrturb tcrt urb fc grb sÿic pbrb catgfgr df`crhbodÿf sdfc tbhadäf pbrb egnrbebr y egsjuhbfdzbr bi egtgfdec. Bi hdshc tdghpc, gf huojcs obscs sg gxtcrsdcfbab c sg tcrturbab psdociÿndobhgftg b ib `bhdidb eg ib vèotdhb, iibhâfecib pcr tgiä`cfc, pbrb catgfgr edfgrc c adgfgs, c pbrb gvdtbr qug jdodgrbf egfufodbs. Dfoiusc iibhbabf pbrb egodr qug gstbab vdvc oubfec gi sgougstrbec sgougst rbec yb jbaèb sdec bsgsdfbec, ochc sg vdc gf eghcorbodb, oubfec sg gfocftrbrcf ics rgstcs hcrtbigs hcrtb igs eg ics egsbpbrgodecs egsbpbrgodecs gftgrrbecs gftgr rbecs ochc FF (fcf fchdfbtuh, sdf fcharg) bufqug ibs `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe supdgrbf adgf eg qudäfgs sg trbtbabf. Ib vuifgrbadidebe eg ics juhdiegs gs sdghprg hbycr< ocf ib edotbeurb, ics hâs pcargs fc tgfèbf rgourscs pbrb drsg b ctrc pbès, fd sdqud sdqudgrb grb bidhgf bid hgftcs tcs oubfec gi egsbpbrgodec egsbpbrgodec grb Èegh bftgrdcr. Gftrgvdstb bi Er. Biec Obpgog, hbyc eg 1;;:. Mcrng Hbrdc Qcdthbf (?1 bòcs) `ug sgougstrbec b ib hberunbeb egi 1/21/>0, gf su echdodidc eg Qbhcs Hgmèb pcr pgrscfbi egi [rdhgr Ougrpc eg Gmärodtc. _u egsbpbrdodÿf sg prceumc trbs ib eg ctrcs ochpbògrcs : 4

eg trbabmc. vdstc ocf trghgfecs sdnfcs eg tcrturb gf gi Ogftrc Oibfegstdfc eg Egtgfodÿf qug juac egftrc eg gsg hdshc jcspdtbi, pcr@ug ib scargvdvdgftg Nibeds Ougrvc. 2; Ugstdhcfdc eg uf c`dodbi eg ib [cidoèb eg ib [rcvdfodb eg Augfcs Bdrgs (Ignbmc F» >?20) scarg gi hceus cpgrbfed  eg  eg uf Nrupc eg Ubrgbs. jttp=//www.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/brn/ocfbegp/fufobhbs/170.jthi

210

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

gi mg`g eg `bhdidb. Geubrec Aibustgdf bflrhb= ’Jbarâ qug pgfsbr qug sd adgf gf gi pbès egi [rcogsc sg hbtbab oibfegstdfb g dhpufghgftg dhpufghgftg pcr ibs obiigs, tbftc c hâs pceèb courrdr cour rdr gf ibs vdiibs, ouyb vdsdadidebe scodbi sdghprg `ug hgfcr‘.22 _gnýf Obhgiid y Ebdâf, gi sgotcr vdiigrc y ib hbycrèb eg ics sgotcrgs pcpuibrgs sg obrbotgrdzÿ pcr fc jbogr egfufodbs eg ics sgougstrcs su`rdecs, pcr ic qug rgsuitb ed`èodi ochprcabr ib obftdebe gxbotb eg sumgtcs pgrsgnudecs y bfdqudibe bf dqudibecs. cs. Fc sÿic sg egstruyÿ b ics hdidtbftgs, sdfc tbhadäf b ibs rgibodcf rgibodcfgs gs scodbigs eg scidebrdebe ocf pcegr orètdoc y obrâotgr butÿfchc. _d adgf ib Ocfbeg Ocfbegp p ‟Ochdsdÿf fbodcfbi scarg scarg ib egsbpbrdodÿf egsbpbrdodÿf eg pgrscfbs‟ rgndstrÿ ufcs edgz hdi egsbpbrgodecs, ibs bscodbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs jbaibf eg trgdftb hdi egsbpbrgodecs, pcrqug sg sbag qug huojcs obscs fc `ugrcf egfufodbecs pcr hdgec, pcr `bitb eg rgourscs c pcr egsocfcodhdgftc eg ib sdtubodÿf. Gi fýhgrc eg Ogftrcs Oibfegstdfcs eg Egtgfodÿf (OOE) pcr ecfeg pbsbrcf egogfbs eg hdigs eg egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs jbstb su egstdfc flfbi (qug gf ngfgrbi grb gr b ib hugrtg, bufqug jby od`rbs gf ibs qug uf tgrodc eg ics gx egtgfdecs `ugrcf idagrbecs) `ug vbrdbfec vbr dbfec eg bougrec bougrec b ibs dfvgstdnbodcfgs. Gf 24:5 sg jbaèbf icnrbec rgocfcogr 270< iugnc sgnýf ics df`crhgs eg ib Ocfbegp `ugrcf ?5;< gf ib rggedodÿf egi Fufob Hâs egi bòc 1;;0 flnurbf obsd 7;; ocfflrhbecs, y ufcs >; hâs gf gstuedc. Ics hâs ocfcodecs scf ics qug `ufodcfbrcf gf ib G_HB (eg ib Brhbeb), B rhbeb), gf Obhpc eg Hbyc (egi GmärGmärodtc), y ics qug `ugrcf iibhbecs gi  Cidhpc, gi Btiätdoc (gf Obpdtbi @gegrbi), gi Pgsuadc (gf Ib Hbtbfzb), ib [grib (gf Oÿrecab), ib Gsougidtb eg @bhbdiiâ (Uuouhâf), eg Abjèb Aibfob, eg Fguquäf< gi [czc eg Abfflgi A bfflgiee, ib Hbfsdÿf _grä c Btdib (gf Obstgibr/Dtuzbdfnÿ)< tbhadäf `ufodcfbrcf gf fuhgrcsbs egpgfegfodbs egi Gmärodtc, gf Ardnbebs Bärgbs, gf ochdsbrèbs... Huojbs egtgfdebs ghabrbzbebs ghabrbzbebs edgrcf b iuz gf gscs iunbrgs, y egspuäs ibs hbtbrcf, gftrgnbfec gf ngfgrbi sus agaäs b `bhdidbs eg rgprgscrgs rgprgscrgs c ocfgotbebs eg binýf hcec ocf `ufodcfbrdcs egi Gstbec tgrrcrdstb.

Bitdiic qug `ufodcfbab ochc ecrhdtcrdc pbrb ics egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs egftrc eg ib G_HB, `ctc eg G._jcrg

Ib ouiturb egi hdgec Ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg ufb pgrscfb dhpbotbab ghcodcfbihgftg gf tceb su su `bhdidb, bhdncs, b hdncs, y hdidtbftgs eg su bnrupb bnr upbodÿf odÿf c ocfcodecs, qudgfgs qudgfgs rchpèbf vèfouics pcr sgnurdebe sgnur debe.. Ics qug tgfèbf `bhdidbrgs prgscs ignbigs tghèbf pcr sus ocfedodcfgs eg egtgfodÿf egtgfodÿf sd ics hdidhdi dtbrgs sbaèbf qug giics tgfèbf rgibodÿf ocf `bhdidbrgs eg egtgfdecs egsbpbrgodecs, pcr ic qug sg bdsibabf y qugarbabf ibzcs. Gi hdgec iignbab bi puftc qug gf ib `bhdidb eg ics jdmcs eg egsbpbrgodecs fc sg jbaibab egi tghb, pbrb qug gi gstdnhb egi egsbpbrgodec (’pcr binc sgrâ‘) fc dfvciuorg b ics `bhdidbrgs qug sg gstbabf jbodgfec obrnc eg ics fdòcs. Obhgiid Gvb, Ebdâf Pgrÿfdob< ’Gstätdob urabfb y ocfeuotb pciètdob= ibs vdiibs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr‘. DD Ocfnrgsc Fbodcfbi eg _codcicnèb, WAB, 1;;5. 22

21>

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQCQ UGQQCQD_HC D_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Nbrzÿf y Qchgrc fbrrbf ib pbrâidsds qug ngfgrbab gi pâfdoc b ib rgprgsdÿf, rgprgsdÿf, y ib dhpcsdodÿf eg ib ocfsdnfb ’fc tg hgtâs‘ qug rchpèb ics vèfouics eg scidebrdebe. Gi gmghpic qug odtbf gs gi obsc eg ics odfoc fdòcs @crtd, qug `ugrcf sgougstrbecs ocf su hberg oubfec bacrebabf gi bvdÿf b Pgfgzugib, ecfeg gstbab trbabmbfec gi pberg. Ics ojdocs (eg gftrg : y 20 bòcs) pgrhbfgodgrcf egtgfdecs ufcs eèbs ocf su hberg y iugnc `ugrcf ibrnbecs gf ib vèb pýaidob b ib fcojg, btbecs y ocf ics cmcs vgfebecs. Fbedg sg btrgvdÿ b byuebrics= ib ngftg oruzbab eg vgrgeb pbrb gvdtbrics jbstb qug sg puedgrcf egsbtbr. Ocf ib byueb eg uf sbogrectg puedgrcf vdbmbr b Pgfgzugib pbrb rgufdrsg ocf su pberg. _u hberg ocftdfýb egsbpbrgodeb. Jbaèb prgibecs eg ib Dnigsdb qug sg gf`rgftbabf bi hdgec, pgsg b ibs bhgfbzbs, ochc hcfsgòcr Bfngigiid eg Ib Qdcmb, Q dcmb, qudgf `ug bsgsdfbec, c ochc gi Cadspc Jgsbyfg, eg Qèc Fgnrc, qug prcpusc qug qug ics tcrturbecrgs, tcrtur becrgs, edrgotcs c dfedrgotc d fedrgotcs, s, `ugrbf gxochuinbecs (bufqug gf gi Brzcadspbec fc ic tchbrcf gf ougftb).21 [brb bflbfzbr býf hâs gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec, ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs bflrhbabf qug iuojbabf ocftrb ocftrb gi gfghdnc suavgrsdvc, pgrc botubabf bot ubabf gf `crhb bradtrbrdb bradtrbr db c drrbodcfbi. drr bodcfbi. [cr gmghpic gmgh pic,, ib _DEG (_gorgtbrèb (_gorgtbr èb eg Dftgidngf Dftgidngfodb odb egi Gstbe G stbec) c) oibsdfloÿ b ibs gedtcrdbigs brngftdfbs y gxtrbfmgrbs gxtr bfmgrbs sgnýf ib prcpcrodÿf eg idarcs ’hbrxdstbs‘ qug tgfèbf gf su `cfec gedtcrdbi, y jbiiÿ qug 2?; gedtcrdbigs brngftdfbs grbf hbrxdstbs hbrx dstbs c tgfèbf hâs egi 7;% eg carbs hbrxdstbs. Gftrg giibs, Bnudibr, Bardi, Gi Btgfgc, [bdeÿs, _uebhgrdobfb, _gdx Abrrbi, Gedtcrdbi Wfdvgrsdtbrdb eg Oÿrecab y eg Hbr egi [ibtb... Guegab fc flnurbab, pcrqug gi prgsdegftg, gi fliÿsc`c Nbroèb Pgfturdfd, jbaèb scidodtbec b ics hdidtbrgs qug sg iigvbrbf ics idarcs ouyb degcicnèb ig hcigstbabf. [grc ’ochc fc jbaèb rgnibs qug pgrhdtdgrbf edsordhdfbr gftrg ocfeuotbs ‚pgrhdtdebs— y ‚egsvdbebs— ‚egsv dbebs—,, augfb pbrtg eg ics oduebebfcs pbsbrcf b sgftdrsg vèov èotdhbs pctgfodbi pctgfodbigs‘ gs‘2?, sdtubodÿf qug tbhadäf grb vâideb gf tcecs ics âhadtcs eg ib ouiturb. _g ngfgrbab hdgec, y ocf äi, dfboodÿf.

GI NCI[ NCI[GG OÈP OÈPDO DOCC-HD HDID IDU UBQ B IB GE GEWO WOB BOD ODßF ßF [Ý [ÝAI AIDO DOB B Gftrg ics camgtdvcs aâsdocs qug sg flmÿ ib Muftb Hdidtbr gi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0, flnurbf= 1.1. - Pdngfodb eg ics vbicrgs eg ib hcrbi ordstdbfb, eg ib trbedodÿf fbodcfbi y eg ib ednfdebe eg sgr brngftdfc. 1.?. - Pdngfodb eg ib sgnurdebe fbodcfbi, grrbedobfec ib suavgrsdÿf y ibs obusbs qug `bvcrgogf su gxdstgfodb. 1.5. Pdngfodb pigfb egi cregf murèedoc y scodbi. \...X 1.:. - Ocf`crhbodÿf eg uf sdstghb geuobtdvc bocreg ocf ibs fgogsdebegs egi pbès, qug sdrvb g`gotdvbhgftg b ics camgtdvcs eg ib Fbodÿf y ocfscideg ics vbicrgs y bspdrbodcfgs ouiturbigs egi sgr brngftdfc.

Odtbec pcr Jcrbodc Pgradtsly, (1;2;). Eujbieg, Geubrec Iuds0 ib Igy 12.10; eg _gnurdebe Fbodcfbi, pcr ib qug sg ebab eg abmb ’pcr rbzcfgs eg sgnurdebe‘ bi pgrscfbi pgrs cfbi ’qug eg oubiqudgr `crhb sg gfougftrg vdfouibec b botd vdebegs eg obrâotgr o brâotgr suasua  vgrsdvc  vgr sdvc c eds edscodb codbecrb ecrbs‘. s‘. Ib Igy 12.1>5 egi 1/5/>0 ebab eg abmb ’pcr rbzcfgs eg sgrvdodc‘.

Dfoiusc sg dftdhdeÿ b Bscodbodcfgs Occpgrbecrbs Occpgr becrbs qug ocibacrbabf hgmcrbfec ib geuobodÿf eg sus jdmcs y `chgftbfec jgojcs ouiturbigs. Gf binýf obsc, pbrb eghcstrbr qug fc tgfèb fbeb qug couitbr, ib Occpgrbecrb gf pigfc `ug b hcstrbr ibs botbs y ics ecouhgftcs pgrscfbigs pgrscfbigs b ib ochdsbrèb ochdsbr èb icobi, pbrb qug ogsbrb ib sgfsbodÿf eg pgrsgouodÿf.20 Gi hdfdstgrdc eg Geuobodÿf scidodtbab b ibs butcrdebegs eg ics gstbaigodhdgftcs ib dftgfsdflobodÿf eg ib casgrvbodÿf eg oibsgs y ib rgvdsdÿf eg bpuftgs, oubegrfcs, trbabmcs prâotdocs y hbtgrdbi adaidcnrâfloc. Ochc idstbec dfedobtdvc (fc gxjbustdvc) eg qug ib geuobodÿf sg utdidzbab ocf flfgs suavgrsdvcs, jbaèb qug ogftrbr ib btgfodÿf gf ics sdnudgftgs bspgotcs= 25

Odtbec pcr Dfvgrfdzzd y Ncodci (1;;?). Èegh bftgrdcr. Gftrgvdstb eg U.G.A. b Mubf Agiicttd, Mg`g eg prgogptcrgs eg ib GGH F½ 7 eg Dtuzbdfnÿ, BW[D (Bscodbodÿf Wfâhcfcs pcr Dtuzbdfnÿ), gf 1;;5. 27 20

214

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQCQ UGQQCQD_HC D_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Ugfegfodb b hced󿬂obr ib gsobib eg vbicrgs trbedodcfbigs (`bhdidb, rgidndÿf, Ugfegfodb rgi dndÿf, fbodcfbidebe, trbedodÿf, cregf, mgrbrquèb). Egsfbturbidzbodÿf egi prdfodpdc eg ib prcpdgebe prdvbeb. Dftgrprgtbodÿf tgfegfodcsb tgfegfodcsb eg ics jgojcs jdstÿrdocs, bsdnfâfecigs uf sgftdec oibsdstb c rgdvdfedobtdvc eg ics bfjgics pcpuibrgs ocftrb ics gxogscs egi obpdtbidshc. Wtdidzbodÿf dftgrgsbeb eg ib Ecotrdfb Ecotrd fb _codbi eg ib Dnigsdb pbrb bigftbr b igftbr ib iuojb eg oibsgs.2> Ib egibodÿf `chgftbab ocfedodcfgs pbrb ib vgfnbfzb pgrscfbi c nrupbi gf tcecs ics âhadtcs, dfoiusc gf ib geuobodÿf. Wfb gftrgvdstb rgbidzbeb pcr ufb biuhfb eg 7½ bòc gf gi 1;;?, _cibfng Hbfsdiib, bi mg`g eg prgogptcrgs eg su gsougib eurbftg huojcs bòcs, Mubf Agiicttd, gvdegfodb gstb rgbidebe rgbidebe..

’Ib äpcob egi ncipg, hâs biiâ bi iâ eg ibs ocfsgougfodbs trândobs t rândobs qug tcecs ocfcoghcs, jbaèb ngfgrbec tbhadäf uf gsogfbrdc qug pcsdadidtbab sdtubodcfgs eg rgvbfojbs icobigs. Gftcfogs gsb sdtubodÿf eg rgvbfojb, gf gi obsc gspgoè󿬂oc eg ib ochufdebe eg Dtuzbdfnÿ, pbrtdouibrhgftg pbrt douibrhgftg eg ib ngftg egi BW[D, \...X egsghacob gf ufb rgsciuodÿf qug sg ngfgrb pbrb gstb gsougib gf pbrtdouibr, pbrt douibr, qug fufob fufob iignb bi ocigndc, ocign dc, pgrc qug sg jdzc ocfcogr b trbväs eg ufb ochufdobodÿf tgig`ÿfdob, gf ib oubi sg egoèb qug tcec gi pgrscfbi egi ocigndc qugebab b edspcfdadidebe edspcfdadi debe eg ib _gorgtbrdb eg UrbUrbabmc= gstc dfoiuyÿ egseg ics edrgotdvcs ed rgotdvcs jbstb jb stb ics ecogftgs, pcrqug augfc, grb ngftg scspgojbeb. ³[cr quä3 quä3 [crqug sg jbaèb prceuodec gsg trbspbsc tr bspbsc \eg sgr ufb gsougib prdvbeb b sgr pýaidobX gf ocftrb eg ib vciuftbe eg binufcs vgodfcs eg Dtuzbdfnÿ. Dtuzbd fnÿ.‘‘ Gf 24>> gi fugvc hdfdstrc eg Geuobodÿf, Mubf Mcsä Obtbiâf, edstrdauyÿ ochc igoturb caidnbtcrdb gf tcecs ics ocigndcs gi tgxtc ’_uavgrsdÿf gf gi âhadtc geuobtdvc (ocfczobhcs b fugstrc gfghdnc)‘. Gf gsg `ciigtc sg scidodtb b ics edrgotdvcs qug vdndigf b ics hbgstrcs, pcr sd gstbabf degciÿndobhgftg obptbecs pcr ib suavgrsdÿf.

’Gi boodcfbr suavgrsdvc sg egsbrrciib b trbväs eg hbgstrcs degciÿndobhgftg obptbecs qug dfodegf scarg ibs ib s hgftgs eg ics pgqugòcs biuhfcs, `chgftbfec gi egsbrrciic eg degbs c ocfe ocfeuotbs uotbs rgagiegs, bptbs pbrb ib boodÿf qug sg egsbrrciibrâ gf fdvgigs supgrdcrgs \...X \...X Ib ochufdobodÿf sg rgbidzb gf `crhb edrgotb, ed rgotb, b trbväs tr bväs eg ojbribs df`crhbigs y hgedbftg ib igoturb y ochgftbrdc eg ougftcs tgfegfodcscs gedtbecs pbrb tbi 󿬂f. Gf gstg sgftdec sg jb bevgrtdec gf ics ýitdhcs tdghpcs, ufb fctcrdb c`gfsdvb c`gfsdvb hbrxdstb hbrx dstb gf gi ârgb eg ib idtgrbturb df`bftdi. Gf giib sg prcpcfg ghdtdr uf tdpc eg hgfsbmg qug pbrtb egi fdòc y qug ig pgrhdtb ‚butcgeuobrsg— scarg ib absg eg ib ‚idagrtbe— y ib bitgrfbtdvb. \...X Ib adaidcnrb`èb ocfstdtuyg gi hgedc `ufebhgftbi eg ed`usdÿf eg ib degcicnèb hbrxdstb.‘2: 2> 2:

2?;

Odtbec pcr Dfvgrfdzzd y Ncodci (1;;?). Èegh bftgrdcr.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Ochc ocfsgougfodb eg gstb pciètdob geuobtdvb, uf df`crhg eg ib Edrgoodÿf Fbodcfbi eg Dfvgstdnbodcfgs y [ibfdflobodÿf geuobtdvb geuobtdvb scstgfèb= sc stgfèb= ’Gi >: pcr odgftc eg ics biuhfcs qug ocfourrgf b ics ecs ýitdhcs bòcs eg ib gsougib prdhbrdb prdhbr db y b ics trgs prdhgrcs egi odoic sgoufebrdc, gf ics gstbaigodhdgftcs eg ib Obpdtbi @gegrbi y gi Nrbf Augfcs Bdrgs, obrgogf gf `crhb basciutb egi jâadtc eg igoturb.‘ Beghâs, gi gftg gstbtbi bsgnurbab qug ics fdòcs qug fc iggf scf bedotcs b prcnrbhbs tgigvdsdvcs. Hdnugi Nrdfagrn24 bflr  bflrhbab, hbab, drÿfdobdrÿfdobhgftg y gftrg ièfgbs, qug ocf ib obidebe eg ics prcnrbhbs eg tv, gstb pciètdob tgfèb gi prcpÿsdtc eg gvdtbr gi äxcec eg tbigftcs... pcrqug egmbrèb eg jbagrics. [crtbeb egi ecouhgftc _uavgrsdÿf gf gi âhadtc geuobtdvc

Botdvdebegs

b) Igg ics bspgotcs bspgotcs qug ics edrgotdvcs egaèbf casgrvbr gf sus sus geuobecrgs. geuobecrgs. a) Ocfvgrsb ocf tus ochpbògrcs y egeuog quä tghbs qug jcy scf igygs bprcabebs egaèbf sgr ocfsdegrbecs ochc suavgrsdvcs. o) Qgibo Qgibodcfb dcfb gi puftc puftc scarg ib Ecotrdfb Ecotrdfb _codbi eg ib Dnigsdb Dnigsdb ocf gi pgfsbhdgftc pgfsbhdgftc eg ics sbogrectgs tgrogrhufedstbs. e) Egeuog b quä sg rg`dgrg rg`dgrg gi Hdfdstgrdc gf oubftc oubftc b ib dftgrprgtbodÿf dftgrprgtbodÿf tgfegfodcsb tgfegfodcsb eg ics jgojcs jdstÿrdocs. ³Ruä igs hcigstbrèb qug sg bfbidog3 g) Casgrvb ouâigs scf ics idarcs idarcs df`bftdigs df`bftdigs prcjdadecs prcjdadecs pcr ib edotbeurb. ³Igèstg binufc binufc eg giics3 ³Ruä cpdfbs3 `) ³Ouâi ³Ouâigs gs sgrèbf ibs prdfodpb prdfodpbigs igs obrbotgrèstdobs eg eg uf ecogftg ecogftg pbrb qug qug `ugrb ocfsdegrb ocfsdegrbec ec suavgrsdvc3 n) Ib Muftb Hdidtbr ocfsdegrÿ ocfsdegrÿ dfsu`dodgftg dfsu`dodgftg ib ibacr eg ib ib Cpgrbodÿf Cpgrbodÿf Oibrdebe. Oibrdebe. ³[cr quä pdgfsbs qug iignÿ b gsb ocfoiusdÿf3

IB OG OGF_ F_WQB WQB Gxdstèbf idstbs eg idarcs ogfsurbecs qug, pcr gmghpic, iignbabf b ibs gsougibs. [grc fc iignbabf b tcebs ibs gsougibs, fd iignbabf b tcebs ibs hdshbs idstbs. Binufcs idarcs edrgotbhgftg gstbabf prcjdadecs, prcjd adecs, y jbaèb qug sbobrics eg ics bfbqugigs eg ibs adaidctgobs gsocibrgs, y eg ctrcs sg scidodtbab qug fc sg usgf fd sg rgochdgfegf. Beghâs, jbaèb idstbs eg idarcs pgrhdtdecs pcr ib Ochdsdÿf Crdgftbecrb eg ics Hgedcs Geuobtdvcs, qug grbf ics qug sgnurc fc trbgrèbf prcaighbs b ics ecogftgs. 24

Gf Juhcr Qgndstrbec F½ ?7, hbyc eg 24:;.

2?2

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Binufcs eg ics idarcs df`bftdigs prcjdad prcjdadecs ecs `ugrcf Ougftcs pbrb ojdocs Urbvdgscs, eg Mbqugs [rgvgrt< Ib Ucrrg eg Ouacs, eg Iburb Egvgtboj, pcrqug gi idarc ordtdob ’ib crnbfdzbodÿf egi trbabmc, ib prcpdgebe prdvbeb y gi prdfodpdc eg butcrdebe‘< Wf gig`bftg coupb huojc gspbodc, eg Gisb Acrfghbff, pcrqug rgibtb ufb juginb juginb eg bfdhbigs< Gi fbodhdgftc, ics fdòcs y gi bhcr, eg Bnfäs Qcsgfstdgji, pcrqug pcrqug bnrbvdb b ib hcrbi, b ib Dnigsdb, b ib `bhdidb, bi b i sgr juhbfc y b ib scodgebe qug ästg ochpcfg< Gi pugaic qug fc qugrèb sgr nrds, eg Agbtrdz Agbtrd z Ecuhgro, pcrqug ib ngftg sg cpcfg b ib egodsdÿf egi rgy eg pdftbr tcebs ibs ib s obsbs eg uf hdshc ocicr y ghpdgzb b tgòdribs eg rcmc, bzui y aibfoc< Ib uitrbachab, eg Hbrdc Iced, Ic ed, ecfeg uf pdictc sg fdgnb b ouhpidr ib cregf eg brrcmbr br rcmbr ufb achab< Odfoc egecs, gedodcfgs Eg ib @icr, ougftc bighâf ecfeg ufb hbfc rcmb sg egflgfeg eg ib pgrsgouodÿf eg ufb hbfc vgreg `crhbfec uf puòc rcmc. Ib Adaidb Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb, trbeuoodÿf egi nrdgnc y egi jgargc pcr gi sbogrectg Agrfbrec Jurbuit, gs ib hâs vgfedeb gf Bhärdob Bhär dob Ibtdfb yb qug tdgfg fctbs y ochgftbrdcs ochgftbr dcs eg uf gqudpc pbstcrbi eg ib rgndÿf, bochpbòbebs eg `ctcnrb`èbs scarg ib rgbidebe ibtdfcbhgrdobfb, ocf gi camgtdvc eg ouhpidr uf rci rgfigxdvc gf ib ochufdebe ochufdebe ordstdbfb. ord stdbfb. Ochc grb utdidzbeb utdid zbeb gftrg ics rgidndcscs tgrogrhufedstbs, ocf gi ncipg hdidtbr ibs rgvdstbs Ngftg y [brb Ud dfdodbrcf ufb obhpbòb ocftrb gstb vgrsdÿf, bflrhbfec bflr hbfec qug qug ’ics ordstdbfcs or dstdbfcs egaghcs rgboodcfbr rgboodcfbr bftg gstbs oibrbs hbfdcarbs eg ib suavgrsdÿf‘. Gi pgrdcedstb Hbrdbfc Nrcfecfb tbhadäf ib ochabtèb=

’Ib dzqudgreb fc jb sdec eg󿬂fdtdvbhgftg egrrctbeb. _g jb jgojc suatgrrâfgb, ochc binufbs vgogs ics rècs. Ib Adaidb Adai db Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb gxprgsb sus fugvcs hätcecs y sus fugvcs âhadtcs= fc yb ib pibzb pýaidob, sdfc gi buib, ib sdndicsb sdnd icsb igoturb.‘1; Nrcfecfb sg gxprgsbab ochc sd gstb Adaidb juad juadgrb grb sdec puaidobeb trbs gi ncipg, ochc uf fugvc hätcec hätcec eg ib dzqudgreb, oubfec gf rgbidebe yb jbaèb sdec bprcabeb y usbeb pcr obsd tceb ib ochufdebe goigsdâstdob. Gstb ogfsurb eg tgxtcs aèaidocs `crhbab pbrtg pbr tg egi ’prcogsc eg purdflobodÿf‘ qug Hcfsgòcr Beci`c Ucrtcic, Brzcadspc eg [brbfâ, vdobrdc eg ibs @@BB y prgsdegftg eg ib Ocf`grgfodb Gpdsocpbi Brngftdfb, bfufodÿ qug sg bvgodfbab gf edodgharg e dodgharg eg 24>7, 24>7, y ocf gi qug gvdegf-

[cr Aca Qcw

tghgftg gstbab eg bougrec. Ics cadspcs, rgufdecs rguf decs gf Ochdsdÿf Ugciÿndob Ugciÿndob pbrb trbtbr t rbtbr gi tghb eg ib Adaidb Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb, ocfoiuygrcf qug gi tgxtc grb flgi b ibs _bnrbebs Gsordturbs, bufqug ib dftrceuoodÿf grb bhadnub, sg egagrèbf bnrgnbr c boibrbr binufbs fctbs y jbaèb binufbs diustrbodcfgs ca mgtbaigs.  mgtba igs. [cr [cr ocfsdnudgf ocfsdnudgftg tg jbarèb jbarèb qug gedtbr gedtbr uf supig supighgf hgftc tc caidnbtcrdc pbrb Brngftdfb, pbrb qug gi ’igotcr pruegftg y beuitc‘ pugeb iggrib ’sdf pgidnrcs pbrb su vdeb dftgrdcr‘. Gi Pbtdobfc edmc qug jbarèb qug sbobr ibs dhângfgs eg Ib Jbabfb, ib eg ics cprdhdecs ibtdfcbhgrdobfcs y ib eg ics hârtdrgs eg Ojdobnc. _df ghabrnc, qudgf pcrtbab gstb Adaidb grb obtbicnbec ochc suavgrsdvc pcr ibs `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe.

Qbebr Idarcs, supighgftc idtgrbrdc eg [ândfb/21, 17/?/1;;2, odtbec gf Qgvdstb [ugftgs, Ecssdgr F½ 21 Geuobodÿf y Hghcrdb, Ogfsurb ouiturbi y edotbeurb. 1;

2?1

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Df`crhg eg dftgidngfodb scarg ib fcvgib Nbfbrsg ib hugrtg, hugrtg, eg Nrdsgieb Nbhabrc

’\...X Gs ufb carb bscodbi, ebec qug trbtb eg hcstrbr b ästb y b trbväs eg sus pgrscfbmgs, ochc uf iunbr ecfeg dhpgrb gi jèpgr gncèshc g dfedvdeubidshc, ecfeg fc ougftbf fdfnufc eg ics vbicrgs supgrdcrgs egi sgr juhbfc y sè ibs giuouarbodcfgs y botcs pbrb icnrbr ib sbtds`boodÿf eg sus abmcs dfstdftcs Ib _codgebe. Edvdeg b ästb gf tcrturbecs y tcrturbecrgs, bsè ochc tbhadäf, y gf `crhb sbroâstdob, gftrg ngftg supgrdcr g df`grdcr, tbhadäf y eg ib hdshb `crhb, gftrg odvdigs od vdigs y hdidtbrgs. \...X Btbob g drcfdzb b ics rdocs \...X Eg ic dfhcrbi b ic suavgrsdvc. _badec gs qug ufc eg ics hceus ics hceus cpgrbfed eg ib suavgrsdÿf ‟tgrrcrdstb-, gs gi eg trbtbr t rbtbr eg scobvbr ics vbicrgs hcrbigs eg ib pcaibodÿf, prgpbrbfec, prgpbrbfec, bsè uf tgrrgfc prcpdodc b ib obptbodÿf degciÿndob. degciÿndob . \...X Ctrc tghb gs yb gi eg ib casogfdebe, rgprdhdeb pcr gi brtèouic brt èouic 21: 21: egi Oÿednc [gfbi, qug sbfodcfb ocf prdsdÿf eg ecs hgsgs b ecs bòcs bi qug puaidobrg, `bardobrg c rgprceumgrg idarcs, gsordtcs, eg edojc obrâotgr. Ocfoiusdcfgs. Ib carb gf sè, tdgfg uf huy augf fdvgi idtgrbrdc y sg gfougftrb ocrrgotbhgftg abibfogbec ic hgtb`ÿrdoc eg ic rgbi< eg ic qug sg egeuog qug ib butcrb gs ufb ‚gsordtcrb— gf gi sgftdec täofdoc täofdoc eg ib pbibarb pbibarb ( ) Eg ic qug fc fc jby fdfnýf fdfnýf iunbr b euebs, euebs, gs qug ib carb gs bitbhgftg egstruotdvb egstruo tdvb eg ics vbicrgs, ocf ib pgidnrcsb obrbotgrèstdob obrbotgrès tdob eg jbagr sdec rgbidzbeb ocf ib hbgstrèb hbgstr èb prcpdb eg qudgf `ug obid`dobeb ochc ic `ug‘.   Botdvdebe

Nrdsgieb Nbhabrc, trbs sgr prcjdadec su idarc, tuvc qug sbidr egi pbès. ³[cr quä obusbs gs ogfsurbec3 ³Ruä bspgotcs sg tdgfgf gf ougftb3 Gxpidob ocf tus pbibarbs ibs orètdobs qug sg ig jbogf bi idarc. ³Ruä cpdfbf eg ib obidebe idtgrbrdb eg ib carb3 ³[cr quä sg tcrfb býf hâs pgidnrcsb, sgnýf gi bfâidsds eg ics ogfscrgs3

³Idarcs prcjdadecs qug sg pceèbf ochprbr3

Hbrèb Hcrgfc. Gftrgvdstb b Jcrbodc Ubrous 12 ’‟Gstbabf prcjdadecs, ic qug pbsb gs qug ics idargrcs, ochc fc ics qugrèbf tdrbr y sg ics pceèbf ocf`dsobr, ocf`dso br, gf ngfgrbi ics rgocicobabf. [cr gmghpic, ics sbobabf eg ics gstbftgs eg pciètdob c eg hbrxdshc, hbrx dshc, y rgbpbrgoèbf gf `dicsc`èb c scodcicnèb. scodcicnèb . _d bftgs uf idarc sg iibhbab  Hbrxdshc  Hbrx dshc y rgidndÿf rgidndÿf,, jbstb gi >0 sgnurbhgftg dab b gstbr gf gi ruarc ’hbrxdshc‘, pgrc egspuäs, gi idargrc pbrb fc tgfgr qug tdrbr gi idarc ic pceèb pcfgr gf ‚rgidndÿf—. [cr supugstc, juac idargrèbs qug `ugrcf ogrrbebs, y idargrcs idargrc s ochc Jgrfâfegz, qug gstuvc gstu vc prgsc y ocf ib idargrèb ogrrbeb eurbftg vbrdcs hgsgs. [grc tcebvèb sg pceèbf gfocftrbr ocsbs pgredebs gf Jgrfâfegz. Beghâs, idarcs qug fc `ugrbf huy actcfgs huy actcfgs sg  sg pceèbf gfocftrbr, pcr gmghpic, Edbiäotdob eg ic ocforgtc, ocforgtc, qug yc ausquä egfcebebhgftg, c Gi bsbitc b ib rbzÿf rbzÿf eg  eg Iulâos. [grc Hbrx [grc  Hbrxdshc dshc y gxds gxdstgfodb tgfodbidshc idshc grb  grb hâs ed`èodi qug gstuvdgrb gxpugstc. Gftcfogs, bjè jbaèb qug tchbr ocftbotc ocf gi idargrc. Oubfec gi idargrc tg ocfcoèb tg nubrebab binýf idarc, tg ic vgfeèb gfvugitc, gfvugi tc, y tg egoèb= iigvâtgic râpdec‘.   Botdvdebe

Bfbidzb ib obpbodebe eg rgsdstgfodb eg ib scodgebe brngftdfb gf gstg gmghpic. [dgfsb tbhadäf gf ibs prcjdadodcfgs gf ctrcs âhadtcs. Bvgrdnub= ³quä ocsbs supugstbhgftg fc sg pceèbf jbogr pcr gstbr degciÿndobhgftg hbi, qug sdf ghabrnc sg jboèbf huy suargptdodbhgftg3

Qbebr Idarcs, supighgftc idtgrbrdc eg [ândfb/21, 17/?/1;;2, odtbec gf Qgvdstb [ugftgs, Ecssdgr F½ 21 Geuobodÿf y Hghcrdb, Ogfsurb ouiturbi y edotbeurb. 12

2??

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Bsè ochc jbaèb idstbs eg idarcs y eg butcrgs prcjdadecs, jbaèb idstbec eg obfodcfgs y eg obftbftgs qug fc sg pceèbf ed`ufedr pcr ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf. Gi tghb eg ib ogfsurb fc ghpgzÿ ocf ib ýitdhb edotbeurb. Juac Juac gf ctrcs ncadgrfcs eg `botc y gigotcs pgrc butcrdtbrdcs, ochc pcr gmghpic gmghpic gi eg Hbrèb Hbr èb Gstgib Hbrtèfgz Hbr tèfgz eg [grÿf. Gf gi sdtdc wga egi Och`gr (www.och`gr.ncv.br) flnurbf botubihgftg ibs idstbs fgnrbs, ocf hghargtg eg [rgsdegfodb eg ib Fbodÿf, abmc gi tètuic ’Obftbaigs ouybs igtrbs sg ocfsdegrbf fc bptbs pbrb sgr ed`ufedebs pcr ics sgrvdodcs eg rbedced`usdÿf‘. Ochc ib edotbeurb sg jbaèb prcoibhbec prcoibhbec ordstdbfb, or dstdbfb, pbrtg eg ics idarcs, pgièouibs y obfodcf obfodcfgs gs ogfsurbebs grbf ibs ’suadebs eg tcfc‘ c qug gstbabf rgòdebs ocf ib hcrbi obtÿidob, ochc ’Fc hg tcqugf gi dfstruhgftc‘ dfstr uhgftc‘ eg Hgrobec, Hgrobec, c dfoiusc ’Icoc pcr tu ouipb‘, ouipb‘, eg [bidtc Crtgnb. Cr tgnb. [rcjdadodcfgs [ rcjdadodcfgs hâs oibrbs scf ’Ojbhbrrdtb ’Ojbhbr rdtb egi hdidoc‘, h didoc‘, ’Edgz eäodhbs eg sbiuec bi pugaic pugaic brngftdfc‘ brngftd fc‘,, c ’Bebndc ’Bebndc gf hd pbès‘ pbè s‘,, eg Bi`rgec B i`rgec ]dtbrrcsb< ufb u fb ibrnb sgrdg sgr dg eg Jcrbodc Nubrbfy< ’Hg nustb gsg tbmc‘ tbmc‘,, eg Iuds Biagrtc _pdfgttb< ’Jcy tg qugrghcs qugrghcs obftbr‘ eg Nustbvc Hcrgttc< ’Ndidtc egi abrrdc Fcrtg‘, eg Hbrèb Gigfb ^bisj< ’Jchargs gf gi tdghpc‘, eg Oäsbr Dsgiib< ’Gi oÿfecr vugivg‘ eg Brhbfec Ugmbeb Nÿhgz y G. Brbnÿf, gto. Ibs hctdvbodcfgs pbrb ib ogfsurb `ugrcf edvgrsbs< uf butcr ibs oibsdfloÿ gf 2) hctdvbodcfgs pciètdobs, 1) hctdvbodcfgs idfnùèstdobs, idfnù èstdobs, ?) hctdvbodcfgs pbrbfcdobs y 5) hctdvbodcfgs 11

rdeèouibs.  _df ghabrnc, ibs rdeèouibs r deèouibs `crhbf pbrtg egi pibf sdstghâtdoc egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec= oubiqudgrb pceèb sgr prcjdadeb, hgmcr oudebrsg. Gi nrbf `cilicrdstb pcpuibr Mcrng Ob`rufg ‟qug fc tgfèb pgrhdtdec obftbr ]bhab eg hd gs pgrbfzb  pgrb fzb fd Iufb obutdvb, gftrg tbftbs‟ fc sg `ug eg su tdgrrb, sdfc qug dfsdstdÿ gf c`rgfebrsg gf sgrvdodc b ib [btrdb. Hbrojbab b obabiic ruhac b Tbpgyý pbrb egpcsdtbr uf oc`rg ocf tdgrrb eg Acicunfg Acicunfg _ur Hgr gf jchgfbmg b ics 1;; bòcs egi fbtbidodc egi ngfgrbi Mcsä eg _bf Hbrtèf, Hbrt èf, oubfec `ug btrcpgiibec btrcpgiibec pcr uf bu butchÿvdi tchÿvdi qug ’brrciiÿ bi obabiic y egspdedÿ b Ob`rufg Ob`r ufg b ufcs vgdftg hgtrcs eg edstbfodb‘1?. Fc `ug scocrrdec fd `ug degftdflobec qudgf ic ojcoÿ. [gsg b qug cflodbihgftg sg bfufodÿ qug `ug ’uf boodegftg eg rutb‘ sg sbaèb qug gi rändhgf ic tgfèb bhgfbzbec< bhgfbzbe c< ib `bhdidb `bhdi db sdghprg scspgojÿ qug sg trbtÿ eg uf bsgsdfbtc pciètdoc.

 Mcrng Ob`rufg Ob` rufg

11 1?

2?5

Agrtbzzb Mubf [baic (25/21/1;;:)= (25/21/1;;:)= ’_d sg obiib gi obftcr‘ obftcr‘,, [ândfb/21 . Edbrdc Gi [bès, 1/1/24>:.

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Jcy tg qugrghcs obftbr 

Ojbobrgrb egi gxpgedgftg

 Bihb y Pdeb (N. Hcrgttc, Hcrgt tc, O. Hgiidfc, Hg iidfc, M. Abrrugoc) Abrrug oc)

Igtrb y hýsdob eg Ouojd Ignudzbhÿf

Bedÿs, ausobrä tu jugiib bedÿs.  T begftrc eg hè obftbrä, obftbr ä, obftbrä bi rgocrebr, qug tu iuojb fc hcrdrâ mbhâs. (egadhcs iuojbr) Jby ocsbs qug fc vgrâs hâs pcrqug yb fc gstâs, (egadhcs iuojbr) pcrqug tg ognbrcf ochc uf idrdc ocf sus nctbs eg hgtbi. Ochc b uf rèc tg egmbrcf sbfnrbfec gf ib oduebe.  Ucecs egadhcs obgr Obgr sdf pcegr iicrbr. Jcy tg qugrghcs obftbr fbedg tg pugeg civdebr,

Gi pcarg qug fufob tdgfg fd uf pgsc pb— bfebr ocftgftc fd adgf sg jbiib ufb nbiidfb

 vcs gstâs v dvc gf tcecs, tcecs, vdvc tcec s, ochc uf sci. Bedÿs, (egadhcs iuojbr) ausobrä tu jugiib. Bedÿs.  T begftrc eg hè (egadhcs iuojbr) obftbrä bi rgocrebr qug tu iuojb fc hcrdrâ mbhâs. Ughb eg ics hcsqudtcs

[cr Igÿf Ndgoc Gi qudtÿpdoctgbab ib obsb obs b bi uf jcrfgrc, ufncrrdÿf bvg eg ig rbpdòb ocregrc, ib igojuzb sg prgfedÿ eg ics cmdtcs eg ufb rbfb ojdqudtdtb y eg uf sbpdtc.  Ucebs ibs bagmbs y tcebs ibs cvgmbs `ugrcf hbsborbebs pcr ib nrbf brbòb, ics hcsqudtcs pdoctgbabf b uf ojbfojc gstbfobec hbstdobfec hbrdpcsbs eg ics pbftbfcs. By, qug vdeb gs gstb edmc uf obzbecr, sbidgrcf b hbtbrsg tcecs ics bfdhbigs, cj cj cj. Wf pbvc rgbi pgredÿ tcebs sus piuhbs gf ufb sbfnrdgftb gforuodmbeb eg puhbs, ib obibferdb `ug btrbpbeb pcr ib sgrpdgftg, sgr pdgftg, ics ocfgmcs pdsctgbecs pcr gi gig`bftg. Ib jdgfb obftbab ufb trdstg obfodÿf, ibs jcrhdnbs abdictgbabf scarg ibs dnubfbs, gi obdhâf sg ochdÿ bi pbmbrdtc qug ig idhpdbab ics edgftgs ocf su pdqudtc.

qug yb hg ic hgtgf prgsc. Gi ochdsbrdc ibedfc qug c`dodb eg edidngftg ic jbog ocf`gsbr b pbics bi prgsc y b sus pbrdgftgs.  T sg pbsbf ibs sghbfbs gfncrebfec gfncrebfe c gi gxpgedgftg hdgftrbs gi prgsc suspdrb pcr uf ecotcr df`iuygftg. Ib tèb vgfedÿ ib obhb pb— pbnbrig bi bacnbec sd binýfqug eèb ecrhdr sbig idarg tgferâ pbrbec. Gi mugz b ics oubtrc hgsgs ic odtb pb— dftgrrcnbric ochc gs pcarg y tbrtbhuec tbr tbhuec fdfnufc qudgrg gsouojbric.  T ib prdsdÿf prgvgftdvb prgvgft dvb edotbf bi df`crtufbec qug yb iigvb uf bòc prgsc jbstb eg Edcs civdebec. Gstbs scf ocsbs egi pugaic eg ics qug fc tdgfgf fbeb gscs qug bhbsbf hdiicfgs tdgfgf ib Obsb Qcsbeb.

Gi Ouojd Ignudzbhÿf y Iuds Biagrtc _pdfgttb

2?7

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

GI [Q [QCA CAIIGH GHB B EGI GZ GZDI DIDC DC

_ÿic ig pdec b Edcs qug gi `uturc fc hg sgb dfed`grgftg5, ibs oârogigs tgfèbf fuhgrcscs prgscs pciètdocs b edspcsdodÿf egi [cegr Gmgoutdvc Fbodcfbi, qudgfgs pceèbf gmgrogr ib cpodÿf eg sbidr egi pbès. Gi trâhdtg trâ hdtg muedodbi grb huy igftc, igftc, y gftrg ibs prdhgrbs prd hgrbs hgedebs egi ncadgrfc eg `botc egi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0 24>0 gstuvc gi aicqugc eg ibs sbidebs. Gi [QF fc qugrèb qugrè b qug juadgrb gxdidbecs brngftdfcs cpugstcs b su prcygotc, qug gf binýf hchgftc pciètdoc ed`grgftg puedgrbf vcivgr.

Igy 12.1>7 ’Rugebf butchâtdobhgftg sdf g`gotc tcebs ibs scidodtuegs eg cpodÿf pbrb sbidr egi pbès qug sg jbybf prgsgftbec eurbftg ib vdngfodb eg gsg egrgojc, oubiqudgrb sgb ib gtbpb gf qug sg gfougftrg su trbhdtbodÿf‘ trb hdtbodÿf‘.. Wf bòc y hgedc hâs tbreg, t breg, ib Muftb Hdidtbr ochgfzÿ b butcrdzbr binufbs scidodtu scidodtuegs egs eg cpodÿf b sbidr egi pbès< pb ès< gi prgsde prgsdegftg gftg eg `botc pceèb rgojbzbribs sd ’b su mudodc, gi brrgstbec br rgstbec puedgrb pcfgr gf pgidnrc ib pbz y ib sgnurdebe eg ib Fbodÿf gf obsc eg pgrhdtdrsg su sbideb egi tgrrdtcrdc tgr rdtcrdc brngftdfc‘ brngftdfc‘..15 Gs egodr qug ocfedodcfbab b ib vciuftbe egi [.G.F. ic qug ib Ocfstdtuodÿf Ocfstdtuodÿ f nbrbftdzb nbrb ftdzb sdf ocfedodc ocfedodcfgs. fgs. Ubhadäf Ubhadäf sg brrcnbab brrcn bab gi egrgojc eg gxpuisbr gx puisbr b ics oduebebfcs odueb ebfcs brngftdfcs fbturbidzbecs y b ics gxtrbfmgrcs.17 [grc fc grb sgfodiic sbidr egi pbès, pcrqug sd fc sg pbrtdodpba pbrt dodpbabb eg ufb crnbfdzbodÿf pciètdoc hdidtbr qug byuebrb ocf ib icnèstdob (gf ( gf huy pcocs obscs) jbaèb qug tgfgr pbsbpcrtg, edfgrc pbrb pbr b gi pbsbmg, y hcec hcec eg gstbr sgnurc sgnu rc qug tgfdgfec tcec gf cregf cregf sg puedgrb pbsbr= vdhcs qug ib hberg eg ics fdòcs @crtd pcsgèb pc sgèb pbsbpcrtg, vdsb, v dsb, pbsbmg, y `ug egsbpbrgodeb egsbpbrgodeb gf gi bgrcpugrtc. Huojcs Huojcs pgrsgnudecs pgrsgnu decs pciètdocs pbrb pcegr sbidr sbid r egi pbès egadg egadgrcf rcf scidodtbr ib ocibacrbodÿf eg ghabmbebs, ochc ibs eg Häxdoc, Häx doc, Pgfgzugib, Dsrbgi... Nrbf obftdebe eg obscs pbsbrcf pcr ib `rcftgrb b Arbsdi, ocf ecouhgftcs ecou hgftcs vgrebegrcs, `biscs c sdf ecouhgftcs, y gf _bf [baic scidodtbrcf gi rg`undc pciètdoc bftg ibs Fbodcfgs Wfdebs (BOFWQ). Bsè B sè ics gxdidbecs `ugrcf b _udzb, Jcibfeb, _ugodb, Obfbeâ... [brb ics qug jbaèbf gstbec prgscs, gi gxdidc `ug ufb idagrbodÿf. [brb ics qug sg gsobpbabf, bfnustdb bfnust db pcr egmbr b ib `bhdidb, b ics bhdncs, pcr ics egsbpbrgodecs. Bfnustdb Bfnust db tbhadäf, sd fc sg grb prc`gsdcfbi, pcr fc gfocftrbr gfocftrb r uf augf trbabmc. T ics qug jbaèbf sdec hbrobecs pcr ib prgsodfedadidebe c pcr ib oârogi y fc sg puedgrcf dr, pcr rbzcfgs gocfÿhdobs c ouiturbigs, su`rdgrcf gi bdsibhdgftc egi dfsdidc= gstbabf vdndibecs, vdn dibecs, pcr ic qug qug fc pceèbf ebr pbscs gf `bisc, ochc vdsdtbr b bhdncs, ochprchgtgr b ngftg ocf su scib prgsgfodb.

15 17

2?0

Geubrec Iuds Eujbieg, Gi gstbec tgrrcrdstb brngftdfc. Rudfog bòcs egspuäs, ufb hdrbeb orètdob. Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab, 2444. Obfgic, (1;;5).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Ib obftbftg Hgrogegs _csb y ib gsordtcrb Nrdsgieb Nbhabrc sg gxdidbrcf gf Gspbòb eurbftg ib edotbeurb

Gi gxdidc, gftrg gi ecicr y ib ouipb [cr Hbrogic Eujbieg, [ândfb/21 [ândfb/21,, 7/5/1;;5

Oubfec ufc ocfsdnug idarbrsg eg ib pgrsgouodÿf, judr egi bsgsdfbtc, bsgsdfbt c, giuedr su prcpdb egsbpbrdodÿf y iignbr b ctrc pbès ecfeg gvdtbr gstbs pcsdadidebegs, qug gf ib edotbeurb eg Pdegib, Hbssgrb y ochpbòèb hâs qug pcsdadidebegs pcsdadidebegs grbf ogrtgzbs, ufc ochdgfzb b vdvdr vd vdr ib fugvb sdtubodÿf ocf uf sgftdhdgftc eg ouipb pcr gstbr vdvc. Gf ics gxdidcs, gi ecicr pcr ibs hugrtgs gs tbf `ugrtg qug prcvcob sdhuitâfgbhgftg ctrc ecicr, gi eg gstbr vdvc. Gstb sdtubodÿf ngfgrb tbhadäf ufb dfhgfsb ouipb, sd gs qug sg pugeg iibhbr eg gsb hbfgrb= ufc iignb b pgfsbr qug gstâ vdvc pcr ocabreèb, pcr fc jbagr bsuhdec gi ochprchdsc y ics rdgsncs eg ib hdshb hbfgrb qug ics ochpbògrcs qug obygrcf. [gfsbr qug ics ochpbògrcs obèecs `ugrcf ics hgmcrgs gs dfgvdtbaig dfgvdt baig y gs prcabaig qug sgb  vgrebe, sd ib gftrgnb, pcr su egodsdÿf, ib igbitbe igbit be bi pgfsbhdgftc y bi ochprchdsc scf ics pbrâhgtrcs eg bpidobodÿf. [grc fc gs hgfcs odgrtc qug gi egstdfc qudsc qug huojcs eg ics hgmcrgs vdvcs, odgftcs crnbfdshcs eg giics ocf`crhbrcf gi `ufebhgftbigs gxdidc y b pbrtdr eg su iignbebochpbògrcs b ics pbèsgsqugebrbf eg bocndeb ngfgrbrcf qug `ugrcf pbrb qug ibs egfufodbs eg ibs btrcodebegs octdedbfbs qug bocftgoèbf gf ib Brngftdfb `ugrbf gsouojbebs y qug gsbs boodcfgs ocftrdauygrbf b sbivbr ufb obftdebe eg vdebs qug fc gs pcsdaig pcfgr gf fýhgrcs. Gi boodcfbr eg gstcs crnbfdshcs `ufeÿ gi pdsc eg ocfcodhdgftc eg ib rgbidebe brngftdfb gf gi gxtgrdcr. B ib vgz gstg pdsc, qug gf binufcs obscs `ug huy hu y bitc, tbhadäf prcvcoÿ uf tgojc egftrc eg ib Brngftdfb Brngftd fb ecfeg puedgrcf prctgngrsg ics crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs, ics crnbfdshcs eg `bhdidbrgs, ics qug dfedvdeubihgftg dfedvdeubihgft g gstbabf iigvbfec begibftg ib aýsqugeb eg sus sgrgs qugrdecs. Ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc jbf edojc hâs eg ufb  vgz, ic hdshc qug ibs Baugibs, ic egoèb Ojdojb Hbrdbfd, qug ib egfufodb dftgrfbodcfbi, ib egfufodb scstgfdeb pcr ics gxdidbecs y ics crnbfdshcs egi gxdidc jbaèb ngfgrbec ufb pcsdadidebe trghgfeb pbrb pcegr prgsdcfbr b uf ncadgrfc qug fc rgspcfeèb b prgsdcfgs y b ufb Dnigsdb oÿhpidog qug ogrrbab sus pugrtbs b ics pgrsgnudecs, dfoiusc jbstb jbs tb oubfec grbf hdgharcs eg giib. \...X _g jdodgrcf huojèsdhbs obhpbòbs pcr ib idagrtbe eg ochpbògrcs qug gstbabf gf gsg hchgftc prgscs rgocfcodecs pcr ib edotbeurb edot beurb ochc Biagrtc [doodfdfd, y obhpbòbs gspgoè`dobs pcr Mcrng Ed [bsoubig y pcr Csobr _hdtj, egsbpbrgodecs pcr

2?>

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQCQ UGQQCQD_HC D_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

ib edotbeurb. Gsbs obhpbòbs grbf pcsdaigs pcr ib gfcrhg scidebrdebe eg ics pugaics qug jbaèbf rgodadec b ics gxdidbecs y pbrtdodpbabf gfvdbfec hdiibrgs eg tgignrbhbs gxdndgfec ib idagrtbe c ib bpbrdodÿf, sgnýf gi obsc, eg ics edrdngftgs qug sg tchbabf ochc abfegrb pbrb gi rgoibhc ngfgrbi y ib eg`gfsb egi rgstc eg ib pcaibodÿf brngftdfb. \...X _g orgbrcf, beghâs, ctrcs gspgoè`docs ochc gi Ochdtä eg Acdoct bi Hufedbi eg 24>:, ouyc hbycr egsbrrciic `ug gf @rbfodb, ocf ib orgbodÿf eg hâs eg 7;;; sgegs sgeg s \...X Ubhadäf juac ctrcs, ochc gi Ochdtä Ocft rbdfbs ib Nugrrb gf gi pbrb Btiâftqug Btiâftdoc doc `ugrb _ur, qug sg ic egfchdfÿ hbfgrbb gvdtbfec fcharbrOcftrb Hbiv Hbivdfbs c @bilibfe, rgbihgftg oibrc qugeg fcgsb sg gstbab `bvcr fd eg ics dfnigsgs fd eg ics hdidtbrgs brngftdfcs. Rudgfgs dftgnrbabf gstg ochdtä ochoch pbrtèbf pbrtè bf gi rgoibhc jdstÿrdoc y mustc eg ics brngftdfcs scarg ibs Hbivdfbs, pgrc sg fgnbabf b tchbr pbrtdec gf ufb nugrrb eg ics hdidtbrgs. Gf hgedc egi ecicr qug prcvcoÿ gi gxdidc, gstbs boodcfgs hbftgfèbf vdvb ib rgibodÿf eg ochprchdsc, ib pgrtgfgfodb b ib Brngftdfb. \...X Huojcs \gxdidbecsX jbf rgnrgsbec b fugstrc pbès pgrc huojcs fc ic jdodgrcf pcr edstdftbs rbzcfgs. Gftrg ctrbs, gf gi gxdidc sg `crhbrcf pbrgmbs ocf oduebebfcs eg ics pbèsgs qug ics biagrnbrcf, sdtubodcfgs gocfÿhdobs pbrtdouibrgs qug fc pgrhdtdgrcf b binufcs  vcivgr, huojcs qug `ugrcf ocf jdmcs, c qug ics tuvdgrcf biiè, fc qudsdgrcf schgtgrics b uf fugvc egsbrrbdnc. Gi gxdidc fc gs uf jgojc qug tdgfg ufb `gojb eg `dfbidzbodÿf pcrqug, buf gf ics qug  vcivdgrcf, qugeb gi nrbf b`gotc b`go tc rgodadec gf ib hbycrèb eg ics ic s obscs pcr ics pugaics qug bocndgrcf b ics brngftdfcs gf su caidnbeb edâspcrb. edâspcrb .

Ib gocfchèb eurbftg eurbftg gi [QF [Q F Gi ncipg hdidtbr `ug pgrngòbec ocf odvdigs qug tgfèbf dftgrgsgs gocfÿhdocs adgf oibrcs= hbycrgs nbfbfodbs pbrb sus ghprgsbs, sgb oubi `ugrb ib sugrtg egi pbès. Ocftbabf ocf gi bidgftc eg Gstbecs Wfdecs pbrb gidhdfbr bi Gstbec eg Adgfgstbr, g dftrceuodrfcs gf ufb gtbpb fgcidagrbi. Ics brnuhgftcs pbrb egsjbogr ibs ocfqudstbs scodbigs, egmbr eg `chgftbr ib dfeus dfeustrdb trdb fbodcf fbodcfbi, bi, prcjdadr ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnb fdzbodcfgs qug qug hcigstbrbf b su degci degcicnèb, cnèb, grbf `ýtdigs, uf sdhpig egocrbec pbrb su bvdegz eg nbfbfodb= ’iuojb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf‘ suavgr sdÿf‘,, ’iuojb ocftrb ib ocrrupodÿf‘, ocr rupodÿf‘, ’hcegrfdzbodÿf eg ib gocfchèb‘, ’dfgflodgfodb egi sgotcr dfeustrdbi‘, ’dffibodÿf‘, ’eäflodt flsobi‘, ’egueb‘... Ics trgs ’nrbvèsdhcs prcaighbs prcaighbs‘‘ qug gxpusc gi hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb Mcsä Bi`rgec Hbrtè Hb rtèfgz fgz eg Jcz gf su prgsgftbodÿf egi pibf gocfÿhdoc egi 1 eg bardi eg 24>0, `ugrcf ’bhgfbzb eg jdpgrdffibodÿf, bnueb rgogsdÿf dftgrfb y gvgftubi ogsbodÿf eg pbncs gxtgrfcs‘. Ucecs ics prcaighbs sg bnuedzbrcf trbs sus odfoc bòcs eg ngrgfodbhdgftc egi Gstbec edotbtcrdbi. Gf ib gtbpb pgrcfdstb egrrcobeb sg jbaèb dhpighgftbec gi prctgoodcfdshc b ib dfeustrdb fbodcfbi, gi Gstbec  mustdodbidstb grb gi hgedbecr gf ib ib pumb edstrdautdvb gftrg Hbrtdfgz eg Jcz obrdobturdzbec gf ib tbpb eg ib Qgvdstb Juhcr 

2?:

ics trbabmbecrgs y ghprgsbrdcs, y sus ighbs grbf gr bf fbodcfbidshc y bftddhpgrdbidshc. Gf su edsoursc e dsoursc dfbunurbi ochc hdfdstrc, Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz bflrhbab qug jbaèb qug egmbr

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

eg ibec ibs degcicnèbs pbrb tchbr ibs hgedebs gocfÿhdobs fgogsbrdbs, ibs qug fc egaèbf sgr bfbidzbebs degciÿndobhgftg. Ocf sus pbibarbs=

’Ib Brngftdfb sg jb vdstc suhdeb gf uf gstärdi egabtg degciÿndoc, eg ’dshcs‘ ocf gtdqugtbs gstgrgctdpbebs, ocf ibs oubigs binufcs sgotcrgs jbf trbtbec eg egsobid󿬂obr b ctrcs. Gs basciutbhgftg dfedspgfsbaig supgrbr gstb sdtubodÿf, becptbfec ufb botdtue eg nrbf prbnhbtdshc, y ocfsdegrbr y becptbr ibs hgedebs prâotdobs rgqugrdebs, sdf pgregr tdghpc fd gs`ugrzc gf mustd󿬂obr uf gfobsdiibhdgftc ecotrdecotr dfbrdc tgÿrdoc. tgÿr doc.‘‘ (Hbrtèfgz (Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz, 24>0) Gf rgbidebe, fc qugrèb qugrè b qug ic gfobsdiigf egftrc eg ic qug grb= ib dhpibftbodÿf pcr ib `ugrzb eg ufb gocfchèb fgcidagrbi. Gf ib edsgrtbodÿf eg Hbrtèfgz Hbrt èfgz eg Jcz sg pugeg pugeg casgrvbr uf vbodbhdgftc vbodbhdgf tc egi igfnubmg pciètdoc obrbotgrèstdoc eg ib edotbeurb. _g egstdgrrb ib tgcrèb y ib orètdob egi edsoursc egi pcegr. _df ghabrnc, jbaibr eg ib ’gstgrdidebe egi egabtg degciÿndoc‘ yb gs degcicnèb.10 Gi fgcidagrbidshc ‟qug bequdgrg bequdgrg obrbotgrèstdobs obrbotgr èstdobs ed`grgftgs gf edstdftcs edst dftcs Gstbecs‟ egflgfeg gi idarg hgrobec obpdtbidstb, y b ed`grgfodb egi idagrbidshc oiâsdoc, sè fgogsdtb egi bpcyc egi Gstbec pbrb scstgfgr ibs pciètdobs eg ics hâs `ugrtgs. Jbaèb qug edsodpidfbr b ib scodgebe sco dgebe pbrb icnrbric. Grb fgogsbrdc ocftrcibr b ics ghprgsbrdcs fbodcfbigs, fbodcfbigs, b ics sdfedobidstbs, y b tcecs ics qug iuojbsgf gf ocftrb eg gsg hcegic. Ocf gsg camgtdvc gi hdshc 15 eg hbrzc prcoibhbrcf gi yb odtbec Ochufdobec F½ 17, pcr gi oubi sg dftgrvgfèb ib ONG, ib ONU, sg ocfngibabf sus `cfecs y sg suprdhèb gi `ugrc sdfedobi, y sg edotbrcf ibs igygs 12.102 y 12.10? pcr ibs oubigs sg suspgfeèbf ics egrgojcs eg ics trbabmbecrgs. Ubhadäf sg bpidob ib Igy 12.105 eg [gfb eg hugrtg y Ocfsgmcs eg Nugrrb b binufcs sdfedobidstbs.1>  _g trbtb eg ufb gxogpodÿf= ib hbycrèb eg ics egignbecs scf edrgotbhgftg egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs.

Igy 12.102 Brt. 2 ’_uspäfe ’_uspäfegsg gsg trbfsdtcrdbhgftg gf tcec gi tgrrdtcrdc fbodcfbi gi egrgojc eg juginb, juginb, ochc bsè tbhadäf gi eg tceb ctrb ctr b hgedeb eg `ugrzb, pbrc, pb rc, dftgrrupodÿf c edshdfuodÿf egi trbabmc c su egsghpgòc gf ocfedodcfgs qug eg oubiqudgr hbfgrb pugebf b`gotbr ib prceuoodÿf, tbftc eg pbrtg eg ics trbabmbecrgs ochc eg ghprgsbrdcs y eg sus rgspgotdvbs rgspgot dvbs bscodbodcfgs u crnbfdzbodcfgs‘ crnbf dzbodcfgs‘.. Igy 12.10?. Egrcnb ’`ugrc b `bvcr eg ics dftgnrbftgs eg ochdsdcfgs edrgotdvbs c ocfsgmcs edrgotdvcs eg ibs bscodbodcfgs bscodbo dcfgs prc`gsdcfbigs prc`gsdcfbigs eg trbabmbecrgs eg oubiqudgr nrbec‘. _g jbaibab gf ocftrb egi Gstbec dftgrvgftcr, qug `bvcrgoèb b ib dfeustrdb fbodcfbi y b ics sgotcrgs vuifgrbaigs, y b `bvcr eg uf Gstbec bastgfodcfdstb, ochpighgftbrdc c suasdedbrdc eg ibs botdvdebegs eg ibs nrbfegs ghprgsbs= ib boodÿf eg ib ghprgsb prdvbeb ocfstdtuèb gi Hbtèbs Hurbob, (1;;7). _gnýf gi edbrdc Oibrèf egi ?2 eg hbrzc eg 24>0, sgds edrdngftgs egi _dfedobtc eg Cargrcs [bfbegrcs eg Ochcecrc Qdvbebvdb `ugrcf ics prdhgrcs gf sgr muznbecs pcr ics Ocfsgmcs eg Nugrrb Gspgodbigs Gstbaigs. 10 1>

2?4

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQCQ UGQQCQD_HC D_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

vgrebegrc hctcr eg tcec gi prcogsc prcogsc gocfÿhdoc. Ibs botdvdebegs bot dvdebegs sdfedobigs, pcr gi ocftrbrdc, ocftrb rdc, b`gotbabf ib prceuotdvdebe y jbaèb qug nbrbftdzbr ’prg`grgftghgftg‘ ib rgftbadidebe ghprgsbrdbi.1:  [brb gstc sg ocfngibrcf ics sugiecs, pgrc sg qudtbrcf ics ocftrcigs eg prgodcs, pcr ic oubi edshdfuyÿ ed shdfuyÿ erâstdobhgftg erâstdobhgftg gi sbibrdc sbibr dc rgbi. _g jbai jbaibab bab gf ocftrb eg ib dffibodÿf, pgrc sg ib gstdhuibab pbrb qug ics obpdtbidstbs obpdtbidstbs tuvdgrbf hbyc hbycrgs rgs nbfbfodbs. Ib prceuotdvdebe prceuotdvdebe fc orgodÿ pcr ib pciètdob bpgrturdstb ochgrodbi ochgrodbi.. [cr gi ocf ocftrbrdc, trbrdc, sg `chgftÿ ib gspgouibodÿf flfbfodgrb hgedbftg edvgrsbs hbfdcarbs. Wfb `ug ib ’tbaib eg egvbiubodÿf hgfsubi egi pgsc‘ c tbaidtb, pcr ib qug sg gstdpuibab ouâi sgrèb gi vbicr egi eÿibr b flf eg qug `ugrbf prgvdsdaigs ibs dfvgrsdcfgs y ibs nbfbfodbs. Ib ’tbaidtb‘ sg bpidoÿ jbstb hbrzc eg 24:2, oubfec oubfec flfbidzÿ gi hdfdstgrdc hdfd stgrdc eg Hbrtèfgz Hbrtè fgz eg Jcz. Jcz. Ctrc ocftuagrfdc gftrg edotbeurb hdidtbr y ghprgsbrdbec ocfsdstdÿ gf flmbr bitbs tbsbs eg dftgräs ocf gi supugstc camgtdvc eg btrbgr dfvgrsdcfgs, qug gf rgbidebe `bvcrgodgrcf ib prcid`grbodÿf eg abfocs g dfstdtuodcfgs flfbfodgrbs ecfeg sg gspgouibab, yb qug ics egpÿsdtcs b pibzc flmc gstbabf nbrbftdzbecs pcr gi Gstbec gf obsc eg qudgarbs. Gi ’eäflodt flsobi‘ `ug utdidzbec utd idzbec ochc igdthctdv fgcidagrbi rgdtgrbebhgftg, tbftc pbrb scidodtbr prästbhcs b crnbfdshcs ochc gi @HD c gi Abfoc Hufedbi (qug borgogftbrèbf borgogftbrèbf ngchätrdobhgf tr dobhgftg tg ib egueb gxtgrfb), ochc pbrb trbfs`grdr tr bfs`grdr ibs gsougibs prdhbrdbs y jcspd jcspdtbigs tbigs eg ib behdfdstrbodÿf fbodcfbi b ibs prcvdfodbs, rgeuodäfecigs gi bpcrtg egi Ugscrc Fbodcfbi, ic qug prcvcoÿ qug ibs prgstbodcfgs aâsdobs b ib pcaibodÿf edshdfuygrcf gf obidebe. Bsdhdshc, gi ’eäflodt flsobi‘ `ug ib mustdflobodÿf eg ib rg`crhb dhpcsdtdvb, qug gf rgbidebe agfgflodÿ b ibs oibsgs bitbs bi rgabmbr ics dhpugstcs dhpugstcs edrgotcs (qug nrbvbf b ib rdqugzb)< ästb edshdfuyÿ ibs rgtgfodcfgs rgtgfodcfgs b ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs trbedodcfbigs, trbedodcfbigs, y ngfgrbidzÿ gi DPB (Dhpugstc bi Pbicr Bnrgnbec, qug nrbvb gi ocfsuhc y b`gotb b tceb ib pcaibodÿf). _df ghabrnc, gi nbstc pýaidoc fc egorgodÿ, sdfc qug buhgftÿ ocf bequdsdodcfgs eg brhbhgftcs (qug gf ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs Hbiv dfbs sg vgrèb qug grbf cascigtcs y huojcs sg jbiibabf jbiibabf gf hbi gstbec), hâs ib ocfstruoodÿf eg butcpdstbs y ics gstbedcs g dfstbibodcfgs pbrb gi Hufedbi >: eg `ýtaci, ocf ics prgodcs eupidobecs eupidobecs c trdpidobecs pcr ib ocrrupodÿf gf edstdftcs ed stdftcs gstbhgftcs gstbhgft cs aurcorâtdocs eg ib edotbeurb oèvdoc-hdidtbr.

Gi prcogsc eg egsdfeustrdbidzbodÿf Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz bflrhbab qug ib ochpgtgfodb ocf gi hgrobec gxtgrfc hgmcrbrèb ib obidebe y ib gflodgfodb eg ib dfeustrdb fbodcf fbodcfbi, bi, pcr ic qug gojÿ pcr tdgrrb t dgrrb ibs trbabs b ibs dhpcrtbodcfgs. [grc bi hdshc tdghpc rgeumc gi prgodc egi eÿibr, pcr ic qug grb hâs gocfÿhdoc ochprbr prceuotcs dhpcrtbecs qug fbodcfbigs. _dhuitâfgbhgftg, ib rgeuoodÿf egi sbibrdc rgbi eg ics trbabmbecrgs rgeufeÿ gf ufb edshdfuodÿf egi hgrobec dftgrfc. Ibs dfeustrdbs fbodcfbigs tuvdgrcf hgfcs ocfsuhdecrgs, y pcr ib rgibodÿf eÿibr-pgsc gf ib qug gi pgsc gstbab scargvbiubec, igs grb huy ed`èodi gxpcrtbr prceuotcs fc trbedodcfbigs. Gi _gorgtbrdc eg Ochgrodc bflrhbab pýaidobhgftg qug grb ic hdshc ’prceuodr obrbhgics qug bogrc‘ bogrc‘ gf uf u f oibrc egsprgodc pcr ib dfeus dfeustr trdb db pgsbeb. Ibs dfeus d feustrdbs trdbs fbodcfbi fbodcfbigs gs sg vgfedgrcf b dfvgrscrgs gxtrbfmgrcs gxtr bfmgrcs,, qug ocfsgnuèbf oräedtcs ochc sd `ugrbf ` ugrbf fbodcfbigs, fbodcfbigs, y egobyÿ gi 1; pcr odgftc eg ib obpbodebe dfeustrdbi egi pbès= dfoiusc bidhgftcs ochc nbiig1:

25;

Hurbob, (1;;7).

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

tdtbs, dfeuhgftbrdb dfeuhgftbrdb y gigotrcechästdocs ochgfzbrcf ochgfzbrcf b sgr dhpcrtbecs dhpcrtbecs.. Ib dfeus dfeustrdb trdb gigotrÿfdob brngftdfb, prdhgrb gf Bhärdob Ibtdfb gf gsg hchgftc, hchgftc, ochgfzÿ b egsbpbrgogr egsbpbrgogr y ibs eghâs edshdfuygrcf erâstdobhgftg. _ÿic orgodgrcf binufbs pcobs dfeus dfeustrdbs trdbs agfgflodbe agfgflodbebs bs ocf rgnèhgfgs rgn èhgfgs eg prchcodÿf, prchcodÿf, qug nczbabf eg ufb vgftbmcsb rgibodÿf ocf gi Gstbec, ocf cobsdcfbigs rgeuoodcfgs dhpcsdtdvbs. Gf ngfgrbi pgrtgfgoèbf pgr tgfgoèbf b nrupcs n rupcs icobigs qug tgfèbf ufb ochadfbodÿf eg botdvdebegs dfeustrdbigs, eg sgrvdodcs, ochgrodbigs y flfbfodgrbs, ochc Hbord, [ärgz Ochpbfo, Auinjgrcfd, @crtbabt, Aufng y Acrf y Ugojdft. Gi fýhgrc eg trbabmbecrgs trbabmbecrgs eg ib dfeustrdb hbfu`boturgrb edshdfuy edshd fuyÿÿ gf hâs eg uf tgrodc (eg 2. 2.207 207.;;; .;;; trbabmb trbabmbecrgs ecrgs dfeustrdbigs gf 24>7 pbsbrcf b >5;.;;; gf 24:1). Orgodÿ Orgo dÿ gi ghpigc gf gi sgotcr ’tgrodbrdc‘, ochpugstc pcr gi ochgrodc, flfbfzbs y sgrvdodcs, pgrc tbhadäf gi egsghpigc, gi suaghpigc y gi ougftbprcpdshc. Ics ougftbprcpdstbs grbf, gf 24>0, gi 1;,4% eg ib pcaibodÿf botdvb< gf 24:2 grbf obsd gi 15%. Gstc dfedob uf rgtrcogsc gocfÿhdoc, pcrqug gi ougftbprcpdstb ougftbprcpdstb tdgfg, t dgfg, gf ngfgrbi, ufb sdtubodÿf sdt ubodÿf huojc huojc hâs dfgstbaig qug gi qug qug trbabmb gf rgibodÿf eg egpgfegfodb, obrgodgfec obrgo dgfec gf ngfgrbi eg bpcyc tgofciÿndoc tgofciÿn doc y eg sgnurdebe scodbi.

Ocfsgougfodbs eg ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs Nrbodbs b ib pciètdob hcfgtbrdb eg uf eÿibr suavbiubec ocf rgibodÿf bi pgsc, huojbs pgrscfbs eg oibsg hgedb puedgrcf vdbmbr pcr prdhgrb vgz bi gxtgrdcr, ecfeg ochprbabf prceuotcs huojc huojc hâs abrbtcs qug gf Brngftdfb= Brngftd fb= `ug ib äpcäpc ob egi ’eghg ecs‘ c eg ib ’pibtb euiog‘. euiog‘. Gf rgbidebe, rgbi debe, gsg pgsc brngftdfc brngftd fc qug vbièb huojc y qug qug iigvÿ b uf nrbf ocfsuhdsocfsuhd shc sg pbnbab ocf ib orgodgftg egueb gxtgrfb brngftdfb. Ib pciètdob gocfÿhdob bhpbrbab bi sgotcr sg otcr flfbfodgrc, qug fc rgprgsgftbab ics dftgrgsgs egi Gstbec sdfc ics prcpdcs= botubab ochc ufb oibsg pbrbsdtbrdb y egsfbodcfbidzbecrb b ib qug sg ib egfchdfÿ [btrdb @dfbfodgrb. _g ctcrnbabf prästbhcs b obpdtbigs gxtrbfmgrcs qug ochprbabf ghprgsbs brngftdfbs, y iugnc igs pgrhdtèbf rghdtdr bi gxtgrdcr g xtgrdcr sus Pdegib b puftc eg sgr egvcrbec nbfbfodbs. Eg gstg hcec sg prceumgrcf `unbs eg obpdtbigs pcr ibs ’pdrbòbs eg ib dhpcrtbodÿf‘, eg hdigs eg hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs gftrg 24>0 y 24:2. Qgvdstb Juhcr  _g pgrhdtdÿ qug ghprgsbs pýaidobs, ochc eg T[@ y Bgrcièfgbs Brngftdfbs, dftgrvgfdebs pcr gi ncadgrfc eg `botc, ocftrbmgrbf gfeguebhdgftc gxtgrfc (ocf ( ocf ib ocrrupodÿf ocrr upodÿf qug qug trbèb tr bèb bscodbec tcec gi gfegu gfeguebhdgft ebhdgftcc eg ib äpcob). Oubfec flfbidzÿ su hbfebtc Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz, gf hbrzc eg 24:2, yb jbaèbf qugarbec fuhgrcscs abfocs y gi Gstbec sg jbaèb jgojc obrnc eg sus pbsdvcs c eguebs. Eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb ib egueb gxtgrfb brngftdfb bsogfedÿ b ib suhb eg 57.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs. Gi ocstc eg hbfc eg carb sg rgeumc hgedbftg gi yb hgfodcfbec ocfngibhdgftc eg sbibrdcs y ib dffibodÿf, ib edshdfuodÿf eg ics eèbs eg egsobfsc bfubi, gi babrbtbhdgftc eg ics egspdecs y ib egsprctgoodÿf murèedob egi trbabmbecr. Beghâs, bi ochgfzbr b prceuodrsg egscoupbodÿf pcr odgrrg eg `âardobs, ics cargrcs egaèbf bogptbr jbagrgs hâs rgeuodecs,

252

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

pcr hdgec bi egsghpigc. [cr ctrb pbrtg, ib rgprgsdÿf gftrg ics cargrcs `ug eurèsdhb= gi ?; pcr odgftc eg ics egsbpbrgodecs `ugrcf cargrcs, pcr ic qug grb huy pgidnrcsc pbrb ics trbabmbecrgs sgr egignbec c dftgnrbr ochdsdcfgs dftgrfbs eg `âardobs c ochdtäs eg sgnurdebe g jdndgfg. Binufbs nrbfegs ghprgsbs ‟ochc ibs hgtbiýrndobs Eâihdfg _degrob (eg Ugojdft) y Bodfebr, gi bstdiigrc Bstbrsb, gi dfngfdc Igegshb (eg ib `bhdidb Aibqudgr) y ibs butchctrdogs @cre y Hgrogegs Agfz‟ `ugrcf oÿhpidogs eg ibs `ugrzbs rgprgsdvbs dfoiusc egseg 24>7, gftrgn gftrgnbfec bfec idstbecs eg cargrcs ochabtdvcs y egignbecs, qug `ugrcf brrgstbecs br rgstbecs c egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs, sgnýf ib äpcob. Ocf gstc sg icnrÿ edsodpidfbr eurbftg vbrdcs bòcs b ib hbycr pbrtg eg ics cargrcs jbstb 24:1, gf qug pceghcs vgr gf ib tbaib qug obyÿ baruptbhgftg býf hâs ib pbrtdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibrdcs egftrc egi [AD.

[brtdodpbodÿf eg ics sbibrdcs gf gi [AD B òc

24>0 24>0 24>> 24>: 24>4 24:; 24:2 24: 2 24:1 24:?

N ca d g r f c

Edotbeurb eg Pdegib ‟ Hbrt Hbrtèfgz èfgz eg Jcz Edo tbeurb eg Pdegib ‟ Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz Edotbeurb eg Pdegib ‟ Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz Edotbeurb eg Pdegib ‟ Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz Edotbeurb eg Pdegib ‟ Hbr tèfgz eg Jcz Edotbeurb eg Pdcib - Icrgfzc _dnbut Edo tbeurb eg Nbitdgrd ‟ Bighbff - Ebnfdfc [bstcrg Edo tbeurb eg Adnfcfg - Mcrng ^gjag

Hbsb sbibrdbi

?;,?4 % ?;,00 % ?5,5> % ??,1? % ?;,:? % 14,?4 % 11,70 % 10,2; %

@ugftg= Mbvdgr Idfegfacdh, Mubf H. Nrbòb y Ebhdâf Lgffge (1;;7)

 Pcobauibrdc

_gotcr tgrodbrdc eg ib gocfchèb= gocfchèb= ochpugstc pcr gi ochgrodc, `dfbfzbs y sgrvdodcs. sgrvdodc s. Gi sgotcr sgoufebrdc sg egedob b dfeustrdbs, gi qug catdgfg ibs hbtgrdbs prdhbs.gigotrdodebe, ocfstruoodÿf y trbfspcrtg< gi prdhbrdc gs

EG[CQUG_, HGEDC_ T [CIÈUDOB Ib edotbeurb egi [QF [Q F egseg gi prdhgr hchgftc utdidzÿ utdid zÿ gi egpcregpcrtg ochc `botcr edstrbotcr ed strbotcr eg ib btgfodÿf pýaidob, pbrb rgibmbrib rg ibmbrib y qug fc sg ogftrg gf su pciètdob ngfcodeb. Gi eèb egi ncipg, ib sgigoodÿf fbodcfbi eg `ýtaci egaèb munbr ocftrb [cicfdb, y gi prgsdegftg eg ib egignbodÿf rgodadÿ ib cregf eg munbr gi pbrtdec y ocftdfubr ocf gi rgstc eg ib ndrb. nd rb. Gi munbecr Hbrdc Lghpgs sg pusc b iicrbr y muftc ocf ctrc ochpbògrc qudsc rgnrgsbr b ib Brngftdfb, pgrc gi icoutcr Mcsä Hbrèb Huòcz trbfshdtdÿ bi gqudpc qug pcr sugrtg fc jbaèb egsnrb-

251

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

odbs pgrscfbigs fd egrrbhbhdgftc eg sbfnrg< trbs ufb rgufdÿf, ib hbycrèb egodedÿ sgnudr begibftg.14 Gi pbrtdec pbrt dec sg prcpbnÿ pcr cregf cregf eg ib Muftb Hdidtbr, Hdi dtbr, ocrtbfec ib obegfb eg ochuochufdobecs rbedbigs, pbrb ebr ib sgfsbodÿf eg qug tcec ocftdfubab `ufodcfbfec ochc sdghprg gf Brngftdfb. Oäsbr Iuds Hgfcttd, fcharbec edrgotcr täofdoc eg ib sgigoodÿf pcr gi ncadgrfc pgrcfdstb, prgsgftÿ su rgfufodb, pgrc fc sg ib bogptbrcf y ig edgrcf su bpcyc pbrb qug puedgrb edspcfgr eg ics hgmcrgs munbecrgs. _g ogftrÿ, gftcfogs, gf su camgtdvc, qug grb nbfbr munbfec adgf. [brb Csvbiec Abygr, Hgfcttd (bsè ochc gi orbol jcibfeäs Mcjbff Oruy``, qug sg fgnÿ b pbrtdodpbr eg uf hufedbi crnbfdzbec pcr uf ncadgrfc ngfcodeb) ednfdfloÿ bi `ýtaci pcr jbogr munbr egi hcec qug trbg pibogr, qug fc sg jbog pcr edfgrc, pcr egpcrtg gf sè, qug egsbprugab ics fgncodcs. ?; Gi fugvc ncadgrfc eg `botc egaèb ocfflrhbr ib scidodtue jgojb pcr gi ngfgrbi Ibfussg gf 24>? y bogptbeb pcr gi ncadgrfc pgrcfdstb, pbrb sgr sgeg egi Hufedbi gf 24>:. Arbsdi jbaèb sdec sgeg gf 247;, y Häxdoc gf 24>;. Hbssgrb bflrhÿ qug gi Hufedbi ocstbrèb sÿic >; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs, eÿibrgs, y bufq bufqug ug ocstbrb hâs, dnubi dn ubi sg jbrèb. jbr èb. Ocrrupodÿf Ocrr upodÿf hgedbftg, hgedbftg, sg nbstbrcf gf gi Hufedbi gftrg 7;; y >;; hdiicfgs hd iicfgs eg eÿibrgs. eÿibrgs. Gi Gmärodtc fcharÿ fcharÿ ochc edrdngftg edr dngftg egi Gftg Butârqudoc Hufedbi >: GBH bi ngfgrbi Chbr Botds, jcharg bustgrc, qug `rgfbab ics nbstcs. Gf obhadc obhadc,, gi bihdrbftg Obrics Ibocstg `ug gi rgprgsgf rgprgsgftbftg tbftg eg ics fgncodbecs hdidtbrgs dfstbibec pcr gi bihdrbftg Hbssgrb egftrc egi egpcrtg, pbrb hbfgmbr gi pcegr. Ibs pciètdobs eg Botds y Hbssgrb/Ibocstg grbf cpugstbs. Oubfec Oubfec sg gf`rgftbrcf y Ibocstg qugeÿ hchgftâfgbhgftg `ugrb egi GBH >:, uf btgftbec supugstbhgftg hcftcfgrc tgrhdfÿ ocf ib vdeb eg Botds< bòcs hâs tbreg sg gfocftrÿ ib rgspcfsbadidebe dftgigotubi eg Ibocstg gf gsg ordhgf, rgbidzbec pcr uf nrupc eg tbrgbs eg ib G_HB. Ib edotbeurb arbsdigòb bpcyÿ prgstbhgftg prgstbhgftg ibs bspdrbodcfgs eg ib Muftb Hdidtbr brngftdb rngftdfb, qug sg ocfstdtuèb gf ’ib hgmcr nbrbftèb eg ib Ocpb egi Hufec gf Brngftdfb‘, sgnýf gi prgsdegftg prgsde gftg eg ib Ocf`gegrbodÿf Arbsdigòb Arbsdigòb eg Egpcrtgs E gpcrtgs (OAE), ( OAE), bihdrbftg b ihdrbftg Jgigfc Fufgs. Gf deäftdoc sgftdec sg gxprgsbab Mcbc Jbvgibfng, prgsdegftg eg ib @D@B (@gegrbodÿf Dftgrfbodcfbi eg Bscodbodcfgs eg @ýtaci). Ochc gi `ýtaci grb ýtdi ýtd i pbrb ib edotbeurb y gi Hufedbi >: grb ougstdÿf eg Gstbec, gstbabf prcjdadebs ibs orètdobs bi gqudpc, bi hcec eg mugnc c bi edrgotcr täofdoc. Hdgftrbs ics ngfcodebs qugrèbf hcstrbr ib hgmcr dhbngf eg Brngftdfb, g dhpcfèbf gf ics vgjèouics pbrtdouibrgs gi usc eg caigbs ocf ib igygfeb ’Ics brngftdfcs schcs egrgojcs y juhbfcs‘ gf bejgsdÿf bi rändhgf, ränd hgf, gf gi gxtrbfmgrc g xtrbfmgrc ics gxdidbecs gx didbecs brngftdfcs iuojbabf iuojbabf pbrb acdoctgbr ic qug sg vgèb ochc ufb vdotcrdb eg ib edotbeurb. Gf gi hbroc eg gsb obhpbòb gstuvc ib hgfodcfbeb bejgsdÿf egi jcibfeäs Mcjbff Oruy``, y gi brqugrc sugoc Qcffdg Jgiistrch, gi eèb dfbu d fbunurbi nurbi egi tcrfgc, egodedÿ ocfourrdr b ib rcfeb eg ibs Hbergs gf [ibzb eg Hbyc. Hbyc. 14 ?;

’Actbs y actdfgs‘ actdfgs‘,, pcr Gzgqudgi @grfâfeg @grfâfegzz Hccrgs (Bngfodb BF_B) jttp=//www jttp=//www.df`crhgedndtbi.och.br .df`crhgedndtbi.och.br.. ’Hgfcttd, gf bighâf‘. @ugftg= www.ngcodtdgs.och/vgbyigb1;;;.

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24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Gi prghdc Fcagi eg ib [bz Beci`c [ärgz Gsqudvgi gstuvc prgsc eurbftg ib äpcob egi Hufedbi ?2 y ocftÿ qug ics nubredboârogigs pbsbabf ics pbrtdecs pcr ics bitcpbribftgs, pbrb pcegr gsouojbrics. [gsg b qug tcecs ics egtgfdecs gspgrbrcf df`ruotucsbhgftg qug Hgfcttd edmgrb binc pýaidobhgftg scarg ics egsbpbrgodecs, egsbpbrgodecs, rgougreb qug= ’Grb gxtrbòc, gx trbòc, pgrc gf uf nrdtc n rdtc eg nci, fcs ufèbhcs ics nubredbs n ubredbs y ics prdsdcfgrcs. Hg eb ib sgfsbodÿf qug gf gsg hchgftc, pcr gfodhb eg ib sdtubodÿf qug vdvèbhcs, gstbab gi sgftdhdgftc brngftdfc‘. Egseg huy ogrob egi gstbedc hufedbidstb, gf gi OOE eg ib G_HB ics prdsdcfgrcs egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgode ecs-egs bpbrgodecs cs gsouojbabf ib vdarbodÿf v darbodÿf y ics nrdtcs n rdtcs egi pbrtdec. pbr tdec. B binufcs egsbpbrgodecs eg gsg OOE, sus vgreuncs ics iigvbrcf b vgr ib huitdtue `gstgmbfec gi trduf`c tr duf`c eg Brngftdfb. Nrbodgib Ebigc, gf gsb sbideb, sbi deb, sg sdftdÿ dfhgfsbhgftg df hgfsbhgftg scib, pcrqug sg edc ougftb eg qug qug bufqug sg pusdgrb b nrdtbr gftrg hdigs eg pgrscfbs egseg gi brrdab egi butchÿvdi [gungct 7;5 egi prg`gotc Jäotcr @gargs, iicrbfec, qug grb ufb egsbpbrgodeb, fbedg ig jbrèb obsc. ?1

Ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs Ib gocfchèb dab gf `rbfoc `r bfoc egoidvg. Gi ngfgrbi Qcagrtc Qcag rtc Pdcib jbaèb rgghpibzbec b Pdegib, pgrc gi hcegic pciètdoc gocfÿhdoc qug pibftgbab fc grb ed`grgftg bi eg Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz. Gi obfsbfodc eg ib scodgebe brngftdfb pcr gi rändhgf rän dhgf butcrdtbrdc butcrdtbrdc sg gstbab jbodgfec jbodgfec sgftdr, ocf ib ONU qug ghpgzbab b hcvdidzbrsg, ib Dnigsdb qug gxprgsbab binufcs ochgftbrdcs gf egsbougrec, y ib ufdÿf eg pbrtdecs trbedodcfbigs gf ufb Huitdpbrtdebrdb qug pgeèb ufb sbideb gigotcrbi. gigotcrb i. _df prcpugstb eg sciuodcfgs, Pdcib `ug rgghpibzbec pcr Igcpciec @crtufbtc Nbitdgrd gf edodgharg eg 24:2. Ugfèb gi bpcyc eg Gstbecs Wfdecs, pcr ic qug su hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb sdnudÿ ib rgogtb oiâsdob eg idagrbidzbr býf hâs ib gocfchèb ic qug ngfgrÿ nrbf rgsdstgfodb eg sdfedobidstbs y ghprgsbrdcs y bnuedzÿ ib rgogsdÿf. Ochc pibf pbrb hbftgfgrsg gf gi pcegr, Nbitdgrd pgfsÿ qug sd icnrbab rgoupgrbr ufb pbrtg eg fugstrc tgrrdtcrdc tgrr dtcrdc qug jbaèb sdec sdec brrgabtb br rgabtbeb eb pcr ics dfnigsgs gf 2:??, ibs dsibs Hbi vdfbs, sgrèb sgr èb ocfsbnrbec ochc järcg fbodcfbi. Tb Tb gf sgptdgharg eg 2400 ics mÿvgfgs Ebrec Obac y Hbrèb Hbr èb Ordstdfb Ordstd fb Pgrrdgr ocf ctrcs 20 mÿvgfgs pgrcfdstbs jbaèbf jbaèbf egsvdbec gi vugic 05: qug dab egseg egseg gi bgrcpbrqug Mcrng Fgwagry jbodb Qèc Nbiigncs, dfdodbfec ufb pgqugòb nrbf ngstb pbtrdÿtdob, b ib qug egfchdfbrcf Cpgrbtdvc Oÿfecr.??  Dabf bochpbòbecs bochpbòbecs pcr gi edrgotcr ed rgotcr egi edbrdc Orÿfdob, pbrb jbogr ib ed`usdÿf egi jgojc. Fc puedgrcf ouhpidr ocf gi camgtdvc eg gfvdbr ufb prcoibhb rbedbi y tchbr gi brsgfbi eg ib dsib pcrqug gi bvdÿf sg gftgrrÿ bi dftgftbr btgrrdzbr. @ugrcf rcegbecs, rcegbecs, egtgfdecs y egvugitcs egv ugitcs b ib edotbeurb eg Cfnbfèb, ecfeg `ugrcf ocfegfbecs ocfegf becs b prdsdÿf (gftrg fugvg hgsgs y trgs bòcs). _us egoibrbodcfgs grbf= ’@ud b HbivdHbiv dfbs b rgbflrhbr fugstrb scagrbfèb‘. Ebrec Obac `ug egsbpbrgodec pcr ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, ochc ecs eg sus ochpbògrcs, ctrc bsgsdfbec y ecs scf gx egtgfdecs egsbpbrgodecs. ?5 [uec sbidr eg ib Wfdebe 4 eg Ib [ibtb nrbodbs n rbodbs b ib prgsdÿf dftgrfbodcfbi, gi 1? eg mufdc eg 24>:, ecs eèbs bftgs eg ib `dfbi. www. gicrtdab.crn/hufedbi>:.jthi ?1 Gstuvc sgougstrbeb uf bòc y hgedc gf ib G_HB. Grb ufb hdidtbftg qug ocf ctrcs qudsc eghcstrbr eurbftg ib edotbeurb ocf pgqugòcs jgojcs ochc vcibftgs c hdnugidtcs hdnugidtcs qug ib rgsdstgfodb pcpuibr sgnuèb vdvb. Egadÿ trbabmbr ochc hbfc eg carb gsoibvb gf gi OOE jbstb qug gf uf hchgftc `ug idagrbeb. _u ochpbògrc ocftdfýb ocftdfýb egsbpbrgodec. ?2

??

Fc ocf`ufedr ocf giFbodcfbi [ibf Oÿfecr u Cpgrbodÿf Oÿfecr pcstgrdcr, qug ocfsdstdÿ gfbibrg`undbecs ufdÿf eg pciètdocs ibs edstdftbs edotbeurbs eg ib ecotrdfb eg ib _gnurdebe gf Bhärdob Ibtdfb pbrb rgprdhdr, rgprdhdr , sgougstrbr y bsgsdfbr ojdigfcs, urunubyc urunubycs, s, acidvdbfcs, brngftdfcs, gf oubiqudgr tgrrdtcrdc egi Ocfc _ur, g dfoiusc gf ctrcs pbèsgs. ?5 ’Gi vugic eg ics oÿfecrgs‘ oÿfecrgs‘,, Qcagrtc Abredfd abhauprgssKdgspbfb.gs

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Jgrcdob icourb [cr Mcsä Hbrèb Qcsb, Qcs b, hbyc eg 24:1, Qgvdstb Ièfgb F½ Ièfgb F½ 11 Gi 1 eg bardi sg barg ‟³c ‟³ c sg rgbarg3‟ uf fugvc obpètuic gf ib jdstcrdb. Ib I b rgoupgrbodÿf eg ibs Hbivdfbs jb tcobec jcfec gf ib `darb pbtrdÿtdob egi pugaic. Fcs egspgrtbhcs ocf gi crnuiic eg sgftdrfcs trbs ufb uf fbodcfbidebe obhpgb pcr su rgspgtc. T gsc jb vgfdec ‟egs-y ocfogrtbebhgftg‟ pgrècec gfqug gi qug fc ardiibab prgodsbhgftg gi pbtrdctdshc fugstrb Brngftdfb sg rgpbrtèb rgpbr tèb b pgebzcs gftrg ics pcegrcscs. Oubfec gspgrâabhcs eg uf hchgftc b ctrc ib bfufodbeb prdvbtdzbodÿf egi suasugic, ics hdidtbrgs fcs sbigf ocf gstb pândfb eg nicrdb y rgspcfsbadidebe. \...X Fc qugrghcs sbagr quä prcpÿsdtcs ib edotbrcf. _d `ug pcr uf drrgsdstdaig dhpuisc pbtrdÿtdoc, c hgedÿ ib ocfsdegrbodÿf eg qug GGWW fcs bochpbòbrèb gf ib pbtrdbeb. _d `ug gstc ýitdhc ‟ic qug fc orgghcs‟ egaghcs ocfvgfdr qug fugstrcs mg`gs fc gstâf bi tbftc eg ib jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb, ochc egsocfcogf ib jdstcrdb pbsbeb. Ics GGWW fc scibhgftg scf ics hâs `drhgs ` drhgs bidbecs egi Qgdfc Wfdec, sdfc qug fufob, fufob, bogptbrcf, pgsg b ib ecotrdfb Hcfrcg, ib brngftdfdebe eg ics brojdpdäibncs. Gi 1: eg edodgharg eg 2:?2 2:?2 \...gi oruogrc fcrtgbhgrdobfc fcr tgbhgrdobfc IgxdfntcfX Igxdfn tcfX egsghabroÿ sus hbrdfgs, \...X, oibvbrcf ics obòcfgs, obòcfgs , bprgsbrcf b ics eg`gfscrgs, rcabrcf ics ougrcs eg vboufc  y icacs hbrdfcs qug jbaèb gf ibs abrrbobs, y bobabrcf pcr ghabrobr gf su fbvèc b ibs `bhdidbs pcaibecrbs. Gftgfeèb gi ochbfebftg Eufobf qug ics brngftdfcs fc tgfèbf egrgojc b dhpgedrigs ib obogrèb qug g`gotubabf ics fcrtgbhgrdobfcs fcrtgbhgrdobfc s gf ibs dsibs, qug grbf tdgrrb eg fbedg, b mudodc egi obpdtâf. Gi ncadgrfc brngftdfc prctgstÿ y gxdndÿ dfeghfdzbodÿf. dfeghfdzbodÿf . [rctgstb tbftc hâs `ufebeb pcr oubftc bi bòc egi btrcpgiic, y bprcvgojbfec gi egsnubrfgodhdgftc gf qug qugebrcf ibs dsibs, gi obpdtâf dfniäs Cfsicw, bi hbfec eg su ocragtb eg nugrrb Oièc, y ouhpidgfec dfstruoodcfgs dfstruoo dcfgs eg su ncadgrfc, sg bpcegrÿ eg ibs dsibs. _baghcs eg ib jdstcrdb eg ib prctgstb brngftdfb bftg ics ardtâfdocs. Pgbhcs ic qug courrdÿ ocf ics fcrtgbhgrdobfcs. Qcsbs ‟ncagrfbecr gf 2:?7‟ edc dfstruoodcfgs bi hdfdstrc brngftdfc gf ^bsjdfntcf, qug grb gi ngfgrbi Bivgbr, pbrb qug rgoibhbrb pcr ib ocfeuotb egi obpdtâf Eufobf y catuvdgrb ib dfeghfdzbodÿf ocrrgspcfedgftg. [grc gi _gorgtbrdc eg Gstbec, Ebfdgi ^gastgr, rgspcfedÿ qug suspgfeèb gi pgedec brngftdfc -jbstb tbftc sg brrgnibrb ib ocftrcvgrsdb pgfedgftg gftrg gi ncadgrfc brngftdfc y ib Nrbf Argtbòb bogrob eg ib murdsedoodÿf eg ibs dsibs. Ic qug hctdvÿ qug ibs rgibodcfgs brngftdfc-fcr brngftdfc-fcrtgbhgrdobfbs tgbhgrdobfbs qugebrbf dftgrruhpdebs. Gstbecs Wfdecs qugrèb giuedr ib pgrtgfgfodb brngftdfb eg ibs dsibs pbrb bjcrrbrsg dfeghfdzbr ib ocfeuotb egi obpdtâf Eufobf. Fc `ug ib ýfdob cpcrtufdebe. Gf muidc eg 2::7 gi hdfdstrc brngftdfc gf ^bsjdfntcf, Iuds Echèfnugz, Echèfnugz , prcpusc schgtgr b âradtrcs gi hcftc eg ib dfeghfdzbodÿf. Gi prgsdegftg fcrtgbhgrdobfc prg`drdÿ ocftgstbr eg ufb hbfgrb dfedrgotb< ic jdzc gf su hgfsbmg bfubi bi Ocfnrgsc, obid`dobfec eg pdrbtdobi eg  pdrbtdobi ocicfy  \ocicfdb  \ocicfdb pdrbtbX gi gstbaigodhdgftc brngftdfc. brngft dfc. B gstg prcpÿsdtc, rgspcfedÿ Pdogftg N. Rugsbeb Rugs beb ocf uf gfmufedcsc bignbtc murèedoc g jdstÿrdoc jdstÿr doc (gxogigftg ochc tcecs ics suycs), suycs), eghcstrbfec ib brngftdfdebe eg ibs dsibs, y qug gi egshbftgibhdgftc jgojc pcr gi hbrdfc fcrtgbhgrdobfc gf edodgharg eg 2:?2 `ug ib obusb g`dodgftg pbrb qug gi Qgdfc Wfdec sg bpcegrbsg eg ibs dsibs gf gfgrc eg 2:??. Gstg bignbtc eg Rugsbeb, Rugs beb, qug iigvb `gojb 4 eg edodgharg eg 2::7, `ug egsgojbec pcr gi _gorgtbrdc eg Gstbec Gs tbec fcrtgbhgrdobfc fcrt gbhgrdobfc Ujchbs @. Abybre gi 2: 2: eg hbrzc eg 2::0, 2::0, pcrqug -ib Qgpýaidob Brngftdfb Brngft dfb gfougftrb sus egrgojcs ocftrcvgrtdecs ocftrcvgrt decs pcr ib Nrbf Argtbòb, y jbstb qug fc sg rgsugivb gstg pigdtc fc pugeg rgoibhbr dfeghfdzbodÿf pcr prgsuftcs egshbfgs ochgtdecs gf ic qug fc gs su tgrrdtcrdc. _upcfghcs qug fugstrb Obfodiigrèb dnfcrb gstcs ecouhgftcs ‟fc castbftg gfocftrbrsg gf su brojdvc eg Qgibodcfgs Gxtgrdcrgs‟, ebec qug bogptÿ ib tgrogrèb egi _gorgtbrdc eg

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24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

Gst bec \fcrtgbhgrdobfc ngfgrbi BigxbfegrX Jbdn pbrb edrdhdr gi pigdtc. Fc jbrghcs gi Gstbec gi obrnc eg dnfcrbr ib jdstcrdb egi sdnic ZDZ b qudgfgs gvdegftghgftg fc pbrgogf qug supdgrbf ibs rgibodcfgs botubigs gftrg ics ic s GGWW y Nrbf Argtbòb. Egaghcs jbogr huojbs ocsbs egspuäs egi 1 eg bardi= gftrg giibs, gstuedbr fugstrb butäftdob jdstcrdb, qug sg dnfcrb piâodebhgftg b tgfcr eg ics edsourscs c`dodbigs. [grc tgfghcs ib ogrtgzb eg qug ibs ocsbs obhadbrâf. Ib rgoupgrbodÿf eg ibs Hbivdfbs fc sg vb b egtgfgr gf ib egvciuodÿf eg ics brojdpdäibncs, egag egvcivgrsg ib Brngftdfb, ib Brngftdfb èftgnrb, ocf sus degbigs, sus dfeustrdbs, dfeust rdbs, su pugaic y su jdstcrdb. Fc gs tdghpc eg prcogscs fd rgcrnbfdzbodcfgs, sdfc eg gfocftrbr ib [btrdb. Ib [btrdb butäftdob. \...X Urduf`brghcs, sdf eueb trduf`brghcs, pcrqug gf ib iuojb eg ics pugaics ocftrb ics dhpgrdbidshcs trduf`bf ics pugaics. \...X Botdvdebe

b) Gi jdstcrdbecr jdstcrdbecr rgvdsdcfdstb rgvdsdcfdstb Mcsä Hbrèb Hbrèb Qcsb puaidoba puaidobabb ib rgvdstb Ièfgb qug `ug ogfsurbeb oubfec, ocf gi ncipg hdidtbr, bousÿ b ib Muftb Hdidtbr eg sgr suavgrsdvb. ’³Rudäfgs scf ics suavgrsdvcs3‘ egoèb ib tbpb, tbpb , ocf ib `ctc eg ics trgs ochbfebftgs. Fc sg bfdhbrcf b egsbpbrgogric, grb huy ocfcodec. a) Bfbidzb gi brtèouic qug qug gsordadÿ eurbftg eurbftg ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs. Hbivdfbs. ³Ruä cpdfb scarg scarg ib nugrrb3 ³Ouâi `ug sdghprg ib pciètdob fcrtgbhgrdobfb fcr tgbhgrdobfb ocf rgibodÿf b ibs dsibs3 ³Ruä ocfogptc tdgfg scarg gi ocfcodhdgftc eg ib jdstcrdb y eg ibs rgibodcfgs gxtgrdcrgs gx tgrdcrgs pcr pbrtg pbrt g eg ics edotbecrgs brngftdfcs3 brngft dfcs3 ³Ruä egagrèbhcs jbogr ics brngftdfcs trbs ib nugrrb3 nugr rb3

Nbitdgrd, sdf prgpbrbr ib nugrrb ochc egagrèb jbagr jgojc pbrb ocfsgnudr su camgtdvc, supusc qug tgferèb gi bvbi eg ics Gstbecs Wfdecs pcr sgr bhacs pbèsgs dftgnrbftgs egi Urbtbec Dftgrbhgrdobfc eg Bsdstgfodb Qgoèprcob y qug Dfnibtgrrb fc rgboodcfbrèb ocf gf`rgftbhdgftc aäidoc pcr ufbs dsibs uadobebs gf gi flf egi hufec. Bsè ghabroÿ bi pbès gf ib nugrrb gi 1 eg bardi eg 24:1.

[cobs jcrbs egspuäs egi egsghabroc, ics df`bftgs eg hbrdfb oustcedbf ics ged`dodcs eg ibs dsibs, `ctc eg Chbr Ucrrgs

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Gi prdhgr pbsc, qug `ug scrprgsdvc, y qug ocfsdstdÿ gf ib coupbodÿf eg ibs dsibs egi Btiâftdoc _ur, ochc ibs Ngcrndbs y ibs Hbivdfbs, `ug sgfodiic, ebec qug jbaèb gsobsb ectbodÿf hdidtbr hdidtb r dfnigsb gf ibs hdshbs. Ochc ics ics brngftdfcs brngftd fcs gf ngfgrbi scf ocfsodgftgs eg qug qug ibs dsibs Hbivdfbs `ugrcf usurpbebs pcr gi ocicfdbidshc dfniäs gf 2:??, pgrc qug `crhbf pbrtg eg fugstrc tgrrdtcrdc, huojcs bpibuedgrcf ib hgedeb, pgsg b fc gstbr ocf`crhgs gf ics eghâs bspgotcs ocf gi ncadgrfc hdidtbr. Bufqug fc `ug ufâfdhg gstb pcsdodÿf, sg obftbab ocf ghcodÿf gi Jdhfc Fbodcfbi gf oubiqudgr botc pýaidoc y huojcs bndtbabf gu`ÿrdocs ibs abfegrbs brngftdfbs. Gf Dfnibtgrrb, gi ncadgrfc ocfsgrvbecr eg Hbrnbrgt Ujbtojgr fc sg qugeÿ ocf ics arbzcs oruzbecs. Ocfvgfodÿ b ics dfnigsgs eg dr b ib nugrrb pcrqug jbaèb sdec dfdodbeb pcr ufb edotbeurb vdcibecrb eg ics egrgojcs juhbfcs y fc hgrgoèb fdfnýf tdpc eg ocfsdegrbodÿf. Nrbf Argtbòb ocfsdnudÿ gi bpcyc eg ib Ochufdebe Gurcpgb (gxogptc Gspbòb, ouyc [gòÿf eg Ndarbitbr sdnug coupbec botubihgftg pcr Dfnibtgrrb) y egi Ocfsgmc eg _gnurdebe eg ibs Fbodcfgs Wfdebs. Gstg ýitdhc vctÿ ufb rgsciuodÿf egoibrbfec b ib Brngftdfb ’fbodÿf bnrgscrb‘ bnrgscr b‘,, pcr ic qug qug egaèb ogsbr ibs jcstdidebegs y rgtdrbr rgtd rbr ibs trcpbs. Ics Ic s pbèsgs ibtdfcbhgibtdfcb hgrdobfcs edgrcf su bpcyc b ib Brngftdfb y Ouab c`rgodÿ sus ocfcodhdgftcs pbrb ib eg`gfsb gstrbtändob eg ib dsib (qug fc `ugrcf tchbecs gf ougftb pcr ics hdidtbrgs brngftdfcs). Gstbecs Wfdecs, gf obhadc, obhadc, c`rgodÿ su byueb icnèstdob b Dfnibtgrrb. Ics btbqugs bärgcs dfnigsgs tbrebrcf obsd uf hgs gf iignbr. Ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf, ocftrcibecs pcr gi rgprgsdvc sdstghb egi ncadgrfc eg `botc, hcstrbabf qug èabhcs nbfbfec, y huojcs bsè ic orgèbf.

Ib egrrctb Gi 1 eg hbyc uf suahbrdfc dfniäs edspbrÿ ecs tcrpgecs ocftrb gi Oruogrc Ngfgrbi Aginrbfc y ic jufedÿ, oubfec sg gfocftrbab `ugrb eg ib ’zcfb eg gxoiusdÿf‘ flmbeb pcr Icfergs< hâs eg trgsodgft t rgsodgftcs cs hugrtcs `ug gi sbiec eg gstg jgojc, qug fc `ug gi ýfdoc pgrc sè gi hâs dhpcrtbftg pbrb fcsctrcs. Bvdcfgs eg ib hbrdfb jufedgrcf bi egstruotcr dfniäs _jg`flgie, pgrc ib fictb dfnigsb echdfbab gi hbr. Ib fcojg egi 1; bi 12 eg hbyc ics dfnigsgs ochgfzbrcf gi egsghabroc gf ibs Dsibs Hbivdfbs, qug egflfdÿ ib egrrctb brngftdfb. brng ftdfb. Gi 25 eg mufdc sg flrhbab ib rgfedodÿf prâotdobhgf prâotdobhgftg tg dfocfedodcfbi. Ucebs ibs `ugrzbs brngftdfbs br ngftdfbs pbsbabf b sgr prdsdcfgrbs eg nugrrb, y sg pgredgrcf tcecs Ib Brngftdfb prgsgftb ib rgfedodÿf y sus sciebecs scf jgojcs prdsdcfgrcs, `ctc eg Hbrtèf Oigbvgr

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24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

ics brhbhgftcs, gqudpcs y babstgodhdgftc. Jbaèbf hugrtc >?; pgrscfbs (ib hbycrèb  mÿvgfgs sciebecs), y obsd uf hdiibr h diibr gstbab g stbab jgrdecs. Ib oduebebfèb sg gfocftrÿ baruptbhgftg ocf ib orugi rgbidebe y sg sdftdÿ auribeb pcr uf ncadgrfc qug, fugvbhgftg, fc jbaèb rgspgtbec ib vdeb eg sus jdmcs. Ästcs, sdf gxpgrdgfodb hdidtbr, `ugrcf b iuojbr caidnbecs caidnbecs b ufb nugrrb hbi pibfdflobeb, hbi edrdndeb, edrdn deb, ocf brhbhgftcs cascigtcs cascigtcs c dfsgrvdaigs d fsgrvdaigs y ecfe ecfegg ib ocrrupodÿf ocr rupodÿf rgdfbftg ics jbaèb egsprcvdstc eg gighgftcs gighgftcs gsgfodbigs (bardnc y bidhgftcs) qug igs gfvdbabf sus `bhdidbrgs. Rugebab bi egsfuec ib drrgspcfsbadidebe y ib dfgptdtue eg hdidtbrgs. H didtbrr fc sg pusc eg bougrbougrNbitdgrd egadÿ prgsgftbr su rgfufodb gi 2> eg mufdc. Ib Muftb Hdidtb ec gf ib fchdfbodÿf eg su suogscr, qug gftcfogs `ug fcharbec sÿic pcr gi Gmärodtc. Gi ngfgrbi Qgdfbiec Adnfcfg bsuhdÿ sus `ufodcfgs ochc prgsdegftg gi 2½ eg muidc, obsd bi hdshc tdghpc qug auqugs auqugs dfnigsgs idagrbabf b hdigs hd igs eg prdsdcfgrcs brngftdfcs gf [ugrtc Hberyf. Ics hdidtbrgs prcourbrcf bdsibr b ics gx ochabtdgftgs eg ib scodgebe brngftdfb pbrb qug fc rgodabf sus ochgftbrdcs scarg ib dhprcvdsbodÿf y ib dfgptdtue ocf qug ics hbfecs jbaèbf botubec gf ib nugrrb< sdf ghabrnc, ästcs iignbrcf y ocfhcodcfbrcf b ib scodgebe brngftdfb. brngftdfb. Ib Muftb Hdidtbr ocfvcoÿ b ufb ochdsdÿf dfvgstdnbecrb pbrb bfbidzbr ibs rgspcfsbadidebegs pciètdobs y hdidtbrgs eg ib egrrctb. Gstb ochdsdÿf, prgsdedeb pcr gi tgfdgftg ngfgrbi Agfmbhèf Qbttgfaboj, gfocftrÿ ouipbaigs b ics hdgharcs eg ib Muftb Hdidtbr y b ctrcs hdidtbrgs hd idtbrgs eg bitb nrbeubodÿf, pgrc bi sgr muznbecs pcr gi Ocfsgmc Ocfsgmc _uprghc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs, gi prcogsc `ug agfävcic. Gi Df`crhg Qbttgfaboj bflrhb= ’[brb rgsuitbr vdotcrdcscs gf ufb ocf`rcftbodÿf ocf`rcftbodÿf dftgrfbodcfbi, fc sÿic vbig tgfgr tg fgr egrgojcs, sdfc qug tbhadäf jbogf `bitb `b itb pcegr, augfb ocfeuoodÿf, crnbfdzbodÿf y `ugrzbs adgf bedgstrbebs, gqudpbebs y bprcvdsdcfbebs. Ib `ugrzb, ghpigbeb gqudvcobeb g dfcpcrtufbhgftg, dfcpcrt ufbhgftg, fc gs gi hgedc deÿfgc pbrb jbogr vbigr ics egrgojcs `rgftg bi bevgrsbrdc y bftg tceb ib ochufdebe dftgrfbodcfbi‘.

Gi df`crhg Qbttgfaboj

Gi df`crhg sgòbib fuhgrcsèsdhcs grrcrgs egi ncadgrfc b ib jcrb eg ngstbr gi pibf, tbftc b fdvgi eg rgibodcfgs dftgrfbodcfbigs (ochc ib gvbiubodÿf scarg ib botdtue qug bsuhdrèb bsuhdr èb Gstbecs Wfdecs) ochc ’ib prghurb pcr ib coupbodÿf. Gf ib casgsdÿf eg rgsnubrebr ib scrprgsb scr prgsb gstrbtändob, gstrbtändo b, sg gidndÿ gi pgcr hchgftc egseg gi puftc eg vdstb eg ib pciètdob dftgrfbodcfbi. dftgrfbodcfbi . Ic sgfsbtc grb supgrbr ib ordsds eg ibs Ngcrndbs y hbftgfgr ib prgvdsdÿf eg coupbodÿf pbrb ufb `gojb pcstgrdcr, y gfegrgzbr, hdgftrbs tbftc, fugstrb pciètdob gxtgrdcr jbodb gi obhpc eg ics Fc bidfgbecs, bevgrt dec pcr gi gx obfodiigr‘. bidfgbecs, pbrb ocfqudstbr su bpcyc. Gstc egadÿ sgr bevgrtdec ’Gi Gstbec Hbycr Ocfmuftc, qug egadÿ pibfd`dobr ocfsdegrbfec ib rgboodÿf ardtâfdob ocf gvgftubi pbrtdodpbodÿf eg Ojdig, egadÿ iignbr b ib ocfoiusdÿf eg qug ib cpgrbodÿf FC GQB @BOUDAIG‘. ’Gi prcogedhdgftc becptbec pcr ib Muftb Hdidtbr pbrb prgpbrbr ib Fbodÿf pbrb ib nugrrb ocftrbedmc ibs hâs gighgftbigs fcrhbs eg pibfd`dobodÿf vdngftgs gf ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs y gf gi _dstghb Fbodcfbi eg [ibfgbhdgftc.‘ Gi boodcfbr eg ibs `ugrzbs prcpdbs. Ocfoiusdcfgs b. Qgsuitb gvdegftg ib df`grdcrdebe täofdob eg fugstrbs trcpbs ocf rgspgotc bi gfghdnc. Nrbf pbrtg eg giib pcerèb jbagrsg edshdfudec, edshdfudec, eg jbagrsg g`gotubec ufb prgpbrbodÿf ocfsodgftg y cpcrtufb pbrb gi ocf`idotc.

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 a. Ibs hbycrgs eg`dodgfodbs täofdobs sg prgsgftbrcf gf ics g`gotdvcs eg Gmärodtc, egrdvbebs eg qug nrbf pbrtg eg ib trcpb ocftbab ocf huy argvg tdghpc eg obpbodtbodÿf. obpbo dtbodÿf. o. Egadgrcf bequdrdrsg hgedcs täofdocs y ctrcs gqudpcs eurbftg gi ocf`idotc, ic qug jdzc qug sus ocstcs jbybf sdec hbycrgs. e. Huojcs hgedcs täofdocs y g`gotcs fc puedgrcf iignbr b pcegr egi usubrdc, egadec bi egsbrrciic egBODßF ib sdtubodÿf, hdgftrbs qug ctrcs ctGIrcs iignbrcf `ugrb eg tärhdfc.@WG EG@DODGFUG. g. IB [QG[BQBODßF [QG[BQ UGQQDUCQDBI EG_EG [WFUC EG PD_UB PD_U B ICNÈ_UDOC `. GF GI OBH[C ICNÈ_UDOC FC [WGEG DH[QCPD_BQ_G. DH[QCPD_BQ_G . Gf gstb odroufstbfodb sg prcogedÿ bsè y eg biiè ibs ocfsgougfodbs.  n. Ics pibfgs eg cpgrbod c pgrbodcfgs cfgs fc egsbrrc e gsbrrciibrcf iibrcf ibs `ufo `ufodcfgs dcfgs icnè icnèstdo stdobs bs ocf o cf uf u f egtbiig eg tbiig bogptbaig.  j. IB_ EG@DODGFODB_ GF GI UQBF_[CQUG DH[DEDGQCF IB FCQHBI GMGOWODßF EGI BAB_UGODHDGFUC EG G@GOUC_.

IC_ IC _ HCPDHDG HCPDHDGFUC_ FUC_ EG EG EGQGO QGOJC JC_ _ JWHBF JWHBFC_ C_ Bi prdfodpd prd fodpdcc ics `bhdidbrgs eg ics egtgfdegtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs egadgrcf botubr dfedvdeubihgftg jbstb qug sg `ugrcf bnrupbfec. Gi rändhgf egi Gstbec tgrrcrdstb dfstbiÿ gf gi sgftdec ochýf ib degb eg qug gscs pbergs fc sg jbaèbf coupbec eg sus jdmcs, qug fc ics jbaèbf ocftrcibec, y qug jbaèbf sdec obptbecs pcr ib suavgrsdÿf, pcr gsc gstbabf prgscs abmc gxtrghbs ocfedodcfgs eg sgnurdebe, c gstbabf oibfegstdfcs, c sg jbaèbf dec egi pbès sdf df`crhbr b sus `bhdidbrgs.

Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc

Ochc ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf rgspcfeèbf bi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec, `ug huy ed`èodi rgvgrtdr gstb degb. Nrbf pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf fbturbidzÿ ics prcogedhdgftcs gxtrghbebhgftg gxtrghbebhgf tg vdcigftcs eg ib edotbeurb ochc ochc binc fgogsbrdc pbrb icnrbr ib pbz scodbi. Ctrcs, pcr gi ocftrbrdc, pgredgrcf su vdeb pcr egfufodbr gi jcrrcr y ib `bitb eg egrgojcs, ochc gi gsordtcr y pgrdcedstb Qceci`c ^bisj. Ics prdfodpbigs pr dfodpbigs crnbfdshcs eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs qug jbaèb gf gi pbès gf gi hchgftc egi ncipg grbf ib Idnb Brngftdfb pcr pcr ics Egrgojcs Egrgojcs egi Jcharg Jcharg (`ufebeb gf 24?>), y ics orgbecs eurbftg ib rgprgsdÿf eg Dsbagi Hbrtèfgz= gf 24>5 gi _GQ[BM (_grvdodc eg [bz y Mustdodb) ouyc `ufebecr `ug Beci`c [ärgz Gsqudvgi< gf 24>7 ib B[EJ (Bsbh (Bsbhaigb aigb [grhbfgftg [grhbfgftg pcr ics egrgojcs juhbfcs) y gi HGEJ ( Hcvdhdgftc Gouhäfdoc pcr ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs) (`gargrc eg 24>0). Ästcs, bi dnubi qug gi OGI_ (Ogftrc eg Gstuedcs Ignbigs Ignbigs y _codbigs) (24>4) y gi HMEJ (Hcvdh d ftgnrbecs (Hcvdhdgftc dgftc Mueèc pcr ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs) Juhbfcs) (24:1), gstâf dftgnrbecs pcr edrdngftgs pbrtdebrdcs, prc`gsdcfbigs, dftgigotubigs y rgprgsgftbftgs eg ibs dnigsdbs, qug becptbrcf ufb hgtcecicnèb eg egfufodb eg ics obscs eg vdcibodcfgs eg egrgojcs y

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bsgscrbhdgftc ignbi b ibs vèotdhbs bsgscrbhdgftc v èotdhbs c `bhdidbrgs. `bhd idbrgs. Gf huojcs huojcs obscs sg bpgiÿ b trdaufbigs tr daufbigs g dfstdtuodcfgs egi gxtgrdcr. gxtgrdcr. Gf 24:5 sg `ufeÿ gi GBB@ (Gqudpc Brngftdfc eg Bftrcpcicnèb @crgfsg)  crnbfdzbodÿf odgftèflob fc nuagrfbhgftbi y sdf flfgs eg iuorc, dfegpgfedgftg eg oubiqudgr oubiq udgr pbrtdec pbrt dec c bnrupbod bnr upbodÿf ÿf pciètdob, qug b trbväs eg täofdobs eg ib bftrcpcicnèb scodbi, ib brqugcicnèb, ib bftrcpcicnèb `crgfsg, ib df`crhâtdob y ib ngfätdob dfvgstdnb obscs eg pgrscfbs egsbpbrgodebs c hugrtbs ochc ocfsgougfodb eg prcogscs eg vdcigfodb pciètdob. Wfb eg sus ibacrgs `ufebhgftbigs gf Brngftdfb gs ib aýsqugeb g degftdflobodÿf eg ics rgstcs eg pgrscfbs egtgfdebs-egsbpbrgodebs ochc ocfsgougfodb egi boodcfbr egi Ugrrcrdshc eg Gstbec gftrg 24>5 y 24:?. (Pgr jttp=//www.gbb`.crn/) Ics crnbfdshcs dftgnrbecs pcr ics `bhdidbrgs eg ibs vèotdhbs c b`gotbecs edrgotcs eg ib rgprgsdÿf hdidtbr scf, gf cregf eg bpbrdodÿf, @bhdidbrgs eg Egtgfdecs y Egsbpbrgodecs pcr Qbzcfgs [ciètdobs (24>0), Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc (bardi eg 24>>), Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc (24>>), Bscodbodÿf eg Gx egtgfdecs-egsb -egsbpbrgodecs pbrgodecs (24:5) g JDMC_ (2447). @bhdidbrgs, prdhgr crnbfdshc dftgnrbec pcr ics `bhdidbrgs edrgotcs eg ibs vèotdhbs eg ib rgprgsdÿf, gstbab ocfstdtudec pcr pbergs, hbergs, gspcscs y jgrhbfcs eg egsbpbrgodecs.

_g rgufdgrcf gf ib sgeg eg ib Idnb pbrb gibacrbr gstrbtgndbs eg egfufodb, scidodtbebs scidodtbebs gf ics hgedcs (ib prdhgrb gf hbrzc eg 24>> gf ics edbrdcs Ib Fbodÿf y Ib Cpdfdÿf, iugnc gf sgptdgharg y cotuarg ocf ics fchargs eg odgftcs eg egsbpbrgodecs) gf ibs qug sg rgoibhbab pcr ib idagrtbe idagr tbe y ib vdeb eg ics egtgfdecs. Jbaèb gf gsg hchgftc ufcs :;;; prgscs pciètdocs. _us dftgnrbftgs dftgnrb ftgs tchbrcf ocftbotc ocf ctrcs ctrcs `bhdidb `bh didbrgs rgs eg ibs oduebegs oduebegs egi dftgrdcr egi pbès pbrb occredfbrsg. Huojbs eg ibs hbergs ocfourrdgrcf b ibs hbrojbs eg Hbergs gf [ibzb eg Hbyc oubfec ästbs sg crnbfdzbrcf, pgrc, b ed`grgfodb eg Hbergs c Baugibs, @bhdidbrgs bsuhdÿ egseg uf prdfodpdc ib degftdebe pciètdob eg sus egsbpbrgodecs, ochc hdidtbftgs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs rgvciuodcfbrdbs. Ocfsdegrbabf qug ibs obusbs eg ibs egtgfodcfgs grbf pcr ’rbzcfgs pciètdobs‘. Ibs Hbergs ochdgfzbf b gfocftrbrsg gfocftr brsg gf [ibzb eg Hbyc gf bardi bar di eg 24>>, 24>>, ocfvcobebs pcr Bzuogfb Pdiibficr. Gi prdhgr eèb `ugrcf obtcrog humgrgs, obsd tcebs hbergs eg egsbpbrgodecs, qug egsbflbrcf bi gstbec eg sdtdc y `ugrcf caidnbebs b ’odrouibr‘ pcr ibs `ugrzbs egi cregf.. Gftcfogs cagegodgrcf, cregf cagegodgrcf, pgrc odrouibrcf od rouibrcf gf `crhb odrouibr birgegecr eg ib [drâhdeg eg Hbyc= bsè fbodgrcf ibs rcfebs. _g egodedÿ qug `ugrbf ics mugvgs. Egseg gftcfogs ibs Hbergs rgoibhbrcf gf `crhb ocigotdvb y pýaidob ufb rgspugstb b ib Muftb Hdidtbr. _u`rdgrcf brrgstcs, vdcigfodb, egsbpbrdodcfgs gf edodgharg eg 24>>, pgrc gstc fc ibs jdzc ogmbr gf su camgtdvc eg ’Bpbrdodÿf ’Bpbrdodÿf ocf vdeb‘ v deb‘ eg eg sus jdmcs y eg tcecs ics egsbpbrgodecs. [brb edstdfnud edst dfnudrsg, rsg, usbrcf ics pbòugics aibfocs gf ib obagzb, b ics qug huojbs acrebrcf ics fchargs eg sus jdmcs. Urbs rgodadr gi [rghdc [rgh dc Fcagi eg ib [bz, Beci`c [ärgz Gsqudvgi y @bhdidbrgs bochpbòbrcf b ibs Hbergs gf su prdhgrb Hbrojb eg ib Qgsdstgfodb= pbsbr tcec uf eèb y su fcojg gf ib [ibzb, gf edodgharg eg 24:2, dfsdstdgfec gf jbogr pýaidocs ics orèhgfgs g dftgftbr icnrbr ib idagrbodÿf eg qudgfgs gstuvdgrbf vdvcs. v dvcs. Gf uf prdfodpd pr dfodpdc, c, ibs Baugibs, qug tbhadäf scf hbergs eg egsbpbrgodecs, `crhbrcf ufb suaochdsdÿf gf Hbergs egedobeb b ib aýsqugeb eg sus fdgtcs. [cr su fgogsdebe gspgoèflob eg gfocftrbr b ics fdòcs, iugnc sg sgpbrbrcf y ocfstdtuygrcf `crhbihgftg ufb bscodbodÿf. Jbstb 24:0, ib prgsdegftb prgsdegftb eg Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc `ug Hbrèb Dsbagi eg Hbrdbfd Hbr dbfd y iugnc

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OB[ÈUWIC 0

Qcfeb eg ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc birgegecr eg ib pdrâhdeg

Gstgib eg Obricttc. Ibs Baugibs rgoibhbf pcr gi sgougstrc y bprcpdbodÿf eg fdòcs (huojcs fbodecs eurbftg gi obutdvgrdc eg su hberg) y gxdngf su rgstdtuodÿf eg degftdebe, pbrb qug ocfczobf b sus ignètdhbs `bhdidbs. _cidodtbrcf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf eg tcebs ibs becpodcfgs butcrdzbebs pcr ics mugogs eg hgfcrgs egseg 24>0, egfufodbfec ib ochpidodebe eg ib mustdodb gf ib bprcpdbodÿf eg ics jdmcs eg egsbpbrgodecs. [brb egtgrhdfbr ib degftdebe eg ics fdòcs bprcpdbecs, Baugibs dhpuisÿ ib orgbodÿf eg uf Abfoc Fbodcfbi eg Ebtcs Ngfätdocs (uf rgndstrc rgnd strc eg ebtcs eg ics `bhdidbrgs eg egsbp egsbpbrgodecs) brgodecs) gf gi Jcspdtbi Eurbfe. Ics mÿvgfgs pugegf sbagr su crdngf abmc ufb basciutb ocfflegfodbidebe b pbrtdr pbr tdr eg ufb hugstrb eg sbfnrg. Egseg 2441 ibs Baugibs dftgnrbf ib OCFBED (Ochdsdÿf ( Ochdsdÿf Fbodcfbi Fbodcfbi pcr gi Egrgojc b ib Degftdebe) qug `ufodcfb gf ib _uasgorgtbrèb eg EEJJ. B rbèz eg ibs egfufodbs qug ig jbaèbf rgbidzbec gx egsbpbrgodecs y crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs gf gi gxtgrdcr, gf sgptdgharg eg 24>4 vdsdtÿ ib Brngftdfb ib ODEJ (Ochdsdÿf Dftgrbhgrdobfb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs), pbrb dfspgoodcfbr d fspgoodcfbr ib sdtubodÿf eg ics egtgfdecs y vgrdflobr ics obrncs. Gf ibs ecs sghbfbs qug gstuvc gf gi pbès rgodadÿ 7.7:; egfufodbs, egfuf odbs, ib hbycrèb fugvbs, pcr pbrtg eg ics `bhdidbrgs `bhd idbrgs y bhdncs bh dncs qug sg bfdhbrcf b jbogribs. Ib Ochdsdÿf sg gftrgvdstÿ gftrgvd stÿ ocf ibs hâxdhbs butcrdebegs g dfspgoodcfÿ ics iunbrgs iunbrgs odtbecs pcr gx egtgfdecs. Gsg jgojc, qug egagrèb jbagr sdec pcsdtdvc pbrb ib sdtubodÿf eg ics egrgojcs juhbfcs, iigvÿ b qug ics ngfcodebs trbsibebsgf b ics egtgfdecs-egsbpbrgodecs pbrb egsbicmbr y rg`crhbr ibs dfstbibodcfgs eg fuhgrcscs ogftrcs oibfegstdfcs eg egtgfodÿf, eg hcec qug rgsuitbsgf drrgocfcodaigs pbrb ib ODEJ. Gstcs trbsibecs huojbs vgogs grbf egflfdtdvcs, gs egodr, dhpidobabf gi bsgsdfbtc eg ics egtgfdecs, bufqug juac obscs ‟ochc vbrdcs prdsdcfgrcs eg ib G_HB, gftrg ouycs scargvdvdgftgs gstâf Nrbodgib Ebigc y Pèotcr Abstgrrb‟ qug `ugrcf bicmbecs gf ib dsib Gi _digfodc (prcpdgebe eg ib Dnigsdb, vgfedeb gf `crhb `crhb drrgnuibr dr rgnuibr b ib Hbrdfb) gf qug trbs ib sbideb eg ib ODEJ vcivdgrcf vcivdgrcf b sus pugstcs eg trbabmc gsoibvc gf gi OOE. [gsg b gstbs trbabs, ib ODEJ ocf`goodcfÿ uf

272

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

vciuhdfcsc df`crhg d f`crhg scarg ibs vdcibodcfgs b ics egrgojcs juhbfcs ocf ics obscs qug puedgrcf ocfflrhbr, ocfflr hbr, ocf ufb `ugrtg orètdob or ètdob bi ncadgrfc brngftdfc, qug odrouiÿ sgorgtbhgftg gftrg ib oduebebfèb.

Gi rcol fbodcfbi [gsg b qug sdnudgrcf gxdstdgfec sgougstrcs, egsbpbrdodcfgs, vdcigfodb gstbtbi, gstbtb i, ib butcogfsurb sg ochgfzÿ b bficmbr. Gf 24>: bpbrgoèb ib rgvdstb Juhcr Qgndstrbec  c Juh®, qug pbuibtdfbhgftg `ug dftrceuodgfec tghbs qug fc sg jbaibabf gf pýaidoc, gf tcfc drÿfdoc, gftrg ièfgbs, qug `ug ufb ocrrgftbeb eg bdrg `rgsoc pbrb nrbf obftdebe eg igotcrgs. Biiè bfufodbabf, b pândfb Ib hâqudfb eg jbogr pâmbrcs ochpigtb, gf hbyc eg 24:;, _pdfgttb Mbeg gf ocfodgrtc gf gi ßpgrb, y _grý Ndrâf su rgodtbi gf Gstbedc Carbs prgsgftbfec Adodoigtb. Eurbftg ib edotbeurb sg nrbabrcf edsocs eg Ib hâqudfb eg jbogr pâmbrcs, Broc Drds, Buoâf, Jcrdzcftg, , H.D.B., Qbýi [crojgttc, Pcx Egd, gto., pgrc sdf nrbf ed`usdÿf gf ics hgedcs, jbstb 24:1. Oubfec sg dfdodb ib nugrrb n ugrrb eg Hbivdfbs, huojbs obfodcfgs obfodcfgs egmbrcf eg gstbr prcjdadebs c dnfcrbebs y pbsbrcf b sgr ed`ufedebs gf rbedc, yb sgb pcrqug sg pgrhdtdÿ ib gxprgsdÿf egi sgr fbodcfbi, ochc pcr gi jgojc eg qug sg egmbrcf eg pbsbr obfodcfgs gf dfniäs, qug sg trbfs`crhÿ gf gi dedchb egi gfghdnc. Eg tcecs hcecs, fc gs qug sg igvbftÿ ib ogfsurb scarg tcebs ibs igtrbs= binufcs butcrgs ouybs obfodcfgs sg ocfvdrtdgrcf gf ghaighâtdobs, ochc Igÿf Ndgoc ocf ’_ÿic ig pdec b Edcs‘, sgnuèb tgfdgfec ctrbs obfodcfgs rgprdhdebs. Ics hdidtbrgs hdi dtbrgs ib qudsdgrcf trbfs`crhbr gf uf ghaighb aäidoc, oubfec oubfec ib obfodÿf eg Ndgoc grb fgtbhgf fgtbhgftg tg pbodflstb.

Odfg y tgbtrc _g prceumgrcf pcobs pgièouibs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, y ib hbycr pbrtg eg ästbs eg pcob obidebe, ochgedbs aurebs egstdfbebs bi gftrgtgfdhdgftc. Bi hdshc tdghpc sg buhgftÿ hgf tÿ ib dhpcrtbodÿf d hpcrtbodÿf eg pgièouibs fcrtgbhgrdobfbs. fcrtgbhgrdobfbs. Eg ufbs oubrgftb y odfoc od foc pgièouibs prcygotbebs gf 24>:, sÿic sgds grbf brngftdfbs.

271

 

OB[ÈUWIC 0

Ics vdcibecrgs eg ib ouiturb

[cr Hdnugi Nrdfagrn ( Juhcr Juhcr F½ ?7, hbyc eg 24:;) ³Ordsds3 ³Rudäf edmc ordsds3 ¡Rugräiigfic pcr dfmurdbs y egsbobtc! Fugstrc odfg fc gstâ gf ordsds= ordsd s= gstg bòc prceuodrâ uf tctbi eg ?? pgièouibs. Binufbs yb sg jbf gstrgfbec= Ib fcojg vdgfg  hcvdeb  hcvdeb, ,  Bsè ocf fc y Mbvdgr [crtbigs< Ib obrpb egi bhcr  , ocf Obsâf< HÿfdobOchbfecs Ncfzbnb y bzuigs, Obojc, Obstbòb0 jdzc ib pgièouib [dgerb idarg, qug `ug prcjdadeb pcrqug sg ib obidfloÿ ochc hcrbihgftg suavgrsdvb. Hâs tbreg t breg sg ib butcrdzÿ, ocf ocfsdegrbaigs ocrtgs. @ug ib ýitdhb pgièouib eg Ucrrg Fdisscf, qug hurdÿ gf 24>:. Ics flihs eg ics rgbidzbecrgs  mÿvgfgs fc sg egstbobrcf fd tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf iunbr gf ics hgedcs. Beci`c Brdstbrbdf, Br dstbrbdf, egspu egspuäs äs eg binufbs fgtbhgftg ochgrodbigs, sg bfdhÿ b jbogr pgièouibs ocf biusdÿf b ib sdtubodÿf pciètdob= Udghpc eg rgvbfojb (24:2) y Ýitdhcs eèbs eg ib vèotdhb (24:1) flih eg näfgrc pcidodbi absbec gf gi idarc eg Mcsä [baic @gdfhbf. Cotbvdc Ngtdfc= Odfg Brngftdfc (Gftrg (Gftrg ic pcsdaig y ic egsgbaig) egsgbaig) (244:)

Wfc eg ics prceuotcrgs hâs dhpcrtbftgs egi pbès, Jäotcr Cidvgrb, ocprcpdgtbrdc eg ib ghprgsb Brdgs -ib eg hbycr botdvdebe botd vdebe gf gscs bòcs- sg `crhuibab gf 24:; 24:; binufbs prgnuftbs gf gi sghbfbrdc Jgrbiec egi Odfg, trbs scstgfgr gf`âtdobhgftg gf`ât dobhgftg qug ’fcsctrcs fc schcs jchargs eg dzqudgreb gf`rgftbecs b uf ncadgrfc eg egrgojb, sdfc oduebebfcs prcnrgsdstbs qug bpcybf bi ncadgrfc eg ibs `ugrzbs brhbebs y egsgbf qug tgfnb gi hbycr eg ics äxdtcs äxd tcs eg su ngstdÿf‘. Gstbs prgnuftbs, qug tgfèbf gi vbicr eg ufb rg`igxdÿf butcorètdob `crhuibeb egseg gi dftgrdcr egi prcpdc rändhgf vdngftg, sg pibftgbabf y rgspcfeèbf eg gstg hcec= ’Gi ?2 eg hbrzc eg 24:2 `dfbidzbrâ ib prdhgrb gtbpb egi [rcogsc eg Qgocfstruoodÿf Fbodcfbi. _d ochpbrbhcs ic courrdec gf fugstrb dfeustrdb gf gstcs ýitdhcs bòcs ocf rg`grgfodb bi iustrc bftgrdcr, catgferghcs ibs sdnudgftgs rgspugstbs= ³_g prceumgrcf hâs pgièouibs3 Fc. ³_g btgfuÿ ib ogfsurb3 Fc. ³_g edc gi hdshc trbtc b ibs pgièouibs fbodcfbigs qug b ibs gxtrbf mgrbs3 Fc. ³Hgmcrÿ ib dhbngf dftgrfb y gxtgrfb egi odfg fbodcfbi3 Fc. ³Juac ocjgrgfodb gftrg ib pciètdob egi DFO y ib egi Gftg eg Obid`dobodÿf3 Fc. ³Juac uf ordtgrdc rbodcfbi gf gi ctcrnbhdgftc egi suasdedc3 Fc. ³Juac rgfcvbodÿf eg vbicrgs3 Fc. ³_g sbfodcfÿ ib fugvb igy3 Fc. Gf ufb pbibarb= pbibarb= ³iignÿ b fugstrb dfeustrdb gi [rcogsc [ rcogsc eg Qgocfstruoodÿf Qgocfstr uoodÿf Fbodcfbi3 Fc‘ ( Qgvdstb Qgvdstb Jgrbiec egi odfg, odfg, Augfcs Bdrgs, muidc eg 24:;).

Bftg ib `rdvcidebe eg ics gspgotâouics y ib pcargzb ouiturbi gf qug sg suhgrnèbf ics brngftdfcs, ufbs 1;; pgrscfbs eg tgbtrc gftrg butcrgs, edrgotcrgs, botcrgs, vgstubrdstbs, gsogfÿnrb`cs, diuhdfbecrgs y ctrcs täofdocs egodedgrcf muftbrsg pbrb gsordadr y rgprgsgftbr carbs eg tgbtrc brngftdfc, b prgodc boogsdaig. @ugrcf 12 carbs argvgs, eg edstdftcs gsordtcrgs, pbrb sgr prgsgf prgsgftbebs tbebs eg b trgs t rgs pcr `ufodÿf, ` ufodÿf, rctbfec rctbfec ics botcrgs pbrb qug tcecs trbabmbsgf, y sg ochpigtbsgf odoics eg cojc sghbfbs ocf carbs ed`grgftgs. _g dfdodÿ gf

27?

 

24>0-24: 24>0 -24:?= ?= GI UGQQC UGQQCQD_HC QD_HC EG G_U G_UBEC BEC

gi Ugbtrc egi [dobegrc, ouybs ?;; icobidebegs `ugrcf egsacrebebs pcr gi gftusdbshc egi pýaidoc, pcr ic qug ufb pbtctb prgsuhdaighgftg eg ib Hbrdfb ic dfogfedÿ pbrb ocbrtbr ibs `ufodcfgs.. Ib odueb `ufodcfgs oduebebfèb, ebfèb, dfednfbeb, rgspcfedÿ ebfec gi bpcyc pýaidoc< pýaidoc< brtdstbs br tdstbs piâstdo piâstdocs cs ecfbrcf hâs eg odgf oubercs pbrb qug su vgftb ocftrdauygrb b rgoupgrbr ibs päredebs< y gi odoic ocftdfuÿ gf gi tgbtrc Ubabrès, adgf oäftrdoc y qug ig bsgnurÿ huy augfb ed`usdÿf. Eg gstg hcec, sg sdnudgrcf jbodgfec `ufodcfgs eg Ugbtrc Badgrtc jbstb 24:7. Gstb gxpgrdgfodb gxpgr dgfodb hcstrÿ qug qug grb pcsdai pcsdaigg ocfqudstbr gspbodcs idargs, idargs, y gf 24:1 sg dfdodbrcf Ebfzb Badgrtb, [cgsèb Badgrtb y Odfg Badgrtc. Gf oubftc bi odfg, o dfg, ics rgsuitbecs rgsuitbecs `ugrcf df`grdcrgs pcr ibs hbycrgs edflouitbegs gocfÿhdobs y täofdobs qug gxdstgf pbrb prceuodr pgièouibs b fdvgi dfegpgfedgftg< y ib ebfzb y ib pcgsèb fc scf brtgs ocf tbftb bsdstgfodb hbsdvb eg pýaidoc ochc ibs eg tgbtrc y odfg. Bsè, Ugbtrc Badgrtc sg ocfvdrtdÿ gf gi sèhacic eg ib rgsdstgfodb ouiturbi b ib edotbeurb. (Pgr jttp=//www.tgbtrcegipugaic.crn.br/tgbtrcS badgrtc/dfegx.jth)

Carb eg Ugbtrc Badgrt B adgrtc c 24:2= 24:2= Nrds eg busgfodb, busgfodb, eg Udtc Ocssb, ocf [gpg _crdbfc y Iuds Arbfecfd

275

  

OB[ÈUWIC >

Gi rgtcrfc b ib eghcorbodb Ucebvèb obftbhcs, tcebvèb pgedhcs, tcebvèb scòbhcs, tcebvèb gspgrbhcs, b pgsbr eg ics ncipgs qug bsgstÿ gf fugstrbs vdebs gi dfngfdc egi cedc, egstgrrbfec bi civdec b fugstrcs sgrgs qugrdecs. Ucebvèb obftbhcs, tcebvèb pgedhcs, tcebvèb scòbhcs, tcebvèb gspgrbhcs< qug fcs ednbf beÿfeg  jbf gsocfedec gsocfedec ibs ibs `icrgs qug brchbrcf ibs obiigs,  pgrsdnudgfec uf egstdfc  ³Eÿfeg, eÿfeg eÿfeg sg jbf dec3 dec3 Ucebvèb obftbhcs, tcebvèb pgedhcs, tcebvèb scòbhcs, tcebvèb gspgrbhcs< qug fcs egf ib gspgrbfzb eg sbagr qug gs pcsdaig qug gi mbreèf sg diuhdfg ocf ibs rdsbs y gi obftc eg ics qug bhbhcs tbftc. Ucebvèb obftbhcs, tcebvèb pgedhcs, tcebvèb scòbhcs, tcebvèb gspgrbhcs<  pcr uf eèb edstdftc, edstdftc,  sdf bprghdcs bprghdcs fd byufc,  sdf tghcr y sdf iibftc,  pcrqug vugivbf vugivbf bi fdec  fugstrcs sgrgs qugrdecs.

Pèotcr Jgrgedb

Hbrèb Gnngrs Ibf, [ibzb eg Hbyc. Hbyc.

277

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

IB QG QGOW[ OW[GQB GQBOD ODßF ßF EG IB OW OWIIUWQB EG EGHC HCOQÂ OQÂUD UDOB OB [cr prdhgrb vgz egseg 2450, gf ochdodcs idhpdcs y sdf ocfedodcfbhdgftcs, nbfÿ gi rbedobidshc ibs gigoodcfgs ngfgrbigs gi ?; eg cotuarg eg 24:?. Gi bacnbec Qbýi Bi`cfsèf, qug jbaèb jgojc jgojc su sgoufebrdb gf gi Idogc Hdidtbr H didtbr Nrbi. _bf Hbrtèf, Hbr tèf, sdghprg scstuvc scstuvc ufb hdidtbfodb ogrobfb b ib scodbi eghcorbodb gurcpgb, rgojbzbfec ib iuojb brhbeb gf ib eäobeb egi 0;/>;, pgrc becptbfec ufb pcsturb hâs prcnrgsdstb qug ib egi ièegr rbedobi Abiaèf. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, gf 24:? binufcs b inufcs ièegrgs egi pgrcfdshc ochc ochc gi sdfedobidstb Jgrhdfdc Dnigsdbs sg hcstrbabf pcoc tcigrbftgs ocf ib cpcsdodÿf ochc pbrb rgochgfzbr uf pgrècec eghcorâtdoc. @ug gi sgotcr egi pgrcfdshc qug fc jbaèb tgfdec prcaighbs ocf ib edotbeurb pcr sgr hâs ocfsgrvbecr y tuvc ojbfogs eg prgsgftbr obfedebturbs gsg bòc. Bi`cfsèf bsuhdÿ ib [rgsdegfodb eg ib Fbodÿf gi 2; eg edodgharg eg 24:? bftg ufb huitdtue qug ic boibhbab< tcecs ics pbrtdecs pciètdocs eg ib Huitdpbrtdebrdb, gftrg giics gi pgrcfdshc, nbrbftdzbrcf ib ncagrfbadidebe ocf su prgsgfodb gf [ibzb eg Hbyc. _u prcpugstb `ufebhgftbi grb ib ocfstruoodÿf eg uf Gstbec eg egrgojc ecfeg sg obstdnbsg b ics hâxdhcs ouipbaigs eg ics btrcogs orèhgfgs ochgtdecs eurbftg eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, y b pbrtdr eg biiè bii è sg gfocftrbrb gfocftrbrb uf gqudidardc gqudidar dc gf ib scodgebe. scodgebe. Gi jgojc eg jbagr su`rdec ib edotbeurb hâs sbfnrdgftb eg ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb, jdzc qug sg ochgfzbrb b vbicrbr gf g f fugstrc pbès gi ocfogptc eg ’eghcorbodb‘. Ics ièegrgs jdstÿrdocs eg ics ecs ncadgrfcs eg eghcorbodb eg hbsbs, Jdpÿidtc Trdncygf y Mubf Echdfnc [grÿf, fc sg jbaèbf bprcpdbec eg gsb pbibarb. Trdncygf jbaibab eg Qgpýaidob, y [grÿf, ochc grb tdiebec eg `bsodstb y bftdeghcorâtdoc pcr sus cpcsdtcrgs, jbaibab eg mustdodb scodbi. Ib cpcsdodÿf bftdpgrcfdstb sg bprcpdÿ eg ib pbibarb ’eghcorbodb‘, y gi pgrcfdshc egi ocfogptc ’pugaic‘. ’pugaic‘. [brb ics pgrcfdstbs, pgrcfd stbs, tcecs ics qug fc ics bpcybabf bpcybab f grbf ’bftdpugai ’bftdpugaic‘ c‘,, cidnbrquèb. Ocf ics 2> bòcs eg prcsordpodÿf egi pgrcfdshc y gi usc eg ib pbibarb ’eghcorbodb‘ gf ncadgrfcs ocfedodcfbecs pcr ics hdidtbrgs, gstg ocfogptc fc grb ocfsdegrbec rgbihgftg ignètdhc pbrb ibs hbycrèbs. Gf ibs gigoodcfgs eg 24>? ib ocfsdnfb `ug ’scodbidshc fbodcfbi‘. Fc sg gf`btdzbab gi tärhdfc ’eghcorbodb‘, pcrqug ästg jbaèb sdec utdidzbec eg hbfgrb gspurdb eurbftg eäobebs. B ib muvgftue qug prgechdfÿ pcr su èhpgtu eurbftg ib argvg prgsdegfodb eg Oâhpcrb ib pbibarb ’eghcorbodb‘ sg igs rgprgsgftbab ochc aurcorbodb u castâouic dhpugstc pcr ics ncadgrfcs edotbtcrdbigs c ocfsgrvbecrgs c idagrbigs prgvdcs. Beghâs, gf ib nugrrdiib qug jbaèb surndec eurbftg ibs edstdftbs `crhbs eg rgsdstgfodb pgrcfdstb c sdnudgfec gi hcegic ouabfc, fc gxdstèb eghcorbodb. [grc ib gxpgrdgfodb sbfnrdgftb eg ib edotbeurb jdzc qug sg rgvbicrdzbrb eg uf fugvc hcec gi ocfogptc. Bi`cfsèf jbaèb pgfsbec gf ufb scodbi-eghcorbodb= ’ocf ib eghcorbodb sg ochg, sg geuob, sg ourb‘ ourb‘.. Ib jgrgfodb gocfÿhdob eg ib edotbeurb y sus ocfedodcfbhdgftcs jdodgrcf qug gstb sdtubodÿf, gf rgibodÿf edrgotb edrgo tb ocf ics jbagrgs eg ics oduebe oduebebfcs, bfcs, fc puedgrb hgmcrbr huojc= ib pbrtdodpbodÿf eg ib hbsb sbibrdbi egftrc egi [AD, qug grb egi 10,2; % gf 24:?, bpgfbs iignbab bi 14,7: % gf 24:>, ocf gi `rbobsc egi pibf gocfÿhdoc egi hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb Mubf _currcudiig.

270

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

IB [Q [QDHG DHGQB QB IG IGND ND_I _IBO BODß DßF F _C _CAQ AQGG GI [B_ B_BEC BEC QG QGOD ODGF GFUG UG Ics hgedcs hbsdvcs eg ochufdobodÿf, yb eurbftg gi ýitdhc bòc eg ib edotbeurb, sg pusdgrcf b tcfc ocf ib `uturb ` uturb eghcorbodb y ochgfzbrcf b vdsdadidzbr, vd sdadidzbr, ocf obrâotgr sgfsbodcsgfsbodcfbidstb, ics odgftcs eg obeâvgrgs sdf degftdflobr, qug ics crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs gstbabf icnrbfec uadobr. uadobr. [rcogedgrcf, [ rcogedgrcf, gftcfogs, gftcfogs, b pua puaidobr idobr gftrgvdstbs b `bhdidbrgs `bhd idbrgs eg egsbpbrgodecs, tgstdhcfdcs eg scargvdvdgftgs, egoibrbodcfgs eg crnbfdshcs eg EEJJ, y tbhadäf eg rgprgscrgs qug rgibtbabf su pbrtdodpbodÿf gf ics orèhgfgs.2 [brb mustdflobr gi boodcfbr eg ib edotbeurb egi [rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi, ib  Muftb Hdidtb H didtbrr ghdtdÿ gh dtdÿ pcr obegfb fbodcfbi eg rbedc rbe dc y tgigvd tgigvdsdÿf sdÿf gi 1: eg bardi eg 24:?, gi Ecouhgftc flfbi scarg ib nugrrb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf y gi tgrrcrdshc. Biiè mustdflobab gi boodcfbr eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs eurbftg ib edotbeurb, bemuedobab huojbs eg ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs b ibs prcpdbs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbfdzbodcfgs nugrrdiigrbs, nugrr diigrbs, y egoèb qug=

’Gf ufb nugrrb eg obrbotgrèstdobs tbf pgouidbrgs ochc ib vdvdeb, ecfeg gi gfghdnc fc usbab ufd`crhg y sus ecouhgftcs eco uhgftcs eg degftd󿬂obodÿf degftd󿬂obodÿf grbf bpÿord`cs, bpÿor d`cs, gi fýhgrc eg hugrtcs fc degftd󿬂obecs sg dforghgftb sdnfd󿬂obtdvbhgftg. \...X _g jbaib bsdhdshc eg pgrscfbs ‚egsbpbrgodebs— qug sg gfocftrbr gfocftrbrèbf èbf egtgfdebs pcr gi ncadgrfc ncadgr fc brngftdfc gf ics hâs dnfctcs iunbrgs egi pbès. Ucec gstc fc gs sdfc ufb `bisgebe utdidzbeb ocf 󿬂fgs pciètdocs yb qug gf ib Qgpýaidob fc gxdstgf iunbrgs sgorgtcs eg egtgfodÿf, fd jby gf ics gstbaigodhdgftcs obrogibrdcs pgrscfbs egtgfdebs oibfegstdfbhgftg. Gf ocfsgougfodb egag qugebr eg󿬂fdtdvbhgftg oibrc qug qudgfgs 󿬂nurbf gf fÿhdfbs eg egsbpbrgodecs y qug fc sg gfougftrbf gxdidbecs c gf ib oibfegstdfdebe, b ics g`gotcs murèedocs y behdfdstrbtdvcs sg ocfsdegrbf hugrtcs, buf oubfec fc pugeb prgodsbrsg jbstb gi hchgftc ib obusb y cpcrtufdebe egi gvgftubi egogsc, fd ib uadobodÿf eg sus sgpuiturbs.‘ sgpuitu rbs.‘ _df ghabrnc, ib Huitdpbrtdebrdb fc bogptbab egmbr ics orèhgfgs eg ib edotbeurb dhpufgs y fc ocfvbideÿ gi Ecouhgftc flfbi. [brb qugebr qugebr-sg trbfqudic, pcoc bftgs eg

Ib Huitdpbrtdebrdb bnrupbab b ics prdfodpbigs pbrtdecs pciètdocs eg ib äpcob

[cr gmghpic, egi brrgpgftdec [grgnrdfc [grgnrd fc @grfâfegz, ’Butcorètd ’Butcorètdob ob pcidodbi‘, gf Oubegrfcs pbrb ib eghcorbodb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gi Ode gedtcr, 24:? 24:? y egi gx obac eg ib Brhbeb Qbýi Pdibrdòc gf ib rgvdstb Ib _ghbfb egi 7/2/24:5. Odtbec pcr Ghdidc Orgfzgi (1;;:)= Ib jdstcrdb pciètdob egi Fufob Hâs. Ib hghcrdb eg ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs gf ib Brngftdfb. Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD. 2

27>

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

gftrgnbr gi ncadgrfc (11/4/24:?), gi ngfgrbi Adnfcfg edotÿ ib Igy F½ 11.415 eg ’[bodflob’[bodflobodÿf Fbodcfbi‘ ecfeg sg bhfdstdbab bhfdst dbab ics egidtcs ochgtdecs pcr ib edotbeurb= egoibrbab qug qugebab bfuibeb bfuibeb ib pcsdadidebe eg gfmudodbr pgfbihgftg b ics hdidtbrgs hd idtbrgs pcr sus orèhgfgs. or èhgfgs.

Igy 11.415, brt. 2. ‟ Egoiârgfsg gxtdfnudebs ibs boodcfgs pgfbigs ghgrngftgs eg ics egidtcs ochgtdecs ocf hctdvbodÿf c 󿬂fbidebe tgrrcrdstb c suavgrsdvb, egseg gi 17 eg hbyc eg 24>? jbstb gi 2> eg mufdc eg 24:1. Ics agfg󿬂odcs ctcrnbecs pcr gstb igy sg gxtdgfegf, bsdhdshc, b tcecs ics jgojcs eg fbturbigzb pgfbi rgbidzbecs r gbidzbecs gf cobsdÿf c ocf hctdvc egi egsbrrciic eg boodcfgs edrdndebs edr dndebs b prgvgfdr, prgvgfd r, ocfmurbr ocfmurbr c pcfgr 󿬂f b ibs rg`grdebs botdvdebegs tgrrcrdstbs tgrrcr dstbs c suavgrsdvbs, oubiqudgrb o ubiqudgrb juadgrb sdec su fbturbigzb fbturbigzb c gi adgf murèedoc igsdcfbec. Ics g`gotcs eg gstb igy biobfzbf b ics butcrgs, pbrtèodpgs, dfstdnbecrgs, oÿhpidogs c gfouardecrgs y ochprgfeg b ics egidtcs ochufgs ocfgxcs y b ics egidtcs hdidtbrgs ocfgxcs. Iÿn dobhgftg, ics crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs rgpuedbrcf tbftc gi Ecouhgftc flfbi Iÿndobhgftg, ochc ib igy qug egfchdfbrcf eg Butcb  Butcbhfdstèb hfdstèb. Urbs ib bsufodÿf eg su ncadgrfc, Bi`cfsèf prchuinÿ ib Igy F½ 1?.;5; qug egrcnbab ib Igy 11.415. Bi hdshc tdghpc, edotÿ gi egorgtc F½ 27> qug cregfbab cregfbab prchcvgr ib pgrsgouodÿf pgfbi b sdgtg mg`gs nugrr n ugrrdiigrcs diigrcs pcr ics egidtcs eg jchdodedc, bscodbodÿf dièodtb, dfstdnbodÿf pýaidob b ochgtgr egidtcs, bpcicnèb bpcicnèb egi ordhgf ord hgf y ctrcs btgftbecs ocftrb gi cregf pýaidoc, y gi egorgtc F½ 27: qug cregfbab=

Brt. 2. ‟ _chätbsg b mudodc suhbrdc bftg gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs b ics dftgnrbftgs eg ib Muftb Hdidtbr qug usurpÿ gi ncadgrfc eg ib Fbodÿf gi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24>0 y b ics dftgnrbftgs eg ibs ecs muftbs m uftbs hdidtbrgs suasdnudgftgs, Ugfdgftg Ngfgrbi Mcrng Q. Pdegib, Ardnbedgr Ngfgrbi Cribfec Q. Bncstd, Bihdrbftg Ghdidc B. Hbssgrb, Ugfdgftg Ngfgrbi Qcagrtc G. Pdcib, Ardnbedgr Ngfgrbi Chbr E. Q. Nrb`󿬂nfb, Bihdrbftg Brhbfec M. Ibharusojdfd, Ugfdgftg Ugfdgftg Ngfgrbi Igcpciec @. @. Nbitdgrd, Ardnbedgr Ardnbed gr Ngfgrbi Absdidc Ibhd Eczc y Bihdrbftg Mcrng D. Bfbyb. Bfbyb. Brt. 1. ‟ Gsg gfmudodbhdgftc sg rg`grdrâ b ics egidtcs eg jchdodedc, prdvbodÿf dignbi eg ib idagrtbe y bpidobodÿf eg tcrhgftcs b ics egtgfdecs, sdf pgrmudodc eg ics eghâs eg qug rgsuitgf butcrgs dfhgedbtcs c hgedbtcs, dfstdnbecrgs c oÿhpidogs ics c󿬂odbigs supgrdcrgs hgfodcfbecs gf gi brt. 2.

IB UG UGCQ CQÈB ÈB EG IC IC_ _ EC_ EC_ EG EGHC HCFD FDC_ C_ Ocf gstcs ecs egorgtcs, ecfeg gf prdhgr iunbr sg cregfb pgrsgnudr pgfbihgftg b sdgtg edrdngftgs edr dngftgs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs pciètdoc hdidtbrgs, hdi dtbrgs, y gf sgnufec sgnu fec iunbr, iunbr, sg schgtg b mudodc ’bftg ’bftg gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs‘ b ics dftgnrbftgs eg trgs eg ibs oubtrc Muftbs hdidtbrgs eg ib edotbeurb, sg gvdegfodb oibrbhgftg ib vciuftbe eg dfstbibr ib tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs ochc gxpidobodÿf cflodbi eg ic bocftgodec. Ib nugrrdiib grb ib ýfdob bousbeb pcr ib vdcigfodb bftgrdcr bi ncipg, bufqug tbhadäf sgrèb bousbeb pcr ic botubec egspuäs. [brb Bi`cfsèf jbaèb qug ed`grgfodbr gftrg ’ics qug pibftgbrcf ib rgprgsdÿf y ghdtdgrcf ibs ÿregfgs ocrrgspcfedgftgs< ocrrgspcfedgftgs< qudgfgs botubrcf hâs biiâ eg ibs ÿregfgs ÿregfgs,, hcvdecs pcr orugiebe,

27:

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

pgrvgr sdÿf c ocedodb, y qudgfgs ibs ouhpidgrcf gstrdotbhgftg‘ pgrvgrsdÿf gstrdotb hgftg‘..1 _g pbrtèb pbrt èb eg ib jdpÿtgsds hdidtbr eg ufb ’nugrrb suodb‘, gf ib qug sg gf`rgftbrcf gf` rgftbrcf ecs eghcfdcs= ufc ocfstdtudec ocfstdtu dec pcr ics hdidtbftgs pciètdocs brhbecs c ’suavgrsdvcs‘ y ctrc, pcr ics hdidtbrgs qug tuvdgrcf grrcrgs y gxogscs gf su hdsdÿf eg bfdqudibr ib suavgrsdÿf. Ib tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs, sd adgf jbaèb sdec gibacrbeb tchbfec gi brnuhgftc egi edsoursc hdidtbr h didtbr qug vbicrbab b ib dzqudgreb ochc uf eghcfdc ‟gi prdhgrc prd hgrc gf gi cregf tghtghpcrbi eg ics hbigs eg ib Qgpýaidob‟, fc `ug bogptbeb pcr ics hdidtbrgs, qug ocfsdegrbabf qug jbaèbf ouhpidec ocf su egagr eg bfdqudibr ib suavgrsdÿf, fd pcr qudgfgs eg`gfeèbf b ibs vèotdhbs vèotd hbs sgougstrbebs, tcrturbebs, tcrt urbebs, vgmbebs, vdcibebs, rcabebs, prdvbebs eg su degftdebe y gf tcec obsc eg uf mudodc mustc. _è `ug becptbeb pcr pbrtg eg ib scodgebe odvdi qug jbaèb rgojbzbecc ib vdcigfodb pciètdob c sg jbaèb brrgpgftdec eg jbagr pbrtdodpb rgojbzbe pbrt dodpbec ec eg binýf biný f hcec gf giib, yb sgb gf binufb binu fb hdidtbfodb nugrrdiigrb n ugrrdiigrb c pcr su bpcyc tghprbfc tghprbfc b ib edotbeurb. Gstb tgcrèb fc ocftghpib ib rgspcfsbadidebe eg nrbfegs sgotcrgs eg ib gocfchèb gf ib edotbeurb, fd tbhpcoc gi pgsc eg nrbfegs pctgfodbs ochc Gstbecs Wfdecs qug bvbibrcf y prchcvdgrcf ibs hgtcecicnèbs hâs orugigs ocf tbi eg egsjbogrsg eg uf gfghdnc degciÿndoc c eg bsgnurbrsg bsgn urbrsg ib pcsgsdÿf fgcocicfdbi fgcocicfdbi eg uf Gstbec Gstbec..

IB OCFBE BEGG[ T GI FWFOB HÂ_ Ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs crnbf dzbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs, qug gstbabf rgocpdibfec ics obscs eg ibs vdcibodcfgs b ics egrgojcs, y gibacrbfec ics idstbec eg rgprgscrgs y ogftrcs oibfegstdfcs eg egtgfodÿf, qugrèbf `crhbr ufb ochdsdÿf adobhgrbi gf gi Ocfnrgsc, ocf gi camgtdvc eg qug gstb ochdsdÿf eg edputbecs y sgfbecrgs `ugrb ib gfobrnbeb eg dfvgstdnbr ics orèhgor èhgfgs eg ib edotbeurb. Ocfsdegrbabf qug ufb Ochdsdÿf Dfvgstdnbecrb [bribhgftbrdb grb dhpcrtbftg pcrqug pcrqug ib mustdodb hdidtbr fc igs dhpcferèb dhpcf erèb pgfbs murèedobs. Bi`cfsèf, pcr gi ocftrbrdc, prgflrdÿ fc dfvciuorbr b ics pcièGrfgstc _âabtc ig gftrgnb b Bi`cfsèf B i`cfsèf gi df`crhg tdocs gf gstb tbrgb, pbrb qug ibs sbfodcfgs tdtuibec Fufob Hâs. Hâs. @ctc eg B. Ojgrgp ocftrb ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs fc `ugrbf tbf eurbs, fd sg biobfzbrb ufb sdtubodÿf eg gxtrghb tgfsdÿf gf gi pbès. Gf obhadc, prcpusc ufb ochdsdÿf eg ’fctbaigs‘, qug sg iibhbrèb Ocfbegp, Ocfbe gp, Ochdsdÿ Ochdsdÿf f Fbodcfbi scarg ib Egsbp Egsbpbrdodÿf brdodÿf eg [grscfb [grscfbss, g dfvdtÿ pbrb `crhbrib bi [rghdc Fcagi eg ib [bz, [ärgz Gsqudvgi, Gsqudvgi, b bu butcrdebegs tcrdebegs egi OGI_ (Ghdidc (Ghd idc Hdnfcfg Hdn fcfg y Bunustc Ocftg). [ärgz Gsqudvgi, Hdnfcfg y Ocftg rgojbzbrcf dftgnrbr ib ochdsdÿf pcrqug fc bogptbrcf ib dftgrvgfodÿf eg ib Mustdodb hdidtbr gf gi muznbhdgf muznbhdgftc tc eg ibs Muftbs. [cr gstb rbzÿf `ug prcpugstc Grfgstc _âabtc, qug bogptÿ, bi dnubi qug gi bsgscr prgsdegfodbi y fliÿsc`c 1

Orgfzgi, cp. odt.

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Geubrec Qbacssd, ics dftgnrbftgs eg ib B[EJ Nrgncrdc Lidhcvsly Geubrec Li dhcvsly (hbtghâtdoc), (hbtghâtdoc), Hbrsjbii Hgygr (rbadfc), Obrics Nbttdfcfd (cadspc ( cadspc hgtcedstb) y hcfsgòcr Eg Fgvbrgs (cadspc ( cadspc obtÿidobtÿidoc)< Qdobre Q dobrecc Ocichargs Ocichargs (murdstb)< ( murdstb)< Jdibrdc Jd ibrdc @grfâfegz Icfn (gx rgotcr eg ib WAB)< Hbnebigfb Qudz Nudòbzý (pgrdcedstb) y Qgfä @bvbicrc (obredcodrumbfc). _g bflrhÿ qug pbrtdodpbrèbf igndsibecrgs eg bhabs oâhbrbs, pgrc sÿic trgs edputbecs rbedobigs bogptbrcf dftgnrbrsg b ib Ocfbegp, pcrqug tbftc ics crnbfdshcs ochc gi pgrcfdshc y ib ogftrcdzqudgreb scstgfèbf qug egaèb ocf`crhbrsg ib ochdsdÿf adobhgrbi, qug tgferèb btrdautcs ocgrodtdvcs y ocfegfbrèb ocfe gfbrèb pciètdobhgf pciètdobhgftg tg bi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec Gstbec.. Ib Ocfbegp tuvc qug prgpbrbr uf df`crhg gf sgds hgsgs, ocf ibs egfufodbs qug yb jbaèbf rgocigotbec edstdftcs crnbfdshcs fbodcfbigs y gxtrbfmgrcs, hâs ibs fugvbs qug rgocndÿ gstb ochdsdÿf. Egadgrcf Egadgrcf cregfbr ibs idstbs, yb qug gf binufcs obscs ibs egf egfufodbs ufodbs sg jdodgrcf pcr gi sgnufec sgnu fec fcharg, fcharg, c pcr bpgiidec eg obsbeb, c ocf binýf grrcr eg tdpgc, t dpgc, y sg egaèb gvdtbr ib eupidobodÿf eg ib df`crhbodÿf. _g tchbrcf gf ougftb ics ebtcs pgrscfbigs, fc ics eg pgrtgfgfodb pciètdob pcièt dob c ics pcsdaigs dftgrgsgs eg ics sgougstrbecrgs. Ibs egfufodbs egsnbrrbabf ghcodcfbihgftg b ics behdfdstrbtdvcs eg ib Ocfbegp qug egaèbf rgogptbribs g dfoiusc b ics psdoÿicncs qug egaèbf byuebr b ocftgfgr b qudgfgs rgodaèbf ibs egfufodbs. Ib hbycrèb eg giibs grbf eg `bhdidbrgs qug fbrrbabf gi hchgftc egi sgougstrc. Ubhadäf rgodadgrcf ufbs ?.;;; `ctcnrb`èbs `ctcnrb` èbs eg ics egsbpbrgodecs. egsbpbrgodecs. [brb rgobabr df`crhbodÿf egi dftgrdcr, sg bardgrcf suoursbigs eg ib Ocfbegp y sg vdbmÿ jbodb ibs obpdtbigs prcvdfodbigs prcvdfodb igs y ctrbs oduebegs, ecfeg sg rgodadgrcf huojbs egfufodbs jgojbs pcr prdhgrb vgz. Ocf rgspgotc b ics gx egtgfdecs egsbpbrgodecs, bftgs b ftgs eg ib Ocfbegp sÿic ufcs >; sg jbaèbf bfdhbec b ebr su tgstdhcfdc< iugnc, gstg crnbfdshc rgufdÿ ufbs 2.7;; egfufodbs. Beghâs, ib Ocfbegp ausoÿ ib ocibacrbodÿf eg tgstdncs gvgftubigs, ochc vgodfcs, häedocs, pbrtgrbs, g dfoiusc sgpuiturgrcs.

Gftrg ics gighgftcs qug ib Ocfbegp Ocfbegp rgodadÿ y gftrgnÿ b ib mustdodb ’󿬂nurb ’󿬂n urb gi idarc id arc eg ib hcrnug muedodbi muedodb i \egi oghgftgrdc oghgftgrdc eg _bf Pdogftg, OÿrecabX OÿrecabX qug rgndstrb ?;; ? ;; obscs eg dfnrgscs eg obeâvgrgs prceuodecs gftrg gftrg 24>> y 24:;, gi qug `ug gftrgnbec muftc bi tgstdhcfdc gspcftâfgc eg ecs `ufodcfbrdcs eg ib hcrnug qudgfgs tgstdhcfdbrcf bftg ib OCFBEG[ qug gftrg 24> 24>00 y 24>> dfnrgsbrcf d fnrgsbrcf huojcs obeâvgrgs eg pgrscfbs degftd󿬂obebs ochc suavgrsdvcs qug grbf rghdtdecs pcr ibs ib s `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe‘ sgnur debe‘,, b󿬂rhÿ _âabtc?. _gnýf ics tgstdhcfdcs tgstd hcfdcs eg ics trbabmbecrgs eg ib hcrnug, ics obeâvgrgs ’sg dfjuhbabf gf jcrbs eg ib fcojg, ocf bpcyc eg ib pcidoèb y egi DDD Ougrpc Ougr pc eg Gmärodtc qug ochbfebab Iuodbfc Agfmbhèf Agfmbhèf Hgfäfegz, gf `csbs ochufgs g dfedvddfedv deubigs gf gi oghgftgrdc oghgftgrdc eg _bf Pdogftg. Ics hdshcs, prgsgftbabf gvdegftgs gv degftgs sdnfcs eg tcrturbs, fuhgrcscs dhpbotcs eg abib y sgòbigs eg jbagr gstbec btbecs eg pdgs y hbfcs y grbf rghdtdecs ocf ib cregf gxprgsb eg fc rgbidzbrigs butcpsdbs‘. 5 Ics sgpuiturgrcs eg _bf Pdogftg sg jbaèbf qugmbec bftg sus mg`gs y bftg Pdegib pcr ibs päsdhbs ocfedodcfgs eg trbabmc, yb qug ib egsobrnb eg obeâvgrgs sg jbaèb huitdpidobec gftrg edgz y vgdftg vgogs egseg qug qug ics hdidtbrgs hdi dtbrgs jbaèbf egpugstc b Dsbagi Orgfzgi Ghdidc (1;;5)= ’Obrtbs b Pdegib= ufb gxpicrbodÿf scarg gi hdgec, gi tgrrcr y ib hghcrdb‘, hghcrdb‘, DDGIB, DD GIB, bòc DD F½ 1 y ?, @bouitbe eg @dicsc`èb y Igtrbs, Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Uuouhâf. Uuouhâf. 5 Odtbec gf Orgfzgi (1;;5). ?

20;

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

[grÿf. Ochc fc igs grb pcsdaig gftgrrbr ics obeâvgrgs b ib hdshb vgicodebe ocf qug grbf egsobrnbecs, gi bpdibhdgftc y ib egsochpcsdodÿf sg jboèbf dfgvdtbaigs. Gstb sdtubodÿf jboèb eg ib botdvdebe ufb tbrgb dfsbiuarg, beghâs eg gxtrghbebhgftg egsbnrbebaig, y ics hcrnugrcs qugrèbf uf rgocfcodhdgftc r gocfcodhdgftc gocfÿhdoc pcr sus tbrgbs gxtrbs. gx trbs. Gf obhadc, ob hadc, `ugrcf egspgedecs ’pcr vdcibodÿf eg vèb v èb mgrârqudob‘. mgrârqudob‘.7 Gstb fctb rgvgib gi ochpcrtbhdgftc eg ufb pbrtg eg ib scodgebe eurbftg ib edotbeurb= ocfcoèbf gi boodcfbr dfjuhbfc d fjuhbfc eg ib rgprgsdÿf, pgrc pgfsbabf qug ocf giics, sdhpigs trbabmbecrgs, egaèbf sgr hâs mustcs. [cr ctrb pbrtg, ib obrtb eg ics sgpuiturgrcs gfocftrbeb gf gi egspbojc egspbojc eg Bi`cfsèf, brojdvbeb pcr ics behdfdstrbtdvcs behdfdst rbtdvcs eg Pdegib, prugab su pgr`gotc ocfcodhdgftc eg ic qug bocftgoèb. Bi rgoibhbr gf eghcorbodb, `ugrcf rgdfocrpcrbecs b sus pugstcs eg trbabmc. t rbabmc.  Pgr, cèr, pgfsbr 

Gi ýitdhc ocf`èf (1;;7) Edrgoodÿf= [baic Qbttc. Ecouhgftbi qug fbrrb ib aýsqugeb eg ics ougrpcs eg ics egsbpbrgodecs pbrb degftd`dobrdegft d`dobrics. Hugstrb ib tbrgb egi GBB@, Gqudpc Brngftdfc eg Bftrcpcicnèb @crgfsg. Brngftdfb. 0; hdf. Botdvdebe

Qgibodcfb gstb pgièouib ocf ib egfufodb eg ics sgpuiturgrcs eg _bf Pdogftg qug rgodadÿ ib Ocfbegp gf 24:5. ³Ruä prcaighbs prgsgftbrcf ibs gxjuhbodcfgs eg `csbs ochufgs qug sg jdodgrcf eurbftg ib äpcob eg Bi`cfsèf3 ³Oÿhc sg gstâf rgscivdgfec botubihgftg3 ³Ruä pbpgi tdgfg gi GBB@3 ³Ruä fgogsdtb gi GBB@ pbrb su tbrgb3 ³Ruä dhpcrtbfodb tdgfg pbrb ics `bhdidbrgs eg ibs vèotdhbs ib tbrgb egi GBB@3

Hbrojb eg ics crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs gxdndgfec gi mudodc b ibs muftbs, ics hbfd`gstbftgs ouargf sus rcstrcs ocf hâsobrbs. @ctc eg Q. [grb

7

Èegh bftgrdcr.

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GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

Ib obftdebe eg egfufodbs rgodadebs pcr ib Ocfbegp buhgftÿ oubfec scidodtÿ bi [cegr Gmgoutdvc qug sg dhpdedgrb sbidr egi pbès b ibs pgrscfbs rgibodcfbebs rgibodcfbebs ocf ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs y ib sustrboodÿf eg fdòcs. _u ibacr, hâs qug jbogr uf idstbec id stbec eg egsbpbrgodecs, egsbpbrgodecs, `ug egsordadr gi sdstghb eg egsbpbrdodÿf g degftdflobr b ics ouipbaigs, pbrb qug pugeb pugeb prgsgftbrsg b ib Mustdodb. Mustdod b. Ics rgsuitbecs eg su dfvgstdnbodÿf sg sdftgtdzbrcf gf gi ghaigh ghaighâtdoc âtdoc df`crhg Fufob Hâs, qug `ug gsordtc tgfdgfec gf ougftb ics tgstdhcfdcs eg ics scargvdvdgftgs y tbhadäf, t bhadäf, bufqug bufqug gf hgfcr hgedeb, hgedeb, eg gx g x dftgnrbftgs `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe qug egoibrbrcf. _g egodedÿ rgtrbtbr rgtr btbr b ibs vèotdhbs vèot dhbs sdf su degcicnèb pciètdob, pbrb qug su hdidtbfodb hdi dtbfodb fc mustdflobsg gf ib scodgebe su egsbpbrdodÿf= tcebvèb gstbab eghbsdbec ogrob gi pgfsbhdgftc jgnghÿfdoc hdidtbr. Ubhadäf sg odroufsordadÿ odroufsor dadÿ ib vdcigfodb bi pgrècec hdidtbr, y fc sg vcioÿ gf gi Fufob Hâs ib egfufodb eg [grgnrdfc @grfâfegz scarg ib ocftdfudebe rgprgsdvb eg ics dftgnrbftgs eg ib Urdpig B y ics nrupcs nr upcs eg tbrgbs eg ib edotbeurb, pbrb fc orgbr ocffidotcs ocf gi pgrcfdshc. _d adgf ibs Hbergs dhpunfbrcf b ib Ocfbegp, y ics crnbfdshcs sdnudgrcf scidodtbfec ib `crhbodÿf eg ufb ochdsdÿf adobhgrbi, oubfec cflodbihgftg ib Ocfbegp gf pigfc gftrgnÿ gi df`crhg bi prgsdegftg Bi`cfsèf gf Obsb Qcsbeb, ufb huitdtue ‟ib hbycrèb eg ics crnbfdshcs y ics pbrtdecs pbrt decs pciètdocs‟ sg rgufdÿ gf [ibzb eg Hbyc pbrb bpcybric y rgoibhbr qug ics hdidtbrgs bsgsdfcs `ugrbf muznbe muznbecs cs pcr ib mustdodb odvdi. Ubhadäf sg dfsdstdÿ gf su puaidobodÿf, qug ocftÿ ocf uf Bfgxc ocf fchargs eg egsbpbrgodecs, gedtbec gf Guegab gf fcvdgharg eg 24:5< egi vciuhgf prdfodpbi sg vgfedgrcf hâs eg 7;;.;;; gmghpibrgs. Gi prÿicnc eg _âabtc bejgrèb b ib tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs=

’B ics egidtcs eg ics tgrrcrdstbs, ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs rgspcfedgrcf ocf uf tgrrcrdshc df󿬂fdtbhgftg d f󿬂fdtbhgftg pgcr qug gi ochabtdec ochabtdec,, pcrqug egseg gi 15 eg hbrzc eg 24> 24>00 ocftbrcf ocf gi pcegrèc y ib dhpufdebe egi Gstbec basciutc, sgougstrbfec, tcrturbfec y bsgsdfbfec b hdigs h digs eg sgrgs juhbfcs.‘ Gstg prÿicnc `ug gi ýfdoc jbstb qug gf gi bòc 1;;0 gi Fufob Hâs `ug botubidzbec ocf ics fugvcs ebtcs ebtcs catgfdecs pcr ib _gorgtbrèb _gorgtbr èb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs. Bsè, bi ouhpidrsg ?; bòcs egi ncipg, sg rg`crhbrcf tctbihgftg ics Bfgxcs, qug pbsbrcf b sgr ecs, y sg suhÿ uf prÿicnc qug egsfuebab ics camgtdvcs eg ics orèhgfgs eg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb y rgojbzbab, ochc pciètdob eg Gstbec egi fugvc fugvc ncadgrfc (prgsdegfodb ( prgsdegfodb eg Fästcr Ldrojfgr), ib tgcrèb tgcr èb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs. eghcfdcs.

’Gs prgodsc egmbr oibrbhgftg gstbaigodec ‟pcrqug ic rgqudgrg ib ocfstruoodÿf egi `uturc scarg absgs 󿬂rhgs‟ qug gs dfbogptbaig prgtgfegr mustd󿬂obr gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec ochc ufb sugrtg eg mugnc eg vdcigfodbs ocftrbpugstbs, ochc sd `ugrb ` ugrb pcsdaig ausobr ufb sdhgtrèb mustd󿬂obtcrdb gf ib boodÿf eg pbrtdouibrgs pbrt douibrgs `rgftg bi bpbrtbhdgftc eg ics 󿬂fgs prcpdcs eg ib Fbodÿf y egi Gstbec qug scf drrgfufodbaigs. [cr ctrb pbrtg, gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec `ug egsgfobegfbec eg hbfgrb hbsdvb y sdstghâtdob pcr ib  Muftb  Muf tb Hdidtbr b pbrtdr pbrtdr egi 15 15 eg hbrzc eg 24> 24>0, 0, oubfec oubfec fc fc gxdstèbf egsb`ècs egsb`ècs gstrbtägstrbtändocs eg sgnurdebe pbrb gi stbtu quc, pcrqug ib nugrrdiib nugrr diib yb jbaèb sdec egrrctbeb hdidtbrhgftg. Ib edotbeurb sg prcpusc dhpcfgr uf sdstghb gocfÿhdoc gocfÿhdoc eg tdpc fgcidagrbi y brrbsbr brrb sbr ocf ibs ocfqudstbs scodbigs eg huojbs eäobebs, qug ib rgsdstgfodb pcpuibr dhpgeèb `ugrbf ocfouiobebs. Ib pgebncnèb egi tgrrcr ocfvdrtdÿ b ics hdidtbrgs hdi dtbrgs ncipdstbs gf sgòcrgs eg ib vdeb y ib hugrtg eg tcecs ics jbadtbftgs egi pbès. Gf ib bpidobodÿf

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eg gstbs pciètdobs, ocf ib 󿬂fbidebe eg gvdtbr gi rgsurndhdgftc eg ics hcvdhdgftcs pciètdocs y scodbigs, ib edotbeurb jdzc egsbpbrgogr b ?; hdi pgrscfbs, ocf`crhg b ib Ecotrdfb eg ib _gnurdebe Fbodcfbi, bi sgrvdodc egi prdvdigndc y eg dftgrgsgs gxtrbfbodcfbigs. Edsodpidfbr b ib scodgebe bjcnbfec gf sbfnrg tceb edsdegfodb c ocftgstbodÿf `ug su prcpÿsdtc hbfd󿬂gstc. Cargrcs, edrdngftgs eg ochdsdcfgs dftgrfbs eg `âardobs, sdfedobidstbs, pgrdcedstbs, bacnbecs, psdoÿicncs, prc`gscrgs ufdvgrsdtbrdcs, ecogftgs, gstuedbftgs, fdòcs, mÿvgfgs, jchargs y humgrgs eg tcebs ibs gebegs y gstbhgftcs scodbigs `ugrcf su aibfoc. Ics tgstdhcfdcs y ib ecouhgftbodÿf rgocndecs gf gi FWFOB HÂ_ scf uf tgstdhcfdc jcy hâs vdngftg qug fufob eg gsb trbngedb.‘ _gorgtbrèb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs eg ib Fbodÿf, hbrzc eg 1;;0 Botdvdebe

Bhacs prÿicncs `dnurbf gf ib fugvb gedodÿf egi Fufob Hâs. Hâs. Bfbidzb ouâigs `ugrcf ibs obusbs egi boodcfbr eg ib edotbeurb sgnýf gi prÿicnc eg Grfgstc _âabtc y ochpârbibs ocf ibs qug `dnurbf gf gi prÿicnc eg ib _gorgtbrèb _gorgt brèb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs eg ib Fbodÿf (Geubrec Iuds Eujbieg), 1;;0.

GI MW MWDDODC B IB_ MW MWFU FUB_ B_

Ics dftgnrbftgs eg ibs trgs muftbs muft bs hdidtbrgs scf iigvbecs iigv becs b mudodc crbi. @ctc eg G. Icfncfd

Ics hdgharcs eg ib Ocfbegp rgodadgrcf fuhgrcsbs bhgfbzbs, dftdhdebodcfgs y btgftbecs, y `ugrcf rcabebs fuhgrcsbs prugabs rgobabebs gf Qcsbrdc y Hbr egi [ibtb. Oubfec gi df`crhg `ug ` ug gftrgnbec, gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc _uprghc qug egaèb muznbr b ibs Muftbs hdidtbrgs pdedÿ fugvcs pibzcs y edmc qug ics ochbfebftgs sÿic pceèbf sgr muznbecs pcr fc jbagr ocftrcibec

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GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

ics gxogscs g dièodtcs eg sus suacredfbecs. Gi boodcfbr egi ncadgrfc sg edrdnèb jbodb ibs Muftbs, ics odvdigs ebhfdflobecs ebhf dflobecs yb jbaèbf dfdodbec dfdodbec ufcs 1;;; prcogscs muedodbigs. Ics hdidtbrgs hdi dtbrgs bousbabf b ib Ocfbegp eg sgr pbrtg eg ib suavgrsdÿf. Gi [cegr Gmgoutdvc fc ougstdcfba ougstdcfbabb ib igndtdhdebe eg ib iuoj iuojbb bftdsuavgrsdvb, sdfc ib hgtcecicnèb hgtce cicnèb dignbi ghpigbeb ghpigbeb pcr ibs trgs prdhgrbs prd hgrbs Muftbs. _df ghabrnc, ib oubrtb oubrt b y ýitdhb  Muftb `ug ib qug qug hbfeÿ hbfeÿ dfodfgrbr, dfodfgrbr, pcr Egorgtc Egorgtc sgorgtc F½ 1>10/:?, 1>10/:?, tceb ib ecouhgftbodÿ ecouhgftbodÿf f cflodbi ochprchgtgecrb gxdstgftg pbrb qug fc qugebrbf prugabs. T, ochc sg ochprcaÿ iugnc pcr ics mudodcs, gi ngfgrbi Qgyfbiec Qgy fbiec Adnfcfg, qug gstuvc bi `rgftg eg ib hdshb, ochgtdÿ egidtcs eg igsb juhbfdebe egseg gi ochdgfzc egi [QF. Gf `gargrc eg 24:5, gi Ocfnrgsc sbfodcfÿ ib Igy F½ 1?.;54 eg Qg`crhb egi Oÿednc eg  Mustdodb  Mustdo db Hd Hdidtb idtbr, r, pcr gi qug sg gstbaigo gstbaigodÿ dÿ qug ib must mustdodb dodb hdi hdidtbr dtbr sÿic egaèb coupb coupbrsg rsg eg egidtcs gspgoèflobhgftg hdidtbrgs (dftgfodcfbigs egseg gi nrbec eg ocfbtc, egidtc `rustrbec y egidtc ocfsuhbec, c fc dftgfodcfbigs ochc fgnidngfodb, dhpruegfodb, gto.). Ics qugarbftbhdgftcs eg ib igy egaèbf sgr muznbecs pcr ib mustdodb odvdi. Bsdhdshc gstb rg`crhb cregfÿ qug ibs sgftgfodbs eg ics trdaufbigs hdidtbrgs puedgrbf sgr bpgibebs bftg ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi fbodcfbi, y sd gi mudodc b ibs Muftbs sg eghcrbab gxogsdvbhgftg, ib Oâhbrb @gegrbi sg jbrèb obrnc eg ib obusb pbrb fc edibtbr hâs gi prcogsc muedodbi. Gstc ýitdhc `ug ic qug courrdÿ. courr dÿ. Gi mudodc b ibs Muftbs ochgfzÿ gi 11 eg bardi bard i eg 24:7 y tgrhdfÿ tgr hdfÿ gi 4 eg edodgharg eg gsg bòc, y tuvc sgeg gf ib Oâhbrb Fbodcfbi eg Bpgibodcfgs Bpgibodcfgs gf ic Ordhdfbi Or dhdfbi y Ocrrgoodcfbi @gegrbi eg ib Obpdtbi @gegrbi. Uuvc ochc mugogs b Mcrng Ucribsoc, Qdobrec Ndi Ibvgerb, Igÿf Obrics Brsibfdâf, Mcrng Pbigrnb Brâcz, Nudiigrhc Igegshb y Bferäs M. E—Bigssdc y ochc flsobigs b Muidc Oäsbr _trbssgr _t rbssgrbb y su bemuftc, bemuftc, Iuds Nbardgi Hcrgfc Cobhpc. Eg ics obsd 4.;;; tgstdhcfdcs eg ib Ocfbegp, Ocfbegp, _trbssgrb _tr bssgrb sgigoodcfÿ >;4 obscs tgstdnc, y ics mugogs gxbhdfbgxb hdfbrcf 1:; eg ibs sgigoodcfbebs< gf absg b gstcs obscs edotbrcf su sgftgfodb. Juac ed`grgftgs ocfegfbs= obegfb pgrpgtub bi tgfdgftg ngfgrbi Mcrng Q. Pdegib y bi bihdrbftg Ghdidc G. Hbssgrb< 2> bòcs eg prdsdÿf bi tgfdgftg ngfgrbi Qcagrtc G. Pdcib, cojc bòcs bi bihdrbftg Brhbfec Ibharusojdfd, oubtrc bòcs y sgds hgsgs bi ardnbedgr ar dnbedgr ngfgrbi Cribfec Cribfec Q. Bncstd. Gi trdaufbi tr daufbi edotbhdfÿ ibs basciuodcfgs basciuodcfgs pbrb Igcpciec Nbitdgrd, Chbr Nrb`flnfb, Nrb`fln fb, Mcrng Dsbbo Iÿpgz Bfbyb y Absdidc Ibhd Eczc. Ibs ocfegfbs fc sbtdsflodgrcf b hdigs eg ebhfdflobecs pcr gi tgrrcrdshc tgrrcr dshc eg Gstbec. Gstbec. Ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc gstuvdgrcf edsocf`crhgs yb qug fc sg iignbab b ocfcogr tceb ib vgrebe scarg ics orèhgfgs, fd sg egtgrhdfbab qudäf edc ib cregf fd qudäf ib ouhpidÿ< gf gi gxtgfsc `biic eg ?;; `cmbs fc sg jbaiÿ eg ’ngfcodedc‘, fd eg ’bscodbodÿf dièodtb‘= sg muznÿ pcr sgpbrbec b obeb hdidtbr. _df ghabrnc, gi mudodc `ug huojc hâs biiâ eg ic qug gspgrbab Qbýi Bi`cfsèf gf su egorgtc= gi trdaufbi egodedÿ ’qug ocrrgspcfeg sg dfvgstdnug ib rgspcfsbadidebe eg qudgfgs, suacredfbecs b ics gx-ochbfebftgs y egseg sus obrncs obrn cs eg ochbfec, pusdgrcf gf gmgouodÿf bqugiibs ÿregfgs‘. ÿregfgs‘. [cr ic tbftc jbaèb qug gfmudodbr b ’ics cflodbigs cflod bigs supgrdcrgs supgrdcrg s qug coupbrcf ics Ochbfecs eg ]cfbs y _uazcfbs eg Eg`gfsb eurbftg eurb ftg ib iuojb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf, y eg tcecs bqugiics bqugiics qug tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf rgspcfsbadidebe cpgrbtdvb gf ibs boodcfgs‘. boodcfgs‘. (Obusb ( Obusb F½ 2?/:5 2?/ :5 - crdndfbrdbhgftg dfstrudeb pcr gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs gf ouhpidhdgftc egi Egorgtc 27:/:? egi [cegr Gmgoutdvc Fbodcfbi).

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Ecouhgftbigs scarg gi Mudodc b ibs Muftbs

Gi mudodc `ug `dihbec, bufqug fc sg pgrhdtdÿ su trbfshdsdÿf t rbfshdsdÿf ocf buedc pcr tgigvdsdÿf< ocf ibs 7?; jcrbs eg nrbabodÿf sg jdodgrcf edvgrscs ecouhgftbigs scarg gi mudodc b ibs Muftbs. Gi Fùrghagrn Brngftdfc, Brngftdfc, ocprceuoodÿf brngftdfc-gspbòcib, ocf nudÿf eg @rgey Ucrrgs  y Hdnugi Hdnugi Qcerènu Qcerènugz gz Brdbs. Brdbs. G_HB= gi eèb egi mudodc, mudodc, uf ecouhgftbi scarg gi mudodc b ibs trgs muftbs hdidtbrgs, Hbnebigfb Qudz Nudòbzý, ^bitgr Nccabr y Qcibfec Nrbòb, y ib gedtcrb _divdb Ed @icrdc< trbfshdtdec pcr Obfbi 2?.  Mudodcc b ibs Muft  Mudod Muftbs bs Hdidtbr Hdidtbrgs gs,, gf Ecouhgftb, odoic eg ecouhgftbigs eg Qchâf Igmthbf, pcr Bhärdob UP.  Mudodc b ibs Muft Muftbs bs,, ocf edrgoodÿf eg Nustbvc @cftâf, @cft âf, `ug trbfshdtdec pcr Obfbi > gi 5 eg hbyc eg 1;2 1;2;. ;.

IB QG QGIB IBOD ODßF ßF OC OCF F IC IC_ _ HDIDU HDIDUBQG BQG_ _ T IB_ IG IGTG_ TG_ EG EG DH DH[WF [WFDE DEBE BE Ibs igygs eg [uftc @dfbi y eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb Ugfdgfec ochc gxousb gi eäflodt flsobi y ocf gi camgtdvc eg btgfubr gi pcegr hdidtbr, Bi`cfsèf rgeumc gi prgsupugstc hdidtbr y pbsÿ b rgtdrc b cflodbigs eg bitc rbfnc. Ics hdidtbrgs qug bflrhbabf qug jbaèbf ouhpidec ocf su egagr gf ib ’nugrrb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf‘ gstbabf prc`ufebhgftg edsnustbecs, pcrqug ics prcogscs muedodbigs buhgftbabf eèb b eèb gf fýhgrc. Ics mudodcs fc sg idhdtbrcf b hdidtbrgs, sdfc qug sg jdodgrcf tbhadäf b pgrscfbmgs eg ib uitrbegrgojb ochc Mcsä Iÿpgz Qgnb, qudgf gf 24:0 `ug bousbec eg ocrrupodÿf y eg ocfspdrbodÿf tgrrcrdstb pcr su pbpgi gf ib Urdpig B, y gxtrbedtbec egseg Hdbhd< hurdÿ gf prdsdÿf gf 24:4. Ochc rgspugstb b ib pciètdob jbodb ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs, ib uitrbegrgojb gfrbrgodÿ gi oidhb obidflobfec bi ncadgrfc eg ’hbrxdstb‘ y b ibs bscodbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs ochc ’tgrrcrdstbs‘< juac ocfogftrbodcfgs (fc huy fuhgrcsbs) ocftrb gi ncadgrfc pcr pbrtg eg @BHW_ (@bhdidbs eg ics Hugrtcs pcr ib _uavgrsdÿf) y btgftbecs y bhgfbzbs eg achabs gf edstdftbs dfstdtuodcfgs. Ics

 Brngftdfb  Brngftd oruod`dobe oruod`dobeb b, edaumc egfb Bferäs Obsodcid

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GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

 mudodcs sdnudgrcf  mudodcs sdnudgrcf begibf begibftg. tg. [brb `rgfbrics, `rgfbrics, gi 15 15 eg edodgh edodgharg arg eg eg 24:0 Bi`cfsèf prchuinÿ ib Igy 1?.541, egfchdfbeb Igy eg [uftc @dfbi, qug dhpcfèb uf ièhdtg eg sgsgftb eèbs, qug vgfoèb gi 11 eg `gargrc eg 24:>, pbrb prgsgftbr boodcfgs pgfbigs ocftrb dftgnrbftgs eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs c eg _gnurdebe, c ocftrb odvdigs qug gstuvdgrbf dhpidobecs gf btgftbecs tgrrcrdstbs jbstb gi flf eg ib edotbeurb.

Igy 1?.541. Brtèouic 2½. ‟ _g gxtdfnudrâ ib boodÿf pgfbi rgspgotc eg tceb pgrscfb pcr su prgsuftb pbrtdodpbodÿf pbrtdo dpbodÿf gf oubiqudgr nrbec, gf ics egidtcs egi brtèouic brtèo uic 2; eg ib Igy F½ F ½ 1?.;54, qug fc gstuvdgrg prÿ`unc, c egoibrbec gf rgagieèb, c qug fc jbyb sdec cregfbeb su odtbodÿf b prgstbr egoibrbodÿf dfebnbtcrdb, pcr trdaufbi ochpgtgftg, bftgs eg ics sgsgftb eèbs ocrrdecs b pbrtdr eg ib `gojb eg prchuinbodÿf eg ib prgsgftg igy. Gf ibs hdshbs ocfedodcfgs sg gxtdfnudrâ ib boodÿf pgfbi ocftrb tceb pgrscfb qug juadgrg ochgtdec egidtcs vdfouibecs b ib dfstburbodÿf d fstburbodÿf eg `crhbs vdcigftbs eg boodÿf pciètdob jbstb gi 2; eg edodgharg eg 24:?. Gi fcharg eg ’[uftc @dfbi‘ prcvgfèb egi Ecouhgftc flfbi eg ibs Muftbs eg 24:?=

Eg gstb botdtue bot dtue eg ib pcaibodÿf sg egsprgfeg, ocf oibrdebe, oibr debe, qug gi egsgc eg ib Fbodÿf tceb gs pcfgr puftc flfbi b uf pgrècec ecicrcsc eg fugstrb fugstrb jdstcrdb, jdstcr db, pbrb dfdodbr, dfdo dbr, gf ufdÿf y idagrtbe, ib eg󿬂fdtdvb dfstdtuodcfbidzbodÿf ocfstdtuodcfbi eg ib Qgpýaidob. Ucebvèb ib Mustdodb fc sg jbaèb prcfufodbec bflrhbfec qug ics egidtcs ochgtdecs grbf eg igsb juhbfdebe, juhbfdebe, fd eg ngfcodedc, pgrc grbf orèhgfgs. o rèhgfgs. _d sg pdgfsb qug ib prgsordpodÿf eg ib boodÿf pgfbi pcr g`gotc egi tdghpc, dhpidob ib obfogibodÿf egi egrgojc qug tdgfg gi Gstbec pbrb ardfebr mustdodb b ibs vèotdhbs eg egidtcs, y qug ib boodÿf pgfbi prgsordag b ics qudfog bòcs oubfec sg trbtb eg egidtcs ouyb pgfb `ugrg ib eg rgoiusdÿf c prdsdÿf pgrpgtub pgr pgtub0< gstb igy grb egseg tcec puftc eg vdstb dfmustb g dfocfstdtuodcfbi. dfocfstdtuodcfbi. Fc scibhgftg sg trbtbab eg obscs fugvcs ics qug pceèbf prgsordadr, sdfc tbhadäf ics eg ib obusb G_HB. Gstb obusb jbaèb sdec rgtgfdeb pcr gi Ocfsgmc _uprghc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs, Br hbebs, y fc ig jbaèb tchbec egoibrbodÿf b fdfnufc eg ics ?; cflodbigs fbvbigs pcrqug ästcs sg jbaèbf fgnbec b prgsgftbrsg. Iugnc, gf gfgrc eg 24:>, egodedÿ egsprcogsbr b ics bousbecs pcr ocfsdegrbr ’ignètdhcs‘ ics hätcecs ghpigbe ghp igbecs. cs. Grbf ics brtdiundcs brt diundcs pbrb quge qugebr br sdf ocfegf ocfegfb< b< sg trbtbab eg uf ’bizbhdgf ’bizbhdgftc tc ocftrb ib eghcorbodb‘ sgnýf pbibarbs eg edrdngftgs edrdng ftgs pbrtdebrdcs. pbrtdebr dcs. Gi flsobi _trbssgrb egadÿ rgoibhbr eg `crhb urngftg gi prcogsbhdgftc eg ics bousbecs pbrb gvdtbr qug ics agfgflodg ib igy eg puftc flfbi. Wfb huitdtue sg rgufdÿ gf rgojbzc b gstb Igy Igy,, pgrc fc `ug ` ug gsouojbeb. gsouojbeb. Ibs vèotdhbs v èotdhbs egadgrcf jbogr ibrnbs flibs pbrb prgsgftbr sus egfufodbs bftgs eg qug sg vgfodgrb gi pibzc, pcr ic qug sg rgodadgrcf hdigs eg bousbodcf bousbodcfgs gs eg tcrturbs tcrt urbs y hbsborgs ocigotdvbs bftgs egi 11 eg `gargrc eg 24:>. 24:>. Ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc ocfsdegrbrcf qug grb ufb bhfdstèb bhfd stèb gfouadgrtb y ibfzbrcf ufb obhpbòb fbodcfbi fbodcfbi ocf ib ocfsdnfb ’Oârogi b ics ngfcodebs‘. ngfcodebs‘. Ib jcstdidebe eg ics hdidtbrgs hdi dtbrgs gstbiiÿ oubfec gi hbycr egi Gmärodtc Gmärodtc Grfgstc Gr fgstc Abrrgdrc sg fgnÿ b egoibrbr bftg uf trdaufbi t rdaufbi odvdi odv di gf ufb obusb pcr vdcibodcfgs vdcibodcfgs b ics egrgojcs juhbfcs juhbfcs y gf ib _ghbfb _bftb eg 24:> sg boubrtgiÿ boubr tgiÿ gf gi Qgndhdgftc Qgn dhdgftc 25 eg Oÿrecab< Oÿrecab< occredfbebhgftg, occredfbebhgftg, 0

200

jttp=//www.bvdsg.crn.br/

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

gf Obhp Obhpcc eg Hbyc, gi tgfdgftg tgfdgftg ocrcfgi ocrcfgi Biec Qdoc y ufb ogftgfb eg hdidtbrgs ig edgrcf su bpcyc y sg suaigvbrcf suaigvbrcf ghagtufâfecsg ib obrb gf sgòbi eg nugrrb. nugr rb. B pbrtdr pbr tdr eg gsg hch hchgftc gftc `ugrcf ocfcodecs ochc ics ’obrbpdftbebs‘. ’obrbpdftbebs‘. Gstbabf edsocf`crhgs eds ocf`crhgs tbhadäf tb hadäf ocf ics ics ngfgrbigs, qug fc bpcybabf sus rgoibhcs badgrtbhgftg.

Rugrèbf qug sg pusdgrb ’󿬂f b ibs dfmustdodbs y juhdiibodcfgs qug pgsbf scarg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs. Br hbebs. Gi `grcz g dftgrhdfbaig btbqug jb ngfgrbec gi nrbec eg dfedsodpidfb, egsprgstdndc y cprcadc gf qug sg gfougftrbf ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs. Gstg gs tbi, qug su gxdstgfodb sg vg ochprchgtdeb sd sus jchargs fc igvbftbf ib `rgftg y edogf abstb. Gxdndhcs ib sciuodÿf pciètdob qug ocrrgspcfeg b uf jgojc pciètdoc ochc gs ib nugrrb ocftrb ib suavgrsdÿf \...X‘ \...X‘..> Gf egflfdtdvb, pgeèbf pg eèbf ib bhfdstèb bhfdst èb ocf ib ocfsgougftg suspgfsdÿf eg odtbodcfgs muedodbigs muedodbigs y ogsg eg ic qug ocfsdegrbabf ufb obhpbòb eg jcstdnbhdgftc b ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs gf ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf. Wfb huitdtuedfbrdb hcvdidzbodÿf pcpuibr rgufdeb gf [ibzb eg Hbyc bochpbòÿ bi ncadgrfc, pgsg b qug ics suaigvbecs boibrbabf qug sus boodcfgs fc tgfèbf obrâotgr ncipdstb sdfc rgdvdfedobtdvc. [grc tbhadäf bflrhbabf qug sd sg ics rgprdhèb sgrèb rgspcfsbadidebe eg ics ngfgrbigs tcebs ibs ocfsgougfodbs qug sg prceumgrbf. Bi`cfsèf, qug gf rgbidebe gstbab eg bougrec ocf sus rgoibhcs pcrqug ‟ochc yb edmdhcs‟ sdghprg ocfsdegrÿ qug jbaèb qug ed`grgfodbr gftrg qudgfgs ghdtdgrcf ibs ÿregfgs ocrrgspcfedgftgs gf ib iuojb ocftrb ib nugrrdiib, qudgfgs sg gxogedgrcf eg ibs ÿregfgs y qudgfgs ibs ouhpidgrcf gstrdotbhgftg, dfstÿ b ics suaigvbecs b egpcfgr ibs brhbs. Iugnc jbaiÿ b ib huitdtue egsgâfecig ’@gidogs [bsoubs‘ y, prcoibhbfec ’Ib obsb gstâ gf cregf. Fc jbarâ sbfnrg gf Brngftdfb‘, dfvdtÿ b ics ocfourrgftgs b rgtdrbrsg.

>

Bi`cfsèf ig jbaib b ib huitdtue gf ib _ghbfb _bftb eg 24:>

Pgradtsly, Jcrbodc (24::)= Hgedc sdnic eg prcoibhbs hdidtbrgs, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ândfb/21.

20>

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

Gf mufdc eg 24:> gi Ocfnrgsc sbfodcf sbfodcfÿÿ ib Igy eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb pcr hgedc eg ib oubi sg egsobrnbab eg rgspcfsbadidebe b ics cflodbigs supgrdcrgs y sus suacredfbecs pcr jbagr cagegodec ÿregfgs ÿregfgs dignbigs eg sus supgrdcrgs, g dfoiusc ochgtdec ochgtdec ’gxogscs‘ ochc ib tcrturb. tcr turb.

Igy 1?.712. Brtèouic. Brt èouic. 2½. 2½. ‟ _g prgsuhg sdf behdtdr behdtd r prugab gf ocftrbrdc qug qudgfgs b ib `gojb eg ochdsdÿf egi jgojc rgvdstbabf ochc c󿬂odbigs mg`gs, c󿬂odbigs suabitgrfcs, suac󿬂odbigs y pgrscfbi eg trcpb eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs, eg sgnurdebe, pcidodbigs y pgfdtgfodbrdbs, fc scf pufdaigs pcr ics egidtcs b qug sg rg󿬂grg gi brtèouic 2; puftc 2 eg ib igy F½ 1?.;54 pcr jbagr carbec gf vdrtue eg cagedgfodb egadeb. Ib hdshb prgsufodÿf sgrâ bpidobeb b ics c󿬂odbigs supgrdcrgs qug fc juadgrbf rgvdstbec ochc ochbfebftg gf mg`g, mg`g eg zcfb, mg`g eg suazcfb c mg`g eg `ugrzb eg sgnurdebe, pcidodbi c pgfdtgfodbrdb sd fc sg rgsugivg muedodbihgftg, bftgs eg ics trgdftb eèbs eg prchuinbodÿf eg gstb igy, qug tuvdgrcf obpbodebe egodscrdb c pbrtdodpbrcf gf ib gibacrbodÿf eg ibs ÿregfgs. Gf tbigs obscs sg ocfsdegrbrâ eg pigfc egrgojc qug ibs pgrscfbs hgfodcfbebs carbrcf gf gstbec eg ocgrodÿf abmc suacredfbodÿf b ib butcrdebe supgrdcr y gf ouhpidhdgftc eg ÿregfgs, ÿregfgs, sdf `bouitbe c pcsdadidebe pcsdad idebe eg dfspgoodÿf, cpcsdodÿf c rgsdstgfodb b giibs gf oubftc b su cpcrtufdebe y igndtdhdebe. Brtèouic. 1½. ‟ Ib prgsufodÿf gstbaigodeb gf gi brtèouic bftgrdcr fc sgrâ bpidobaig rgspgotc eg ics egidtcs eg vdcibodÿf, sustrboodÿf y couitbodÿf eg hgfcrgs c sustdtuodÿf eg su gstbec odvdi odvd i y bprcpdbodÿf gxtgfsdvb eg dfhugaigs. Brtèouic Brt èouic ?½. ‟Ib prgsgftg igy sg bpidobrâ eg c󿬂odc. Botdvdebegs

b) Igg g dftgrprgtb dftgrprgtb ib igy. ³[cr ³[cr quä obusb ocfsdegrbabf ocfsdegrbabf mustc mustc qug sg idagrbrb idagrbrb eg ibs ocfegfbs b qudgfgs rgvdstbabf gf nrbecs df`grdcrgs gf ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs3 a) Igg gi brtèouic 1½. 1½. ³[cr quä orggs qug qug ib tcrturb fc gstâ ocfsdegrbeb ocfsdegrbeb gftrg ics egidtcs egidtcs fc bpidobaigs b ib cagedgfodb cagedgfo db egadeb3 o) Bvgrdn Bvgrdnub= ub= ³egseg ³egseg ouâfec ouâfec gstâ prcjdadeb prcjdadeb ib tcrturb gf ib Brngftdfb Brngftdfb33

[brb `bodidtbr ib dftgrrupodÿf eg ics prcogscs muedodbigs qug yb sg gstbabf iigvbfec b obac, ics trdaufbigs egaèbf ’botubr eg cflodc‘, gs egodr, pcr su ougftb, sdf qug sg ic scidodtbsgf ics bacnbecs eg ics dhputbecs= egmbrcf eg odtbr b ics ngfcodebs b buedgfodbs dfebnbtcrdbs. Gs egodr qug sg vcivdÿ btrâs ocf tcec ic qug sg jbaèb bvbfzbec gf mudodcs b rgprgscrgs. Ochc pceghcs vgr gf gi brtèouic br tèouic 1½, fc sg dfoiuy dfoiuygrcf grcf egftrc eg ib ’cagedgfodb egadeb‘ egadeb‘ b ics egidtcs eg vdcibodÿf, rcac, sgougstrc y bprcpdbodÿf eg fdòcs. _df ghabrnc, gstcs mudodcs pcr sustrboodÿf eg agaäs pgrhbfgodgrcf pgr hbfgodgrcf prâotdobhgftg prâotdobhgftg gstbfobecs. Qgodäf gf 244:, egspuäs eg qug Nbrzÿf brrgstbrb gf Icfergs bi edotbecr ojdigfc Bunustc [dfcojgt, ecs mugogs brngftdfcs cregfbrcf cregfbrcf ib egtgfodÿf eg Hbssgrb y Pdegib bousâfecics bousâfecics eg uf pibf sdstghâtdoc eg rcac eg agaäs, jdmcs eg pgrscfbs egsbpbrgodebs gf obusbs qug qug tgfèbf vbrdcs vb rdcs bòcs eg bftdnùgebe.: Ocf ibs Igygs eg [uftc @dfbi y eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb, gf 24:: sÿic ibs oýpuibs hdidtbrgs qugebabf abmc :

20:

Bnrbegzoc ib df`crhbodÿf b Jcrbodc Pgradtsly.

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

ocfegfb, y qudgfgs `ugrbf prcogsbe ocfegfb, prcogsbecs cs pcr ics egidtcs gfufodbecs gfufodbecs gf gi brt brtèouic èouic 1½. Ib scodgebe ibs egfchdfÿ ’igygs eg dhpufdebe‘, pcrqug egmbabf sdf obstdnc b ib dfhgfsb hbycrèb eg ics rgprgscrgs. @ugrcf sbfodcfbebs pbrb bpbodnubr bi obiegbec bhadgftg hdidtbr, bufqug ib oduebebfèb gstuvdgrb egsocftgftb. egsocftgftb. Binufcs B inufcs mugogs edotbhdfbrcf edotbhd fbrcf ib dfocfstdtuodcfbidebe dfocfstdtuodcfbidebe eg gstbs igygs, pgrc ib Ocrtg _upr _uprghb ghb eg Mustdodb, fcharbeb pcr Bi`cfsèf trbs ib rgfufodb eg ib Ocrtg egi [QF, bprcaÿ su ocfstdtuodcfbidebe ocfstdtuodcfbidebe pcr trgs vctcs ocftrb ecs. _df ghabrnc, ics hdidtbrgs sgnuèbf sdf sd f gstbr ocf`crhgs. Gf edodgharg eg gsg bòc (24:>) ib Mustdodb hdidtbr pbsÿ b Biec Qdoc b prdsdÿf echdodidbrdb, sdtubodÿf qug ig `bodidtÿ gvbedrsg g dfdodbr gf gfgrc eg 24:: ufb fugvb suaigvbodÿf ‟ib ’Cpgrbodÿf Ednfdebe‘‟ gf gi Qgndhdgftc eg Hcftg Obsgrcs, Ocrrdgftgs. Ocrr dgftgs. Gf gi ochufdobec ochufdobec egsocfcoèb ib butcrdebe egi Gstbec Hbycr egi Gmärodtc Gmärodtc y eg ics trdaufbigs tr daufbigs hdidtbrgs pcr fc vgr nbrbftdzbeb ib mustdodb, bufq bufqug ug pcr rbedc icobi Qdoc edmc qug ’gi gmärodtc rgtchb ib ocfeuoodÿf pciètdob egi pbès‘. Egseg gi ochdgfzc iignÿ bi iunbr huojèsdhb prgfsb, pcr ic qug binufcs bfbidstbs ocfsdegrbf qug sd adgf fc puec ocfstdtudr uf pgidnrc eg ncipg eg Gstbec, sè ocibacrÿ ocf ib egsgstbadidzbodÿf egi ncadgrfc eg Bi`cfsèf. B i`cfsèf. Gi ýitdhc igvbftbhdgftc obrbpdftbeb obrbpdftbeb eurbftg gi ncadgrfc eg Bi`cfsèf `ug ` ug edrdndec edr dndec pcr gi ocrcfgi Hcjbhge Biè _gdfgieèf gf edodgharg eg 24::, egseg ib [rg`goturb Fbvbi gf ]ârbtg y qug sg trbsibeÿ b Obhpc eg Hbyc< ctrbs ufdebegs sg pignbrcf y, ocf ib rgprgsdÿf, _gdfgieèf sg bicmÿ gf Pdiib Hbrtgiid. @dfbihgft @dfbihgftgg `ug egtgfde egtgfdec. c. Ib scodgebe sco dgebe rgpuedÿ rgpuedÿ fugvbhgftg fugvbhgftg ics jgojcs< sd gf Hcftg Obsgrcs ics odvdigs jbaèbf gfobegfbec ib gftrbeb eg ib nubrfdodÿf hdidtbr hdi dtbr y pdfojbec rugebs eg vgjèouics qug ics ics babstgoèbf, gf gstb dfstbfodb d fstbfodb juac ocfogftrbodcfgs hbsdvbs rgojbzbfec ib botdtue hdidtbr, qug egrdvbrcf gf gf`rgftbhdgf gf`rgftbhdgftcs tcs gftrg ib pcaibodÿf odvdi y ics suaigvbecs. @dfbihgftg, gf gfgrc eg 24:4, binufcs edrdngftgs e drdngftgs nugrrdiigrcs nugrr diigrcs egi bftdnuc GQ[ GQ [, fuoigbfuoigbecs gf gi HU[ HU[,, Hcvdhdgf Hcvdhdgftc tc Ucecs Ucecs pcr ib [btrdb, gf uf jgojc dfsÿidtc qug pbrgodÿ jbagr sdec pibfdflobec pcr binýf dfflitrbec hdidtbr gf ibs flibs egi HU[, btboÿ gi oubrtgi eg ib Ubaibeb. Ics nugrrdi n ugrrdiigrcs igrcs edmgrcf edmgrcf qug tuvdgrcf df`crhbodÿf df`crhbodÿf eg qug egseg egseg gsg oubrtgi sg jbrèb jbr èb uf fugvc ncipg hdidtbr obrbpdftbeb, y qudsdgrcf sbivbr bi pbès. Gi gmärodtc bprcvgojÿ pbrb jbogr ufb eghcstrbodÿf eg `ugrzb y sgòbibr oÿhc giics pceèbf bpibstbr b ib suavgrsdÿf hbrxdstb qug býf gstbab vdvb, gs egodr, rgdvdfedobr ic qug jbaèbf gstbec jbodgfec ocf sus igvbftbhdgftcs igvbftbhdgf tcs bftgrdcrgs qug fc tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf äxdtc. Ibs `ugrzbs eg sgnurdebe, sgn urdebe, ochbfebebs ochbfebebs pcr uf ngfcodeb (gi ngfgrbi Bi`rgec Brrdiibnb, prgsc pcr ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg bacnbecs gf Hbr egi [ibtb), tchbrcf gi ocftrci egi oubrtgi, tcrturbrcf b ics scargvdvdgftgs y `usdibrcf b fugvg eg giics (qug sgnýf dhângfgs obptbebs pcr ib tgigvdsdÿf gspbòcib gstbabf ocf vdeb bi flfbidzbr ib rgagidÿf). Cflodbihgftg sg df`crhÿ qug jbaèbf `unbec, pgrc gf sgptdgharg eg 1;;; gi gqudpc eg Bftrcpcicnèb @crgfsg degftdfloÿ b vbrdcs eg giics gftrg ics ougrpcs gftgrrbecs ochc FF gf uf oghgftgrdc oghgftgr dc eg Obpdtbi. Obpdtbi. Ics Ic s eghâs dhpidobecs dhpidobecs gf gi hcvdhdgftc su`rdgrcf ocfegfbs eurèsdhbs gf uf mudodc gf gi qug sg bpidoÿ bpidoÿ ib Igy F½ 1?.;>> ’eg Eg`gfsb eg ib Eghcorbodb‘. Gstb igy fc behdtg ib pcsdadidebe eg ufb bpgibodÿf eg ib sgftgfodb gf sgnufeb dfstbfodb, sdfc qug sÿic pugeg sgr rgourrdaig bftg ib Ocrtg _uprghb eg ib Fbodÿf, pcr ic qug gi mudodc `ug bousbec eg drrgnuibr drrgn uibr pcr ib Ochdsdÿf Dftgrbhgrdobfb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs.

204

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

Bi`cfsèf rgbidzb ufb rgocrrdeb egspuäs eg ics gf`rgftbhdgftcs gf gi oubrtgi eg Ib Ubaibeb

Ics dfeuitcs @dfbihgftg, ocf ib prgsdegfodb eg Obrics Hgfgh, iignbrcf ics tbf bfjgibecs dfeuitcs pcr y pbrb ics hdidtbrgs, ocf ics fýhgrcs eg egorgtc 2;;1/:4, 2;;?/:4, 2;;5/:4, 2;;7/:4 y 1>52/4;, 1>51/4; y 1>5?/4;. Ib sgrdg eg dfeuitcs iignÿ dfoiusc b ics rgspcfsbaigs eg ics igvbftbhdgftcs obrbpdftbebs, bufqug fc bi dftgftc eg ocpbhdgftc eg Ib Ubaibeb= ics scargvdvdgftgs y ics ocfsdegrbecs degÿicncs gstuvdgrcf ibrncs bòcs gf prdsdÿf. pr dsdÿf. Hgfgh dfeuitÿ b ufbs 2.1;; pgrscfbs muznbebs c prcogsbebs, gf su hbycrèb rgprgscrgs, y b binufcs ièegrgs eg crnbfdzbodcfgs pciètdobs brhbebs ochc ochc Hbrdc @drhgfdoj, @dr hgfdoj, Qceci`c Qceci`c Nbidhagrtd, Nbidhagr td, @grfbfec Pbob Fbrvbmb y Qcagrtc [greèb< ctrcs dftgnrbftgs eg Hcftcfgrcs, ochc Nrbodgib Ebigc, fc qudsdgrcf bogptbr gi dfeuitc muftc b ngfcodebs, y prgflrdgrcf prgflr dgrcf ib igftb vèb muedodbi pbrb pbr b prcabr su dfcogfodb hdgftrbs sgnuèbf gf obidebe eg prgscs pciètdocs. pciètdocs.

Ics mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe Ochc ics mudodcs gstbabf trbabecs pcr ibs igygs eg dhpufdebe, ib B[EJ eg Ib [ibtb pdedÿ gf bardi eg 244: b ib Oâhbrb Oâhbr b @gegrbi eg gsb oduebe qug qug dfvgstdnug dfvgstdn ug ic courrdec courr dec gf ib edotbeurb bi hgfcs pbrb ocfcogr ib vgrebe scarg sus egsbpbrgodecs. Ics mugogs edspusdgrcf ’ egoibrbr gi egrgojc eg ics `bhdidbrgs `bhdidbrgs eg ibs vèotdhbs vèot dhbs eg ics bauscs egi Gstbec courrdecs c ourrdecs gf g f gi  pbsbec ncadgrfc eg `botc (24>0 b 24:?) eg ocfcogr ouâigs ouâigs `ugrcf ibs odroufstbfodbs rgibodcfbebs ocf ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg giibs y gf su obsc, gi egstdfc flfbi eg sus rgstcs.‘4 Fc sg pceèb obstdnbr

fd ocfegfbr b ics ouipbaigs, pgrc sg rgufdgrcf prugabs qug ocftrdauygrcf b ocfcogr gi egstdfc eg ics egtgfdecs. Gf gstcs mudodcs sg odtb b ics gx-egtgfdecs pbrb bpcrtbr ebtcs scarg ics egsbpbrgodecs, tgstdhcfdbr ocftrb sus vdotdhbrdcs vdotdhbr dcs y ocftr ocftrdaudr daudr ocf df`crhbodcfgs rgspgotc bi `ufodcfbhdgftc eg ics ogftrcs oibfegstdfcs eg egtgfodÿf. Gstcs Mudodcs pcr ib Pgrebe qug qug ochgfzbrcf gf Ib [ibtb sg bardgrcf tbhadäf tb hadäf gf ctrcs puftcs egi pbès. pbè s. Eurbftg ib prgsdegfodb eg Fästcr Ldrojfgr, gi Ocfnrgsc bfuiÿ ibs igygs eg Cagedgfodb Egadeb y [uftc @dfbi y ib Ocrtg _uprghb eg Mustdodb ocfvbideÿ ocfvb ideÿ gstbs fuidebegs hgedbftg su 4

2>;

Ochdsdÿf [rcvdfodbi pcr ib Hghcrdb, jttp=//www.ochdsdcfpcribhghc jttp=//www.ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.crn rdb.crn

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

egoibrbodÿf eg dfocfstdtuodcfbidebe egoibrbodÿf dfocfstdtuodcfbidebe eg gstbs igygs (1;;7) (1; ;7) y eg ics dfeuitcs dfeuitcs (1;;> b 1;;4). B pbrtdr eg gsg hchgftc sg rgbfuebrcf ics prcogscs dftgrruhpdecs pcr ib igy eg Cagedgfodb egadeb y gi dfeuitc hbi ctcrnbec, pcrqug dfeuitc gs pgreÿf= fc sg pugeg pgrecfbr b qudgf fc tdgfg ocfegfb.2;

IB AÝ AÝ_R _RWG WGE EB DF@ DF@Q QWO WOUW UWC_ C_B B EG WF HCEG HCEGIC IC GO GOCF CFßH ßHDO DOC C T IB JD JD[G [GQDF QDF@I @IB BOD ODßF ßF Bi`cfsèf prchgtèb uf hcegic gocfÿhdoc ochc gi eg ibs scodbigs eghcorbodbs gurcpgbs, pgrc fc tgfèb rgourrg ourscs pbrb giic. Jbaèb jgrgebec ufb nrbf ordsds `dfbfodgrb ocf uf prcogsc df`ibodcfbrdc egi 5?; Adiigtg eg qudfdgftcs hdi Bustrbigs pcr odgftc gf gi bòc, ufb egueb gxtgrfb eg 57.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs egadeb, gftrg ctrcs `botcrgs, b ib gstbtdzbodÿf eg ib egueb prdvbeb eurbftg ib edotbeurb. Gstb egueb grb gqudvbigftg b ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs gxpcr tbodcfgs qug sg rgbidzbabf gf uf pgrècec pgr ècec eg odfoc bòcs< qudzâs hâs, pcrqug pbrb ocihc gf gsg hchgftc gstbabf egsogfedgfec ics prgodcs eg ics prceuotcs bnrèocibs. Ib abfob borggecrb y ics nrupcs gocfÿhdocs ocfogftrbecs gmgrodgrcf prgsdÿf ocftrb ib pciètdob gocfÿhdob egi hdfdstrc Agrfbrec  Pcobauibrdc Nrdfspuf y gi gqudpc `ug obhadbec gf 24:7.22 Bsuhdÿ  Mubf P. Egsdfegxbodÿf gs _currcudiig, qug prdcrdzÿ pr dcrdzÿ ics ocfedodcf ocfedodcfbhdgftcs bhdgftcs gxpugstcs pcr gi prcogedhdgfics nrupcs eg prgsdÿf. Bi`cfsèf ocfvcoÿ bi pugaic gf bpcyc b su ncadgrfc ncadgr fc y bfufodÿ ib dhpibftbodÿf eg ufb ’gocfchèb ’gocfchèb eg nugrr n ugrrb‘ b‘,, qug dfednfÿ b ib ngftg qug `ug b ib pibzb. [grc gi ’[ibf Bustrbi‘ (pibf gocfÿhdoc ocf ufb fugvb hcfgeb) `rgfÿ ib dffibodÿf y Bi`cfsèf rgoupgrÿ ib ocfflbfzb egi pugaic. Gi ncadgrfc edshdfuyÿ ib egueb pýaidob bpidobfec ufb egsdfegxbodÿf  b ics borggecrgs dftgrfcs. _g ocfngibrcf prgodcs, prgodcs, tbr d`bs pýaidobs y sbibrdcs. _gnýf Ebvde Qcol, gi pibf fc grb huy ed`grgftg egi eg Qcerdnc gf ib äpcob eg Dsbagidtb, pgrc `ufodcfÿ pcr gi bougrec pýaidoc y nrbodbs b giic gi rbedobidshc catuvc ufb vdotcrdb gigotcrbi gf ibs gigoodcfgs pbrb edputbecs gf 24:7. Gf 24:> yb sg prgsgftbrcf

tc pcr oubi sg hgedc egeuogegi eg ib od`rb b pbnbr, gi hcftc gqudvbigftg b ufb supugstb ’dfegxbodÿf‘, gs egodr, gi buhgftc qug sg jboèb gf hchgftcs eg df`ibodÿf pcr gi èfedog egi buhgftc egi ocstc eg vdeb, eg hbtgrdbigs c eg hbfc eg carb.

2;

Binufcs mudodcs sg rgbfuebrcf c`dodc,pcr pgrc oubfec icssg mugogs fc icegseg jdodgrcf, ib rgbpgrturb eg gftrg ics obscs egadÿ sgr scidodtbeb pcreg icsics `dsobigs c pcr ibs vèotdhbs. eg Gi mudodc ib obusb G_HB trbhdtbab 24:5, y ics hbrdfcs ics qug gstbab Bstdz `ugrcf egtgfdecs gf `gargrc eg 24:>< rgodäf gf gi bòc 1;22 1;22 sg edotÿ sgftgfodb gsb obusb y pcr ctrbs 1;. 22 Ebfdgi Bzpdbzu, Junc Fcojtg`` (244:).

2>2

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

sgrdbs edflouitbegs gocfÿhdobs, ic qug sg rgfigmÿ gf ics rgsuitbecs gigotcrbigs eg ncagrfbecrgs y edputbecs. _currcudiig ibfzÿ gi pibf ’[rdhbvgrb‘ gf bncstc eg 24::, pbrb iignbr b ibs gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs eg 24:4 ocf ib dffibodÿf ocftrcibeb. [grc gstb vgz ib rgogtb idagrbi eg ocfngibhdgftcc eg tbrd`bs, ngibhdgft tbr d`bs, sbibrdcs y prgodcs fc tuvc gi bvbi eg ib pcaibodÿf pcaibodÿf fd tbhpcoc t bhpcoc egi gxtgrdcr< castbouidzbfec ib ngstdÿf, ngst dÿf, Echdfnc Obvbiic jbaèb rgochgfebec rgochgfebec bi Abfoc Hufedbi y bi @HD qug idhdtbrbf sus oräedtcs bi ncadgrfc brngftdfc.21 Jbaèb `unb eg obpdtbigs, y gi ncadgrfc tuvc qug pgedr hcrbtcrdb pbrb gi pbnc eg ib egueb. _g tchbrcf hgedebs pbrb ib `unb eg edvdsbs, edv dsbs, pcr ib päredeb eg rgsgrvbs rgsgr vbs egi Abfoc Ogftrbi, pgrc gf uf ’ncipg ’ncipg eg gstbec gocfÿhdoc‘ ics nrbfegs obpdtbigs gxdndgrcf ibs trbfs`grgfodbs bufqug dhpidobrbf vdcibr ibs igygs. _currcudiig egvbiuÿ gi bustrbi gf `gargrc, pgrc ochgfzÿ ufb obrrgrb eg prgodcs ecfeg ib gocfchèb sg egsocftrciÿ. Gi nbadfgtg rgfufodÿ b flf eg hbrzc eg 24:4. Ics argvgs hdfdstgrdcs eg Mubf O. [unidgsg y eg Mgsýs Qcerènugz pcoc puedgrcf jbogr bi rgspgotc. _g jbaèb iignbec b ib jdpgrdffibodÿf= ics prgodcs sg rghbrobabf tcecs ics eèbs g dfoiusc ecs vgogs gf gi eèb= sÿic gi hgs eg muidc muidc rgndstrÿ ufb dffibodÿf eg obsd gi 1;;%. Ibs gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs egi 25 eg hbyc ig edgrcf gi trduf`c bi pgrcfdshc. Jbaèbf ochgfzbec ics sbqugcs eg bihbogfgs y supgrhgrobecs pcr ngftg qug gstbab bi acreg egi jbharg, y pcr ctrb qug bprcvgojbab ib sdtubodÿf c qug qugrèb qugrèb prcvcobr ufb dhbngf obÿtdob. Qbýi Bi`cfsèf fc pceèb gspgrbr jbstb gi 2; eg edodgharg= egadÿ bftdodpbr bftdodpbr ib flfbidzbodÿf flfbi dzbodÿf eg su pgrècec, gftrgnâfecig ib abfeb prgsdegfodbi b Obri Obrics cs _býi _býi Hgfg Hgfgh h gi : eg muidc eg 24:4.

GI OD ODFG FG FBOD ODCF CFBI BI T _W QG QGIG IGOU OUWQB WQB EGI [B_ B_BE BEC C EDOU OUB BUC UCQDB QDBII

Jgotcr Bitgrdc y Fcrhb Bigbferc gf Ib gf  Ib Jdstcrdb C`dodbi 

Gf ics ýitdhcs bòcs eg ib edotbeurb egi [QF vdhcs qug, ocf ib gxpgrdgfodb eg Ugbtrc Badgrtc, sg dftgftÿ tbhadäf jbogr Odfg Badgrtc. Ic odgrtc gs qug juac binufcs pcquèsdhcs 21

2>1

Iuds Biagrtc Qchgrc (2445).

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

edrgotcrgs qug sg bfdhbrcf b tcobr tghbs eg ib edotbeurb. Gf prdfodpdc, tghbs gocfÿhdocs, ochc gf [ibtb Euiog (24:1), eg @grfbfec Bybib (nudÿf eg Csobr Pdbig y Mcrng Ncieghagrn scarg degb eg Jäotcr Cidvgrb) y Gi brrgnic (24:?) egi hdshc edrgotcr. [ibtb Euiog hugstrb ib äpcob eg ib nrbf gspgouibodÿf flfbfodgrb y eg ics pcocs gsorýpuics eg uf sgotcr eg ib scodgebe brngftdfb qug sg gfrdqugog râpdebhgftg b ocstb egi pbès. Gf Gi brrgnic gi prctbncfdstb, pcr sgr jcfgstc, tgrhdfb pgrmuedobec g dfoiusc ordtdobec pcr su

prcpdb `bhdidb. prcpdb `bh didb. Egseg ib pgrspgotdvb degciÿndob egi rbedobidshc, y tgfdgfec gf ougftb ibs gigoodcfgs qug sg ogigarbrèbf prcftc, prcftc, gi odfgbstb Hdnugi Hdn ugi [ärgz rgbidzÿ ics ecouhgf ecouhgftbigs tbigs Ib Qgpýaidob [gredeb D (24:?) y Ib Qgpýaid Qgpýaidob ob pgredeb pgredeb DD (24:0). Gf gi prdhgrc fbrrÿ ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb gftrg 24?; y 24>0, vdfouibfec ibs obusbs eg ib dfgstbadidebe eghcorâtdob y eg ib ’päredeb eg ib Qgpýaidob‘ gf ics bspgotcs butcrdtbrdcs g dftcigrbftgs eg ics hdidtbrgs y egi pgrcfdshc.2? Gf gi sgnufec sgn ufec bfbidzb ib ýitdhb edotbe e dotbeurb urb hdidtbr hdi dtbr (24>0(24>0-24:?) 24:?) egseg ib vdsdÿf eg ib tgcrèb tgcr èb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs. Gf 24:?, bi rgstbaigogrsg ib eghcorbodb, gi rgbidzbecr Hbfugi Bftèf `ug fcharbec edrgotcr egi Dfstdtutc Fbodcfbi eg eg Odfghbtcnrb`èb. Odfghbtcnrb` èb. Icnrÿ dhpcrtbftgs d hpcrtbftgs hgedebs pbrb dhpuisbr ib dfeustrdb egi odfg, gftrg giibs ib gidhdfbodÿf gid hdfbodÿf eg ib ogfsurb, gi ctcrnbhdgftc ctcrnbhdgftc eg oräedtcs abfobrdcs y ib rgbpgrturb eg ib Gsougib eg Odfg egi Dfstdtutc. Huojbs eg ibs pgièouibs gstrgfbebs gf 24:5 tuvdgrcf tghâtdob pciètdob, ochc  Gvdtb, qudgf qudgrb cèr qug cdnb  (24:5) eg Geubrec Hdnfcfb<  Bsgsd  Bsgsdfbtc fbtc gf gi _gfbec _ gfbec eg ib i b Fbodÿf Fbo dÿf (24:5) eg Mubf Mcsä Musde< Obhdib (24:5) eg Hbrèb Iudsb Aghagrn, qug hugstrb gi obstdnc qug hgrgogf ecs bhbftgs gf uf rändhgf butcrdtbrdc (gi eg Qcsbs) pcr qugarbr gi cregf gstbaigodec. @ug huy vdstb y obfedebtb bi Csobr, ochc bi bòc sdnudgftg Ib jdstcrdb cflodbi (24:7) eg Iuds [ugfzc (qug ocfsdnudÿ gi Csobr gf 24:0). Gstb pgièouib, Ib jdstcrdb cflodbi, pcr prdhgrb vgz bacreb gf gi odfg ochgrodbi gi tghb eg ics fdòcs fbodecs gf obutdvgrdc y bprcpdbecs pcr ngftg vdfouibeb bi rändhgf hdidtbr. Ngfgrÿ pciähdobs egseg edstdftcs âfnuics= ics qug ordtdobrcf qug ufb jdstcrdb tbf ecicrcsb `ugrb gibacrbeb gf tärhdfcs eg odfg ochgrodbi< ics qug bfbidzbrcf vbrdcs oidojäs c gstgrgctdpcs gstgrgct dpcs utdidzbecs utdid zbecs pcr gi edrg edrgotcr otcr pbrb eghcstrbr, pcr gmghpic, gmghpic, gi obhadc gf ib hbergbprcpdbecrb ochc gs gi usbr gi obagiic sugitc gf iunbr eg rgocndec, c gi butcrdtbrdshc gf ib gsougib obftbfec gi jdhfc `crhbecs gf gi pbtdc abmc ib iicvdzfb. Wf bspgotc qug gf gsg hchgftc fc rgsuitbab iibhbtdvc, y sè rgsuitb vdsdaig botubihgftg, gs qug ib prctbncfdstb (qug fc sg ib hugstrb ochc ouipbaig sdfc hâs adgf ochc vèotdhb) sgb ib bprcpdbecrb, y qug pgsg b sgr prc`gscrb eg jdstcrdb fc supdgrb fbeb scarg gi vgrebegrc crdngf eg su jdmb (ib becpodÿf eg agaäs pcr ochprb ochprb y vgftb yb gxdstèb gx dstèb gf ib Brngftdfb y gf gi hufec). hufec). Giib sg vb gftgrbfec rgpgftdfbhgftg pcr vbrdbs `ugftgs gf 24:? eg quä gs ic qug jbaèb suogedec eurbftg ib edotbeurb= uf prc`gscr eg idtgrbturb, idtgrbtur b, ocignb egi ocigndc ecfeg gfsgòbab< su bhdnb, qug jbaèb gstbec sgougstrbeb y sg gxdidÿ< ib baugib eg su jdmb< g dfoiusc su sugnrc y su ouòbec ig dforgpbf b su hbrdec jbagr iuorbec ocf ics hdidtbrgs hdgftrbs gi pbès sg vgfèb babmc. _g ordtdob b ib pgièouib pcrqug gxouipb gf odgrtc hcec b ib oibsg hgedb bitb ’qug fc gstbab gftgrbeb eg ic qug gstbab pbsbfec‘ oubfec pbrtg eg giib jbaèb sdec oÿhpidog eg ib edotbeurb, y oubfec grb huy ed`èodi ed` èodi fc ebrsg ougftb eg fbeb. 2?

Geubrec Mbluacwdos y Iburb Qbegtdoj (1;;0).

2>?

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

Gi edrgotcr, oubfec ib jdzc, b󿬂rhÿ qug qugrèb 󿬂ihbr fugvbhgftg sdf ocfedodcfbhdgftcs, egseg ib pgrspgotdvb eg ’binudgf qug jbaèb pgrhbfgodec gf ib Brngftdfb, sdf jbagr sdec caidnbec bi gxdidc y sdf jbagric gigndec, binudgf b qudgf jbaèbf egmbec trbfqudic, gf gi sgftdec eg qug fc jbaèbf vgfdec b ausobr fd jbaèbf jgojc prdsdcfgrc fd tcrturbec. Binudgf, dfoiusc, bi qug ibs ocsbs puedgrcf jbagrig dec adgf, c fc egi tcec hbi, egseg odgrtc puftc eg vdstb... T binudgf qug sdf ghabrnc jbaèb su`rdec. su`r dec. Ocftbndbec, b`gotbec pcr ib gf`grhgebe scodbi‘.25 _df ghabrnc, hâs biiâ eg gstbs orètdobs, orèt dobs, y mustbhgftg pcr hcstrbr gstb vdsdÿf vd sdÿf dfngfub eg pbrtg eg ib oduebebfèb qug fc sg jbaèb qugrdec df`crhbr eg ics jcrrcrgs suogedecs, gs qug `ug uf huy augf rgoursc (y ic sdnug sdgfec, ocf gi bfâidsds ocrrgspcfedgftg) pbrb ed`ufedr gi tghb gf ib scodgebe. Ics gspgotbecrgs fc sg sdgftgf bousbecs, sg sdgftgf ocfhcvdecs, y b pbrtdr eg gsg hchgftc pugegf dfebnbr y ochprchgtgrsg hâs ocf ib aýsqugeb eg ib vgrebe. Ib pgièouib Ib fcojg eg ics iâpdogs (24:0) eg Jäotcr Cidvgrb, absbec gf gi idarc Ib Fcojg eg ics Iâpdogs eg Hbrèb _gcbfg y Jäotcr Qudz Fýògz, gs ib prdhgrb gf ib oubi gi prctbncfdstb gs uf gx egtgfdec egsbpbrgodec ‟jgojc rgbi courr cou rrdec dec gf Ib [ibtb‟ [ibtb‟ y qug hugstrb hugstrb uf ogftrc oibfegstdfc eg egtgfodÿf y rgocfstruyg sgsdcfgs eg tcrturb. Gs uf u f flih ocf nrbf nr bf dhpbotc gf ib muvgftue, muvgftue, yb qug egsordag eg ufb `crhb gstrghgogecrb y hbndstrbi gi sgougstrc eg uf nrupc nr upc eg gstuedbftgs sgoufebrdcs pcr ib edotbeurb. Ib fbrrbodÿf sg dfsordag egftrc egi ocftgxtc eg ib äpcob= yb qug gstbab vdngftg ib tgcrèb tgcr èb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs, sg egsvdfouib b ics becigsogftgs eg ib hdidtbfodb pciètdob (qug ib tgfèbf) pbrb qug bpbrgodgrbf basciutbhgftg ochc vèotdhbs pbrb ib scodgebe eg ib äpcob. Egseg yb qug `ugrcf vèotdhbs egi tgrrcrdshc tgrrcr dshc eg Gstbec, bufqug su botdvdshc fc sg idhdtbrb b ib iuojb pcr uf acigtc gstuedbftdi. [brb binufcs orètdocs, gi jgojc eg qug gf ib pgièouib ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg ics becigsogftgs sg idhdtbrb b gsb obusb (ocfsgnudr gi acigt acigtcc pbrb sgoufebrdcs), pceèb prcvcobr ib pbrbidzbodÿf pcr gi tgrrcr pbrb ibs prgsgf prgsgftgs tgs ngfgrbodcfgs eg gstuedbftgs, gstuedbftgs, qug fc pbrtdodpbrèbf pbr tdodpbrèbf pcr hdgec eg ics Ogftrcs eg Gstuedbftgs, fugvbhgftg pgrhdtdecs gf eghcorbodb. Ctrcs ordtdobrcf ib gpcpgyb eg uf scic scargvdvdgftg oubfec `ugrcf gf rgbidebe oubtrc. Ic dhpcrtbftg gs qug ib pgièouib sdnug tgfdgfec vdngfodb y egspdgrtb ib ocfodgfodb ocfodgfodb eg ics jgojcs courrdecs. cour rdecs. Gi egstdgrrc pcr rbzcfgs pciètdobs gs hcstrbec hbndstrbihgftg pcr @grfbfec [dfc _cibfbs gf Gi gxdidc eg Nbregi (Ubfncs) (24:7) ecfeg ib agiigzb egi abdig y egi tbfnc t bfnc rgfigmbf ib vdeb eg uf nrupc eg rg`undbecs gf @rbfodb qug bòcrb vcivgr b ib Brngftdfb. Wfc eg giics, Mubf 2, abfecfgcfdstb brngftdfc gxdidbec, qudgrg prceuodr uf gspgotâouic gf [brès qug egfchdfb ’Ubfnugedb‘ ’U bfnugedb‘ (tbfnc-ochgedb-trbngedb). (tbfnc-ochgedb-trbngedb). Gi nudÿf ic gsordag gsor dag egseg Augfcs Bdrgs Mubf 1, uf bhdnc qug rgsdstg ics bòcs eg ib edotbeurb hdidtbr gf gi bdsibhdgftc egi dfsdidc. Gs egodr qug gf gstb pgièouib sg rgtrbtbf ics egsnbrrbhdgftcs egi gxdidc gxtgrfc gxtgr fc y egi dftgrfc. Gf 24:: [dfc _cibfbs flihÿ _ur, jdstcrdb eg su rggfougftrc ocf gi pbès qug scargvdvdÿ b ib edotbeurb y qug supc egodrig ’fc‘ b ib dfmustdodb, ednfbhgftg. _carg gi gxdidc y ics rggfougftrcs ocf ib rgbidebe brngftdfb jby ctrbs pgièouibs, ochc Hbeg df Brngftdfb (Mubf Mcsä Musde, 24:>), Ib bhdnb (Mgbfdfg Hggrbp`gi, 24:4) y Wf hurc eg sdigfodc (244?, Idtb _tbftdo). 25

2>5

Èegh bftgrdcr.

 

OB[ÈUWIC >

Ib bhdnb

Gi gxdidc eg Nbregi 

 Mubf, ochc sd fbeb juadgrb suogedec suogedec (24:>) gs uf ecouhgftbi eg Obrics Gojgvgrrèb, qug

fbrrb ib egsbpbrdodÿf gf Abrdicojg, edgz bòcs bftgs, eg Mubf Hbrocs Jgrhbf (11 bòcs, gstuedbftg eg Egrgojc) sgougstrbec eg su obsb pcr uf ochbfec hdidtbr y qug egseg gftcfogs ocftdfýb egsbpbrgodec. Ib egueb dftgrfb, eg Hdnugi [grgdrb (24::), hugstrb ib egueb qug gi Gstbec ocftrbmc ocf sus jbadtbftgs, gspgodbihgftg ocf ics hâs juhdiegs, hbrndfbecs y b qudgfgs hgfcs byueb, hâs biiâ eg ib egueb gxtgrfb. Wfc eg giics gs gi prctbncfdstb, qug hugrg ocf gi jufedhdgftc egi Oruogrc Aginrbfc gf ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs. Ocf rgspgotc b ics flihs qug trbtbf gstb nugrrb, jbf sdec fcharbecs pcr `gojb eg rgbidzbodÿf bi flfbi egi obpètuic ?. Ocf ib ordsds gocfÿhdob, egseg 24:: sg jbog ed` ed`èodi èodi flfbfodbr flfbfodb r pgièouibs icobigs, pcr ic qug qug sg dfdodb ib äpcob eg ibs ocprceuoodcfgs. Bi hdshc tdghpc, yb sgb pcr obusb eg ibs igygs eg dhpufdebe ochc pcr odgrtb sbturbodÿf eg ics gspgotbecrgs eg ib tghâtdob, sg egmbf eg prceuodr nrbfegs pgièouibs scarg ib edotbeurb. _g rgtchb gi dftgräs oubfec sg gstâf pcr ouhpidr ics vgdftg bòcs egi ncipg hdidtbr, gf 2440. Gf gsg hchgftc fc sÿic sg ed`ufegf gf su hbycrèb vdsdcfgs qug yb fc ocrrgspcfegf ocrrg spcfegf b ib tgcrèb eg ics ecs eghcfdcs, sdfc qug sg dfocrpcrbf ibs vcogs eg ics iuojbecrgs eg ics bòcs sgtgftb, pcr gmghpic ocf gi ecouhgftbi Obzbecrgs eg Wtcpèbs (2440) eg Ebvde Aibustgdf, qug fbrrb ib jdstcrdb j dstcrdb egseg ib dzqudgreb dzqudgreb pgrcfdstb, c gi ecouhgftbi Ics [grrcs (1;;5) eg Berdâf  Mbdhg, qug qug ic jbog egseg egseg ib hdrbeb eg uf hdidtbftg egi [QU [QU/GQ[. /GQ[.

2>7

 

GI QGU QGUCQF CQFC C B IB EGH EGHCOQ COQB BODB

Hbroc Agojds, gx egtgfdec egsbpbrgodec, trbabmb gstg tghb egseg ib floodÿf gf Nbrbng Cidhpc (24 (2444). 44). Hugstrb ib gspbftcsb gspbftcsb rgibodÿf rgibodÿf gftrg prdsdcfgrcs prdsdcfgrcs y vgreuncs, vgreuncs, ics bauscs, bauscs, bsgsdfbtcs y rcacs eg tceb èfecig, ics vugics eg ib hugrtg y gi `ufodcfbhdgftc egi ogftrc oibfegstdfc eg egtgfodÿf qug eb fcharg bi flih.

 Pgr, cèr,  Pgr, cèr, pgfsbr  _cf fuhgrcsbs ibs pgièouibs qug sg pugegf rgochgfebr pbrb rg`igxdcfbr scarg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb. Hgfodcfbhcs binufbs=  Hbibmuftb,, eg Geubrec Bidvgrtd (2440).  Hbibmuftb (2440). Ecouhgftbi ocf tgstdhcfdcs tgst dhcfdcs eg edstdftbs edstdft bs pgrscfbidebegs scarg sus gxpgrdgfodbs ocf ib edotbeurb. Udgrrb eg Bvgiibfgeb (2447) eg Ebfdgig Dfobiobtgrrb. Ecouhgftbi ocf gi trbabmc egi G.B.B.@. Qgnèstrgsg, ochufèqugsg y brojèvgsg (1;;4) (1;;4),, eg Fcrb Bfojbrt. Bfojbrt . Ecouhgftbi qug hugstrb ib rgprgsdÿf gf ib geuobodÿf.  (2444) 444) eg Pèotcr Abdic. Ecouhgftbi Ecouhgft bi scarg gi edaumbftg egsbpbrgodec Jäotcr Jäo tcr N. J.N.C. (2 J.N.C. Cgstgrjgie. Actèf eg nugrrb (1;;;) eg Ebvde Aibustgdf. Ecouhgftbi scarg ics fdòcs fbodecs gf obutdvgrdc. _ci eg fcojg (1;;1) eg [baic Hdistgdf. Ecouhgftbi ogftrbec gf ib iuojb eg Cinb Bräegz, ouyc hbrdec `ug egsbpbrgodec gf Idagrtbecr _bf Hbrtèf, Mumuy, gf ib fcojg egi bpbnÿf eg Obidignub ecfeg tbhadäf sgougstrbrcf b gstuedbftgs y trbabmbecrgs egi dfngfdc Igegshb. Lbhojbtlb (1;;1) eg Hbrogic [dògyrc. @doodÿf scarg ibs ed`douitbegs eg ufb `bhdidb pbrb sbivbrsg eg ib rgprgsdÿf. @icrgs eg _gptdgharg (1;;?) eg [baic Cscrgs y Qcagrtc Ugstb. Ecouhgftbi scarg ics gstuedbftgs egsbpbrgodecs gf gi ocigndc Obrics [giignrdfd eg Augfcs Bdrgs. [bpâ Dvâf (1;;5), eg Hbrèb Dfäs Qcquä. Ecouhgftbi gf gi oubi ib edrgotcrb vb dfvgstdnbfec ib jdstcrdb eg su pberg, bsgsdfbec gf ib edotbeurb. Wf oibrc eèb eg Mustdodb (1;;0) eg Bfb Obocpbrec g Dfnrde Mbsojgl. Ecouhgftbi eg ib Ochdsdÿf [rcvdfodbi pcr ib Hghcrdb scarg gi mudodc bi ngfcodeb Gtojgocibtz, ecfeg `ug tgstdnc oibvg Mcrng Muidc Iÿpgz, ic qug sg ocfvdrtdÿ gf hctdvc eg su sgnufeb y eg`dfdtdvb egsbpbrdodÿf. Ics Drrgoupgrbaigs (1;;0) eg Dfnrde Mbsojgl y Edgnc Eèbz. Ecouhgftbi bogrob eg ic qug pgfsbabf ics rgprgscrgs scarg ics hdidtbftgs. Gi sgorgtc eg sus cmcs (1;;4) eg Mubf Mcsä Obhpbfgiib, scarg ib fcvgib Ib prgnuftb eg sus cmcs, cmcs, eg Geubrec _bojgrd. Nbfbecrb egi Csobr b ib hgmcr pgièouib gxtrbfmgrb. gx trbfmgrb.

2>0

  

OB[ÈUWIC :

Ib ordstbidzbodÿf ordstb idzbodÿf egi hcegic fgcidagrbi

[rgfec ib tgig y ic ýfdoc qug vgc= b ics muadibecs pgigbfec sus egrgojcs. Tc fc sä pcr quä gstâ pbsbfec, gstc fc ic sä. [rgfec ib rbedc y ic ýfdoc qug gsouojc= @âardobs ogrrbebs, cargrcs sdf ghpigc. Tc fc sä pcr quä gstâ pbsbfec gstc, fc ic sä. \...X Ochprc ics edbrdcs y ic ýfdoc qug igc=  pciètdocs eg eg hdgreb hdgreb obnbfec obnbfec gi gi pugaic pugaic gftgrc. Tc fc sä pcr quä gstâ pbsbfec, gstc fc ic sä. Fcvgebegs, fcvgebegs... H dfutcs, tcs, 2445 Fcvgebegs, 1 Hdfu

Obrics Ugrrèadid. [gfsbtdvb

IB BQ BQNG NGFUD FUDFB FB FG FGCI CIDA DAGQBI GQBI Bi hcegic fgcidagrbi pigfc sg iignÿ hgedbftg gi edsodpidfbhdgftc eg ib scodgebe gf ecs gtbpbs= pcr uf ibec, gi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec qug dhpighgftÿ ib pciètdob ngfcodeb eg ib edotbeurb, ocf ib egtgfodÿf c sgougstrc y/c bsgsdfbtc eg ics edrdngftgs hâs egstbobecs< y pcr ctrc, gi bocrrbibhdgftc gocfÿhdoc gocfÿhdoc ocf prgsdcfgs pcr ib egueb gxtgrfb y ib dfsgnurdebe dfsgnur debe qug ngfgrÿ gf ib pcaibodÿf ib jdpgrdffibodÿf. Gf ib eghcorbodb rgodgftghgftg rgoupgrbeb sg sdnug trbtbfec b ib gocfchèb ochc sd `ugrb uf tghb tg hb dfegpgfedgftg egi pciètdoc, y ochc sd gi Gstbec fc puedgsg jbogr ufb pciètdob pcièt dob gocfÿhdob dfegpgfedgftg eg ic edotbec pcr ics ogftrcs gxtgrfcs eg pcegr. Ib edotbeurb oèvdoc-hdidtbr eg 24>0-24:? jbaèb bouhuibec ufb ndnbftgsob egueb gxtgrfb ‟ochc edmdhcs gf obpètuics bftgrdcrgs‟, qug `ug dforghgftbeb ufdibtgrbihgftg pcr Gstbecs Wfdecs oubfec gf 24>4 bizÿ arusobhgftg sus tbsbs eg dftgräs gf uf cregf egi 1;% bfubi pbrb tcecs ics pbèsgs eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb b hgedeb qug ics prästbhcs grbf rgfcvbecs.2 T pbrb ctcrnbrics fugvbhgftg, gi @cfec Hcfgtbrdc Dftgrfbodcfbi pcfèb ochc ocfedodÿf qug ics pbèsgs tchbrbf tchbr bf hgedebs eg cregf idagrbi, idagr bi, ochc ib egvbiubodÿf eg ib hcfgeb qug `bvcrgzob ibs gxpcrtbodcf gxpcrt bodcfgs gs y `rgfg ` rgfg ibs dhpcrtbodcfgs (pcr ics vbicrgs vb icrgs hâs gigvbecs gigvbecs eg ics prceuotcs 2

_ojvbrzgr Mcrng (1;;1).

2>>

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

dhpcrtbecs), rgeuoodÿf rgeuoodÿf egi nbstc pýa pýaidoc idoc y rgstrdoodÿf rgstr doodÿf eg ghdsdÿf eg adiigtgs. Eg tcecs hcecs sg ngfgrbab dffibodÿf ‟pcr ib egvbiubodÿf y buhgftcs eg tbrd`bs pýaidobs‟ y rgogsdÿf ‟pcr ib rgeuoodÿf egi nbstc pýaidoc‟. Iÿndobhgftg, gstbs hgedebs trbgf hbycr pcargzb y egsgqudidardcs, qug `ugrcf ics `botcrgs qug egsnbstbrcf bi ncadgrfc eg Bi`cfsèf.

Obrbotgrèstdobs eg ibs prgsdegfodbs hgfghdstbs Obrics _býi Hgfgh bsuhdÿ ib prgsdegfodb gi : eg muidc eg 24:4 y egaèb tgrhdfbr tgr hdfbr su hbfebtc gi 2; eg eg edodgharg eg 2447. Wfb rg`crhb ocfstdtuodcfbi ocfst dtuodcfbi bocrebeb ocf gi gx prgsdegftg Qbýi Bi`cfsèf, ièegr eg ib WOQ, gf gi [botc eg Cidvcs, y ib ocfsbnrbodÿf pcr gi 5:% eg ics vctcs gf ibs gigoodcfgs eg 2447, ig pgrhdtdÿ rgfcvbr su hbfebtc jbstb gi 2; eg edodgharg eg 2444. _us prchgsbs `rgftg b ib ordsds jbaèbf sdec eg ’Qgvciuodÿf prceuotdvb‘ y ’_bibrdbzc‘, pgrc fc egsbrrciiÿ ufb pciètdob ’pgrcfdstb‘ (ocf uf Gstbec agfg`botcr) sdfc fgcidagrbi, ocfsbnrbeb bi hgrobec, gs egodr, bi agfgflodc prdvbec. Bogptÿ gi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfnt ^bsjdfntcf cf gstbaigodec pcr gi ncadgrfc fcrtgbhgrdobfc, fcrtgbhgr dobfc, ecfeg sg flmbabf ics ordtgrdcs pbrb gi ctcrnbhdgftc eg prästbhcs. prästbhcs. Gstcs dfstruhgftcs d fstruhgftcs eg pciètdob fgcidagrbi sdrvgf pbrb bflbfzbr gi fugvc cregf hufedbi ecfeg prgechdfb ib idagrtbe idag rtbe eg hgr1

obec pbrb cpgrbr y scf ics sdnudgftgs = , pbrb qug gi pbès fc tgfnb eäflodt. = gs hâs dhpcrtbftg dfoiusc qug gi egsghpigc. , pbrb gqudidarbr gi eäflodt flsobi (gidhdfb ics rgstcs eg Gstbec eg adgfgstbr). pbrb buhgftbr gi dfnrgsc egi Gstbec Gstbec.. egtgrhdfbebs pcr gi hgrobec. . . Ib prctgoodÿf dfeustrdbi edstcrsdcfb ics prgodcs eg ics hgrobecs y ghpcargog ib gocfchèb icobi. sdf rgstrdoodcf rgstr doodcfgs, gs, yb qug bpcrtb obpd obpdtbi tbi fgogsbrdc pbrb pbr b gi egsbrrciic, prcvgg obpbodtbodÿf y ocfcodhdgftcs pbrb ib prceuoodÿf prceuoodÿf eg adgfgs y sgrvdodcs tbftc pbrb gi hgrob hgrobec ec dftgrfc ochc pbrb ib gxpcrtbodÿf. gxpcr tbodÿf. eg ibs ghprgsbs pýaidobs pcrqug pcrqug ib dfeustrdb dfeustr db prdvbeb gs hâs gflodgftg qug ib gstbtbi, y beghâs ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs ocfstdtuygf ufb `ugftg eg dfnrgscs pbrb gi Gstbec Gstbec.. = gidhdfbr c ebr hbycr figxdadidebe b ibs igygs qug pcfgf trbabs b ib idarg ochpgtgfodb. ochpgtgfodb. ([grc buhgf buhgftb tb ib ocrrupodÿf ocr rupodÿf y `bvcrgog b ibs nrbfegs ghprgsbs).

Eg bougrec bi Ocfsgfsc, jbaèb qug `rgfbr ib dffibodÿf. _d adgf ics prdhgrcs hdfdstrcs eg gocfchèb eg Hgfgh, gmgoutdvcs eg ib ghprgsb Aufng y Acrf (boärrdhb gfghdnb egi pgrcfdshc), Hdnugi Qcdn (`biigodÿ obsd bi bsuhdr) y Fästcr Hbrdc Qbpbfgiid trbfqudidzbrcf 1

2>:

ßsobr Qgfä Pbrnbs, ’³Ruä gs gi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf3‘, ^bsjdfntcf3‘, Gi Fugvc Edbrd 2?/22/1;;1. 2/1;;1. Edbrdc c, Fdobrbnub, 2?/2

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

bi ghprgsbrdbec bpidobfec gi ’pibf AA‘ (Aufng & Acrf), egsbtbrcf fugvbhgftg ib jdpgrdffibodÿf ocf ib egvbiubodÿf egi Bustrbi gf edodgharg. Ubhpcoc puec puec ocftrcibrib gi hdfdstrc hdf dstrc qug ic suogedÿ, Grhbf Ncfzâigz (edodgharg 24:4-`gargrc 2442). Bò c

D f ` i bo d ÿ f

24:4

5.415,;; %

244;

2.?55,;; %

2442

:5,;; %

2441

2>,7; %

244?

>,5; %

2445

?,4; %

2447

2,0; %

2440 244>

;,2; % ;,?; %

244:

;,>; %

2444

-2,:; %

@ugftg= www.hgxdochbxdoc.crn, gf absg b Dfego

 Ubpb egi edbrdc Oibrèf Oibrèf,, 1?-;4-2 1?-; 4-2441 441

Oubfec Hgfgh Hgfgh fcharÿ b Grhbf Ncfzâigz N cfzâigz gf gi hdfdstgrdc, hdfdstgr dc, bflrhÿ qug gi pbès gstbab pbsbfec pcr ufb ’ordsds tgrhdfbi‘, pcr ic qug jbaèb qug bpidobr ’odrunèb sdf bfgstgsdb‘ ?. Bpidoÿ gi [ibf Acfgx, pcr hgedc egi oubi gi ncadgrfc sg bprcpdÿ eg ics pibzcs flmcs y ics obfmgÿ pcr acfcs eg ib egueb gxtgrfb (su bargvdbturb gs gi fcharg egi pibf). Bi hdshc tdghpc, suspgfedÿ pcr oubtrc hgsgs ibs ocftrbtbodcfgs egi Gstbec y rgeumc ib obftdebe eg pgrscfbi eg ics hdfdstgrdcs. hdfdstgr dcs. Ubhadäf Ubhadäf sg pgrmuedoÿ b ics gxpcrtbecrgs gx pcrtbecrgs y b ics dfeustrdbigs, pcrqug suspgfedÿ ics rgghaciscs y ics rgnèhgfgs eg prchcodÿf dfeustrdbi. Bi hdshc tdghpc, ochgfzÿ ocf ibs . Ästg fc grb uf tghb sgfodiic eg gfobrbr gf Brngftdfb, pcrqug fc sÿic pgreurbab ib jdstÿrdob cpcsdodÿf pcpuibr b ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgss (scstgfdeb vbtdzbodcfg ( scstgfdeb pcr gi mustdodbidshc), sdfc qug tbhadäf jbaèb dftgrgsgs ocftrbr ocftrbrdcs dcs jbodb gstb pciètdob egseg ics nrbfegs ocftrbtdstbs prdvbecs. Ästcs sg agfgflodbabf ochc jbadtubigs prcvggecrgs eg ibs ghprgsbs pýaidobs pcrqug scièbf `boturbr ocf scargprgodcs. Ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr jbaèb dftgftbec dftgftbec prdvbtdzbr binufbs ochpbòèbs gstbtbigs, pgrc tbftc gf gsg pgrècec ochc gf gi eg eg Bi`cfsèf, gstg pcegrcsc sgotcr sgo tcr gocfÿhdoc (egfchdfbec ’ib pbtrdb ocftrbtdstb‘) jbaèb pugstc castâouics y trbabe t rbabecc ibs fgncodbodcf fgncodbodcfgs. gs. [brb ocf`crhbr b ics borggecrgs gxtgrfcs gxtgr fcs fgogsdtbabf prdvbtdzbr ibs ghprgsbs pýaidobs. Ocf gi flf eg nbfbr ib vciuftbe eg ics nrbfegs ocftrbtdstbs, sg hbfdcarÿ pbrb dfoiudrics ?

Arbdicvsly Bftcfdc Gidc (2440)= Jdstcrdb eg ibs ordsds brngftdfbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gedtcrdbi eg Aginrbfc.

2>4

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

egftrc eg ics ocfscrodcs prdvbtdzbecrgs (gs egodr, qug `crhbrèbf pbrtg eg ibs fugvbs ghprgsbs). @dfbihgftg, @dfb ihgftg, pbrb fc tgfgr cpcsdodÿf pcpuibr, sg hbfdcarÿ gspurdbhgftg gspur dbhgftg pbrb qug ibs igygs eg prdvbtdzbodÿf `ugrbf sbfodcfbebs pcr gi Ocfnrgsc Fbodcfbi. Ics c`grtbftgs qug nbfbabf grbf ics qug dfoiuèbf gf ib `crhbodÿf eg ibs scodgebegs b ibs nrbfegs ghprgsbs icobigs, suhbecs b abfocs borggecrgs y ghprgsbs trbfsfbodcfbigs qug tuvdgrbf gxpgrdgfodb gf gi ruarc qug sg gstbab idodtbfec, ochc Ugig`ÿfdob, Dagrdb, Qgpsci, Ugigoch, gto.5 Ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs fc sdrvdgrcf, gftcfogs, pbrb ’bojdobr‘ uf Gstbec dfgflodgftg, sdfc qug ctcrnbrcf prdvdigndcs gfcrhgs b ics bequdrgftgs, qug buhgftbabf agfgflodcs y gidhdfbabf rdgsncs. Gftrg giics, sg pgrhdtdgrcf tbrd`bs tbr d`bs ecibrdzbebs qug vdcibabf ibs igygs dftgrfbs, y qug dfoiusc dfoiusc sg pceèbf pceèb f dfegxbr. dfegxbr. B flf fl f eg hbxdhdzbr hbxd hdzbr gi agfgflodc eg ibs ghprgsbs ghprgsbs prdvbtdzbebs, buhgftbrcf buhgftbrcf ibs tbrd`bs tbrd `bs bftgs eg vgfegribs y egtgrdcrbrcf ics sgrvdodcs, sgrv dodcs, pbrb qug ib ngftg fc sg qugmbsg egi trbspbsc iugnc. [cr gmghpic, GFUgi (Ghprgsb Fbodcfbi eg Ugigochufdobodcfgs) gf ics ýitdhcs edgz hgsgs prgvdcs b su vgftb dforghgftÿ gi >;; pcr odgftc ib tbrd`b egi puisc tgig`ÿfdoc. Beghâs, gi Gstbec suasdedÿ b ibs ghprgsbs prdvbtdzbebs hgedbftg ib bascrodÿf bascro dÿf eg ibs eguebs bftgrdcrgs b ib vgftb. vg ftb. _dnudgfec _dnu dgfec ocf gi gmghpic eg GFUgi (dftgrvgfdeb pcr Hbrèb Hbr èb Muidb Biscnbrby), Biscnb rby), ib egueb, egueb, gf ics hgsgs hgsgs prgvdcs b su trbspbsc, buhgftÿ uf 211% pcr ocftrbtcs ocf ics nrupcs [ärgz Ochpbfo y Ugojdft y pcr ochprbs 7

scarg`boturbebs b _dghgfs eg Brngftdfb. scarg`boturbebs Ics gftgs eg ocftrci `ugrcf orgbecs orgbecs b pcstgrdcrd pcstgr dcrd eg su trbspbsc, t rbspbsc, y pcr ocfsdnudgftg ibs ocfedodcfgs eg ocftrci fc `ugrcf dfoiudebs gf ib vgftb. v gftb. [cr gmghpic, bi fc tgfgr rgnuibodÿf ib vgftb eg Bgrcièfgbs Brngftdfbs, ib ghprgsb `ug vbodbeb pcr sus fugvcs eugòcs. [brb prctgngr su pciètdob, Hgfgh buhgftÿ ib obftdebe eg hdgharcs eg ib Ocrtg _uprghb eg Mustdodb b fugvg, b flf eg qug ocfvbidegf su botubodÿf gf obscs eg mudodcs ocftrb gi Gstbec.. [grc ibs hgedebs eg bmustg eg Grhbf Ncfzâigz fc `ugrcf suflodgftgs pbrb `rgfbr Gstbec ib dffibodÿf.

Obrics Hgfgh y Echdfnc Obvbiic 5 7

2:;

jttp=//www.brngftdfb-rrgg.och/ecouhgf jttp=//www.brngftdfb-rrgg.och /ecouhgftcs tcs Bzpdbzu Ebfdgi, Absubiec Geubrec (1;;1).

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

 (hdfdstrc  (hdfd strc eg gocfchèb gftrg hbrzc 2442 y bncstc 2440) `ug gi dhpuiscr eg ib , ocf ib oubi ig sboÿ oubtrc eèndtcs bi Bustrbi, ib hcf hcfgeb geb vcivdÿ b egfchdfbrsg pgsc, g dhpusc uf tdpc eg obhadc flmc= uf pgsc dnubi dn ubi b uf eÿibr. Icnrÿ abmbr ib dffibodÿf b ocstb egi egshgharbhdgf egshgharbhdgftc tc egi Gstbec= ibs rgsgrvbs rgsgr vbs sg dabf pbrb pbr b hbftgfgr ib pbrdebe eÿibr-pgsc. _g prdvbtdzbrcf, gftrg ctrbs, _GNAB (gigotrdodebe), Bgrcièfgbs Brngftdfbs (bvdbodÿf), C_F (Carbs _bfdtbrdbs _bfdtbr dbs eg ib Fbodÿf, bjcrb Bnubs Brngftdfbs), B rngftdfbs), T[@, gi Ocrrgc, gi Abfoc Jdpctgobrdc Fbodcfbi, ics `grrcobrrdigs, ghprgsbs sdegrýrndobs c pgtrcquèhdobs, ibs muadibodcfgs< sg ogedgrcf abmc ocfogsdÿf rutbs vdbigs pbrb su hbftgfdhdgftc y hgmcrbhdgftc, butcrdzbfec gi ocarc eg uf pgbmg, Nbs egi Gstbec, gtoätgrb. Gstb ýitdhb prdvbtdzbodÿf `ug bprcabeb nrbodbs b ib prgsgfodb prgsg fodb egi ’edputruojc‘ ’edputr uojc‘,, uf ghpigbec behdfdstrbtdvc behdfdstr btdvc qug sg sgftÿ pbrb ebr quÿruh. [gsg bi gsoâfebic, fc sg camgtÿ ib igy. Oubfec sg prdvbtdzbrcf ics `grrcobrrdigs, sg prceumc uf odgrrg hbsdvc eg sgrvdodcs eg ibrnb edstbfodb gf hbrzc eg 244?, pcrqug sg ocfsdegrbab qug fc grbf rgftbaigs. Rugebrcf bdsibecs huojèsdhcs pugaics gf tcec gi pbès, qug pbsbrcf b egspcaibrsg, b ocfvgrtdrsg ocfvgrtdr sg gf ’`bftbshbs‘. ’`bftbshbs‘. T ics trgfgs urabfcs y suaurabfcs `ugrcf suasdedbecs bsgnurbfec nbfbfodbs pbrb ibs ghprgsbs eugòbs eg ib ocfogsdÿf y ocf pcocs dfstruhgftcs eg ocftrci.0 Gi brnuhgftc brn uhgftc egi ncadgrfc grb qug ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs egaèbf jbogrsg pbrb gvdtbr gv dtbr nbstcs egi Gstbec, Gstbec, hgmcrbr ics sgrvdodcs sgrv dodcs ocf ib ochpgtgfodb ochpgtgfodb g dfvgrscrgs gxtrbfmgrcs, y pbrb pbnbr ib egueb gxtgrfb. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, ocftrbr dc, gi Gstbec sdnudÿ jbodäfecsg obrnc bi pbnbr ics suasdedcs, ics fugvcs eugòcs jdodgrcf binufbs hgmcrbs y iugnc egmbrcf egtgrdcrbr ics sgrvdodcs, sg prceumc gi egspdec eg huojcs trbabmbecrgs qug qugebrcf egscoupbecs, y fc sdrvdÿ pbrb pbnbr ib egueb sdfc sÿic pbrb qug fc buhgftg eurbftg uf pbr eg bòcs. [cr ibs ochprbs eg ibs bftdnubs ghprgsbs egi Gstbec sg bacfÿ huy pcoc gf g`gotdvc, y pbrtg sg sbieÿ gf acfcs c tètuics eg ib egueb gxtgrfb, qug sgrvèb sgr vèbf f pbrb obfogibr egueb ouyc pbnc jbaèb sdec pcstgrnbec gf ib ýitdhb äpcob eg Bi`cfsèf. Ocf ics buhgftcs gf gi vciuhgf eg ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs gxpcr tbodcfgs y gi dforghgftc gf ib rgobuebodÿf r gobuebodÿf eg dhpugstcs, hâs ics `cfecs bpcrtbecs pcr ib prdvbtdzbodÿf eg ibs ghprgsbs gstbtbigs, sg ochgfzbrcf b gqudidarbr ibs ougftbs flsobigs, pcr ic qug sg pceèbf pbnbr ics dftgrgsgs btrbsbecs eg ib egueb gxtgrfb (qug eg tcecs hcecs gf 2447 sg bprcxdhbab b ics 2;;.;;; hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs). Egseg ib prdhgrb prgsdegfodb eg Hgfgh ochgfzbrcf b ogrrbrsg `âardobs pcr ib pciètdob ochgrodbi bpgrturdstb. _df ghabrnc, bi prdfodpdc, ufb pbrtg eg ib pcaibodÿf fc pgrodaèb gi hbigstbr, pcrqug ics egspgedecs qug ocarbabf dfeghfdzbodÿf dfdodbabf pgqugòcs ghprgfedhdgftcs qug grbf utdidzbecs pcr ufb scodgebe qug edspcfèb eg ufb hcegstb obpbodebe eg bjcrrc. Ocf ibs dfeghfdzbodcfgs ochprbabf uf butc pbrb rghdsg, c pcfèbf pcf èbf uf qudcsoc c uf u f vdegc oiua. _g pugeg jbogr ufb ochpbrbodÿf gftrg gi abmc pcrogftbmg sbibrdbi qug tgfèb ib pcaibodÿf gf 24:> y gi fdvgi qug biobfzÿ gf 244? nrbodbs bi edfgrc `âodi eg ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs. Fugvbhgftg ‟ochc gf ib edotbeurb‟ gxdstèb ’pibtb euiog‘, catgfdeb bi ’nbfbr gf eÿibrgs‘, ocf ib qug sg pceèb vdbmbr y ochprbr prceuotcs dhpcrtbecs.. [grc ochc vghcs gf gi ouberc, ib od`rb dhpcrtbecs od` rb eg ib hbsb sbibrdbi sbibr dbi ghpdgzb b egobgr baruptbhgftg gf 2447, trbs ibs gigoodcfgs. Ics cpgrbecrgs `grrcvdbrdcs ocarbrcf gf 244:, ?2: hdiicfgs pcr suasdedcs, uf 2:% hâs eg ic rgodadec gf 244>. jttp=//www.ibnbzgtb.och.br/`grrco jttp=//www .ibnbzgtb.och.br/`grrcobrrdigs.jth brrdigs.jth 0

2:2

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

Bòc

24:> 24:: b 2441

Hbsb sbibrdbi gf [AD

14,7: % s/e

244? 2445

5;,25 % ?>,40 %

2447

?0,>: %

2440

?2,24 %

244>

?2,;4 ?2 ,;4 %

244:

?1,70 %

2444

??,54 %

@ugftg= Mbvdgr Idfegfacdh, Mubf H. Nrbòb y Ebhdâf Lgffge (1;;7) (1; ;7)

Gf gi ouberc bftgrdcr eg dffibodÿf, pceghcs vgr qug egadec b ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs qug sgnuèbf ics idfgbhdgftcs idfgbh dgftcs egi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf, ib dffibodÿf abmÿ dforgèaighgftg pbrb ib jdstcrdb gocfÿhdob brngftdfb, jbadgfec jbadgfec ruarcs gf ics qug sg rgndstrÿ rgndst rÿ eg󿬁bodÿf  (gs egodr, abmb eg ics prgodcs) egadeb gf rgbidebe rgbi debe b ib rgogsdÿf y b ib `bitb eg pcegr bequdsdtdvc bequdsdt dvc eg ib pcaibodÿf gf ngfgrbi. Tb gf 2440 Obvbiic fc tdgfg fugvbs sciuodcfgs, y gs rgghpibzbec pcr Qcqug @grfâfegz @grfâfegz gf gi hdfdstgrdc h dfdstgrdc eg gocfchèb, eurbftg ics ýitdhcs trgs bòcs eg ib sgnufeb prgsdegfodb eg Hgfgh, yb ocf ics pbrâhgtrcs pbrâhgtrc s eg ib gocfchèb gf `rbfob egobegfodb.

Ocf ics dfeuitcs, Hgfgh sg bsgnurbab ib augfb rgibodÿf ocf ics hdidtbrgs. [cr gsc, oubfec fugvbhgftg uf nrupc eg cflodbigs y suacflodbigs obrbpdftbebs idegrbec pcr Hcjbhge Biè _gdfgieèf _ gdfgieèf ochgfzÿ gf edodgharg edodgharg eg 244; ctrc igvbftbhdgf igvbftbhdgftc tc hdidtbr, `ug rgprdhdec pcr sus ocignbs, qudgfgs fc ic mustdflobrcf. Hgfgh tuvc ib bprcabodÿf eg ib oduebebfèb pcr ibs gfärndobs hgedebs tchbebs pbrb ecaignbr gi igvbftbhdgf igvbftbhdgftc< tc< _gdfgieèf `ug ` ug ocfegfbec, ocfegfbec, y rgodäf gf hbyc eg 1;;? `ug dfeuitbec pcr gi prgsdegftg prcvdscrdc Geubrec Eujbieg. Eg gstg hcec, Hgfgh jbaèb gidhdfbec gi rci prctbnÿfdoc qug ics hdidtbrgs tuvdgrcf tuv dgrcf pcr eäobebs gf ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb. B gstc sg suhbab su pciètdob eg bojdobhdgftc egi Gstbec, qug ocftdfubab edshdfuygfec gi prgsupugstc eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs. > Gi bmustg gstuvc sdnfbec ocf gi ighb eg ’prc`gsdcfbidzbodÿf‘= ibs @ugrzbs @ugrzbs Brhbebs B rhbebs egaèbf prc`gsdcfbidzbrsg, prc`gsdcfbidzbr sg, egedobrsg b sus `ufodcfgs gspgoèflobs. Ib rggstruotu rggst ruoturbodÿf rbodÿf egi gmärodtc edshdfuyÿ gi fýhgfýhgrc eg sus dftgnrbftgs= gftrg 24:? y 2440, eg 05 ngfgrbigs b ?1, eg 1.1;; suacflodbigs suacflodbigs b 4;;, 4 ;;, y eg >;.;;; b 27.;;; sciebecs. Gi rgocrtg rgo crtg baruptc bar uptc gf ib obftdebe eg sciebecs gstâ rgibodcfbec ocf ib gidhdfbodÿf egi >

2:1

Iuds Arusojtgdf (244:).

gf 2447. Gi Gmärodtc tgfèb ufb trbedodÿf

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

obsd ogftgfbrdb ogftgfbr db edsodpidfbfec edsodpid fbfec b ics mÿvgfgs b trbväs eg ib ocfsordpodÿf, pgrc ics bauscs qug sg ochgtèbf ocf ics rgoiutbs jbrtbrcf b ib pcaibodÿf. Gi obsc egi ordhgf egi sciebec Chbr Obrrbsoc, Obrrb soc, ouyc bsgsdfbtc bsgsd fbtc gi Gmärodtc trbtÿ eg couitbr, co uitbr, prgodpdtÿ gi flf eg ib ’ocidhab‘. ’ocidhab‘. Oubfec ib `bhdidb `bhd idb prgnuftÿ prgn uftÿ pcr äi, gi Gmärodtc ig edmc qug jbaèb ’egsgrtbec‘ ’egsgr tbec‘,, jgojc tctbihgftg dfbehdsdaig pbrb tcecs sus ocfcodecs, ocfco decs, pcr ic qug sg prgsdcfÿ pbrb su aýsqugeb y `ug gfocftrbec hugrtc gf ib bracigeb bi `cfec egi oubrtgi eg ]bpbib. Ib dfednfbodÿf pcpuibr mustdfloÿ ib egrcnbodÿf egrcnbod ÿf egi sgrvdodc sgrv dodc hdidtbr caidnbtcrdc pcr igy egi Ocfnrgsc Fbodcfbi. Bi hdshc tdghpc t dghpc sg orgÿ gi _grvdodc Hdidtbr Pciuftbrdc, bi oubi sg pugegf dfocrpcrbr b jchargs y humgrgs scitgrcs eg 2: b 15 bòcs eg gebe, ocf sugiec y agfgflodcs scodbigs. Qgibodcfbec ocf gi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf y ocf gi ochprchdsc eg Hgfgh eg egpgfegfodb ocf ics Gstbecs Wfdecs, gf 2442 egshbftgiÿ gi prcygotc brngftdfc Oÿfecr DD pbrb egsbrrciibr hdsdigs eg biobfog dftgrhgedc pbrb gxpcrtbodÿf< gx pcrtbodÿf< tbhadäf sg egshcrcfbrcf ibs pcsdadidebegs eg `bardobodÿf fbodcfbi eg brhbhgftc. Gi prcpÿsdtc eg Hgfgh grb egstrbabr gi ghabrnc fcrtgbhgrdobfc eg vgftbs eg brhbs qug pgsÿ scarg ib Brngftdfb egseg ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs. Oubfec ic icnrÿ, bequdrdÿ ?0 bvdcfgs eg ochabtg y rbebrgs eg ýitdhb ngfgrbodÿf. : Ubhadäf qudsc vgfegrig b Gstbecs Wfdecs bvdcfgs [bhpb, pgrc trbs ibrnbs fgncodbodcfgs ics bvdcfgs `ugrcf egsobidflobecs pcr ics täofdocs egi pbès egi Fcrtg, ic qug trbmc rgpgrousdcfgs fgnbtdvbs gf ib @ugrzb Bärgb. Brngftdfb rgodadÿ prgsdcfgs eg Gstbecs Wfdecs pbrb qug gi Gmärodtc sg dfvciuorbrb gf ib iuojb ocf Ubpb eg ib rgvdst rgvdstbb Ngftg trb gi fbroctrâfloc y gi tgrrcrdshc, jgojc bi oubi ics crnbfdshcs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs sg fgnbabf. _dnudgfec ics egsgcs egi pbès egi fcrtg, sg gfvdbrcf trcpbs brngftdfbs b Drbl pbrb ib Nugrrb egi Nci`c, y tbhadäf pbrtdodpbrcf ocftdfngftgs hdidtbrgs ochc ’obsocs bzuigs‘ (hdsdcfgs eg casgrvbodÿf) eg ibs Fbodcfgs Wfdebs. Gstbecs Wfdecs ig edc b ib Brngftdfb ib obtgncrèb eg bidbec gxtrb-CUBF gf 244>, pcr ic oubi gf hbrzc eg 2444 gi ncadgrfc fcrtgbhgrdobfc ecfÿ 4? vgjèouics eg ochabtg b ib Brngftdfb. _g jdodgrcf gmgrododcs ocfmuftcs gf gi hbr Brngftdfc y sdhuiborcs eg ochabtg gf _bf Iuds. Binufcs edputbecs (Icrgfzc [gpg egi [M y Biagrtc Biagr tc Gspgojg eg ib WOQ) prctgstbrcf pcrqug pcrqug sg trbtbab eg ufb sdtubodÿ sdtubodÿf f qug gstbrèb vdcibfecc gi sdstghb ignbi vdngftg< Iuds ]bhcrb (egi HB_-Dzqudgr vdcibfe H B_-Dzqudgreb eb Wfdeb) `ug hâs biiâ b iiâ y gxdndÿ gxdn dÿ ib dfhgedbtb gxpuisdÿf eg ics g`gotdvcs fcrtgbhgrdobfcs, fcrtgbhgr dobfcs, bi scstgfgr qug ibs ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs eg ics Gstbecs Wfdecs bnrgedgrcf b ib Brngftdfb gf ibs Hbivdfbs y vdcibrcf ib scagrbfèb eg [bfbhâ bi dfvbedr gsg pbès. pbè s.4

Ics prdhgrcs odfoc bvdcfgs eg ochabtg @dnjtdfnjbwl B5-BQ iignbrcf eg Gstbecs Wfdecs gf edodgharg eg 244>, 244>, b qudfog bòcs eg ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs. jttp=//www.uogh jttp=//www.uoghb.geu.br b.geu.br 4 Ib Fbodÿf, 1; eg hbyc eg 244;. :

2:?

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

[cr ctrb pbrtg, trbs jbagr ocfstbtbec ibs drrgnuibrdebegs, drrgnu ibrdebegs, ochpidodebegs y gfouardhdgftcs gf gi obsc Obrrbsoc, Obrr bsoc, pbrb idhpdbr ib dhbngf eg su dfstdtuodÿf, dfst dtuodÿf, gi Ochbfebftg gf mg`g egi egi Gmärodtc ngfgrbi igyÿ su `bhcsb butcorèt butcorètdob dob rgspgot rgspgotcc bi pbpgi eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbe e dotbeurb, urb, gf uf prcnrbhb eg tgigvdsdÿf eg 2447=

’Egidfqug qudgf vuifgrb ib Ocfstdtuodÿf Fbodcfbi< egidfqug qudgf dhpbrtg ÿregfgs dfhcrbigs< egidfqug qudgf ouhpig ÿregfgs dfhcrbigs, y egidfqug qudgf, pbrb ouhpidr uf 󿬂f 󿬂 f qug orgg mustc, ghpigb hgedcs dfmustcs, dfhcrbigs‘. Eg gstg hcec ig qudtÿ igndt igndtdhdebe dhdebe b ib `bhcsb Igy eg cagedgfodb egadeb egadeb sbfodcfbeb eurbftg gi ncadgrfc eg Bi`cfsèf ‟pcr ib oubi ics hdidtbrgs eg hgfcr rbfnc grbf gxdhdecs gxd hdecs eg mudodc y ocfegfb‟ y behdtdÿ qug ib rgprgsdÿf dignbi sg jbaèb jgojc ocf tcrturbs y egsbpbrdodcfgs. Tb gi gx cflodbi eg ib Br Brhbeb hbeb jbaèb rgocfcodec su pbrt pbrtdodpbodÿf dodpbodÿf gf ics ’vugics eg ib hugrtg‘ hugrtg‘ bftg gi pgrdcedstb pgrdcedst b Jcrbodc Pgradtsly. Pgradtsly. [cstgrdcrhgftg _odidfnc _odid fnc jdzc gstbs egoibrbodcfgs bftg gi mugz gspbòci Abitbsbr Nbrzÿf, qudgf dfvgstdnbab ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs eg oduebebfcs gspbòcigs gf gi Ocfc _ur eurbftg ibs edotbeurbs arbsdigòb, pbrbnubyb, brngftdfb, urunubyb y ojdigfb. Gi prgsdegftg prgsdegftg Hgfgh, trbtbfec eg fc rgbvdvbr gi ocffidotc ocf ics hdidtbrgs g dftgftbfec couitbr ic gvdegftg, bflrhÿ bflr hÿ qug _odidfnc grb uf u f ’egidfougftg‘. ’egidfougftg‘. Ib pcsturb egi prdhgr hbfebtbrdc ocf rgspgotc b ib edotbeurb fc iibhÿ ib btgfodÿf, pugstc qug yb jbaèb egorgtbec ics dfeuitcs, y gf 2441 ‟egadec b ib pbrtdodpbodÿf pbr tdodpbodÿf eg mÿvgfgs gf ibs hbrojbs ecogftgs ocftrb ib Igy @gegrbi eg Geuobodÿf ‟ igs bevdrtdÿ b sus `bhdidbrgs, ocf uf tdftg bhgfbzbecr, qug dabf b bpbrgogr ’fugvbs ngfgrbodcfgs eg Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc‘. Ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs rgoibhbrcf dfednfbebs, y ib B[EJ (Bsbhaigb [grhbfgftg eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs) rgscivdÿ gxpuisbric eg sus flibs.

T GI UGQQ UGQQCQD CQD_H _HC C DFUG DFUGQFB QFBOD ODCF CFBI BI Eurbftg ib prdhgrb prgsdegfodb eg Hgfgh juac ecs nrbfegs g dfgspgrbecs btgftbecs tgrrcrdstbs ocftrb dfstdtuodcfgs mueèbs, mueèbs, gf uf u f pbès ecfe ecfegg ibs rgibodcfgs gftrg ics edstdftcs orgecs rgidndcscs scf gf ngfgrbi tcigrbftgs. Gi btgftbec eg hbrzc eg 2441 ocftrb ib ghab mbeb eg Dsrbgi gf Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs obusÿ obusÿ 14 hugrtcs hugrtcs y 151 151 jgrdecs. Urbs 1; bòcs egi btgftbe btgftbec, c, tcebvèb fc sg sbag qudäfgs egtcfbrcf ics gxpicsdvcs. Ib vgrsdÿf cflodbi jbaib eg uf butcachab uadobec gf ib bogrb eg Brrcyc 42;, qug eghcidÿ ib ghabmbeb y hbtÿ g jdrdÿ ngftg tbftc biiè ochc gf ib dnigsdb eg gf`rgftg, gf gedflodcs ged flodcs vgodfcs y gf ib obiig. Gxtrbcflodbihgftg2; sg jbaib eg gxpicsdvcs qug `ugrcf ocicobecs gf ib hgzoibecrb uadobeb gf gi dftgrdcr egi gedflodc (gstbab gf rg`boodcfgs) y gf ecs vgjèouics gstbodcfbecs (uf _dbh Ed Ugiib y uf Pbidbft), qug `ugrcf boodcfbecs pcr ocftrci rghctc egseg ibs ogrobfèbs egi iunbr. Gi ncadgrfc eg Dsrbgi bousÿ edrgotbhgftg edrg otbhgftg bi ncadgrfc eg Drâf, pcr gi ocffidotc fc rgsugitc tcebvèb ocf gi pugaic pugaic ârbag (y ( y gi pbigstdfc gf pbrtdouibr), pbr tdouibr), pgrc ästg ic egshdftdÿ< fdfnýf fd fnýf nrupc tgrrcrdstb sg bemuedoÿ gi jgojc. _g bousÿ b ib cr-nbfdzbodÿf idabfgsb Jgzaciibj , qug 2;

2:5

_bfz Ojrdstèbf, [bcigiib @grfbfec (1;;>).

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

Btgftbec b ib BHDB

ougftb ocf gi bpcyc eg Drâf, pgrc sg sbag qug fufob juadgrb pcedec iigvbrsg b obac sdf ib ochpidodebe eg ufb ’ocfgxdÿf icobi‘ qug edgsg bpcyc hbtgrdbi hbtgr dbi y juhbfc b uf btbqug eg gsbs obrbotgrèstdobs. Ib dfvgstdnbodÿf qugeÿ qugeÿ abmc ib dfouhagfodb d fouhagfodb eg ib Ocrtg _uprgh _uprghb, b, pcr trbtbr t rbtbr-sg eg ufb ghabmbeb gxtrbfmgrb (brtèouics 220 y 22> eg ib Ocfstdtuodÿf Fbodcfbi), pgrc ästb fc bvbfzÿ fd sdqudgrb gf bvgrdnubr pcr quä ib oustcedb sg jbaèb rgtdrbec bftgs egi btgftbec. btgftbec.22 Ecs bòcs hâs tbreg, gf muidc mui dc eg 2445, uf btgftbec eg hbycrgs hbycrgs edhgfsdcfgs býf, ocftrb ib BHDB BHD B (Bscodbodÿf Hutubi Dsrbgidtb Brngftdfb), obusÿ :7 hugrtcs y hâs eg ?;; jgrdecs. _u crdngf y prcpÿsdtc puec jbagr sdec gi hdshc qug gi bftgrdcr= sgharbr gi tgrrcr gf ib ocigotdvdebe mueèb mueèb dftgrfbodcfbi. [grc yb fc sg trbtbab eg uf ordhgf or dhgf edrdndec edrdn dec b uf camgtdvc gxtrbfmgrc qug obusÿ hugrtcs y ebòcs gf fugstrb ochufdebe, sdfc b ufb dfstdtuodÿf odvdi brngftdfb. b rngftdfb. Ib oduebebfèb, ocfhcodcfbeb, ocfhcodcfbeb, sg hcvdidzÿ abmc ib iiuvdb pbrb rgpuedbr gi jgojc. Wfbs odgftc odfougftb hdi pgrscfbs rgspcfsbadidzbrcf bi ncadgrfc pcr ib `bitb eg dfvgstdnbodÿf y prgvgfodÿf trbs gi bftgrdcr btgftbec. Gf gsg hchgftc, ib dfvgstdnbodÿf b obrnc egi mugz Mubf Mcsä Nbigbfc ocfeumc ib dfvgstdnbodÿf gf tcrfc bi hctcr eg ib obhdcfgtb Urb`flo qug sg utdidzÿ pbrb ib gxpicsdÿf y qug egrdvÿ gf gi prcogsbhdgftc eg vbrdcs hdgharcs eg ib [cidoèb Acfbgrgfsg, qudgfgs `ugrcf gfobrogibecs. _df ghabrnc, pcocs pc ocs bòcs egspuäs ics `bhdidbrgs eg ibs vèotdhbs vdgrcf qug gxdstèbf nrbvèsdhbs drrgnuibrdebegs gf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf egi btbqug b ib BHDB, y qug fc jbaèb ufb egodsdÿf pciètdob eg dfebnbr. Ics `bhdidbrgs sg bnrupbrcf gf Hghcrdb Botdvb g dfdodbrcf ufb eghbfeb pcr gsbs bfchbièbs bftg ib Mustdodb brngftdfb y bftg ib Ochdsdÿf Dftgrbhgrdobfb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs. Gi sgorgtbrdc sgorgtbr dc eg Nbigbfc egoibrÿ egoibrÿ bftg ib Mustdodb qug gi mugz ‟pcr dffiumc egi ncadgrfc eg Obrics Hgfgh‟ egsvdÿ vciuftbrdbhgftg vciuftbrd bhgftg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf jbodb ics pcidoèbs acfbgrgfsgs, acfbgrgfsg s, yb qug gf gsg hchgftc Hgfgh gstbab gf`rgftbec ocf Geubrec Eujbieg, ncagrfbecr eg ib prcvdfodb prcvdfo db eg Augfcs Bdrgs. 22

Èegh bftgrdcr.

2:7

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

Egspuäs eg obsd trgs bòcs eg buedgfodbs, gf gi 1;;5 bascivdgrcf b tcecs ics bousbecs egi obsc BHDB yb qug gi Urdaufbi fc gfocftrÿ prugabs ocftrb ics dhputbecs< pcr gsb obusb, gi `biic pdedÿ dfvgstdnbr, dfvgstdnbr, gftrg ctrcs, b edstdftcs mugogs (gftrg giics b Nbigbfc) y bi gx hdfdstrc egi Dftgrdcr Obrics Ocrboj. Gi Urdaufbi ocfflrhÿ ocfflr hÿ qug gi btgftbec btgftbec `ug ochgtdec ocf ib Urb`flo ocfvgrtdeb gf ocojg-achab ocojg-achab,, qug jbaèb sdec brhbeb y vgfedeb cojc eèbs bftgs pcr Obrics Ugiigieèf. Ugiigieèf. Ib scodgebe brngftdfb tcebvèb gspgrb mustdodb pcr gstcs btgftbecs. btgftbecs. Beghâs eg obstdnbr ibs rgspcfsbadidebegs rgspcfsbadidebegs edrgotbs pcr castruoodÿf castr uoodÿf y gfouardhdgftc gfouardhdgftc b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, y ocfcogr b ics dhpidobecs gf ib ’ocfgxdÿf icobi‘ eg gstg btgftbec egi tgrrcrdshc dftgrfbodcfbi, qugeb uf nrbf dftgrrcnbftg pgfedgftg= ³pcr quä sg prceumgrcf ics btgftbecs3 Wfb eg ibs gxpidobodcfgs, gibacrbeb pcr ics hgedcs eg ochufdobodÿf, gs qug Hgfgh sg dftgrpusc gf ics ocffidotcs eg Crdgftg Hgedc y `ug gi ýfdoc pbès ibtdfcbhgrdobfc gf gfvdbr trcpbs bi Nci`c [ärsdoc. Gi Jgzaciibj botuÿ pcr vgfnbfzb. vgfnb fzb. [cr gsb obusb sg pdgfsb qug gi ncadgrfc eg Drâf egag gxtrbedtbr gx trbedtbr b ics edpichâtdocs edpichâtdocs drbfègs dfvciuorbecs dfvciuorbecs pbrb qug sg jbnb mustdodb. Ctrb ièfgb iè fgb eg dfebnbodÿf dfebnbodÿf gs hâs csourb, pgrc fc egmb eg sgr `botdaig. `botdaig. Ib pdstb sdrdb, sdr db, crdndfbeb crdn dfbeb pcr biibfbhdgftcs rgbidzbecs rgbid zbecs pcr ib [cidoèb @gegrbi trbs trb s gi btgftbec, btgftbec, `ug egmbeb eg ibec. ibec. Gi trbtr bflobftg eg brhbs sdrdc qug bflrhbab sgr bhdnc eg Hgfgh y qug pcr binufb ocfgxdÿf gspurdb ocfsdnudÿ pbsbpcrtg brngftdfc, b rngftdfc, Hcfzgr Bi Lbssbr, Lb ssbr, `ug scspgojcsc egi btgftbec btgftbec b ib Ghabmbeb Ghabmbeb eg Dsrbgi pgrc bpbrgftghgftg bpbrgftghgftg su pbrtdodpbodÿf pbrt dodpbodÿf fc puec puec sgr prcabeb. _df ghabrnc, sgnýf gstbs gstb s vgrsdcfgs, bftgs eg sgr gigndec prgsdegftg, Hgfgh vdsdtÿ _drdb, prchgtdÿ bi prgsdegftg sdrdc ib vgftb eg uf rgbotcr fuoigbr qug egspuäs egspuäs fc rgbidzÿ pcr prgsdÿf eg Gstbecs Wfdecs< gstc ocfstdtuyÿ ufb nrbvg prchgsb dfouhpideb. @bodidtÿ ib ibacr eg su gx ouòbec, Darbjdh bi Darbjdh, sdrdc qug catuvc ib oduebebfèb brngftdfb gf tdghpc t dghpc räocre, scspgojcsc eg fbroctrâfloc fbroctrâfloc b qudgf ocicoÿ gf ib Beubfb egi Bgrcpugrtc Dftgrfbodcfbi eg Gzgdzb, y qug tgrhdfÿ bousbec gf uf obsc eg ercnbs, gi Fbrocnbtg. _g trbtbrcf eg fgncodcs suodcs ocf flfgs dfocf`gsbaigs, qug fc gstâf rgsugitcs, y ouybs ocfsgougfodbs tcebvèb fc sg ocfcogf pigfbhgftg.21

Gi ncadgrfc brngftdfc `ug bousbec dftgrfbodcfbihgftg pcr gi trâfloc oibfegstdfc eg brhbs b Goubecr y b Orcbodb. Ib vgftb eg brhbs `ug ` ug butcrdzbeb butcrdzbeb pcr gi ncadgrfc brngfbrng ftdfc hgedbftg egorgtcs sgorgtcs flrhbecs pcr ics hdfdstrcs eg Eg`gfsb, Qgibodcfgs Gxtgrdcrgs y Gocfchèb, jbodb Pgfgzugib, qug flnurbab ochc egstdfc eg ibs hdshbs (cpgrbodÿf qug sg ocfcog ochc ’trdbfnuibodÿf‘= flmbr ufb edrgoodÿf ed`grgftg pbrb giuedr ics trbtbecs). _g egsbtÿ gi gsoâfebic pcr ibs prctgstbs eg [grý bftg ib vgftb eg

Gxpicsdÿf egi brsgfbi eg Qèc Ugrogrc

21

Ib eginbeb ièfgb aibfob. Augfcs Bdrgs, Gedodcfgs A, 1;;;< eg ib adaidcnrb`èb egiOcrtdfbs tghb sg eg pugeg vgr. Augfcs eg MubfBdrgs, Nbspbrdfd= McrngGftrg Ibfbtb y M.Nciehbf= juhc [ibfgtb, 2445< Nbardgi Igvdfbs= Ib igy abmc ics gsocharcs. Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb, 244:< eg Mubf _bidfbs= BHDB, gi btgftbec. Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibfgtb, 244>< eg BHDB / EBDB= Ib egfufodb. Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibfgtb, 244>.

2:0

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

brhbs b su ocftrdfobftg, pcrqug Brngftdfb grb ufc eg ics pbèsgs nbrbftgs eg pbz gf gi ocffidotc pgrubfc-goubtcrdbfc. B gstc sg suhbrcf ibs qugmbs eg Goubecr pcr ib hbib obidebe eg brhbhgftc rgodadec. Ocf rgspgotc b Orcbodb, pbrb gvdtbr ibs boodcfgs aäidobs, ibs Fbodcfgs Wfdebs jbaèbf edspugstc uf ghabrnc eg brhbhgftc qug Brngftdfb fc ouhpidÿ. _g vgfedgrcf 0.7;; tcfgibebs eg brhbs pcr vbicr eg odgf hdiicfgs eg eÿibrgs, eg ics oubigs gi Gstbec sÿic ocarÿ oubrgftb hdiicfgs (Oibrèf 2>/2/1;;1). Edstdftcs `ufodcfbrdcs gstuvdgrcf prgscs c prcogsbecs prcogsbecs pcr gi trâfloc eg brhbs, gftrg giics gi gx g x mg`g egi Gmärodtc ngfgrbi Abizb, gi ghprgsbrdc ghprgsbrdc Ghdr Gh dr Tchb, Tchb, gi gx hdfdstrc hdfd strc eg eg`gfsb Grhbf Ncfzâigz y su gx vdoghdfdstrc, y gf gi bòc 1;;2 gi gx g x prgsdegftg Obrics Hgfgh, bousbec pcr gi mugz Mcrng Mcrng Wrsc eg sgr mg`g eg ufb bscodbodÿf dièodtb qug qug pbrtdodpÿ pbrt dodpÿ gf gi trâfloc eg brhbs, br hbs, y idagrbec pcr ib Ocrtg _uprghb eg Mustdodb trbs tr bs 200 eèbs eg brrgstc. Jbodb sgptdgharg sgpt dgharg egi 1;22 1;22 ib mustdodb edspusc ed spusc ib basciuodÿf hbsdvb gf gi mudodc pcr ib vgftb eg brhbs b Goubecr y b Orcbodb ( Ib Fbodÿf, 1>/4/1;22). Gf fcvdgharg eg 2447 gstbiibrcf odfoc pcivcrdfgs eg ib pibftb eg @bardobodcfgs Hdidtbrgs, qug brrbsbrcf ib oduebe eg Qèc Ugrogrc y prcvcobrcf sdgtg hugrtcs y ogftgfbrgs eg jgrdecs. Egseg gi prdhgr hchgftc, býf bftgs eg qug sg dfdodbrb ib dfvgstdnbodÿf, gi ncadgrfc jbaiÿ eg uf ’boodegftg‘. Ubftc ics bfâidsds g`gotubecs pcr pgrdtcs ochc ics tgstdhcfdcs, dfedobrcf qug sg trbtbab eg uf u f jgojc dftgfodcfbi, dftgfodcfbi, qug hâs tbreg tb reg sg vdfouiÿ v dfouiÿ ocf ib dfvgstdnbodÿf eg ib vgftb eg brhbs. Ib qugrgii qugrgiibftg bftg Bfb Nrdttd, Nrdtt d, vdueb eg ufb eg ibs vèotdhbs egi btgftbec, btgftbec, bflrhÿ qug ibs gxpicsdc g xpicsdcfgs fgs gf ib pibf pibftb tb hdidtbr hd idtbr `ugrcf ’`ufodcfbigs ’ `ufodcfbigs bi ocftrbabfec eg brhbs‘. Gi flsobi `gegrbi Obrics _tcrfgiid scstuvc qug hgedbftg ib vcibeurb eg hbtgrdbi gf Qèc Q èc Ugrogrc Ugrogrc sg gidhdfÿ gidhd fÿ gvdegfodb scarg ibs gxpcrtbodcfgs gxpcr tbodcfgs oibfegstdfbs oibfegstdfbs y sg mustdfloÿ ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg nrbf obftdebe eg pgrtrgojcs pgrt rgojcs aäidocs. Ib obusb prgsordadÿ sdf qug ib Mustdodb jbiibsg b ics ouipbaigs, y trbs gi obhadc eg obrâtuib eg ’boodegftg pcr fgnidngfodb‘= sg jbaèb egmbec eg ibec ibs jdpÿtgsds eg btgftbec c sbactbmg scstgfdebs pcr gi  mugz Wrsc gf tcrfc bi trâfloc dignbi eg brhbs, qug ocfsdegrbab b ib @âardob Hdidtbr eg Qèc Ugrogrc ochc ogftrc eg cpgrbodcfgs egi ocftrbabfec eg brhbhgftc.

Ochc hgfodcfbhcs, gf 2445 tuvc iunbr ufb rg`crhb rg`cr hb ocfstdtuodcfbi hgedbftg hge dbftg gi bougrec gftrg y Hgfgh, ocfcodec pýaidobhgftg ochc gi ’ ‘. @ug rgpuedbec pcr ib cpcsdodÿf, qug ic ocfsdegrÿ gspurdc. Uuvc ochc ocfsgougfodb ib päredeb eg orgedadidebe orgedad idebe egi rbedobidshc, pcr ic qug qug uf tgrogr pbrtdec pbrt dec `crhbec pcr ics ics edsocf`crhgs edsocf`cr hgs egi  mustdodbidshcc y bidbecs  mustdodbidsh bidbecs,, gi ’@rgf ’@rgftg tg Nrbfe Nrbfeg‘ g‘,, pbsÿ b sgr gi sgnufec pbrtdec gf `ugrzb gigotcrbi gf ibs gigoodcfgs b Ocfvgfodcfbigs Ocfstdtuygftgs. Ib Igy eg Qg`crhb sg jdzc ocf drrgnuibrdebegs= gi prcygotc eg rg`crhb `ug hcedflobec pcr gi _gfbec2?, pgrc fc sg ic gfvdÿ b ib Oâhbrb eg Crdngf ochc ocrrgspcfeèb pbrb sgr bprcabec c rgojbzbec, sdfc qug sg edc pcr sbfodcfbec y sg pbsÿ pbrb su prchuinbodÿf pcr gi Gmgoutdvc, pbrb qug ib rg`crhb ocfstdtuodcfbi gstuvdgrb idstb gf ocrtc pibzc b flf eg pcsdadidtbr ib rggigoodÿf eg Hgfgh. Ocf gi hdshc hd shc camgtdvc sg boctÿ gi tdghpc gf qug egaèb sgsdcfbr ib Ocfvgfodÿf Fbodcfbi Ocfstdtuygftg= gstb gstb sdtubodÿf gs dfocfstdtuodcfbi, dfocfstdt uodcfbi, yb qug ib Ocfvgfodÿf gs ’scagrbfb‘, ’scagrbfb‘, Crdndfbihgftg sg jbaèb gstbaigodec ufb eurbodÿf eg oubtrc bòcs pbrb bhabs oâhbrbs, y gi _gfbec edspusc qug ics sgfbecrgs gstuvdgrbf sgds bòcs gf sus `ufodcfgs. `ufodcfgs. 2?

2:>

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

fc pugeg tgfgr rgstrdoodcfgs. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, sg ig flmÿ uf pibzc pbrb jbogr ibs hcedflobodcfgs hcedflobodcfgs y ibs idhdtÿ b ics puftcs gfufodbecs gf ib ’igy eg fgogsdebe eg rg`crhb‘, g dfoiusc sg egadÿ trbtbr gf aicq aicqug ug uf ocfmuftc eg brtèouics brt èouics eg bougrec b ic gstdpuibec gf gi ’[botc eg Cidvcs‘ Cidvcs‘.. Ibs prdfodpbigs prd fodpbigs rg`crhbs gstbaigodebs gf ibs oduebegs oduebegs eg _bftb @g y [brbfâ gf 2445 (qug gs ecfeg sgsdcfÿ sgsdcfÿ ib Ocfvgfodÿf) `ugrcf= ib rggigndadidebe rggign dadidebe egi prgsdegftg pcr ecs pgrècecs ocfsgoutdvcs< gi bocrtbhdgftc eg su pgrècec b oubtrc bòcs y gi eg ics sgfbecrgs b sgds< gi bnrgnbec eg uf sgfbecr hâs pcr ib cpcsdodÿf pcr obeb edstrdtc gigotcrbi< ib pcsdadidebe eg ib ocfsuitb pcpuibr vdfouibftg (rg`gräfeuh)< ib egsdnfbodÿf eg uf mg`g eg nbadfgtg eg hdfdstrcs< ib dfjbadidtbodÿf b pgrpgtudebe pbrb coupbr obrncs pýaidocs pbrb qudgfgs sg suaigvgf ocftrb gi cregf ocfstdtuodcfbi< ib dfoiusdÿf eg ics ics pbrtdecs pbrt decs pciètdocs (ouycs `cfecs egagf sgr ocfcodecs pýaidobhgftg) gf ib Ocfstdtuodÿf< ib boodÿf eg bhpbrc, Jâagbs ocrpus y Jâagbs ebtb ochc nbrbftèb eg ics egrgojcs juhbfcs< gi egrgojc eg ics dfeèngfbs< gi ctcrnbhdgftc eg mgrbrquèb ocfstdtuodcfbi b ibs ocfvgfodcfgs y pbotcs gfuhgrbecs gf gi brtèouic brt èouic >7 dfo. 11, y b tcecs ics trbtbecs dftgrfbodcfbigs scarg egrgojcs juhbfcs bprcabecs pcr ecs tgrodcs eg obeb Oâhbrb Oâhb rb egi Ocfnrgsc< ib gigoodÿf eg ics hbndstrbecs muedodbigs pcr hgedc eg uf Ocfsgmc eg Hbndstrbturb< gi egrgojc eg ics jbadtbftgs eg Obpdtbi @gegrbi b gigndr gign dr b su prcpdc dftgfegftg, gtoätgrb.

IB OWI OWIUWQB UWQB EG EGII _J _JC[ C[[DF [DFN N GF GI FGC FGCID IDAG AGQBID_ QBID_HC HC B `dfgs eg ib edotbeurb sg dfstbibrcf nrbfegs jdpgrhgrobecs gf ib Brngftdfb, gftrg giics Muhac y Obrrg`cur. Gf 24::, b dhdtbodÿf eg ics pbèsgs egi prdhgr hufec, sg bardgrcf ics sjcppdfns= ics prdhgrcs `ugrcf _jcppdfn _jcppdfn _ur (qug yb fc gxdstg) y [btdc Auiirdoj.25 Gi fgcidagrbidshc pdgfsb gf ics oduebebfcs oduebe bfcs ochc ocfsuhdecrgs= gf gi sjc ppdfn tdgfgf boogsc ocf`crtbaig y gstätdoc b sus fgogsdebegs hbtgrdbigs, ocf vdndibfodb prdvbeb, ocfogftrbecs gf uf hdshc iunbr. Egftrc egi ogftrc ochgrodbi, prgechdfb ib ouiturb egi ocfsuhc, gi hbrlgtdfn y ib puWfdogftgr _jcppdfn aidodebe, ib ouiturb egi gftgrtbdfhgft (gftrgtgfdhdgftc), egi `bst `cce (ochdeb râpdeb), gi dr eg ’sjcppdfn‘= sg pugeg ochprbr rcpb, ogiuibrgs, hýsdob, idarcs, mugncs, pdedgfec ibs hgmcrgs hbrobs, pbrb gstbr bi fdvgi egi ’prdhgr hufec‘. Ics odfgs dfoiusc, ocf ibs huitdsbibs, sg bfgxbrcf b ib cib ocfsuhdstb ocf ics abiegs eg pcojcoics y eg nbsgcsbs bi hgmc hgmcrr gstdic fcrtgbhgrdobfc fcrtgbhgrdobfc.. Gi fgcidagrbidshc pdgfsb gf ics ocfsuhdecrgs, qug pugegf dr eg pbsgc eg ochprbs ics flfgs eg sghbfb< fc gf ics trbabmbecrgs, qug eurbftg ib eäobeb egi 4;, ocf ibs suogsdvbs figxdadidzbodcfgs ibacrbigs, ibacrbigs, egmbrcf eg pgrodadr augfcs sbibrdcs, jcrbs gxtrbs, gxt rbs, y pbsbrcf b dfoiudr gf sus mcrfbebs ibacrbigs b ics flfgs eg sghbfb. 25

2::

Bnrbegzoc gstb df`crhbodÿf b Muidbfb Hcfsbivc.

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

Ibs obegfbs eg supgrhgrobecs y eg jdpgrhgrobecs, ocf sus gxtgfscs gx tgfscs jcrbrdcs jcrbr dcs eg btgfodÿf y sus prgodcs hâs abmcs pcr ib prgsdÿf gmgrodeb b ics prcvggecrgs pbrb ochprb pcr nrbfegs obftdebegs, obftdebegs, iigvbrcf gf uf hchgftc b ib gxtdfodÿf gxt dfodÿf egi bihboäf abrrdbi, qug hâs tbreg rgsurndÿ gf hbxd-ldcsoc. Gf binufcs iunbrgs, ecfeg ibs oâhbrbs eg ochgrodbftgs hdfcrdstbs tdgfgf huojb `ugrzb, fc sg puedgrcf dfstbibr ibs nrbfegs obegfbs. Gf ctrcs, pbrb btrbgr b ib ngftg qug qudgrg dr eg pbsgc eg ochprbs, sg rghczbrcf abrrdcs, ecfeg sg c`rgogf prceuotcs icobigs c brtgsbfbigs eg augfb ocf`goodÿf.

Wf oidhb ouiturbi prdvbtdstb. Gftrgvdstb Gft rgvdstb b Ogodidb Brdzbnb 27, scodÿicnb [cr Bfergb @grrbrd, [ândfb/21 [ândfb/21,, 5 eg hbyc eg 1;;? ‟³Oÿhc dfodeg ib ouiturb ouit urb eg ics 4; gf gi egsbrrciic eg abrrdcs abrrdc s ogrrbecs y ocuftrdgs ocuftrdgs33 \...X ‟Gf ics 4; sg vg ib judeb eg ics sgotcrgs sgot crgs hgedcs, prdfodpbihgftg urabfcs, ur abfcs, jbodb gi suauradc. [grc fc sÿic jbaèb uf prcogsc eg suaurabfdzbodÿf, sdfc tbhadäf eg gfobpsuibhdgftc. Ic qug gstbab b `icr eg tceb rgspugstb grb gi tghb eg ib sgnurdebe= ib oduebe bpbrgoèb ochc uf iunbr dfsgnurc. Ib jdpÿtgsds jdpÿt gsds eg hd trbabmc sg edrdndÿ b ausobr auso br ics gighgftcs hâs suamgtdvcs eg gstbeg sgnodgrtbs sgnurdebe. urdebe.ocfedodcfgs Gs egodr qugqug fc sÿic grb ufb rgspugstb `rgftg sdfc qug ebab ougftb gstbabf surndgfec egftrc eg biicsegidtc, dftgrgsgs eg gstcs sgotcrgs hgedcs, jbaibab eg ufb sgnurdebe eg tdpc suamgtdvb, sdhaÿidob, eg gstbr gf uf bhadgftg jchcnäfgc `rgftg b ic jgtgrcnäfgc eg ib oduebe badgrtb, y tbhadäf rgspcfeèb b uf oidhb ouiturbi eg ocfodgftdzbodÿf prdvbtdstb, qug sg trbsibebab bi gspbodc. Gftcfogs gstg oidhb, gstg gtjcs prdvbtdstb, eg binufb hbfgrb gstbab ebfec `crhb b gstbs fugvbs urabfdzbodcfgs gf gi suauradc ogrrbec. ‟³Eg quä hbfgrb sg trbeuog gstg oidhb ouiturbi3 ‟Gf gi suauradc sg pugeg vgr eg hbfgrb huy arutbi ocf gstcs gstc s abrrdcs pgrc tbhadäf gf ib oduebe, bufqug ocf ed`grgfodbs, gf fugvbs `crhbs rgsdegfodbigs ochc ibs tcrrgs ocuftry. Gstbs fugvbs `crhbs sg ochadfbf ocf nrbfegs gqudpbhdgftcs eg ocfsuhc= gi sjcppdfn, gi jdpgrhgrobec, ics huitdodfgs= sg orgb bsè ufb gspgodg eg rge, eg odroudtc prdvbtdstb. Gi dfedvdeuc sg hugvg b pbrtdr eg rgegs, qug gf gi suauradc scf ibs butcpdstbs, butcpdst bs, qug ocfgotbf gstbs dsibs eg ib dfoiusdÿf. Gf gsg sgftdec gs ecfeg ib iÿndob prdvbtdstb prdvbt dstb sg vg huy gxpugstb= surngf gstcs hdorcoidhbs `rgftg b uf gspbodc `èsdoc `èsdo c y scodbi qug sg vb egnrbebfec. Ic qug gstâ hcstrbfec gstc gs ib ocfvgrngfodb eg ib iÿndob prdvbtdstb y eg ufb `rbnhgftbodÿf scodbi orgodgftg. ‟³Oÿhc sg rgibodcfbf gstbs dsibs ocf gi hufec gxtgrdcr3 ‟Oubfec yc jboèb gftrgvdstbs jbstb gi —44 c 1;;;, sg vgèb qug jbaèb ufb egodsdÿf eg fc sbidrsg eg ibs rgegs. Gi gmghpic pbrbednhâtdoc gs gi iibhbec ldiÿhgtrc odfougftb, gf [dibr. Biiè gs ecfeg sg ocfogftrbf gstcs ogftrcs eg ocfsuhc y gftrgtgfdhdgftc b uf ibec y ctrc eg ib [bfbhgrdobfb. Jby sjcppdfns, odgrtc tdpc eg fgncodc badgrtc gf ics 4;, abrgs, ged`dodcs eg c`dodfbs, gstâ gi _jgrbtcf [dibr... odgrtb degb eg gspbodc nicabi, ochc ufb dsib eg ib nicabidzbodÿf. T sg vgèb ufb egodsdÿf qug sg iigvbab b obac eg hbfgrb abstbftg ocforgtb eg fc sbidrsg eg gstbs rgegs. \...X Dnubihgftg sg vb bi pugaic eg [dibr y tbhadäf b ibs qudftbs acidvdbfbs gf Gsocabr y b ics iibhbecs ’acidsjcppdfns‘, iunbrgs ecfeg jby pugstcs ocfogftrbecs gf uf prgedc, qug vgfegf prceuotcs eg hbrobs truojbs b prgodcs 27

Ogodidb Brdzbnb gs ufb eg ibs butcrbs eg [gfsbr ibs oibsgs hgedbs= ocfsuhcs ocfsuhcs ouiturbigs y gstdics eg vdeb urabfcs urabfcs gf  ib Brngftdfb Brngftdfb eg ics 4;. Ochpdibodÿf eg Bfb ^crthbf, eg gedtcrdbi Ib Orumèb, 1;;?.

2:4

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

huy abrbtcs. Bftgs ics usbabf sgotcrgs pcpuibrgs eg ib zcfb, pgrc egspuäs eg gfgrc eg 1;;1 gstc sg pcpuibrdzb y igndtdhb gf gstcs sgotcrgs hgedcs. ‟[grc sdghprg vdäfecic ocf edstbfodb. ‟_è, gstâ gf mugnc ufb hdrbeb drÿfdob= ’Ednc qug ib ordsds tbhadäf hg tcoÿ b hè pcrqug gs ignètdhc egodric bjcrb‘. Gf ics 4; ic ignètdhc grb gi ocfsuhc cstgfsdaig, gi hcstrbr, y gi gmghpic pbrbednhâtdoc `ug ib `crhb 5x5. Egspuäs edodgharg 1;;2 sg igndtdhb ufb pgrc abmb sdf eg gstg ocfsuhc cstgfsdaig, ufb eg gstbreg b tcfc ocf icseg tdghpcs gftrg ochdiibs, babfecfbr ufb hdrbeb drÿfdob. T gstc fc qudgrg egodr qug fc sg vugivb gf binýf hchgftc bi ocfsuhc cstgfsdaig= gs uf ocrtg, fc fgogsbrdbhgftg uf obhadc eg bquè gf begibftg. ‟³T oÿhc gs ib rgibodÿf ocf ib butcrdebe3 ‟Bpbrgogf sdtubodcfgs sdtubodcfgs abstbftg gxtrghbs. Gf hds prdhgrbs gftrgvdstbs, gf gi —4> y —4:, hg jbaibabf eg binufcs egidtcs ochgtdecs egftrc eg ics ocuftrdgs pcr ics hdshcs rgsdegftgs, gf vcz huy abmb, ochc ufb vgrsdÿf. Gf gi ýitdhc tdghpc gs ed`èodi ed `èodi qug fc bpbrgzob binc, binýf rcac c egidtc hgfcr. Ib prdhgrb rgboodÿf gs ouipbr bi ctrc egi b`ugrb hâs ogrobfc, fufob gs pbrtg egi ’fcsctrcs‘ ’fcsctrcs‘.. Oubfec sg sbag yb qug gs binudgf egi dftgrdcr, ic qug sg trbtb eg jbogr gs hbftgfgric gf ib gs`grb egi ocuftry. Jby hgobfdshcs, ochc sdstghbs eg sgnurc. [cr gmghpic, sd b binudgf ig egstrczbrcf uf bhadgftg eg ib obsb, gi ocuftry tdgfg uf sgnurc pbrb rgsbrodric y gftcfogs tcec sg hbftdgfg egftrc eg ics hurcs. Oubfec sg sbig eg gstc, qudgfgs qudgrgf jbogr ib egfufodb scf huy hbi vdstcs pcr gi rgstc. Gstc sbob b ib iuz gstg gtjcs prdvbtdstb= ³pcr quä vbs b sbobr ics trbpdtcs bi sci sd pceghcs rgscivgric gftrg tcecs3 ‟³T gf oubftc bi pcegr hufdodpbi3 ‟Gf ngfgrbi, egseg ics hufdodpdcs sg `bvcrgodÿ ib ocfstruoodÿf eg gstcs ghprgfedhdgftcs abmc gi edsoursc eg qug gffcaigog b ib zcfb y ebf ghpigc. [bttd [bt td ic jdzc gxpièodtc. [cr ctrc ibec, sg vg ocfstbftghgftg qug sg giueg gi pbnc eg dhpugstcs, jby huojbs urabfdzbodcfgs obtbicnbebs ochc abieècs. Jby ufb degb ocfstbftg eg trbfsnrgedr ic pýaidoc, pgrc gstc egag iggrsg ochc binc qug gstâ egftrc eg ib ocfodgfodb. ³[cr quä tgfnc qug pbnbr biuharbec, abrrdec y idhpdgzb oubfec gf rgbidebe ic gstbhcs pbnbfec dftgrfbhgftg, pcr quä pbnbr dhpugstcs pcr sgnurdebe sgnur debe sd ib pbnbhcs dftgrfbhgftg3 Gsb gs ib iÿndob.

GI EG_ EG_GH GH[I [IGC GC T GI DF DFOQG OQGHG HGFU FUC C EG IB [C [CAQG AQG]B ]B G_ G_UQ UQWO WOUWQBI UWQBI Eurbftg ib eäobeb egi :; juac ufb obèeb ngfgrbidzbeb egi dfnrgsc dfn rgsc gf ics sgotcrgs hgedcs, pgrc fc fgogsbrdbhgftg uf buhgftc eg ib pcargzb gstruoturbi (qug sg rgflgrg b ib sdtubodÿf eg ics sgotcrgs jdstÿrdobhgftg egs`bvcrgodecs), qug grb pbidbeb pcr ib dfvgrsdÿf scodbi.20 Gf ib eäobeb egi 4;, gf uf prdfodpdc, ics sbibrdcs eg ibs oibsgs hgedbs sg rgoupgrbrcf ocf ib gstbadidebe icnrbeb pcr ib ocfvgrtdadidebe. ocfvgrtd adidebe. _df ghabrnc, gi egsghpigc buhgftÿ pbuibtdfbhgftg pbuibtdfbhgftg pcr ibs ogsbftèbs prceuotc eg ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs, pcr gi odgrrg odgr rg eg `âardobs egadec b ib bpgrturb eg ics hgrobecs hgrobecs gxtgrfcs gxtgr fcs c b ib egsfbodcfbidzbodÿf eg ibs hdshbs, y pcr dfocrpcrbodÿf d focrpcrbodÿf eg fugvbs tgofcicnèbs, qug ocftrbmgrcf ib eghbfeb eghbfeb ibacrbi. B hgedeb qug trbf trbfsourr sourrèb èb gi tdghpc, ib `bitb eg ghpigc ghpigc idhdtbab id hdtbab gi hgrobec dftgrfc pbrb ics ougftbprcpdstbs (egfchdfbecs drÿfdobhgftg pcr ib scodgebe ochc ’ib pbtrdb rghdsgrb‘), y tbhadäf dfodeèb gf ib obèeb eg ics sbibrdcs= bi jbagr hbycr obftdebe eg hbfc eg carb edspcfdaig, sg pbnbab hgfcs pcr gi hdshc trbabmc. Ebtcs tchbecs egi brtèouic ’Ghpigc, geuobodÿf y pcargzb, ocfvgrsbodcfgs ocf Iuds Agoobrdb‘ gf ib rgvdstb Gi Casgrvbtcrdc  F½ ?, mufdc eg 2444. jttp=//www.casgrvbtcrdcscodbi.och.br jttp=//www.casgrvbtcrdcscodbi.och.br  _codbi  F½ 20

24;

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

Bi hdshc tdghpc, orgodÿ ib prgobrdgebe gf ics ghpigcs, y gi trbabmc fc rgndstrbec grb ic hâs usubi. [brb ocihc, egseg gi ncadgrfc sg `bvcrgodÿ ib dfgstbadidebe gf ibs ocfedodcfgs eg ocftrbtbodÿf eg trbabmc, ocf suogsdvbs fcrhbs qug vdcibabf ics egrgojcs eg ics trbab mbecrgs bequdrdecs bequdr decs bòcs btrâs= ibs igygs eg figxdadidzbodÿf ibacrbi. Bsè, gf 2442 sg sbfodcfÿ ib Fbodcfbi eg Ghpigc, qug `bodidtÿ gi trbabmc tghpcrbrdc pcr pibzcs fc hbycrgs eg sgds hgsgs, y qug orgÿ gi sgnurc eg egsghpigc. Ib igy eg boodegftgs eg trbabmc rgeumc ics hcftcs pcr dfeghfdzbodcfgs.

@ctc eg Bigmbferc Qdojtgr

Egspuäs eg ibs gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs prgsdegfodbigs eg 2447, sg ocfcodgrcf ibs od`rbs o d`rbs eg ib egscoupbodÿf, qug biobfzÿ fdvgigs bibrhbftgs= gf ecs bòcs sg egstruygrcf egstr uygrcf :5?.;;; pugstcs eg trbabmc. Gi pcrogftbmg eg egscoupbodÿf badgrtb, badgrt b, qug grb egi 5,>% gf 24:5 pbsÿ bi 0% gf 2442, buhgftÿ bi 2>,5% 2>,5% gf 2447 2 4472>, y iignÿ bi 12,7 12,7% % gf hbyc eg 1;;1< 1; ;1< beghâs eg dforghgftbrsg gi pcrogftbmg eg suacoupbodÿf (gs egodr, ngftg qug trbabmb hgfcs eg ?7 jcrbs sghbfbigs pcr obusbs dfvciuftbrdbs). Gftrg egsghpigbecs y suaghpigbecs gf 2447 jbaèb ?.0;;.;;; pgrscfbs. Gsg bòc, ctrb obusb eg ib egscoupbodÿf ochgfzÿ b sgr ib rgogsdÿf. Gs egodr, sg ocfmunbabf gf gstb sdtubodÿf tcebs ocfsgougfodbs qug tdgfgf qug vgr ocf gi hcegic gocfÿhdoc prcygotbec pcr gi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf. Ocf gi prcpÿsdtc eg ’puivgrdzbr‘ ib egscoupbodÿf gi hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb eg Hgfgh, Echdfnc Obvbiic, rgeumc ics bpcrtgs pbtrcfbigs, pbrb edshdfudr gi ocstc ibacrbi y eg gstg hcec `bvcrgogr gi ghpigc. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, gstb hgedeb rgeufeÿ gf ufb dhpcrtbftg hgrhb gf ics rgourscs egi Gstbec qug egaèbf vciobrsg jbodb ics muadibecs y ib scodgebe gf ngfgrbi. Gi hcegic gocfÿhdoc gstbab bnctâfecsg= sg jbaèbf nbstbec ics `cfecs eg ibs prdvbtdzbodcfgs sdf edshdfudr ib egueb gxtgrfb y ics borggecrgs gxtgrfcs prgsdcfbabf ocfstbftghgftg pbrb ib rgeuoodÿf eg nbstcs egi Gstbec y pbrb ib bpidobodÿf eg pciètdobs býf hâs fgcidagrbigs fgcidagrb igs qug ocfeuoèbf ocfeuoèbf b ufb u fb ocfogftrbodÿf prcfufodbeb eg ib rdqugzb gf ibs hbfcs eg nrbfegs sgotcrgs obpdtbidstbs. Ib rgeuoodÿf eg ics bpcrtgs pbtrcfbigs sdnfdfloÿ ufb trbfs`grgfodb eg `cfecs eg ics hâs pcargs jbodb ics hâs rdocs. Ocf ibs hgedebs fgcidagrbigs fgcidagrb igs dhpugstbs sg prc`ufedzbab ib argojb gftrg pcargs y rdocs. [brb bfbidzbr bfbid zbr ib ed`grgfodb gf ib edstrdauodÿf egi dfnrgsc gftrg pcargs y rdocs sg ochpbrb ochpbrb gi qudftdi hâs rdoc, r doc, gs egodr, gi sgotcr egi 1;% eg hbycrgs dfnrgscs, ocf gi qudftdi hâs pcarg, c sgb gi 1;% ocf hgfcrgs dfnrgscs. [grc ocf ib baruptb obèeb eg pbrtg eg ib oibsg hgedb, tbhadäf sg pugegf casgrvbr ics eghâs qudftdigs. Ibs päredebs fc `ugrcf gqudtbtdvbs, yb qug gi qudftdi hâs pcarg tuvc ufb rgeuoodÿf rgibtdvb rgibtdvb eg hâs egi >;%, >;% , gi sgnufec sgn ufec qudftdi 2>

Ucrrbec, _usbfb (244:).

242

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

@ugftg=  www.dgrbi.c  ww w.dgrbi.crn rn

pgredÿ hâs egi 7;%, gi tgrogr qudftdi hâs egi ?;% y gi oubrtc oubr tc birgegecr egi 2;% 2;%.. _ÿic hg mcrbf su sdtub sdtubodÿf odÿf ics sgotcrgs qug gstâf bscodbecs bscodbecs gstrgojbhgf gstrgojbhgftg tg ocf ocf gi äxdtc egi obpd obpdtbi= tbi= tcec gi gspgotrc eg ngrgfodbs bitbs y hgedbs sg gfougf gfougftrbf trbf gf gstb pcsdodÿf.2: Ib pcargzb, hgedeb pcr gi dfstr dfstruhgftc uhgftc ocfcodec ochc (I[) qug ocfsdegrb pcargs b ics jcnbrgs ouyc dfnrgsc `bhdidbr fc biobfzb b ouardr gi vbicr eg ufb obfbstb aâsdob eg adgfgs y sgrvdodcs eg ocstc hèfdhc, sg jbaèb dforghgftbec yb qug, suhbec b ib pcargzb gstruoturbi, jbaèb surndec uf fugvc sgotcr= gi eg ics ’fugvcs pcargs‘, qug jbaèbf pgrtgfgodec b ib oibsg hgedb, pgrc qug bi pgregr sus ghpigcs, fc ocfsgnudr ctrcs y fc tgfgr äxdtc ochc ougftbprcpdstbs, sg vgèbf pcr prdhgrb vgz jbodgfec ocibs dftgrhdfbaigs gf ics jcspdtbigs pbrb sgr btgfedecs pcr su sbiue, obhadbfec b sus jdmcs eg gsougib prdvbeb b gsougib pýaidob, hueâfecsg pýaidob, hueâfecsg b abrrdcs abrr dcs pgrd`ärdocs pgrd`är docs c gf obscs gxtrghcs b vdiibs eg ghgrngfodb, gto. Ocf gstbs päredebs eg ics fugvcs pcargs dab bochpbòbeb ib obeuodebe eg su stbtus stbtus scodbi, scodb i, hâs ibs ocfsdnudgftgs edflouitbegs eg dftgnrbodÿf y bebptbodÿf b ib fugvb sdtubodÿf. Gi egsghpigc sg ocfvdrtdÿ egseg 24>0 gf ufb bhgfbzb, qug tuvc g`gotcs eg sgnhgftbodÿf b fdvgi scodbi. Ics trbabmbecrgs trbabmbe crgs y ghpigbecs ghpigbecs sg edsodpidfbrcf y sg vcivdgrcf eÿodigs y ocfsgrvbecrgs< gi trbabmc t rbabmc yb fc grb uf egrgojc y uf egagr sdfc uf prdvdigndc. T huojcs trbabmbecrgs prgflrdgrcf fc jbogr juginbs gf prctgstb pcr ibs rgeuoodcfgs eg pgrscfbi (gs egodr, sg pgredÿ scidebrdebe), pcr ic qug ibs ocfedodcfgs eg trbabmc gf ngfgrbi ghpgcrbrcf. Gi buhgftc gf ib obftdebe eg fugvcs pcargs sg qudftupidoÿ gftrg 24:; y 1;;1. B gstg dforghgftc sg suhÿ gi eg dfedngftgs (jcnbrgs (jcnb rgs ouycs dfnrgscs `bhdidbrgs fc biobfzbf b ouardr gi ocstc eg ib bidhgftbodÿf). Ics fugvcs pcargs, pcargs, bi tgfgr ctrb `crhbodÿf ouiturbi y ctrb nbhb eg rgibodcfgs rgibodcfgs scodbigs, tdgfegf b rgoibhbr hâs bftg gi Gstbec sus egrgojcs ochc oduebebfcs< oubfec obhadb ib pciètdob gocfÿhdob gocfÿhdob y sg bargf fugvbs fugvbs pgrspgotdvbs ibacrbigs ibacrbigs,, igs gs hgfcs edflouitcsc sbidr 2:

241

Hbrdbfb Qbhcs Hgmèb (1;;0).

 

OB[ÈUWIC :

eg gsb sdtubodÿf< gf obhadc, obhadc, b ics pcargs gstruoturbigs gstr uoturbigs qug tdgfgf ufb jdstcrdb `bhdidbr `bh didbr eg ngfgrbodcfgs ocf obrgfodbs eg ibs fgogsdebegs aâsdobs, jbiibf huojèsdhcs hâs castâouics castâou ics pbrb hgmcrbr su ocfedodÿf scodc gocfÿhdob. Gi Gstbec fgcidagrbi dfouhpig ibs `ufodcfgs eg bsdstgfodb scodbi scodb i y prgstbodÿf eg sgrvdodcs sgrv dodcs aâsdocs, pcr ic qug ics hâs pcargs sg vgf hâs egs`bvcrgodecs egs`b vcrgodecs y sg idhdtbf sus pcsdadidebegs eg dftgnrbodÿf y eg bsogfsc scodbi. Ocf rgspgotc b ib rgibodÿf gftrg geuobodÿf y trbabmc, sd adgf ib geuobodÿf sdghprg `ug fgogsbrdb pbrb ib hcvdidebe scodbi y hgmcrbs ibacrbigs, ocf ib gsobsgz eg ghpigcs, gi tètuic sg ocfvdrtdÿ gf rgqudsdtc pbrb ocfsgnudr trbabmc, pgrc fc pbrb hgmcrbr gi sbibrdc. _d gf ctrbs äpcobs sg rgqu rgqugrèb grèb pbrb sgr rgpcsdtcr gf supgrhgrobec supgrhgrobec jbagr tgrhdfbe tgrhd fbecc ib gsougib prdhbrdb, sg ochgfzÿ b gxdndr gxdn dr gi eg sgoufebrdb, sdf sd f buhgftbr buhgftbr ics jbagrgs. Ghpgcrbab gstb sdtubodÿf gi jgojc eg qug ib geuobodÿf ‟pbrb gi qudftdi hâs abmc‟ fc sdrvdgrb ochc bidodgftg pbrb ocfsgnudr trbabmc. [cr gi ocftrbrdc, gf ics jcnbrgs pcargs ibs tbsbs eg egsghpigc egsghpigc grbf bitbs pbrb oubiqudgr fdvgi eg dfstruoodÿf, dfstr uoodÿf, y oubftc hbycr hbycr `ugrb gi fdvgi geuobtdvc biobfzbec hbycr grb gi egsghpigc. Gf 2444, uf nrbeubec ufdvgrsdtbrdc eg uf jcnbr pcarg tgfèb hgfcs pcsdadidebegs eg gfocftrbr ghpigc ghpigc (?5% (?5 % eg tbsb eg egsghpigc) egsghpigc) qug ufc qug fc tgrhdfÿ ib prdhbrdb (1;% eg tbsb eg egsghpigc).24 _g iignÿ b gstb sdtubodÿf pcr ib dftgfsb sgnhgftbodÿf scodbi y ib catgfodÿf eg uf ghpigc grb pcsdaig sÿic pcr rgochgfebodÿf. B flfgs eg ib eäobeb egi 4;, ib pcargzb yb fc sg egag b pgrècecs eg jdpgrdffibodÿf, sdfc qug gs prceuotc eg uf ghpcargodhdgftc ghpcargod hdgftc basciutc qug fc dfvciuorb dfvciuorb sÿic b sgotcrgs sg otcrgs cargrcs cargrc s gstbaigs y b sgotcrgs hbrndfbecs, sdfc tbhadäf, ochc hgfodcfbhcs, b ibs oibsgs hgedbs pbupgrdzbebs, qug obygrcf abmc ib ièfgb eg pcargzb. Gf gstb argojb bhpidbeb gftrg pcargs y rdocs, sg vg qug ib oibsg hgedb edshdfuyÿ su vciuhgf rgibtdvc (gs egodr, fc fuhärdobhgftg sdfc pcrogftubihgftg), pcrogftubihgftg) , qug egorgodgrcf ics pugstcs eg trbabmc bsbibrdbec pgrhbfgftgs, qug sg borgogftÿ ib prgobrdzbodÿf egi ghpigc, qug tbhadäf sg `ugrcf jbodgfec hgfcrgs sus dfnrgscs, y qug sg dforghgftÿ gi gstrbtc hbrndfbi fc bsbibrdbec. _gnýf _usbfb Ucrrbec= Ucrrbec=1;

’Gf sèftgsds, buf sdf hctdvbodcfgs eg edsodpidfbhdgftc scodbi, ib pgreurbodÿf egi hcegic dfbunurbec gf 24>0 y su bogftubodÿf egseg 2442 sg trbeuog gf uf vdcigftc  prcogsc eg eg gxoiusdÿf gxoiusdÿf scodbi y pbegodhdgf pbegodhdgftc tc juhbfc juhbfc, `rutc `r utc eg ib orugi y edsodpigftg dfgqudebe ocf qug sg edstrdauyÿ gi ocstc scodbi egi bmustg.‘ Bftg gstb sdtubodÿf, ib Dnigsdb (gi (g i [bpb Mubf [baic [baic DD y iugnc ics ics cadspcs brngftdfcs) brn gftdfcs) ougso ugstdcfbrcf edstdftcs bspgotcs egi hcegic hgfghdstb, gftrg gftrg giics ics obscs eg ocrrupodÿf cflodbi y pibftgbrcf ib fgogsdebe eg juhbfdzbr gi hcegic gocfÿhdoc, prcpcfdgfec dhpuisbr ufb hâs mustb edstrdauodÿf edstr dauodÿf eg ib rdqugzb. rdqugzb. _df ghabrnc, gi hcegic sdnudÿ bpidoâfecsg gf gi fugvc ncadgrfc qug ochgfzÿ gf 2444. @grfbfec eg ib Qýb (Bidbfzb (Bid bfzb eg WOQ-@rgpbsc) nbfÿ nb fÿ ocf gi 5:,7% eg ics vctcs, ocf ib sdhpig prchgsb eg iigvbr begibftg uf ncadgrfc jcfgstc qug, egftrc eg uf hbroc eg mustdodb dfegGeubrec Bhbegc y _brb O eg Bstgibtrb, ’Hdrbfec binufcs ebtcs scarg pcargzb y ghpigc‘, ghpigc‘, gf Casgr Casgrvbtc vbtcrdc rdc _codb _codbi i  F½  F½ 5, cotuarg eg 2444. 1; Cp. odt. 24

24?

 

IB OQD_U OQD_UBID]BODßF BID]BODßF EGI HCEGIC FGCIDAGQBI

pgfedgftg, trbtbrèb eg `bvcrgogr ib gqudebe y egstdfbrèb gi hâxdhc pgfedgftg, hâx dhc prgsupugstc prgsupugstc pcsdaig b trbtbr eg rgeuodr gi egsghpigc. _df ghabrnc, ocf gi hdshc gsqughb bpgrturdstb gf ochgrodc gxtgrdcr, sdf ufb prctgoodÿf b ib dfeustrdb dfeustrd b qug buhgftbrb buhgftbrb bufqug sgb df`crhbihgftg ib obftdebe eg trbabmbecrgs, prâotdobhgftg sdf fugvbs dfvgrsdcfgs (y ibs qug jbaèb fc grbf prceuotdvbs= prceuotdvbs = huojbs `ugrcf eg nrbfegs obegfbs eg supgrhgrobecs qug `ugrcf egstruygfec bi ochgrodc hdfcrdstb y rgeuodgfec eg gstg hcec býf hâs gi fdvgi eg coupbodÿf) c egstdfbfec gi pcoc edfgrc edspcfdaig pbrb trbtbr eg pbnbr ib egueb gxtgrfb y sdnudgfec sdn udgfec ibs ’rgogtbs‘ egi @cfec @cfec Hcfgtbrdc Dftgrfbodcfbi y sus ocfedodcfbhdgftcs gf oubftc b obeb vgz hbycr bmustg, ib sdtubodÿf sdnudÿ ghpgcrbfec. Ib ocrrupodÿf sdnudÿ bochpbòbfec bi hcegic fgcidagrbi, ochc `ug vdsdaig vdsd aig gf ib vctbodÿf eg ib fugvb fugvb igy eg figxdadidzbodÿf figxdadi dzbodÿf ibacrbi egi bòc 1;;; (Igy (I gy eg Ghpigc) qug rgpbrtdÿ ocdhbs gf gi _gfbec b ocstb eg gidhdfbr ib vdngfodb eg ics ocfvgfdcs ocigotdocigotdvcs eg trbabmc gibacrbecs gftrg ics nrghdcs y ics eugòcs eg ibs ghprgsbs.

 Pgr,, cèr,  Pgr cèr, pgfsbr  Gftrg ibs pgièouibs qug gxdstgf pbrb rg`igxdcfbr scarg ibs pciètdobs fgcidagrbigs, rgochgfebhcs ibs sdnudgftgs= Gi vdbmg (2441)<  Hghc  Hghcrdb rdb egi sbqug sbqugc c (1;;5)< Ib ednfdebe eg ics fbedgs (1;;7) y  [rÿxdhb Gstbodÿf Gstb odÿf (1;;:), scf `dihs edrdndecs pcr @grfbfec [dfc _cibfbs, qug hugstrbf edstdftcs bspgotcs eg ib rgbidebe brngftdfb egi fgcidagrbidshc y sus ocfsgougfodbs, qug býf pgreurbf.  Hufec nrýb nr ýb (2444), eg [baic Urbpgrc, Brngftdfb. Ib hbycr gstb`b bi pugaic brngftdfc (1;;1), eg Edgnc Husdbl, ecouhgftbi qug trbtb ib jdstcrdb eg ib egueb gxtgrfb egseg sus dfdodcs. Absbec gf gi mudodc qug jdzc Bigmbferc Cihcs bi Gstbec, bi sgftdrsg pgrmuedobec pcr ib egueb gxtgrfb.  Hbtbfzb  Hbtbf zb (1;;2 (1;;2), ), eg Nrupc Ecouhgftbi Ecouhgft bi [rdhgrc eg Hbyc (Fdociâs Abtiig, Quaäf Eginbec, @grfbfec Hgfäfegz y Ghdidbfc [gfgibs). Wf sgnudhdgftc b ic ibrnc eg oubtrc bòcs eg ufb `bhdidb hbrndfbi sdrvg ochc gxousb pbrb rgtrbtbr rgtrbt br gi surndhdgftc egi hcvdhdgftc scodbi pdqugtgrc y ib ordsds gocfÿhdob gocfÿhdo b qug egsbtÿ ics jgojcs eg edodgharg eg 1;;2.  Qgruh Fcvbruh (1;;2 (1;;2), ), eg @grfbfec Hcifbr, Fdociâs Abtiig y_gabstdâf y_gabs tdâf _ojdfegi. EcouEcou hgftbi qug fbrrb ib jdstcrdb eg ib abfeb Qgruh Fcvbruh y Fcvbruh y tbhadäf eg ib ghprgsb tgxtdi @ibferdb, dhpcrtbftèsdhb pbrb ib icobidebe eg Mâurgnud (prcvdfodb eg Augfcs Bdrgs), qug prchcvdÿ, bpberdfÿ y `dfbfodÿ b gstb abfeb eurbftg sgds eäobebs, jbstb qug ogrrÿ sus pugrtbs gf 2440. Ibs [bihbs, Ojboc (1;;1), eg Bigmbferc @grfâfegz Hcumâf. Ecouhgftbi scarg gi dfngdfng fdc Ibs [bihbs, ogrrbec gf 2442, 2442, y ib iuojb eg sus trbabmbecrgs pbrb scargvdvdr. scargv dvdr. Gi Urgf Aibfoc (1;;?), eg Fbjugi Nbroèb, _jgdib [ärgz Ndhäfgz y Qbhdrc Nbroèb. Ecouhgftbi scarg gi trgf egstdfbec b trbfspcrtbr b ics obrtcfgrcs tcebs ibs fcojgs. Obhb begftrc (1;;5), eg Mcrng Nbnngrc, Brngftdfb. Gi barbzc pbrtdec (1;;?), eg Ebfdgi Aurhbf, Aurhbf, Brngftdfb. Brngft dfb. Iufb eg Bvgiibfgeb (1;;5), eg Mubf Mcsä Obhpbfgiib, Brngftdfb.

245

 

OQCFCICNÈB

OQCFCI OQC FCICNÈB CNÈB NGFG NGFGQBI QBI 2455 Ucebvèb fc fc jbaèb jbaèb tgrhdfbec ib _gnufeb Nugrrb Nugrrb Hufedbi oubfec, oubfec, ocf ocf ics Bougrecs Bougrecs eg eg Argttcf ^cces, sg orgb gi @.H.D. 2457 2> eg cotuarg= fbog gi pgrcfdshc gf Brngftdfb. @df eg ib _gnufeb Nugrrb Hufedbi. Ochdgfzc eg Nugrrb @rèb. @rbflidf E. Qccsgvgit, prgsdegftg eg GG.WW, hugrg eurbftg su oubrtc hbfebtc (24??-2457). Ic suogeg Jbrry _. Uruhbf (jbstb 247?). Qg`undbecs mueècs vbf b [bigstdfb. Qci ogftrbi gf Nrbf Argtbòb eg ^dfstcf Ojurojdii (prdhgr hdfdstrc gftrg 2472 y 2477). 245: Ib C.F.W. rgebotb ib egoibrbodÿf eg ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs. @ufebodÿf egi Gstbec eg Dsrbgi gf tgrrdtcrdcs pbigstdfcs. 2454 Qg`crhb ocfstdtuodcfbi gf Brngftdfb= ocfstdtuodcfbidshc scodbi. Ocfstdtuodÿf eg ecs Bighbfdbs. @ufebodÿf eg ib Qgpýaidob [cpuibr Ojdfb. Ojdbfn Lbd _jgol sg rgtdrb b ib dsib eg @crhcsb. _g ocfstdtuyg ib CUBF (Crnbf ( Crnbfdzbodÿf dzbodÿf egi Urbtbec Urbtbec egi Btiâftdoc Fcrtg) y gi OCHGOCF OCH GOCF (Ocfsgmc eg Byueb Hutub Gocfÿhdob). 247?? Ewdnj 247 Ewdnjtt Gdsgfjcw Gdsgfjcwgr gr gs prgsd prgsdegf egftg tg eg GG.W GG.WW. W. Hugrg Mcsg` _tbidf, qudgf ncagrfÿ ib WQ__ WQ __ gftrg 2415 y 247?. Ic suogeg Fdldtb Mrusjojcv (jbstb [rcogsc eg ’egsgstbidfdzbodÿf‘. 2475 2405). Cpcsdodÿf b [grÿf= @rcfedzd, prgsdegftg eg ib WOQ, puaidob [gtrÿigc y pciètdob. Ncipg eg Gstbec gf Nubtghbib ocftrb Mbocac Bragfz. Gi ngfgrbi Bi`rgec _trcgssfgr bsuhg ochc prgsdegftg eg [brbnuby. Dfdodb ufb edotbeurb eg ?7 bòcs. 2477 Egrrcobhdgftc eg [grÿf gf Brngftdfb pcr ib edotbeurb eg ib ’Qgvciuodÿf Idagrtbecrb‘. Bsuhg gi ngfgrbi Geubrec Icfbred< iugnc gs egspibzbec pcr gi ngfgrbi [gerc Gungfdc Brbhauru. 2470 @usdibhdgftcs eg mufdc b suaigvbecs pgrcfdstbs= ’Cpgrbodÿf hbsborg‘ eg Brbhauru y Qcmbs. Edvdsdÿf eg ib WOQ= @rcfedzd (WOQD) sg cpcfg b Qgvciuodÿf Idagrtbecrb, Abiaèf (WOQ[) sg hbfdflgstb b `bvcr. 247> Gigoodcfgs pbrb ocfvgfodcfbigs ocfstdtuygftgs. _g bnrgnb gi brtèouic 25 ads gf ib Ocfstdtuodÿf Fbodcfbi. ONU= prcnrbhb eg Ib @bieb eg rgsdstgfodb cargrb b ibs pciètdobs idagrbigs. Dfegpgfegfodb eg Njbfb (prdhgr Gstbec fgnrc dfegpgfedgftg). WQ__@rcfedzd ibfzb gi prprgsdegftg dhgr sbtäidtg sbtäidnrbodbs tg brtdflodbi= brt dflodbi= gi _putfdl. 247: Ib Brturc Br turc @rcfedz d gsprdhgr bi pbotc (dfouhpidec) ocf [grÿf, qudgf gstbab prcsordptc. Egabtg scarg geuobodÿf ’Ibdob c Idarg‘. Orgbodÿf eg ufdvgrsdebegs prdvbebs, huojbs eg giibs obtÿidobs.  Mubf ZZDDD dfdodb rg`crhbs rg`crhbs gf ib ib Dnigsdb Dnigsdb obtÿ obtÿidob. idob. 2474 Qgvciuodÿf ouabfb. @rbfodb= prgsdegfodb pr gsdegfodb eg Ojbrigs eg Nbuiig (2474-2404). 240; Bpidobodÿf egi pibf Ocfdftgs eg rgprgsdÿf b juginbs, prctgstbs y nugrrdiib. Bitcs jcrfcs eg bogrc, dhpuisc b pgtrcquèhdob y butchctrdogs. Ghabrnc eg bzýobr y ochgrodc ocftrb Ouab pcr pbrtg eg GG.WW. Bougrecs eg byueb gftrg WQ__ y Ouab. Ocffidotc degciÿndoc gftrg Ojdfb y ib WQ__. _g crnbfdzb gi @IF (@rgftg eg Idagrbodÿf Fbodcfbi) eg Pdgtfbh egi _ur. [igfb dfegpgfegfodb eg ocicfdbs `rbfogsbs eg Â`rdob. Dfegpgfegfodb egi Ocfnc. 2402 Gi Ojg Nugvbrb vdbmb sgorgtbhgftg pbrb gftrgvdstbrsg ocf @rcfedzd gf Brngftdfb.  Mcjf @. Lgffgey Lgffgey prgsdeg prgsdeg GG.WW GG.WW..

247

 

OQCFCICNÈB

_g ocfstruyg gi Hurc eg Agrièf. Turd Nbnbrèf (rusc) gs gi prdhgr jcharg gf gi gspbodc. Bsgsdfbf b H. Iuhuhab gf gi Ocfnc. @ugrzbs bftdobstrdstbs dfvbegf Ouab. ’Bidbfzb pbrb gi [rcnrgsc‘ eg ics GG.WW. 2401 Hbrzc= ncipg eg Gstbec. @rcfedzd gs egrrcobec. Bsuhg gi prgsdegftg egi _gfbec M. H. Nudec. ONU= [rcnrbhb eg Jugrtb Nrbfeg fbodcfbidzbodÿf eg sgotcrgs oibvgs eg ib gocfchèb. _gptdgharg= gf`rgftbhdgftc gftrgeg hdidtbrgs Bzuigs y Ocicrbecs. Ordsds eg ics hdsdigs gf Ouab. Nugrrb egi Jdhbibyb gftrg Ojdfb g Dfedb. Dfegpgfegfodb eg Brngidb. Ocfodidc Pbtdobfc DD. 240? Ocf prcsordpodÿf egi pgrcfdshc, pgrcfdshc, gs gigndec Brturc Diidb (WOQ[). Diidb bfuib ocftrbtcs pgtrcigrcs ebòcscs b dftgrgsgs fbodcfbigs. Bsgsdfbf b Lgffgey gf Ebiibs. Bsuhg Iyfecf Mcjfscf. Gf gi surgstg bsdâtdoc sg ufdflobrcf fbodcfgs gf ib @gegrbodÿf eg Hbibsdb. Dfegpgfegfodb eg Lgfdb. Crnbfdzbodÿf eg ib Wfdebe B`rdobfb (?2 hdgharcs). Hugrtg egi [bpb Mubf ZZDDD. Bsuhg [buic PD. 2405 Igy eg Hgedobhgftcs Còbtdvdb= gstbaigog ocftrci gstbtbi.

2407

2400

240> 240:

2404

240

[grÿf fc pugeg rgnrgsbr bi ocftrb pbès pcribbougrec gftrg Diidb y edotbeurb arbsdigòb. Hbfd`gstbodcfgs gf GG.WW. nugrrb eg Pdgtfbh. Argzjfgv sustdtuyg b Mrusojcv (2405-24:1) gf ib WQ__. Ojdfb prugab pr ugab ib achab btÿhdob. Dfodegftg fbvbi gf gi nci`c eg Ucflèf, prgodpdtb ib dftgrvgfodÿf hbsdvb eg GG.WW. gf Pdgtfbh. _g orgb ib Crnbfdzbodÿf pbrb ib Idagrbodÿf eg [bigstdfb (CI[). _g pgrhdtg pbrtdodpbr pbr tdodpbr bi pgrcfdshc (qug trduf`ÿ) tr duf`ÿ) gf gigoodcfgs gigoodcfgs igndsibtdvbs. igndsibtdvbs. Iyfecf Mcjfscf rggigotc gf GG.WW. Qgvugitbs rbodbigs gf Ics Âfngigs. GG.WW. dfvbeg Qgpýaidob Echdfdobfb. Dfecfgsdb= ncipg eg gstbec y bsgsdfbtc eg hdigs eg ochufdstbs. Eg Nbuiig rggigndec prgsdegftg `rbfoäs. [rdhgrcs achabregcs b Pdgtfbh egi Fcrtg.  Mufdc= ncipg ncipg hdidtbr eg Cfnbfèb.  Muidc= ’Fcojg ’Fcojg eg eg ics ics abstcfgs abstcfgs ibrncs‘ ibrncs‘.. Lrdgngr Pbssgfb hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb. Qgtdrbeb `rbfogsb eg ib CUBF. Dfedrb Njbfed, prdhgrb hdfdstrb dfedb. Ochdgfzb ib rgvciuodÿf ouiturbi Ojdfb. Bsgsdfbtc eg Hbioch Z. Ugro grogrb grb nugrrb nugrrb Ârbag-Dsrb Ârbag-Dsrbgiè giè (nugrrb (nugrrb eg ics ics sgds eèbs). eèbs). Bsgsdfbtc egi Ojg gf Acidvdb. Edotbeurb hdidtbr gf Nrgodb. Ocfnrgsc fcrhbidzbecr fcrhbi dzbecr eg ib ONU= edvdsdÿf. edv dsdÿf. _urng ib ONU ’B‘. ’B‘. ’Hbyc `rbfoäs‘ `r bfoäs‘.. Hbrtèf Iutjgr Ldfn gs bsgsdfbec. Urcpbs egi pbotc eg Pbrscvdb Pbrscv db dfvbegf Ojgocsicvbqudb. Hbyc= ’Ocrecabzc‘. _urng gi Hcvdhdgftc Hcvd hdgftc eg _bogrectgs egi Ugrogr Hufec. Hufec. Qdojbre Fdxcf prgsdeg GG.WW. (2404-24>?, rggigotc). Iignbeb egi jcharg b ib iufb. Hugrg Jc-Ojd-Hdf gf Pdgtfbh egi Fcrtg.

 

OQCFCICNÈB

Lbeebfl bsuhg gf Idadb. Gf`rgftbhdgftcs gftrg Ojdfb y ib WQ__ gf Hbfojurdb. Dribfeb egi Fcrtg= gf`rgftbhdgftcs gftrg obtÿidocs y prctgstbftgs. Eg Nbuiig edhdtg gf @rbfodb. Ngcrngs [chpdecu gigotc (jbstb 24>5). 24>; Nugrrd Nugrrdiib= iib= @B[, @B[, @BQ< surng GQ[, G Q[, egi yb gxdstgftg [QU. Hbyc= sgougstrc y bsgsdfbtc eg Brbhauru pcr Hcftcfgrcs.  Mufdc= rgobhadc rgobha dc hdidtbr ib edotbeurb brngf brngftdfb. tdfb. Qcagrtc H. Igvdfnstcf rgghp rgghpibzb ibzb b Cfnbfèb. Biec @grrgr hdfdstrc eggf gocfchèb.  Mufdc= bsgsdfb bsgsdfbtc tc eg Pbf Pbfecr< ecr< bncs bncstc= tc= bsgsdfbtc bsgsdfbtc eg Bicfsc Bicfsc.. Bighbfdb Coodegftbi flrhb uf pbotc eg fc-bnrgsdÿf ocf ib WQ__ y [cicfdb. GG.WW. y Pdgtfbh egi _ur dfvbegf Obhacyb. Gndptc= _bebt suogeg gf gi ncadgrfc ncadgr fc b Fbssgr. _bivbecr Biigfeg gs prgsdegftg eg Ojdig. Ojd ig. Jussgdf gxpuisb gx puisb b ib C.I.[. eg Mcrebfdb. 24>2 ’Pdacrbzc‘ ’Pdacrbzc‘ gf Oÿrecab. Ibfussg rgghpibzb b Igvdfnstcf. [rcpcfg gi NBF (Nrbf Bougrec Fbodcfbi). [grÿf crnbfdzb ’Ib Jcrb egi [ugaic [ ugaic‘. ‘. [rcoibhbodÿf eg ib rgpýaidob eg Abfnibegsj. Abfn ibegsj. Urbtbec eg bhdstbe gftrg ib WQ__ y Gndptc. @ugrzbs survdgtfbhdtbs dfvbegf Ibcs. Ib rgprgsgftbodÿf Ojdfb ib CFW Urbtbec gftrg gi gstg y gi gf cgstg scargobhadb Agrièf. eg Ojdfb fbodcfbidstb b Ojdfb ochufdstb. Qgagidÿf eg ibs ocicfdbs pcrtunugsbs gf Â`rdob= Bfncib, Hczbhadqug y Nudfgb. 24>1 11 eg Bncstc= `usdibhdgftcs eg Urgigw. Egvciuodÿf b [grÿf egi obeâvgr eg Gvdtb pcr ics hdidtbrgs. 2> eg fcvdgharg= 2gr. rgnrgsc eg [grÿf b ib Brngftdfb. Brngftdfb . Ugrrghctc gf Hbfbnub. Gftrgvdstb eg Hbc y Fdxcf gf [glèf. Fdxcf vdsdtb ib WQ__. @drhb @d rhb egi bougrec _BIU _BIU (pcr hdsdigs). hd sdigs). Obsc ^btgrnbtg gf GG.WW. 24>? 22 eg hbrzc= gigoodcfgs. Nbfbf Oâhpcrb-_cibfc Idhb. Bsuhgf gi 17 eg hbyc. 1; eg mufdc= 1ec.rgnrgsc eg [grÿf. Hbsborg eg Gzgdzb.  Muidc= rgfufodbf rgfufodbf Oâhpc Oâhpcrb rb y Idhb. Bsuhg Ibstdrd. 1? eg sgptdgharg= sgptdgharg = gigoodcfgs. Nbfbf Mubf E. [grÿf-Dsbagi [grÿf. Bsgsdfbtc eg Quood. Ochdgfzb b `ufodcfbr ib Urdpig B ocf Iÿpgz Qgnb. Qgnb. Ibs trcpbs gstbecufdegfsgs babfecfbf Pdgtfbh. Pdsdtb eg Argzjfgv b ics GG.WW. [dfcojgt eb uf u f ncipg eg gstbec gf Ojdig. Ojd ig. Hugrg _bivbecr _bivbecr Biigfeg. Oubrtb nugrrb n ugrrb ârbag‟dsrbgiè (T ( Tch-Rudppur ch-Rudppur). ). Ordsds egi pgtrÿigc. Ib C[G[ egodeg suadr gi prgodc egi oruec. Behdsdÿf eg bhabs Bighbfdbs gf ib CFW. Ncipg hdidtbr gf Wrunuby, gi prgsdegftg Mubf Hbrèb Acrebagrry bogptb ibs ocfedodcfgs. Fbodcfbidzbodÿf egi pgtrÿigc pgt rÿigc gf Pgfgzugib. 24>5 Gfgrc= btbqug egi GQ[ bi oubrtgi eg Bzui. 2½ eg Hbyc= rchpg [grÿf ocf Hcftcfgrcs. 2½ eg muidc= hugrtg eg [grÿf, bsuhg Dsbagi. Gurcpb prcjèag dhpcrtbr obrfg brngftdfb ’pcr ib b`tcsb‘. [crtunbi= rgvciuodÿf eg ics oibvgigs. Qgvciuodÿf gf Gtdcpèb. Fdxcf, rggigotc, edhdtg b ib prgsdegfodb gf bncstc. Bsuhg Ngrbie @cre (24>5-24>>). @df eg nugrrb eg Tch-Rudppur. Bougrec gftrg Dsrbgi y Gndptc.

24>

 

OQCFCICNÈB

Nrgodb= rgvciuodÿf eg ics ocrcfgigs. Ib rgpýaidob sustdtuyg b ib hcfbrquèb. Uurquèb dfvbeg Ojdprg. 24>7 @gargrc= gi Gmärodtc tchb dftgrvgfodÿf gf ib iuojb bftdnugrrdiigrb gf Uuouhâf.  Muidc= Ogigstdfc Ogigstdfc Qcerdnc hdfdstrc eg gocfc gocfchèb= hèb= ’Qcerdnbzc‘ ’Qcerdnbzc‘. Hcvdidzbodÿf ONU= rgfufodb Iÿpgz Qgnb. _codgebe Gocfÿhdob Gurcpgb dhpcfg rgstrdoodcfgs b ib dhpcrtbodÿf eg fugstrbs obrfgs. obrfgs . Ocf`grgfodb eg Jgisdfld sgnurdebe Pdotcrdbs ochufdstbs gf scarg Pdgtfbh, Ibcs y gurcpgb. Obhacyb. Dfegpgfegfodb eg ibs ocicfdbs pcrtunugsbs gf Â`rdob. Dfecfgsdb coupb gi Udhcr crdgftbi, gx-ocicfdb pcrtunugsb. Hugrg gi ngfgrbi @rbfoc gf Gspbòb. 24>0 15 eg hbrzc= ncipg hdidtbr. _bfnrdgftb edotbeurb eg Pdegib. 1 eg bardi= Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz, hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb. Qg`crhb flfbfodgrb y bpgrturb gocfÿhdob. Hugrg Hbc Usg-tufn. Gndptc bfuib gi trbtbec ocf ib WQ__. Qgufdflobodÿf eg Pdgtfbh. CWB (Crnbfdzbodÿf Wfdebe B`rdobfb) ocf 50 hdgharcs. _ueâ`rdob= _ueâ `rdob= edsturadcs rbodbigs rbodbigs.. Obrtgr gs gigndec prgsdegftg eg ics GG.WW. GG .WW. (24>>-24:2 (24>>-24:2).). 24>> Bardi= prdhgrb hbrojb eg Hbergs gf [ibzb eg Hbyc.

24>:

24>4

24:;

24:2

24:

Bncstc= bsgsdfbtc cadspc eg IbyQdcmb Gfrdqug`rbfogsbs. Bfngigiid. Cotuarg= sgougstrcegi b trgs hbergs ecs hcfmbs _bebt vdsdtb Mgrusbiäf. Obrtgr eb bhfdstèb b egsgrtcrgs eg Pdgtfbh. Gigoodcfgs gf Gspbòb. Dfsurrgoodÿf hbsdvb gf Fdobrbnub ocftrb _chczb.  Mufdc= hufedbi hufedbi eg eg @ýtaci @ýtaci gf Brngftdfb. Brngftdfb. Edodgharg= sg bnuedzb ocffidotc eg Brngftdfb y Ojdig pcr Obfbi eg Agbnig. Bougrecs eg Obhp Ebvde gftrg _bebt y Agndf. Pdgtfbh dfvbeg Obhacyb. Ncipg eg gstbec gf B`nbfdstâf. Hugrgf ics pbpbs [baic PD y Mubf [baic D. Igs suogeg Mubf [baic DD. Ncadgrfc eg Beci`c _uârgz gf Gspbòb. _gptdgharg= iignb bi pbès ib Ochdsdÿf Dftgrbhgrdobfb eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs. @drhb eg ics bougrecs eg _bit DD (ièhdtgs b ib ocfstruoodÿf eg brhbhgftcs gstrbtändocs) gftrg GG.WW. y WQ__. Gstbecs Wfdecs rgocfcog b Ojdfb ochufdstb. Qgvciuodÿf gf Nrbfbeb. Qgvciuodÿf sbfedfdstb gf Fdobrbnub. Ib WQ__ dfvbe d fvbegg B`nbfdstâf. Obèeb eg _chczb gf Fdobrbnub. Gi _jb babfecfb Drâf= rgvciuodÿf dsiâhdob. dsiâh dob. Ib ocfsgrvbecrb Hbrnbrgt Ujbtojgr gs prdhgrb hdfdstrb eg Nrbf Argtbòb (24>4-244;). Hbrzc= Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc icnrb ib rgstdtuodÿf eg ib prdhgrb fdgtb bprcpdbeb. GG.WW.= ghabrnc ogrgbigrc b ib WQ__. _urng gi sdfedobtc _cidebrdebe gf [cicfdb. Gndptc g Dsrbgi Dsr bgi dftgrobhadbf ghabmbecrgs. ghabmbecrgs. Pdcib gs prgsdegftg eg `botc (suogeg b Pdegib). Fcvdgharg= prdhgrb hbrojb eg rgsdstgfodb ocfvcobeb pcr Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc. Edodgharg= Nbitdgrd rgghpibzb b Pdcib ochc prgsdegftg eg `botc. Qgbnbf bsuhg ochc prgsdegftg prg sdegftg eg ics GG.WW. (24:2-24:7). (24:2-24:7). Igy hbrodbi gf [cicfdb.

 

OQCFCICNÈB

_bebt gs bsgsdfbec gf Gndptc. Btgftbec ocftrb Qgbnbf. Btgftbec ocftrb gi [bpb. Nugrrb odvdi gf gi Ièabfc Iè abfc.. Gspbòb dfnrgsb gf ib CUBF. @rbfodb= ochdgfzb ib prgsdegfodb egi scodbidstb @rbfîcds Hdttgrrbfe (jbstb 2447). 24:1 ?; hbrzc= prctgstb crnbfdzbeb pcribs ib Hbivdfbs. ONU. @ugrtg rgprgsdÿf. 1 eg bardi= ochdgfzb ib Nugrrb eg 22 eg mufdc= iignb gi pbpb Mubf [baic DD pcr prdhgrb vgz b ib Brngftdfb. 25 eg mufdc= rgfedodÿf eg ib Brngftdfb. Bsuhg Adnfcfg gf rgghpibzc eg Nbitdgrd. Hugrg Argzjfgv. Ic suogeg gf ib Wfdÿf _cvdätdob Turd Bferÿpcv. Dsrbgi dfvbeg gi Ièabfc. Ncipg eg gstbec gf Nubtghbib. Urduf`c eg @gidpg Ncfzâigz gf Gspbòb. Ib WQ__ y GG.WW. rgghprgfegf fgncodbodcfgs pbrb edshdfudr gi brsgfbi fuoigbr. 24:? @gargrc= Adnfcfg bfufodb ics ochdodcs. Igy eg Butcbhfdstèb. _gptdgharg= huitdtuedfbrdb hbrojb b [ibzb eg Hbyc. Cotuarg= gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs. 24:5

24:7

24:0

24:>

Fbodcfbidzbodÿf egueb gxtgrfb prdvbeb ics ’obpdtbfgs eg ib dfeustrdb‘. Edodgharg= vugitbegbiibsdstghb eghcorâtdoc ocfegBi`cfsèf ochc prgsdegftg (WOQ). Hbrzc= ib OCFBEG[ vdsdtb ib G_HB. _gptdgharg= _gptdgha rg= OCFBEG[ prgsgftb prgsgftb gi df`crhb ’Fufob Hâs‘. Hâs‘. Fcvdgharg= ocfsuitb ocfsu itb pcpuibr pcr gi obfbi o bfbi eg Agbnig. Urbtbec Urbtbec eg pbz ocf Ojdig. Ojd ig. GG.WW. dfvbeg Nrbfbeb. Urbtbec eg pbz gftrg Dsrbgi Dsr bgi y gi Ièabfc. Iè abfc. Dfedrb Njbfed gs bsgsdfbeb. Ib CI[ babfecfb gi Ièabfc. Qgbnbf rggigotc prgsdegftg eg ics GG.WW. GG .WW. (24:7-24:4). (24:7-24:4). Hbrzc= [ibf Bustrbi. Bardi= ochdgfzb gi mudodc b ibs Muftbs hdidtbrgs. Igy eg pbtrdb pctgstbe ochpbrtdeb. Edodgharg= Pdegib y Hbssgrb scf ocfegfbecs b rgoiusdÿf pgrpgtub. Hdmbdi Ncrvbojcv bsuhg gf ib WQ__= obhadcs gf ib gocfchèb y gf ib pciètdob ocf ib  pgrgs  pgrgstrcdl trcdlbb. Gi B[QB (Bibf (B ibf Nbroèb) trduf`b gf [grý. Gi egrgojdstb Eubrtg trduf`b gf Gi _bivbecr. Bejgsdÿf eg Gspbòb b ib OGG (Ochufdebe gocfÿhdob gurcpgb). Ugrrghctc gf Häxdoc. _ueâ`rdob= juginb eg hdfgrcs fgnrcs. Eghcorbodb gf Wrunuby= prgsdegfodb eg Muidc Hbrèb _bfnudfgttd _bfnudfgtt d egi trbedodcfbi [brtdec [brt dec OcicrbOcicrbec (24:7-244; y 2447-1;;;). 1? eg edodgharg= Gi Ocfnrgsc sbfodcfb ib Igy eg [uftc @dfbi. @dfbi. GG.WW. byueb b ics ’ocftrbs‘ fdobrbnùgfsgs. Boodegftg fuoigbr gf Ojgrfcayi. Achabregc fcrtgbhgrdobfc gf Idadb. _g orgb gi Abfoc Fbodcfbi eg Ebtcs Ngfätdocs. Bardi= prdhgrb suaigvbodÿf eg Hdidtbr ’Obrbpdftbeb‘ (Biec Qdoc). Bardi= _gnufeb vdsdtb egi pbpb Mubf [baic DD.  Mufdc= Igy Igy eg edvcrodc edvcrodc..  Mufdc= gi gi Ocfnrgsc Ocfnrgsc sbfodcfb sbfodcfb ib Igy eg Cagedgfodb Cagedgfodb egad egadeb. eb. Ncrabojcv dfdodb ib eghcorbtdzbodÿf eg ib WQ__.

244

 

OQCFCICNÈB

Bougrecs gftrg sgds pctgfodbs pbrb gstbadidzbr gi eÿibr. GG.WW. bhpièb su pbrtdodpbodÿf gf gi Nci`c [ärsdoc. Â`rdob pdeg ib hcrbtcrdb eg su egueb gxtgrfb pcr 2; bòcs. Qgbnbf y Ncrabojcv flrhbf gi prdhgr bougrec pbrb ib egstruoodÿf eg brhbs fuoigbrgs. Dftd`beb= rgagidÿf pbigstdfb. 24:: [ibf [rdhbvgrb. Igvbftbhdgftc Hcftg Obsgrcs. Igvbftbhdgftc Igvbftbhdg ftc hdidtbr hdidtbr eg eg Pdiib P diib Hbrtgiid. GG.WW. pdeg ib gxtrbedodÿf egi ngfgrbi pbfbhgòc Hbfugi Bftcfdc Fcrdgnb. Ouharg eg Hcsoý gftrg Qgbnbf y Ncrabojcv. Ncrabojcv. @df eg nugrrb scvdätdob ocftrb ocftrb B`nbfdstâf. Btbqug gstbecufdegfsg b camgtdvcs drbfègs. OGG y OCHGOCF gstbaigogf rgibodcfgs edpichâtdobs. Bitc egi `ugnc gf ib nugrrb Drâf-Drbl. [igadsodtc gf Ojdig. [dfcojgt pdgreg, egag iibhbr b gigoodcfgs gf 24:4. Agfbzdr Ajuttc prgsdeg [bldstâf (prdhgrb humgr qug ncadgrfb gf uf pbès husuihâf). _g prcoibhb gi Gstbec pbigstdfc. 24:4 Bsbitc bi oubrtgi oubr tgi eg Ib Ubaibeb Ubaibeb pcr gi HU[. Nrbf rgprgsdÿf. Ordsds jdpgrdffibodcf jdpgrd ffibodcfbrdb. brdb. 25 eg hbyc= gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs. : eg muidc= bsuhgf gf `crhb bftdodpbeb ib prgsdegfodb Obrics Hgfgh-Geubrec Eujbieg ([M) (jbstb 2447). Cotuarg= prdhgrcs dfeuitcs b rgprgscrgs ctcrnbecs pcr gi prgsdegftg Hgfgh. Ngcrng Ausj fugvc prgsdegftg eg ics GG.WW. (jbstb 244?). Hugrg gi ghpgrbecr Jdrcjdtc y ic suogeg Bldjdtc gf Mbpÿf. Egrrcobhdgftc eg _trcgssfgr gf [brbnuby. Hbsborg eg Udbfbfhgf gf Ojdfb (>;;; hugrtcs). Gi [O pciboc bprugab gi piurbidshc, iibhb b gigoodcfgs y trduf`b Igoj ^bigsb. @biigog Ljchgdfd gf Drâf. Qgoruegog ib nugrrb odvdi gf Ocichadb. Obg gi Hurc eg Agrièf. _ueâ`rdob sg rgtdrb eg Fbhdadb. Ausj y Ncrabojcv bfufodbf uf prcogsc eg egsbrhg qug eb flf b ib nugrrb `rèb. Gigoodcfgs idargs gf Ojgocsicvbqudb (Pboibv Jbvgi). GG.WW. dfvbeg [bfbhâ, bsgsdfb b 5;;; odvdigs y sgougstrb bi Ngfgrbi Fcrdgnb. 244; Fugvcs dfeuitcs eg Hgfgh qug dfoiuygf b ibs Muftbs Hdidtbrgs. Ochdgfzc eg ib pciètdob eg prdvbtdzbodcfgs. Gftrbeb gf gi Ocfsgfsc eg ^bsjdfntcf. Ochdgfzbf ics mudodcs gf gi gxtgrdcr. @rbfodb ocfegfb b Bstdz b obegfb pgrpgtub. pgrpgtub . _ueâ`rdob= idagrbodÿf eg Fgiscf Hbfegib. Pdcigtb Ojbhcrrc vgfog bi @rgftg _bfedfdstb gf Fdobrbnub. Wfdflobodÿf bighbfb. Dfvbsdÿf eg Luwbdt pcr Drbl. Edhdtg Hbrnbrgt Ujbtojgr. Ig suogeg gi ocfsgrvbecr Mcjf Hbmcr (jbstb 244>). Gf Ojdig bsuhg gi prgsdegftg [btrdodc Byiwdf, eghcordstdbfc. 2442 Obvbiic hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb. [ibf eg ocfvgrtdadidebe. Urbtbec eg Bsufodÿf qug orgb gi Hgrocsur gftrg Brngftdfb, Arbsdi, [brbnuby y Wrunuby. Edsciuodÿf eg Tuncsibvdb. Edsciuodÿf egi [botc eg Pbrscvdb. Ochdgfzb ib egsdftgnrbodÿf eg ib WQ__. _g flrhb ib pbz gf Obhacyb. Gi @rgftg dsiâhdoc eg sbivbodÿf trduf`b gf Brngidb.

1;;

 

OQCFCICNÈB

Bsuhg Acrds Tgitsdf gf Qusdb (2442 b 2444). Ibs rgpýaidobs eg ib gx WQ__ sg ufgf gf ib OGD (gxogptc Ngcrndb). Gf Jbdtè gs gigotc gi ourb tgrogrhufedstb Brdstdeg, qudgf iugnc gs egrrcobec. 2441 Hbrzc= btgftbec b ib ghabmbeb ghabmbeb eg Dsrbgi. Dsr bgi. Igy @gegrbi eg Geuobodÿf. Ib ODEJ edspcfg ed spcfg qug gi Gstbec brngftdfc brngftdfc dfvgstdnug d fvgstdnug ib vdcib v dcibodÿf odÿf eg ics egrgojcs juhbfcs y sbfodcfg ics ouipbaigs. ouipbaigs @dfbidzb ibb nugrrb odvdi gf. Gi _bivbecr. Gf`rgftbhdgftcs gf ib gx Tuncsibvdb. @rbobsbf ecs ncipgs eg gstbec gst bec gf Pgfgzugib. Pgfgzugib. Gf _ueâ`rdob gi gigotcrbec aibfoc vctb pcfgr flf bi Bpbrtjgde. Butcncipg eg @umdhcrd gf [grý. Gf oubtrc eèbs eg edsturadcs rbodbigs gf Ics Âfngigs jby 7: hugrtcs. Gi prgsdegftg Ociicr eg Hgiic gs bousbec pcr ocrrupodÿf y egspibzbec gf Arbsdi. 244? Adii Oidftc Oidftcf f bsuhg bsuhg gf gf GG.WW. GG.WW. (jbstb 244 244>). >). Edvdsdÿf eg Ojgocsicvbqudb. Hgrobec Ýfdoc Gurcpgc y iugnc Wfdÿf Gurcpgb. GG.WW. y Qusdb flrhbf gi bougrec eg egsbrhg _UBQU DD. Brb`bt y Qbadf flrhbf ib pbz. Dfnibtgrrb g Dribfeb trbtbf ib pbz gf gi Wistgr. _g orgbeggiCidvcs. FB@UB, Urbtbec eg Idarg Ochgrodc eg Fcrtg Bhärdob (GG.WW, Obfbeâ y Häxdoc). 2445 [botc Qg`crhb ocfstdtuodcfbi.  Muidc= btgftb btgftbec ec b ib BHDB. BHDB. _uaigvbodÿf zbpbtdstb gf Ojdbpbs (Häxdoc). _divdc Agriusocfd trduf`b gf Dtbidb. Edhdtg bi bòc sdnudgftg, bousbec eg ocrrupodÿf. Ib CUBF achabregb ufb absg bärgb sgradb. Nugrrb odvdi gf Qubfeb. Fgiscf Hbfegib, prgsdegftg eg _ueâ`rdob. Butcfchèb pbigstdfb. Ojgojgfdb dftgftb dfegpgfedzbrsg eg ib @gegrbodÿf rusb. 2447 2>,5 % eg egscoupbodÿf. Gidhdfbodÿf egi sgrvdodc sgrv dodc hdidtbr caidnb caidnbtcrdc. tcrdc. Qggigoodÿf eg Obrics Hgfgh (jbstb gi 2444). Gxpicsdÿf gf Qèc Ugrogrc, gf @bardobodcfgs Hdidtbrgs. C`gfsdvb hdidtbr ocftrb ics zbpbtdstbs gf Häxdoc. Btbqugs egi gmärodtc rusc eg Tgitsdf Tgitsdf b ics ojgojgfcs. Edsputb `rcftgrdzb gftrg [grý y Goubecr. Ics prdhgrcs prd hgrcs hdfdstrcs hdfd strcs eg Dribfeb y Nrbf Argtbòb fgncodbf uf pibf eg pbz pbrb Dribfeb egi Fcrtg. Ocftdfýb Ocf tdfýb ib vdcigfodb eg ib nugrrdiib dftgnrdstb dftgnr dstb gf Brngidb.  Mboqugs  Mb oqugs Ojdrbo nbfb nbfb ibs gigoodc gigoodcfgs fgs gf gf @rbfodb. @rbfodb. Ib CFW ogigarb su 7;½ bfdvgrsbrdc. Bsgsdfbtc egi prdhgr hdfdstrc dsrbgiè Qbadf. Bougrec eg pbz gf Acsfdb. Gf @rbfodb bsuhg ib prgsdegfodb Mboqugs Ojdrbo. @grfbfec Obrecsc, gigotc prgsdegftg gf Arbsdi (2447-2444 y 2444-1;;?). 2440 Gi mugz gspbòci gspbòci Abitbsbr Abrzÿf bogptb muznbr pcr ngfcodedc y tgrrcrdshc tgrrcrds hc b ib edotbeurb brngftdfb brngftd fb.. Bsuhg Mcsä Bzfbr gf gi ncadgrfc gspbòci. Tbssgr Brb`bt gs gigndec prgsdegftg eg ib Butcrdebe Fbodcfbi [bigstdfb. Auobrbh gs gigndec prgsdegftg gf Goubecr< becptb pciètdob fgcidagrbi. Ordsds= bi bòc sdnudgftg `ugrzbf su rgfufodb. 244> Gfgrc= bsgsdfbtc bsgsd fbtc eg Mcsä Iuds Obagzbs. Obsc Tbarâf.

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OQCFCICNÈB

Adii Oidftcf, rggigotc prgsdegftg eg GG.WW. (jbstb 1;;2). Jcfn Lcfn sg dftgnrb fugvbhgftg b Ojdfb. Ics rgstcs egi Ojg Nugvbrb gfocftrbecs gf Acidvdb `ugrcf gftgrrbecs gf Ouab. Ordsds gf gi suegstg bsdâtdoc. Hugrtg eg ib Hberg Ugrgsb eg Obioutb. Hbsborg dfeèngfb gf Ojdbpbs. Udgrrb Hbrojb eg ics _df gf Arbsdi. Gi gx edotbecr Junc Abfzgr gs gigotc prgsdegftg eg Acidvdb. Gi prgsdegftg @umdhcrd icnrb vgfogr ocf uf ougstdcfbec cpgrbtdvc b ib nugrrdiib qug tchÿ ib ghabmbeb ghabm beb mbpcfgsb gf [grý. [gr ý. Gi ibacrdstb Ucfy Aibdr bsuhg gf Nrbf Argtbòb (jbstb 1;;>). Gf @rbfodb nbfb ibs gigoodcfgs gi scodbidstb I. Mcspdf. 244: _g egoibrb ib G_HB [btrdhcfdc Ouiturbi eg ib Fbodÿf. Qgtrboodÿf egi [AD. Pdsdtb egi [bpb Mubf [baic DD b Ouab. Gfsbycs fuoigbrgs gf Dfedb y [bldstâf. [dfcojgt bsuhg ochc sgfbecr vdtbidodc vdtbi dodc gf Ojdig. Gs egtgfdec gf Nrbf Argtbòb, Argt bòb, pbrb sgr muznbec gf Gspbòb pcr ics orèhgfgs eg su edotbeurb. Nugrrb gf Lcscvc. Gi prgsdegftg [bstrbfb bsuhg gf Ocichadb.

2444 Edodgharg= Cotuarg= gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs. bsuhgf ib prgsdegfodb @grfbfec Eg ib Qýb ‟ Obrics Ojbojc Âivbr  Âivbrgz gz (Bidbfz (Bidbfzb) b) Bougrec idhètrc`g ocf Ojdig, gf ib zcfb eg ics jdgics ocftdfgftbigs. Bougrec ocf Icfergs pbrb qug ics brngftdfcs pugebf vdsdtbr Hbivdfbs. [rgsdegftg eg ib @gegrbodÿf eg Qusdb= Pibedhdr [utdf (2444-1;;:). Egvciuodÿf egi Obfbi eg [bfbhâ b ics pbfbhgòcs pcr p cr pbrtg eg GG.WW. Qgoruegogf ics gf`rgftbhdgftcs gftrg ib nugrrdiib y gi ncadgrfc gf Ocichadb. Hbtbfzbs eg obhpgsdfcs. Ocfvgrsbodcfgs pcr ib pbz gf Dribfeb egi Fcrtg. Hdsdÿf gspbodbi egi [btjflfegr (fcrtgbhgrdobfc) b Hbrtg. Gsocodb tdgfg pbribhgftc prcpdc (`gegrbidzbodÿf abmc gi ncadgrfc ibacrdstb eg Ucfy Aibdr). Nugrrb gf Ojgojgfdb pcr su dfegpgfegfodb eg Qusdb. Bsgsdfbtc egi vdogprgsdegftg pbrbnubyc M.H. Brnbòb< gs bousbec egi hdshc gi hdidtbr ncipdstb Idfc Cvdgec Cv dgec.. Junc Ojâvgz, prgsdegftg eg Pgfgzugib, rg`crhb rg`crhb ib Ocfstdtuodÿf. Ocfst dtuodÿf. Qdobrec Ibncs, prgsdegftg eg Ojdig. 1;;; Hbrzc= Igy eg figxdadidzbodÿf ibacrbi. Ordsds gf Acidvdb= juginb ngfgrbi eg ib OCA (Ogftrbi Cargrb Acidvdbfb). @biigog Abfzgr. Gi prgsdegftg fcrtgbhgrdobfc Adii Adi i Oidftcf edotÿ edot ÿ ib ’igy eg byueb‘ b Ocichadb Ocichadb pbrb ib iuojb ocftrb ib nugrrd nugr rdiib. iib. Ngcrng ^. Ausj gs prgsdegftg eg GG.WW. GG.WW. trbs uf u f gsobfebicsc rgougftc eg vctcs. 1;;2 Hbyc= Obvbiic gs fugvbhgftg hdfdstrc eg gocfchèb. Cotuarg= gigoodcfgs b edputbecs y sgfbecrgs= s gfbecrgs= bitc pcrogftbmg eg vctc gf aibfoc. Edodgharg= ’Ocrrbidtc‘ pbrb ics egpÿsdtcs abfobrdcs. _bqugcs b supgrhgrobecs. Egorgtc egi Gstbec eg sdtdc. Hcvdidzbodÿf gf ocftrb= ’Brngftdfbzc‘. 24-1; eg edodgharg. Qgfufodb eg Eg Ib Qýb. Bsufodÿf eg Qbhÿf [ugrtb [ugr tb ([rgsdegftg ([rgs degftg prcvdsdcfbi egi _gfbec). Ib Bsbhaigb Igndsibtdvb gidng b Beci`c Qcerènugz Qcerèn ugz _bâ ochc [rgsdegftg [rgsdegftg prcvdscrdc prcvdscr dc pbrb ocfvcobr b gigoodcfgs gf hbrzc. Qgfufodb b ics sgds eèbs. Bsufodÿf eg Geubrec Obhbòc (prgsdegftg Oâhbrb eg Edputbecs). 22 eg sgptdgharg= btgftbecs b ibs Ucrrgs Nghgibs y bi [gftâncfc gf GG.WW. Dfvbsdÿf fcrtgbhgrdobfb b B`nbfdstâf< obg su ncadgrfc tbidaâf. Obèeb y gsoâfebic flfbfodgrc eg ib ghprgsb gfgrnätdob Gfrcf.

1;1

 

OQCFCICNÈB

_divdc Agriusocfd vugivg b nbfbr ochc prdhgr hdfdstrc gf Dtbidb, jbstb 1;;0. 1;;1 2½ eg gfgrc= Bsbhaigb Igndsibtdvb= gigoodÿf eg Geubrec Eujbieg. Dhpcrtbftg egvbiubodÿf egi pgsc. Hbyc= 12,7% eg egscoupbodÿf.  Muidc= bsgsdfbtc bsgsdfbtcss eg Lcstgld y _bftdiiâf. Bfufodc eg begibftc eg gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs. prgsdegfodbigs. Gftrb gf vdngfodb v dngfodb gurc,egi fugvb hcfgeb ib Wfdÿf Gurcpgb. Iudz Dfâodc Iuib ebgi_divb, [br tdec [brtdec eg icseg Urbab Urbabmbecrgs mbecrgs ([U) nbfb ibs gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs prgsdegfod bigs gf Arbsdi. Achabregc fcrtgbhgrdobfc eg ufb aceb gf B`nbfdstâf orgygfec qug grb uf bsgftbhdgftc tbidaâf. Qchb= DD Ouharg Hufedbi scarg ib Bidhgftbodÿf= B idhgftbodÿf= jby :27 hdiicfgs eg pgrscfbs suabidhgftbebs suabi dhgftbebs gf gi hufec, y obeb oubtrc sgnufecs sgnu fecs ufb hugrg eg jbharg. 1;;? Hbyc= gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs. Urduf`c eg ib `ÿrhuib Ldrojfgr-_odcid (@P). Bsufodÿf eg Ldrojfgr (jbstb gi 1;;>). [ciètdob eg egrgojcs juhbfcs. Qg`crhb eg ib _uprghb Ocrtg eg Mustdodb. G_HB= pbsb b sgr Gspbodc eg ib Hghcrdb. Gi Ocfnrgsc egoibrb ib fuidebe eg ibs Igygs eg Cagedgfodb eg vdeb y [uftc @dfbi. Dfvbsdÿf eg GG.WW. (gf ocbidodÿf ocf Qgdfc Wfdec, Bustrbidb, Gspbòb Gsp bòb y [cicfdb) b Drbl. Egtgfodÿf

1;;5 1;;7 1;;0

1;;>

1;;:

1;;4 1;2;

eg su ncagrfbftg _beebh [rgsdcfgs b Bhärdob IbtdfbJussgdf. pbrb qug gi BIOB ochdgfog b `ufodcfbr gf gi 1;;7. Iudz Dfâodc Iuib eb _divb prdhgr prd hgr prgsdegftg eg crdngf cargrc eg Arbsdi (1;;?-1;;> y 1;;>-1;22). 1;;>-1;22). 15 hbrzc= gi prgsdegftg Fästcr Ldrojfgr Ld rojfgr bfufodb gi egsbicmc eg ib G_HB pbrb egedobric b Husgc eg ib Hghcrdb. [rdhgrbs [rd hgrbs mugzbs gf Ocrtg _uprghb eg Mustdodb= fcharbhdgftc eg Brndaby Brn daby y Jdntjcf eg Fcibsoc. DP Ouharg eg ibs Bhärdobs gf Hbr egi [ibtb= rgojbzc bi BIOB. Ngcrng ^. Ausj rggigotc prgsdegftg eg GG.WW. (jbstb 1;;4). Nbfb pcr prdhgrb prd hgrb vgz gi @rgftg Bhpidc B hpidc gf Wrunuby= Ubabrä Pâzqugz prgsdegftg. Gvc Hcrbi Hcrbigs gs nbfb ibs gigoodcf gigoodcfgs gs pbrb prgsdeg prgsdegftg ftg gf Acidvdb. Acidvdb. Hdojgiig Abojgigt prdhgrb humgr prgsdegftb gf Ojdig. Ochc ics bftgrdcrgs hbfebtbrdcs hbfebtbr dcs rgprgsgftb b ib Ocfogrtbodÿf eg [brtdecs pcr ib Eghcorbodb (ogftrcdzqudgreb). _beebh Jussgdf hugrg gf ib jcrob ocfegfbec pcr egidtcs eg igsb juhbfdebe. juhbf debe. Gigoodcfgs prgsdegfodbigs= nbfb y bsuhg Ordstdfb @grfâfegz eg Ldrojfgr (@P) (jbstb 1;22). 1;22). Gf Nrbf Argtbòb bsuhg gi ibacrdstb Ncrecf Arcwf (jbstb 1;2;). Gf @rbfodb bsuhg Fdociâs _brlczy. [gsg b gsoâfebics y scspgojbs, _divdc Agriusocfd nbfb pcr tgrogrb vgz gf Dtbidb. Qb`bgi Ocrrgb prgsdegftg eg Goubecr, pciètdob eg ufdÿf ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. Ocffidotc ocf gi obhpc pcr ibs rgtgfodcfgs. [rgsdegftg eg ib @gegrbodÿf eg Qusdb= Ehdtrd Hgeväegv. [rgsdegfodb eg @grfbfec Iunc, qug vgfodÿ pcr prdhgrb vgz gf 0; bòcs bi [brtdec Ocicrbec gf [brbnuby. Bprcabodÿf eg ib Igy eg hgedcs buedcvdsubigs. Bsdnfbodÿf ufdvgrsbi pcr jdmc. jdmc. Abrbol Cabhb prgsdegftg eg GG.WW. Adogftgfbrdc eg ib Qgvciuodÿf eg Hbyc= huitdtuedfbrdb flgstb. Igy eg hbtrdhcfdc dnubidtbrdc. Cotuarg= hugrtg eg Fästcr Ldrojfgr. [rdhgr hdfdstrc hd fdstrc ardtâfdoc Ebvde Obhgrcf. Ordsds eg ib Gurczcfb (20 gstbecs hdgharcs eg ib WG). [rdfodpbigs b`gotbecs= Nrgodb (nrbf ordsds eg egueb), [crtunbi, Dribfeb, Dtbidb y Gspbòb, ocf nrbf obftdebe eg egscoupbecs y prctgstbs bftg ics bmustgs.

1;?

 

OQCFCICNÈB

[rgsdegfodb eg Mcsä Mcs ä Humdob gf Wrunuby. Wrunuby. [ciètdob eg egrgojcs egrgo jcs juhbfcs. _gabstdâf [dògrb Gojgfdqug, prdhgr prgsdegftg eg egrgojb gigndec gf Ojdig egseg 247:. 1;22 Qggigoodÿf eg Ordstdfb @grfâfegz eg Ldrojfgr (jbstb gi 1;27). Fcvdgharg= trbs t rbs bprcabr ibs rg`crhbs eg bmustg scidodtbebs pcr ib Wfdÿf Gurcpgb, _divdc Agriusocfd rgfufodb gf Dtbidb. Gstbecs Wfdecs bsgsdfb bsgsd fb b Adf Ibegf, bi qug bousbab egi btbqug btbqug b ibs Ucrrgs Ucrrgs Nghgibs. Urbs bärgc eg ib CUBF, rgagiegs idadcs bsgsdfbf bi gx ièegr Hubhbr Nbebfl. Edihbbtbqug Qcussg`` prdhgrb humgr prgsdegftb eg Arbsdi. 1;21 [rgsd 1;21 [rgsdegf egftg tg gigotc gigotc eg ib @geg @gegrbod rbodÿf ÿf eg Qusdb= Qusdb= Pib Pibedhdr edhdr [utdf. Wfdÿf Gurcpgb (hgfcs Nrbf Argtbòb y Qgpýaidob ojgob) flrhb trbtbec t rbtbec eg bustgrdebe (bpidobodÿf eg bmustg) sgnýf rgogtbs fgcidagrbigs pbrb supgrbr ib ordsds.

1;5

 

Bouòb Obrics Obrics J. y _hui _huicvdtz cvdtz Obtbidfb (2447)= (2447)= ’Hdidtbrgs gf ib trbfsdodÿf brngftdfb= brngftdfb= egi ncadgrfc b ib suacredfbodÿf ocfstdtuodcfbi‘. Gf BBPP, Mud  Mudodc, odc, obstdn obstdncs cs y hgh hghcrdbs. crdbs. Egrgo Egrgojcs jcs juh juhbfcs bfcs y mustdodb mustdodb gf ib  pciètdob  pci ètdob brn brngftdfb gftdfb. Augfcs Bdr Bdrgs, gs, Fugvb Pdsdÿf ― (2440)= ’Bmustbfec ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs b ib eghcorbodb= ibs @@BB ochc botcr pciètdoc gf gi Ocfc

_ur‘< Qgvdstb Bncrb, F½ 7 Bouòb, Obrics J. (2447)= ’Dftgrgsgs ghprgsbrdcs, edotbeurb edo tbeurb y eghcorbodb gf ib Brngftdfb botubi (c scsc arg pcr quä ib aurnugsèb aurnugsèb babfecfb gstrbtgndbs butcrdtbrdbs butcrdtb rdbs y cptb pcr ib gstbadidebe eghcorâtdob)‘. Gf Ib fugvb hbtrdz pciètdob brngftdfb brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fugvb Pdsdÿf Bidvgrtd Geubrec (24:>)= Gi brojdvc eg ib eäobeb/2. Augfcs Bdrgs, Rubtrc gedtcrgs Bhcrèf, Mcsä (1;;7)= Hcftcfgrcs Hcftcfgrcs== Ib augfb jdstcrdb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Obtâicncs Bfnudtb Geubrec, Obpbrrÿs Hbrtèf (244>)= Ib Pciuftbe. Wfb jdstcrdb eg ib hdidtbfodb rgvciuodcfbrdb gf ib Brngftdfb. 24>?-24>0 (Uchc D). Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb ― (244:)= Ib Pciuftbe. Wfb jdstcrdb jdstcrdb eg ib hdidtbfodb rgvciuodcfbrdb rgvciuodcfbrd b gf ib Brngftdfb. 2400-24>? 240 0-24>? (Uchc DD). Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Brojdib Fgdrb, Hburdodc (1;;7)= ’Pcogs suabitgrfbs g jdstcrdb crbi‘, Bfubrdc Ocichadbfc Ocichadbfc eg Jdstcrdb _codbi y eg ib Ouiturb, F½ ?1, Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Ocichadb, jttp=//rgebiyo.ubghgx.hx/rgebiyo/ pe`/21>2/21>22?>?7;22.pe`  Eg vugitb b obsb. Jdstcrdbs eg jdmcs y fdgtcs rgstdtudecs. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbrgb Brngftc Brhbeb,Bfbièb Brturc(1;;:)= (24>2-24>1)= Qgvdstb , Augfcs Bdrgs Gfvdec Brcfsldfe, Qdobrec O. (1;;2)= ³Hâs ogrob c hâs igmcs egi egsbrrciic3 Urbfs`crhbodcfgs gocfÿhdobs gf ics 4; , Augfcs Bdrgs, Idarcs egi Qcmbs Brÿstgnud,d, Muidc (24:4)= ’Ib jdstcrdb Brÿstgnu jd stcrdb rgodgftg c egi boogsc jdstÿrdoc b ibs rgbidebegs scodbigs botubigs‘, gf Qcerènugz, M. (ge.), Gfsgòbr jdstcrdb= fugvbs prcpugstbs. Abrogicfb, Ibdb Bscodbodÿf Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc (1;;;)= Hbssgrb, gi ngfcodeb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ib [ândfb ― (1;;1)= Iuojbr sdghprg. sdghprg. Ibs hbrojbs eg ib rgsdstgfodb 24:2-1;;2, Augfcs Bdrgs ― (1;;?)= Jdstcrdb eg ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, Augfcs Bdrgs Bzpdbzu Ebfdgi, Fcojtg`` Junc (244:)= ’Ib eghcorbodb ocfedodcfbeb. Rudfog bòcs eg gocfchèb‘. Gf Qchâf Igmthbf, Rudfog bòcs eg Eghcorbodb. Gfsbycs scarg ib fugvb rgpýaidob, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Bzpdbzu Ebfdgi, Absubiec Geubrec (1;;1)= Gi prcogsc eg prdvbtdzbodÿf gf ib Brngftdfb= ib rgfgncodbodÿf ocf ibs ghprgsbs prdvbtdzbebs pr dvbtdzbebs. Augfcs Bdrgs, Ib [ândfb Abrrdcs x Hghcrdb y Mustdodb (1;;:)= Abiecsbs Z ib Hghcrdb, Augfcs Bdrgs Abrrcs, Obrics (2440)= ’Gi pbrbednhb ochýf eg ics jdstcrdbecrgs egi sdnic ZZ‘. Gf Gstuedcs _codbigs, bòc PD, F½2;, _bftb @g Absojgttd, Absojg ttd, Qcagrtc (24::)= Ecouhgftcs eg ib Qgsdstgfodb pgrcfdstb (2477(2477-24>;), 24>;), Augfcs Bdrgs, [uftcsur ― (2444)= Ecouhgftcs 24>?-24>0 Eg ib rupturb bi ncipg, Pci. DD. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb ― (1;;2)= Ecouhgftcs 24>0-24>> Ncipg hdidtbr y rgsdstgfodb pcpuibr, Pci. D. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb ― (1;;5)= Ecouhgftcs 24>;-24>? 24>; -24>? Eg ib nugrrdiib nugrrd iib pgrcfdstb bi ncadgrfc pcpuibr, Pci. D. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb ― (1;;>)= Ib hghcrdb eg ics eg babmc 2457-1;;>. 2457-1;;>. Jchargs y humgrgs egi pgrcfdshc rgvciuodcfbrdc rgvciuodcfbrdc, Pci. 2. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb ― (1;;>)= Ib hghcrdb eg ics eg babmc 2457-1;;>. 2457-1;;>. Jchargs y humgrgs egi pgrcfdshc rgvciuodcfbrdc rgvciuodcfbrdc, Pci. 1. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb Absubiec Pdotcrdb (1;;0)= ’Ochpidodebe pbtrcfbi-hdidt pbtrcfbi-hdidtbr br gf ib ýitdhb edotbeurb brngftdfb= Ics obscs eg Bodfebr, Bstbrsb, Bstbr sb, Eâihdfg _degrob, @cre, Igegshb y Hgrogegs Agfz‘, Agfz‘, Qgvdstb Gfnrbfb Gfnrbfbmgs mgs F½ 7, @GUDB Abygr Csvbiec, Acrÿf Btdidc, Nbhadfb Muidc (1;2;)= Gi tgrrcrdshc tgrrcrd shc eg Gstbec gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, DGH Agihbrtdfc _usbfb, Igvèf _divdb y Qgpgttc @badâf (1;;2)= ’[ciètdobs scodbigs y egrgojcs scodbigs gf ib Brngftdfb= argvg jdstcrdb eg uf rgtrcogsc‘. Qgvdstb _codbids, F½ 7 Agfbedab Iburb (1;;>)= Jdstcrdb crbi, rgibtcs y hghcrdbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug

1;7

 

Agfbedab Iburb, [ictdfsly [ictdfsly Ebfdgi (1;;7)= Gftrgvdstbecrgs y rgibtcs eg vdeb. Dftrceuoodÿf b ib Jdstcrdb Crbi , Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed-@bouitbe eg @dicsc`èb y Igtrbs Agrfgttd, Mcrng Iuds (24:?)= Gi pgrcfdshc eg ib vdotcrdb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ignbsb Agrtbzzb Mubf [baic (25/21/1;;:)= ’_d sg obiib gi obftcr‘, [ândfb/21 Agrtrbfcu Muidâf, [bibodc Mubf H., _grrbfc Ngrbrec (ochps. 1;;5)= Gf gi pbès egi fc hg bougrec. (Egs) hghcrdb dfstdtuodcfbi g jdstcrdb eg ib pciètdob scodbi gf ib Brngftdfb. Augfcs Bdrgs, [rchgtgc Jdstcrdb egfBhärdob Agtjgii, Igsidg (2442-1;;1)= , Abrogicfb, Obhardeng Wfdvgrsdty [rgss -. Orètdob Aibustgdf, Aib ustgdf, Geubrec y ]uadgtb, Hbrtè Hbrtèf (244:)= Ibtdfb Egoèbhcs bygr. Ib prgfsb brngftdfb abmc gi [rcogsc Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocidjug Acaadc, Fcragrtc (2447)= Edoodcfbrdc eg [ciètdob, Hberde, _dnic ZZD Acegs, M.< Iÿpgz, M. B. (1;;?)= [grÿf-@degi ièfgb edrgotb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Egi erbnÿf Acfbssc, Hdnugi (1;;2)= Edbrdc eg uf oibfegstdfc, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibfgtb ― (1;;?)= Qgougrec eg ib hugrtg, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibfgtb Acrnc Hbrdgib (1;2;)= ³Ruä qugrèb Biec Qdoc gf Hcftg Obsgrcs3< WFI[ ‟ D_[ D-1: Acttdfd Iburb y Hbrtèfgz Iburb (1;;?)= ’Ib hghcrdb… tgcrèb y prâotdob‘ gf Ughbs eg Ngrcftcicnèb _codbi, Edrgoodÿf Ngfgrbi eg Ugrogrb Gebe, Ncadgrfc eg ib Oduebe eg Augfcs Bdrgs Arbdicvsly, Bftcfdc Gidc (2440)= Jdstcrdb eg ibs ordsds brngftdf brngftdfbs bs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Eg Aginrbfc Argffbf, Mbhgs (2445)= Gi Ocrec Ocrecabzc. abzc. Ibs nugrrbs cargrbs gf Oÿrecab. Oÿrecab. 2477-24>0 2477-24>0, Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Argsod, Echdfnc (2445)= Hcvdhdgftc eg sbogrectgs pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec, Augfcs Bdrgs, O. _bigsdbfc eg

Gstuedcs Arusb, Obrcib gt bii (244:)= ’Ib hghcrdb egi [rcogsc eg Qgcrnbfdzbodÿf Fbodcfbi y ibs mÿvgfgs ngfgrbodcfgs‘. Qgvdstb eg _codgebe, Ouiturb y [ciètdob, F½ ?, Augfcs Bdrgs Arusojtgdf, Iuds (244:)= ’Egrgojcs juhbfcs y @ugrzbs Brhbebs 24:?-244:‘, gf Rudfog bòcs eg eghcorbodb ochpdibec pcr Qchâf Igmthbf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Obivgdrc, [dibr (2447)= [cegr y egsbpb Ocid jug. egsbpbrdodÿf. rdodÿf. Ics I cs obhpcs eg ocfogftrbodÿf gf Brngftdf Brngftdfbb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocidjug. ― (1;;7)= [ciètdob y/c vdcigfodb. Wfb bprcxdhbodÿf b ib nugrrdiib eg ics bòcs >; , Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Obhgiid Gvb, Ebdâf Pgrÿfdob (1;;5)= ’Gstätdob urabfb y ocfeuotb pciètdob= ibs vdiibs eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr‘. DD Ocfnrgsc Fbodcfbi eg _codcicnèb, WAB Obhbrgrc, Jgrfâf< [czzd, [baic< _ojfgdegr, Bigmbferc (1;;;)= Eg ib rgvciuodÿf idagrtbecrb bi hgfghdshc. Jdstcrdb scodbi y pciètdob brngftdfb brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed Obfgicc Argfeb B. (1;;5)= Obfgi (1;;5 )= Gxdidc eg brngftdfcs= ocfsgougfodb jdstÿrdob y ocfstruoodÿf ocfstr uoodÿf edsoursdvb eg ibs prâotdobs rg prgsdv  prg sdvbs bs eg ib eäo eäobe bebb eg 24> 24>;;. Dfstdtutc eg Idfnùèstdob. Id fnùèstdob. Augfcs Bdrgs, @@yI, WAB. WAB . jttp=//www jttp=//ww w.ppbrn .ppbrn.crn/ .crn/ Obfebu, Mcìi (1;;2)= Hghcrdb g degftdebe, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gedodcfgs egi _ci Obrbabiic, Ididbfb< Ojbridgr, Fcghè y Nbruiid, Ididbfb (244:)= Ecouhgftcs eg jdstcrdb brngftdfb ― (2477-24>0) Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Obrecsc, Csobr< Ldrsojabuh, Ld rsojabuh, Qdobrec y Pbf Egr Lccy, Geubrec Geubrec (24:?)= Hbivdfbs, ib trbhb sgorgtb, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibf [ibfgtb gtb Obrfcvbig Pgrb (1;;0)= ’Hghcrdbs, gspbodc pýaidoc y Gstbec= ib ocfstruoodÿf ocfstr uoodÿf egi Husgc eg ib Hghcrdb‘. Hghcrdb‘. Gf Gstuedcs BJDIB BJDI B eg Jdstcrdb Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb, f.1 (fugvb sgrdg), Pgrvgurt Obsodcid y _bfz (edrgotcrgs) (24>:-2445)= Juhcr, Augfcs Bdrgs, Eg ib Wrrbob Obvbrczzd, Hbrogic (244>)= Butcrdtb Butcrdtbrdshc rdshc y eghcorbodb (2477-2440). Ib trbfsdodÿf egi Gstbec bi hgrobec gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, Brdgi B rdgi Obvdnidb Hbrdbfb (1;;0)= Edotbeurb, vdeb octdedbfb y oibsgs hgedbs. Wfb scodgebe `rboturbeb . Augfcs Bdrgs, [rchgtgc Ogftrc Gedtcr eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb= Ics jchargs eg ib jdstcrdb, `bsoèouics, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ândfb/21. Ogrsÿsdhc @boufec (1;;:)= Gfvbr Gi Lberd. Jdstcrdbs egi pgrcfdshc rgvciuodcfbrdc. Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocidjug Ojbvgs Ncfzbic y Igwdfngr Mcrng (2444)= Ics egi >?. Hghcrdb hcftcfgrb. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb Ojgsfbux, Mgbf (24>>)= ³Jboghcs tbaib rbsb egi pbsbec3 B prcpÿsdtc eg ib jdstcrdb y eg ics jdstcrdbecrgs , _dnic ZZD, Häxdoc Ocfbegp (24:7/1;;0)= Fufob Hâs, Df`crhg eg ib Ochdsdÿf Fbodcfbi scarg ib egsbpbrdodÿf eg pgrscfbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab

1;0

 

Ocfnrgnbodÿf pbrb ib ecotrdfb eg ib `g (24:0)= Dfstruoodcfgs scarg ib Ugcicnèb eg ib idagrbodÿf, Hberde, ABOecouhgftcs Ocu`flnfbi, Ngcrngs (ochp. 244?)= Eghcorbodbs pcsdaigs. Gi egsb`èc ibtdfcbhgrdobfc. Augfcs Bdrgs, @cfec eg Ouiturb Gocfÿhdob Orbvdfc Hbrèb Ordstdfb (244 (244:)= :)= Ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs vdiigrbs gf ib Obpdtbi @gegrbi gftrg 24:4-2440. Gftrg ib butcfchèb y gi oidgftgidshc. jttp=//ww jttp =//www w.fbyb.crn.br/ocf .fbyb.crn.br/ocfnrgsc nrgsc/pcfgfodb1/pcfgfodb1-22.jth 22.jth ―( 1;;1)= ’Ibs trbfs`crhbodcfgs gf ib degftdebe vdiigrb... ib ocffidotdvb ocfstruoodÿf eg sgftdecs‘, Oubegrfcs eg Bftrcpcicnèb _codbi F½ 27, Augfcs Bdrgs, @@yI - WAB

Orgfzgi Ghdidc (1;;5)= ’Obrtbs b Pdegib= ufb gxpicrbodÿf scarg gi hdgec, gi tgrrcr y ib hghcrdb‘, DDGIB, bòc DD F½ 1 y ?, @bouitbe eg @dicsc`èb y Igtrbs, Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Uuouhâf. jttp=//www. ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.crn/ ― (1;;:)= Ib jdstcrdb pciètdob egi Fufob Hâs. Ib hghcrdb eg ibs egsbpbrdodcfgs gf ib Brngftdfb. Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD Orcog, Agfgegttc (2451)= Ib jdstcrdb ochc jbzbòb eg ib idagrtbe. Häxdoc, @OG Ougstb, M. (244?)= Jdstcrdb egi prgsgftg. Hberde, Gueghb Ouiigf, Qb`bgi (1;;:)= Oibsg cargrb, iuojb iuojb brhbeb, pgrcfdshcs. Pciuhgf Pciuhgf D= Näfgsds, egsbrrciic y ordsds egi [grcfdshc Crdndfbi, Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb E—Bqudfc E— Bqudfc Hbrdsb, Abrrÿf Abr rÿf Pdvdbfb (1;;>)= (1; ;>)= [rcygotcs y hgtcecicnèbs eg ib dfvgstdnbodÿf. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug Eb _divb Obtgib, Iuehdib (1;;2)= Fc jbarâ 󿬁crgs gf ib tuhab egi pbsbec. pbsbec. Ib gxpgrdgfodb eg rgocfstruoodÿf rgocfstr uoodÿf egi hufec eg ics `bhdidbrgs eg egsbpbrgodecs, Ib [ibtb, Bi Hbrngf ― (1;;?)= ’Bpbnÿf gf gi Dfngfdc, gf gi Husgc. Ugfsdcfgs y edsputbs gftrgicobigs, hghcrdbs icobigs y hghcrdbs cflodbigs gf tcrfcgsorbojg b uf gpdscedc eg rgprgsdÿf eg 24>0‘, gf Iuojbs ochufdebegs ochufdeb egs

g degftdebegs. [cfodbfc egi [dfc y Gidzbagtj Mgidf (Ochp.). Hberde y Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic Pgdftdufc Ebvgrdc eg Ocx, Hbue y ^dieg, Geubrec N. (1;;2)= _bivbe _bivbecs cs egi dfflgrfc dfflgr fc. B 17 bòcs eg ib edotbeurb brngftdfb. _bitb, Ncflob Eg Qdz, Ididbfb (24:>), Qgtcrfc y egrruhag. Gi ýitdhc ncadgrfc pgrcfdstb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Jyspbhärdob ― (1;;;)= Ib pciètdob gf suspgfsc 2400/24>0 24 00/24>0 gf Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb, (Uchc :), Augfcs Bdrgs, [bdeÿs Eg _bftds, Ebfdgi (1;;;, (1;; ;, sgigoodÿf eg ecouhgftcs)= ecouhgftcs)= B vgfogr c hcrdr, [QU-GQ[, Uchc 1, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Egi [czc, Mcsä (1;;1)= Jdstcrdb eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb y egi Obrdag 2:17-1;;2, _bftdb _bftdbnc nc eg Ojdig, Ojdig, ICH. Ed Ugiib, Bferäs. ’Ib vdeb prdvbeb gf ics obhpcs eg ocfogftrbodÿf‘. Gf Jdstcrdb eg ib vdeb prdvbeb gf ib Brngftdfb. Augfcs Bdrgs= Uburus Ed Ugiib, Nudec (24:0)= [grÿf-[grÿf (24>?-24>0), Augfcs Bdrgs, Jyspbhärdob Ed Ugiib, Ucroubtc _. (24:4)= Edoodcfbrdc eg odgfodbs scodbigs y pciètdobs p ciètdobs, Augfcs Bdrgs, [uftcsur ― (244?)= Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb egseg 2:?; jbstb fugstrcs eèbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Bdr gs, Urcqugi pbrt decs pciètdocs. Ugcrèb y bfâidsds ochpbrbtdvc, Augfcs Bdrgs, B-] ― (244:)= Ics pbrtdecs Echèfnugz, @badâf= _byus, Bi`rgec (1;;2)< Bpuftgs egi Jcrrcr. Ics bòcs sgtgftb gf Juridfnjbh y su df󿬁ugfodb gf ib vdeb fbodcfbi, Augfcs Bdrgs, Egi [dibr Eujbieg, Geubrec Iuds (2444)= Gi gstbec tgrrcrdstb brngftdfc, Rudfog bòcs egspuäs, ufb hdrbeb orètdob. orèt dob. Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Eujbieg Geubrec I., [ärgz Geubrec H. (1;;?)= Eg Uboc Qbic b ib bitgrfbtdvb dfegpgfedgftg. Jdstcrdb ecouhgftbi eg ibs @ugrzbs Brhbebs Br hbebs [grcfdstbs y egi [grcfdshc eg Absg. Ib [ibtb, Eg ib Obhpbfb Eussgi, D.< @dfcoojdc, _. y Ncmhbf, _. (244>)= Jbodgfec hghcrdb gf gi pbès eg Fufob Hâs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Gedtcrdbi [grfli (24:7 (24:7)= )= Gi idarc eg Gi Edbrdc egi Mudodc, Augfcs Bdrgs Gnbòb Qcmbs, Qcmbs, Ebfdgi (1;;>)= ’Mcsä eg eg _bf Hbrtèf, gf ib ocfstruoodÿf hètdob eg _brhdgftc‘, _brhdgftc‘, Ub Ubiigr iigr eg Igtrbs Igt rbs F» 5;= 5 ;= 5?-0;, 1;;, jttp=//www. jttp=//w ww.uo. uo.oi/igtrbs/ oi/igtrbs/jthi/0Spuaidob jthi/0Spuaidobodcfgs/pe`Srgvdstbs/tbiigr/ti5;S?.pe`  odcfgs/pe`Srgvdstbs/tbiigr/ti5;S?.pe`  Gnngrs Ibf, Ocfrbec (24>?)= [grcfdshc y idagrbodÿf fbodcfbi, Augfcs Bdrgs, Aýsqugeb Gnngrs-Arbss, Ugrgsb y Nbiignc, Hbrdsb (1;;1)= Jdstcrdb hufedbi ocftghpcrâfgb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug Gnngrs-Arbss, Ugrgsb< Nbiignc, Hbrdsb y Ndi Iczbfc, @grfbfeb (1;;0)= Jdstcrdb Ibtdfcbhgrdobfb. 2>;;1;;7, Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug Gnngrs-Arbss, Ugrgsb (1;;0)= Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb. Wfb hdrbeb hdrbeb orètdob. 2:;0-1;;0 2:; 0-1;;0. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug

1;>

 

Gnngrs-Arbss, Ugrgsb y Nbiignc, Hbrdsb (1;22)= Jdstcrdb P. Brngftdfb, Bhärdob y gi hufec gf ib sgnufeb hdtbe egi sdnic sdnic ZZ. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug Gdojgiabuh, Obrics (2444)= Ugxtcs gf Ib obsb sdnug gf cregf. Oubtrc eäobebs eg jdstcrdb gf edaumcs, eg Jgrhgfgndiec _âabt, Augfcs Bdrgs, Bnudibr Gsoueä, Obrics y Odsfgrcs, Bferäs (1;;;)= Jdstcrdb ngfgrbi eg ibs rgibodcfgs gxtgrdcrgs eg ib Qgpýaidob Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Nrupc Gedtcr Ibtdfcbhgrdobfc Gsouegrc, Iuorgodb (2440)= Hbivdfbs= Gi nrbf rgibtc. @ugftgs y ruhcrgs gf ib df`crhbodÿf eg ib nugrrb , Abrogicfb, Ngedsb Gsqudvbeb Nbardgib (1;2;)= Fctdodbs eg ics Hcftcfgrcs. Hcftcfgrc s. Ib jdstcrdb jdstcr db egi edbrdc qug fc puec bfufodbr ib rgvciuodÿf. Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Gstgabf Genbrec (1;;7)= Hbivdfbs, edbrdc egi rgnrgsc (Diuhdfbecs pcr gi `ugnc). Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb @gdgrstgdf Ebfdgi (ochp., 1;;7)= Ngfcodedc. Ib behd behdfdstrbodÿf fdstrbodÿf eg ib hugrtg gf ib hcegrfdebe. Augfcs Bdrgs, Geuftrg`  @gdgrstgdf Ebfdgi (1;;>)= _gds gstuedcs gst uedcs scarg ngfcodedc. Bfâidsds eg ibs rgibodcf rgibodcfgs gs scodbigs= ctrgebe, gxoiusdÿf y gxtgrhdfdc. Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab @gdfhbff, Mcsä [baic (1;;1)= Gsordtcs dhpruegftgs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb @grfâfegz, Brturc (24:7)= Ibs prâotdobs scodbigs egi sdfedobidshc (24>0-24:1), Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI OGB I @grrc, H. (244?)= Oÿhc sg ougftb ib jdstcrdb b ics fdòcs egi hufec gftgrc, Augfcs Bdrgs, @cfec eg Ouiturb Gocfÿhdob @ibslbhp, @ibslbh p, Obrics (1;;1)= (1;;1) = Crnbfdzbodcfgs pciètdoc-hdidtbrgs, Ugstdhcfdc eg ib iuojb brhbeb gf ib Brngftdfb, (240:-24>0) , Augfcs Bdrgs, Fugvcs Udghpcs @ibslbh @ibslbhp p Obrics (1;;:)= Ièhdtgs y egsacregs. Ic fbodcfbi y ic scodbi gf ib pciètdob brngftdfb. Agrbzbtgnud, Idarcs egi Qgsociec @icrdb, O. B.< Nbroèb Agisufog, O. B. (24>2)= Jdstcrdb eg ics Brngftdfcs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Lbpgiusz @WAB, WAB= Ugstdhcfdcs b 17 bòcs egi ncipg, fufob hâs, [ândfb/21 @rbfoc, Hbrdfb y Igvèf, @icrgfodb (1;;>)= ’Gi pbsbec ogrobfc gf oibvg jdstcrdcnrâflob‘, gf Jdstcrdb rgodgftg. [grspgotdvbs y egsb`ècs pbrb uf obhpc gf ocfstruoodÿf. Augfcs Bdrgs, [bdeÿs Nbagttb, Obrics (1;;1)= Ig Hcfeg edpichbtdqug, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocfc _ur Nbigbfc, Geubrec (24::)= Hghcrdb egi `ugnc. Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD ― (1;;:)= Gspgmcs. Wfb jdstcrdb obsd ufdvgrsbi, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD Nbiigttd, I.< Dabrnurgf, F. y Hbiic, _. (24>;)= ’Gi prctgoodcfdshc gf ib eäobeb egi sgtgftb‘, gf [ciähdob f½?>, Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI Nbhadfb, Muidc O. y Obhpdcfg, Ebfdgi (1;;?)= Ics bòcs eg Hgfgh. Odrunèb hbycr, Augfcs Bdrgs, Dfstdtutc Hcvdidzbecr eg @cfecs Occpgrbtdvcs Nbrbòc _bftdbnc, [grtct ^grfgr (1;;>)= Egtgfdecs-bpbrgodecs. [rgsbs y prgscs pciètdocs egseg Urgigw b ib edotbeurb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Adaics Ngtdfc, Cotbvdc (244:)= Odfg Brngftdfc (Gftrg ic pcsdaig y ic egsgbaig) egsgbaig) jttp=//www.bigmbferbngtdfc.och.br/ cotbvdcSngtdfc/ODFGSBQNGFUDFC.pe`  Ndbrrbob Fcrhb (1;;2)= Ib prctgstb scodbi gf ib Brngftdfb. Urbfs`crhbodcfgs gocfÿhdobs y ordsds scodbi gf gi Augfcs Bdrgs, Bidbfzb B idbfzb dftgrdcr egi pbès. Augfcs Ndiigspdg, Qdojbre (24:>)= _ciebecs eg [grÿf, Ics Hcftcfgrcs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Nrdmbiac Ncòd, Wld (2440)= Mue  Muebs, bs, Ib vgreb vgrebegrb egrb jdstc jdstcrdb rdb eg Bi`rg Bi`rgec ec Bstdz, Bstdz, gi gi dfflitrb dfflitrbec ec, Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Ncrdfd Widsgs (1;;7)= Ib rgagidÿf eg ibs Hbergs. Jdstcrdb eg ibs Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc. Uchc D (24>0-24:?). Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Ncrcstgnud eg Ucrrgs, Jbyeäg (bsgscrb) (24>;-24>1)= [ciähdob [ciähdob.. [rdhgrb jdstcrdb brngftdfb brngftdfb dftgnrbi dftgnrbi, Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI Nuagr, Qcsbfb (1;;2)= ³[cr quä Hbivdfbs3 Eg ib obusb fbodcfbi b ib nugrrb basureb , Augfcs Bdrgs, @cfec eg Ouiturb Gocfÿhdob ― (1;;5)= Eg ojdocs b vgtgrbfcs. Hghcrdbs brngftdfbs eg ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs , Augfcs Bdrgs, Bftrcpc`bndb ocftghpcrâfgb eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Hberde, Bidbfzb Jbipgrèf Ecfnjd, Uuidc (24:0)= Jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb ― (2445)= Ib ibrnb bncfèb eg ib Brngftdfb pgrcfdstb, Abrogicfb, Brdgi ― (2440)= ’Pdogftg @degi Iÿpgz, jdstcrdbecr‘ jdstcr dbecr‘ gf Gfsbycs eg jdstcrdcnrb`èb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gi Odgic pcr bsbitc

1;:

 

Jgrfâfegz Hcrgfc, Hcrgfc, Lbtdb _. (1;22 (1;22)= )= ’Ib jdstcrdb eg vdeb= Hätcec oubidtbtdvc‘, oubidtbtdvc‘, gf Ocftrdauodcfgs b ibs Odgfodbs _codbigs, hbrzc, www.guhge.fgt/rgv/oooss/22 JDMC_ (1;;1)= Qgvdstb F½ 21, Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs Jcasabwh, Grdo (244>)= Jdstcrdb egi _dnic ZZ, Abrogicfb, Orètdob Dfvgrfdzzd, Jgrfâf< Ncodci Muedtj (1;;?)= Wf ncipg b ics idarcs, Qgprgsdÿf b ib ouiturb eurbftg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb hdidtbr, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Bnustèf Ucsoc. Ib oibsg Dòdnc Obrrgrb, F.(1;;0)= Bdrgs, Hbergs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc Dzbnudrrg Dfäs (1;;4)= Iuojb eg oibsgs, nugrrb odvdi yrgvciuodcfbrdb ngfc odedc gf ib, Augfcs ngfcodedc Brngftdfb. 24>?-24:? . Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Dzbre, Hdqugi occre. vci. ZZZ (24:7)= Jdstcrdb Wfdvgrsbi, Abrogicfb, _bivbt  Mbluacwdos,  Mblua cwdos, Geubrec Geubrec y Qbegtdoj, Qbegtdoj, Iburb Iburb (1;;0)= Ib jdstcrdb brngftdfb b trbväs egi odfg. Ibs ’vdsdcfgs egi pbsbec‘ (24??-1;;?). Augfcs Bdrgs, Ib Orumèb  Mbhgs, Ebfdgi (244;)= (244;) = Qgsdstgfodb g dftgnrbodÿf. Gi pgrcfdshc y ib oibsg trbabmbecrb brngftdfb (2450-24>0) , Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb  Mbhgs, Ebfdgi (edrgotcr (e drgotcr tchc t chc 4, 1;;?)= Fugvb Jdstcrdb Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb. Brngftdfb. Pdcigfodb, prcsordpodÿf prcsordpodÿf y butcrdtbrdshc (2477-24>0), Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb  Mgidf, Gidzbagtj (2447 (2447)= )= ’Ib pciètdob eg ib hghc hghcrdb= rdb= gi hcvdhdgftc eg egrgojc egrgojcss juhbfcs juhbfcs y ib ib ocfstruoodÿf eghcorâtdob gf ib Brngftdfb‘. B rngftdfb‘. Gf BBPP, Mud  Mudodc, odc, obstd obstdnc nc y hghcrdb hghcrdbs. s. Egrgo Egrgojcs jcs juh juhbfcs bfcs y mustdodb mustdodb gf ib pciètdob brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fugvb Pdsdÿf ― (1;;1)= Ics trbabmcs eg ib hghcrdb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD  Mczbhd, Geubre Geubrecc (1;;0)= Qceci`c ^bisj, ib pbibarb y ib boodÿf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb eg ib edotbeu edotbeurb rb brngftdfb (24>0-24:?) (24>024:?)  Mczbhd, G.)= ’Urbfshdsdÿf ’Urbfshdsdÿf eg gxpgrdgfodbs gxpgr dgfodbs gf `bhdidbs eg ics ocfegfbecs pciètdocs gf ib Jufnrèb ochufdstb‘. Jdstcrdb, Bftrcpcicnèb y @ugftgs @ ugftgs Crbigs, f»2>, Abrogicfb Lrdngr Hdrdbh (1;;4)= ’«Ucec ic qug suogedÿ gf gscs bòcs `ug tcec pciètdoc¼. Qgprgsgftbodcfgs eg mÿvgfgs brngftdfcs scarg ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg, egi ‚Ncipg— bi ‚Obogrcibzc—‘. Gf Ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg ochc egsb`èc b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf y pgfsbhdgftc gf Odgfodbs _codbigs, OBDOTU OBDOT U OCFDOGU (jttp=//gourscs.obdoyt. (jttp=//gourscs.obdoyt. ncv.br), Brngftdfb Iboibu, Grfgstc gt bi (244>)= Gstbec y pciètdob gf Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD Ib Fbodÿf (244?)= Jdstcrdb egi `ýtaci ` ýtaci brngftdfc, Augfcs Bdrgs Ibfed, Csobr (24:>)= ’Ouiturb y pciètdob gf ib trbfsdodÿf eghcorâtdob‘ gf Cszibl, ’[rcogsc‘, ordsds y trbfsdodÿf eghcorâtdob/2, OGBI, Augfcs Bdrgs Ibfnjd Gstgabf (1;;:)= Hcftcfgrcs ‟ Oâhpcrb. Oâhpcrb. Wf gfougftrc jdstÿrdoc. Qcsbrdc, Idarcs egi _ur Ibfussg Iuobs (1;;7)= Hcftcfgrcs. Gi hdtc eg sus 21 `ufebecrgs. Augfcs Bdrgs. Pgrnbrb Ibrrbquy Hbrogic (1;;0)= @udhcs _ciebecs. Jdstcrdb sgorgtb eg ib ocftrbc`gfsdvb hcftcfgrb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Bnudibr ― (1;;>)= Iÿpgz Qgnb, gi pgrcfdshc y ib Urdpig B . Augfcs Bdrgs, [uftc eg Igoturb ― (1;2;)= Eg [grÿf b Hcftcfgrcs. Jdstcrdb eg ib vdcigfodb pciètdob gf ib Brngftdfb. Hbrobecs b @ugnc DD. (245724>?). Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, Bd rgs, Bnudibr Igmthbf, Qchâf (ochpdibecr, 244:)= Rudfog bòcs eg Eghcorbodb. Gfsbycs scarg ib fugvb rgpýaidob , Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Igvèf @icrgfodb (1;;4)= ’[bsbec rgodgftg g jdstcrdcnrb`èb‘. Gf Ib jdstcrdb rgodgftg ochc egsb`èc b ib dfvgstdnbodÿf y pgfsbhdgftc gf Odgfodbs _codbigs, OBDOTU OB DOTU OCFDOGU (jttp=//gourscs.obdoyt.ncv.br), (jttp=//gourscs.obdoyt.ncv.br), Brngftdfb Idfegfacdh Mbvdgr, Mbvdgr, Nrbòb Mubf H. y Lgffge Ebhdâf Ebhdâf (1;;7)= Edstrdauodÿf `ufodcfbi egi dfnrgsc gf Brngftdfb. Bygr y jcy. @bo. Os. Gocfÿhdobs WAB ‟ OG[GE. jttp=//oed.hgocf.ncv.br/adaidc/eco/ogpge/et5.pe`  Idrb Gidzbagtj (1;2;)= Hghcrdb y Ocfvdvgfodb Eghcorâtdob= [ciètdobs eg civdec y hghcrdb, _bf Mcsä O.Q. @IBO_C

1;4

 

Iðaag, Jäotcr (1;;0)= Ib nugrrdiib `bardi, Augfcs Bdrgs, Qbzÿf y Qgvciuodÿf Icrgfz, @gegrdoc (1;;0)= Ibs nugrrbs pcr Hbivdfbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gejbsb Iczbfc, Oibuedc (1;;2)= Ocfsdegrb Ocfsdegrbodcfgs odcfgs bogrob egi prgsupugstc prgsupugstc 1;;1 1; ;1, Augfcs Bdrgs, Dfstdtutc eg Gstuedcs y @crhbodÿf, OUB Iufb, @äidx (edrgotcr)= Qgvdstbs Ucec gs Jdstcrdb Hboldffcf, Hbrèb Hcdrb y [gtrcfg, Hbrdc Biagrtc (2444)= [cpui [cpuidshc dshc y fgcpcpuidshc gf Bhärdob ibtdfb. Gi  prcaigh  prc aighb b eg eg ibNbardgi Ogfdodgftb, Ogfdod Augfcs Guegab Hbnfg Hbrogic Nb ardgigftb, (1;;5 (1;;5)= )= EdcsBdrgs, gstâ ocf ics pcargs. Gi hcvdhdgftc eg sbogrectgs pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec. Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed Hbnrbssd Nudiigrhc, Qcoob H. (24>4)= Jdstcrdb eg vdeb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Ogftrc gedtcr eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb Hbdsgd Egidb (1;;0)= Hghcrdbs egi bpbnÿf. Ib rgprgsdÿf gf Mumuy= 24>5-24:? . Augfcs Bdrgs, HGEJ Hbfndcfg Hÿfdob (1;;2)= Gi Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec. Augfcs Bdrgs. G-accls. jttp=// www.brojdvcojdig.och/HcvSscodbigs/dnigsdbSpcpuibr/H_dnigpcpu;;14.pe`  Hâftbrbs, Hâftbrb s, Hdrtb Hdr tb (1;;7)= Ngfcodedc gf Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, gedodÿf eg butcr Hbrdbfc, Fdiscf (244:)= Cpgrbodÿf Oÿfecr. Ugrrcrdshc eg Gstbec gf gi Ocfc _ur, Augfcs Bdrgs, Icjiä-Iuhgf Hbrtèf, Hbrt èf, Mcsä [baic (2441)= Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs pbrb gi Ugrogr Hufec, uf egabtg brngftdfc, Augfcs Bdrgs, Nubebiupg Hbrtcrgii, @rbfodsoc (2444)= Cpgrbodÿf Oÿfecr. Gi vugic eg ib hugrtg, _bftdbnc eg Ojdig, ICH Hgfäfegz Hb. Dsbagi (1;;0)= Ib ’ochufdebe dhbndfbeb‘ gf ib nugrrb eg Hbivdfbs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Hdojcffgbu _täpjbfg (1;;7)= Hghcrdb g Jdstcrdb. Bspgotcs Ocfogptubigs O cfogptubigs. _ghdfbrdc Dftgrfbodcfbi scarg

Hghcrdb g Jdstcrdb. Nubtghbib, O.B., jttp=//20:.40.1;;.2:5=:;:;/bvbfosc/bvbfosc/tbiigr7 Hdnfcfg, Ghdidc (2444)= Dnigsdb y edotbeurb Augfcs Bdrgs, Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Rudihgs/[ândfb/21. Hcrgfc, Csobr= Ibs ocftrbedoodcfgs gftrg ibs pciètdobs egi Gstbec y ics hcvdhdgftcs hcvdhdgftcs scodbigs, WOP Hurbob Hbtèbs (1;;7)=’Jgnghcfèb y Edsoursc [ciètdoc gf Brngftdfb. Crèngfgs egi Fgcidagrbidshc, 24>0-24:7. 24>024:7.‘, ‘, PDD Ocfnrgsc Ocfn rgsc Fbodcfbi eg Odgfodb O dgfodb [ciètdob. jttp= jttp=//ww //www w.sbbp.c .sbbp.crn.br/ rn.br/ Fbjuh, A.< Ocoojd, Ocooj d, B.< @rgnb, B. y Urcojÿf, T.= T.= ’Gi flf fl f egi Wrunuby Wrun uby idagrbi. 247: -24>?‘. -24>?‘. Uchc Uchc :, Ocigoodÿf Jdstcrdb urunubyb. G.A.C Fbtbfscf, Mcsä (1;;5)= Gi prgsdegftg dfgspgrbec (gi ncadgrfc eg Ldrojfgr sgnýf ics dftgigotubigs brngftdfcs) , Qcsbrdc, Jchc _bpdgfs Fgocgojgb Nrbodb Ngrbrec y [czzd [baic (1;;:)= Ouäftbhg oÿhc `ug. Dftrceuoodÿf b ib jdstcrdb crbi . Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed Fgnrb, @. y [czzd, [. (1;;4)= Dfvbsdcfgs aârabrbs gf ib jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb eg ics Gstbecs Wfdecs. Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug Fcrb [dgrrg (24:5)= Igs Idgux eg Hähcdrg, [brès, Nbiidhbre, 24:5 pp.ZPDD-ZIDI. pp.ZPDD-ZIDI. Gftrg Hghcrdb Hghcrdb g Jdstcrdb= Ib prcaighâtdob eg ics iunbrgs. Urbeuoodÿf p/oâtgerb _gh. Jdst. Brngftdfb [rc`. @ghbfec Muhbr, Wfdv. Fbo. egi Ochbjug Ochbjug.. jttp=//ochd jttp=//ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.ojboc sdcfpcribhghcrdb.ojboc.ncv .ncv.br/mcvgfgsyhghcrdb/ecouhgf.br/mcvgfgsyhghcrdb/ecouhgftcs/pe`/12.pe` Fcsdnidb, Muidc G.= Actèf eg Nugrrb, Augfcs Bdrgs, WFIB, Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc, WFR, [ândfb/21 Fcvbrc, Hbrocs y [bigrhc, Pdogftg Pdogftg (1;;?)= (1;;?) = Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb 4 - Ib Edotbeurb Hdidtbr 24>0/24:? 24>0/24:? - Egi ncipg eg gstbec b ib rgstburbodÿf eghcorâtdob, Augfcs Bdrgs, [bdeÿs ― (1;;?)= Ib edotbeurb hdidtbr 24>0/24:?, Augfcs Bdrgs, [bdeÿs Fuegihbf, Qdobrec (1;;2)= Edoodcfbrdc eg pciètdob ibtdfcbhgrdobfb egi sdnic ZZ , Häxdoc, Coäbfc C— Ecfgii, Nudiigrhc (24:1)= Gi gstbec aurcorâtdoc-butcrdtbrdc aurcorâtdoc-butcrdtbrdc, 2400-24>?. Augfcs Bdrgs, Aginrbfc Cinuèf, Igtdodb (occredfb (occredfbecrb, ecrb, 24:4)= Geuobodÿf y egrgojcs juhbfcs. Wfb edsousdÿf dftgredsodpidfbrdb , Dfstdtutc Dftgrbhgrdobfc eg Egrgojcs Juhbfcs y OGBI Crqugrb Tcibfeb @.= Hbrxdshc, pgrcfdshc, dfecordciidshc= Btbjubipb Tupbfqud y gi fcrtg brngftdfc, Ocfdogt Brngftdfb, jttp=//www.flic.uft.geu.br/pcsnrbec/ecotcrbecSjuhbfdebegs/adaidcSojbhcsb/Crqugrb%1;Tupbfqud.pe`  Cszibl, Csobr (ochp., 24:>)= ’[rcogsc‘, ordsds y trbfsdodÿf eghcorâtdob/2 eghcorâtdob/2, OGBI, Augfcs Bdrgs Cvdgec, I. (1;;5)= Wfb jdstcrdb egi hcvdhdgftc pdqugtgrc, Augfcs Bdrgs, Quhacs [bigrhc Pdogftg (1;;>)= _bi gf ibs jgrdebs. Bdrgs,, jgrdebs . Ibs Hbivdfbs gf ib ouiturb brngftdfb ocftghpcrâfgb, Augfcs Bdrgs _uebhgrdobfb

12;

 

[bichdfc, Hdrtb I. eg (24::)= Urbedodÿf y pcegr= ib _codgebe Qurbi Brngftdfb (2477-24:?), Augfcs Bdrgs, OD_GB [grgyrb, Ebfdgi (1;;;)= Egi Hcfobeb b Ojdbpbs, Ojdbpbs, Jdstcrdb eg ib iuojb brhbeb gf Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Augfcs Bdr Bdrgs, gs, Obfnurc [grfli Gedtcrdbi (24:7)= Gi idarc eg Gi Edbrdc egi Mudodc. Ics tgstdhcfdcs. Ib bousbodÿf. Ib eg`gfsb. Ib sgftgfodb. Augfcs Bdrgs. [gsobegr Obrics (1;;?) = ’Oubfec gi pbsbec rgodgftg sg jbog Jdst crdb. Fbodcfbi Jdstcrdb. Fctbs scarg eg ibBòc Jds tcrdb‘. Jdstcrdb‘. Gf= Qgvdstb eg(1;;?)= ib @bouitb @bouitbe e eg Egrgojc y Odgfodbs _codbigs , Wfdvgrsdebe egiUgcrèb Ochbjug, : f.4. Ngfgrbi Qcob [gtgrscf, Jbrcie @. (24>;)= Ib Brngftdfb y ics Gstbecs Wfdecs (2:2;-240;), Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab [gtrbidtc, O. y Biegrgtg, B. (1;;>)= Urgigw. Jdstcrdb eg ufb hbsborg y ib crnbfdzbodÿf pcpuibr ochc rgspugstb Augfcs Augf cs Bdrgs, Fugs Fugstrb trb Bhärdob B härdob [gtrbs, M. (2444)= Bhärdob Ibtdfb= eg ib nicabidzbodÿf b ib rgvciuodÿf, Qcsbrdc, Qcsbr dc, Jchc _bpdgfs [gtrbs, M. y Pgithgygr, J. ochpdibecrgs (1;;5)=  Ibs prdvbtdzbodcf pr dvbtdzbodcfgs gs y ib egsfbodcfb egsfbodcfbidzbodÿf idzbodÿf eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, [rchgtgc ― (1;;7)= Hcvdhd Hcvdhdgftcs gftcs scodbigs y pcegr gstbtbi, Häxdoc, Iuhgf [ib, Biagrtc M. (edrgotcr eg ocigoodÿf) (24:0)= Jdstcrdb eg Bhärdob gf gi sdnic ZZ , Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI OGB I [ciähdob. [ciähd ob. [rdhgrb jdstcrdb brngftdfb brngftdfb dftgnrbi dftgnrbi, (24>;-24>1), Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI [ciibl Hdojbgi (24:4)= ’Hghcrdb, civdec, sdigfodc‘. Gf Qgvdstb Gstuecs Jdstÿrdocs, Qdc eg Mbfgdrc, vci. 1 f.?. Urbe. eg Qgfbtb Cidvgdrb p/sghdfbrdc ’Bftrcpcicnèb eg ib Hghcrdb y ib Degftdebe‘, Hbgstrèb Jdstcrdb y Hghcrdb [ctbsj, Qcagrt B. (24:0)=WFI[ Gi gmärodtc y ib pciètdob gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Jyspbhärdob [czzd, [baic (1;;2)= ’[cr ibs sgfebs brngftdfbs...‘ brngftdfbs...‘ Gi [QU-GQ[. Ib nugrrdiib hbrxdstb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab ― (1;;:)= Cpcsdodÿf cargrb b ib edotbeurb (24>0-24:1), Obp Obpètuic ètuic DDD ’Ib Qgsdstgf Qgsdstgfodb odb Cargrb‘, Cargrb‘, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocftrbpuftc ― (1;;4 (1;;4)=)= ’Gstbecs Wfdecs y ics crèngfgs eg ib nugrrb `rèb‘ `r èb‘,, gf Fdnrb y [czzd (ochps.) Dfvbsdcfgs Aârabrbs gf ib jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb eg ics Gstbecs Wfdecs , Augfcs Bdrgs, Hbdpug [czzd, [. y Fdnrb, @ (1;;?)= Jugiibs dhpgrdbigs. Jdstcrdb eg ics Gstbecs Wfdecs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed [uoodbrgiid, Bi`rgec ochp. (1;;5)= Ghprgsbrdcs, tgofÿorbtbs y hdidtbrgs, Ib trbhb ocrpcrbtdvb eg ib ýitdhb edotbeurb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD [ugftgs rgvdstb (1;;;-1;2;), Ochdsdÿf [rcvdfodbi pcr ib Hghcrdb, Ib [ibtb. [udnnrÿs, Berdbfb (2440)= Ruä pbsÿ gf ib Geuobodÿf Brngftdfb= Egseg ib Ocfqudstb jbstb gi Hgfghdshc, Augfcs Bdrgs, Lbpgiusz ― (1;;2)= ’Oubfec ib edotbeurb e dotbeurb gftrÿ gf ib gsougib‘. gsougib‘. Qgvdstb [ugftgs, F½ 5. Muidc Rubttrcoojd-^cdsscf, Edbfb (2447)= Ics hbigs eg ib hghcrdb, Ghgoä, Augfcs Bdrgs Rudrcnb, Junc (2445)= Gi tdghpc egi ’[rcogsc‘. ’[ rcogsc‘. Ocf󿬁dotcs y ocdfodegfodbs gftrg pciètdocs y hdid hdidtbrgs tbrgs 24>0-24:? 24>0-24:?, Qcsbrdc, @ufebodÿf Qcss Qbhgttb Hbrdgib Obfbid Hbrdgib (1;;0)= ’Eg ib grrbedobodÿf eg vdiibs b ib ocfstruoodÿf eg uf abrrdc Wfb argvg jdstcrdb eg ics abrrdcs abrr dcs [rgsdegftg _brhdgftc y Obrics Nbregi‘. Nbregi‘. Qgvdstb eg Jdstcrdb Jdstcr db Acfbgrgfsg F½ ?2. jttp=//www.hcrcfjdstcrdoc.crn.br/brtdouic-1>.jth Qbhcs Hgmèb, Hbrdbfb (1;;0)= ’Ibs oibsgs hgedbs y ics pcargs gf ib Brngftdfb egi hcegic fgcidagrbi‘, gf Ib Cfeb Edndtbi F½ 1>;. jttp=//www.ibcfebedndtbi.och Qbhcs [bediib Mubf Mubf Hbrtèf (1;;0)= (1;; 0)= Ojdojb. Ib `ufebecrb eg Baugibs eg [ibzb eg Hbyc. Augfcs Bdrgs, Euflgf Qbpcpcrt Qbpc pcrt Hbrdc Hbr dc (24::)= Eg [giignrdfd b Hbrtèfgz eg Jcz= gi hcegic idagrbi. Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI OGB I Qbtdgr, Junc (24>7)= Pdiigrcs y vdiibs hdsgrdb. Augfcs Bdrgs. Ogftrc Gedtcr eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb Qbvdfb, Burcrb y ctrcs (1;;;)= Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb. Egseg ib prgjdstcrdb jbstb ib botubidebe , Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocigndc Fbodcfbi eg Augfcs Bdrgs y [ândfb/21 Qdog [btrdodc y Ucrrgs Iuds (ochps., 1;;>)= Gf hgedc eg ib tghpgstbe. Ics Jgrhbfdtcs egi Gvbfngidc gf Brngftdfb (2474-24>>), Hcftgvdegc, Ecaig oido Qdolbre, ^gfey ^gfey (1;;;)= ’Jdstcrdb crbi, trbuhb y tbaý‘ gf Jdstcrdb, Bftrcpcicnèb y @ugftgs Crbigs F½ 1?, Wfdvgrsdebe eg Abrogicfb Qdocgur [bui (2444)= Ib igoturb egi tdghpc pbsbec= hghcrdb y civdec, Brrgod`g, Hberde

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Qdiib, Obgtbfc, N. (24:>)= Argvg jdstcrdb eg ib edotbeurb 24>? -24:7, Wrunuby, OIBGJ Qcadf, Hbrdg-Hcfdqug (1;;:)= Gsoubercfgs eg ib hugrtg, ib gsougib `rbfogsb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Qcojb, Obrcidfb (1;;?)= ’Pdcigfodb eg Gstbec y idtgrbturb gf Brngftdfb (24>?-1;;1)‘, Biagrtb (Obfbeb), K hfds. jttp=//www.ufdv-argst.`r/bhfds Qcol, Ebvde (2442)= Brngftdfb 2720-24:>, Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, Bidbfzb B idbfzb Qcerènugz Hcibs, Q. (24:5)= Jdstcrdb eg ib tcrturb tcrt urb y gi cregf rgprgsdvc gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Qcmbs, Qcm bs, Obricsbotubigs‘. (1;;;). ’IbC adcnrb`èb ngfgrcdftgre jdstcrdcnrâfloc. Binu fbs Binufbs rgfigxdcfgs sca rg sus pcsdadidebegs adcnrâfloc..ochc adcnrâfloc [grspgotdvbs dftgredsodpidfb dsodpidfbrgs. rgs. Agfdtc _ojhdet (Crn.).scarg _bftb Oruz ec _ui= Geufdso Qcmbs, [btrdodb (1;;;)= ’Abdibfec scarg ibs ogfdzbs. Ics mÿvgfgs y ib hghcrdb‘. Qgvdstb [ugftgs, F½ 1. Edodgharg Qchgrc, Mcsä Iuds (24>7)= Ibs degbs pciètdobs gf Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, @cfec eg Ouiturb Gocfÿhdob Qchgrc, Iuds Biagrtc (2445)= Argvg Jdstcrdb Ocftghpcrâfgb eg Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, @cfec eg Ouiturb Gocfÿhdob Qcsb, Mcsä Hbrèb (24:2)= Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Crdgftg Qcsgfagrn, Udfb (244:)= Bstdz, Ib gstdrpg gstdr pg eg Obèf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ecouhgftcs-[ândfb/21 Qcuqudä, Bibdf (24:0)= [cegr hdidtbr y scodgebe pciètdob gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Jyspbhärdob ― (2445)= Gxtrghc Coodegftg, Dftrceuoodÿf b Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, Ghgoä Qczdtojfgr, Igÿf (1;;7)= Hbivdfbs= eg ib nugrrb suodb b ib nugrrb idhpdb. Gi puftc odgnc eg ib orètdob pciètdob . Augfcs Bdrgs, Icsbeb _âab _âabt, t, Jgrhgfgndiec (2444)= Ib obsb sdnug gf cregf. Oubtrc eäobebs eg jdstcrdb gf edaumcs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Bnudibr. _âgfz Rugsbeb Hbrèb (1;;7)= Dsbagi [grÿf. Ib Brngftdfb gf ics bòcs eg Hbrèb Gstgib G stgib Hbrtèfgz. Augfcs Bdrgs, [ibfgtb. _bivbt Gedtcrgs (24:7)= Jdstcrdb Wfdvgrsbi _bivbt, Abrogicfb _bfz, Ojrdstèbf< Ojrdst èbf< [bcigiib, [bcigiib, @grfbfec (1;;>)= ’BHDB Ib nrbf hgftdrb c󿬂odbi‘ jttp=//www. jttp=//w ww.pgrdcedoctrdpgrdcedoctrdaufb.och.br/bhdb.bsp _gfäf Ncfzâigz, _bftdbnc _bft dbnc (24>2)= (24>2)= Gi sdfedobidshc egspuäs eg [grÿf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Nbigrfb. _ojhuoligr, Jäotcr (2447)= ’@crhbs ’@cr hbs egi civdec‘. Ocfflfgs, f½ 2, Augfcs Bdrgs _ojvbrzgr Mcrng (1;;1)= Ocfvgrtdadideb Ocfvgrtdadidebee y egueb gxtgrfb. Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab ‟ Idarcs egi Qcmbs _ojwbrzstgdf Ecrb (1;;:)= Ib jdstcrdb crbi gf ib gsougib= nuèb eg prcygotc prcygotc y gftrgvdstb. Gf Fgocgojgb Nrbodb N. y [czzd [. Ouäftbhg oÿhc `ug. Dftrceuoodÿf b ib jdstcrdb crbi. Augfcs Bdrgs, Dhbnc Hufed _gcbfg, Hbrèb (244:)= Gi aurnuäs hbiedtc, Ib jdstcrdb sgorgtb eg Mcsä Agr Ngiabre , Augfcs Bdrgs ― (1;22)= Gi gfdnhb [grrcttb. Eg jdmc egi pcegr b df`crhbftg egi GQ[. Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb _grrdtgiib Muidbfb, Abibòb _bardfb, Lbsld @uiicfg @gegrdoc y Qcerènugz Mbvdgr, ’Qgpbrbodÿf egi ebòc gf vèotdhbs egi tgrrcrdshc eg Gstbec‘, [ândfb/21, 1;/2;/1;22 _dedobrc, Qdobrec (1;;?)= Ics trgs pgrcfdshcs - Gstbec y pcegr gocfÿhdoc 2450-77/24> 2450 -77/24>?->0/24:4-44 ?->0/24:4-44, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD _divgstrd, Nrbodgib (2444)= ’Hghcrdb y hcfuhgftc‘. [uftc eg vdstb. Augfcs Bdrgs, 05 _dttcf Ujbe, Hgjb``y Ngcrng I., Ebvds Mr. C.I. (1;;7)= Jdstcrdb crbi. Wfb nuèb pbrb prc`gscrgs prc`gscrgs (y ctrbs pgrscpgr scfbs), Häxd Häxdoc, oc, @OG _ldehcrg, Ujchbs G.< Hgtgr, J. _hdtj (2444)= Jdstcrdb ocftghpcrâfgb ocftghpcrâfgb eg Bhärdob Ibtdfb, Abrogicfb, Orètdob. _ctc Nbhacb, Âfngi (1;;5)= ’Jdstcrdb egi [rgsgftg= gstbec eg ib ougstdÿf y ocfogptubidzbodÿf‘ gf Jdstcrdb Botubi Cfidfg JBCI, Fýh. ? p. 2;2-220 _pgrbfzb Nrbodgib, Odttbedfd @grfbfec (1;;7)= [brtgs eg nugrrb. Hbivdfbs, 24:1. Augfcs Bdrgs, Gejbsb _trbssgr Obrics (1;;;)= Eghcorbodb & Egsdnubiebe. _carg ib ’eghcorbodb rgbi‘ b flfgs egi sdnic ZZ.  Augfcs Bdrgs, OIBO_C ‟ Bsed _urdbfc Mubf (edrgotcr (edrgo tcr tchc 2;, 2;, 1;;7)= Fugvb Jdstcrdb Brngftdfb. Edotbeurb y eghcorbodb (24>0-1;;2).  Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Ubhaurrdfd Oibuedc (1;;7)= [bsg idarg. Ib `unb eg ib Hbfsdÿf _grä. Augfcs Bdrgs, Ocftdfgftg Ugrrbnfc, Qceci`c J. (1;;1)= @bilibfes, Augfcs Bdrgs, Gedodcfgs eg ib @icr

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Ucecrcv, Uzvgtbf (244?)= @rgftg bi ièhdtg. Häxdoc= _dnic ZZD Gedtcrgs ― (1;;;)= Ics bauscs eg ib hghcrdb. Augfcs Bdrgs= [bdeÿs Ucrrbec _usbfb (244:)= ’Ib ’I b ougstdÿf scodbi‘. scod bi‘. Gf Rudfog bòcs eg Eghcorbodb. Eghcorbodb . Gfsbycs scarg ib fugvb rgpýaidob, ochp. Qchâf Igmthbf, Augfcs Bdrgs, Fcrhb Ucurds Oibu Oibuedb edb (1;;5)= Fgc-dftgnrbidshc, egfufodb prc`ätdob y Qgvciuodÿf gf ib trbygotcrdb egi Hcvdhdgftc eg _bogrectgs pbrb pbrb gi Ugrogr Ugrogr Hufec (H_UH (H_ UH)), Wfdvgrsdebe Fbodcfbi eg Rudihgs, jttp=//www.ufsbh.geu. br/gsougibs/pcidtdob/og br/gsou gibs/pcidtdob/ogftrcSjdstcrdbSpcidtdob/hb ftrcSjdstcrdbSpcidtdob/hbtgrdbi/tcurdsS tgrdbi/tcurdsS1.pe`  Urbvgrsc Gfzc (1;;>)= ’Jdstcrd ’J dstcrdb b y hghcrdb. Fctbs scarg uf egabtg‘. egabtg‘.1.pe`  Gf @rbfoc y Igvèf, Igvè f, Jdstcrdb rgodgftg. [grspgotdvbs y egsb`ècs pbrb uf obhpc gf ocfstruoodÿf. Augfcs Bdrgs, [bdeÿs Wrsc, Fcragrtc (1;;1)= Hbfsdÿf _grä. Wf vugic jbodb gi jcrrcr jcr rcr, Augfcs Bdrgs, Eg ib Hghcrdb Pboobrgzzb @gegrdoc (1;2;)= [ciètdobs eg Egsbrrciic Dfeustrdbi gf ib Brngftdfb (245; ‟ 1;;2) Egseg ib _ustdtuodÿf b ib Bpgrturb, OBGD Ogftrc Brngftdfc eg Gstuedcs Dftgrfbodcfbigs, jttp=//www.obgd.och.br/ gaccls/gaccl75.pe`  Pbigs, Iburb (1;;1)= ’Argvg rgsgòb egi hcvdhdgftc pdqugtgrc‘, gf JDMC_ F½ 21, Augfcs Bdrgs Pâzqugz, Gfrdqug (24:7)= [QF, Ib I b ýitdhb. Crdngf, bpcngc y obèeb eg ib edotbeurb hdidtbr, Augfcs Bdrgs, Guegab Pgdnb, Qbýi (24:7)= Ibs crnbfdzbodcfgs eg egrgojcs juhbfcs, Augfcs Augfcs Bdrgs, OGBI OGB I Pgradstly, Jcrbodc (1;;0)= Gzgdzb. Augfcs Bdrgs, [ândfb/21 ‟ _uebhgrdobfb ― (24::)= Hgedc sdnic eg prcoibhbs hdidtbrgs, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ândfb/21 ― (1;;1)= Hbivdfbs. Ib ýitdhb abtbiib eg ib Ugrogrb Nugrrb Hufedbi , _uebhgrdobfb, Augfcs Bdrgs ― (1;;?)= ’Oibfegstdfdebe‘, gf [ândfb/21. Uchbec egi yb odtbec ecouhgftbi Gsoubercfgs eg ib Hugrtg. Ib Gsougib @rbfogsb  eg ib pgrdcedstb `rbfogsb Hbrdg QcadfGsoubercfgs eg ib Hugrtg. Ib Gsougib ― (1;;?) (1;;?)= = ’[gobecs y egidtcs‘, gf [ândfb/21 . Uchbec Uchb ec egiHcfdqug ecouhgftbi G sougib @rbfogsb eg ib pgrdcedstb `rbfogsb Hbrdg Hcfdqug Qcadf ― (1;;0)= Gi _digfodc, Augfcs Bdrgs, [ândfb/21 ‟ _uebhgrdobfb ― (1;2;)= Ib hbfc dzqudgreb eg Edcs. Ib ýitdhb edotbeurb (24>0-24:?). Jdstcrdb pciètdob eg ib Dnigsdb Obtÿidob, tchc DP . Augfcs Bdrgs, _uebhgrdobfb Pgrfbzzb Mcrng (24:4)= [brb ochprgfegr ufb vdeb ocf ics pcargs= ics ourbs vdiigrcs, Augfcs Bdrgs, Nubebiupg Pgzzgttd, Junc (1;;?)= [bsbec y [rgsgftg. Nugrrb, edotbeu edotbeurb rb y scodgebe gf ib Brngftdfb, Augfcs Bdrgs, _dnic ZZD ― (1;;>)= ’Ib hghcrdb mustb= pciètdob g jdstcrdb‘, gf Ocicqudc Dftgrfbodcfbi ’[rcaighbs eg jdstcrdb rgodgftg gf gi Ocfc _ur‘, Ics [civcrdfgs, cotuarg 1;;> Pdbnndc, Muidc M. (2447)= Ib trbhb pgrvgrsb egi Fgcidagrbidshc, Augfcs Bdrgs, Edbiäotdob ]bdbt, Bi`rgec (1;;2)= ’³BIOB c Hgrocsur3‘ gf Obsj f½ 74: ]dfegr, J.< Jdinghbff, ^. (24:;)= Btibs jdstÿrdoc hufedbi, Hberde, Gedodcfgs Dsthc

jttp=//www.ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.crn jttp=//www.ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.crn/dfvgstdnbodcfygfsg%O?%A2bfzb/rgourscs.jthi jttp=//www.ochdsdcfpcribhghcrdb.crn/rgvdstbpugftgs/bftgrdcrgs/pbndfbs/pu2.jthi (Qgvdstb [ugftgs 2 b 17) jttp=//prcehusdobi.ufsi.geu.br/brtdouics/Qcol%1;brngftdfc%1;2404%1;1;;2.pe`  jttp=//www.egsbpb jttp=//www.e gsbpbrgodecs. rgodecs.crn/`bhdidbrgs/ crn/`bhdidbrgs/ jttp=//www.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/brn/eco/ada.jthi (Adaidcnrb`èb scarg ics Egsbpbrgodecs gf Brngftdfb) jttp=//fctbs.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/ jttp=//www.egsbpbrgodecs.crn/brn/eco/gsoubercf/ (Idarc Gi Gsouberÿf [gredec pcr Mcsä Iuds E—Bfergb Hcjr) jttp=//www.hghcrdbbadgrtb.crn.br jttp=//www.hghcrdbbadgrtb.crn.br/ond-adf/hghcrdb/ jttp=//www.hghcrdbbadgrtb.crn.br/hbtgrdbigs/fufobhbs.pjp jttp=//www.baugibs.crn.br/ jttp=// www.bpej-brngftdfb.crn.br (Bsbhaigb [grhbfgftg pcr ics Egrgojcs Juhbfcs) jttp=//www.odm.ncv.br/dfdodc.jthi jttp=//www.pgfsbhdgftcpgfbi.och.br

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jttp=//www.jdmcs-obpdtbi.crn.br/ jttp=//www.jdmcs.crn.br jttp=//www.bpej.crn.br jttp=//www.gfougftrc.ncv.br/fctb-2>01-Gi-rgnrgsc-eg-ib-eghcorbodb-.jthi jttp=//www.bscodbodcfufobhbs.crn jttp=//www.ufsbh.geu.br (Ogftrc eg gstuedcs Jdstcrdb [ciètdob. Wfsbh. Adaidctgob.) jttp=//w jttp=//www.dggab. ww.dggab.och.br och.br (Dfstdtutc eg Gstuedcs Gstrbtändocs eg Augfcs v dsdÿf ’bftd-suavgrsdvb‘) jttp=//www.idtgrbturb.crn (Idstb eg butcrgs, adcnrb`èbs, ougftcs, gxtrbs)Bdrgs, vdsdÿf jttp=//www.jdfeustrdb.och.br jttp=//www.hufecbnrbrdc.ufip.geu.br jttp=//bijg.hcrb.geu.hx/dfegx?.jthi (Bhärdob Ibtdfb gf ib jdstcrdb gocfÿhdob) jttp=//ww jttp= //www. w.wei.cr/ wei.cr/ Adaidctgob edndtbi hufedbi. (Ecouhgftcs nrâflocs, `ctcnrb`èbs, hbpbs.) jttp=//www.rudfbsedndtbigs.och/ jttp=//www.gicrtdab.crn/bfngigiid.jthi jttp=//www.gicrtdab.crn/tdc.jthi www.hg.ncv.br/b?;egincipg/puaidobodcfgs/?;SgmgrododcsSegShghcrdb/ jttp=//ocigoodcf.geuo.br/ocigoodcf/OE2;/ocftgfdecs/dfegx.jthi jttp=// www.obrpgtbsjdstcrdb.`bjog.ufip.geu.br (_gorgtbrèb eg Gxtgfsdÿf eg ib @bouitbe eg Juhbfdebegs y Odgfodbs eg ib Geuobodÿf- WFI[) jttp=// jttp= // www.bao.ncv. www.bao.ncv.br br (Edrgoodÿf Ngfgrbi eg Ouiturb Ouiturb y Geuobodÿf Geuobodÿf eg ib prcvdfodb eg Augfcs Bdrg Bdrgs) s)

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