Liberalism

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DISCUSSION MATERIAL

1. DEFINITION OF LIBERALISM a. Definition of Liberalism in state context b.Definition of Economic Liberalism

2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERALISM a. History b. Development of Liberalism

3. LIBERAL STATES a. Liberalism in USA b. Liberalism in China

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIBERALISM 5. COMPARISON OF LIBERALISM WITH REALISM 6. CONCLUSION 7. FUTHER READING

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1.DEFINITION OF LIBERALISM

Liberals appear at the end of the cold war and growing or acceptable in their application. liberalism brought great progress in the political culture and humanity. interpret constitutional and economic liberalism that aspires to democracy in which there is free enterprise and trade. high values of liberalism is individual freedom. any authority including negaratidak may impede this freedom.

a. Definition of Liberalism in state context By Immanuel Kant who emphasized the liberal republican constitution in creating peace. Kant argued that republican stated were ‘ peace producers ‘ that is they were more inclined to peaceful behaviour than other sorts of states. 3 conditions for peace among liberal democracies in the republican liberalism: 1.democratic norms of peaceful conflict resolution 2. peaceful relations among democratic countries, based on the same moral foundation 3. economic cooperation between democratic countries; relationship interdependence In republican liberalism, the democratic culture, accustomed to solving problems and conflicts peacefully. it is a foundation stone which is used as the basis for peaceful relations.

b. Definition of Economic Liberalism In the liberal economic trade, the economy as a 'positive-sum game' with profits for all and the government should not meddle in the private economy. Thus, in a world economy based on free trade will benefit all countries through specialization and global welfare would increase. liberal economics is called "doctrine and set of principles in organizing and groove economic growth and welfare of individuals" (Gilpin 1987:27)

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2. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIBERALISM a. History Liberalism is a doctrine that emerged from the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century. It became particularly strong in England, but also in the U.S., France, and later, other Anglophone societies like Australia. In each of these countries it assumed slightly different forms. The major philosophers of liberalism belong to a number of groups of theorists. The first includes several theorists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who preceded liberalism proper but who anticipated its doctrines. These were followed by the political and economic theorists of classical liberalism in the mid–nineteenth century. Later, other liberal theorists modified those doctrines of the classical liberals and are often called "social liberals." There also emerged in the twentieth century defenders of classical liberalism including, in the economic sphere. Implementation of the realist theory raises a lot of criticism and argument, because on this theory lead to war and conflict. At the end of the cold war, there is a view of liberal theory is regarded as a refinement of realist theory because the priority sector "economy" that began to develop from the "industrial revolution"

b. Development of Liberalism Liberalism is a theory of individual freedom that developed at the end of the cold war. John Locke in the 17th century, saw the great potential of human progress in civil society and the modern capitalist economy, which both can thrive in countries that guarantee individual freedom. from the text we can conclude, that after the cold war, the world began to develop other theories, in addition to the realist theory of the importance of "economic power" and replace "military" as a principal basis, which makes appear some liberal state and cause the development of "liberalism" which is divided into four groups: 1. sociological liberalism 2. interdependence liberalism 3. Institutional liberalism 4. Republican Liberalism

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3. LIBERAL STATES Countries following the understand liberalism in continent of America is USA, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chili, Cuba, Colombia, Equador, Honduras, canada, Mexsico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Now liberalsm also adopted for Aruba, Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Greenland, Grenada,

Costa

Rica,

Puerto

Rico

dan

Suriname.

Countries following the understand liberalism in continent of Europe is Albania, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatian, Cyprus, Republik Cekoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungaria, Islandia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraina and United Kingdom Now liberalsm also adopted for Andorra, Belarusia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Faroe Islands, Georgia,

Ireland

and

San

Marino.

Countries following the understand liberalism in continent of Asia is India, Iran, Israel, Jepang, South korea, Fhiliphines, Taiwan, Thailand and Turki. For now, a lot of state in asia whose start the understand liberal. Another for now is Myanmar, Kamboja, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapura. Countries following the understand liberalism in Oceania islands is Australia and New Zealand liberal economic system In Africa is a new. Basically, only adopted for those living in Mesir, Senegal, And South Africa. For now, liberalsm already understood by country Aljazair, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Mantol Verde, Côte D'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Maroko, Mozambik, Seychelles, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. 28 0ct,2010.http://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ip/libgerm.htm,22.50pm 28

5 The following is an overview of liberalism in some countries:

a. Liberalism in USA America adopts modern liberalism. america politicians acknowledge, that understanding of classical liberalism is related to a broad range of individual liberty, but refused to understand it in the application in the field of economics because it leads to a form of government intervensionism social and economic unification. it has been agreed in order to reach the success of politicians in the country. but that success began to degenerate and disappear in the 1970s. Liberal consensus in confronted with the collapse of Breton Woods system pemetrintahan since Ronald Reagan's victory in presidential elections in 1980, which makes liberalism a political must be strong in the United States. liberalism United States rose in the early 20th century as an alternative to real politics, which is the dominant international interaction. Franklin Roosevelt is someone who is sensible self-proclaimed. World War 2, Roosevelt designed the un as a distinguished tool in the form of expectations of reciprocity cooperation than the threat of war and the use of force to solve international political. liberalism that embraced by the United States emphasized cooperation and mutual collaboration and individual effort, not by making threats and coercion as a form of a political issue both inside or outside as it has been applied by Wilson and Roosevelt.

b. Liberalism in China economy in China is one country that has the most formidable economic power in the world. market economy in china open economy with a stranger with an area economy in China has grown rapidly to nearly 10% during the last three years rate world bank china including the few countries that utilize the experience and lessons from countries which entered development in the previous period.

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4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LIBERALISM

In the form of general applicability, Liberals have a theory that includes the advantages and disadvantages:

goodness = community empowered, Human Rights upheld and upheld by state badness = very high gap http://peaceman.multiply.com/journal/item/215

In the specification of the disadvantages and advantages can be divided into:  Advantages (+) of the liberal/minimal Welfare Regime/State: •

least sensitive to demographic changes in the population

•

low taxes

•

differentiated services

•

stimulates job growth, especially in low-skills sector

 Disadvantages (-) of the liberal/minimal Welfare Regime/State: •

high inequality, great social cleavages (two class society)

•

low level services for poor people

•

welfare state is politically unpopular and not sustainable

•

negative stigma attached to benefit recipient

http://www.scribd.com/doc/31149546/Sistem-Politik-Di-Negara-Liberal-Dan-Komunis

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5. COMPARISON OF LIBERALISM WITH REALISM

Liberalism and Realism have some fundamental differences, and the following analysis:

a. Realism

: •

Have a pessimistic view of human nature, and political progress as well as international relations

•

Giving priority sectors "military" as a major force

•

In the implementation, "state" becomes the dominant factor

•

Usually, the war became implementation theory

b. Liberalism: •

Have optimistic view of human nature, and political progress as well as international relations

•

Giving priority sectors "ekonomic" as a major force

•

In the implementation, individuals and transnational actors individuals and transnational actors play a major role

•

diplomacy and cooperation are to be applied

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6. CONCLUSION Liberalism is a theory that would explain "individual freedom", the role of transnational sector in relations between countries.Theories that have a positive value of

human

nature. Its

application

through

diplomacy

and

Liberalism based "economic power" in their applications. Liberal theory is divided into four groups 1. sociological liberalism 2. interdependence liberalism 3. Institutional liberalism 4. Republican Liberalism

Liberals have a theory that includes the advantages and disadvantages: a. advantages •

least sensitive to demographic changes in the population

•

low taxes

•

differentiated services

•

stimulates job growth, especially in low-skills sector

b. disadvantages •

high inequality, great social cleavages (two class society)

•

low level services for poor people

cooperation.

9 •

welfare state is politically unpopular and not sustainable

•

negative stigma attached to benefit recipient

Along its development, many countries begin using this theory, among others, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, South korea, Fhiliphines, etc. Every liberal state has a different definition and basic in its application. But of all it's all based on one that refers to the "economic power" and economic diplomacy to meet the goals of each country.

7. FUTHER READING