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Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`

Mk`btkf` igr tbc oukmt cfvkrgfecft

 

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`

??? Ojmbje Bk`b _gjh, Mgfhgf TP:? ;OT, SA Xcm< >?> 2903 3?::. Ijx< >?> 2904 44>?. C-ejkm< smmNdkosc.gr`1 www.smm.gr`.ua Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf` ks pjrt gi tbc Dbjrtcrch Kfstktutkgf gi Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Cf`kfccrs

 

Xbks hgduecft ks ojsch gf tbc ocst afgwmch`c jvjkmjomc jt tbc tkec gi puomkdjtkgf. Bgwcvcr,, fg rcspgfskokmkty gi jfy akfh igr jfy kflury, hcjtb, mgss, hjej`c gr hcmjy Bgwcvcr bgwcvcr djusch rcsumtkf` irge tbc usc gi tbcsc rcdgeecfhjtkgfs rcdgeecfhjtkgfs djf oc jddcptch oy tbc Dbjrtcrch Kfstktutkgf gi Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Cf`kfccrs, tbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`, tbc jutbgr gr gtbcrs kfvgmvch kf kts puomkdjtkgf. Kf jhgptkf` tbcsc rcdgeecfhjtkgfs igr usc cjdb jhgptcr oy hgkf` sg j`rccs tg jddcpt iumm rcspgfskokmkty igr jfy pcrsgfjm kflury, hcjtb, mgss, hjej`c gr hcmjy jrkskf` gut gi gr kf dgffcdtkgf wktb tbckr usc oy gr gf ocbjmi gi sudb jhgptcr krrcspcdtkvc gi tbc djusc gr rcjsgf tbcrcigrc jfh j`rccs tg hcicfh, kfhcefkiy jfh bgmh bjremcss tbc Dbjrtcrch Kfstktutkgf gi Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Cf`kfccrs, Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`, tbc jutbgr jfh gtbcrs kfvgmvch kf tbckr puomkdjtkgf irge jfy jfh jmm mkjokmkty jrkskf` gut gi gr kf dgffcdtkgf wktb sudb usc js jigrcsjkh jfh krrcspcdtkvc gi jfy fc`mk`cfdc gf tbc pjrt gi tbgsc kfhcefk﬊ch. Xbc rk`bts gi puomkdjtkgf gr trjfsmjtkgf jrc rcscrvch. Fg pjrt gi tbks puomkdjtkgf ejy oc rcprghudch, stgrch kf j rctrkcvjm systce gr trjfsekttch kf jfy igre gr oy jfy ecjfs wktbgut tbc prkgr pcreksskgf gi tbc puomksbcr. © Gdtgocr ?>:2 Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf` Xbc Tgdkcty ks pjrt gi DKOTC wbkdb ks j rc`kstcrch dbjrkty, fueocr ?02:>8. KTOF ;02-:-;:?>48-40-9 (ogga) KTOF ;02-:-;:?>48-42-4 (^HI) ^rkftch kf Cf`mjfh oy Xbc Mjvcfbje ^rcss, Mjvcfbje, Tuiigma DG:> ;_F

Dgvcr kmmustrjtkgf< Tuspcfhch muekfjkrcs dgeokfkf` dgeokfkf` hkiiusc jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` cmcecfts (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Fgtc irge tbc puomksbcr Xbks puomkdjtkgf ks prkejrkmy kftcfhch tg prgvkhc `ukhjfdc tg tbgsc rcspgfskomc igr tbc hcsk`f, kfstjmmjtkgf, dgeeksskgfkf`, gpcrjtkgf jfh ejkftcfjfdc gi oukmhkf` scrvkdcs. Kt ks fgt kftcfhch tg oc cxbjustkvc gr hc﬊fktkvc jfh kt wkmm oc fcdcssjry igr uscrs gi tbc `ukhjfdc `kvcf tg cxcrdksc tbckr gwf prgicsskgfjm luh`cecft wbcf hcdkhkf` wbctbcr tg jokhc oy gr hcpjrt irge kt. Jfy dgeecrdkjm prghudts hcpkdtch, ecftkgfch gr hcsdrkoch wktbkf tbks puomkdjtkgf jrc kfdmuhch igr tbc purpgscs gi kmmustrjtkgf k mmustrjtkgf gfmy jfh tbckr kfdmuskgf hgcs fgt dgfstktutc cfhgrscecft gr rcdgeecfhjtkgf oy tbc Tgdkcty. Tgdkcty.

 

^rcijdc

Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf` ks pmcjsch tg oc jomc tg jhh tbks eudb jftkdkpjtch rctjkm mk`btkf` `ukhc tg kts suktc gi `ukhjfdc hgduecfts. _ctjkm gutmcts, stgrcs, sbgps, akgsas jfh sbgwrgges jrc gfmy j icw gi tbc wjys tg rcicr tg rctjkm spjdcs jfh tbjt kf ktscmi sbgws tbc hkvcrskty wktbkf tbks typc gi spjdc kf tbc oukmt cfvkrgfecft. _ctjkm giicrs, oy ijr, tbc wkhcst rjf`c gi gppgrtufktkcs jfh dbjmmcf`cs tg tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr. Kt ks pcrbjps tbc jrcj wbcrc egst drcjtkvc gppgrtufktkcs jrksc jfh dmgsc wgrakf` wktb kftcrkgr hcsk`fcrs jfh oukmhkf` gwfcrs irge tbc gutsct ks csscftkjm. Kt sbgumh jmsg oc rceceocrch tbjt rctjkm gutmcts jrc pmjdcs gi wgra jfh tbc mk`btkf` fcchs tg bcmp kf prgvkhkf` j sjic jfh dgeigrtjomc cfvkrgfecft igr stjii kf mkfc wktb jpprgprkjtc rc`umjtkgfs. Tcdtkgf :> gi tbc @ukhc prgvkhcs sgec prjdtkdjm cxjepmc gi bgw tg jpprgjdb hkiicrcft hcsk`f dbjmmcf`cs kf j rjf`c gi rctjkm gutmcts. Pc bgpc rcjhcrs ﬊fh tbks uscium.

Jutbgr Tkegf _gokfsgf (PT^)

TMM Tcdrctjry Orcfhjf Accmy

DKOTC Bcjh gi Afgwmch`c Fkdbgmjs ^cjac

DKOTC Chktgrkjm Ejfj`cr Acf Outdbcr

Chktgr Acf Outdbcr

 

Dgftcfts

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Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf` ........................... mk`btkf` ........................... : :.: :.? :.4 :.8 :.3 :.9 :.0

Kftrghudtkgf .............................................................................................: Xbc hcsk`fcr ............................................................................................? Kepgrtjfdc gi ufhcrstjfhkf` tbc rctjkm spjdc ...........................................? Drcjtkvc hcsk`f ........................................................................................4 Tdjmc gi kmmuekfjfdc kmmuekfjfdc..................................................................................3 ..................................................................................3 Bgrkzgftjm gr dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc7 ........................................................3 Eghcmmkf` rjtkg.........................................................................................9

:.2 :.; :.:> :.:: :.:? :.:4 :.:8 :.:3 :.:9 :.:0 :.:2 :.:; :.?> :.?: :.??

Dmkcft/uscr typcs.......................................................................................9 Pgrakf` wktb afgwf gddupkcrs ................................................................9 Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecfts ........................................................................0 Dbjf`c gi usc..........................................................................................0 Kepgrtjfdc gi khcftkiykf` tbc dgrrcdt dgmgur gi mk`bt .................................0 Dggrhkfjtkf` tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f ..............................................................; ^grtjomc hkspmjy sdr sdrccfs ccfs jfh tgudb tgudb sdrccf sdrccf djsb rc`kstcrs rc`kstcrs ...........................; Dbcdagut jfh pjy hcsa jrcjs ...................................................................; Tbgp wkfhgw mk`btkf` ..............................................................................; Kmmuekfjtch hkspmjys, sk`fj`c jfh prglcdtch kej`cs ................................:> Tjmcs ﬏ggr mk`btkf`..................................................................................:? Ojda gi bgusc mk`btkf` ............................................................................:4 Jddcft mk`btkf` .......................................................................................:8 _c-usc gi cqukpecft ..............................................................................:8 @cttkf` tbc egst gut gi hjymk`bt ............................................................:8

:.?4 :.?8

Cfcr`y usc .............................................................................................:3 Ejkftcfjfdc gi tbc rctjkm spjdc..............................................................:3

Xypcs gi rctjkm gutmct gutmct  .......................................... .................... ................................ .......... :9 ?.: ?.? ?.4 ?.8

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................:9 Tcmi-dgftjkfch rctjkm gutmcts ....................................................................:0 Ekxch hcvcmgpecfts ..............................................................................:0 Tejmmcr sbgps jfh stgrcs ........................................................................:2

4 

Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft  hcvcmgpecft .......................................... .................... ......................... ... :;

8 

Hjymk`btkf` .................................................................. Hjymk`btkf`  .................................................................. ?:

3 

8.: 8.? 8.4 8.8

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................?: Hjymk`bt ijdtgr .......................................................................................?? Sfkigrekty gi hjymk`bt ............................................................................?? Hjymk`bt jutgfgey .................................................................................??

8.3 8.9 8.0 8.2

Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi cjrmy kfvgmvcecft ......................................................?? Dgftrgmmkf` tbc ciicdts gi hjymk`bt ..........................................................?4 _ciuroksbecft jfh dgfvcrskgf ...............................................................?4 Fcw-oukmh ..............................................................................................?9

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`  mk`btkf` .......................................... ..................... ....................................... .................. ?0 3.: 3.? 3.4 3.8 3.3 3.9 3.0 3.2 3.;

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................?0 Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi cjrmy kfvgmvcecft ......................................................?0 _ciuroksbecft jfh dgfvcrskgf ...............................................................?2 Fcw-oukmh ..............................................................................................?; Mk`btkf` stymcs ........................................................................................4> ^rgvkhkf` scrvkdcs tg muekfjkrcs ..............................................................4? Mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs ................................................................................44 Hcsk`fkf` wktb mgdjmkzch mk`btkf` ............................................................44 Hcsk`fkf` wktb suppmcecftjry tjsa mk`btkf`............................................48

3.:> 3.:: 3.:? 3.:4

Hcsk`fkf` wktb hkrcdt .................................................................43 Muekfjkrc mjygut wktb mk`btkf` hkrcdt mk`btkf` .......................................................40 Hkrcdt mk`btkf` jfh hkspmjy sdrccfs ..........................................................40 Hcsk`fkf` wktb kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ..............................................................8>

 

3.:8 3.:3 3.:9 3.:0 3.:2 3.:;

9 

Cfcr`y usc ................................................................... usc ................................................................... 83 9.: 9.? 9.4 9.8 9.3 9.9

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Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................3? Sfhcrstjfhkf` bgw tbc spjdc wkmm oc usch .............................................3? ^crsgfjm gr ouskfcss usc .........................................................................34 Hcsatgp tgudb sdrccfs ...........................................................................38 Xjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs ........................................................................38

Cecr`cfdy jfh stjfhoy mk`btkf` ................................. mk`btkf` ................................. 38 ;.: ;.? ;.4 ;.8 ;.3 ;.9 ;.0

:>  :> 

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................8; Dgftrgm iufdtkgfs ...................................................................................3> Buejf kftcrjdtkgf .................................................................................3: Dgftrgm igr cfcr`y usc ...........................................................................3: Dgftrgm igr dgeigrt ................................................................................3: Dgftrgm igr sjicty ...................................................................................3?

Xjomct jfh tgudb sdrccf hkspmjys hkspmjys .................................  ................................. 3? 2.: 2.? 2.4 2.8 2.3

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Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................83 Xbkf`s tg dgfskhcr ..................................................................................89 Jsscsskf` cfcr`y usc ..............................................................................89 Xbc cfcr`y ojmjfdc ................................................................................80 Cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft ectbghs .......................................................82 Mc`ksmjtkvc rcqukrcecfts .........................................................................82

Dgftrgm gi mk`btkf`  mk`btkf` ............................................ ..................... ................................. ............ 8; 0.: 0.? 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.9

2 

Turijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc jfh hcdgr ................................................................8> Hcsk`f drktcrkj igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ..........................................................8: Muekfjkrc scmcdtkgf igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ..................................................8: Hcsk`fkf` wktb hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ....................................................8? Muekfjkrc scmcdtkgf igr hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` .........................................84 Hcsk`fkf` wktb j dgeokfjtkgf gi hkrcdt mk`bt jfh kfhkrcdt mk`bt................88

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................38 Tktkf` gi csscftkjm mk`btkf`< kfktkjm hcsk`f .................................................33 Jhhktkgfjm csdjpc mk`btkf` ......................................................................39 Bk`b rksa tjsa jrcjs ................................................................................39 Kmmuekfjtkgf gi sjicty sk`fs .....................................................................39 Mk`btkf` mcvcms igr csdjpc rgutcs .............................................................30 Gpcf spjdcs...........................................................................................30

^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs  jpprgjdbcs ..................... .................... . 32 :>.: :>.? :>.4 :>.8 :>.3 :>.9 :>.0 :>.2 :>.; :>.:> :>.::

Kftrghudtkgf ...........................................................................................32 Cxjepmc :< sej sejmmmm tg echkue skzc skzch h `cfcrjm `cfcrjm purpgsc rctjkm rctjkm spjdc ..............32 Cxjepmc ?< ous stjtkgf akgsa scmmkf` scmmkf` fcwspjpcrs fcwspjpcrs jfh jfh dgfic dgficdtkgfcry dtkgfcry ........3; Cxjepmc 4< wjrcbgusc stymc rctjkm ufkts ...................................................9> Cxjepmc 8< iummy `mjzch djr sbgwrgge ....................................................9: Cxjepmc 3< bk`b strcct dmgtbkf` stgrc ......................................................9? Cxjepmc 9< bk`b strcct lcwcmmcrs..............................................................94 Cxjepmc 0< bk`b strcct egokmc pbgfc stgrc .............................................98 Cxjepmc 2< jhhktkgf gi j scmi-dbcdagut jrcj kf j supcrejract .................93 Cxjepmc ;< bk`b strcct cstjtc j`c j`cft ft ........................................................93 Cxjepmc :>< gfmkfc purdbjsc dgmmcdtkgf akgsa..........................................99

_cicrcfdcs jfh okomkg`rjpby ................................................... okomkg`rjpby ................................................... 99 Kfhcx ..........................................................................................92

 

Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

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Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

Mk`btkf` wktbkf tbc rctjkm cfvkrgfecft bjs tg jdbkcvc j fueocr gi jkes. Xbc govkgus jfh acy jke ks tg bk`bmk`bt ecrdbjfhksc jfh tg usc mk`bt js j tggm tg cfdgurj`c sjmcs. Bgwcvcr, kt sbgumh oc rceceocrch tbjt jfy rctjkm spjdc ks jmsg tbc wgrapmjdc igr eceocrs gi stjii jfh jpprgprkjtc mk`btkf` fcchs tg oc prgvkhch igr tbckr sjicty jfh dgeigrt js wcmm. Dgmgur ks jf kepgrtjft pjrt gi tbc rctjkm cxpcrkcfdc jfh ogtb mk`btkf` hcsk`fcrs jfh kftcrkgr hcsk`fcrs wkmm fcch tg wgra tg`ctbcr tg prgvkhc jf cfvkrgfecft wbcrc dgmgur djf oc jddurjtcmy hctcrekfch. Hjymk`bt ks ockf` usch egrc tbjf cvcr kf rctjkm spjdcs, pjrtkdumjrmy dgfskhcrkf` tbc fcch tg rchudc cfcr`y usc jfh kts kftrghudtkgf djf rcsumt kf vcry hkiicrcft

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Kftrghudtkgf

mk`btkf` ciicdts. Pbkmst kt ks cjsy tg dgfdcftrjtc gf tbc vksujm ciicdts drcjtch kf rctjkm mk`btkf`, kt eust prgvkhc j mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf gf jmm surijdcs tbjt djf oc hcegfstrjtch tg ecct pjrtkdumjr wgrapmjdc mc`ksmjtkgf sudb js tbc Pgrapmjdc Pgrapmjdc (Bcjmtb, Tjicty jfh Pcmijrc) _c`umjtkgfs :;;?, wbkdb rcqukrc wgrapmjdcs tg bjvc suktjomc jfh sui﬊dkcft mk`btkf`. Tudb surijdcs jrc, typkdjmmy, sjmcs hcsas, dbcdagut pgsktkgfs, scmi-pjy stjtkgfs jfh prcpjrjtkgf jrcjs. Mk`btkf` ks j ejlgr uscr gi cmcdtrkdjm cfcr`y kf jfy rctjkm spjdc jfh kts cfcr`y usc sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch wktbkf tbc `ukhjfdc gi Oukmhkf` _c`umjtkgfs Jpprgvch Hgduecft M? (FOT, ?>:9j/o) igr Cf`mjfh jfh Pjmcs, js wcmm js Tcdtkgf 9 gi tbc Tdgttksb Oukmhkf` Ttjfhjrhs Xcdbfkdjm Bjfhogga< Fgf-Hgecstkd  (Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft, ?>:0j) jfh tbc HI^FK Oukmhkf` _c`umjtkgfs Xcdbfkdjm Oggamct I?  igr Fgrtbcrf Krcmjfh (HI^FK, ?>:?j). Xbcrc jrc ejfy wjys tg mk`bt j rctjkm spjdc< wktb hkrcdt mk`bt irge jogvc, irge kfhkrcdt mk`bt ogufdch irge tbc dckmkf` gr irge j dgeokfjtkgf gi ogtb. Ejfy ijdtgrs wkmm hkdtjtc gr kf﬏ucfdc tbc dbgkdc gi wbkdb tcdbfkquc tg usc. Mgw dckmkf` bck`bts gr cxpgsch oukmhkf` strudturc ejy rumc gut dcrtjkf ectbghs gr hkdtjtc dcrtjkf mjyguts. Gtbcr oukmhkf` scrvkdcs, sudb js dggmkf` ufkts gr cxpgsch hudtwgra, ejy prcvcft kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` gr prgvkhc khcjm eguftkf` mgdjtkgfs igr dcrtjkf typcs gi mk`btkf`. Xbc dmkcft, kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr gr jrdbktcdt ejy bjvc strgf` vkcws gf tbc stymc gi mk`btkf` gr tbc mkt ciicdt tbjt fcchs tg oc drcjtch. Hcsk`fcrs gi mk`btkf` igr rctjkm cfvkrgfecfts fcch tg dgfskhcr tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi ogtb tbc muekfjkrcs tg oc usch jfh tbc dgftrgm systce kf usc. Xbc fcch igr wcmmhcsk`fch mk`btkf` ks js kepgrtjft js cvcr jfh, wbkmst dustgecrs wkmm gfmy oc kf tbc spjdc igr j rcmjtkvcmy sbgrt pcrkgh gi tkec, djrc sbgumh oc tjacf tg cfsurc tbc mgf` tcre kepjdt gf tbc stjii gi jfy rctjkm spjdc ks fgt dgeprgeksch kf jf ciigrt tg prghudc j hrjejtkd mk`btkf` ciicdt gr tg rchudc cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf jt tbc pgkft gi hcmkvcry wbcf wcmm-hcsk`fch jfh pgsktkgfch mk`btkf` jfh dgftrgms dgumh bjvc j `rcjtcr kf﬏ucfdc. Xbc hcsk`f ejy cktbcr oc igr j afgwf uscr gr j spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpcr jfh kt ejy oc cktbcr j rciuroksbecft gr fcw-oukmh. Xbc igmmgwkf` suo-scdtkgfs gutmkfc tbc hcsk`f prgdcss igr cjdb sdcfjrkg tg cfsurc tbjt tbc orkci bjs occf hc﬊fch, tbc rcmcvjft kfigrejtkgf dgepkmch, jfh tbc fcchs gi tbc uscrs dgfskhcrch kf rcmjtkgf tg tbc pbyskdjm dgfstrjkfts gi cjdb oukmhkf` typc jfh tbc fcchs gi tbc gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr. Gfdc tbc oukmhkf` jfh kts dgfstrjkfts gf tbc hcsk`f jrc ufhcrstggh, kt ks tbcf fcdcssjry tg scmcdt tbc dgrrcdt tjsa kmmuekfjfdcs igr tbc tjsas tbc stjii wkmm djrry gut kf cjdb jrcj jfh dgfskhcr tbc ciicdts gi rgge hëdgr gf tbc mk`btkf` jfh tbc vksujm jppcjrjfdc gi cjdb spjdc. Xbc scdtkgfs gi tbks Mk`btkf` @ukhc hcjmkf` wktb hcsk`fkf` wktb hjymk`bt jfh wktb cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` sbgumh tbcf oc tg rcvkcwch. Xbc rctjkm spjdc ufhcr dgfskhcrjtkgf ejy fgt oc kf j mjr`c, scmi-dgftjkfch oukmhkf` out rjtbcr kf j sejmmcr dgepmcx gr pjrt gi j ekxch usc oukmhkf` kfdmuhkf` gi﬊dcs, bgtcms jfh rcskhcftkjm jddgeeghjtkgf, gr oc j dgfvcrskgf irge jfgtbcr usc, sudb js j hwcmmkf`. Xbc scdtkgf gf oukmhkf` typcs gutmkfcs sgec gi tbc spcdkjm dgfskhcrjtkgfs igr cjdb gi tbcsc rctjkm spjdcs.

 

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Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbc cxtcrfjm mk`btkf` jfh sk`fj`c gf tbc oukmhkf` djf oc kepgrtjft kf cstjomksbkf` tbc dmkcft‛s oukmhkf`‛s prcscfdc gf tbc bk`b strcct gr dgeeufkty. Tk`fj`c, scdurkty,, pchcstrkjf jddcss jfh djr pjra mk`btkf` eust jmm oc dgfskhcrch kf mk`bt gi scdurkty tbc oukmhkf`‛s usj`c jfh pcrkghs gi gpcrjtkgf.

Tcc scdtkgf ; igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Xbc fcch igr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` bjs tg oc jsscssch igr jfy rctjkm spjdc. Xbks ecjfs stjfhoy mk`btkf`, sjicty mk`btkf` jfh csdjpc mk`btkf`. Xbc dmkcft sbgumh oc jsach ki tbcrc ks jfy rcqukrcecft gr pjrtkdumjr rksa tbjt rcqukrcs stjfhoy mk`btkf` sg tbjt jmm gr pjrt gi tbc stgrc djf dgftkfuc tg iufdtkgf, ki gfmy jt j rchudch mcvcm, hurkf` pgwcr ijkmurcs. Igr cxjepmc, tbc tkmms dgumh bjvc tbckr pgwcr ojdach up oy jf jmtcrfjtkvc sgurdc sudb js jf ufkftcrruptkomc pgwcr suppmy ( S^T) sg tbjt dustgecrs djf dgftkfuc tg pjy igr tbckr purdbjscs. Kf tbks sktujtkgf kt wgumh oc wgrtb prgvkhkf` stjfhoy mk`btkf` tg fgrejm gpcrjtkf` mcvcms gvcr tbc tkmms. Cxtrj mgw vgmtj`c (CM CMY Y) mk`btkf` dgftrgm jfh swktdbkf` systces jrc dgeegfpmjdc kf fcw echkue tg mjr`c oukmhkf`s jfh tbcsc djf kfdgrpgrjtc dgftrgm gi sjicty gr cecr`cfdy csdjpc mk`btkf`. Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr sbgumh dbcda tbjt jfy sudb systce wkmm jmmgw igr j ‒ijkm sjic‛ sktujtkgf kf tbc cvcft gi j ejkfs pgwcr mgss (k.c. tbc dgftrgm systce hgcs fgt rcqukrc tg oc pgwcrch kf grhcr igr tbc cecr`cfdy stjfhoy gr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` systces tg gpcrjtc). Igr tbgsc sccakf` jhvkdc gf j spcdk﬊d rgge typc tbcrc jrc scdtkgfs kf tbks Mk`btkf` @ukhc tbjt `kvc hctjkmch hcsk`f fgtcs gf tbc kfhkvkhujm rgge typcs tbjt jrc mkacmy tg oc igufh kf j rctjkm spjdc gr oukmhkf`.  Fgtc< tbks @ukhc uscs tbc tcre ‒mjep ‒ mjep‛1 ‛1 wc fgw rc`umjrmy tjma jogut ‒ MCH‛. Bgwcvcr, MCH ks lust jfgtbcr mk`bt sgurdc, sudb js ﬏ugrcsdcft gr bk`b prcssurc hksdbjr`c, wbkdb djf oc dgmmcdtkvcmy rcicrrch tg js ‒mjeps‛. ‒ mjeps‛.

:.?

Xbc hcsk`fcr

Kt ks cjsy tg tbkfa gi tbc hcsk`fcr gi j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf js gfc pcrsgf. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, kf trutb, tbc hcsk`fcr djf gitcf oc j `rgup gi pcgpmc wktb gfc pcrsgf prgvkhkf` tbc hcsk`f hkrcdtkgf jfh gtbcrs egumhkf` tbjt hcsk`f wktb spcdk﬊d rcqukrcecfts. Xbc kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr, igr cxjepmc, djf kf﬏ucfdc dgmgur jfh rc﬏cdtjfdc, tbcrcoy bjvkf` j hkrcdt ciicdt gf tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi j mk`btkf` kkfstjmmjtkgf. fstjmmjtkgf. Xbc bcjtkf` jfh vcftkmjtkgf systce hcsk`fcr djf jmsg bjvc jf ciicdt oy kf﬏ucfdkf` tbc tcepcrjturc jrgufh tbc muekfjkrcs tg sgectbkf` gtbcr tbjf tbckr gptkeue gpcrjtkf` tcepcrjturc. Kf sgec kfstjfdcs, kt ejy oc jpprgprkjtc tg bjvc j hchkdjtch mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr prgvkhkf` tbc hcsk`f hkrcdtkgf. Dmkcfts djf bjvc hkiicrcft hc`rccs gi kf﬏ucfdc gf tbc rgutc j hcsk`f tjacs jfh sbgumh oc dgfsumtch jt jf cjrmy stj`c. J acy pjrt gi tbc hcsk`fcr‛s rgmc ks tg iummy kftcrprct tbc dmkcft‛s vkskgf js wcmm js cfsurkf` tbc hcsk`f eccts stjtutgry rcqukrcecfts. _ctjkm mk`btkf` fcchs tg hg kts pjrt tg prgegtc tbc sjmc gi `gghs out, hcpcfhkf` gf tbc typc gi rctjkm gutmct, kt ejy jmsg fcch tg prgvkhc sjic jddcss jfh c`rcss, dgepmkecft tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f, prgvkhc `ggh dgmgur rcfhcrkf` jfh jmmgw dustgecrs tg rcjh hctjkm gf ecrdbjfhksc. Dgftrgm gi mk`btkf` ks jf cqujmmy kepgrtjft pjrt gi tbc hcsk`f prgdcss jfh kf dgepmcx rctjkm gutmcts kt ejy oc fcdcssjry tg orkf` j spcdkjmkst hcsk`fcr kftg tbc tcje.

:.4

Kepgrtjfdc gi ufhcrstjfhkf` tbc rctjkm spjdc

Xbc tcre ‒rctjkm‛ ks gvcrjrdbkf` jfh dgvcrs j wkhc rjf`c gi prcekscs. Cjdb fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch kfhkvkhujmmy jfh tbcrcigrc `cfcrjmksjtkgfs sbgumh oc jvgkhch. J sejmm akgsa jt j rjkmwjy stjtkgf tbjt gpcfs hkrcdtmy gftg j pmjtigre wkmm fcch j vcry hkiicrcft jpprgjdb tg j mjr`c hcpjrtecft stgrc kf j ejlgr dkty gr j egtgr vcbkdmc hcjmcrsbkp. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh hksdusswgra. wktb tbc dmkcft bgwtgtbc stgrc kf gr sbgp oc usch ocigrc dgeecfdkf` jfy hcsk`f Tgec ktces kfdmuhc sudb wkmm j hksdusskgf jrc< ‘ 

Ks hjym hjymk` k`bt bt tg oc gp gptk tkek eksc sch h gr gr cxd cxdmu muhc hch7 h7

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

Tcc scdtkgf 3 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

4

‘ 

Pbjt Pbjt tj tjsa sass jrc jrc tg oc pcri pcrigr grec ech h oy oy sstj tjii ii77

‘ 

Pkm kmmm stj stjii ii oc mg mgdj djtc tch h kkf f sct sct pg pgsk sktk tkgf gfss gr gr e ego gokm kmc7 c7

‘ 

Bgw drk drktkd tkdjm jm ks `ggh `ggh dgmg dgmgur ur rcp rcprcs rcscft cftjtk jtkgf gf gi ecr ecrdbj dbjfhks fhksc7 c7

‘ 

Pkmm Pkmm ecrd ecrdbjf bjfhks hkscc bjvc bjvc sejm sejmmm tc tcxt xt tbjt tbjt fcchs fcchs tg tg oc rcjh rcjh oy dus dustge tgecrs crs77

‘ 

Bgw kepgrt kepgrtjft jft ks tbc tbc vcrt vcrtkdj kdjmm surij surijdc7 dc7 Igr Igr cxje cxjepmc pmc,, kt ks acy acy kkf fj oggastgrc out pcrbjps fgt sg eudb kf j ojacry. ojacry.

‘ 

Ks tbc stgrc stgrc jhl jhljdc jdcft ft tg j bk`bm bk`bmy y mkt mkt sspjd pjdcc su sudb db js j sb sbgpp gppkf` kf` ejmm. ejmm.

‘ 

Bgw ﬏cxkom ﬏cxkomcc hgcs hgcs ttbc bc mk`b mk`btkf tkf` ` fcch fcch ttg g oc7 oc7 Ks Ks tb tbcc sjmcs sjmcs ﬏ggr ﬏ggr mk mkacm acmy y tg oc rcgr`jfksch rc`umjrmy7

‘ 

Pkm kmmm st stji jiii oc us uskf kf` ` tjo jomc mcts ts77

‘ 

Pkm kmmm j scm scmii-db dbcd cdag agut ut syst systce ce oc usch usch77

‘ 

Jr Jrcc dbc dbcda dagu guts ts gr pj pjy y hc hcsa sass kkf f ﬊xc ﬊xch h mgd mgdjt jtkg kgfs fs77

‘ 

Pbjt Pbjt jr jrcc tbc tbc bgur bgurss gi gi gpc gpcrj rjtk tkgf gf jf jfh h hg hg tbc tbcy y vjr vjry7 y7

‘ 

Pbjt Pbjt w wkm kmmm tbc tbc hëdg hëdgrr jfh jfh iurf iurfkt ktur urcc dgmg dgmgur urss jf jfh h tcxt tcxtur urcs cs o oc7 c7

‘ 

Ks tb tbcc kftc kftcrk rkgr gr hc hcsk sk`f `f ac acy y tg tg jjtt ttrj rjdt dtkf kf` ` ddus ustg tgec ecrs rs77

‘ 

Dj Djf f mk mk`b `btk tkf` f` oc u usc sch h tg tg cfbj cfbjfd fdcc ttbc bc kf kftc tcrk rkgr gr hc hcsk sk`f `f77

‘ 

Pkm kmmm j hc hchk hkdj djtc tch h kkft ftcr crkg kgrr hcs hcsk` k`fc fcrr oc oc kfv kfvgm gmvc vch7 h7

‘ 

Ks tbcr tbcrcc j ﬊xch ﬊xch iurfk iurfktur turcc jf jfh h﬊ ﬊ttk ttkf`s f`s jrrjf` jrrjf`cec cecft ft gr gr wkmm wkmm ttbc bc spjd spjdcc fcch tg oc iummy ﬏cxkomc7

‘ 

Ki pjr pjrtt gi j dbjk dbjkf, f, wkm wkmmm j ‒dg ‒dgrp rpgr grjt jtcc mgga mgga‛‛ oc rcq rcqukr ukrch ch77

‘ 

Ks tb tbcr crcc jjfy fy ufu ufusu sujm jm dg dgft ftrj rjst st wktb wktb jhlj jhljdc dcft ft sp spjd jdcs cs77

‘ 

Jr Jrcc tbcr tbcrcc jfy jfy bc bcrk rktj tj`c `c kss kssuc ucss ttbj bjtt fcch fcch tg tg oc dg dgfs fskh khcr crch ch77

‘ 

Jrc tbcrc tbcrc jfy pjrtkd pjrtkdumj umjrr gddu gddupjt pjtkgf kgfjm jm bcj bcjmtb mtb rcqukr rcqukrce cecft cftss tg tg jddgeeghjtc7

‘ 

Pbg wkm wkmmm o occ ddgft gftrgm rgmmkf mkf` ` ttbc bc mk`btk mk`btkf` f` jfh ks jutg jutgejt ejtkgf kgf rcqukr rcqukrch7 ch7

‘ 

Pkmm Pkmm cecr`c cecr`cfdy fdy mk`btk mk`btkf` f` o occ rcqu rcqukrc krch h jfh jfh wbjt wbjt typc typc ks prcicr prcicrrch rch77

‘ 

Pkmm Pkmm stjf stjfhoy hoy mk`btk mk`btkf` f` oc oc rc rcquk qukrch rch sg tbc stg stgrc rc gr gr sb sbgp gp djf dgftkf dgftkfuc uc tg gpcrjtc ki tbc pgwcr ijkms7

Hcsk`fcrs wkmm cfdguftcr sktujtkgfs wbcrc tbc gddupkcr gi tbc rctjkm spjdc ks ufafgwf, sudb js kf j spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft. Kf tbc sktujtkgf wbcrc tbc dmkcft ks j hcvcmgpcr, kt ejy fgt oc pgsskomc tg hctcrekfc tbc ﬊fjm typc gi rctjkm giicr. giicr. Ssujmmy spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdc ks mcit js j ‒sbcmm‛ ecjfkf` tbjt gfmy ojskd scrvkdcs jrc prgvkhch sudb js j pgwcr, `js jfh wjtcr suppmy ki jpprgprkjtc. Tgec ojskd cecr`cfdy gr jddcss mk`btkf` djf oc prgvkhch ki tbc spjdc ks mjr`c jfh dgepmcx, out usujmmy fgtbkf` cmsc.

:.8

Drcjtkvc hcsk`f

Mk`btkf` kf rctjkm cstjomksbecfts djf tjac ejfy igres rjf`kf` irge tbc iufdtkgfjm tg tbc hrjejtkd out, kf egst djscs, tbc mk`btkf` wkmm bjvc jf ciicdt gf tbc dustgecrs ‘ bgw tbcy iccm jfh ocbjvc kf tbc spjdc js wcmm js bgw mkacmy tbcy jrc tg spcfh egfcy. _ctjkm spjdcs `kvc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcrs jf gppgrtufkty tg cxprcss tbckr jrtkstkd skhc jfh tbks djf mcjh tg wgrakf` dmgscmy wktb jf kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr, pjrtkdumjrmy wbcrc tbc dmkcft ks j rctjkm dbjkf.

 

8

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Egrc dgeegf tbgu`b wkmm oc tbc sktujtkgf wbcrc j sbgp gwfcr rcmkcs gf tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr jmgfc tg prgvkhc sgec `ukhjfdc jfh jsskstjfdc kf hcvcmgpkf` jf kfvktkf` kftcrkgr. kftcrkgr. Xbc drcjtkvc cmcecfts gi j hcsk`f wkmm fcch tg hrjw bcjvkmy irge tbc kftcfhch usc gi tbc rctjkm spjdc jfh tbc gwfcrs‛ jspkrjtkgfs igr tbckr ouskfcss. Xrcfhs kf sbgppkf` bjokts jfh kftcrkgr hcsk`f djf oc strgf` kf﬏ucfdcs jfh mcjh tg dustgecrs cxpcdtkf` j pjrtkdumjr ‒mgga‛ tg j spjdc, cvcf tbgu`b tbc sbgp gwfcr ejy prcicr sgectbkf` cmsc. J `ggh cxjepmc ks tbc trcfh kf ijsbkgf jfh ocjuty stgrcs tgwjrhs bk`b dgftrjst mk`btkf`, wbkdb uscs hkspmjy mk`btkf` jmegst cxdmuskvcmy. Xbc pgpumjrkty gi tbks jpprgjdb wktb dustgecrs ecjfs jf cxpcdtjtkgf hcvcmgps jfh skekmjr sbgps ejy fcch tg igmmgw tbc hcsk`f khcjs cvcf ki tbc sbgp gwfcr ks fgt j ijf gi tbc ‒mgga‛.

Ik`urc :.:  :.:  J bk`b dgftrjst kftcrkgr (dgurtcsy gi Ekdbjcm @ruoo Ttuhkg)  Ttuhkg) 

Pbcrc j ocspgac jpprgjdb ks jddcptjomc gr ijvgurch, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr wkmm stkmm fcch tg oc ekfhium gi dcrtjkf rcqukrcecfts sudb js tbc fcch tg prgvkhc j sjic jfh dgeigrtjomc wgraspjdc igr stjii jfh dustgecrs. Tbgp gwfcrs ejy bjvc tbckr gwf, sgectkecs vcry dmcjr khcjs jogut wbjt tbcy wjft tbc spjdc tg mgga mkac. Kftcrprctkf` tbcsc khcjs jfh rc﬏cdtkf` tbce kf tbc hcsk`f djf sgectkecs oc dbjmmcf`kf` igr ogtb pjrtkcs. Ki pgsskomc, j egda-up gi tbc hcsk`f sbgumh oc dgfstrudtch gr tbc sbgp gwfcr tjacf tg vkcw j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf tbjt tbc hcsk`fcr iccms ks skekmjr tg tbjt ockf` jsach igr. Pbcrc j trumy ocspgac hcsk`f ks rcqukrch, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr wkmm oc prcscftch wktb j sk`fk﬊djft gppgrtufkty tg ejac j stjtcecft. Xbks gppgrtufkty sbgumh oc vkcwch jmgf`skhc tbc rcspgfskokmkty tg bcmp ejxkeksc dustgecr sjtksijdtkgf jfh, gfdc j`jkf, j egda-up gi tbc hcsk`fcr‛s khcjs wgumh oc j `ggh khcj tg `ju`c tbc gwfcr‛s gpkfkgf ocigrc iummy dgeekttkf` tg tbc hcsk`f. Pbkmst tbc ‒rumcs‛ kf mk`btkf` hcsk`f, sudb js dgepmkecftkf` dgmgurs, ks fgt sgectbkf` tbjt bjs tg oc jhbcrch tg spcdk﬊djmmy, uskf` kfjpprgprkjtc dgmgur djf bjvc j hctrkecftjm ciicdt. Pbkmc egst rctjkm spjdcs wkmm `cfcrjmmy usc j fcutrjm wbktc mk`bt, tbc dgmgur gi tbc wjmm surijdcs jfh ecrdbjfhksc djf drcjtc j dgmgur djst. Sskf` wjrecr gr dggmcr vcrskgfs gi wbktc mk`bt djf dbjf`c tbc iccm gi j spjdc out ejy oc hctrkecftjm tg tbc dustgecr‛s rcmjtkgfsbkp wktb tbc ecrdbjfhksc jfh cvcf cjdb gtbcr. Tcc scdtkgf :.:? igr egrc kfigrejtkgf gf dgmgur kf mk`btkf`.

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

:.3

Tdjmc gi kmmuekfjfdc

3

Xbc  TMM Dghc igr Mk`btkf`  (TMM, ?>:?) hcsdrkocs tbc sdjmc gi kmmuekfjfdc kf jddgrhjfdc wktb OT CF :?993<  Mk`bt jfh mk`btkf`. Ojskd tcrfs jfh drktcrkj igr  spcdkiykf` mk`btkf` rcqukrcecfts (OTK, ?>::j). Xbc sdjmc scts gut tbc mcvcms octwccf wbkdb j pcrdcptujm dbjf`c kf kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms djf `cfcrjmmy oc goscrvch. Xbcsc mcvcms jrc usch tg hc﬊fc ejkftjkfch jvcrj`c kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms kf tbks @ukhc jfh jrc rcdg`fksch js ocfdbejras kf mk`btkf` hcsk`f. Tdjmc gi kmmuekfjfdc (mux)< ?>—4>—3>—03—:>>—:3>—?>>—4>>—3>>—03>—:>>>—:3>>—?>>>—4>>>—3>>> Xypkdjmmy, mk`btkf` hcsk`f igr tjsa jrcjs sudb js dbcdaguts gr pjy hcsas gf sbgp ﬏ggrs wkmm oc 3>> mux. Jrcjs jhljdcft tg tbc tjsa jrcj djf oc kmmuekfjtch tg jf keechkjtcmy mgwcr mcvcm kf jddgrhjfdc wktb tbc sdjmc gi kmmuekfjtkgf. Tjmcs ﬏ggr mk`btkf` wkmm usujmmy oc ejhc up gi `cfcrjm mk`btkf` jfh jddcft mk`btkf` tg bk`bmk`bt dbgscf jrcjs gi j hkspmjy gr j pjrtkdumjr ktce. Xbks dgumh rjf`c irge j sejmm jrrjf`cecft gi ecrdbjfhksc jhljdcft tg j sjmcs hcsa up tg j skf`mc mjr`c ktce sudb js j djr. Kf grhcr igr dustgecrs tg fgtkdc tbc bk`bmk`btch ktce, tbc jddcft mk`btkf` kmmuekfjtkf` kt sbgumh oc jt mcjst gfc mcvcm bk`bcr gf tbc sdjmc gi kmmuekfjfdc, dgepjrch tg tbc mk`btkf` jrgufh kt, out prgojomy egrc hcpcfhkf` gf tbc cfvkrgfecft, dgmgurs, hjymk`bt dgftrkoutkgf gr ogrrgwch mk`btkf` dgftrkoutkgf irge cxtcrfjm sgurdcs gr jhljdcft jddcft gr hkspmjy mk`btkf`.

:.9

Bgrkzgftjm gr dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc7

Xbc mk`btkf` gi vcrtkdjm surijdcs ks pcrbjps egrc kepgrtjft kf rctjkm tbjf kf jfy gtbcr cfvkrgfecft. Ecrdbjfhksc ks gitcf jrrjf`ch vcrtkdjmmy jfh dustgecrs wkmm fcch tg kftcrjdt wktb stjii, usujmmy jt j pjy hcsa out kfdrcjskf`my jfywbcrc kf j rctjkm spjdc. Pbkmst kmmuekfjtkgf gi vcrtkdjm surijdcs sudb js ej`jzkfc rjdas kf j fcwsj`cft bjs occf ufhcrstggh igr j mgf` tkec, tbc djmdumjtkgf gi kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms gf tbc ijdcs gi stjii jfh dustgecrs, wbctbcr skttkf` gr stjfhkf` kf ufhc﬊fch spjdcs wktbkf j rctjkm stgrc, ks egrc dgepmcx. Xbc fcch tg jhhrcss tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gi j pcrsgf‛s ijdc ks kepgrtjft jfh OT CF :?898-: (OTK, ?>::o) kftrghudch tbc fcch tg dgfskhcr tbc vcrtkdjm cmcecft, pjrtkdumjrmy jt ijdc bck`bt, oc tbjt j fgrejm skttkf` (:.? e) gr stjfhkf` (:.9 e) pgsktkgf. Xbc prcicrrch rcicrcfdc ockf` tbc dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc ecjsurcecft. Dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc djf oc tbgu`bt gi js tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gf j vcrtkdjm golcdt (gr pcrsgf) jvcrj`ch tg tjac jddguft gi mk`bt ijmmkf` gf tbc surijdc gi jf kej`kfjry dymkfhcr surrgufhkf` tbjt golcdt gr pcrsgf. Dmcjrmy pcgpmc jrc fgt stjtkgfjry jfh dgumh egvc tbckr bcjh kf jfy hkrcdtkgf. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg ufhcrstjfh bgw eudb kmmuekfjtkgf tbcrc wkmm oc gf tbckr ijdc wbcf mggakf` kf jfy hkrcdtkgf. Kt ks jmsg kepgrtjft tg ufhcrstjfh ki tbckr mgdjtkgf kf j rgge ks mkektch tg j pjrtkdumjr jrcj gr ki tbcy wkmm egvc jrgufh. ^rgvkhkf` jf jddcptjomc mcvcm gi tjsarcmjtch dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc jdrgss jf cftkrc rctjkm spjdc ks mcss cfcr`y ci﬊dkcft tbjt dgfdcftrjtkf` gf jrcjs wbcrc gddupjfts jrc cxpcdtch tg oc wgrakf`. @ggh dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc ks tbcrcigrc kepgrtjft jt mgdjtkgfs sudb js pjy hcsas out jmsg jt dustgecr scrvkdc hcsas, ojfa tcmmcr pgsktkgfs kf bk`b strcct ojfas, jfh jdrgss sjmcs hcsas kf djr sbgwrgges tg fjec j icw. Kt ejy fgt oc js kepgrtjft, bgwcvcr, gf j `cfcrjm sjmcs ﬏ggr wbcrc jmm tbc ecrdbjfhksc ks jt mgw mcvcm jfh stjii kftcrjdtkgf wktb dustgecrs ks rcmjtkvcmy mgw, mgw, sudb js kf j scmi scrvkdc stgrc.

 

9

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc :.?  :.?  Jppmkdjtkgf gi dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc :?>> tg :9>> ee zgfc jogvc imggr mcvcm wbcrc ecjf dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc sbgumh oc 6 :3> mux wktb Sg 6 >.:

Xjsa jrcj kmmuekfjtkgf 4>> tg 3>> mux  Eghcmmkf` rjtkg octwccf tjsa jrcj kmmuekfjfdc jfh dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc >.4 tg >.9

:.0

Eghcmmkf` rjtkg

Eghcmmkf` ks j tcre usch tg rcicr tg tbc ojmjfdc octwccf hkiiusc jfh hkrcdt mk`bt. Dgepmctcmy hkiiusc mk`btkf`, sudb js jf upmkt-gfmy mk`btkf` sdbcec, djf mgga omjfh. Dgfvcrscmy, Dgfvcrscmy, j hkrcdt mk`btkf` sdbcec wktb fg hkiiusch cmcecft djf prghudc strgf` dgftrjst. Bjvkf` j ekxturc gi tbc twg typcs wkmm bcmp hc﬊fc sbjpcs, dgmgurs jfh tcxturcs. Xbc eghcmmkf` rjtkg ks j dgepjrksgf gi tbc dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjdc vjmuc wktb tbc bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjfdc vjmuc jfh ks cxprcssch js tbc hkiicrcfdc wktb ufkty gr js j pcrdcftj`c. >.4 tg >.9 (gr 4>% tg 9>% gi tbc bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjfdc vjmuc) ks dgfskhcrch jf jddcptjomc eghcmmkf` rjtkg igr tjsa jrcjs sudb js sjmcs hcsas jfh dbcdaguts.

:.2

Dmkcft/uscr typcs

Xbc fueocr gi dgeokfjtkgfs gi jdtujm dmkcft jfh cvcftujm cfh uscr jrc fuecrgus jfh jmm jiicdt tbc hcsk`f prgdcss kf hkiicrcft wjys. J dmkcft wjftkf` j fcw rctjkm spjdc oukmt wktb tbc spcdk﬊d afgwmch`c gi bgw tbckr ouskfcss gpcrjtcs kf cxkstkf` prcekscs wkmm bjvc j smk`btmy hkiicrcft pcrspcdtkvc tg jf cftrcprcfcur wjftkf` j rctjkm spjdc drcjtch igr j fcw vcfturc, wbcrc tbc mjygut jfh gpcrjtkf` strudturc ks yct tg oc igrech. J spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpcr ejy fgt bjvc j dmcjr khcj gi tbc sgrt gi tcfjft tbjt wkmm cvcftujmmy gddupy tbc oukmhkf`.

:.;

Pgrakf` wktb afgwf gddupkcrs

Pbcrc tbc hcsk`fcr ks kfvgmvch wktb rctjkm spjdc igr jtbc spcdk﬊d tbcf kt ks kepgrtjft tbjt tbcy mkjksc wktb tbcfcw dmkcft tg hctcrekfc typcsdmkcft gi tjsas tbjt wkmm oc djrrkch gut jfh tbc sbgppkf` cxpcrkcfdc kftcfhch kf cjdb jrcj gi tbc oukmhkf`. Xbc fcchs gi j fjtkgfjm dbjkf gi sjfhwkdb sbgps, igr cxjepmc, wbcrc pcgpmc qukdamy ouy sgectbkf` jfh mcjvc, ks vcry hkiicrcft tg j bk`b-cfh ijsbkgf rctjkmcr wbcrc pcgpmc jrc cfdgurj`ch tg tjac tbckr tkec. Gitcf tbc ocst wjy tg `ct j iccm igr tbc wjy j dgepjfy gpcrjtcs ks tg vkskt tbc uscr‛s cxkstkf` prcekscs. Xbks usujmmy prgvkhcs vjmujomc kfsk`bts kftg tbc tjsas, cqukpecft jfh wgrakf` prjdtkdcs gi tbc hcpjrtecfts, tbc stjii kf tbce jfh tbc dustgecr cxpcrkcfdc ockf` sgu`bt. Ki, bgwcvcr, bgwcvcr, tbc uscr ks j fcw stjrt-up dgepjfy gr ks egvkf` kftg j fcw jrcj gi rctjkm, tbcy ejy fgt bjvc skekmjr cxkstkf` rctjkm spjdc. Kf tbks djsc kt ejy oc pgsskomc tg ﬊fh prcekscs wbcrc skekmjr tjsas, cqukpecft gr gpcrjtkf` ectbghs jrc usch. Kt ks jmsg kepgrtjft tg cstjomksb wktb tbc uscr tbc typc gi kftcrkgr hëdgr tbjt tbcy prcicr gr jrc mkacmy tg dbggsc. Xbks wkmm cfsurc tbjt mkacmy surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc djf oc tjacf kftg jddguft kf prcmkekfjry mk`btkf` djmdumjtkgfs. Kt ks gitcf cjskcr wktb j afgwf uscr tg dgf﬊re wbjt wkfhgw-sdrccfkf` tcdbfkqucs jrc tg oc usch jfh tg dgf﬊re tbjt rctjkm spjdcs jrc dgepjtkomc wktb tbc kftcfhch mk`btkf` sgmutkgf. Pktb j spcdk﬊d cfh uscr gi j rctjkm spjdc kt ks usujmmy cjskcr tg hc﬊fc jfy fgf tjsa

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

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gr hcdgrjtkvc mk`btkf` rcqukrch. Xbks djf oc mk`btkf` igr ecrdbjfhksc js wcmm js `cfcrjm, icjturc mk`btkf` gr cxtcrfjm mk`btkf` gi tbc oukmhkf`. Pbkmst rctjkm gutmcts tcfh tg bjvc j rcmjtkvcmy sbgrt tcre rcgr`jfksjtkgf dydmc, sgec rctjkmcrs bjvc vcry stjtkd iurfkturc mjyguts gvcr tkec jfh ijkrmy ﬊xch khcjs jogut dustgecr ﬏gw. Mjr`c supcrejracts tcfh tg mcjvc tbc jrrjf`cecft gi tbc ejkf oghy gi tbc sjmcs ﬏ggr tbc sjec igr mcf`tby pcrkghs. Xbks ecjfs j ﬊xch mjygut gi mk`btkf`, cktbcr `cfcrjm gr mgdjmksch, djf oc ciicdtkvc. Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f ejy oc igr j afgwf uscr kftcfhkf` tg ﬊t-gut j spjdc wktbkf j spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdc gr oukmhkf`. Xbc oukmhkf` ejy bjvc occf mcit wktb lust dcftrjm pgwcr suppmkcs tg tbc rctjkm spjdcs gr ejy prgvkhc mk`btkf` tg dkrdumjtkgf jrcjs wbcrc tbcy djffgt oc jssgdkjtch wktb j spcdk﬊d rctjkmcr. Xbc hcsk`fcr gi tbc mk`btkf` igr tbc ﬊t-gut wkmm fcch tg mkjksc wktb tbc hcsk`fcrs gi tbc mjfhmgrh‛s scrvkdcs tg cstjomksb wbjt prgvkskgf bjs occf mcit igr tbc ﬊t-gut.

:.:> Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecfts Tcc scdtkgf 4 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

:.:: Dbjf`c gi usc

Mk`btkf` hgcs fgt tcfh tg oc kfstjmmch igr spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdcs. Ki tbc spjdc ks dgepmcx, bgwcvcr, wktb kftcrfjm rgges gr jrcjs cxtcfhkf` sgec wjy irge tbc cxkt, kt ejy oc ocfc﬊dkjm tg kfstjmm sgec tcepgrjry jddcss mk`btkf` jfh sgec cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`. Xbcrc ejy oc tbc gddjskgf wbcrc j oukmhkf` gwfcr ks dmcjr jogut bgw tbc spjdc wkmm oc usch jfh jsas igr mk`btkf` tg oc kfstjmmch. Tudb spjdcs wgumh typkdjmmy oc igr sbgrt tcre gr scjsgfjm rcftjm jfh usch, igr cxjepmc, oy j sbgp sct up tg scmm Dbrkstejs djrhs gr hcdgrjtkgfs kf Fgvceocr jfh Hcdceocr. @cfcrjmmy tbgu`b, oy tbc vcry fjturc gi tbc dgfdcpt, j spcdumjtkvc spjdc wkmm bjvc fg ﬊re kfigrejtkgf gf gddupkcr usc tg ojsc jfy hcsk`f upgf. @cfcrjm mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs djf oc kfstjmmch igr ejfy ycjrs wktbgut jfy fcch igr jfytbkf` gtbcr tbjf rc`umjr ejkftcfjfdc jfh mjep rcpmjdcecft. Hurkf` tbjt tkec, tbc spjdc tbcy kmmuekfjtc djf dbjf`c dgfskhcrjomy jfh sgec djf egvc tg ockf` rctjkm spjdcs. Xypkdjmmy tbks dgumh oc j rgge wktbkf jf gi﬊dc oukmhkf` gr bgspktjm tbjt ocdgecs j sejmm `cfcrjm stgrc scmmkf` fcwspjpcrs, dgficdtkgfjry jfh pcrbjps sjfhwkdbcs. Dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg tbc jpprgprkjtcfcss gi tbc mk`btkf` kf sudb jf cvcft. Igr cxjepmc, wbcrc iggh ks ockf` prcpjrch, j wbgmcsjmc dbjf`c ejy oc rcqukrch igr by`kcfc rcjsgfs. ^rcekscs prcvkgusmy usch igr kfhustrkjm jppmkdjtkgfs wkmm usujmmy bjvc j mk`btkf` hcsk`f dcftrch gf prgvkhkf` mgdjmksch mk`btkf` wbcrc kt ks rcqukrch. Tudb j sktujtkgf ejy rcqukrc cxtcfskvc eghk﬊djtkgfs tg tbc pgsktkgf jfh typc gi mk`btkf` kf tbc spjdc tg ejac kt suktjomc igr rctjkm usc, pjrtkdumjrmy ki tbc spjdc ks mjr`c cfgu`b tg jddgeeghjtc ejfy pcgpmc. Pbcrc j spjdc ks dbjf`kf` usc tg igre j rctjkm gutmct, kt ks kepgrtjft tg ufhcrstjfh jmm gi tbc ijdtgrs jiicdtkf` tbc mk`btkf`. Kt ejy oc tbjt kf j sejmm sbgp dgfvcrskgf pjrt gi tbc sgmutkgf tg prgvkhkf` j suktjomc ks jdtujmmy jdbkcvch oy rjtbcr pmjdkf`tbjf tbcjmtcrkf` pjy hcsa sjmcs sbcmvkf` mk`btkf` tg ejtdbhcsk`f tbc cxkstkf` mk`btkf` pgsktkgfs, tbcjfh mk`btkf` tg sukt j prcicrrch sbgp mjygut. Xbc ciicdt gf dustgecrs jfh sjmcs wgumh bjvc tg igre tbc ejlgr pjrt gi sudb j hksdusskgf, bgwcvcr bgwcvcr..

:.:? Kepgrtjfdc gi khcftkiykf` tbc dgrrcdt dgmgur gi mk`bt

Pbctbcr tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f kfvgmvcs j fcw sdbcec cftkrcmy gr jmtcrjtkgfs tg jf cxkstkf` kfstjmmjtkgf, kt ks kepgrtjft tbjt tbc dgrrcdt typc gi muekfjkrc jfh mjep jrc usch. Mk`btkf` kf rctjkm spjdcs djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf tbc dustgecrs jfh djf cktbcr prgegtc sjmcs ki hgfc wcmm gr rchudc sjmcs ki dustgecrs djffgt scc ecrdbjfhksc prgpcrmy, prgpcrmy, djffgt hctcrekfc dgmgurs dgrrcdtmy gr skepmy djffgt rcjh tbc prkdcs. Xbc dgmgur rcfhcrkf` kfhcx (D_K) ks jf cstjomksbch stjfhjrh j`jkfst wbkdb tbc jokmkty gi j mk`btkf` sgurdc ks djpjomc gi sbgwkf` dgmgurs kf j fjturjm jfh truc tg mkic wjy. Kt ks cxprcssch js j ﬊`urc octwccf > jfh :>>  _j, wbcrc :>> ks tbc cqukvjmcft gi hjymk`bt jfh jfytbkf` mgwcr egvcs prg`rcsskvcmy jwjy irge tbks. Xbc D_K bjs kts sbgrtdgekf`s tbgu`b, prkejrkmy kf tbjt kt dgfskhcrs tbc jddurjtc rcfhktkgf gi dgmgur out fgt tbc mcvcm gi sjturjtkgf gi tbjt dgmgur. Xbc dgepjrksgf ocmgw (Ik`urc :.4) sbgws tbc sjec kej`c jt twg hkiicrcft sjturjtkgf mcvcms jmtbgu`b tbc suolcdt bjs tbc sjec dgmgur rcfhktkgf kf ogtb kej`cs.

 

2

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc :.4  :.4  Xbc sjec dgmgur rcfhktkgf jt hkiicrcft sjturjtkgf mcvcms (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Xbc Kmmuekfjtkf` Cf`kfccrkf` Tgdkcty (KCT) bjs kftrghudch jf jmtcrfjtkvc D_K

ectbgh tg tbcjfh  afgwf js XE-4>-:3 (KCT, ?>:3). jpprgjdb dgfskhcrs ogtb tbc rcfhktkgf sjturjtkgf gi dgmgur ufhcr j mk`btXbks sgurdc. Xbc dgmgur gi tbc mk`bt djf jmsg bjvc jf ciicdt gf tbc uscr gi tbc spjdc. Pjrecr dgmgurs sudb js ?0>> A (wjre wbktc) wkmm oc egrc rcmjxkf` wbkmst 8>>> A (dggm wbktc) `cfcrjmmy ejacs pcgpmc iccm egrc jmcrt. Cxtrcecmy dgmh mk`bt sgurdcs fcjrcr tg 9>>> A gr 0>>> A djf jppcjr dgmh jfh ufkfvktkf` ki usch kf tbc wrgf` cfvkrgfecft, sg kt ks kepgrtjft tg ejtdb tbc dgmgur gi mk`bt wktb tbc typc gi stgrc. Bk`bmk`btkf` spcdk﬊d ecrdbjfhksc wktb j dgmgur gtbcrwksc fgt usch kf tbc spjdc djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt kf hrjwkf` j dustgecr‛s jttcftkgf. Tuotmc sbkits kf dgmgur jwjy irge tbjt gi tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` djf oc egst ciicdtkvc. Dgmgurs sbgumh oc ejtdbch, bgwcvcr, tg tbc dgmgur gi tbc ecrdbjfhksc ockf` kmmuekfjtch. k mmuekfjtch. Bk`b dgmgur rcfhcrkf` ks govkgusmy kepgrtjft kf stgrcs wbcrc dgmgur ks j acy pjrt gi tbc sbgppkf` cxpcrkcfdc. Dmgtbkf` jfh bgec iurfksbkf` sbgps, igr cxjepmc, wkmm fcch mk`btkf` tbjt hgcsf‛t rcsumt kf j surprksc igr tbc dustgecrs wbcf tbcy `ct bgec.  _j 6 ;> sbgumh oc jddcptjomc igr dmgtbkf` gr bgec iurfksbkf` stgrcs, dgepjrch tg _j 62> igr `cfcrjm usc.

Ttrgf` spcdk﬊d dgmgurs jrc ocst jvgkhch ufmcss tbcy jrc usch js pjrt gi j spcdk﬊d tbcec wbcrc tbcy wgumh fgt mgga gut gi pmjdc. Kf sgec kfstjfdcs, kt ejy oc wgrtb dgfhudtkf` rcscjrdb wktb tbgsc wbg wkmm gddupy tbc spjdc kftg prcicrcfdcs gvcr tbc dgmgur gi tbc mk`btkf` sgurdc. Ekxkf` mjep dgmgurs sbgumh oc jvgkhch wktbkf tbc sjec spjdc ufmcss kt ks hgfc igr jrtkstkd ciicdt.

Ik`urc :.8  :.8  @ggh usc gi dgmgur tg kmmuekfjtc j ﬊sb dguftcr (dgurtcsy gi MJE^)

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

:.:4 Dggrhkfjtkf` tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f

;

Mk`btkf`, pjrtkdumjrmy cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`, djf gfmy oc ciicdtkvc wbcf dgfskhcrch jmgf`skhc tbc typc gi ecrdbjfhksc, hcdgrjtkvc ﬊fksbcs (kfdmuhkf` jfy kfhkdjtkgf gi tcepgrjry ﬊fksbcs igr sjmcs prgegtkgfs), tcxturcs jfh mjygut gi j rctjkm spjdc. Hksdusskgf wktb tbc jrdbktcdt gr kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr ks drudkjm tg ufhcrstjfh wbjt tbc rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs gi tbc spjdc wkmm oc mkac. Mk`btkf` tbjt ks tg oc rcdcssch kftg j dckmkf` vgkh wkmm bjvc tg oc dggrhkfjtch wktb gtbcr scrvkdcs sudb js djomc dgftjkfecft, pkpcwgra, hudtwgra jfh sprkfamcr systces, js wcmm js strudturjm cmcecfts gi tbc oukmhkf`. Ki tbcsc ktces jrc fgt dggrhkfjtch, tbc pgsktkgf jfh grkcftjtkgf gi muekfjkrcs ejy oc dgeprgeksch.

Ik`urc :.3  :.3  Hcdgrjtkvc spgt mk`btkf` mgdjtch tgg dmgsc tg j wjmm rcsumtkf` kf cxdcsskvc `mjrc jfh pggr ufkigrekty jdrgss tbc vcrtkdjm surijdc (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

:.:8 ^grtjomc hkspmjy sdrccfs jfh tgudb sdrccf djsb rc`kstcrs

Ogtb tgudb sdrccf djsb rc`kstcrs jfh tjomct dgeputcrs jrc dgeegfpmjdc kf rctjkm cfvkrgfecfts. Js tbc sdrccf pgsktkgf kf rcmjtkgf tg mk`btkf` sgurdcs djf dgfstjftmy dbjf`c, pjrtkdumjrmy wktb tjomcts usch igr sjmcs ﬏ggr tjsas sudb js stgda rcgrhcrkf` gr hcjmkf` wktb dustgecr cfqukrkcs, kt ks cxtrcecmy hki﬊dumt tg prgvkhc j mk`btkf` hcsk`f tbjt djf rchudc rc﬏cdtkgfs jfh `mjrc jt jmm tkecs. Pbcrc j oukmhkf` gwfcr bjs kfhkdjtch tbjt tbcy usc sudb hcvkdcs, kt ejy oc wgrtb cstjomksbkf` tbc usj`c pjttcrf, kf pjrtkdumjr wbcrc tbc hcvkdcs jrc egstmy usch. Igr cxjepmc, ki tjomct usc ks prchgekfjftmy kf gfc jrcj gi j stgrc, tbcf j mk`btkf` sdbcec scfsktkvc tg tbckr usc wktb j bk`b hkiiusc cmcecft ejy oc jpprgprkjtc.

:.:3 Dbcdagut jfh pjy hcsa jrcjs

Dbcdagut jfh pjy hcsa jrcjs jmgf` wktb tcmmcr pgsktkgfs kf ojfas jfh sjmcs hcsas kf sbgwrgges jrc tbc jrcjs wbcrc tbc egst kftcrjdtkgf wkmm gddur gf j sjmcs ﬏ggr. ﬏ggr. Tudb jrcjs fcch tg oc wcmm mkt wktb j ekx gi hkiiusc jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf`. Kt sbgumh oc kf ekfh tbjtrcprcscft wbkmst tbcsc wkmm gfmy oc gddupkch sbgrt jfh pcrkgh oy ogrfc dustgecrs, tbcy tbc jrcjs wgrakf` cfvkrgfecft igr igr tbcj stjii sg mk`btkf` sbgumh oc prgvkhch tbjt rcdg`fkscs tbks jpprgjdb. Mk`btkf` sbgumh oc prgvkhch kf mkfc wktb tbc rcdgeecfhjtkgfs gi TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc 0< Gi﬊dcs (TMM, ?>:3j) jfh scdtkgf 3 gi tbks Mk`btkf` @ukhc.

:.:9 Tbgp wkfhgw mk`btkf`

Mk`btkf` tbc trjhktkgfjm sbgp wkfhgw kftrghudcs j fueocr gi dbjmmcf`cs. Kts prkejry iufdtkgf ks tg jttrjdt pgtcftkjm dustgecrs kftg tbc sbgp jfh sg fcchs tg oc cyc djtdbkf` jfh jppcjmkf`. Tbgp wkfhgws jrc usujmmy rcmjtkvcmy sejmm jrcjs. Bgwcvcr,, tbcy djf prcscft j fueocr gi dbjmmcf`cs jfh tbc jpprgprkjtc jpprgjdb Bgwcvcr fcchs tg oc hksdussch wktb tbc sbgp gwfcr. gwfcr. Gitcf gvcrmggach ks tbc grkcftjtkgf gi tbc sbgp wkfhgw. wkfhgw. Ki kt ijdcs fgrtb, tbcf tbc hjymk`bt cftcrkf` tbc wkfhgw wkmm oc hkiiusc jfh gf gvcrdjst wkftcr hjys dgumh oc rcmjtkvcmy kfsk`fk﬊djft. J sgutb ijdkf` wkfhgw, bgwcvcr, wkmm bjvc j eudb `rcjtcr rjf`c gi hjymk`bt sdcfjrkgs, irge hkrcdt mk`bt gf j ork`bt sueecrs hjy tg hkiiusc mk`bt irge jf gvcrdjst say kf wkftcr. Kf jhhktkgf, jhljdcft oukmhkf`s djf djusc bcjvy sbjhgwkf` jfh djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf tg jddguft igr tbks. Xbcrcigrc cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` hcsk`fs igr sbgp wkfhgws prcscft j fueocr gi dbjmmcf`cs jskhc irge tbc hcdgrjtkvc jspcdts. Ki ecrdbjfhksc ks tg stjfh gut kf ork`bt dgfhktkgfs, j sk`fk﬊djft jeguft gi mk`btkf` wkmm oc rcqukrch.

 

:>

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc :.9  :.9  Tbgp wkfhgw mk`btkf` (dgurtcsy gi MJE^)

 

Kmmuekfjtch sbgp wkfhgws djf djusc prgomces tbgu`b. Ki kmmuekfjtch tbrgu`bgut tbc bgurs gi hjrafcss, tbcy djf oc tbc sgurdc gi wjstch cfcr`y. Xbcy djf jmsg dgftrkoutc tg mk`bt pgmmutkgf jfh kf ekxch rctjkm jfh rcskhcftkjm hcvcmgpecfts dgumh oc jf ufwcmdgec sgurdc gi mk`bt ki ochrgge wkfhgws jrc gppgsktc. Kt ejy oc wgrtb hksdusskf` wktb tbc sbgp gwfcr, dgftrgmmkf` tbc wkfhgw mk`btkf` sg kt turfs gii jitcr j prc-hctcrekfch tkec.

:.:0 Kmmuekfjtch hkspmjys, sk`fj`c jfh prglcdtch kej`cs :.:0.: Cxtcrfjmmy mkt sk`fj`c

Egst rctjkm gutmcts bjvc sgec igre gi sk`fj`c wbkdb ks gitcf kmmuekfjtch. Xbcrc jrc tbrcc dgeegf wjys gi kmmuekfjtkf` sk`fj`c jfh hcsk`fcrs wkmm fcch tg hcjm wktb cjdb kf hkiicrcft wjys. Cxtcrfjmmy mkt sk`fj`c ks pcrbjps tbc egst pgpumjr. Mk`btkf` ks prgvkhch cktbcr tg tbc skhc, jogvc gr ocmgw tbc sk`f jfh ciicdtkvcmy ‒wjsbcs‛ tbc sk`f kf mk`bt. Ssujmmy tbc egst dgst ciicdtkvc ecjfs gi kmmuekfjtkf` j sk`f, tbks jpprgjdb djf, bgwcvcr, bgwcvcr, mcjh tg sgec kssucs ki fgt djrciummy pmjffch. Ocdjusc tbc mk`btkf` bjs tg oc tg gfc skhc gi tbc sk`f, sg js fgt tg gosdurc kt, tbc ufkigrekty gi tbc kmmuekfjtkgf djf oc jiicdtch. Djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf tg cfsurc tbc mk`btkf` ks fgt rc﬏cdtch irge tbc sk`f jfh ocdgec j sgurdc gi `mjrc tg pjsscrs-oy jfh egtgrksts. Xypkdjmmy, muekfjkrcs wktb jsyeectrkd hkstrkoutkgf wgumh oc dbgscf tg bcmp keprgvc tbc ufkigrekty jfh tg rchudc tbc rksa gi ufwjftch gvcrspkmm mk`bt.  

Ik`urc :.0  :.0  Cxtcrfjmmy kmmuekfjtch sk`f (dgurtcsy gi Bgjrc Mcj)

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

:.:0.? Ojdamkt sk`fj`c

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Ojdamkt sk`fs usc j ekxturc gi trjfsmudcft jfh fgf-trjfsmudcft ejtcrkjms igr tbc sk`f ktscmi jfh j mk`bt sgurdc ks eguftch ocbkfh tg prgvkhc tbc kmmuekfjtkgf. Kf tbks typc gi sk`f, tbc mjeps jrc usujmmy vcry dmgsc tg tbc ojda gi tbc sk`f kf grhcr tg rchudc tbc sk`f‛s gvcrjmm hcptb jfh tbks djf drcjtc prgomces wktb ufkigrekty gi kmmuekfjtkgf. J trjhktkgfjm ectbgh gi rcsgmvkf` tbks bjs occf tg kfstjmm ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps dmgsc tg`ctbcr. tg`ctbcr. Pbkmst tbks jpprgjdb jhhrcsscs tbc ufkigrekty ufk igrekty prgomce, kt kftrghudcs j bk`b cfcr`y mgjh wbkdb ks gitcf wjstcium, pjrtkdumjrmy ki tbc sk`f ks ejhc up gi mjr`c jrcjs gi fgf-trjfsmudcft dgmgurs. MCH ks fgw ockf` usch eudb egrc ci﬊dkcftmy oy sbjpkf` tbc mk`btkf` tg jmmgw gfmy tbc trjfsmudcft pjrts gi tbc sk`f tg oc ojdamkt.

Ik`urc :.2  :.2  Ojdamkt rctjkm sk`f (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk Kmmuekfjzkgfc SA Mth1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Hkhkcr Ogy hc mj Xgur)

 

:.:0.4 Tcmi kmmuekfjtch sk`fj`c

Xbks typc gi sk`fj`c ks ejhc up gi tbc jdtujm mk`bt sgurdc ktscmi jfh ks prgojomy egst rcdg`fksch js dgmh djtbghc sdumpturch tuocs gr ‒fcgf sk`fs‛. Hcvcmgpecfts kf MDH  jfh MCH  hkspmjys, bgwcvcr, bjvc rcsumtch kf sudb hkspmjys ockf` usch hkrcdtmy js rctjkm sk`fj`c.

 

Ik`urc :8.8 Dgmh :8.8 Dgmh djtbghc ‒fcgf‛ sk`f (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

 

:?

:.:0.8 ^rglcdtch sk`fj`c

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Kej`c prglcdtgrs djf oc j uscium wjy gi kftrghudkf` dgepmcx gr hyfjekd mk`btkf` ciicdts jfh sjmcs kfigrejtkgf tg cktbcr j sbgp kftcrkgr gr cxtcrkgr. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, tbcy djffgt oc dgfskhcrch js sgurdcs gi mk`btkf` jfh sbgumh fgt oc o c dgfiusch wktb jfy muekfjkrc hcsdrkoch js ockf` j prglcdtgr. Xbc kmmuekfjfdc gi tbc prglcdtch kej`c djf oc mgw jfh tbcrcigrc ki sudb hcvkdcs jrc tg oc usch kf stgrcs, djrc wkmm fcch tg oc tjacf gvcr tbc mk`btkf` kf tbc mgdjm vkdkfkty sg js fgt tg gvcrpgwcr tbc prglcdtch kej`c gr mgsc kt kf ojda`rgufh mk`btkf`.

:.:2 Tjmcs ﬏ggr mk`btkf`

Tjmcs ﬏ggrs djf oc quktc hkvcrsc jfh dgvcr mjr`c gpcf spjdcs wktb mkttmc gr fg fjturjm hjymk`bt sudb js kf j supcrejract, gr jrcjs wbkdb jrc rcjmmy mjr`c sbgp wkfhgws, c.`. djr sbgwrgges. Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` igr sjmcs ﬏ggrs fcchs tg oc jpprgprkjtc tg tbc sktujtkgf jfh hcsk`fcrs wkmm fcch tg dgfskhcr jfh hksduss j fueocr gi kssucs wktb tbc gwfcr sudb js< ‘ 

Pbjt Pbjt ty typc pc gi ec ecrd rdbj bjfh fhks kscc wkm wkmmm o occ prc prcsc scft ft77

‘ 

Pkmm Pkmm ttbcr bcrcc oc jfy str strgf` gf` dgmgur dgmgur prcicr prcicrcfd cfdcc gr gr wk wkmm mm tbc mk`btk mk`btkf` f` bjvc bjvc tg hcjm wktb dgmgurs dbjf`kf` gf j rc`umjr ojsks7

‘ 

Ks hjy hjymk mk`b `btt sgec sgectb tbkf kf` ` tg ut utkm kmks kscc gr jd jdtk tkvc vcmy my cxd cxdmu muhc hc77

‘ 

Ks j dgr dgrpg pgrj rjtc tc tbc tbcec ttg g oc oc jjpp ppmmkc kch7 h7

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Pbjt Pbjt akf akfh h gi ﬏cx ﬏cxko kokm kmkt kty y ks rcq rcquk ukrc rch h kf mue muekfj kfjkr krcc pmjd pmjdce cecf cft7 t7

‘ 

Ks ecr ecrdb dbjf jfhk hksc sc scf scfsk sktk tkvc vc tg tg tcep tcepcr crjt jtur urc7 c7

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Ks ecrd ecrdbj bjfh fhks kscc scf scfsk sktk tkvc vc tg um umtr trjv jvkg kgmc mctt mmk` k`bt bt77

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Pkm kmmm dgf dgfdc dcss sskg kgfs fs pr prgv gvkh khcc ttbc bckr kr gw gwf f mk` mk`bt btkf` kf`77

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Hgcs Hgcs tbc tbc dmkc dmkcft ft bjvc bjvc jfy jfy pjrtk pjrtkdum dumjr jr rcqukr rcqukrcec cecfts fts tbjt tbjt wgumh wgumh fgt oc rcjhkmy khcftk﬊jomc7

Xbc kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms jpprgprkjtc tg pjrtkdumjr rctjkm cfvkrgfecfts jrc `kvcf kf kf scdtkgf :>. Bgwcvcr, kt sbgumh oc ogrfc kf ekfh tbjt hkiicrcft kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms jfh dgmgurs ejy jppmy tg rctjkm prcekscs tjr`ctkf` j pjrtkdumjr typc gi dustgecr. dustgecr. Igr cxjepmc, jf gptkdkjfs‛ sjmcs jrcj ejy fcch tg bjvc j bk`bcr kmmuekfjtkgf kf sgec jrcjs tg bcmp tbgsc wktb pggr cycsk`bt. Tudb j mk`btkf` sdbcec ejy jmsg fcch tg kfdmuhc j bk`b prgpgrtkgf gi hkiiusc mk`bt tg jmmgw dustgecrs tg scc tbc jppcjrjfdc gi `mjsscs wbcf wgrf. Bjvkf` j bk`b mcvcm gi hkiiusc mk`bt tbgu`b dgumh mcjh tg prgomces kf prgvkhkf` jddcft mk`btkf` (uskf` rcjsgfjomc cfcr`y mcvcms) tg hkspmjys sg tbjt tbcy stjfh gut. Mjr`c sjmcs jrcjs wktb bk`b dckmkf`s, sudb js supcrejracts, sbgumh fjturjmmy bjvc j bk`b hkiiusc cmcecft tg tbckr cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` oy vkrtuc gi tbc mjr`c spjdc jfh kts dgftcfts prgvkhkf` pmcfty gi gppgrtufkty igr mk`bt tg oc rcirjdtch. Jddcft mk`btkf` wbcrc bk`b dckmkf`s jrc prcscft wgumh usc j mgt gi cfcr`y tg ejac jf kepjdt ki dckmkf` eguftch jfh suspcfskgf sgec hkstjfdc ocmgw tbc dckmkf` sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch. Xbks wkmm rchudc tbc cfcr`y rcqukrch jfh djf jmmgw eudb egrc ﬏cxkokmkty tg egvc jddcft mk`btkf` tg sukt dbjf`kf` ecrdbjfhksc hkspmjys kf tbc iuturc.

 

 Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`

:4

Ik`urc :.:> Tuspcfhch :.:> Tuspcfhch jddcft mk`btkf` (dgurtcsy gi Bgjrc Mcj)

 

:.:; Ojda gi bgusc mk`btkf`

Xbc tcre ‒ojda gi bgusc‛ rcicrs tg jfy jrcjs wktbkf j rctjkm spjdc gr oukmhkf` tbjt jrc fgt jddcsskomc tg dustgecrs. Xypkdjmmy tbcsc jrcjs kfdmuhc stgrj`c, jddcss dgrrkhgrs, stjii-gfmy stjkr dgrcs, gi﬊dcs, wcmijrc ijdkmktkcs pmjfttg rgges. bgusc jrcjs fcch tg oc iufdtkgfjm jfh prgvkhc jhcqujtcjfh mk`btkf` jmmgwOjda stjii gi tg wgra sjicmy jfh prghudtkvcmy out gitcf wkmm fgt oc rcqukrch tg `g ocygfh j ekfkeue stjfhjrh. Mk`btkf` tg gi﬊dc jddgeeghjtkgf tjsa jrcjs sbgumh prgvkhc jf kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm gi 4>> mux wbcrc ejkfmy sdrccf ojsch tjsas jrc ufhcrtjacf gr 3>> mux wbcrc prchgekfjftmy pjpcr ojsch tjsas jrc djrrkch gut. TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc 0 (TMM, ?>:3j)prgvkhcs egrc kfigrejtkgf gf mk`btkf` igr gi﬊dcs. Mk`btkf` tg ojda gi bgusc jrcjs wkmm oc pjrtkdumjrmy scfsktkvc tg cfcr`y usc jfh sg ci﬊dkcfdy gvcr jcstbctkds ks usujmmy j hrkvkf` ijdtgr. Hksdusskgfs sbgumh tjac pmjdc wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr jfh tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr gvcr ﬊fksbcs tg cfdgurj`c tbc usc gi bk`bmy rc﬏cdtkvc ﬊fksbcs tbrgu`bgut. Xbks jpprgjdb sbgumh bjvc tbc `rcjtcst kepjdt gf rchudkf` tbc cfcr`y usch, prgvkhch tbc gddupjfts jrc hkmk`cft kf turfkf` mk`bts gii, gr tbcrc ks sgec igre gi jutgejtkd dgftrgm tbjt djf pcrigre tbks tjsa.

 

ojda gi bgusc Ik`urc :.::  :.::  Xypkdjm ojda mk`btkf`< (mcit) dgrrkhgr  dgrrkhgr  (dgurtcsy gi _go Orjebkmm/  PT^), (rk`bt) stjkr (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

 

:8

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

:.?> Jddcft mk`btkf`

_ctjkm mk`btkf` `cfcrjmmy fcchs tg jhhrcss jhh rcss twg acy golcdtkvcs< tg prgvkhc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` tg jmmgw dustgecrs tg egvc jrgufh cjskmy jfh sjicmy, jfh tg prgvkhc mk`btkf` tbjt wkmm cfbjfdc j sjmcs jrcj jfh bk`bmk`bt pjrtkdumjr ecrdbjfhksc. Jddcft gr hkspmjy mk`btkf` ks usch tg jdbkcvc tbc scdgfh golcdtkvc jfh djf oc prgvkhch kf j vjrkcty gi wjys. Egst pcgpmc wgumh tbkfa gi j spgtmk`bt js ockf` tbc jrdbctypjm jddcft gr hkspmjy mk`btkf` jfh kf ejfy djscs sudb jf jpprgjdb wkmm oc egrc tbjf jhcqujtc. Jddcft mk`btkf` hkiicrs irge `cfcrjm mk`btkf` kf tbjt kt usujmmy bjs j hkrcdt dgepgfcft gfmy, wktb fg hkiiusc cmcecft. Hkrcdt mk`btkf` jmgfc djf prghudc strgf` dgftrjst jfh rcsumt kf hrjejtkd ciicdts, wbcrcjs hkiiusc mk`btkf` sudb js tbjt prgvkhch oy j mkfcjr ﬏ugrcsdcft mjep wkmm `kvc j mgwcr dgftrjst, egrc ‒cvcf ‒cvcf‛‛ mk`bt jdrgss j spjdc. MCH kf pjrtkdumjr, ockf` j pgkft sgurdc, djf prgvkhc vcry ciicdtkvc hkrcdt mk`bt jfh sg ks khcjm igr jddcft mk`btkf` wbcrc wcmm dgftrgmmch ocjes jrc rcqukrch. Jddcft mk`btkf` wkmm fcch tg ‒dut tbrgu`b‛ tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` jfh jfy hjymk`btkf` dgepgfcft kf pmjy ki kt ks tg oc ciicdtkvc. Xbc mcvcm gi `cfcrjm mk`btkf` wkmm govkgusmy kf﬏ucfdc bgw kftcfsc tbc jddcft mk`btkf` fcchs tg oc, sg ogtb sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch jt tbc sjec tkec. Jf jmtcrfjtkvc tg jhhkf` egrc mk`btkf` igr drcjtkvc ciicdt ks tg tjac sgec jwjy. Xbks djf oc hgfc kf j fueocr gi wjys. Igr cxjepmc, tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` gf j sjmcs ﬏ggr djf oc hkeech kf jrcjs tg jmmgw jddcft mk`btkf` tg bjvc j `rcjtcr ciicdt wktbgut tbc fcch tg usc cxdcsskvc jegufts gi cfcr`y. Kf sgec sktujtkgfs, kt ejy oc pgsskomc tg turf gii tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` ki tbc fjturc gi tbc spjdc dgftjkfs sui﬊dkcft spcdumjr surijdcs gr tbc jddcft mk`btkf` bjs sui﬊dkcft spkmm mk`bt tg jmmgw sjic egvcecft gi dustgecrs. Djrc sbgumh oc tjacf, bgwcvcr, wktb fjrrgw ocje spgtmk`bts. Krgfkdjmmy, Krgfkdjmmy, tbc egrc ci﬊dkcft j spgtmk`bt ks kf dgftrgmmkf` kts ocje, tbc mcss suktjomc kt ks igr usc kf tbks sdcfjrkg. Jfgtbcr jmtcrfjtkvc ks tg gekt mk`bts irge j scqucfdc kf grhcr tg drcjtc j orcja tbjt hrjws tbc cyc. Xbks jpprgjdb djf oc ciicdtkvc kf drcjtkf` j bk`bmk`bt wktbgut uskf` jfy jhhktkgfjm mk`btkf`. Igr cxjepmc, ki j rgw gi :> cqujmmy spjdch wjmm wjsbcrs jrc kmmuekfjtkf` j wjmm, hkeekf` gr turfkf` gii fueocrs 8 jfh 9 wkmm hrjw tbc cyc tg sgectbkf` kmmuekfjtch oy fueocr 3. Pbkdbcvcr jpprgjdb ks tjacf tg prgvkhkf` jddcft mk`btkf`, hcsk`fcrs sbgumh rceceocr tbjt dustgecrs fcch tg rcjh prkdc mjocms, wbkdb gitcf usc sejmm prkft. Tgec hkiiusc mk`bt wkmm jmwjys oc j ocfc﬊t kf tbks sktujtkgf. Kt sbgumh jmsg oc rceceocrch tbjt dgmgur rcfhktkgf ks j acy pjrt gi tbc ouykf` cxpcrkcfdc igr dustgecrs, pjrtkdumjrmy kf dmgtbkf` sbgps. Fg gfc wjfts tg ouy j ycmmgw luepcr l uepcr,,

:.?: _c-usc gi cqukpecft

gfmy tg ﬊fh tbjt wbcf tbcy mgga jt kt kf hjymk`bt, kt turfs gut tg oc `rccf. Muekfjkrcs dgfskst gi jdtkvc jfh pjsskvc dgepgfcfts. Xbc jdtkvc pjrts, sudb js mjeps jfh dgftrgm `cjr, wkmm bjvc j wgrakf` mkic usujmmy hcpcfhjft gf bgw wcmm tbcy bjvc occf ejkftjkfch jfh bgw eudb wjstc cfcr`y, cfcr`y, kf tbc igre gi bcjt, tbcy bjvc occf suolcdtch tg. Xbc pjsskvc pjrts, sudb js tbc djsc jfh dgftrgmmcr (prgvkhch tbcy bjvc jhcqujtc umtrjvkgmct stjokmkty), dgumh mjst sk`fk﬊djftmy mgf`cr tbjf tbc jdtkvc dgepgfcfts. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh hksduss wktb oukmhkf` gwfcrs tbc ocfc﬊ts gi rcuskf` rcmjtkvcmy fcw cxkstkf` cqukpecft kf jfy rciuroksbecft prg`rjeec. Pbcrc tbc jdtkvc dgepgfcfts gi j muekfjkrc jrc mcss ci﬊dkcft tbjf tbgsc prgvkhch oy durrcft tcdbfgmg`y gr bjvc rcjdbch tbc cfh gi tbckr wgrakf` mkic, kt ejy oc wgrtb cxpmgrkf` tbc pgsskokmkty gi rctrg﬊ttkf` fcw cqukpecft kftg tbc cxkstkf` djsc.

:.?? @cttkf` tbc egst gut gi hjymk`bt

Mk`btkf` hcsk`f djf oc dgfskhcrch kf twg orgjh igres, tbgsc ockf` tbc usc gi hjymk`btkf` jfh cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` kf tbc hcsk`f prgdcss. Hjymk`btkf` ks j pjsskvc igre kf tbjt kt rcqukrcs fg cxtcrfjm cfcr`y kfput tg hcmkvcr mk`btkf` kftg j spjdc. Hcpcfhkf` gf j fueocr gi ijdtgrs, sudb js tbc usc, sbjpc jfh igre gi j oukmhkf`, tbc jeguft gi hjymk`bt tbjt djf oc utkmksch wkmm hkiicr. _ctjkm prcekscs jrc pcrbjps ufkquc kf tbjt ejfy cxdmuhc hjymk`bt h jymk`bt kftcftkgfjmmy irge tbc sjmcs jrcj jfh tbcf

 

Jpprgjdb tg hcsk`fkf` rctjkm mk`btkf`  

:3

gptkeksc kts usc kf sbgp wkfhgw hkspmjys. h kspmjys. Gitcf, rctjkm prcekscs jrc mgdjtch hccp wktbkf gtbcr oukmhkf` typcs sudb js sbgppkf` ejmms, jkrpgrts, bgspktjms ctd. jfh tbcrc ks fg gppgrtufkty tg usc hjymk`bt. Pbcrc hjymk`bt djf oc usch tg kmmuekfjtc j sjmcs ﬏ggr gr jrcj, kts usc wkmm hcpcfh gf j fueocr gi ijdtgrs kfdmuhkf`< ‘ 

tbc tbc sskz kzc, c, sb sbjp jpcc jjfh fh bck` bck`bt bt gi tbc tbc ssjm jmcs cs jrcj jrcj

‘  ‘ 

tbc kkep tbc epgr grtj tjfd fdcc gi jd jddc dcft ft jf jfh h hks hkspm pmjy jy mk mk`b `btk tkf` f` tbcc dgm tb dgmgu gurr gi gi mk` mk`bt bt rcqu rcqukr krch ch kf tb tbcc sjm sjmcs cs jrcj jrcj

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tbc tbc rrccqukr qukrcch jje eok okjf jfdc dc gi tb tbc spj spjdc dc

‘ 

tbc tbc cfc cfcr` r`y y ttjr jr`c `ctt ssct ct igr igr tbc tbc oukm oukmhk hkf` f`

‘ 

tbc bg bgurs g gii gp gpcrjtkgf.

Kf jhhktkgf, tbc kftrghudtkgf gi hjymk`bt dgumh orkf` wktb kt tbc kssuc gi sgmjr `jkf sg jfy hcdkskgf tg gptkeksc hjymk`bt wkmm fcch tg oc hksdussch wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr jfh oukmhkf` scrvkdcs cf`kfccr. Dgfskhcrkf` tbcsc cmcecfts kf hcptb ocigrc dgeecfdkf` gf jfy cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` hcsk`f djf sgectkecs bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf tbc cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf gi j oukmhkf`, pjrtkdumjrmy wbcf mkfach tg j wcmm-hcsk`fch dgftrgm systce.

:.?4 Cfcr`y usc

Tcc scdtkgf 9 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

:.?8 Ejkftcfjfdc gi tbc rctjkm spjdc

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` kf oukmhkf`s ks j ejlgr uscr gi cfcr`y jfh jfy fcw rctjkm mk`btkf` hcsk`f fcchs tg tjac kftg dgfskhcrjtkgf bgw eudb cfcr`y kt wkmm usc jfh bgw tg `ct tbc egst gut gi tbc cmcdtrkdjm cfcr`y tbjt ks kfput igr j `kvcf gutput kf mk`btkf` tcres. Cfcr`y rchudtkgf, bgwcvcr, sbgumh fgt oc tbc prkec hrkvkf` igrdc. Mk`btkf` sbgumh oc wcmm hcsk`fch jfh hcmkvcr j dgeigrtjomc jfh wcmm kmmuekfjtch cfvkrgfecft igr kts gddupjfts. Tbgps tcfh tg oc usch kf hkiicrcft wjys hcpcfhkf` gf tbc jdtkvktkcs ockf` ufhcrtjacf. Igr cxjepmc tbc mk`btkf` mcvcms rcqukrch wbcf tbc sbgp ks gpcf tg tbc puomkd, ejy oc hkiicrcft tg wbcf kt ks ockf` dmcjfch gr rc-stgdach. Jt fk`bttkec, tbcrc ejy oc j hcskrc tg bjvc mkektch mk`btkf` gf tbrgu`b tbc sbgp, pjrtkdumjrmy ki kt bjs j mjr`c irgft wkfhgw sg pcgpmc djf scc tbc ecrdbjfhksc tg sgec hc`rcc wbcf tbc sbgp ks dmgsch. Xbcsc sdcfjrkgs djf bjvc vcry hkiicrcft cfcr`y usc pjttcrfs jfh tbc kfvcstecft kf swktdbkf` gr dgftrgms tg jmmgw kt dgumh prgvc ocfc﬊dkjm.

Ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr Xbc jeguft gi mk`bt cejfjtkf` irge j muekfjkrc hcpcfhs gf j fueocr gi ijdtgrs, cjdb gi wbkdb wkmm jiicdt tbc jokmkty gi tbc mk`bt sgurdc/muekfjkrc dgeokfjtkgf kf jf kfstjmmjtkgf tg hcmkvcr kts gptkeue gutput jfh ciicdtkvcmy jdt tg hc-rjtc tbc hcsk`f. Xbks ks hgfc tg ejac surc tbc kfstjmmjtkgf ks stkmm hcmkvcrkf` tbc kftcfhch kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm keechkjtcmy prkgr tg ejkftcfjfdc ockf` djrrkch gut. Js tbc mk`bt gutput ijmms octwccf ejkftcfjfdc jdtkvktkcs, kt igmmgws tbjt tbc kmmuekfjtkgf wbcf tbc kfstjmmjtkgf ks fcw gr bjs lust occf ejkftjkfch ejy oc bk`bcr tbjf tbc hcsk`f kftcfhch ufmcss suktjomc dgftrgms jrc usch. Muekfjkrcs, ojsch gf ogtb ﬏ugrcsdcft mjep jfh MCH tcdbfgmg`kcs, jrc jvjkmjomc tbjt djf mkekt tbc gutput kf tbc cjrmy mkic gi tbc kfstjmmjtkgf gr jitcr ejkftcfjfdc bjs occf djrrkch gut jfh kfdrcjsc tbjt gutput js tbc kfstjmmjtkgf j`cs. Xbc usc gi sudb muekfjkrcs sbgumh oc djrciummy dgfskhcrch, pjrtkdumjrmy wbcrc tbcy djf jmsg rchudc cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf hurkf` tbc cjrmy pbjsc gi tbc mkic gi jf MCH eghumc gr mjep. Xbc wjy kf wbkdb tbc mk`bt sgurdc/muekfjkrc dgeokfjtkgf ks utkmksch djf oc hctcrekfch oy rcicrcfdc tg ejfuijdturcrs‛ hjtj jmgf` wktb tbc rc﬏cdtjfdcs gi tbc rgge surijdcs, tbc hkecfskgfs gi tbc rgge jfh tbc bck`bt gi kts wgrakf` pmjfc. Xbks ks afgwf js tbc utkmksjtkgf ijdtgr ( SI) jfh, gfdc hctcrekfch jt tbc hcsk`f stj`c, sbgumh rcejkf dgfstjft prgvkhkf` tbc rgge hkecfskgfs jfh surijdc

 

:9

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

dgmgurs hg fgt dbjf`c. Egrc kfigrejtkgf gf hctcrekfkf` j suktjomc utkmksjtkgf ijdtgr djf oc igufh kf tbc TMM Dghc igr Mk`btkf` Mk`btkf` (TMM, ?>:?). Pbkmst tbc utkmksjtkgf ijdtgr djf oc hctcrekfch js j dgfstjft hurkf` tbc hcsk`f gi tbc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf, tbc wjy kf wbkdb tbc kfstjmmjtkgf ks ejkftjkfch tbrgu`b kts mkic djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf kts jokmkty tg hcmkvcr tbc kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms kftcfhch hurkf` kts hcsk`f. Xrjhktkgfjmmy, rjhktkgfjmmy, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr wkmm dgfskhcr igur ijdtgrs wbcf hcdkhkf` bgw ocst tg jhhrcss tbks ciicdtkvc hc-rjtkf` gi tbc hcsk`f. Xbc ijdtgrs tg oc dgfskhcrch jrc< ‘ 

tbc mjep sur urv vkvjm ijdtgr (MTI)

‘ 

tbc tbc mj mjep ep mu muec ecf f ejk ejkft ftcf cfjf jfdc dc ijdt ijdtgr gr (MMEI)

‘ 

tbc tbc mu muek ekfj fjkr krcc ejkf ejkftc tcfj fjfd fdcc ijdt ijdtgr gr (MEI)

‘ 

tbc tbc rgg rgge e ssur urij ijdc dc ejkf ejkftc tcfj fjfd fdcc ijd ijdtg tgrr (_TEI).

Egrc kfigrejtkgf gf ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgrs kfdmuhkf` j hctjkmch hcsdrkptkgf gi tbc jogvc djf oc igufh kf tbc  TMM Dghc igr Mk`btkf`  (TMM, ?>:?). Bgwcvcr js jf gvcrvkcw,, tbc igur ijdtgrs eumtkpmy tg`ctbcr tg `kvc jf gvcrjmm ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr gvcrvkcw (gr hc-rjtkf` ijdtgr tg tjac kftg jddguft tbc ircqucfdy gi ejkftcfjfdc ockf` jppmkch). Xbc MTI dgfskhcrs bgw mgf` tbc mk`bt sgurdc wkmm mjst gf jvcrj`c ocigrc ijkmkf` jfh tjacs jddguft gi bgw ejfy bgurs tbc mk`btkf` wkmm oc kf usc pcr ycjr. Xbc MMEI dgfskhcrs bgw tbc mk`btkf` gutput irge kfhkvkhujm mk`bt sgurdcs wkmm MEI

hc`rjhc gvcr J`jkf,bguskf` bgurs gi usc jrc sgurdc j dgfskhcrjtkgf. Xbc jfh dgfskhcrs bgw gitcf tbctkec. muekfjkrc tbc mk`bt wkmm oc dmcjfch tbc _TEI  dgfskhcrs bgw gitcf tbc rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs gi tbc rgge wkmm oc dmcjfch. Ogtb gi tbcsc ijdtgrs dgfskhcr tbc dmcjfmkfcss gi tbc cfvkrgfecft kf wbkdb tbc mk`btkf` ks kfstjmmch. Kt sbgumh oc fgtch tbjt fgf-dgfstjft mk`bt gutput MCHs ejy bjvc j wgrsc MMEI  tbjf gtbcr mk`btkf` sgurdcs jfh hcsk`fs wkmm fcch tg rc﬏cdt tbks. Ejfuijdturcrs‛ hjtj sbgumh oc dbcdach. Kt ks govkgus tbjt tbc mgf`cr tbc pcrkgh octwccf mjeps ockf` dbjf`ch gr dmcjfch, tbc wgrsc tbc hc`rjhjtkgf gi mk`btkf` gutput wkmm ocdgec jfh kf grhcr tg jddgeeghjtc tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr‛s rcqukrcecfts tg ekfkeksc ejkftcfjfdc cvcfts (jfh jssgdkjtch dgst), mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs kf tbc pjst bjvc sgectkecs occf gvcr-hcsk`fch tg dgepcfsjtc igr tbc mgf` ejkftcfjfdc kftcrvjms tbrgu`b tbc jppmkdjtkgf gi ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgrs. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg hksduss wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr, gwfcr, tbc ejkftcfjfdc rc`kec tbcy kftcfh tg put kf pmjdc. Xbc ciicdts gf cfcr`y usc gi gvcr hcsk`fch mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs huc tg cxtcfhch ejkftcfjfdc eust oc dgfskhcrch wktbkf tbc gvcrjmm hcsk`f, kfstjmmjtkgf jfh mkictkec gpcrjtkgf gi tbc mk`btkf`. Kt ejy jmsg oc jpprgprkjtc tg hksduss wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr tbc dgfdcpt gi egfktgrkf` tbc mk`btkf` mcvcms jfh dbjf`kf` mjeps, dmcjfkf` muekfjkrcs ctd. wbcf tbc mcvcms hrgp ocmgw jf jddcptjomc ekfkeue. Tudb jf jpprgjdb wkmm jmmgw tbc oukmhkf` uscr tg octtcr ejtdb ejkftcfjfdc kftcrvjms jfh dgst tg tbc dbjf`kf` usc gi tbc spjdc kf wbkdb tbc mk`btkf` ks kfstjmmch.

?

Xypcs gi rctjkm gutmct

?.:

Kftrghudtkgf

_ctjkm spjdcs jrc pcrbjps tbc egst vjrkch gi dgeecrdkjm spjdcs jitcr gi﬊dcs, rjf`kf` irge sejmm akgsas tbrgu`b mgdjm dgfvcfkcfdc stgrcs tg fjtkgfjm gr kftcrfjtkgfjm dbjkfs jfh gftg supcrejracts jfh mjr`c HK[ stgrcs. Dmcjrmy cjdb typc bjs dgeegf drktcrkj tg ecct. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, kt wgumh oc keprjdtkdjm tg trcjt tbc hcsk`f gi cjdb kf tbc sjec wjy. wjy. Dgeprgeksc ks eudb egrc mkacmy tg gddur kf sejmm spjdcs wbcrc tbcrc jrc dgfstrjkfts sudb js iurfkturc pgsktkgfs jfh jfy wkfhgw mgdjtkgf ks ﬊xch, pjrtkdumjrmy wktb rc`jrh tg hjymk`bt jfh tbc ojmjfdc octwccf prgvkhkf` jhcqujtc hjymk`bt jfh dgftrgmmkf` `mjrc.

 

  Xypcs gi rctjkm gutmct

?.?

Tcmi-dgftjkfch rctjkm gutmcts

:0

Xbks typc gi oukmhkf` ks typkdjmmy j hctjdbch gutmct jfh djf oc jfytbkf` irge j djr sbgwrgge tg j HK[ stgrc. Tejmmcr gutmcts wkmm tcfh tg bjvc j prgpgrtkgfjmmy bk`bcr wkfhgw jrcj tbjf mjr`cr gutmcts. Gitcf tbc scmi-dgftjkfch rctjkm gutmct ks oukmt tg keprcss wktb bk`b qujmkty cftrjfdc, rcdcptkgf jfh mkit jrcjs. Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f jfh tbc rcsumtkf` vksujm cfvkrgfecft fcch tg bcmp tbks `gjm tg oc jdbkcvch. Xbc qujmkty gi tbc muekfjkrcs tbcescmvcs, kf tcres gi oukmh qujmkty jfh surijdc ﬊fksb, fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch. Icjturc muekfjkrcs ejy oc rcqukrch kf cftrjfdc bjmms jfh mgookcs. Tpcdkjm mk`btkf` ciicdts sudb js dgmgur wjsbcs, ﬊xch gr egvkf` mg`gs jfh tbc irjekf` gr bk`bmk`btkf` gi jrtwgra gr spcdkjm icjturcs ejy oc rcqukrch.

Ik`urc ?.:  ?.:  Xypkdjm bk`b strcct scmi-dgftjkfch rctjkm ufkt (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

?.4

Ekxch hcvcmgpecfts

 

Kf grhcr tg prgvkhc j `ggh ekx gi usc jfh ejac surc hcvcmgpecfts jrc usch tbrgu`bgut tbc hjy, pmjffkf` jutbgrktkcs cfdgurj`c hcvcmgpcrs gi mjr`c prglcdts sudb js bk`b rksc tgwcrs tg kfdgrpgrjtc gtbcr typcs gi usc wktbkf tbckr hcvcmgpecft jfh tbks djf typkdjmmy kfdmuhc rctjkm gutmcts. Jf cxjepmc wgumh oc j rctjkm ejmm ocfcjtb jf gi﬊dc dgepmcx sudb js tbgsc igufh kf Djfjry Pbjri, Mgfhgf. Gtbcr cxjepmcs kfdmuhc rctjkm gutmcts kf jkrpgrts, rjkm stjtkgfs jfh bgspktjms.

Ik`urc ?.?  ?.?  Ekxch usc hcvcmgpecft (dgurtcsy gi Bgjrc Mcj1 pbgtg`rjpby oy _chsbkit)

 

:2

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Js ekxch usc hcvcmgpecfts wkmm bjvc hkiicrcft gpcrjtkf` tkecs igr tbc vjrkgus ouskfcsscs prcscft, dgfskhcrjtkgf fcchs tg oc `kvcf tg mk`btkf` tg jfh irge jfy rctjkm gutmcts. Pkmm tbc jddcss, igr cxjepmc, oc vkj jf jrcj tbjt ejy fgt fgrejmmy oc kmmuekfjtch gutskhc gi dgrc dgeecrdkjm bgurs7 Kf sudb j sktujtkgf, hksdusskgf wkmm oc fcchch wktb jhljdcft gddupkcrs tg cfsurc tbjt mk`btkf` igr j sjic ecjfs gi jddcss jfh c`rcss djf oc ejkftjkfch.

?.8

Tejmmcr sbgps

Pbkmst kt ks cjsy tg tbkfa gi rctjkm gutmcts js mjr`c sbgppkf` ejmms gr supcrejracts, `kvcf tbckr pgpumjrkty gvcr tbc pjst 4> ycjrs, tbc ejlgrkty gi rctjkm spjdcs jrc

jfh stgrcs

sejmm sbgps jfh stgrcs, gitcf kf oukmhkf`s dgfvcrtch irge gtbcr uscs. Ejfy bkstgrkd oukmhkf`s jrc usch js rctjkm gutmcts gr dgftjkf tbce. Gitcf kf dkty dcftrcs sudb js Ojtb, Chkfour`b, Chkfo ur`b, [gra [gra gr Dbcstcr, bkstgrkd oukmhkf`s wkmm bgusc j vjrkcty gi iufdtkgfs wktb rctjkm gutmcts usujmmy gf tbc `rgufh ﬏ggr. Ejfy @cgr`kjf, Ykdtgrkjf jfh Chwjrhkjf bguscs kf dkty dcftrcs bjvc occf dgfvcrtch igr sudb usc. Xbks kfdmuhcs @rjhc : mkstch prgpcrtkcs kf prgekfcft pgsktkgfs js wcmm js ejfy gmhcr prgpcrtkcs tbjt bjvc fg bkstgrkd gr jrdbktcdturjm kepgrtjfdc. Igr egst gi tbcsc, wbcrc tbc kftcrkgrs bjvc occf ﬊ttch gut tg eghcrf stjfhjrhs, tbc mk`btkf` djf jmsg oc kf ijkrmy strjk`btigrwjrh eghcrf stymcs. Tgectkecs tbcrc wkmm oc tbc fcch tg tjac kftg k ftg jddguft ufusujm dckmkf` bck`bts gr ejac jmmgwjfdcs igr djrcium rgutkf` gi wkrkf` tbrgu`b tbc oukmhkf`. Pktb ejfy mkstch prgpcrtkcs, fgt gfmy eust tbc kftcrkgr mk`btkf` ﬊t wktb tbc kftcrkgr stymc gi tbc bgusc out kt eust jmsg fgt spgkm tbc vkcw kftg tbc prgpcrty irge tbc gutskhc. Mggakf` up jt j `rjfh Ykdtgrkjf ijàjhc jfh scckf` ﬏ugrcsdcft mk`bts gf dbjkf suspcfskgfs gr ork`btmy dgmgurch muekfjkrcs kfskhc ejy, ejy, kf sgec pcgpmc‛s cycs, oc sgecwbjt hksdgfdcrtkf`. Kf sgec dkrduestjfdcs kt wgumh oc egrc jpprgprkjtc tg spcdkiy dbjfhcmkcrs wktb dgepjdt ﬏ugrcsdcft gr MCH  cqukvjmcfts tg kfdjfhcsdcft mjeps igr, sjy, tbc prkfdkpjm ﬊rst ﬏ggr rgges gi j mkstch @cgr`kjf bgusc. Xbcsc wkmm oc vkskomc irge tbc strcct jfh wgumh jppcjr dgrrcdt igr sudb `rjfh rgges. Kt ks mkacmy tbjt tjsa mk`btkf` wgumh oc fcchch tg prgvkhc tbc fcdcssjry mk`btkf` gf djsb hcsas out tbks djf oc hksdrcctmy hgfc. @kit sbgps jrc pgpumjr kf tgurkst jttrjdtkgfs sg tbcy djf oc igufh kf oukmhkf`s sudb js stjtcmy bgecs, euscues, spgrts stjhkues ctd. Gitcf tbcy jrc ﬊ttch kftg spjdcs tbjt jrc fgt khcjm jfh djf prcscft ufkquc prgomces igr tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr. Xbcrc ejy oc j fcch kf sudb sktujtkgfs tg wgra dmgscmy wktb tbc sjmcs ﬏ggr hcsk`fcr jfh kf﬏ucfdc tbc mgdjtkgf gi ecrdbjfhksc tg ocst sukt jfy mk`btkf` rcstrkdtkgfs. Kt ks mkacmy tbjt tbc ejlgrkty gi sbgps jrgufh tbc wgrmh jrc skf`mc stgrcy, twg- gr tbrcc-rgge jrrjf`cecfts, jfh fg egrc tbjf 3> e ? gi ﬏ggr jrcj. Xbcsc sbgps djf bjvc jf jmegst ufkej`kfjomc fueocr gi uscs. Bgwcvcr Bgwcvcr,, tbcy jmm sbjrc twg tbkf`s wktb rc`jrh tg mk`btkf`<

Ik`urc ?.4  ?.4  J tgurkst `kit sbgp (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

‘ 

tbc spj spjdc dc eust eust oc jhcq jhcqujt ujtcmy cmy mkt igr tbc sjicty sjicty gi stji stjiii jfh dus dustge tgecrs crs

‘ 

tbc mk` mk`btk btkf` f` eust eust wgra wgra wk wktb tb tbc tbc sbgp sbgp mjygut mjygut tg ejxkek ejxkeksc sc tbc tbc kepj kepjdt dt gi ecrdbjfhksc.

J ekx gi hkiiusc jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` ks rcqukrch igr `cfcrjm egvcecft jfh tg hrjw sbgppcrs‛ jttcftkgf tg bk`bmk`btch ecrdbjfhksc. Mjr`c rctjkm stgrcs wkmm bjvc sui﬊dkcftmy hkiicrcft rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs, kf ogtb dgmgur jfh tcxturc, tg drcjtc j dcrtjkf jeguft gi hkiiusc mk`bt irge hkrcdt sgurdcs, cvcf ocigrc jhhkf` jfy suppmcecftjry sgurdcs. Tejmm sbgps, bgwcvcr, jrc ufmkacmy tg ocfc﬊t irge tbks ciicdt jfh sg kt ks kepgrtjft tg dgfskhcr ogtb cmcecfts wbcf hcsk`fkf` tbc mk`btkf`. Ejfy sejmm sbgps wkmm bjvc jf cyc tg dgst wbcf dgfskhcrkf` tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f jfh kt ks gitcf tbc djsc tbjt muekfjkrcs tbjt `kvc jhcqujtc hkiiusc jfh hkrcdt mk`bt gutputs jrc usch, sudb js surijdc eguftch, hkiiuscr dgftrgmmch muekfjkrcs.

 

Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft

4

Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft

:;

Igr hcsk`fcrs gi spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdcs, wbcrc tbc sjmcs jrcjs jrc ﬏cxkomc jfh fgt hcsk`fch igr spcdk﬊d purpgscs, j egrc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` jpprgjdb ks k s fcchch. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh hksduss wktb hcvcmgpcrs bgw tbcy kftcfh tg ejract tbc spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft jfh wbjt ﬏cxkokmkty fcchs tg oc jppmkch tg tbc hcsk`f. Ycry gitcf, mjyguts jrc ufafgwf1 bgwcvcr bgwcvcr,, ki sudb kfigrejtkgf djf oc gotjkfch, j eudb egrc jpprgprkjtc jfh cfcr`y ci﬊dkcft mk`btkf` hcsk`f dgumh oc jdbkcvch. Ki tjr`ctch jt j dgrpgrjtc gr fjtkgfjm dbjkf gi stgrcs, tbcf kt ks mkacmy j spcdk﬊d mk`btkf` hcsk`f wkmm oc rcqukrch jfh jfy cqukpecft kfstjmmch jt tbc sbcmm jfh dgrc stj`c wkmm oc rcegvch. Ojmjfdkf` tbc fcch tg prgvkhc jf jhcqujtc mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf wktb sui﬊dkcft rcmjtkvc surijdc kmmuekfjfdc ks jmwjys `gkf` tg oc dbjmmcf`kf` kf j oukmhkf` igr wbkdb tbc ﬊fjm gddupkcr ks ufafgwf. Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f prgvkhch igr spcdumjtkvc rctjkm gutmcts wkmm egst mkacmy oc j dgeprgeksc ojsch gf tbc igmmgwkf` dgfstrjkfts< ‘ 

tbc fcc fcch h tg tg prgv prgvkhc khc j mmk`b k`btkf tkf` ` kfstj kfstjmmj mmjtkg tkgf f wbkd wbkdb b wkmm wkmm jppcjm jppcjm jfh sbgw jfy prgspcdtkvc tcfjft gr gwfcr wbjt djf oc jdbkcvch kf tbc spjdc

‘ 

tbc fcch tbc fcch ttg g wgr wgra a wk wktb tbkf kf j ou ouh` h`ct ct jk jkec ech h jt j ojrc ojrc ekf ekfke keue ue rcqukrcecft

‘ 

tbc fcch fcch tg prg prgvkhc vkhc ﬏cxkokm ﬏cxkokmkty kty igr jfy prg prgspc spcdtk dtkvc vc tcfj tcfjft ft gr gwfcr gwfcr

‘ 

tbc fcch fcch tg tg prgv prgvkhc khc j hcsk` hcsk`f f tbjt tbjt ks ejract ejractjom jomcc tg tg p prgs rgspcd pcdtkv tkvcc tcfjfts

‘ 

tbc fcch fcch tg tg p prgv rgvkhc khc j hcsk` hcsk`f f jfh jfh kfst kfstjmm jmmjtk jtkgf gf tbj tbjtt ddjf jf rcjhkm rcjhkmy y oc usch wktbgut eghk﬊djtkgf sbgumh tbc tcfjft gr gwfcr dbggsc tg hg sg.

Gi tbcsc ﬊vc pgkfts, tbc fcch tg prgvkhc j hcsk`f jfh kfstjmmjtkgf tbjt djf rcjhkmy oc usch ks tbc acy pgkft jfh tbks sbgumh scrvc js j ojsks igr jdbkcvkf` tbc rcst.

Tcc scdtkgf : igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Kt ks dmcjr tbjt j spjdc fcchs tg prgvkhc egrc tbjf lust mk`btkf` tg bk`bmk`bt ecrdbjfhksc1 tbks @ukhc prgvkhcs rcdgeecfhjtkgfs igr tbc rcmjtkvc surijdc kmmuekfjfdcs gf wjmms, dckmkf`s ctd. (scc scdtkgf :). Xg jdbkcvc tbc rcdgeecfhch `ukhjfdc kf j spjdc tbjt ejy dbjf`c jmegst js sggf js tbc hcvcmgpcr dgepmctcs tbc kfstjmmjtkgf, dgumh kf wjstch jfhtbcrcigrc, tbc jssgdkjtch jfh dgst kfvgmvch wktb tbjtrcsumt kfstjmmjtkgf. Kt cqukpecft ks kepgrtjft, tbjt jcfcr`y hksdusskgf tjacs pmjdc wktb tbc hcvcmgpcr jogut wbjt ks cxpcdtch gi tbc mk`btkf` ocigrc tbc oukmhkf` ks mct/sgmh jfh wbjt tcfjfts gr iuturc gwfcrs wkmm oc cxpcdtch tg prgvkhc. Kf sgec kfstjfdcs, kt ejy oc jpprgprkjtc tg prgvkhc gfmy j mkektch jeguft gi ojda`rgufh kmmuekfjtkgf ki, igr cxjepmc, tbc iuturc tcfjft ks afgwf jfh bjs j`rcch tg dgvcr ﬊t-gut dgsts scpjrjtcmy. Xbc cfh-uscrs dgumh oc scmmkf` jmegst jfytbkf` irge tbc spjdc1 bgwcvcr, egst rctjkm spjdcs fcch tg jddgeeghjtc j sjmcs hcsa gr spjdc igr dgeecrdkjm jdtkvktkcs. Xbcsc spjdcs usujmmy kfvgmvc tbc usc gi dgeputcrs jfh djf oc dgfskhcrch wgrakf` jrcjs wbkdb sbgumh oc trcjtch js sudb. TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc 0< Gi﬊dcs  (TMM, ?>:3j) bjs egrc kfigrejtkgf gf tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gi wgrakf` jrcjs. Igr tbks rcjsgf tbc cxjdt fjturc gi tbc mk`btkf` jfh hcdgr tg oc prgvkhch eust oc cstjomksbch wktb tbc oukmhkf`‛s gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh ocjr kf ekfh tbjt j `cfcrjm jpprgjdb ks mkacmy tg bjvc jf kepjdt gf cfcr`y usc jogvc tbjt gi spcdk﬊d rcqukrcecfts. J`jkf, tbks sbgumh oc hksdussch wktb tbc oukmhkf`‛s gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr kf djsc kt bjs jf kepjdt gf tbc cfcr`y pcrigrejfdc gi tbc oukmhkf`.

 

?>

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc 4.:  4.:  Tpcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdc (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Igr jmegst jmm spcdumjtkvc oukmhkf`s tbc gwfcr ks mkacmy tg rcqukrc tbc hcsk`f gi jmm sbjrch oukmhkf` mk`btkf` sudb js tbjt kf bcmp hcsas, stjkrs, mgookcs, ctd. Kf sgec oukmhkf`s tbc mjfhmgrh‛s mk`btkf` ejy oc cxtcfhch tg prkejry dkrdumjtkgf spjdcs gf cjdb ﬏ggr, sudb js kf sbgppkf` dcftrcs Xbc tcfjft ks gitcf lust prgvkhch wktb dcftrjm pgwcr suppmkcs up tg hkstrkoutkgf ogjrhs kf rkscrs gf cjdb ﬏ggr igr tbckr iuturc mk`btkf`. Xbcmk`btkf`. hcsk`fcrXg tg dgfskhcr bgw ijr tg `g kf ﬏cxkokmkty igr iuturc tcfjfts‛ Xfcchs g prgvkhc tgg eudb ﬏cxkokmkty kf jmmgwkf` hkstrkoutkgf ogjrh skzc gr dgftrgm prgvkskgf ejy kfdur uffcdcssjry dgsts igr tbc mjfhmgrh. Xg Xg prgvkhc tgg mkttmc ﬏cxkokmkty ejy ejac tbc oukmhkf` mcss hcskrjomc tg pgtcftkjm tcfjfts. Xbcrc jrc j fueocr gi stjfhjrh tcres igr tbc hc`rcc gi prgvkskgf wktbkf j spcdumjtkvc oukmhkf`. J ‒sbcmm jfh dgrc‛ rctjkm spjdc kfdmuhcs ﬊fksbcs jfh ﬊t-gut tg mjfhmgrh jrcjs gfmy, gfmy, wktb scrvkdcs djppch-gii wktbkf tbc rkscr jt cjdb ﬏ggr, jfh rctjkm jrcjs mcit js j strudturjm sbcmm. ‒Djtc`gry J ﬊t-gut‛ cxtcfhs ﬊fksbcs jfh scrvkdcs kftg rctjkm jrcjs tg drcjtc usjomc gpcf pmjf spjdc. ‒Djtc`gry O ﬊t-gut‛ prgvkhcs jmm scrvkdcs tg tbc tcfjft‛s rcqukrcecfts.

Ik`urc 4.?  4.?  Xypkdjm Djt J ﬊t-gut (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

 

 Hjymk`btkf`

?:

Ocigrc stjrtkf` tbc hcsk`f prgdcss igr jfy tcfjftch ﬏ggr spjdc, kt ks kepgrtjft tg cstjomksb wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcrs, jfh pgsskomy tbc mcttkf` j`cft, tbc typcs gi uscr tg wbge tbc spjdc wkmm oc ejractch. Pbkmst spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdc prgvkhcs j omjfa djfvjs tg pgtcftkjm tcfjfts, kt ks mkacmy tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr wkmm bjvc j pjrtkdumjr typc gi tcfjft kf ekfh. Xbc spjdc pmjffkf` ﬏cxkokmkty jmsg fcchs tg oc cstjomksbch. Tgec mjr`c gpcf pmjf ufkts wkmm oc pjrtktkgfch tg prgvkhc ojda-gi-bgusc stgrj`c gr tg pjrtmy scpjrjtc hkiicrcft hcpjrtecfts gr sjmcs jrcjs. Cstjomksbkf` tbks wkmm bcmp hctcrekfc tbc mkacmy ciicdt gi pjrtktkgfkf` gptkgfs gf ogtb tbc kmmuekfjfdc mcvcms jfh tbc dut-gii `kvcf oy tbc pjrtktkgfs tg mgf` vkcws gi muekfjkrcs jdrgss tbc spjdc. Egst spcdumjtkvc spjdc ks ejractch js tgtjmmy gpcf-pmjf wktb mkacmy pjrtktkgfkf` gptkgfs kfhkdjtch. Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f wkmm fcch tg tjac kftg jddguft tbcsc pgsskomc pjrtktkgf jrrjf`cecfts Xbc hcsk`f gi tbc mk`btkf` djf bjvc j pgsktkvc gr fc`jtkvc ciicdt gf pgtcftkjm tcfjfts. Igr cxjepmc, sgec ejy scc j `cfcrjm ojda`rgufh mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf js tbc khcjm stjrtkf` pgkft irge wbkdb tbcy djf prgvkhc mgdjmksch mk`btkf` js jpprgprkjtc. Gtbcrs ejy vkcw tbc sjec ojda`rgufh mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf js sgectbkf` tbjt wkmm kfdur dgst tg orkf` up tg j sjtksijdtgry mcvcm gr fcch rcpmjdkf` cftkrcmy. Xbc ﬊rst `rgup ejy jpprcdkjtc tbjt j `cfcrjm ojda`rgufh mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf, pjrtkdumjrmy jt tbc mgw cfh gi rcdgeecfhch kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms igr rctjkm spjdc, bjs j hkrcdt kepjdt gf tbc cfcr`y tbjt tbc kfstjmmjtkgf wkmm dgfsuec irge tbc stjrt. Xbcy ejy scc tbc jhhktkgf gi mgdjm mk`btkf` jfh kts kepjdt gf tbc cfcr`y iggtprkft gi j oukmhkf` js sgectbkf` gvcr wbkdb tbcy wjft dgftrgm. Kt ejy tbcrcigrc oc jddcptjomc tg prgvkhc j mk`btkf` hcsk`f tbjt hcmkvcrs j dgfskstcft jvcrj`c kmmuekfjfdc jdrgss j spjdc. Xbc mcvcm gi tbjt kmmuekfjfdc djf oc hctcrekfch wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr hcpcfhkf` gf tbc tcfjft tjr`ct `rgup jfh bgw tbc spjdc wkmm oc o c ejractch. J ejlgr dgepgfcft gi jfy suddcssium mk`btkf` hcsk`f ks tbc dgftrgm systce jfh kf pjrtkdumjr kts ﬏cxkokmkty tg jhjpt tg kfcvktjomc iuturc dbjf`cs kf sjmcs ﬏ggr mjygut. Imcxkokmkty ks jf kepgrtjft ijdtgr kf tbc suddcss gi spcdumjtkvc rctjkm spjdc jfh j mk`btkf` hcsk`f tbjt mcfhs ktscmi tg j fueocr gi dgftrgm gptkgfs ejy o occ sgectbkf` tbjt jppcjms tg j oukmhkf` gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr, pjrtkdumjrmy ki kt keprgvcs tbc mcttjomc vjmuc gi tbc spjdc. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg mkjksc wktb tbc jrdbktcdt gr kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr gf ﬊fksbcs, wkfhgw typcs jfh tbckr sdrccfkf`. Gfdc tbcsc pgkfts jfh tbc pgsskomc pjrtktkgf mjyguts

Tcc scdtkgf 3 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

jrc cstjomksbch, hcsk`f prkfdkpmcs djf Bgwcvcr, oc cstjomksbch tbjt wkmm jmmgw djf tbc dgrrcdt hc`rcc gimk`btkf` ﬏cxkokmkty kf mcttkf` gptkgfs. fgt jmm pgsskokmktkcs oc djtcrch igr. Igr cxjepmc, kt ks pgsskomc tbjt wbjt wjs kftcfhch js j sejmm dgmmcdtkgf gi sbgps scmmkf` mgdjm prghudts irge stjrt-up ufkts ejy cfh up ockf` mct tg j rctjkm dbjkf sudb js j supcrejract gpcrjtgr. gpcrjtgr. Kfstjmmkf` mk`btkf` tbjt djf dgpc wktb tgg wkhc j rjf`c gi pgsskomc uscrs ejy oc cktbcr vcry cxpcfskvc gr oc j pggr dgeprgeksc igr jmm. Jhjptjomc hcsk`f gptkgfs, jfh tbckr dgsts, sbgumh oc cxpmgrch wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr.

8

Hjymk`btkf`

8.:

Kftrghudtkgf

Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi hjymk`btkf` kf j rctjkm spjdc, ogtb igr tbc ocfc﬊ts kf cfcr`y rchudtkgf jfh tbc bcjmtb jfh wcmm-ockf` gi tbc gddupjfts, djffgt oc gvcrstjtch. Xrjhktkgfjmmy, rjhktkgfjmmy, ejfy rctjkm spjdcs bjvc cxdmuhch hjymk`bt, gtbcr tbjf igr hkspmjy wkfhgws. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, js wc dgftkfuc tg rchudc tbc cfcr`y wc usc kf gur hjkmy mkvcs, tbc usc gi tbks fgtkgfjmmy ircc jfh zcrg cfcr`y sgurdc gi kmmuekfjtkgf sbgumh oc ejxkeksch. (‒Fgtkgfjmmy ircc‛ ocdjusc egrc hjymk`bt ecjfs egrc sgmjr `jkfs, wbkdb wkmm rcqukrc tbc usc gi cfcr`y tg dgftrgm jfy jssgdkjtch bcjt `jkfs) Xbc hjymk`bt kmmuekfjtkgf gi j rctjkm spjdc hcpcfhs gf tbc skzc jfh pgsktkgf gi tbc wkfhgws jfh tbc skzc jfh prgpgrtkgfs gi tbc rgge js wcmm js tbc kftcrfjm rgge surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdcs. Kt wkmm jmsg hcpcfh gf jfy gostrudtkgfs, ogtb kftcrfjm jfh

 

??

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Tcc TMM M@:> igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

8.?

Hjymk`bt ijdtgr

cxtcrfjm. ^rkvjdy djf jmsg oc j prgomce jfh sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch, js wcmm js sgmjr pcfctrjtkgf kf tcres gi `mjrc, ogtb hkrcdt jfh rc﬏cdtch1 omkfhs gr sgec gtbcr suf sdrccfkf` hcvkdc ejy oc fcdcssjry. fcdcssjry. Egrc kfigrejtkgf gf hjymk`btkf` djf oc igufh kf TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :><  Hjymk`btkf`< J `ukhc igr hcsk`fcrs hcsk`fcrs (?>:8). Xbc hjymk`bt dgftrkoutkgf tg tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gi j rctjkm spjdc ks hctcrekfch kf j hkiicrcft wjy tg tbjt igr cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` skfdc sufmk`bt, jfh tbcrcigrc hjymk`bt, ks vjrkjomc kf qujftkty tbrgu`bgut tbc hjy jfh ycjr. ycjr. Hjymk`bt ijdtgr ks j tggm igr tbc prchkdtkgf gi rcmjtkvc hjymk`bt qujftkty kf j spjdc, jfh ks tbc rjtkg gi jvjkmjomc kmmuekfjfdc kf j spjdc wktb tbc kmmuekfjfdc gutskhc ufhcr jf gvcrdjst say.   OT 2?>9-?>2j) stjtcs tbjt jf jvcrj`c hjymk`bt ijdtgr gi `rcjtcr tbjf ?% jdrgss j spjdc sbgumh rcsumt kf j spjdc jppcjrkf` tg oc prchgekfjftmy hjymkt. Jf jvcrj`c hjymk`bt ijdtgr `rcjtcr tbjf 3% kfhkdjtcs tbjt cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` wkmm fgt fgrejmmy oc rcqukrch hurkf` tbc hjytkec. Kt sbgumh oc fgtch, bgwcvcr, tbjt tbcrc jrc mkektjtkgfs tg tbc hjymk`bt ijdtgr jpprgjdb. Igr cxjepmc, tbc oukmhkf`‛s mgdjtkgf gr kts grkcftjtkgf jrc fgt dgfskhcrch. Xbc kssucs gi `mjrc jfh vksujm dgeigrt jrc jmsg joscft irge tbc hjymk`bt ijdtgr jpprgjdb. Hjymk`bt eghcmmkf` sgitwjrc ks fgw jvjkmjomc wbkdb djf kfdmuhc tbcsc ijdtgrs. i jdtgrs. Egrc kfigrejtkgf gf hjymk`bt ijdtgrs jfh bgw tg djmdumjtc tbce djf oc igufh kf TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :><  Hjymk`btkf` ‘ j `ukhc igr hcsk`fcrs  (TMM, ?>:8) jfh OT 2?>9-? (OTK, ?>>2j).

8.4

Sfkigrekty gi hjymk`bt

8.8

Hjymk`bt jutgfgey

8.3

Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi cjrmy kfvgmvcecft

Pbkmst jf jpprgprkjtc hjymk`bt ijdtgr ks kepgrtjft, dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh jmsg oc `kvcf tg tbc ufkigrekty gi hjymk`bt. J sjtksijdtgry mcvcm gi ufkigrekty sbgumh fgrejmmy oc jdbkcvch ki egrc tbjf 2>% gi tbc tjsa jrcj bjs jf uforgacf vkcw gi tbc say jfh ki tbc rgge ks fgt tgg hccp. Xbks ejy oc kepgrtjft ki tbc sjmcs hcsa gr dbcdagut pgsktkgf ks mgdjtch wktbkf tbc rjf`c gi 9 tg 2 ectrcs irge tbc fcjrcst wkfhgw wjmm. _gges wktb wkfhgws gf jt mcjst twg wjmms usujmmy bjvc octtcr ufkigrekty gi hjymk`bt. Egrc kfigrejtkgf gf ufkigrekty gi hjymk`bt djf oc igufh kf TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :>:8). Kf jhhktkgf tg tbc hjymk`bt ijdtgr jfh tbc ufkigrekty gi hjymk`bt, hjymk`bt jutgfgey sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch. Hjymk`bt jutgfgey ks j wjy gi sbgwkf` igr bgw mgf` j `kvcf jeguft gi mk`bt ks jvjkmjomc. Kt ks rcprcscftch js j pcrdcftj`c gi tbc jffujm hjymk`bt bgurs tbjt j pjrtkdumjr pgkft kf j spjdc (sudb js j tjsa jrcj, c.`. j dbcdagut hcsa) bjs sui﬊dkcft hjymk`bt tg jmmgw tbc jrtk﬊dkjm mk`btkf` tg oc swktdbch gii. Gitcf hcdkskgfs jogut wkfhgw spjdc, skzc jfh mgdjtkgf wktbkf j oukmhkf`‛s cfvcmgpc jrc ejhc tg sukt j pjrtkdumjr jrdbktcdturjm tbcec js wcmm js tg ecct stjtutgry rcqukrcecfts sudb js tbc Oukmhkf` _c`umjtkgfs rcqukrcecfts gf ekfkeue wkfhgw-tg-﬏ggr rjtkgs. ^ggr wkfhgw hcsk`f djf kepjdt gf j fueocr gi pcrigrejfdc jfh cfcr`y golcdtkvcs. Xypkdjmmy< ‘ 

sgmjr `jkf

‘ 

hjymk`btkf`

‘ 

`mjrc

‘  ‘ 

tbcrejm pcrigrejfdc dgfvcdtkgf gi dgmh jkr

‘ 

vkcws kf jfh gut.

 

Hjymk`btkf`  

?4

Dmcjrmy, tbcrc jrc j fueocr gi ijdtgrs tg tjac kftg jddguft wbcf hcsk`f tcjes hcsk`f tbc wkfhgws kf j oukmhkf`. Cjrmy hksdusskgf ks tbcrcigrc acy tg ejakf` surc tbjt hjymk`btkf` ks acpt js j bk`b prkgrkty kf tbc ojmjfdkf` gi tbc vjrkgus jfh sgectkecs dgf﬏kdtkf` rcqukrcecfts. Igr Igr kfstjfdc, sgmjr `jkf ks usujmmy dgftrgmmch vkj cxtcrfjm sbjhkf` gr sgit dgjt mgw ceksskvkty `mjzkf` (wktb j mgw sgmjr trjfsekttjfdc jfh bk`b vkskomc hjymk`bt trjfsekttjfdc), wbcrcjs `mjrc dgftrgm ks usujmmy dgftrgmmch oy tbc gddupjfts tbrgu`b kftcrfjm omkfhs.

8.9

Dgftrgmmkf` tbc ciicdts gi hjymk`bt

Pbkmst hjymk`bt ks ufdgftrgmmjomc kf tcres gi kts prcscfdc jfh kftcfskty, tbcrc ks j fcch tg ejac tbc egst gi wbjt giicrs. Ttjii ejy oc stjfhkf` skttkf` kf jtg ﬊xch mgdjtkgf igr mgf` pcrkghs jfhkttbcrcigrc jfy hkrcdt sufmk`btgrejy fcch oc dgftrgmmch tg mkekt kssucs sudb js `mjrc gr sgmjr `jkf. Dustgecrs, bgwcvcr, wkmm egvc jrgufh jfh jrc mkacmy tg egvc jwjy irge j mgdjtkgf wbcrc tbcy jrc jiicdtch oy ufdgftrgmmch sufmk`bt. Dcrtjkf ecrdbjfhksc ejy oc susdcptkomc tg tbc umtrjvkgmct gr sgmjr `jkf ciicdts gi sufmk`bt. Igr cxjepmc, dmgtbkf` gr ijorkds ejy ijhc ki sufmk`bt ks jmmgwch tg ijmm gf tbce igr sk`fk﬊djft pcrkghs gi tkec jfh ircsb iggh ejy hctcrkgrjtc qukdamy kf hkrcdt jfh ufdgftrgmmch sufmk`bt. ^jsskvc dgftrgm sudb js ﬊xch sbjhkf` djf oc usch tg mkekt tbc jeguft gi fjturjm mk`bt cftcrkf` j rctjkm spjdc. Cxtcrfjm sbjhkf` ks usujmmy usch tg dgeojt sgmjr `jkf, wbkmst kftcrfjm omkfhs jrc usujmmy usch tg mkekt `mjrc gr skepmy rchudc mcvcms gi hjymk`bt js rcqukrch oy tbc gddupjfts gi tbc spjdc. Jutgejtkd dgftrgm gi omkfhs djf oc usch igr j dgeokfjtkgf gi ogtb iufdtkgfs. Kf jhhktkgf tg jutgejtkd dgftrgm gi omkfhs, jdtkvc dgftrgm gi cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` djf wgra kf ufksgf wktb hjymk`bt scfskf` tg rchudc mcvcms gi jrtk﬊dkjm kmmuekfjfdc jhljdcft tg wkfhgws, kf jtrkj jfh ocmgw rggi mk`bts, bcfdc rchudkf` cfcr`y usj`c. Pkfhgw sbjhkf` djf oc jf ciicdtkvc wjy gi dgftrgmmkf` hjymk`bt1 bgwcvcr, kt djf jmsg oc usch tg rchudc sgmjr `jkf kf j oukmhkf`. J tbkrh usc ejy oc igr prkvjdy rcjsgfs jfh tbcrcigrc jfy usc gi sbjhkf` ejy bjvc tg oc j dgeprgeksc octwccf jmm tbrcc.

Ik`urc 8.:  8.:  Cxjepmc gi bgrkzgftjm sbjhkf` (© Hcfks @kmocrt/  Ykcw ^kdturc/j`cigtgstgda)  ^kdturc/j`cigtgstgda) 

Ikxch sbjhkf` ks usujmmy gf tbc gutskhc gi j oukmhkf` jfh ks gitcf sgec igre gi bgrkzgftjm strudturc jogvc j wkfhgw tg ocdgec, ciicdtkvcmy, jf gvcrbjf`. Gddjskgfjmmy, vcrtkdjm sbjhkf` gptkgfs jrc usch jmtbgu`b tbcy djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft kepjdt gf tbc vkcw irge tbc oukmhkf`. Xbks typc gi sbjhkf` ks usujmmy pjsskvc kf tbjt kt rcejkfs ﬊xch kf gfc pgsktkgf rc`jrhmcss gi tbc pgsktkgf gi tbc suf.

8.0

_ciuroksbecft

Gptkgfs igr ejxkekskf` hjymk`btkf` kf cxkstkf` oukmhkf`s, oc tbjt tbrgu`b rciuroksbecft gr dgfvcrskgf irge jfgtbcr usc, jrc gitcf rcstrkdtch, pjrtkdumjrmy

jfh dgfvcrskgf

ki tbc ijàjhc ks ockf` mcit uftgudbch. Pbcrc sbgps jrc kf bkstgrkd oukmhkf`s, ijàjhcs dgumh wcmm oc mkstch jfh jfy sbjhkf` wgumh bjvc tg oc mkektch tg tbc kftcrkgr.

8.0.:

@cfcrjm

Tjmcs hcsa pgsktkgfs ejy wcmm oc dgeprgeksch oy tbc sbjpc jfh skzc gi jfy cxkstkf` rgge jfh tbc egst ci﬊dkcft usc gi tbc spjdc ejy fgt oc tbc egst suktch igr tbc jvjkmjomc hjymk`bt. J fueocr gi gptkgfs djf oc usch tg kftrghudc mk`bt kftg j spjdc sudb js< ‘ 

mk`bt sbcmvcs

‘ 

suf pkpcs

‘ 

rggi mk`bts

‘ 

jtrkj

‘ 

dmcrcstgry wkfhgws.

Tgec gptkgfs rcqukrc j eudb `rcjtcr jrdbktcdturjm kfput tbjf gtbcrs, jfh wkmm fgt oc js ciicdtkvc ufhcr jf gvcrdjst say. Jf cjrmy hksdusskgf wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr rc`jrhkf` tbc gptkgfs jvjkmjomc ks rcdgeecfhch.

 

?8

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc 8.?  8.?  Jmtcrfjtkvc ectbghs gi kftrghudkf` jhhktkgfjm hjymk`bt kftg cxkstkf` oukmhkf`s

_ggimk`bts

Mk`bt sbcmi

Mk`bt pkpc

Jtrkue Dmcrcstgry wkfhgw

8.0.?

Dbjf`c gi usc

Pbcrc rctjkm spjdcs jrc tg oc drcjtch gut gi spjdc prcvkgusmy usch igr gtbcr purpgscs, tbc gptkeue utkmksjtkgf gi hjymk`bt ejy fgt oc tbc bk`bcst prkgrkty igr tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr. Pbkmst ejfy spjdcs kfvgmvkf` dbjf`c gi usc wkmm kfcvktjomy rcsumt kf sgec dgeprgeksc, tbc ocfc﬊ts gi ejakf` tbc ocst gut gi jvjkmjomc hjymk`bt sbgumh fgt oc gvcrmggach oy tbc hcsk`fcrs. Xbcrcmcss jrc tbjf sgec khcjm rcmjtkvcmy strjk`btigrwjrh wjys gi gptkekskf` kf rgges wktb hjymk`btkf` prgvkskgf. Dgmgurs gi wjmm, hjymk`bt dckmkf` jfh ﬏ggr ﬊fksbcs djf bjvc j hrjejtkd ciicdt jfh sbgumh oc js mk`bt js pgsskomc. Kf sejmmcr sbgps, tbc sbcmvkf` jfh hkspmjy stjfhs djf rcprcscft j mjr`c prgpgrtkgf gi tbc ‒rgge‛ rc﬏cdtjfdc jfh tbcrcigrc hjra sbgp iurfkturc sbgumh oc jvgkhch wbcrc pgsskomc.

8.0.4

Dgmgurs jfh tcxturcs

Xbc ciicdt jf kftcrkgr dgmgur sdbcec bjs gf bgw mk`btkf` ks utkmksch kf j rgge ks fgt sgectbkf` tbjt ejfy oukmhkf` gwfcrs dgfskhcr wbcf drcjtkf` gr rciuroksbkf` j rctjkm spjdc. Dgmgurs jfh tcxturcs djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf tbc jeguft gi mk`bt tbcy rc﬏cdt. Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi tcxturc sbgumh fgt oc gvcrmggach. Igr cxjepmc, j sbgp wktb j hjra djrpct ks mkacmy tg rc﬏cdt gfmy :>% gi tbc mk`bt strkakf` tbc ﬏ggr. Kt ejy scce govkgus tbjt j hjra djrpct wkmm fgt prgvkhc eudb rc﬏cdtjfdc. Bgwcvcr, egst oukmhkf` gwfcrs wgumh prgojomy `ucss tbjt j mk`bt djrpct ks sk`fk﬊djftmy octtcr. octtcr. Jt 4>% rc﬏cdtkvkty, rc﬏cdtkvkty, tbc mk`bt djrpct ks pcrbjps fgt js `ggh js egst ejy tbkfa. Xbks ks kf pjrt huc tg kts tcxturc djuskf` eumtkpmc rc﬏cdtkgfs, egst gi wbkdb wkmm fgt oc ojda kftg tbc rgge. Kf tbc rk`bt dkrduestjfdcs, j rctjkm spjdc djf ocfc﬊t sk`fk﬊djftmy irge j mjr`c jeguft gi hjymk`bt, out tbc dgmgur gi tbjt mk`bt ks j acy ijdtgr jfh djffgt oc dgftrgmmch. J `jrhcf dcftrc ks j `ggh cxjepmc gi j rctjkm spjdc tbjt wgumh ocfc﬊t

 

Hjymk`btkf`  

?3

irge mjr`c jegufts gi hjymk`bt. Djr sbgwrgges wgumh jmsg ocfc﬊t, js wgumh jfy spjdc usch igr hkspmjykf` mjr`c ecrdbjfhksc wbcrc `ggh dgmgur rcfhcrkf` ks kepgrtjft. Djrc sbgumh oc tjacf tbgu`b wbcrc ecrdbjfhksc ks suolcdt tg strgf` hjymk`bt igr mgf` pcrkghs gi tkec js umtrjvkgmct dgftcft dgumh hksdgmgur ﬊fksbcs jfh sgmjr `jkfs dgumh bcjt up surijdcs sk`fk﬊djftmy, sk`fk﬊djftmy, pjrtkdumjrmy wbcrc ectjm surijdcs bjvc hjra ﬊fksbcs, cspcdkjmmy omjda.

Dgmgur rcfhcrkf` Hjymk`bt ks tbc rcicrcfdc mk`bt sgurdc igr hctcrekfkf` tbc dgmgur gi cvcrytbkf` wc scc jfh wbkmst wc tbkfa gi kt js ockf` ‒wbktc‛, kt djf dbjf`c suotmy wktbkf tbc hcsdrkptkgf gi ‒wbktc‛ js tbc hjy pjsscs. Xbc truc dgmgur gi jf golcdt djf gfmy oc goscrvch ki hjymk`bt ks ijmmkf` hkrcdtmy gftg kt wktbgut ockf` rc﬏cdtch irge j surijdc tbjt dgumh kf﬏ucfdc tbc dgmgur gi tbc mk`bt. Tdjttcrkf` gi mk`bt kf tbc jtegspbcrc ecjfs tbjt ks jmm out kepgsskomc1 bgwcvcr, dcrtjkf sktujtkgfs djf ejac tbks wgrsc. Igr cxjepmc, sgectbkf` sgectbkf` kf tbc ekhhmc gi j dkty pjra ks mkacmy tg bjvc j `rccf kf﬏ucfdc irge tbc `rjss, wbcrcjs tbc sjec golcdt vkcwch kf tbc ejkf sbgppkf` jrcj gi j dkty wkmm bjvc j eyrkjh gi dgmgurs irge oukmhkf`s, sbgp hkspmjys, ctd.

Ik`urc 8.4  8.4  J djr sbgwrgge wktb bk`b mcvcms gi hjymk`bt (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk Kmmuekfjzkgfc SA Mth1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Drkstkjf Ijttkffjfzk)

Fgrtb mk`bt wkfhgws, wbkdb mct hkiiusch hjymk`bt hkrcdtmy kftg j spjdc irge tbc say, jrc pcrbjps tbc gptkeue wjy gi hcmkvcrkf` ‒truc‛ hjymk`bt, out tbcy jrc fgt rcjmmy suktch tg usc kf ejfy rctjkm cfvkrgfecfts.   Jdtkvc sbjhkf` gptkgfs jrc usujmmy kfstjmmch cktbcr kf tbc gddupkch spjdc gr wktbkf j `jp octwccf j `mjzkf` systce. Xbcsc djf sgectkecs oc ejfujmmy jhlustch. Bgwcvcr, kt ks fgw egrc dgeegf tg scc sudb systces dgftrgmmch oy j oukmhkf` ejfj`cecft systce (OET) jfh prkgrktksch tg dgftrgm sgmjr `jkf. Pbcrc sudb systces jrc kfstjmmch, kt ks jhvksjomc tg kfdmuhc gddupjft gvcrrkhc ejfujmmy gpcrjtch omkfhs js wcmm sg tbjt gddupjfts djf cxcrt tbckr gwf dgftrgm ki hcskrch. Iurtbcr kfigrejtkgf djf oc igufh kf O_C _cpgrt O_498;::).

8.2.?

Kf﬏ucfdkf` hcsk`f

Ik`urc 8.3  8.3  Gppgrtufkty/kepjdt durvcs

Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr sbgumh khcjmmy oc gf ogjrh wktb j prglcdt tcje jt tbc gutsct gi tbc dgfdcpt stj`c. Xbks ks tbc pgkft kf j hcsk`f wbcrc tbc egst ciicdt djf oc bjh igr tbc mcjst kepjdt. Ki iufhjecftjm hcdkskgfs jrc mcit tgg mjtc, tbc dgst jfh kepjdt gf j oukmhkf` hcsk`f djf oc sk`fk﬊djft. Ik`urc 8.3 sbgws bgw tbc gppgrtufkty tg dbjf`c j hcsk`f ks bk`b wktb mkttmc kepjdt jt tbc gutsct gi j prglcdt, out hcdrcjscs qukdamy js tkec pjsscs. Bk`b

 k`f  bc hcs k`  kf`  tt b jf` kf  b d    i  i  g    t  t  d j  Ke  Kep

G ppgr tt u   fk tt y y  i gr   d bjf`k f`  t bc  h c c s  k `f M gw Xkec

8.2.4

Grkcftjtkgf

8.2.8

Dgrpgrjtc tbcecs

8.2.3

Tpcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft

Tcc scdtkgf 4 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Oukmhkf` grkcftjtkgf ks gitcf hcdkhch upgf tg ecct drktcrkj sudb js cjsc gi jddcss, jcstbctkds, gr tg gotjkf tbc egst usjomc spjdc irge j pkcdc gi mjfh. Xbc hrkvc tg rchudc cfcr`y usc kf oukmhkf`s bjs mch hcsk`fcrs tg mgga jt ijàjhcs gf cjst- jfh wcst-ijdkf` cmcvjtkgfs wbcrc mgw wkftcr suf djf oc hki﬊dumt tg dgftrgm, js wcmm js tg dgfskhcr tbc usc gi kftcrfjm spjdcs gf tbcsc cmcvjtkgfs tg jvgkh gvcrbcjtkf` tbrgu`b sgmjr `jkf. Hjymk`btkf` ks jf kepgrtjft ijdtgr tg oc dgfskhcrch bcrc. Khcjmmy, mjr`c fgrtb-ijdkf` wkfhgws wgumh prgvkhc tbc egst suktjomc hjymk`bt wktbgut tbc rksa gi hkrcdt sgmjr `mjrc. Jfy hcdkskgf gf oukmhkf` grkcftjtkgf sbgumh tjac kftg jddguft tbks rcqukrcecft.   Tgec mjr`c gr`jfksjtkgfs wkmm bjvc j dgrpgrjtc mgga tg tbckr rctjkm spjdcs jfh tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr fcchs tg ufhcrstjfh wbjt tbgsc rcqukrcecfts jrc. Igr cxjepmc, ki tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr jmwjys uscs hjra omuc djrpcts kf tbckr stgrcs, tbks fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch wktbkf tbc hcsk`f. Egrc kfigrejtkgf ks jvjkmjomc kf scdtkgf 3. Hjymk`btkf` igr gddupjfts kf spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecft wkmm jmwjys oc hki﬊dumt tg hctcrekfc js tbc hcsk`fcr ejy fgt oc jwjrc gi bgw tbc spjdc wkmm oc usch. Pbcrc pgsskomc, j hcvcmgpcr gr oukmhkf` gwfcr sbgumh oc cfdgurj`ch tg ejac tbc oukmhkf` kftcrkgr js mk`bt js pgsskomc jfh kftrghudc cmcecfts sudb js jtrkj gr sbjmmgw pmjf ﬏ggr mjyguts tg gptkeksc hjymk`btkf`.

 

 Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

3

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

3.:

Kftrghudtkgf

?0

Xbks scdtkgf mggas kf hctjkm jt tbc vjrkgus mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs jvjkmjomc tg tbc hcsk`fcr kf grhcr tg prgvkhc j suktjomc vksujm cfvkrgfecft igr rctjkm spjdcs. Xbcsc tcdbfkqucs kfdmuhc mk`btkf` hkrcdtmy gftg tbc wgrakf` pmjfc irge muekfjkrcs gf, gr suspcfhch irge, tbc dckmkf`1 kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` vkj tbc mk`btkf` gi tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmms oy ircc- stjfhkf`, iurfkturc eguftch, wjmm eguftch gr suspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts1 mk`btkf` irge dgeokfch kfhkrcdt/hkrcdt mk`bts suspcfhch irge tbc dckmkf` jfh, ﬊fjmmy, mk`btkf` tbc tjsa jrcj wktb mgdjm mk`bts dgeokfch wktb gfc gi tbc jogvc muekfjkrc typcs prgvkhkf` tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` gi tbc spjdc. Kt jmsg dgfskhcrs tbc mk`btkf` gi vcrtkdjm cmcecfts sudb js hkspmjy sbcmvkf` jfh pcgpmc‛s ijdcs. Kf ejfy rctjkm spjdcs, tbc vcrtkdjm cmcecft ks js kepgrtjft js tbc bgrkzgftjm. Tgec cxjepmcs kfdmuhc oggasbgps, fcwsj`cfts, supcrejracts, djrh sbgps jfh egokmc tcmcpbgfc rctjkmcrs. Xbc scmcdtkgf gi tbc typc gi mk`btkf` egst suktjomc igr tbc spjdc hcpcfhs gf< ‘ 

tbc tbc pby pbysk skdj djmm dgf dgfst strj rjkf kfts ts gi tbc tbc spj spjdc dc

‘ 

tbc prgpgsch hëdgr

‘ 

us usccr jf jfh h hc hcsk sk`f `fcr cr prc prcicrc icrcfd fdcs cs

‘ 

djpktjm dgst

‘ 

cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf

‘ 

ejkftcfjfdc dgsts.

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` fcchs tg prgvkhc tbc jpprgprkjtc mk`btkf` mcvcm igr jmm tjsas djrrkch gut kf tbc spjdc, wktbgut djuskf` `mjrc gr mcjhkf` tg wkhc vjrkjfdc kf muekfjfdc octwccf tbc vjrkgus surijdcs gi tbc spjdc. _ctjkm mk`btkf` ks jogut egrc tbjf lust kmmuekfjtkf` j hkspmjy stjfh, ecrdbjfhksc, wgra surijdc, tjsa jrcj gr sgecgfc‛s ijdc. ^crigrejfdc gi j rctjkm ouskfcss djf oc hcpcfhcft gf tbc jppcjm tg dustgecrs gi ^crigrejfdc tbc spjdc kf wbkdb tbcy gpcrjtc jfh mk`btkf` bjs j mjr`c pjrt tg pmjy kf tbks. Iufhjecftjmmy tbgu`b, tbc mk`btkf` bjs tg oc jhcqujtc jfh sui﬊dkcft tg jmmgw dustgecrs tg sbgp kf dgeigrt, scc tbc ecrdbjfhksc jfh rcjh jfy jssgdkjtch mjocmmkf` gr jhvcrtkskf`. Xbc typc gi rctjkm ouskfcss wkmm hkdtjtc tbc jpprgjdb. J HK[ stgrc ejy fcch `ggh kmmuekfjtkgf gi vcrtkdjm jfh bgrkzgftjm surijdcs out hgcs fgt `cfcrjmmy fcch tg jhh jfy vksujm jppcjm tg tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f. J lcwcmmcry stgrc, bgwcvcr, bgwcvcr, fcchs tg jppcjr wcmdgekf` jfh pcrbjps `kvc j scfsc gi gpumcfdc. Mk`btkf` kf tbks sktujtkgf djf bjvc j hrjejtkd ciicdt gf tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f. Pbkmst dustgecrs dgec jfh `g, tbgsc wgrakf` kf rctjkm spjdcs ejy hg sg hjy jitcr hjy igr bgurs jt j tkec wktb mkektch dbjf`c kf tbckr ﬊cmh gi vkcw gtbcr tbjf tg mgga up jfh jwjy irge tbckr tjsa. Khcjmmy, Khcjmmy, j vkcw tg gutskhc gr kftg jfgtbcr spjdc sbgumh oc prgvkhch. Bgwcvcr, ki tbks ks fgt prjdtkdjomc, tbcf dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg tbc cfvkrgfecft jfh tg bgw mk`btkf` ks prgvkhch jwjy irge tjsa jrcjs, kf grhcr tg ejac tbce ogtb vksujmmy jttrjdtkvc jfh prgvkhc rcmkci igr tbc cycs.

3.?

Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi cjrmy kfvgmvcecft

Xbc kepgrtjfdc gi wcmm-hcsk`fch cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` kf j rctjkm spjdc, ogtb igr tbc ocfc﬊t gi keprgvkf` sjmcs jfh tbc bcjmtb jfh wcmm-ockf` gi tbc stjii djffgt oc gvcrstjtch. Gitcf hcdkskgfs jogut cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` jrc ejhc gf tbc ojsks gi jcstbctkds jmgfc gr gf tbc ojsks gi dgst. _ctjkm spjdcs jrc jmsg wgrakf` spjdcs jfh, wbkmst tbc mgga gi jf kftcrkgr jfh tbc dgst gi mk`btkf` kt jrc kepgrtjft ijdtgrs, tbc kepjdt gf tbc pcrigrejfdc gi tbc ouskfcss jfh tbc stjii wbg ejfj`c kt sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch kf jfy hcdkskgf ejakf` prgdcss. Cjrmy hksdusskgf ks tbcrcigrc acy tg ejakf` surc tbjt tbc cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` igr j rctjkm spjdc ks j ejlgr dgfskhcrjtkgf igr tbc dmkcft jfh hcsk`fcrs.

 

?2

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

3.4

_ciuroksbecft jfh dgfvcrskgf

3.4.:

Pgrakf` wktb wbjt ygu bjvc

_ciuroksbecft prglcdts djf vjry wkhcmy jfh cjdb wkmm fcch tg oc dgfskhcrch j`jkfst j fueocr gi ijdtgrs. Kt ejy oc pgsskomc tg utkmksc tbc cxkstkf` cmcdtrkdjm jfh mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs wktb gfmy ekfgr eghk﬊djtkgfs sudb js fcw muekfjkrcs gr eghk﬊ch swktdbkf` pgsktkgfs ki tbc rgge mjygut dbjf`cs. Gf ejlgr rciuroksbecft prglcdts, bgwcvcr, tbc cxtcft gi dbjf`c ejy oc sg `rcjt tbjt tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr ks ciicdtkvcmy hcjmkf` wktb j fcw prglcdt. Mk`btkf` hcsk`fcrs sbgumh jmsg dgfskhcr tbc wjy kf wbkdb tbc rciuroksbch spjdc ks tg oc usch. Eghkiykf` kfstjmmjtkgfs tbjt jmrcjhy cxkst sbgumh rcsumt kf mgwcr prglcdt dgsts jfh mcss wjstc. Bgwcvcr, tbcy ejy fgt oc jpprgprkjtc tg bgw tbc spjdc ks tg oc usch kf tbc iuturc. Pcmm-kftcftkgfch rc-usc gi jf cxkstkf` `cfcrjm mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf dgumh rcsumt kf j rchudtkgf kf dustgecr sjtksijdtkgf gr kf cxdcsskvc cfcr`y usc ki, igr cxjepmc, tbc fjturc gi tbc spjdc dbjf`ch tg gfc wktb j hkiicrcft dustgecr ojsc gr tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f wjs eudb ork`btcr ork`btcr.. Xbc kepjdt gf dustgecr sjtksijdtkgf gi rcuskf` jf kfjpprgprkjtc mk`btkf` sdbcec ks hki﬊dumt tg hctcrekfc. Js jf cxjepmc, tbc dustgecrs gi j sejmm dgfvcfkcfdc stgrc ﬊ttch wktb j mjy-kf `rkh dckmkf` jfh rcdcssch 9>> ee Ð 9>> ee squjrc muekfjkrcs ejy fgt cvcf fgtkdc tbc mk`btkf`. Kt igres pjrt gi j skepmc kftcrkgr hcsk`f wbkdb dcftrcs gf iufdtkgfjmkty. Ki tbc sjec stgrc wcrc rc-purpgsch tg ocdgec j bk`b-cfh rcstjurjft jfh rctjkfch tbc cxkstkf` mk`btkf`, kt wgumh stjfh gut js ockf` kfjpprgprkjtc jfh ejy kfhkrcdtmy jiicdt sjmcs tbrgu`b dustgecrs hkssjtksijdtkgf wktb tbckr surrgufhkf`s. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh oc ogmh kf ejakf` su``cstkgfs tg rctjkmcrs gvcr tbc kepgrtjfdc gi jpprgprkjtc jfh wcmm tbgu`bt gut mk`btkf` hcsk`f sg tbcy ufhcrstjfh tbc pgtcftkjm kepjdt gf sjmcs js wcmm js gf rctjkm stjii. Cfcr`y usc ijmms kftg hkstkfdt jrcjs jfh fcw cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` kf rciuroksbch jfh dgfvcrtch oukmhkf`s fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch. Xbc igur jrcjs tg dgfskhcr jrc< (:)

Cfcr`y usc gi tbc muekfjkrcs hurkf` tbckr gpcrjtkgfjm pbjsc< tbks pcrkgh dgumh oc :3 ycjrs gr egrc sg kt ks kepgrtjft tg ufhcrstjfh bgw eudb cfcr`y (kfdmuhkf` mgsscs) jfy scmcdtch muekfjkrcs wkmm usc js tbc dueumjtkvc ciicdt gvcr tbc muekfjkrc‛s gpcrjtkf` mkic dgumh oc sk`fk﬊djft.

(?)

Cfcr`y usc hurkf` kfstjmmjtkgf.

(4)

Ceoghkch cfcr`y< tbks ks tbc cfcr`y usch kf tbc ejfuijdturc gi tbc muekfjkrcs jfh kfdmuhcs tbc cfcr`y kfvgmvch kf tbc ekfkf` jfh prgdcsskf` gi tbc rjw ejtcrkjms usch tg ejac tbc muekfjkrcs.

(8)

Cfcr`y usch kf tbc hkspgsjm gi gmh rchufhjft muekfjkrcs.

Ktces (4) jfh (8) jrc kepgrtjft dgfskhcrjtkgfs wbcf ufhcrtjakf` rciuroksbecft prglcdts. Pbkmst tbc mjeps jrc j scrvkdc ktce, jfh cmcdtrgfkd dgepgfcfts tbjt ejac up tbc dgftrgm `cjr sbgumh bjvc j mkicspjf gi jrgufh :3 ycjrs, tbc oghy gi j muekfjkrc dgumh oc cxpcdtch tg mjst tbc mkic gi tbc oukmhkf` kf wbkdb kt ks kfstjmmch. Dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg rc-uskf` sudb pjrts gi j muekfjkrc wbcrc pgsskomc jfh kfstjmmkf` fcw dgftrgm `cjr jfh mjeps wktbkf tbc cxkstkf` oghy. Kt sbgumh oc ogrfc kf ekfh, bgwcvcr, tbjt j pgkft ks rcjdbch kf j muekfjkrc‛s mkic wbcf tbc pjkftch surijdcs hksdgmgur gr mgsc tbckr rc﬏cdtjfdc. Ki tbjt ks tbc djsc, tbc dgst gi strkppkf` hgwf tbc ﬊ttkf`s js wcmm js rcpjkftkf` jfh rc-jssceomkf` tbc `cjr dgumh oc ijr `rcjtcr tbjf tbc dgst gi fcw muekfjkrcs.

 

  Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

3.4.?

Dbjf`c gi usc

?;

Pbcrc j spjdc tbjt prcvkgusmy scrvch jfgtbcr purpgsc ks dgfvcrtch tg gpcrjtc js j sbgp, kt ks kepgrtjft tg hksduss tbc ejttcr wktb tbgsc wbg wkmm oc uskf` tbjt spjdc. Xypkdjmmy, dbjf`c gi usc gf j mjr`c sdjmc wkmm rcsumt kf j tgtjm rciuroksbecft jfh tbcrcigrc j fcw mk`btkf` hcsk`f wkmm egst mkacmy oc rcqukrch. Cxkstkf` mk`btkf` dkrdukts ejy oc rctjkfch wbkdb dgumh mkekt tbc sdgpc gi tbc hcsk`f. Bgwcvcr kf `cfcrjm tbc jpprgjdb dgumh oc tbc sjec js igr i gr j fcw prglcdt. Egst dbjf`c gi usc gddurs gf j eudb sejmmcr sdjmc wbcrc, igr cxjepmc, j stgrc rgge ks dbjf`ch kftg j sejmm sbgp sudb js kf j rjkmwjy stjtkgf gr bgspktjm. Kt ejy oc tbjt tbc cxkstkf` mk`btkf` ks jhcqujtc gr kt ejy fcch suppmcecftkf` tg rjksc kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms ocygfh tbgsc gi kts grk`kfjm usc. Dgeprgekscs djf oc ejhc kf sudb sktujtkgfs out gfmy wktb tbc j`rccecft gi tbgsc wbg wkmm jdtujmmy oc gddupykf` tbc spjdc.

3.4.4

Dgmgurs jfh rc﬏cdtjfdc

Tcc scdtkgf : igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Cstjomksbkf` cxjdtmy wbjt ks kftcfhch tg oc dbjf`ch gr jmtcrch hurkf` j rciuroksbecft gr rc-jmmgdjtkgf gi usc ks pjrtkdumjrmy kepgrtjft wktb rc`jrh tg dgmgurs gi ﬊fksbcs jfh tbckr jssgdkjtch rc﬏cdtjfdcs. Kt ks cjsy tg jssuec tbjt jfy rciuroksbecft wkmm rcsumt kf jt mcjst j fcw dgjt gi pjkft1 bgwcvcr, bgwcvcr, tbks ejy fgt oc tbc djsc. Tejmmcr rctjkm spjdcs kf gmhcr oukmhkf`s igr cxjepmc ejy bjvc rcstrkdtkgfs gr mkektjtkgfs gf wbjt djf oc hgfc tg ﬊fksbcs. Jrcjs gi dgfscrvjtkgf ejy kepgsc rcstrkdtkgfs gf kftcrfjm spjdc vkskomc irge gutskhc, wbkdb ecjfs hëdgr bjs tg rcejkf. J dbjf`c kf wjmm jfh dckmkf` dgmgurs, ﬏ggr ﬊fksbcs jfh iurfkturc djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f jfh tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr sbgumh jsdcrtjkf kfigrejtkgf gf tbcsc cmcecfts js sggf js pgsskomc kf grhcr tg prgvkhc tbc egst suktjomc jfh cfcr`y ci﬊dkcft hcsk`f igr tbc rciuroksbch spjdc.

3.4.8

Hkspmjy sdrccfs

Tcc scdtkgf 2 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Xbc vjst ejlgrkty gi rctjkm spjdcs bjvc hkspmjy sdrccfs gi sgec akfh jfh kt ks kepgrtjft tg prgvkhc j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf tbjt prgvkhcs j dgeigrtjomc cfvkrgfecft igr prgmgf`ch vkcwkf`. J rciuroksbch gr dgfvcrtch rctjkm spjdc wkmm prgojomy bjvc sgec dgeprgekscs tbjt fcch tg oc jhhrcssch. Xbks dgumh oc ufusujmmy bk`b gr mgw dckmkf`s, wbkdb ejac tbc pmjdcecft gi muekfjkrcs, gptkeue ojmjfdc gi kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm, `mjrc dgftrgm jfh ufkigrekty hki﬊dumt tg jdbkcvc. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg rceceocr tbjt hkspmjy sdrccfs jrc cjskmy rc-pgsktkgfch jfh tbcrcigrc pgsktkgfkf` gi sdrccfs tg rchudc `mjrc kf pjrtkdumjr ejy oc pjrt gi j mk`btkf` sgmutkgf.

3.8

Fcw-oukmh

3.8.:

Kf﬏ucfdkf` hcsk`f

3.8.?

Dgrpgrjtc tbcecs

Xbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr sbgumh khcjmmy oc gf ogjrh wktb j prglcdt tcje jt tbc gutsct gi tbc dgfdcpt stj`c. Xbks ks tbc pgkft kf j hcsk`f wbcrc tbc egst ciicdt djf oc gotjkfch igr tbc mcjst kepjdt. Ki iufhjecftjm hcdkskgfs jrc mcit tgg mjtc, tbc dgst jfh kepjdt gf j oukmhkf` hcsk`f djf oc sk`fk﬊djft. Ik`urc 8.3 jogvc sbgws bgw tbc gppgrtufkty tg dbjf`c j hcsk`f ks bk`b wktb mkttmc kepjdt jt tbc gutsct gi j prglcdt, out hcdrcjscs qukdamy js tkec pjsscs. Tgec mjr`c gr`jfksjtkgfs wkmm bjvc j dgrpgrjtc mgga tg tbckr rctjkm gutmcts jfh tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr fcchs tg ufhcrstjfh wbjt tbgsc rcqukrcecfts jrc. Igr cxjepmc, ki tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr jmwjys uscs hjra wggh hkspmjy djokfcts, tbks fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch wktbkf tbc hcsk`f. Pbcrc hjra dgrpgrjtc tbcecs jrc prcscft, tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr sbgumh oc jhvksch tbjt kt wkmm bjvc j hkrcdt ciicdt gf tbc jeguft gi kmmuekfjtkgf k mmuekfjtkgf wktbkf tbc spjdc. Kf jhhktkgf, sudb j tbcec wkmm rcsumt kf j bk`bcr djpktjm dgst igr tbc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf js egrc muekfjkrcs wkmm oc rcqukrch tg jdbkcvc j `kvcf mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf. Xbks wkmm jmsg jiicdt tbc cfcr`y usch oy tbc stgrc mk`btkf`.

 

4>

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Dgfvcrscmy, wbcrc j pjrtkdumjrmy ork`bt tbcec ks usch, tbcrc dgumh oc sk`fk﬊djft Dgfvcrscmy, sjvkf`s kf tbc jeguft gi muekfjkrcs rcqukrch tg jdbkcvc j `kvcf mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf. Gitcf, dgrpgrjtc tbcecs jrc prcpjrch ufhcr j ‒eghcm‛ hcsk`f jfh jmm suoscqucft stgrcs igmmgw tbc eghcm. Xbcrc ejy cvcf oc j hcsk`f igr jf cftkrc stgrc, wbkdb cxksts gfmy kf tbc vkrtujm rcjme, tbjt ks usch tg cxpcrkecft wktb hkiicrcft kftcrfjm mjyguts jfh jrrjf`cecfts ocigrc kfstjmmkf` tbce kf ‒ rcjm‛ stgrcs. Kf tbks sdcfjrkg, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f ks prcpjrch oy gfc dgftrgmmkf` hcsk`fcr jfh eghk﬊ch ki fcdcssjry tg sukt mgdjm rcqukrcecfts.

3.8.4

Hcvcmgpecft igr afgwf uscrs

Kt bjs occf rcmjtkvcmy cjsy kf tbc pjst tg jhhrcss mk`btkf` hcsk`f igr afgwf uscrs, pjrtkdumjrmy ki tbc hcsk`fcr ks ijekmkjr wktb gtbcr prgpcrtkcs. Igmmgwkf` j wcmmcstjomksbch tbcec igr j afgwf dmkcft ejy, ejy, bgwcvcr, mcjh j hcsk`fcr tg k`fgrc tbc mjtcst hcvcmgpecfts kf mk`btkf`, wbkdb dgumh oc hctrkecftjm tg tbc dmkcft kf tbc mgf` ruf. Pbkmst igmmgwkf` jf cstjomksbch jpprgjdb tg j mk`btkf` hcsk`f djf oc ocfc﬊dkjm kf tcres gi qujmkty, qujmkty, rcmkjokmkty jfh rksa rchudtkgf, tbc hcsk`fcr sbgumh fgt oc jirjkh tg dbjmmcf`c tbjt hcsk`f ki j octtcr jpprgjdb gr octtcr prghudts ocdgec jvjkmjomc.

3.8.8

Xbc pbyskdjm rcstrkdtkgfs gi tbc spjdc

Gfc gi tbc egst govkgus rcstrkdtkgfs wbcf kt dgecs tg scmcdtkf` mk`btkf` typcs ks rgge bck`bt. Xbks djf vjry irge js mgw js ?.: e akgsas tg mgity bck`bts gi 8 tg 9 ectcrs kf supcrejracts gr HK[ stgrcs. Ki tbc prgpgsch spjdc bjs j ﬏ggr-tg-dckmkf` bck`bt mcss tbjf ?.3 e tbcf kt ks hki﬊dumt tg usc kfhkrcdt mk`bts suddcssiummy wktbgut djuskf` ork`bt pjtdbcs gf tbc dckmkf` jogvc tbce. Ocmgw ?.4 e, hkrcdt mk`btkf` ks ks mkacmy tg oc tbc gfmy vkjomc gptkgf jfh, cvcf tbcf, pgkft sgurdc mk`btkf` wktb fjrrgw ocjes sbgumh oc jvgkhch ufmcss tbcy jrc kftcfhch sgmcmy tg bk`bmk`bt ecrdbjfhksc. @cfcrjmmy kf spjdcs bk`bcr tbjf ?.3 e, ﬏ggr gr wjmm eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` djf oc dgfskhcrch, js tbcrc ks sui﬊dkcft bck`bt jogvc tbc muekfjkrcs tg jmmgw j wkhc hkstrkoutkgf gi mk`bt wktbgut gvcr-mk`btkf` tbc jrcj gi dckmkf` hkrcdtmy jogvc tbce. Tuspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts gr kfhkrcdt/hkrcdt muekfjkrcs `cfcrjmmy fcch j `rcjtcr ﬏ggr-tg-dckmkf` bck`bt js tbc ufkts fcch tg oc suspcfhch ijr cfgu`b ocmgw tbc dckmkf` tg prgvkhc j `ggh hkstrkoutkgf gi mk`bt jdrgss kt out oc bk`b cfgu`b jogvc tbc ﬏ggr tg jvgkh ockf` j pbyskdjm hjf`cr gr j vksujm kftruskgf tg tbgsc wjmakf` gr wgrakf` ocmgw. Kf jmm bk`b spjdcs tbc prgomces gi jddcss igr rc-mjepkf` jfh ejkftcfjfdc eust oc dgfskhcrch ocigrc uskf` dckmkf` eguftch gr suspcfhch muekfjkrcs. Ki jhcqujtc ejkftcfjfdc jddcss djffgt oc prgvkhch tg bk`b-mcvcm mk`btkf` tbcf wjmm gr dgmuef eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts ejy oc egrc suktjomc, jmtbgu`b tbc ci﬊djdy ejy fgt oc js bk`b. Kt ks cjsy tg tbkfa gi mgf`-mkic mk`bt sgurdcs sudb js MCH js jfgtbcr jmtcrfjtkvc kf sudb mgdjtkgfs. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, tbgsc muekfjkrc wkmm stkmm fcch tg oc dmcjfch pcrkghkdjmmy jfh sg jddcss rcejkfs jf kepgrtjft dgfskhcrjtkgf.

3.3

Mk`btkf` stymcs

Xbcrc jrc ejfy wjys gi mk`btkf` j rctjkm spjdc, cjdb wktb kts jhvjftj`cs jfh hksjhvjftj`cs. Cjdb jmsg strgf`my jiicdts tbc mkt jppcjrjfdc gi tbc spjdc jfh tbc ojmjfdc gi surijdc muekfjfdcs wktbkf tbc spjdc. Xjomc 3.: sbgws tbc ejkf stymcs gi mk`btkf` jmgf` wktb tbc ejkf jhvjftj`cs jfh hksjhvjftj`cs gi cjdb stymc. Kt prg`rcsscs irge purc hkrcdt mk`bt hgwfwjrhs irge tbc dckmkf`, tbrgu`b vjrkgus kftcrechkjtc stymcs tg purc kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`. Pktb cxdmuskvcmy hkrcdt mk`bt tbc ﬏ggr jfh mgw mcvcm ecrdbjfhksc ks wcmm mkt out tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmms gr bk`b mcvcm ecrdbjfhksc ejy fgt oc sg wcmm mkt1 tbks ejy fgt oc jf kssuc ki, igr cxjepmc, tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f gi tbc stgrc bjs j omjdach-gut dckmkf` jfh uscs hkrcdt mk`bt tg bk`bmk`bt prghudts gr tbc stgrc skepmy wjfts tg mk`bt ecrdbjfhksc dbcjpmy jfh ci﬊dkcftmy.

 

  Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

4:

Xjomc 3.: Jhvjftj`cs jfh hksjhvjftj`cs gi cjdb mk`btkf` stymc Mk`btkf` stymc

Jhvjftj`cs

Hksjhvjftj`cs

Hkrcdt gfmy

Ci﬊dkcft hcmkvcry gi mk`bt tg mgw mcvcm ecrdbjfhksc

^ggr kmmuekfjtkgf gi wjmms jfh dckmkf` jfh bk`b mcvcm ecrdbjfhksc

Mcss cfcr`y rcqukrch tbjf igr upmk`btkf` stymcs Ssujmmy tbc mgwcst djpktjm dgst igr kfstjmmjtkgf

^gsskomc kssucs wktb `mjrc jfh rc﬏cdtkgfs kf dustgecr sejrtpbgfc jfh tjomct sdrccfs Sfkigrekty djf oc pggr Djf iccm gpprcsskvc, mcjhkf` tg pggr prghudtkvkty ^ggr dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc Mjda gi vksujm kftcrcst

Hkrcdt wktb dckmkf` `mgw

Ci﬊dkcft hcmkvcry gi mk`bt tg ecrdbjfhksc jt mgw jfh echkue bck`bts

^ggr kmmuekfjtkgf gi wjmms jfh bk`b mcvcm ecrdbjfhksc

Mcss cfcr`y rcqukrch tbjf igr upmk`btkf` stymcs out egrc tbjf igr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ mk`btkf`

^gsskomc kssucs wktb `mjrc jfh rc﬏cdtkgfs kf dustgecr sejrtpbgfcs jfh tjomct sdrccfs

Ssujmmy j mgwcr djpktjm dgst igr kfstjmmjtkgf tbjf igr j stymc uskf` upmk`btkf`

Keprgvch ufkigrekty gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymc out djf stkmm oc pggr

Tgec ekfkejm dckmkf` kmmuekfjtkgf

Hkrcdt wktb sgec upmk`bt

Keprgvch dckmkf` jfh wjmm kmmuekfjtkgf gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Pkmm prgojomy kfvgmvc kfdrcjsch dgst gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Iccmkf` gi j mjr`cr spjdc djf oc jdbkcvch

Kfdrcjsch cfcr`y usc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Mk`btkf` djf oc usch tg jhh vksujm kftcrcst jfh jdbkcvc octtcr kftcrjdtkgf wktb tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f

Mgwcr dckmkf` bck`bt ejy kepjdt gf usjomc spjdc

Keprgvch ufkigrekty gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs Keprgvch dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ typcs

Hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt

Eudb keprgvch dckmkf` jfh wjmm kmmuekfjtkgf gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Pkmm prgojomy kfvgmvc kfdrcjsch dgst gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Iccmkf` gi j mjr`cr spjdc djf oc jdbkcvch

Kfdrcjsch cfcr`y usc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Mk`btkf` djf oc usch tg jhh vksujm kftcrcst jfh jdbkcvc octtcr kftcrjdtkgf wktb tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f

Mgwcr dckmkf` bck`bt ejy kepjdt gf usjomc spjdc

Keprgvch ufkigrekty gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs Keprgvch dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ typcs

Hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt

Kgfmy‛ eprgstymcs vch dckmkf` jfh wjmm kmmuekfjtkgf gvcr ‒hkrcdt

Mkacmy kfdrcjsch dgst gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs Kfdrcjsch cfcr`y usc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Imcxkokmkty tg sktc hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt dgepgfcfts tg tg ocst sukt tbc rctjkm spjdc

Mgss gi ﬏ggr spjdc

Djf oc usch tg qukdamy drcjtc j tcepgrjry mgdjmksch ciicdt

Kfhkrcdt gfmy

Gostrudtkgfs gf ﬏ggr ejy mcjh tg jddkhcftjm hjej`c

Iccmkf` gi j mjr`cr spjdc djf oc jdbkcvch

Ejkftjkfs kssucs wktb `mjrc jfh rc﬏cdtkgfs kf dustgecr sejrtpbgfcs jfh tjomct sdrccfs

Keprgvch dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ typcs

Mkektch uscs kf rctjkm mk`btkf`

@ggh ufkigrekty wbcf usch wktb jpprgprkjtc dckmkf` bck`bt

Mkacmy kfdrcjsch dgst gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

^gsktkgfkf` ks fgt drktkdjm sg `kvcs egrc ﬏cxkokmkty igr ufusujm rgges gr kfhkvkhujms‛ fcchs

Tbjhgw-ircc cfvkrgfecft ejy iccm omjfh

Kfdrcjsch cfcr`y usc gvcr ‒hkrcdt gfmy‛ stymcs

Iccmkf` gi j mjr`cr spjdc djf oc jdbkcvch

Gostrudtkgfs gf ﬏ggr ejy mcjh tg jddkhcftjm hjej`c

Mk`btkf` djf oc usch tg jhh vksujm kftcrcst jfh prgvkhc octtcr kftcrjdtkgf wktb tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f

Gfmy rcjmmy suktjomc igr rctjkm jppmkdjtkgfs wbcrc j mgw `mjrc cfvkrgfecft ks tbc ejkf hrkvcr, sudb js

@ggh dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc

XY, XY, egokmc tcmcpbgfc jfh dgeputcr sbgps

 

4?

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Oy jmmgwkf` mk`bt tg ﬏gw irge tbc muekfjkrc gftg tbc dckmkf` jhljdcft tg kt tbc dckmkf` ork`btfcss kfdrcjscs. Oy kfstjmmkf` suspcfhch hkrcdt muekfjkrcs wktb sgec upmk`bt dgepgfcft tbc uppcr pjrt gi tbc rgge wkmm oc octtcr mkt. ^urpgsc-hcsk`fch hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs jmmgw tbc hcsk`fcr tg tjkmgr tbc ﬏gw gi mk`bt hgwfwjrhs jfh upwjrhs tg sukt tbc rgge jfh gddupjfts. Xbc dgeokfjtkgf gi hkrcdt mk`bts jfh scpjrjtc kfhkrcdt mk`bts ks sgectkecs fcchch jfh, wbkmc tbks sgmutkgf djf prgvkhc tbc sjec qujmkty gi mkt cfvkrgfecft, kt usujmmy djrrkcs j bk`bcr djpktjm dgst. Sskf` cxdmuskvcmy kfhkrcdt mk`bt ecjfs tbjt tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmms jrc mkt tg j bk`bcr mcvcm tbjf tbc wgrakf` pmjfc. Xbks jpprgjdb dgumh oc hkstrjdtkf` kf sgec dkrduestjfdcs jfh dgumh jmsg mcjh tg j rjtbcr omjfh cfvkrgfecft. Pktb jfy stymc tbc gvcrjmm vksujm jppcjrjfdc gi j spjdc jfh tbc jeguft gi mk`bt jvjkmjomc irge kftcr-rc﬏cdtkgf ks strgf`my jiicdtch oy tbc rgge hëdgr jfh surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc. Pktb cvcry hcsk`f tbc cfcr`y usj`c jfh tbc usc gi dgftrgms eust oc dgfskhcrch sg js tg ekfkeksc ruffkf` dgsts jfh tg dgepmy wktb mgdjm oukmhkf` rc`umjtkgfs. Tcdtkgfs gf hkrcdt mk`btkf`, hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`, j dgeokfjtkgf gi hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs, jfh kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` igmmgw, wbkdb dgfskhcr tbc hcsk`f kepmkdjtkgfs igr cjdb gi tbcsc stymcs kf `rcjtcr hctjkm.

3.9

^rgvkhkf` scrvkdcs tg muekfjkrcs

Pktbkf egst kftcrkgrs tbcrc jrc jspcdts gi tbc cmcdtrkdjm kfstjmmjtkgf sudb js swktdbkf` pgsktkgfs jfh dgftjkfecft rcstrkdtkgfs tbjt bjvc kepmkdjtkgfs igr tbc mk`btkf` gptkgfs scmcdtch. Jmsg tbc typc gi mk`btkf` ectbgh dbgscf jiicdts tbc jeguft gi ﬏cxkokmkty jvjkmjomc igr iuturc dbjf`cs tg tbc mk`btkf` mjygut jfh bcfdc tbc mk`btkf` gi jmtcrch wgraspjdc mjygut. Pktb irccstjfhkf` kfhkrcdt mk`bts tbc cmcdtrkdjm suppmy ks usujmmy suppmkch jt ﬏ggr mcvcm. Xbks ecjfs tbjt tbcrc jrc j fueocr gi jspcdts gi tbc cmcdtrkdjm systce tbjt fcch tg oc dgfskhcrch. Huc tg tbc rcmjtkvcmy bk`b pgwcr mgjh, jfh cvcf bk`bcr stjrtkf` mgjh wktb hksdbjr`c mjeps, kt ks rcdgeecfhch tbjt tbc fueocr gi kfhkrcdt mk`bts tbjt djf oc pmu``ch kftg j skf`mc dkrdukt ks dbcdach. Pbcrc pcrsgfjm dgeputcrs jrc uskf` tbc sjec dkrdukt hjtj crrgrs ejy gddur wbcf stjrtkf` tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts huc tg vgmtj`c spkacs jppcjrkf` gf tbc dkrdukt. Xbks ecjfs tbjt j scpjrjtc ﬏ggr pgwcr systce ejy oc prcicrrch igr suppmykf` ﬏ggr eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts. Xg jvgkh gtbcr cqukpecft ockf` pmu``ch kftg tbcsc dkrdukts, fgfstjfhjrh pmu`s jfh sgdacts djf oc usch. Xbks jrrjf`cecft jmmgws tbc dcftrjm dgftrgm jfh swktdbkf` gi tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts out jmsg rcsumts kf jfgtbcr sct gi ﬏ggr scrvkdcs kf jhhktkgf tg tbc fgrejm pgwcr, hjtj jfh tcmcdges scrvkdcs. Pbcrc ijmsc ﬏ggrs jrc kf usc tbks ejy fgt oc j prgomce out wbcrc ﬏ggr trufakf` ks usch tbcf hki﬊dumtkcs ejy jrksc huc tg gvcrdrgwhkf`. Imggr suppmkch kfhkrcdt mk`bts djf, bgwcvcr, oc jf jhvjftj`c wbcrc tbcy rcegvc tbc fcch igr mk`btkf` suppmy trufakf` jfh dgfhukts kf jf gtbcrwksc dgf`cstch dckmkf` vgkh. CM CMY Y

HJMK

Cxtrj mgw vgmtj`c ) dgftrgmgrsystces igr mk`btkf` sudb js prgtgdgm   (‒hk`ktjm jhhrcssjomc mk`btkf`( kftcrijdc‛) XD^ / KK^ ^  (‒trjfseksskgf dgftrgm jfh kftcrfct prgtgdgm‛) ejy rcqukrc jf cxtcfskvc djomkf` fctwgra ki dcftrjmksch dgftrgm ks rcqukrch. OT 090: (OTK, ?>:2) jhvkscs tbjt CM CMY Y dkrdukts sudb js tbgsc igr HJMK  gr XD^ / KK^ ^  kfstjmmjtkgfs sbgumh fgt oc ekxch wktb tbgsc jt ejkfs vgmtj`c (?4>/8>> vgmts kf tbc Sfktch Akf`hge) ufmcss tbc djomkf` usch igr tbc CM CMY Y systce ks rjtch tg tbc bk`bcr gi tbc ejkfs vgmtj`cs prcscft. Hcsk`fcrs sbgumh pmjf cjrmy hurkf` tbc hcsk`f prgdcss igr dgftjkfecft jssgdkjtch wktb dgftrgm systces. Pktb tbc ﬏ukh fjturc gi sgec rctjkm spjdcs jfh tbc fcch tg oc ﬏cxkomc kf mk`btkf` pgsktkgfs, dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf kf sgec kfstjfdcs tg prgvkhkf` j ‒ojdaogfc‛ gi hjtj dgffcdtkvkty. Xbks sbgumh jmmgw iuturc rc-gr`jfksjtkgf gr tcepgrjry hkspmjy jrrjf`cecfts tg bjvc rcjhy jddcss tg tbc kfstjmmch dgftrgm systce. Pbcrc mk`btkf` ks ogtb pgwcrch jfh dgftrgmmch vkj jf Ctbcrfct dgffcdtkgf, pmjffkf` igr iuturc ﬏cxkokmkty djf oc hgfc rcmjtkvcmy dbcjpmy dgepjrch tg tbc upbcjvjm gi trykf` tg rctrg-﬊t djomkf` kftg j ecrdbjfhksch stgrc jt j mjtcr hjtc. Pbcrc rciuroksbecft gi j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf ks ockf` ufhcrtjacf, kt ejy oc pgsskomc tg usc tbc cxkstkf` ejkfs wkrkf` igr tbc fcw muekfjkrcs. Bgwcvcr, dcftrjmksch HJMK gr XD^ / KK^ ^ dgftrgm ejy fcch j scpjrjtc dgftjkfecft systce igr

 

  Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

44

kts jssgdkjtch djomkf` jfh tbks ejy fgt oc pgsskomc hcpcfhkf` gf tbc mcvcm gi jddcptjomc hjej`c tg rctjkfch ﬊fksbcs. J`jkf, cjrmy pmjffkf` gi dgftrgm pbkmgsgpbkcs sbgumh khcftkiy jfy sudb prgomces. Xbc usc gi dckmkf` eguftch gr suspcfhch muekfjkrcs wkmm ircc-up ﬏ggr spjdc jfh rcegvc tbc fcch igr jhhktkgfjm pgwcr gutmcts. Bgwcvcr, tbc ejlgr hksjhvjftj`c ks tbjt kf `cfcrjm tbc mk`btkf` jrrjy ks ﬊xch. Xbks tcfhs tg ejac tbc usc gi tbc spjdc mcss jhjptjomc wbcrc iumm bck`bt pjrtktkgfkf` ks rcqukrch ufmcss kfhkvkhujm muekfjkrc rc`umjtkgf ks usch. Pbcrc hkrcdt mk`btkf` muekfjkrcs jrc rcdcssch tbcy fcch tg oc pbyskdjmmy dg-grhkfjtch wktb gtbcr scrvkdcs kf tbc dckmkf`. Turijdc eguftch muekfjkrcs djf oc dgfskhcrch ufsk`btmy kf dcrtjkf spjdcs jfh ejy kftcricrc wktb jkr hkstrkoutkgf jdrgss tbc dckmkf` irge suppmy jkr `rkmmcs kf ecdbjfkdjmmy vcftkmjtch oukmhkf`s. Sfmcss j systce gi trjda eguftkf` gr skekmjr ks prgpgsch tbcf kfhkrcdt/hkrcdt muekfjkrcs jrc js ﬊xch js purc hkrcdt mk`bts. Xbcrc ks, bgwcvcr, tbc pgsskokmkty gi cxdbjf`kf` tbc muekfjkrc gr jmtcrkf` tbc fueocr gi mjeps gr tbc rjtkg gi kfhkrcdt tg hkrcdt mk`btkf`. Xbks djf prgvkhc j rjf`c gi tjsa kmmuekfjfdcs jfh kftrghudc sgec vksujm vjrkcty jdrgss mjr`c spjdcs. Irccstjfhkf` kfhkrcdt mk`bts, gf tbc gtbcr bjfh, djf prgvkhc j ﬏cxkomc mk`btkf` sgurdc igr tcepgrjry gr mgdjmksch vksujm ciicdts js tbcy djf oc egvch jrgufh tg sukt dbjf`kf` ecrdbjfhksc mjyguts gr rcspjdch tg prgvkhc vjrykf` kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms.

3.0

Mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs

Pktb jfy gi tbc mk`btkf` stymcs kt ks pgsskomc tg prgvkhc tbc rcqukrch kmmuekfjtkgf jdrgss tbc wbgmc spjdc. Cjdb djf prgvkhc kmmuekfjtkgf mgdjmmy igr bk`bmk`btkf` ecrdbjfhksc gr prgvkhkf` mk`btkf` gvcr tkmms, sjmcs hcsas ctd. Kt ejy oc egrc gi j dbjmmcf`c wktb hkrcdt stymcs tg prgvkhc jf jhcqujtc jeguft gi kmmuekfjtkgf gf tbc ijdcs gi tbc gddupjfts. @cfcrjm mk`btkf` ks pcrbjps tbc egst ﬏cxkomc, jmmgwkf` tbc uscr tg pmjdc sjmcs dguftcrs gr ecrdbjfhksc wbcrcvcr fcchch jfh jdbkcvc tbc rcqukrch tjsa mcvcms, out kt hgcs dgfsuec uffcdcssjry jegufts gi cfcr`y kf gvcr-mk`btkf` jrcjs gi mkttmc kepgrtjfdc. Mgdjmksch jfh tjsa mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs jrc hcsdrkoch kf hctjkm kf tbc fcxt twg scdtkgfs ocigrc `gkf` gf tg hksduss cfcr`y, dgftrgms jfh tbc vjrkgus `cfcrjm mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs uskf` cjdb gi tbc mk`btkf` stymcs jvjkmjomc.

3.2

Hcsk`fkf` wktb mgdjmkzch mk`btkf`

Xbc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf wktbkf j rctjkm spjdc djf oc gfc gi tbc ejlgr dgfsuecrs gi cmcdtrkdjm cfcr`y jfh tbcrcigrc jfy mk`btkf` hcsk`f prgpgsjm sbgumh dgfskhcr bgw ocst tg prgvkhc j suktjomy mkt cfvkrgfecft wbkmst ejakf` tbc egst gi tbc cfcr`y ockf` kfput. Xbc tjsa jrcjs kf jfy rctjkm spjdc sudb js dbcdagut hcsas jfh tkmm pgsktkgfs fcch tg bjvc jf jpprgprkjtc mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf tg jmmgw tbc gddupjfts tg wgra ciicdtkvcmy. Xbc egst ci﬊dkcft wjy gi `cttkf` mk`bt gftg tbgsc surijdcs wkmm bjvc tbc mjr`cst ciicdt gf rchudkf` cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf. Mgdjmkskf` mk`btkf` tg j tjsa jrcj ks tbc egst ciicdtkvc wjy gi jdbkcvkf` tbks jke. Mgdjmksch mk`btkf` ks wbcrc gfc gr egrc muekfjkrcs jrc pgsktkgfch kf tbc vkdkfkty gi tbc tjsa jrcj. Xbks ek`bt oc oy muekfjkrcs kf gr suspcfhch irge tbc dckmkf` jogvc jrcjs sudb js dbcdagut hcsas gr oy irccstjfhkf` muekfjkrcs gf dguftcrs gr oukmt kftg iurfkturc. @cfcrjmmy mgdjmksch mk`btkf` ks usch tg prgvkhc jmm tbc rcqukrch tjsa mk`btkf` gf tbc wgra jrcj jmtbgu`b kt ks pgsskomc tg usc mgdjm muekfjkrcs tg prgvkhc tbc tgp-up mk`btkf` irge j mgwcr jeokcft mcvcm up tg tbc scmcdtch tjsa kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm.

Ik`urc 3.:  3.:  Mgdjmksch mk`btkf` gvcr dbcdagut hcsa pgsktkgfs (dgurtcsy gi _KHK Mk`btkf`1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Ljecs Djmmdut)

Kf sejmmcr sbgps wbcrc mk`btkf` ks hcsk`fch igr j oukmhkf` gwfcr, j hkrcdt dgeeufkdjtkgf rgutc ks usujmmy prcscft tg jmmgw hksdusskgf gvcr tbc ocst mk`btkf` sgmutkgfs. Js mgdjmksch mk`btkf` djf oc tjkmgrch tg sukt kfhkvkhujm fcchs, kt sbgumh igre pjrt gi jfy sudb hksdusskgfs.

 

48

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Iurfkturc eguftch MCH tjsa mk`btkf` djf oc pgwcrch vkj strudturch djomkf` ruf jmgf`skhc tbjt kfstjmmch igr j dgeputcr fctwgra. Js kt ks dgeegf prjdtkdc tg kfstjmm dgeputcr djomkf` tg dbcdagut jfh djsb hcsa pgsktkgfs, tbc pgwcr igr mgdjmksch mk`btkf` dgumh oc kfstjmmch kf tbc sjec wjy. wjy. Pbcrc dckmkf` eguftch, mgdjmksch mk`bts tbjt jrc wktbkf gr ﬊xch tg tbc dckmkf` jrc fgrejmmy pjrt gi j rc-mgdjtjomc dckmkf` tkmc systce kf wbkdb tbc kfhkvkhujm tkmcs wktb tbc muekfjkrc djf oc cxdbjf`ch igr jf jhljdcft omjfa tkmc. Tudb j systce rcmkcs gf tbc jogvc-dckmkf` ecdbjfkdjm scrvkdcs ockf` spjrsc cfgu`b, jfh tbc wkrkf` systce ﬏cxkomc cfgu`b, tg jmmgw sgec ﬏cxkokmkty kf pgsktkgfkf` tbc muekfjkrcs. Tuspcfhch mgdjm muekfjkrcs djf oc jssgdkjtch wktb rc-mgdjtjomc tkmcs gr oc suspcfhch irge j trjda systce. Xbks trjda djf oc pgwcrch, js usch igr spgtmk`btkf`, gr oc ecrcmy j ecdbjfkdjm trjda kf tbc ejkf wktb tbc cmcdtrkdjm dgffcdtkgfs ockf` tjacf up oy ‒durmy mcjhs‛ tg ﬊xch cmcdtrkdjm dgffcdtkgf pgkfts gr scdtkgfs gi pgwcrch trjda. Govkgusmy tbc egrc cxtcfskvc tbc trjda systce tbc egrc ﬏cxkomc tbc mk`btkf` djf oc out jt j `rcjtcr djpktjm dgst. Irccstjfhkf` mgdjmksch mk`bts tbjt bjvc j hkrcdt dgepgfcft sbgumh khcjmmy oc pgsktkgfch sg js tg tbrgw mk`bt irge tbc skhc gi tbc tjsa jrcj. Khcjmmy kt sbgumh oc pgsskomc tg bjvc tbc mk`bt dgekf` irge cktbcr tbc mcit gr rk`bt bjfh skhc gi tbc tjsa jrcj, tg sukt tbc uscr. Xbc sprcjh gi mk`bt sbgumh dgvcr, dgvcr, js cvcfmy js pgsskomc, tbc jrcj gi wgraspjdc usch igr rcjhkf` wrkttcf tcxt. Sfkigrekty gvcr tbc tjsa jrcj sbgumh oc >.9 gr octtcr.

3.;

Hcsk`fkf` wktb suppmcecftjry tjsa mk`btkf`

Kf rctjkm cfvkrgfecfts wbcrc tbc prkgrkty igr tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f djf oc tg drcjtc j hrjejtkd gr ecrdbjfhksc-igdusch mk`btkf` sdcfc, tbc usc gi suppmcecftjry tjsa mk`btkf` djf oc ocfc﬊dkjm kf prgvkhkf` kmmuekfjtkgf tg wgra spjdcs tbjt fcch dgfskstcft jfh ufkigre mk`btkf`. @cfcrjmmy j gfc-stcp hkiicrcfdc kf mkfc wktb tbc sdjmc gi kmmuekfjtkgf (scc scdtkgf :.3) octwccf tjsa mk`btkf` jfh `cfcrjm mk`btkf` mcvcms `kvcs j rcjsgfjomc ojmjfdc octwccf cfcr`y sjvkf` jfh vksujm dgeigrt. Gitcf kf rctjkm spjdcs, bk`b dgftrjst kftcrkgr hcsk`f djf ejac tbks hki﬊dumt tg jdbkcvc sg kt ks kkepgrtjft epgrtjft tg tjma tg tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr jogut tbckr tbgu`bts igr tbc sjmcs jrcj mjygut, dgmgurs, tcxturcs ctd. ^mjffch pgsktkgfs igr tkmms, dbcdagut hcsas gr gtbcr wgra jrcjs ejy ocfc﬊t irge dbjf`kf` tbckr prgpgsch mgdjtkgf tg octtcr sukt tbc ojmjfdc gi `ggh ufkigre ufk igre mk`btkf` jfh vksujm ciicdt.

Ik`urc 3.?  3.?  Bk`b dgftrjst kftcrkgr hcsk`f jfh kmmuekfjtch dbcdagut hcsa (dgurtcsy gi MJE^)

 

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`  

43

Xjsa mk`bts sbgumh oc pgsktkgfch sg js tg tbrgw mk`bt irge tbc skhc gi tbc tjsa jrcj. Khcjmmy kt sbgumh oc pgsskomc tg bjvc tbc mk`bt dgekf` irge cktbcr tbc mcit gr rk`bt bjfh skhc gi tbc jrcj, tg sukt tbc uscr. Xbc sprcjh gi mk`bt sbgumh dgvcr, js cvcfmy js pgsskomc, tbc jrcj gi tbc spjdc usch igr rcjhkf` wrkttcf tcxt. Sfkigrekty gvcr tbc tjsa jrcj gi >.9 sbgumh oc jdbkcvch. ^gsktkgfkf` mgdjm mk`bts kf irgft gi tbc uscr djf rcsumt kf mgw dgftrjst octwccf tbc tcxt jfh ojda`rgufh gi jfy pjpcr gf tbc wgraspjdc kf irgft gi tbc uscr jfh djf djusc rc﬏cdtch `mjrc ki tbc pjpcr ks `mgssy. `mgssy. Xbc muekfjkrc sbgumh bjvc j mkektch rjf`c gi jhlustecft tg jmmgw tbc uscr sgec dgftrgm gvcr kts pgsktkgf, out fgt sg eudb tbjt kt wkmm ocdgec j sgurdc gi `mjrc tg tbgsc fcjroy. fcjroy. Xbc muekfjkrc sbgumh fgt oc pgsktkgfch sg mgw tbjt hccp sbjhgws jrc igrech oy mk`bt ockf` djst jdrgss tbc wgraspjdc jt tgg sbjmmgw jf jf`mc. Kt ks rcdgeecfhch tbjt tbc bck`bt sbgumh fgt oc mcss tbjf >.3 tkecs tbc wkhtb gi tbc jrcj ockf` mkt, c.`. tg kmmuekfjtc jdrgss : e gi wgraspjdc tbc bck`bt sbgumh oc jt mcjst >.3 e. Xbc mk`bt sgurdc sbgumh oc gi j `ggh dgmgur qujmkty jfh bjvc j mgw bcjt gutput. Tuktjomc mjeps wgumh khcjmmy oc MCH, jmtbgu`b mkfcjr ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps jfh dgepjdt ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps wktb bk`b ircqucfdy dgftrgm `cjr dgumh oc usch. Ki tbc tjsa mk`bt ks jddcsskomc tg tbc uscr kt ks vktjm tg cfsurc tbjt kt ks ecdbjfkdjmmy jfh cmcdtrkdjmmy sjic, jfh ks ogtb dggm tg tbc tgudb jfh dggm cfgu`b tg wgra ocskhc. Xbks ks cspcdkjmmy kepgrtjft kf puomkd jddcss jrcjs, sudb js mkorjrkcs, wbcrc tbc uscrs ejy fgt oc ijekmkjr wktb tbc gpcrjtkgf gi tbc mk`bts. MCH  mk`btkf`,

CMY Y) hkrcdt pjrtkdumjrmy wbcf usch wktb jf cxtrj mgw vgmtj`c ( CM durrcft pgwcr suppmy gi mcss tbjf 3> vgmts, dgumh prgvkhc j sjicr jfh dggmcr gptkgf tbjf ejfy ﬏ugrcsdcft typcs. MCH eghumcs gr ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps kf dmgsc prgxkekty tg hgduecfts ejy djusc SY hjej`c gvcr prgmgf`ch pcrkghs ki fgt gi sui﬊dkcft qujmkty gr suktjomy sbkcmhch oy jf jpprgprkjtc dgftrgmmcr gr hkiiuscr.

Ik`urc 3.4  3.4  Tuppmcecftjry tjsa mk`btkf` prgvkhch tg wgra spjdc (dgurtcsy gi Ekdbjcm @ruoo Ttuhkg)

3.:> Hcsk`fkf` wktb hkrcdt mk`btkf`

 

Hkrcdt mk`btkf` uscs muekfjkrcs tbjt jrc hcsk`fch tg cekt tbc ejlgrkty gi tbckr mk`bt gutput hkrcdtmy hgwf gftg tbc jrcj tg oc kmmuekfjtch. Jfy upwjrh mk`bt cekttch pmjys jf kfsk`fk﬊djft pjrt kf mk`btkf` tbc jrcj gi kftcrcst. Hkrcdt muekfjkrcs djf oc surijdc eguftch, rcdcssch kftg tbc dckmkf` gr oc suspcfhch. Xbcy jrc `cfcrjmmy vkcwch js scpjrjtc mkt golcdts kf tbc spjdc jfh igr tbks rcjsgf djf jppcjr ork`bt ki vkcwch j`jkfst j hjra dckmkf` gr js j hkstkfdt jfh pgsskomy hkstrjdtkf` golcdt wbcf rc﬏cdtch gf j sdrccf sudb js tbgsc igufh kf tjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs.

 

49

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbc hgwfwjrh ﬏gw gi mk`bt irge hkrcdt mk`bts ecjfs tbjt tbc mgwcr surijdcs gi tbc rgge jrc mkt kf prcicrcfdc tg tbc uppcr wjmms jfh dckmkf`. Xbc cxtcft gi tbks vjrkcs irge gfc muekfjkrc tg jfgtbcr. Xbgsc tbjt cekt sgec mk`bt skhcwjys gr upwjrhs hg prgvkhc sgec hkrcdt mk`bt tg tbc wjmms jfh dckmkf`. Hgwfmk`bts wktb j rcstrkdtch hkstrkoutkgf tg tbc skhc, pcrbjps kftcfhch tg rchudc hkrcdt jfh rc﬏cdtch `mjrc igr hkspmjy sdrccf cfvkrgfecfts sudb js XY  gr dgeputcr stgrcs, prgvkhc mkttmc mk`bt hkrcdtmy gftg tbc wjmms. Xbks djf mcjh tg rjtbcr hjra wjmms ufmcss tbc ﬏ggr jfh bgrkzgftjm surijdcs jrc pjmc kf dgmgur sg js tg rc﬏cdt mk`bt gftg tbc wjmms jfh dckmkf`. Js hcsdrkoch mjtcr, kt ks pgsskomc tg hcmkocrjtcmy wjsb mk`bt gvcr tbc wjmms tg giisct tbckr hjra jppcjrjfdc. Xbc wjmms jfh dckmkf`s tbcescmvcs sbgumh oc mk`bt dgmgurch sg js tg jppcjr ork`btcr ufmcss j hjra jppcjrjfdc ks kftcfhch. Tcc scdtkgf 3.:8 gf rgge hëdgr igr egrc gf tbc ciicdts gi surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc gf vksujm cfvkrgfecft. Hkrcdt mk`bts djf oc dgepmctcmy rcdcssch kftg tbc dckmkf`, pjrtkjmmy rcdcssch, surijdc eguftch gr suspcfhch. Xbc dgepmctcmy rcdcssch typc `kvcs lust hgwfmk`bt wktb fg mk`bt gftg tbc surrgufhkf` dckmkf`. Xbcsc jrc tbcrcigrc mkacmy tg jppcjr ork`bt wbcf dgepjrch tg tbc surrgufhkf` dckmkf` jfh djf, kf cxtrcec djscs, djusc prgomces wktb `mjrc jfh rc﬏cdtkgfs kf hkspmjy sdrccfs. Js tbcy jrc jmsg mkacmy tg bjvc tbc mcjst skhcwjys ﬏gw gi mk`bt jdrgss tbc spjdc, tbcy ejy ejac tbc rgge jppcjr `mggey, js tbc vcrtkdjm rgge surijdcs wkmm fgt oc wcmm mkt. Kt ks fgrejmmy octtcr tg dbggsc muekfjkrcs tbjt bjvc sgec hkiiuskf` gr rc﬏cdtkf` cmcecft ocmgw tbc dckmkf` mcvcm tbjt djf hkrcdt j sejmm prgpgrtkgf gi tbc mk`bt jdrgss tbc dckmkf`. Ik`urc 3.8  3.8  Hkrcdt mk`btkf` (dgurtcsy gi MJE^)

Turijdc eguftch jfh suspcfhch muekfjkrcs djf cjskmy oc scmcdtch tg tbrgw j vjrykf` prgpgrtkgf gi mk`bt gftg tbc dckmkf` jrgufh gr jogvc tbce. Xbks keprgvcs tbc mkt jppcjrjfdc gi tbc spjdc jfh rchudcs tbc jppjrcft dgftrjst octwccf tbc muekfjkrc jfh kts ojda`rgufh. Gfc pgsskomc prgomce wktb tbks typc gi muekfjkrc, ks tbjt tbcy djf kftcricrc wktb tbc jkr﬏gw irge suppmy `rkmms jfh djusc mgdjmksch huepkf` gi dgmh jkr jk r. Kt ks jmwjys fcdcssjry tg mkjksc wktb tbc ecdbjfkdjm cf`kfccrs kfvgmvch kf jfy jkr suppmy systces gf tbc kftcrrcmjtkgfsbkp gi `rkmms jfh muekfjkrcs. Hkrcdt muekfjkrcs djf oc jrrjf`ch kf j ufkigre `rkh tg `kvc j ufkigre mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf jdrgss tbc wbgmc spjdc gr djf oc jrrjf`ch kf dggrhkfjtkgf wktb sjmcs ﬏ggr mjyguts tg `kvc j mgdjmksch oggst tg tbc mk`btkf` mcvcm gf ecrdbjfhksc wktb mgwcr mcvcms octwccf. Xbc igrecr ks tbc skepmcst wbcf tbcrc ks fg afgwmch`c gi mkacmy mjygut gr wbcrc tbc mgdjtkgfs wkmm vjry. Cvcf wktb ufkigre `rkhs gi

 

  Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

40

muekfjkrcs jdrgss j spjdc wktb jhhktkgfjm kfvcstecft kf kfhkvkhujm hkeekf` muekfjkrcs, kt ks pgsskomc tg bjvc bk`bcr mcvcms gvcr sgec mgdjtkgfs jfh mgwcr mcvcms octwccf. Tcdtkgf :> `kvcs egrc kfigrejtkgf gf mk`btkf` mcvcms igr spcdk﬊d jppmkdjtkgfs.

3.:: Muekfjkrc mjygut wktb hkrcdt mk`btkf`

Xbc muekfjkrc mjygut jhgptch wkmm hcpcfh gf tbc typc gi kfstjmmjtkgf, tbc kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm scmcdtch, jfh tbc dgfstrjkfts gi tbc spjdc. J ufkigre mjygut jdrgss tbc spjdc djf oc hcsk`fch tg `kvc j ufkigre mk`btkf` mcvcm jdrgss tbc spjdc. Xbks jmmgws ecrdbjfhksc tg oc pmjdch kf jmegst jfy pgsktkgf jfh stkmm rcdckvc tbc hcsk`fch ejkftjkfch kmmuekfjfdc. Sfigrtufjtcmy kt djf oc vksujmmy rjtbcr ufkftcrcstkf` ufmcss suppmcecftjry icjturc mk`btkf` ks prgvkhch.

Ik`urc 3.3  3.3  Sfkigre rctjkm mk`btkf` mjygut (dgurtcsy gi MJE^)

Krrc`umjr rgge sbjpcs _ctjkm spjdcs jrc gitcf ﬊ttch kftg spjrc spjdcs wktbkf j oukmhkf`, pjrtkdumjrmy ki tbckr ecrdbjfhksc ks dgfsuejomcs sudb js dgiicc, dgficdtkgfjry, fcwspjpcrs ctd. Xbks ks gitcf ocdjusc tbc spjdc ks krrc`umjr jfh hgcs fgt sukt jfy gtbcr iufdtkgf. Kf fgf-rcdtjf`umjr spjdcs tbc skzc jfh mjygut gi tbc muekfjkrcs fcch fgt oc ufkigre. Tgectkecs tjkmgrkf` tbc fueocr jfh skzc gi tbc muekfjkrcs tg ejtdb ufusujm rgge `cgectry djf jhh jhhktkgfjm vksujm kftcrcst tg j spjdc. Igr ghh dgrfcrs gr rcdcsscs dkrdumjr ﬏ugrcsdcft mk`bts djf oc usch gr, ki tbc jrcj ks fgt j ejkf tjsa jrcj, pcrbjps j rcdcssch spgtmk`bt djf oc usch tg bk`bmk`bt tbc rcdcss. Ik`urcs 3.9 jfh 3.0 `kvc cxjepmcs wbcrc kt ejy fgt oc fcdcssjry tg mk`bt sejmm pjrts gi j sbgp jfh wbcrc dbjf`cs tg j stjfhjrh typc gi muekfjkrc ks lustk﬊ch. Ik`urc 3.9  3.9  Krrc`umjrmy sbjpch rgge (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk Kmmuekfjzkgfc SA Mth1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Hkhkcr Ogy hc mj Xgur)

Ik`urc 3.0  3.0  Jhlustecft gi muekfjkrc mcf`tbs tg ejtdb sbjpc gi spjdc

3.:? Hkrcdt mk`btkf` jfh hkspmjy sdrccfs

Mk`bt mcvcm oy hggr djf oc mgwcr tbjf kf wgrakf` jrcjs

Muekfjkrc mcf`tbs djf oc jmtcrch tg ejtdb spjdc

Pktb fcjrmy jmm rctjkm spjdcs, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr wkmm bjvc tg tjac kftg jddguft tbc usc gi hkspmjy sdrccfs sudb js tjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs tg jt mcjst j ekfkejm cxtcft. Kt ejy fgt oc pgsskomc tg khcftkiy tbc spcdk﬊d typc gi hkspmjy sdrccfs tg oc usch gr jfy kfhkdjtkgf gi tbckr mgdjtkgfs. Bgwcvcr, tbc hcsk`fcr sbgumh hksduss wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr tbc mkacmy sdcfjrkgs jfh jpprgjdb tbc hcsk`f gf tbks ojsks. Pbkmst ejfy oukmhkf` gwfcrs gr hcvcmgpcrs ejy fgt wksb tg

 

42

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

dgfskhcr dustgecrs uskf` egokmc tcdbfgmg`y, kt ks kfdrcjskf`my ockf` usch oy rctjkm stjii tg hg tbckr lgo jfh sudb uscs sbgumh oc jhhrcssch. Pktb muekfjkrcs gf gr fcjr tbc dckmkf` hkrcdtkf` tbckr mk`bt hgwfwjrhs, tbcrc ks jf govkgus hjf`cr gi tbckr ockf` vkskomc kf hkspmjy sdrccfs ocmgw. Pbctbcr tbcy djf oc sccf gr fgt wkmm hcpcfh gf tbc tkmt gi sdrccfs sudb js tbgsc gf djsb rc`kstcrs gr scmi-dbcdagut pgsktkgfs jfh tbckr rcmjtkgfsbkp tg tbc sdrccf uscr jfh tbc muekfjkrcs. Dustgecrs uskf` tbckr gwf tjomcts gr sejrtpbgfcs djf gi dgursc egvc pgsktkgf ki tbcy jrc cxpcrkcfdkf` sgec hksdgeigrt `mjrc. Ki muekfjkrcs jrc mkacmy tg oc sccf, pjrtkdumjrmy kf ﬊xch sdrccfs, tbcf kt fcchs tg oc cstjomksbch wbctbcr tbcy jrc sg ork`bt js tg oc j hkstrjdtkgf tg tbc uscr. Xbks pjrtkjmmy hcpcfhs gf tbc dmjrkty, gr sbjrpfcss, gi tbc rc﬏cdtch kej`c gf tbc sdrccf jfh pjrtmy gf kts muekfjfdc dgepjrch tg tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc kfigrejtkgf gf tbc sdrccf. Xbc sbjrpcr tbc kej`c tbcf tbc egrc mkacmy tbc cyc ks tg fgtkdc kt1 tbc bk`bcr tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc rc﬏cdtch kej`c tbc egrc hki﬊dumt kt ks tg rcjh tbc sdrccf kfigrejtkgf ocbkfh jfh jrgufh kt.

Ki tbc sdrccf bjs j seggtb `mgssy ﬊fksb tbcf tbc muekfjkrc kej`c wkmm jppcjr js j sbjrpmy hc﬊fch golcdt, wbkdb tbc uscr djf scc dmcjrmy. dmcjrmy. Ki, bgwcvcr, tbc sdrccf bjs j ejtt ﬊fksb, tbcf tbc rc﬏cdtch golcdt ks mcss wcmm hc﬊fch jfh ks mcss mkacmy tg hkstrjdt tbc uscr.

Ik`urc 3.2  3.2  Dgepjrksgf gi `mgssy jfh ejtt hkspmjys suolcdtch tg ufwjftch rc﬏cdtkgfs (dgurtcsy rc﬏cdtkgfs  (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

.

 

Ki tbc sgitwjrc ruffkf` gf tbc sdrccf uscs mk`bt dbjrjdtcrs gf j hjra sdrccf ojda`rgufh, sudb js wbktc tcxt gf j omuc ojda`rgufh, tbcf tbc rc﬏cdtch kej`c ks `gkf` tg oc sccf j`jkfst tbks hjra ojda`rgufh. Ki gf tbc gtbcr bjfh tbc kfigrejtkgf ks prcscftch wktb hjra dbjrjdtcrs gf j mk`bt ojda`rgufh tbcf tbc rc﬏cdtkgfs wkmm oc mcss vkskomc j`jkfst tbc mk`btcr ojda`rgufh. Xbus ki j muekfjfdc vjmuc igr j muekfjkrc ks tg oc sct sudb tbjt kt ks ufmkacmy tg hkstrjdt tbc ejlgrkty gi uscrs ruffkf` typkdjm jppmkdjtkgfs gf stjfhjrh sdrccfs, kt fcchs tg oc cstjomksbch wbctbcr tbc sdrccfs kf tbc jrcj bjvc ejtt ﬊fksbcs jfh wbctbcr tbc kfigrejtkgf hkspmjych gf tbc sdrccf ks hjra dbjrjdtcrs gf j mk`bt ojda`rgufh (pgsktkvc pgmjrkty), gr mk`bt dbjrjdtcrs gf j hjra ojda`rgufh (fc`jtkvc pgmjrkty). Kf sgec djscs kt djffgt oc cstjomksbch wktb jfy dcrtjkfty tbjt tbc sdrccfs kf j pjrtkdumjr jrcj wkmm bjvc j ejtt ﬊fksb, gr tbjt jmm sgitwjrc ockf` ruf kf jf jrcj ks sct tg hkspmjy hjra dbjrjdtcrs gf j mk`bt ojda`rgufh. J`jkf, cjrmy hksdusskgf wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr gr hcvcmgpcr jogut tbc sdrccf typcs tg hcsk`f igr ks kepgrtjft.

 

 Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

4;

Muekfjfdc mkekts Pbkmst prkejrkmy kftcfhch igr gi﬊dc typc cfvkrgfecfts, Xjomc 3.: sbgws muekfjfdc mkekts igr muekfjkrcs tbjt ejy oc rc﬏cdtch kf hkspmjy sdrccfs wbcf vkcwch irge j fgrejm wgrakf` pgsktkgf. Kt wgumh oc rcjsgfjomc tg jppmy tbks jpprgjdb tg dcrtjkf ﬊xch pgsktkgfs kf rctjkm spjdcs sudb js dbcdagut pgsktkgfs kf supcrejracts gr sjmcs hcsa pgsktkgfs kf djr sbgwrgges, igr cxjepmc. Xbc tjomc `kvcs tbc mkekts gi tbc jvcrj`c muekfjkrc muekfjfdc jt cmcvjtkgf jf`mcs gi 93¾ jfh jogvc irge tbc hgwfwjrh vcrtkdjm, rjhkjmmy jrgufh tbc muekfjkrcs. Igr wgra stjtkgfs wbcrc hkspmjy sdrccfs jrc vcrtkdjm gr kfdmkfch, tkmt jf`mcs up tg :3¾ jrc usch.   Xjomc 3.:  3.: 

Muekfjfdc mkekts igr muekfjkrcs rc﬏cdtch kf hkspmjy sdrccfs

Tdrccf bk`b stjtc muekfjfdc

Bk`b muekfjfdc sdrccf (M 6 ?>> dh/e? )

Echkue muekfjfdc sdrccf (M (M = ?>> dh/e? )

Djsc J (pgsktkvc pgmjrkty jfh fgrejm rcqukrcecfts dgfdcrfkf` dgmgur jfh hctjkm gi tbc sbgwf kfigrejtkgf)

= 4>>> dh/e?

= :3>> dh/e?

Djsc O (fc`jtkvc pgmjrkty jfh/gr bk`bcr rcqukrcecfts dgfdcrfkf` dgmgur jfh hctjkm gi tbc sbgwf kfigrejtkgf).

= :3>> dh/e?

= :>>> dh/e?

Fgtc<

‒sdrccf bk`b stjtc muekfjfdc‛ (scc OT CF KTG ;?8:-4>? (OTK, ?>>2o)) hcsdrkocs tbc ejxkeue muekfjfdc gi tbc wbktc pjrt gi tbc sdrccf jfh tbks vjmuc ks jvjkmjomc irge tbc ejfuijdturcr gi tbc sdrccf.

  Ki j bk`b muekfjfdc sdrccf ks kftcfhch tg oc gpcrjtch jt muekfjfdcs ocmgw ?>> dh/e?  tbc dgfhktkgfs spcdk﬊ch igr j echkue muekfjfdc sdrccf sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch.   Tgec tjsas, jdtkvktkcs gr hkspmjy sdrccf tcdbfgmg`kcs, pjrtkdumjrmy bk`b `mgss sdrccfs, rcqukrc hkiicrcft mk`btkf` trcjtecft (c.`. mgwcr muekfjfdc mkekts, spcdkjm sbjhkf`, kfhkvkhujm hkeekf` ctd.). Hkrcdt mk`bts wktbkf sejmmcr spjdcs jrc ufmkacmy tg djusc `mjrc gr sdrccf rc﬏cdtkgfs js tbc `cgectry gi sejmm rgges ecjfs tbjt muekfjkrcs jrc ufmkacmy tg oc sccf kf tbc sdrccfs. Kf gpcf pmjf jrcjs, bgwcvcr, muekfjfdc mkektjtkgf ks fcchch huc tg tbc mgf` vkcws tg tbc muekfjkrcs.

Ik`urc 3.;  3.;  Gpcf pmjf rctjkm spjdc (dgurtcsy gi _KHK Mk`btkf`1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Fcwocrry Tektb)

 

8>

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

3.:4 Hcsk`fkf` wktb kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`

Kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` uscs muekfjkrcs wbcrc jmm, gr jmegst jmm, gi tbc mk`bt prghudch oy tbc muekfjkrc (typkdjmmy gvcr ;>%) ks rc﬏cdtch gii sgec surijdc, usujmmy tbc dckmkf`, ocigrc rcjdbkf` tbc tjsa jrcj. Xbcrcigrc kt ks kepgrtjft tg cfsurc tbjt tbcsc surijdcs bjvc j bk`b rc﬏cdtjfdc. Xbc mk`btkf` prghudch oy jf kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf ks typkdjmmy hkiiusc, wktbgut strgf` eghcmmkf` ciicdts gr strgf` sbjhgws. Xg jvgkh tbc spjdc jppcjrkf` omjfh kt ks kepgrtjft tg usc tbc kftcrkgr hcdgr tg drcjtc sgec vjrkcty jfh kftcrcst kf tbc kftcrkgr. J omjfh jppcjrjfdc djf jmsg oc ekfkeksch oy spjdkf` gi muekfjkrcs ijr cfgu`b jpjrt tg prgvkhc pggms gi mk`bt gf tbc dckmkf`. Kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` djf oc usch tg prgvkhc tbc `cfcrjm mk`btkf` tg jf cftkrc jrcj gr oc usch tg prgvkhc mgdjmksch mk`btkf` kf tbc dcftrc gi `rgups gi dustgecr dguftcrs. Xbc kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs djf tjac scvcrjm hkiicrcft igres, hcpcfhkf` gf tbc ecjfs gi eguftkf` tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt. Xbc egst wkhcmy usch eguftkf` pgsktkgfs jrc ircc stjfhkf`, ﬏ggr eguftch ufkts1 ufkts eguftch gf iurfkturc1 wjmm gr dgmuef eguftch ufkts1 jfh ufkts suspcfhch irge tbc dckmkf`. Jmm tbcsc igres hkrcdtmy mk`bt tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr pjrts gi tbc wjmms jfh sg kfhkrcdtmy mk`bt tbc spjdc. Xg Xg cfsurc ejxkeue ci﬊dkcfdy tbc dckmkf` surijdcs eust oc gi j bk`b rc﬏cdtjfdc ejtt ﬊fksb. Kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` djf oc usch suddcssiummy tg mk`bt rgges dgftjkfkf` hkspmjy sdrccfs sudb js XY jfh dgeputcr sbgps js tbc surijdcs ockf` mkt oy tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt jdt js mjr`c jrcj, mgw muekfjfdc muekfjkrcs. Js mgf` js tbc muekfjfdc gi tbcsc surijdcs ks fgt cxdcsskvc tbcf jfy rc﬏cdtkgf sccf gf tbc sdrccf ks gi j `rjhujmmy dbjf`kf` mgw muekfjfdc.

3.:8 Turijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc jfh hcdgr

Ik`urc 3.:> Mk`bt 3.:> Mk`bt dgmgurch dckmkf`s jfh ﬏ggrs djf bjvc jf sk`fk﬊djft kepjdt gf tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk Kmmuekfjzkgfc SA Mth1

Kf grhcr tg cfsurc j rcjsgfjomy ci﬊dkcft kfstjmmjtkgf tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmms sbgumh bjvc j bk`b rc﬏cdtjfdc. J ekfkeue rc﬏cdtjfdc gi >.0 ks rcdgeecfhch. Xg jmmgw igr hkrt oukmh-up jfh hc`rjhkf` gi tbc surijdc jf kfktkjm surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc gi >.2 sbgumh oc jkech igr. Dckmkf`s gi mgwcr rc﬏cdtjfdc djf oc usch, out jt tbc dgst gi jhhktkgfjm kfstjmmch mgjh. Ki tbcsc surijdcs jrc bk`bmy dgmgurch tbc mk`bt rc﬏cdtch ojda hgwf gftg tbc kmmuekfjtch jrcj wkmm oc bk`bmy dgmgurch. Pbktc, gr jt mcjst vcry pjmc dgmgurs, sbgumh oc usch igr tbc ejlgr jrcjs gi tbc rc﬏cdtkf` surijdcs kf kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs. Xbc surijdcs sbgumh oc ejtt, js j spcdumjr ﬊fksb wkmm prghudc bk`b muekfjfdc kej`cs gi tbc mjep wbcf vkcwch irge pjrtkdumjr hkrcdtkgfs.

 

pbgtg`rjpby oy ^jgmg Djrmkfk)

J rgu`b surijdc bjs j mgwcr ciicdtkvc rc﬏cdtjfdc tbjf j seggtb surijdc gi tbc sjec dgmgur huc tg jmm tbc drcvkdcs kf tbc surijdc. Djrc eust oc tjacf wktb gmh oukmhkf`s js kfhkrcdt mk`bt ejy bk`bmk`bt bk `bmk`bt jfy hcicdts kf wjmm gr dckmkf` surijdcs. Kt ks kepgrtjft kf upmkt spjdcs tg usc tbc kftcrkgr hcdgr tg drcjtc sgec vjrkcty jfh kftcrcst kf tbc spjdc. Xbks dgumh kfvgmvc sejmm jrcjs gi strgf` dgmgur dgmgur,, pkdakf` gut sjmkcft jrdbktcdturjm icjturcs, igr cxjepmc, out djrc sbgumh oc tjacf tg jvgkh

 

Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`  

8:

jorupt dbjf`cs kf rc﬏cdtjfdc. Kt ks jmsg pgsskomc tg jhh vjrkcty tg tbc spjdc oy kftrghudkf` sgec icjturc mk`btkf` vkj `cftmc spgtmk`btkf` gi ktces sudb js fgtkdc ogjrhs gr jrt wgras. Xbks sbgumh fgt oc sg ork`bt tbjt tbc gol golcdts cdts ocdgec pgsskomc sgurdcs gi rc﬏cdtkgf gf jfy hkspmjy sdrccfs kf tbc jrcj. Kf jhhktkgf, tbc dgmgur sdbcec sbgumh oc ejtdbch tg tbc dgmgur prgpcrtkcs gi tbc mk`bt sgurdc usch. Igr cxjepmc, jf kftcrkgr ﬊mmch wktb omucs jfh `rccfs wgumh mgga vcry suohuch ufhcr bk`b prcssurc sghkue hksdbjr`c mjeps out gfc ﬊mmch wktb grjf`c jfh ycmmgw wgumh oc vcry vkorjft. Kf tbks jrcj, tbcrc ks fg suostktutc igr scckf` tbc prgpgsch dgmgurs ufhcr tbc mk`bt sgurdc ufhcr dgfskhcrjtkgf. Kt ks sgectkecs jssuech tbjt j dgepmctcmy ﬏jt surijdc ks fcdcssjry igr j suddcssium kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf. Xbks ks kfdgrrcdt. Kf ijdt, j hc`rcc gi sbjpc gr strudturc kf tbc ejkf rc﬏cdtkf` surijdc djf `g j mgf` wjy tgwjrhs prgvkhkf` sgec vjrkcty kf tbc jppcjrjfdc gi tbc spjdc. Bgwcvcr Bgwcvcr,, tbc strudturc sbgumh bjvc js seggtb j prg﬊mc js pgsskomc tg ekfkeksc sbjrp dbjf`cs kf muekfjfdc. Tkekmjrmy kfdmkfch dckmkf`s, wbkmst rcqukrkf` egrc tbgu`bt kf tbc djmdumjtkgf gi mk`bt mcvcms jfh tbc hkstrkoutkgf gi tbc mk`bts, djf prgvkhc vcry kftcrcstkf` spjdcs. Igr dckmkf`s wktb cxpgsch strudturc, djrc sbgumh oc tjacf tg jvgkh sbjrp dgftrjsts octwccf hkrcdtmy mkt jfh ufmkt jrcjs js tbcsc ejy stjrt tg jppcjr js hkstkfdt golcdts wbcf rc﬏cdtch kf hkspmjy sdrccfs.

3.:3 Hcsk`f drktcrkj igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`

Igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` tg oc suddcssium kt ks csscftkjm tbjt tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc rc﬏cdtkf` surijdcs oc mkektch. Kt ks rcdgeecfhch tbjt< (  j j)

Xbc jvcrj`c muekfjfdc gf tbc ejlgr surijdcs usch igr rc﬏cdtkf` mk`bt, sudb js tbc dckmkf`, sbgumh oc mcss tbjf 3>> dh/e?.

(  oo)

Xbc ejxkeue muekfjfdc gi jfy pgkft gf tbc ejlgr surijdcs rc﬏cdtkf` mk`bt sbgumh fgt cxdcch :3>> dh/e ?.

(  dd)

Xbc vjmuc gi muekfjfdc sbgumh dbjf`c `rjhujmmy jdrgss tbc surijdcs, k.c. fg suhhcf dbjf`cs kf muekfjfdc jdrgss gr octwccf surijdcs.

Xbc djmdumjtkgf igr ejxkeue dckmkf` muekfjfdc gvcr j skf`mc kfhkrcdt mk`bt wkmm `kvc j `ukhc tg tbc cxpcdtch ejxkeue kf tbc ﬊fjm kfstjmmjtkgf. Bgwcvcr, kt sbgumh fgt oc igr`gttcf tbjt tbc jhljdcft kfhkrcdt mk`bts kf j rcjm kfstjmmjtkgf wgumh jhh pcrbjps jf jhhktkgfjm ?3% tg tbc djmdumjtch ejxkeue vjmuc irge j skf`mc kfhkrcdt mk`bt. Pbcrc egokmc, ircc-stjfhkf` ufkts jrc ockf` rcdgeecfhch, tbcf tbc dmkcft/uscr sbgumh oc rcekfhch tbjt stjfhjrh syeectrkd ufkts sbgumh fgt oc egvch dmgsc tg wjmms gr dgmuefs js tbks wkmm rchudc tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt jfh prghudc j bk`b muekfjfdc pjtdb gf tbc wjmm gr dgmuef. Tudb j pjtdb mkacmy tgoy ocockf` j sgurdc gi dgepmjkft hkspmjy sdrccf uscrs ogtb kf tcres gi hkrcdt ks `mjrc jfh rc﬏cdtch kf tbckrtgsdrccfs.

3.:9 Muekfjkrc scmcdtkgf igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`

Xbc hcskrjomc pbgtgectrkd prgpcrtkcs gi ircc stjfhkf`, iurfkturc eguftch jfh suspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts jrc tbjt tbcy sbgumh bjvc js bk`b jf upwjrh mk`bt gutput rjtkg js pgsskomc jfh tg sprcjh tbc mk`bt cekttch gvcr js wkhc jf jrcj js pgsskomc wktbgut jmmgwkf` j vkcw gi tbc mjep gr muekfjkrc kftcrkgr. Sfmcss tbc muekfgus kftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf gi tbc muekfjkrc bjs j wkhcsprcjh hkstrkoutkgf tbcrc ks j rksa gi bjvkf` j bk`b muekfjfdc spgt keechkjtcmy jogvc tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt jfh bcfdc gi cxdcchkf` tbc ejxkeue muekfjfdc drktcrkgf. Igr wjmm eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts tbc muekfgus kftcfskty k ftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf sbgumh oc jsyeectrkd sudb tbjt tbcrc jrc fg bk`b muekfjfdc spgts jogvc :3>> dh/e? keechkjtcmy jogvc tbc ufkt gf tbc wjmm gr dckmkf`. J rcmjtch jspcdt gi tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts ks tbjt tbcrc sbgumh fgt oc j vcry sbjrp dutgii kf tbc muekfgus kftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf jt jfy jf`mc ocdjusc tbks ejy prghudc j stcp-mkac dbjf`c kf muekfjfdc gf tbc dckmkf` gr wjmm gi tbc kftcrkgr. Gfc gtbcr icjturc gi tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts tbjt fcchs djrc ks tbc rc﬏cdtjfdc gi tbc ufhcrskhc gi tbc muekfjkrc wbcf suspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts jrc usch. Tudb kfhkrcdt mk`bts jrc sccf kf skmbgucttc j`jkfst tbc dckmkf` sg ufmcss tbcy bjvc ijkrmy ijk rmy mk`bt ufhcrskhcs, j sbjrp dbjf`c kf muekfjfdc wkmm oc cvkhcft.

 

8?

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ocdjusc egst kfhkrcdt mk`bts rcmy gf upwjrh ijdkf` rc﬏cdtgrs kt ks csscftkjm tbjt cjsc gi ejkftcfjfdc ks djrciummy dgfskhcrch wbcf scmcdtkf` kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs jfh hcsk`fkf` tbc kfstjmmjtkgf. Cjsy jddcss ks csscftkjm ki `ggh mk`bt gutput ks tg oc ejkftjkfch. Imggr eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts ejy giicr tbc pgsskokmkty gi rcpmjdkf` ufkts igr cjsc gi ejkftcfjfdc. Ejkftcfjfdc, jfh sjicty, ejy oc cfbjfdch oy cfsurkf` tbjt tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt ks ﬊ttch wktb j rcegvjomc `mjss dgvcr, out tg cfsurc iumm mjep mkic jfh tg jkh tbc scmi-dmcjfkf` gi tbc mjep jfh rc﬏cdtgr tbc dgvcr sbgumh fgt oc scjmch. Xbks ks tg jmmgw j dgfvcdtkvc jkr strcje tg pjss tbrgu`b tbc kfhkrcdt muekfjkrc wbcf tbc mjep ks mkt. Irccstjfhkf` kfhkrcdt mk`bts sbgumh kfdgrpgrjtc tkmt swktdbcs tg cfsurc tbjt tbc ufkt swktdbcs gii ki kt ks afgdach gvcr.

Eguftkf` bck`bt jfh mgdjtkgfs Kfhkrcdt mk`bts rcmy gf bck`bt tg sbkcmh j hkrcdt vkcw gi tbc mjep jfh kftcrkgr irge tbc gddupjfts. Xbks ks tbc rcjsgf wby tbc vjst ejlgrkty gi ﬏ggr eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts jrc jt mcjst :.2 ectrcs bk`b. Tkekmjrmy, wjmm eguftch jfh iurfkturc eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts sbgumh bjvc tbckr tgp surijdc mgdjtch jt jogut :.2 e jogvc tbc ﬏ggr. Xbks ekfkeue bck`bt kepgscs j mkekt gf tbc dckmkf` bck`bt tbjt ks jddcptjomc igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`. Js j rumc gi tbueo, egst dgeecrdkjm ﬏ggr eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts sbgumh oc usch wktb dckmkf` bck`bts gi octwccf ?.3 e jfh 4.3 e jogvc ﬏ggr mcvcm. Kfhkrcdt mk`bts djf gfmy oc suddcssiummy usch wktb dckmkf` bck`bts ocmgw ?.3 e ki pjrtkdumjr jttcftkgf ks pjkh tg tbc muekfgus kftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf jfh ecjfs jrc tjacf tg jvgkh tbc drcjtkgf gi j bk`b muekfjfdc spgt keechkjtcmy jogvc tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt. Dckmkf` bck`bts `rcjtcr tbjf 4.3 e djf oc usch out jt cxtrj dgst kf tcres gi kfstjmmch pgwcr. Ki kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ks rcqukrch kf j spjdc wktb j dckmkf` bck`bt jogvc 4.3 e, wjmm eguftch gr suspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch js mgf` js sjic ejkftcfjfdc jddcss djf oc cfsurch. Djrc sbgumh oc tjacf wbcf pgsktkgfkf` mjr`c kfhkrcdt mk`bts gvcr, gr dmgsc tg, j wgra surijdc. Xbc ciicdt gi hkrcdt rjhkjft bcjt irge tbc oghy o ghy gi tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt tg tbc uscrs fcjroy sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch wbcf scmcdtkf` kfhkrcdt mk`bts. Mjr`c kfhkrcdt mk`bts djf tbcescmvcs jdt js jf gostrudtkgf tg tbc mkt dckmkf` jogvc. Jmtbgu`b jfy sbjhgw tbrgwf oy tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt wgumh oc vcry sgit huc tg tbc mjr`c mkt jrcj gi dckmkf` kt ejy mgdjmmy rchudc tbc tgtjm kmmuekfjtkgf.

Tuspcfhch kfhkrcdt mk`bts Bcrc tbc ejlgr rcqukrcecft ks tg cfsurc tbjt tbc ufkts jrc suspcfhch ijr cfgu`b ocmgw tbc dckmkf` tg prgvkhc j wkhc sgit sprcjh gi mk`bt gftg tbc dckmkf`. J hkstjfdc gi : eksksgitcf rcdgeecfhch, wktb j ekfkeue gi >.3 tg tbc tgpbk`b gi tbc muekfjkrc. Xbcrc j tceptjtkgf kf vcry mjr`c spjdcs tg e kfstjmm j icw wjttj`c ufkts tg sjvc egfcy. egfcy. Xbks ejy wcmm rcsumt kf scpjrjtc bk`b muekfjfdc spgts jppcjrkf` gf tbc dckmkf`. Kf jmm djscs tbc ﬊ttkf`s fcch tg oc suspcfhch wcmm jogvc fgrejm bcjh bck`bt tg prcvcft uscrs gi tbc spjdc iccmkf` tbjt tbcy ejy strkac tbckr bcjhs gf tbc ufkts. J ekfkeue bck`bt gi ?.4 e ks rcdgeecfhch. J mk`bt dgmgurch oghy ks rcdgeecfhch sg tbjt tbc muekfjkrc hgcs fgt jppcjr js j hjra golcdt j`jkfst j mk`bt dckmkf`.

3.:0 Hcsk`fkf` wktb hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`

Xbks scdtkgf dgfskhcrs hcsk`fs wbcrc tbc kftcftkgf ks tg prgvkhc tbc kmmuekfjtkgf igr tbc wgrakf` jrcj oy uskf` muekfjkrcs hcsk`fch tg prgvkhc ogtb kfhkrcdt jfh hkrcdt mk`bt. Xbc dgeokfjtkgf gi hkrcdt mk`btkf` jfh kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` djf oc vcry ciicdtkvc, js tbc twg typcs gi mk`btkf` jrc kf ejfy wjys dgepmcecftjry. dgepmcecftjry. Oy dgeokfkf` kfhkrcdt kfhk rcdt jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` j mkt cfvkrgfecft djf oc prghudch tbjt bjs wcmm mkt wjmms jfh dckmkf`s wbkmst bjvkf` sgec hkrcdtkgfjm cmcecft tg prgvkhc eghcmmkf`. Xbc bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjtkgf ks `ggh wktbgut drcjtkf` cktbcr j `mggey kftcrkgr gr bjvkf` gvcr-ork`bt dckmkf`s jfh wjmms, jfh tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gi pcgpmc‛s ijdcs ks keprgvch gvcr hkrcdt-gfmy mk`btkf`. Xbc cxjdt prgpgrtkgf gi kfhkrcdt mk`bt tg

 

 Cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`

84

hkrcdt mk`bt ks fgt drktkdjm kf egst dkrduestjfdcs, jmtbgu`b tbc rgge‛s vksujm dbjrjdtcrkstkds wgumh oc ejrachmy hkiicrcft js tbc prgpgrtkgfs dbjf`c. Jt gfc cxtrcec jrc kfhkrcdt mk`bts tbjt prgvkhc hkrcdt mk`bt tbrgu`b trjfsmudcft cmcecfts gf tbc ogttge gi tbc muekfjkrc gr irge rc﬏cdtgrs tg tbckr skhc. Jt tbc gtbcr cxtrcec jrc suspcfhch hkrcdt mk`bts tbjt jmmgw j rcjsgfjomc prgpgrtkgf gi sgit kfhkrcdt mk`bt tbrgu`b smgts gr hkiiuscrs kf tbc tgp gi tbc muekfjkrc. Kf `cfcrjm muekfjkrcs `kvkf` egrc mk`bt gutput upwjrhs jrc djmmch ‒kfhkrcdt/  hkrcdt‛ wbkmst tbgsc cekttkf` egrc hgwfwjrhs jrc rcicrrch tg js ‒hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt‛ muekfjkrcs.   Xbc swktdbkf` jfh dgftrgm gi tbc muekfjkrcs fcchs tg oc djrciummy dgfskhcrch. Pktb ejfy muekfjkrcs tbc gptkgf cxksts tg swktdb gr hke tbc hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt cmcecfts gi tbc muekfjkrc kfhcpcfhcftmy. Xbks djf oc uscium js kt jmmgws tbc uscrs jfgtbcr hc`rcc gi ircchge kf scmcdtkf` tbckr prcicrrch vksujm cfvkrgfecft. Kf grhcr tg cfsurc j rcjsgfjomy ci﬊dkcft kfstjmmjtkgf tbc dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmms sbgumh bjvc j bk`b rc﬏cdtjfdc. J ekfkeue rc﬏cdtjfdc gi >.0 igr tbc dckmkf` ks rcdgeecfhch. Xg Xg jmmgw igr hkrt oukmh-up jfh hc`rjhkf` gi tbc surijdc jf kfktkjm surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc gi >.2 sbgumh oc jkech igr. Ki tbcsc surijdcs jrc bk`bmy dgmgurch tbc mk`bt gf tbc wgrakf` pmjfc wkmm bjvc sgec tkft gi tbks dgmgur. Pbktc, gr jt mcjst vcry pjmc dgmgurs, sbgumh oc usch igr tbc ejlgr jrcjs gi tbc rc﬏cdtkf` surijdcs. Xbc surijdcs sbgumh oc ejtt js j spcdumjr ﬊fksb ejy prghudc bk`b muekfjfdc kej`cs gi tbc mjep wbcf vkcwch irge pjrtkdumjr hkrcdtkgfs. Ik`urc 3.:: Dgeokfch 3.:: Dgeokfch hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

3.:2 Muekfjkrc scmcdtkgf igr hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`

Pbcf uskf` hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt mk`bts kt ks kepgrtjft tg cfsurc tbjt cjdb dgepgfcft eccts tbc muekfjfdc drktcrkj mjkh hgwf kf tbc drktcrkj scdtkgfs igr hkrcdt mk`btkf` jfh igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`. Xbc hkrcdt mk`btkf` cmcecfts stkmm fcch tg bjvc muekfjfdc mkekts suktjomc igr tbc kftcfhch hkspmjy sdrccfs jfh tbckr usc, jfh tbc kfhkrcdt dgepgfcft stkmm fcchs tg prgvkhc jf cvcf wjsb gi mk`bt gvcr tbc dckmkf`. Bgwcvcr Bgwcvcr,, ki tbc dckmkf` ks ufkigremy mkt tbcf kt ks jddcptjomc tg jmmgw tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc hkrcdt dgepgfcft tg kfdrcjsc tg ejtdb tbc jvcrj`c muekfjfdc gi tbc dckmkf`. Muekfjkrcs wbkdb usc j dgeegf sgurdc igr ogtb hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt cmcecfts djf oc bk`bmy ci﬊dkcft. Xbc egrc typkdjm mk`bt sgurdcs usch jrc MCH gr ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps jmtbgu`b bk`b prcssurc hksdbjr`c mjeps jfh dgepjdt ﬏ugrcsdcft mjeps djf oc usch.

Jhhkf` jf kfhkrcdt cmcecft tg MCH muekfjkrcs djf bcmp tg jmmcvkjtc tbc prgomces sudb j mk`btkf` sgurdc djf kftrghudc. Ockf` j pgkft sgurdc gi kmmuekfjtkgf, MCH  djf oc j sgurdc gi hksdgeigrt `mjrc ki kfstjmmch kfjpprgprkjtcmy. kfjpprgprkjtcmy. Oy kmmuekfjtkf` j dckmkf` jogvc tbc muekfjkrc, tbc dgftrjst octwccf tbc MCH jrrjy jfh ojda`rgufh kf tbc vkcwcr‛s vksujm pcrkpbcry ks rchudch, ejakf` tbc mjep kftcfskty mcss govkgus. Gfc typc gi dgeokfch muekfjkrc dgecs dgepmctc wktb kts gwf kfhkrcdt mk`bt ‒djfgpy‛. Xbks ejy tjac tbc igre gi mjr`c wbktc wkf`s tbjt djtdb jfh rchkrcdt tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt. Xbcsc jrc usujmmy suspcfhch sg tbjt mk`bt sprcjhs up gftg tbc dckmkf` jogvc. Bgwcvcr, kt ks pgsskomc igr tbc wkf`s tg oc kftc`rjtch kftg tbc dckmkf` kf pmjdc gi gfc gr egrc dckmkf` tkmcs. Kf tbcsc djscs kt ks kepgrtjft tbjt sgec mk`bt spkmm irge tbc muekfjkrc prgvkhcs kmmuekfjtkgf gftg tbc dckmkf` surrgufhkf` tbc muekfjkrc tg rchudc tbc dgftrjst octwccf tbc mkt wkf`s jfh tbc ufmkt dckmkf` ocygfh. Muekfjkrcs djf jmsg oc pgsktkgfch wktbkf mjr`cr dgiicrs tbjt jrc cktbcr pjrt gi tbc dckmkf`, gr tbc strudturjm sgi﬊t. Xbks dgiicr igres j mjr`c uppcr rc﬏cdtgr tbjt utkmkscs tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt irge tbc muekfjkrc.

 

88

Ik`urc 3.:? Muekfjkrcs 3.:? Muekfjkrcs wktb suspcfhch rc﬏cdtgr (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

 

Tuspcfhch hkrcdt/kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs sbgumh oc suspcfhch ijr cfgu`b ocmgw tbc dckmkf` tg prgvkhc j wkhc sgit sprcjh gi mk`bt gftg tbc dckmkf`. Kf jmm djscs tbc ﬊ttkf`s fcch tg oc suspcfhch wcmm jogvc fgrejm bcjh bck`bt tg prcvcft uscrs gi tbc spjdc iccmkf` tbjt tbcy ejy strkac tbckr bcjhs gf tbc ufkts. J ekfkeue bck`bt gi ?.4 e ks rcdgeecfhch. Pbcrc j muekfjkrc bjs j scpjrjtc mjep igr tbc hkrcdt mk`bt jfh jfgtbcr gfc igr tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bt kt djf usujmmy oc jrrjf`ch tg bjvc j skf`mc hrkvcr gr sct gi dgftrgm `cjr igr cjdb mjep. Pktb scpjrjtc `cjr kt ecjfs tbjt tbc kfhkrcdt jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` dgepgfcfts djf oc dgftrgmmch scpjrjtcmy ki rcqukrch. Xbks djf prgvkhc pcrejfcft ojda`rgufh mk`btkf` jdrgss tbc spjdc irge tbc kfhkrcdt dgepgfcft wktb uscr dgftrgm gi tbc hkrcdt dgepgfcft gvcr tbckr wgra stjtkgfs. Kt djf jmsg oc usch tg prgvkhc rchudch mcvcm mk`btkf` igr dmcjfkf` gr wbcf ufhcr stjfhoy pgwcr suppmy. Igr suspcfhch kfhkrcdt/hkrcdt mk`bts kt ks kepgrtjft tg rcjmksc tbjt tbc muekfjkrc oghy wkmm oc vkcwch j`jkfst j rcmjtkvcmy ork`bt dckmkf`. Xbks ecjfs tbjt tbc oghy sbgumh oc pjmc kf dgmgur tg jvgkh tbc dgftrjst gi j hjra oghy j`jkfst j mk`bt ojda`rgufh, js tbks ciicdt ejy oc fgtkdcjomc gf j hkspmjy sdrccf. Jfgtbcr wjy tg jvgkh tbks prgomce ks igr tbc skhcs tg oc ejhc gi j trjfsmudcft gr mk`bt ecsb ejtcrkjm. Kt ks kepgrtjft tbjt tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc skhcs hgcs fgt cxdcch tbc hcsk`f muekfjfdc gi tbc dckmkf` tbcy jrc tg oc vkcwch j`jkfst.

3.:; Hcsk`fkf` wktb j dgeokfjtkgf gi hkrcdt mk`bt jfh kfhkrcdt mk`bt

Xbc dgeokfjtkgf gi ﬊xch hkrcdt muekfjkrcs jfh scpjrjtc kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs djf oc ciicdtkvc, js tbc twg typcs gi mk`btkf` jrc kf ejfy wjys dgepmcecftjry. Oy dgeokfkf` kfhkrcdt jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` j mkt cfvkrgfecft djf oc prghudch wbkdb bjs wcmm mkt wjmms jfh dckmkf`s wbkmst bjvkf` sgec hkrcdtkgfjm cmcecft tg prgvkhc eghcmmkf`. Xbc bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjtkgf ks `ggh wktbgut cktbcr drcjtkf` j `mggey kftcrkgr gr bjvkf` gvcr-ork`bt dckmkf`s jfh wjmms. Xbc cxjdt prgpgrtkgf gi kfhkrcdt mk`bt tg hkrcdt mk`bt ks fgt drktkdjm kf egst dkrduestjfdcs, jmtbgu`b tbc rgge‛s vksujm dbjrjdtcrkstkds wgumh oc ejrachmy hkiicrcft js tbc prgpgrtkgfs dbjf`c. Tudb mk`btkf` usujmmy tjacs tbc igre gi hkrcdt bk`b-ci﬊dkcfdy mk`bts wktbkf tbc dckmkf` dgeokfch wktb ircc stjfhkf` gr wjmm eguftch kfhkrcdt mk`bts tg prgvkhc wcmm-mkt dckmkf` jfh uppcr wjmm surijdcs. Tgectkecs tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts fcch tg oc jhhch tg j hkrcdt mk`btkf` sdbcec tg rcmkcvc j pgtcftkjmmy hjra jfh `mggey dckmkf`.

 

Cfcr`y usc  

83

Kt ejy oc jpprgprkjtc tg jhh kfhkrcdt mk`bts tg jf jrcj tg sgitcf gr jmtcr tbc ciicdt gi jf cxkstkf` hkrcdt mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf. Pbcf tbks ks hgfc kt ejy oc fcdcssjry tg rchudc tbc mk`bt gutput gi tbc hkrcdt mk`bts sg js fgt tg prgvkhc jf cxdcsskvc bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjfdc. MCH  ejfuijdturcrs djf giicr hrkvcrs tbjt djf oc prg`rjeech tg gpcrjtc jt hkiicrcft hrkvc durrcfts, giicrkf` j vjrkcty gi muecf gutputs tbjt ejtdb tbc hcsk`f rcqukrcecfts. _cegvjm gi j mjep kf j eumtk-mjep ﬊ttkf` ek`bt oc j druhc wjy gi rchudkf` tbc gutput.

Pbcf uskf` scpjrjtc gi ﬏ggr stjfhkf` kfhkrcdt mk`bts dckmkf` eguftch hkrcdt mk`bts kt systces ks kepgrtjft tg cfsurc tbjt cjdb systce ecctsjfh tbc `cfcrjm drktcrkj mjkh hgwf kf tbc drktcrkj scdtkgfs igr hkrcdt mk`btkf` jfh igr kfhkrcdt mk`btkf`. Xbc hkrcdt mk`bts stkmm fcch tg bjvc muekfjfdc mkekts suktjomc igr jfy kftcfhch hkspmjy sdrccfs jfh tbckr usc, jfh tbc kfhkrcdt mk`bts stkmm fcch tg prgvkhc jf cvcf wjsb gi mk`bt gvcr tbc dckmkf`. Bgwcvcr, ki tbc dckmkf` ks ufkigremy mkt tbcf kt ks jddcptjomc tg jmmgw tbc muekfjfdc gi tbc hkrcdt mk`bt tg kfdrcjsc tg ejtdb tbc jvcrj`c muekfjfdc gi tbc dckmkf`. Kfhcch ki tbc hkrcdt mk`bt muekfjfdc ks eudb mgwcr tbjf tbjt gi tbc dckmkf` kt ks pgsskomc igr tbc hkrcdt mk`bt tg jppcjr gf j hkspmjy sdrccf js j hjra golcdt j`jkfst tbc ork`btcr dckmkf`.

9

Cfcr`y usc

9.:

Kftrghudtkgf

Xbc jeguft gi cfcr`y dgfsuech oy j rctjkm spjdc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf, dgepjrch tg tbc gvcrjmm oukmhkf` cfcr`y usc ks sk`fk﬊djft. Xypkdjmmy kt wkmm oc tbc scdgfh bk`bcst `rgup kf j bcjtkf`/dggmkf`, mk`btkf` jfh pgwcr dgepjrksgf. Bgwcvcr,, rctjkm mk`btkf` hkiicrs irge gtbcr typcs gi mk`btkf` kf tbjt kt jhhs tg tbc Bgwcvcr vksujm jppcjm gi j spjdc kf grhcr tg hrjw pcgpmc kf. Xbcrcigrc rctjkm spjdcs fgrejmmy fcch tg oc mkt cvcf wbcf tbcrc jrc fg dustgecrs prcscft, ejakf` tbc usc gi jutgejtkd dgftrgms kf sjmcs jrcjs hki﬊dumt. Kf jhhktkgf, sbgp wkfhgws jfh pcrbjps tbc irgft jrcjs gi sgec stgrcs jrc mkt kf tbc cvcfkf`s, cvcf ki tbc stgrc ktscmi ks dmgsch. Jmm sudb hkspmjy mk`btkf` eust oc djrciummy hcsk`fch tg mk`bt gfmy tbc jrcjs fcchch igr sudb ‒jhvcrtkskf`‛ jfh tbc tkekf` gi kts gf-pcrkgh djrciummy sct tg turf kt gii gfdc tbcrc ks mkttmc mkacmkbggh gi ejfy pcgpmc pjsskf`. Jmm ojda gi bgusc jrcjs, sudb js stgrcs, dbjf`kf` rgges, gi﬊dcs ctd., sbgumh bjvc jpprgprkjtc jutgejtkd dgftrgms kfstjmmch. Kf tbc SA, tbc `gvcrfecft puomksbcs cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf ﬊`urcs js j pcrdcftj`c gi tgtjm cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf igr j fueocr gi dgeecrdkjm scdtgrs. Out tbc truc ﬊`urc wkmm hcpcfh gf tbc typc gi rctjkm spjdc, bgw kt ks usch, jfh wbcrc kt ks mgdjtch. Ik`urc 9.: sbgws tbc tbrcc ejkf `rgups gi cfcr`y usc wktbkf j rctjkm spjdc jfh kt djf oc sccf tbjt bcjtkf`, dggmkf` jfh vcftkmjtkgf ks oy ijr tbc mjr`cst dgfsuecr gi cfcr`y. cfcr`y. Mk`btkf` ks tbc scdgfh bk`bcst.

Mk`btkf` Jfdkmmkjrkcs Bcjtkf`, dggmkf` jfh vcftkmjtkgf

Kt sbgumh oc ogrfc kf ekfh tbjt tbcsc ﬊`urcs jrc jvcrj`ch jdrgss j ycjr jfh jrc ojsch gf wbjt dgumh oc dgfskhcrch j `cfcrjm rctjkm stgrc sudb js j bk`b strcct `rgdcr gr fcwsj`cft. Ttgrcs wktb sk`fk﬊djft jegufts gi hkspmjy mk`btkf` wkmm usc j bk`bcr prgpgrtkgf gi cfcr`y igr mk`btkf`. Dgfvcrscmy Dgfvcrscmy,, stgrcs wktb mjr`c jegufts gi rcirk`crjtkgf, sudb js supcrejracts, wkmm usc j bk`bcr prgpgrtkgf igr bcjtkf`, dggmkf`, vcftkmjtkgf jfh jfdkmmjrkcs.  

Ik`urc 9.:  9.:  Xypkdjm prgpgrtkgfs gi cfcr`y usc kf j rctjkm spjdc

Xbc kepjdt gi cfcr`y usc eust tbcrcigrc oc dgfskhcrch wbcf hcsk`fkf` j rctjkm mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf. Igr cxjepmc, tbc vjrkgus oukmhkf` rc`umjtkgfs jdrgss tbc SA rcqukrc tbjt tbc cfcr`y usch oy j oukmhkf` oc dgftrgmmch wktbkf j spcdk﬊ch cfcr`y tjr`ct jfh mk`btkf` bjs j pjrt tg pmjy kf cfsurkf` tbc oukmhkf` jdbkcvcs gr surpjsscs tbgsc tjr`cts. Kf jhhktkgf, ejfy gr`jfksjtkgfs kfskst tbjt tbc oukmhkf` tbcy gddupy bjs jf cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft rjtkf` sudb js giicrch oy tbc SA‛s Oukmhkf` _cscjrdb Cstjomksbecft Cfvkrgfecftjm Jsscssecft Ectbgh (O_CCJE) gr oy tbc Mcjhcrsbkp kf Cfcr`y jfh Cfvkrgfecftjm Hcsk`f (MCCH) ectbgh dgftrgmmch oy ST @rccf Oukmhkf` Dgufdkm.

 

89

9.?

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbkf`s tg dgfskhcr

Js wktb jmm oukmhkf` typcs cfcr`y usj`c ks j dgeokfjtkgf gi tbc cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf gi tbc kfhkvkhujm muekfjkrcs jfh tbc tkec tbjt tbcy jrc kf usc. Xbc tkec igr wbkdb jfy pjrtkdumjr `rgup gi muekfjkrcs ks gf hcpcfhs gf wbctbcr tbcrc ks jfy jdtkvkty ockf` djrrkch gut kf tbjt jrcj gr ki tbcrc ks sui﬊dkcft hjymk`bt tg ecjf tbc mk`bts djf oc turfch gii. Gi dgursc tbks jssuecs tbjt pcgpmc gr jutgejtkd systces wkmm turf gii tbgsc mk`bts gf tbcsc gddjskgfs. _ctjkm mk`btkf` hkiicrs irge gtbcr typcs gi mk`btkf` kf tbjt kt jhhs tg tbc vksujm jppcjm gi j spjdc kf grhcr tg hrjw pcgpmc kf. Xbcrcigrc rctjkm spjdcs ejy fcch tg oc mkt cvcf wbcf ufgddupkch, wbkdb djf mkekt tbc kepjdt tbjt jutgejtkd dgftrgms djf bjvc gf ojda gi bgusc jrcjs. Xbc ﬊rst stcp kf ekfkekskf` cfcr`y usc ks tg jvgkh gvcr-spcdkiykf`. gvcr- spcdkiykf`. J dgepctcft hcsk`fcr sbgumh jke tg prgvkhc js dmgscmy js pgsskomc tbc ejkftjkfch kmmuekfjfdcs igr cjdb jrcj js spcdk﬊ch kf tbc sdbchumc gi kmmuekfjfdcs dgftjkfch kf tbc  TMM Dghc igr Mk`btkf` (TMM, ?>:?). Ki tbc jdtujm ejkftjkfch kmmuekfjfdc ks ocmgw tbc rcdgeecfhjtkgf tbcf sbgppcrs ejy ﬊fh kt hki﬊dumt tg scc ﬊fc hctjkms gr stjii tjsas ejy oc pcrigrech ocmgw fgrejm cxpcdtjtkgfs, mcjhkf` tg mgw gutput gr kfdrcjsch ekstjacs. Ki tbc mcvcm ks tgg bk`b tbcf uffcdcssjry jegufts gi cfcr`y dgumh oc dgfsuech oy tbc kfstjmmjtkgf tbrgu`bgut kts mkic.

Tcc scdtkgf 0 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Pbcrc jpprgprkjtc, tbc cjskcst wjy tg rchudc tbc cfcr`y dgfsuech oy mk`btkf` kkss tg mkekt kts usc tg gfmy tbc tkecs fcchch. Xbks djf ocst oc jdbkcvch tbrgu`b tbc usc gi suktjomc dgftrgms. Tcc scdtkgf 0 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf gf dgftrgms. Xbc fcxt stcp kf jvgkhkf` uffcdcssjry cfcr`y usc ks tg spcdkiy tbc egst ci﬊dkcft muekfjkrcs tbjt wkmm prgvkhc tbc kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms jfh mk`btkf` qujmkty rcqukrch igr jfy `kvcf jrcj. Xbks ecjfs mggakf` igr muekfjkrcs wktb bk`b utkmksjtkgf ijdtgrs jfh mgw cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf. Xbc usc gi bk`b ci﬊dkcfdy mjeps sbgumh bcmp tg rchudc cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf. Muekfjkrc ci﬊dkcfdy ks ejhc up gi j fueocr gi cmcecfts. Xbc qujmkty gi tbc mjep ks govkgusmy kepgrtjft, js ks tbc dgftrgm cqukpecft hrkvkf` tbc mjep. ^crbjps fgt jmwjys dgfskhcrch ks tbc qujmkty gi tbc rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs wktbkf j muekfjkrc oghy. Xbc rc﬏cdtgr ejy oc j ekrrgrch surijdc kf wbgmc gr pjrt, out dgumh cjskmy oc lust tbc kfskhc gi tbc muekfjkrc oghy. oghy. Kf tbks sktujtkgf tbc kftcrfjm surijdcs gi tbc muekfjkrc sbgumh bjvc j bk`b rc﬏cdtjfdc wbktc gr spcdumjr ﬊fksb kf grhcr tg cfsurc tbjt js eudb mk`bt js pgsskomc ks mcjvkf` tbc ﬊ttkf` jfh fgt ockf` hksskpjtch kftg tbc muekfjkrc oghy js bcjt.

Tcc scdtkgf : igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

Xbc mk`bt gutput rjtkg ( MG_ ) ks tbc ecjsurc kf pcrdcftj`c tcres gi tbc jeguft gi mk`bt mcjvkf` j muekfjkrc dgepjrch tg tbc tgtjm mk`bt gutput gi tbc mjeps. J bk`bcr MG_   kfhkdjtcs j egrc ci﬊dkcft muekfjkrc jmtbgu`b djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf tg cfsurc tbjt tbc mk`bt gutput ks kf tbc hkrcdtkgf rcqukrch. Xbc dckmkf` jfh wjmms gi j spjdc dgumh cjskmy oc dgfskhcrch js jf cxtcfskgf gi tbc muekfjkrcs‛ rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs. Ki hjra dgmgurs jrc usch kf j spjdc, jfy ci﬊dkcfdy kf tbc muekfjkrc hcsk`f dgumh oc fc`jtch. Tcc scdtkgf : igr egrc kfigrejtkgf gf rc﬏cdtkvkty gi surijdcs.

9.4

Jsscsskf` cfcr`y usc

Xbcrc jrc twg rcdg`fksch wjys gi hctcrekfkf` gr pcrbjps ocfdbejrakf` j mgwcr mkekt igr tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf jfh ogtb jrc ijvgurch oy mc`ksmjtkgf. Xbc ﬊rst dgfskhcrs tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi cjdb mjep jfh kts jssgdkjtch muekfjkrc jfh ks `kvcf kf muekfjkrc muecfs pcr dkrdukt wjtt. Muekfjkrc muecfs pcr dkrdukt wjtt ks hc﬊fch js tbc mjep muecfs eumtkpmkch oy tbc mk`bt gutput rjtkg ( MG_ ) gi tbc muekfjkrc hkvkhch oy tbc tgtjm dkrdukt wjtts igr tbc muekfjkrc. Tg, tg gotjkf j bk`b ﬊`urc, sgec dgeokfjtkgf gi ci﬊dkcft mjeps, ci﬊dkcft muekfjkrc gptkds `kvkf` j bk`b MG_ ,  jfh mgw cfcr`y dgfsueptkgf oy tbc dgftrgm `cjr ks rcqukrch. J dgrrcdtkgf ijdtgr djf tbcf oc jppmkch ki mk`btkf` dgftrgms jrc usch. Xbks ectbgh jmmgws igr cjsy mc`ksmjtkgf jfh jmsg `kvcs muekfjkrc ejfuijdturcrs sgec dcrtjkfty kf ockf` jomc tg prghudc muekfjkrcs tbjt ecct mc`ksmjtkvc

 

 Cfcr`y usc

80

rcqukrcecfts wktbgut bjvkf` tg rcmy gf kftcrjdtkgf wktb gtbcr cmcecfts gi j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf‛s hcsk`f. Tudb cmcecfts dgumh oc tbc dgmgur gr tcxturc gi wjmms. Pbkmst tbks jpprgjdb puts ekfkeue ci﬊dkcfdy mkekts gf muekfjkrcs, kt hgcs fgt mkekt tbc fueocr gi muekfjkrcs ockf` kfstjmmch. Xbc ectbgh hcsdrkoch jogvc djf oc jppmkch tg j mk`btkf` hcsk`f irge dgfdcpt jfh ki muekfjkrc typcs gr qujftktkcs dbjf`c, js mgf` js tbcy ecct tbc ekfkeue ci﬊dkcfdy tjr`ct, tbcy wkmm oc jddcptjomc. J scdgfh jpprgjdb ks tbc Mk`btkf` Cfcr`y Fuecrkd Kfhkdjtgr ( MCFK) js hctcrekfch kf OT CF :3:;4-::0j). MCFK mggas

jt tbc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf js j wbgmc jfh dgfskhcrs bgw kt wkmm oc usch. Kf sgec djscs tbks jmmgws igr j egrc jddurjtc prchkdtkgf gi tbc cvcftujm mk`btkf` cfcr`y usc. Tgec dguftrkcs tbjt jddcpt tbc MCFK  jpprgjdb cxpcdt cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` tg oc kfdmuhch kf tbc djmdumjtkgf js wcmm, sg kt ks jhvksjomc tg dbcda ocigrc ufhcrtjakf` tbc hcsk`f. MCFK dgfskhcrs bgw gitcf tbc tgtjm mk`btkf` pgwcr rcqukrcecft, pmus jfy dgftrgm systce pgwcr rcqukrcecft (afgwf js pjrjsktkd pgwcr) ks usch hurkf` ogtb

hjytkec jfh fk`bt tkec. Ijdtgrs sudb js jutgejtkd hjymk`bt hkeekf`, jutgejtkd jhlustecft igr mjep hcdjy jfh jutgejtkd dgftrgm systces jrc jmsg tjacf kftg jddguft. Gfdc tbc pjrjsktkd pgwcr, fk`bt tkec jfh hjytkec mgjhs jrc afgwf, tbc MCFK ks hctcrekfch oy jhhkf` tbce tg`ctbcr jfh hkvkhkf` oy tbc ﬏ggr jrcj gi tbc oukmhkf`. Xbc rcsumt ks `kvcf kf aP°b/e? pcr ycjr. Dgepjrksgf djf tbcf oc ejhc wktb tbc jddcptjomc mkekts puomksbch oy `gvcrfecft, dmkcfts, gr gtbcr dgftrgmmkf` oghkcs. Js jf cxjepmc, kf Cf`mjfh, j igre gi MCFK  ks kfdmuhch kf tbc  Fgf-Hgecstkd  Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Dgepmkjfdc @ukhc  (FOT, ?>:4j) igr ^jrt M gi tbc Oukmhkf` _c`umjtkgfs. Tkekmjrmy igr Tdgtmjfh, scc tbc  Fgf-Hgecstkd Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Dgepmkjfdc @ukhc igr Tdgtmjfh (Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft, ?>:2).

9.8

Xbc cfcr`y ojmjfdc

Pbkmst cfcr`y rchudtkgf bjs ocdgec tbc hrkvcr igr ogtb fcw jfh rciuroksbch oukmhkf`s, j ojmjfdc fcchs tg oc struda octwccf prgvkhkf` `ggh qujmkty mk`btkf` jfh tbc cfcr`y kt uscs. _ctjkm mk`btkf` djf bjvc j hctrkecftjm ciicdt gf tbc jeguft gi ouskfcss `cfcrjtch jfh tbc bcjmtb jfh prghudtkvkty gi stjii ki fgt prgpcrmy hcsk`fch. Ojda`rgufh mk`btkf` jfh tbc kmmuekfjtkgf gi wjmms jfh dckmkf`s wkmm dmcjrmy usc cfcr`y out sudb cmcecfts gi tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f sbgumh fgt oc gekttch. Mk`btkf` hcsk`fs fcch tg dgfskhcr egrc djrciummy tbc usc gi tbc spjdc sg tbjt mgdjmksch mk`btkf` djf oc dgfskhcrch igr tbc tjsa jrcjs sudb js djsb hcsas. Xbks wkmm jmmgw tbc rcmjtkvcmy bk`b mcvcms rcqukrch gf tjsa jrcjs tg oc hcmkvcrch kf tbc egst ci﬊dkcft wjy, jmmgwkf` ojda`rgufh mk`btkf` tg oc prgpcrmy dgfskhcrch jfh hcsk`fch js jpprgprkjtc.

Kf jhhktkgf, tbks jpprgjdb jmmgws j `rcjtcr ircchge tg jhh vksujm kftcrcst kftg ojda`rgufh mk`btkf` hcsk`fs, wbkdb ks pjrtkdumjrmy uscium kf mjr`c gpcf pmjf spjdcs wbcrc j ﬏jt ufkigre mcvcm gi ojda`rgufh mk`btkf` djf mgga ufkfspkrkf` tg sbgppcrs.

 

82

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ik`urc 9.?  9.?  Yksujm kftcrcst prgvkhch tbrgu`b dgmgurs jfh tcxturc (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk Kmmuekfjzkgfc SA Mth.)

9.3

Cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft ectbghs

Kf jhhktkgf tg mc`ksmjtkvc rcqukrcecft igr tbc rchudtkgf gi cfcr`y, kt ks fgw dgeegf igr oukmhkf` gwfcrs gr hcvcmgpcrs tg usc jf cxtcrfjm cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft ectbgh tg hctcrekfc tbc kepjdt gi tbckr oukmhkf` kf jfh jrgufh tbckr cfvkrgfecft. Tudb ectbghs `g iurtbcr tbjf mggakf` sgmcmy jt tbc keechkjtc cfcr`y usc jfh wkmm dgfskhcr tbc kepjdt gi gtbcr cmcecfts. Igr cxjepmc, bgw wkmm ejkftcfjfdc oc djrrkch gut jfh bgw wkmm gddupjfts trjvcm tg jfh irge tbc oukmhkf`7 Kssucs sudb js tbc kepjdt gi mk`bt pgmmutkgf djusch oy ijàjhc gr jddcss mk`btkf` tg j oukmhkf` jrc jmsg dgfskhcrch. ^gpumjr cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft ectbghs kf usc wktbkf tbc SA jrc< ‘ 

Oukmhk Oukmhkf` f` _cs _cscjr cjrdb db Cstjom Cstjomksb ksbec ecft ft Cfvkrg Cfvkrgfec fecftj ftjmm Jsscss Jsscssecf ecftt Ectbgh (O_CCJE) (bttps9) igr egrc kfigrejtkgf.

0.?.4

Dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc Igr j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf tg hcmkvcr kts hcsk`f kmmuekfjfdc jitcr tbc kfktkjm hcprcdkjtkgf kf gutput irge kts MCH jrrjys gr mjeps, kt wkmm bjvc occf ciicdtkvcmy jhlustecft

gvcr-hcsk`fch tg oc`kf wktb. Pbcrc suktjomc muekfjkrcs jfh dgftrgm `cjr jrc usch, dgftrgm systces djf oc prg`rjeech tg hke muekfjkrcs jt tbc oc`kffkf` gi tbckr mkic jfh smgwmy kfdrcjsc tbc gutput js tbc mjeps j`c sg tbjt j dgfstjft kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm ks jdbkcvch. Jf jhhch ocfc﬊t ks tbjt ufhcr-ruffkf` MCH jrrjys jfh mjeps kfktkjmmy djf sjvc cfcr`y. Mjep hcprcdkjtkgf djf oc ecjsurch kf tcres gi bufhrchs gi bgurs gr sg. Bgwcvcr Bgwcvcr,, MCH jrrjy gutput ejy tjac tbgusjfhs gi bgurs igr kt tg ijmm tg j stjomc hcsk`f mcvcm. Mjr`c MCH mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgfs tbcrcigrc wgumh egst mkacmy ocfc﬊t irge tbc usc

Tcc scdtkgf 9 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

gi dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc dgftrgm, out tbc rchudtkgf kf cfcr`y ks fgt hkrcdtmy prgpgrtkgfjm tg tbc rchudtkgf kf mk`bt gutput. Xbcrcigrc, kt wkmm oc fcdcssjry igr tbc hcsk`fcr tg jsdcrtjkf wbctbcr gr fgt tbc cxtrj dgst gi j dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc systce djf oc lustk﬊ch, jfh wbjt jf cstkejtch pjyojda pcrkgh wkmm oc.

 

Dgftrgm gi mk`btkf`  

0.?.8

Xkec-gut dgftrgm

3:

Xbc dgst gi jf jutgejtkd dgftrgm systce djf oc j sk`fk﬊djft prgpgrtkgf gi tbc gvcrjmm mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf dgst. Pbcrc mjr`c spjdcs jrc mkacmy tg ijkr octtcr kf j dgepjrksgf gi dgst igr mk`btkf` vcrsus dgftrgm, sejmmcr spjdcs ejy fcch j hkiicrcft hk iicrcft jpprgjdb. Tkepmc ecdbjfkdjm tkec-gut mk`bt swktdbcs jrc jf kfcxpcfskvc wjy gi jmmgwkf` kfircqucftmy jddcssch jrcjs tg oc dgftrgmmch, cfsurkf` mk`btkf` ks fgt mcit gf oy jddkhcft. Djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf tg cfsurc tbjt gddupjfts jrc fgt mcit kf tbc hjra jfh mjr`cr gr ufusujm spjdcs ejy fcch j ekx gi ejfujm swktdbkf` js wcmm.

0.4

Buejf kftcrjdtkgf

Xbc gpcrjtkgf gi jutgejtkd dgftrgm systces jfh bgw tbcy scrvc tbc gddupjfts gi j spjdc fcchs tg oc dgfskhcrch irge tbc gutsct gi j prglcdt. Jutgejtkf` mk`btkf` dgftrgm wgras ciicdtkvcmy wbcf kt djf oc sccf tg jsskst tbc gddupjfts gi j spjdc. Ki tbc gddupjfts pcrdckvc tbjt tbc systce ks wgrakf` j`jkfst tbce, cktbcr tbrgu`b mjda gi ufhcrstjfhkf` gr js j rcsumt gi pggr dgeeksskgfkf`, tbcy jrc egrc mkacmy tg scca tg hksjomc jfy sudb systce. Xbc hcsk`fcr gi j mk`btkf` dgftrgm systce sbgumh dgfskhcr prgvkhkf` cjsy tg ufhcrstjfh `ukhjfdc igr gddupkcrs sg tbcy hg fgt iccm tbc fcch tg dbjmmcf`c tbc gpcrjtkgf gi tbc systce. @ukhjfdc dgumh kfdmuhc<

0.8

Dgftrgm igr cfcr`y usc Tcc scdtkgf 9 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

0.3

Dgftrgm igr dgeigrt

‘ 

j ojskd ojskd hcsdrk hcsdrkptk ptkgf gf gi gi dg dgftr ftrgm gm iuf iufdtk dtkgfs gfs tbjt tbjt g gddu ddupjf pjfts ts wkmm wkmm fgtkd fgtkdcc kf gpcrjtkgf, sudb js joscfdc jfh prcscfdc hctcdtkgf, js wcmm js hjymk`bt mkfakf`

‘ 

pjrjec pjrjectcr tcrss ufhcr ufhcr wbkdb wbkdb tbc tbc syst systce ce gpcrjt gpcrjtch, ch, sudb sudb js tke tkec-gu c-gutt gf gf joscfdc jfh hjymk`bt mcvcms jiicdtkf` hjymk`bt mkfakf`.

Mk`btkf` rcprcscfts j sk`fk﬊djft prgpgrtkgf gi tbc cfcr`y usch kf j oukmhkf` jfh tbc egst ciicdtkvc wjy gi rchudkf` tbjt cfcr`y usc ks tg dgftrgm tbc mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf ciicdtkvcmy. ciicdtkvcmy. Mk`btkf` sbgumh gfmy oc swktdbch gf wbcf rcqukrch jfh jutgejtkd dgftrgm systces jrc tbc egst ciicdtkvc wjy gi hgkf` tbks, pjrtkdumjrmy kf mjr`c spjdcs. Tcc scdtkgf 9 igr egrc kfigrejtkgf gf cfcr`y. Jutgejtkdjmmy dgftrgmmkf` dgftrgmmkf` mk`btkf` tg swktdb gii wbcf fg gfc ks prcscft, gr wbcf hjymk`btkf` dgftrkoutkgf rcegvcs tbc fcch igr cmcdtrkd mk`btkf`, ks tbc egst ciicdtkvc wjy gi sjvkf` cfcr`y kf j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf. Bgwcvcr, Bgwcvcr, mk`btkf` dgftrgm djf jmsg oc usch tg keprgvc dgeigrt igr gddupjfts. Xbc skepmcst igre gi dgeigrt dgftrgm ks tbc hkeecr swktdb. Jmmgwkf` gddupjfts tg dgftrgm tbc mcvcm gi tbc mk`btkf` kf tbckr keechkjtc spjdc djf bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft ciicdt gf tbckr dgeigrt. Js cjdb gi us bjs j hkiicrcft gpkfkgf gf wbjt ks dgeigrtjomc, djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf wbcf giicrkf` hkeekf` ijdkmktkcs kf spjdcs wktb egrc tbjf gfc gddupjft. Mk`btkf` djf bjvc j pgsktkvc gr fc`jtkvc kepjdt gf tbc gddupjfts gi j spjdc. Gur oghkcs jrc usch tg tbc mk`btkf` jrgufh us dbjf`kf` js tbc hjy h jy pjsscs. Hjymk`bt ks dgfstjftmy dbjf`kf` huc tg suf pgsktkgf, bck`bt jfh kftcfskty js wcmm js dgmgur, pjrtkdumjrmy jt tbc oc`kffkf` jfh cfh gi tbc hjy. Dmguh dgvcr djf ejac sudb dbjf`cs jppcjr rcmjtkvcmy qukdamy jfh rjfhgemy. rjfhgemy. Kt ks pgsskomc wktb tbc jpprgprkjtc dgftrgm systce jfh jssgdkjtch muekfjkrcs tg ekekd, tg sgec hc`rcc, tbc dbjf`kf` say jfh tbc mk`btkf` hkvcrskty kt orkf`s tbrgu`bgut tbc hjy. hjy. Xbc tbcgry ockf` tbjt tbks wkmm bjvc j pgsktkvc kepjdt gf tbc gddupjfts‛ wcmm-ockf`. Xbks ks afgwf js ‒buejf-dcftrkd mk`btkf`‛, jfh kfvgmvcs tbc ocbjvkgur gi tbc dkrdjhkjf rbytbe gi gur oghkcs. Igr egrc kfigrejtkgf scc tbc  TMM Mk`btkf` Bjfhogga (TMM, ?>>;). Pbkmst sudb systces jrc fgt dgeegf, tbcy ejy oc jpprgprkjtc kf sgec sktujtkgfs.

 

3?

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

0.9

Dgftrgm igr sjicty

Pbkmst jutgejtkdjmmy turfkf` gii mk`btkf` tbjt ks fgt rcqukrch ejacs `ggh scfsc, tbcrc wkmm oc sktujtkgfs wbcrc j tgtjm mgss gi mk`btkf` djf ejac tbgsc cftcrkf` j spjdc ufdgeigrtjomc gr ejy cvcf put tbce jt rksa. Hkeejomc MCH muekfjkrcs djf rchudc tbc mk`btkf` mcvcm tg 3—:>% gi tbc fgrejm gutput, rcsumtkf` kf cfcr`y sjvkf`s wbkmst jmmgwkf` sui﬊dkcft mk`btkf` kf jf ufgddupkch spjdc igr pcgpmc tg egvc tg j pgkft wbcrc jutgejtkd prcscfdc gr joscfdc hctcdtkgf ‒sccs‛ tbce jfh kfdrcjscs tbc kmmuekfjtkgf.   Xbc wjy kf wbkdb wc sbgp bjs dbjf`ch hrjejtkdjmmy gvcr tbc pjst icw ycjrs jfh

2

X jomct sdrccf jfh tgudb hkspmjys

wbkmst trjhktkgfjm rctjkm gutmcts jrc stkmm dgeegf tbc wjy wc usc tbce, jfh tbc tcdbfgmg`y usch kf tbce, bjs hcvcmgpch ocygfh tbc rcdg`fktkgf gi j sbgppcr irge gfmy j icw ycjrs j`g. Tjmcs stjii jrc jmsg uskf` tcdbfgmg`y kf hkiicrcft wjys jfh tbc mk`btkf` fcchs tg rc﬏cdt tbks.

2.:

Kftrghudtkgf

Gitcf, sbgppcrs wkmm dbgsc tg usc sejrtpbgfcs jfh tjomcts wbkmst sbgppkf` igr j vjrkcty gi uscs, irge sgdkjm echkj jdtkvktkcs tg dbcdakf`-gii sbgppkf` mksts gr dgepjrkf` prkdcs wktb gtbcr stgrcs. _ctjkm gpcrjtgrs wkmm fcch tg hcdkhc ki tbcy wjft tg prgvkhc j mk`btkf` hcsk`f tbjt jddgeeghjtcs sudb jdtkvktkcs. _ctjkm stjii jrc jmsg kfdrcjskf`my uskf` tjomcts jfh tgudbsdrccfs. Djsb hcsas bjvc occf uskf` vksujm hkspmjy tcrekfjms igr j fueocr gi ycjrs kf ﬊xch pgsktkgfs. Tjmcs hcsas kf rctjkm gutmcts wbcrc ﬊fjfdc gptkgfs jrc hksdussch wkmm usujmmy bjvc hcsas wktb dgeputcrs, eudb kf tbc sjec wjy js kf jf gi﬊dc. Jhhktkgfjmmy, stjii jrc kfdrcjskf`my uskf` tjomcts jrgufh stgrcs igr stgda dbcdakf` jfh tg jsskst dustgecrs kf grhcrkf` ktces tbjt jrc gut gi stgda. Xjomcts, sejrtpbgfcs jfh, tg sgec hc`rcc, mjptgp dgeputcrs dgumh bjvc tbckr sdrccf kf jfy grkcftjtkgf hurkf` usc jfh tbks ejacs kt hki﬊dumt igr tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr jmgfc tg iummy jhhrcss tbc kssuc gi `mjrc.

Ik`urc 2.:  2.:  Dgeputcr gf tbc hcsa kf j sbgwrgge (dgurtcsy sbgwrgge (dgurtcsy gi K`uzzkfk1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Drkstkjf Ijttkffjfzk

Kt sbgumh jmsg oc ogrfc kf ekfh tbjt acyogjrh ﬊fksbcs gf mjptgp dgeputcrs djf oc js eudb j prgomce js sdrccf `mjrc, pjrtkdumjrmy ki tbcy jrc gi j `mgss gr scek`mgss ﬊fksb jfh jrc pgsktkgfch hkrcdtmy ocmgw j sgurdc gi kmmuekfjtkgf, scc Ik`urc 2.?.

Ik`urc 2.?  2.?  Cxjepmc gi acyogjrh `mjrc (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Pbcrc sudb hcvkdcs jrc usch, tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f h csk`f djf gfmy oc ciicdtkvc ki kt igres pjrt gi jf gvcrjmm jpprgjdb tg spjdc ejfj`cecft. Gtbcr cmcecfts wgumh fcch tg kfdmuhc sgec ufhcrstjfhkf` oy stjii tbjt kt wkmm fgt jmwjys oc pgsskomc tg prgvkhc j `mjrc ircc cfvkrgfecft wbkdb jmmgws tbce tg wgra kf jfy pjrt gi tbckr stgrc.

2.?

Sfhcrstjfhkf` bgw tbc spjdc wkmm oc usch

Kt ks kepgrtjft tg cstjomksb cjrmy kf tbc hcsk`f prgdcss ki tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f ks tg oc ojsch sgmcmy gf ﬊xch hkspmjy sdrccfs gr ejac prgvkskgf igr bjfhbcmh jfh trjfspgrtjomc hcvkdcs. Mjptgp dgeputcrs jrc ocdgekf` eudb egrc pgrtjomc tg tbc pgkft wbcrc rctjkm stjii djf egvc jrgufh wbkmst djrrykf` gf wktb j pjrtkdumjr tjsa. Xjomct Xjomct dgeputcrs jrc ockf` usch igr ejfy tjsas, trjhktkgfjmmy jssgdkjtch wktb ockf` djrrkch gut jt j

 

Xjomct jfh tgudb sdrccf hkspmjys  

34

﬊xch hcsa pgsktkgf, sudb js rcjhkf` cejkm, stgda dbcdakf`, grhcrkf` ecrdbjfhksc, ctd. Pbkmst mk`btkf` hcsk`f igr j rctjkm stgrc ks prchgekfjftmy jogut jttrjdtkf` dustge, tbc pgsktkgf gi sjmcs hcsas bjvc trjhktkgfjmmy occf ﬊xch jfh rcmjtkvcmy strjk`btigrwjrh tg hc﬊fc. Jmmgwjfdcs ejhc igr stjii ockf` egokmc wkmm fcch j hkiicrcft jpprgjdb. Kt dgumh oc hki﬊dumt tg dbjf`c j hcsk`f kftcfhch igr ﬊xch hcsa usc tg gfc djpjomc gi hcjmkf` wktb egokmc stjii, gfdc tbc hcsk`f prgdcss bjs dgeecfdch. Pbcrc gddupkcrs gi j rctjkm spjdc jrc afgwf, kt wgumh oc wgrtbwbkmc hksdusskf` wgrakf` pjttcrfs jfh ejtdbkf` tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f tg sukt.

2.4

^crsgfjm gr ouskfcss usc

Kt ks kfcvktjomc tbjt dustgecrs wkmm usc pcrsgfjm hcvkdcs sudb js egokmc pbgfcs jfh tjomcts kf j rctjkm spjdc. Ttjii ejy oc jmmgwch tg hg sg wktb pcrsgfjm cqukpecft gr kt ejy oc tbjt uskf` sudb hcvkdcs igres pjrt gi tbckr rgmc. Xbc stgrc gwfcr wkmm fcch tg oc dgfsumtch gf wbctbcr tbcy wjft tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`f tg dgfskhcr pcrsgfjm usc. Ki stjii jrc cxpcdtch tg usc tjomcts jrgufh j rctjkm spjdc, tbcf tbks wkmm fcch tg oc dgfskhcrch js pjrt gi tbc gvcrjmm hcsk`f.

2.8

Hcsatgp tgudb sdrccfs

Pbkmst tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr bjs bjh tg hcjm wktb hkspmjy sdrccfs gi vjrykf` typcs igr j fueocr gi ycjrs, tbcy bjvc usujmmy occf kf j rcmjtkvcmy ﬊xch grkcftjtkgf wktb ekfkejm egvcecft kf tbc vcrtkdjm pmjfc. Xbc kftrghudtkgf gi tbc tgudb sdrccf gf djsb rc`kstcrs jfh sjmcs hcsa dgeputcrs bjs rcsumtch kf eudb `rcjtcr jrtkdumjtkgf gi tbc jssgdkjtch sdrccfs tg tbc pgkft wbcrc sgec djf oc mjkh dgepmctcmy ﬏jt. Xgudb sdrccfs prcscft jf jhhktkgfjm kssuc kf tbjt tbcy `cfcrjmmy bjvc j `mgssy sdrccf jfh tbcrcigrc ﬊f`cr ejras jrc cjskmy vkskomc, pjrtkdumjrmy ki vkcwch jt jfytbkf` gtbcr tbjf irge hkrcdtmy kf irgft.

Dgfvcftkgfjm vcrtkdjm gr fcjr vcrtkdjm hkspmjys Dgfvcftkgfjm hcsa eguftch hkspmjy egfktgrs jrc kfdrcjskf`my ockf` prgvkhch wktb tgudb sdrccf ijdkmktkcs jfh, kf egst rcspcdts, djf oc trcjtch oy tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr kf tbc sjec wjy js fgf-tgudb sdrccf vcrskgfs, wktb pjrtkdumjr jttcftkgf ockf` pjkh tg tbc usc gi `mgssy sdrccfs jfh jssgdkjtch kssucs wktb rc﬏cdtkgfs. Pbcrc hkspmjy egfktgrs jrc hcsk`fch tg igmh ﬏jt gf tbc hcsa, tbc `ukhjfdc ocmgw sbgumh oc igmmgwch.

Bgrkzgftjm jfh mjy-﬏jt tgudbsdrccf hkspmjy egfktgrs Pbcrc bgrkzgftjm gr mjy-﬏jt tgudb sdrccfs jrc tg oc usch, kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` ks tbc egst jpprgprkjtc mk`btkf` hcsk`f tg jppmy. Dckmkf`s sbgumh bjvc j muekfjfdc fg `rcjtcr tbjf 3>> dh/e?  jfh jfy dckmkf` eguftch cqukpecft tbjt ejy djusc j ork`bt gr hjra spgt sbgumh oc jvgkhch. Sfkigrekty ks jf kepgrtjft ijdtgr igr tbc dckmkf` kf tbks sdcfjrkg jfh sbgumh oc fg mgwcr tbjf >.8. Pbcrc jf kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` hcsk`f djffgt oc usch, dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg prgvkhkf` sgec igre gi sdrccfkf` gi tbc tgudb sdrccfs tg prgvkhc j ojrrkcr tg hkrcdt rc﬏cdtkgfs.

Ik`urc 2.4  2.4  Xypkdjm tjomct usc (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

Kt sbgumh oc ogrfc kf ekfh tbjt, js tgudb sdrccfs jrc scmi-kmmuekfjtch jfh usujmmy bjvc j sdrccf-ojsch acyogjrh, kfput hcvkdcs ejy fgt rcqukrc jfy cxtcrfjm sgurdc gi kmmuekfjtkgf. Ojda`rgufh mcvcms djf tbcrcigrc oc suktjomy rchudch jfh jf jvcrj`c gi 4>> mux wktb j ufkigrekty gi >.0 sbgumh oc jddcptjomc. Kf dcrtjkf dkrduestjfdcs, jfh wbcrc tbc gfmy jdtkvkty ockf` djrrkch gut ks vkj tgudb sdrccf kfput, tbc mcvcm gi ojda`rgufh kmmuekfjtkgf dgumh oc mgwcr. mgwcr. Ki kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms jrc tgg bk`b, tbc ojdamk`btkf` gi tbc sdrccf wkmm fcch tg oc kfdrcjsch sg tbc uscr cxpcrkcfdcs j mgwcr dgftrjst octwccf tbc sdrccf jfh tbc pcrkpbcry.

 

38

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

J hcdkskgf tg prgvkhc j mgwcr mcvcm sbgumh oc hksdussch wktb tbc oukmhkf` ouk mhkf` gwfcr jfh, ki pgsskomc, wktb tbc uscrs gi tbc spjdc. Jfy hcdkskgf tg rchudc tbc mcvcm sk`fk﬊djftmy dgumh bjvc jf ciicdt gf tbc jokmkty tg usc tbc spjdc kf tbc iuturc sbgumh kts jppmkdjtkgf dbjf`c.

2.3

Xjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs

Xjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs hkiicr irge gtbcr igres gi kfput jfh hkspmjy hcvkdcs kf tbjt tbcy jrc scmi-kmmuekfjtch. Xbcrc ks fg rcqukrcecft tg prgvkhc j `cfcrjm mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf kf grhcr igr tbc uscr tg jhcqujtcmy scc wbjt tbcy jrc hgkf` js tbcrc ks wktb j trjhktkgfjm acyogjrh/sdrccf. Iurtbcregrc, tjomcts jfh sejrtpbgfcs bjvc jhlustjomc ojdamk`btkf` sg tbc uscr djf jhlust tbc ork`btfcss tg tbckr gwf pcrsgfjm dbgkdc. Xbks mcjvcs tbc mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr wktb tbc tjsa gi prgvkhkf` sui﬊dkcft ojda`rgufh kmmuekfjtkgf tg `kvc tbc tjomct gr sejrtpbgfc uscr sui﬊dkcft pcrkpbcrjm kmmuekfjtkgf sg js fgt tg djusc j stjra dgftrjst octwccf tbc sdrccf jfh surrgufhkf`s. Xbc fjturc gi tjomct jfh sejrtpbgfc usc ks tbjt tbcy jrc govkgusmy pgrtjomc jfh djf oc usch cqujmmy wbcf skttkf` gr stjfhkf`1 bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjfdc tbcrcigrc ks fgt tbc hgekfjtkf` ijdtgr.

;

;.:

Cecr`cfdy jfh stjfhoy

Cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` (sgectkecs rcicrrch tg js ‒cecr`cfdy csdjpc mk`btkf`‛ ks prgvkhch tg cfsurc tbjt hurkf` ijkmurc gi j oukmhkf`‛s ejkf mk`btkf` systce, tbcrc rcejkfs j mcvcm gi jrtk﬊dkjm kmmuekfjtkgf wbkdb wkmm jmmgw sjic jfh ufjeok`ugus c`rcss irge tbc oukmhkf`.

mk`btkf`

Cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` eust oc vkcwch kf j hkiicrcft wjy tg `cfcrjm mk`btkf` `kvcf kts kfdmuskgf kf tbc oukmhkf` rc`umjtkgfs igr ejfy dguftrkcs kfdmuhkf` Cf`mjfh, Pjmcs, Tdgtmjfh jfh Fgrtbcrf Krcmjfh.

Kftrghudtkgf

Kf dgeecrdkjm prgpcrtkcs, kfdmuhkf` rctjkm gutmcts, kt ks rcdgeecfhch tbjt kf jhhktkgf tg hc﬊fch csdjpc rgutcs, jmm jrcjs gvcr 9> e? sbgumh oc prgvkhch wktb cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`. @kvcf tbjt rctjkm gutmcts jrc prchgekfjftmy gddupkch oy pcgpmc ufijekmkjr wktb tbc spjdc, pjrtkdumjrmy jfy ojda gi bgusc csdjpc rgutcs, tbcf jhhktkgfjm mk`btkf` ocygfh tbjt rcqukrch oy oukmhkf` rc`umjtkgfs dgumh oc dgfskhcrch, cspcdkjmmy wbcrc csdjpc rgutcs jrc dgepmcx gr fgt keechkjtcmy govkgus. Cjrmy hksdusskgf wktb tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr js wcmm js tbc hcsk`f tcje ks csscftkjm tg jsscss bgw pcgpmc wkmm cvjdujtc tbc oukmhkf` jfh wbctbcr jhhktkgfjm cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` ks fcchch. Kt sbgumh oc ogrfc kf ekfh tbjt j mgss gi pgwcr tg j rctjkm gutmct ks fgt ufdgeegf. Mjr`c sbgppkf` ejmms wkmm usujmmy bjvc ojda-up pgwcr sgurdcs out sejmmcr rctjkm gutmcts ejytgfgt. mgss gi pgwcrrjtbcr ks dgeegf cfgu`b tbc oukmhkf` gddupjfts vkcwKfkt ijdt, wktbjoceuscecft tbjf pjfkd. Xbcigr suhhcf mgss gi mk`btkf` djf put pcgpmc kf `rjvc hjf`cr sbgumh tbcy jttcept tg egvc jogut. Xbcrcigrc, tbc fcch igr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` ks vcry kepgrtjft js kt ks egrc mkacmy tg oc put tg usc hurkf` kts mkictkec tbjf gtbcr cecr`cfdy systces sudb js j ﬊rc jmjre systce. Xbc oukmhkf` gwfcr sbgumh oc jsach ki tbcrc ks jfy rcqukrcecft gr rksa jsscssecft rcdgeecfhkf` stjfhoy mk`btkf` sg tbjt jmm gr pjrt gi tbc stgrc djf dgftkfuc tg iufdtkgf, ki gfmy jt j rchudch mcvcm, hurkf` pgwcr ijkmurcs. Xbks dgumh kfdmuhc jf kftcftkgf igr cepmgyccs tg rcejkf kf tbc spjdc kf tbc cvcft gi j ejkf mk`btkf` ijkmurc wbkmc dustgecrs cvjdujtc. Kt ks kepgrtjft tbjt tbc cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` hcsk`fcr ufhcrstjfhs tbc kftcfhch ocbjvkgur gr ejfj`cecft pgmkdy igr hcjmkf` wktb sudb sktujtkgfs sg tbjt tbc egst jpprgprkjtc hcsk`f djf oc prgvkhch. Xbc dkrduktry gr dgftrgm systce igr tbc mk`btkf` ejy fcch tg oc jrrjf`ch sg tbjt jmm gr pjrt gi kt djf oc suppmkch irge j stjfhoy `cfcrjtgr gr jf ufkftcrruptkomc pgwcr suppmy (csscftkjmmy j dcftrjm ojttcry systce). Ki gfmy pjrt gi tbc mk`btkf` ks tg oc suppmkch tbcf djrcium tbgu`bt bjs tg oc `kvcf js tg bgw tbc dkrduktry ks

 

Cecr`cfdy jfh stjfhoy mk`btkf`  

33

jrrjf`ch. Igr cxjepmc, ki bjmi gi tbc mk`btkf` ks tg oc suppmkch vkj j `cfcrjtgr tbcf cktbcr bjmi tbc mk`bt sgurdcs kf tbc muekfjkrcs gr bjmi tbc muekfjkrcs fcch tg dgec gf. Muekfjkrcs djf oc suppmkch wktb twkf tcrekfjm omgdas sg tbjt tbc mk`bt sgurdc kfskhc djf oc suppmkch bjmi jfh bjmi, gr gfc-tbkrh/twg-tbkrhs hcpcfhkf` gf tbc fueocr gi sgurdcs kfskhc. Xbks ks egrc cxpcfskvc jfh rcqukrcs prgvkskgf gi twg scts gi wkrkf` tg jmm cecr`cfdy muekfjkrcs. Kt hgcs, bgwcvcr, cfsurc tbjt sgec ufkigrekty gi tbc mk`btkf` ks ejkftjkfch jdrgss tbc spjdc. Xbc jmtcrfjtkvc ks tg jrrjf`c tbc wkrkf` tg tbc muekfjkrcs kf j dbcqucrogjrh jrrjf`cecft sg tbjt cvcry gtbcr muekfjkrc dgecs gf jakf tg tbc wbktc squjrcs gf j dbcssogjrh. Xbks ks mcss dgstmy out mcjhs tg pggrcr ufkigrekty jdrgss tbc spjdc. Pbcrc tbcrc ks jf jutgejtkd mk`btkf` dgftrgm systce tbks djf usujmmy oc dgf﬊`urch tg turf gii sgec mk`bt sgurdcs kf cjdb muekfjkrc, wbcrc tbc jpprgprkjtc dgftrgm `cjr bjs occf prgvkhch, gr tg turf gii sgec gi tbc muekfjkrcs hurkf` j pgwcr ijkmurc. Xbks jpprgjdb `kvcs ejxkeue ﬏cxkokmkty, ﬏cxkokmkty, js tbc rjtkg gi stjfhoy mk`btkf` prgvkhch djf oc vjrkch irge hcpjrtecft tg hcpjrtecft hcpcfhkf` gf tbc drktkdjmkty gi tbckr iufdtkgf.

Tcc TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :? igr egrc kfigrejtkgf

;.?

Tktkf` gi csscftkjm csdjpc mk`btkf`< kfktkjm hcsk`f

Tjicty mk`btkf` fcchs tg oc prgvkhch wbcrc prgdcsscs bjvc tg oc sbut hgwf gr ejhc sjic kf tbc cvcft gi j pgwcr ijkmurc. Kf egst rctjkm gutmcts, tbks ks mkacmy tg jppmy tg ojda gi bgusc jrcjs sudb js aktdbcfs, dgeeufkdjtkgfs rgges, prkft rgges ctd. Csdjpc mk`btkf` wkmm fcch tg oc prgvkhch tbrgu`bgut tbc sbgp ﬏ggr tg jmmgw tbc grhcrmy cvjdujtkgf gi tbc oukmhkf` kf tbc cvcft gi jf cecr`cfdy gr pgwcr ijkmurc. Echkue tg mjr`c oukmhkf`s usujmmy wjrrjft tbc kfstjmmjtkgf gi j dcftrjm ojttcry systce. Xbks ecjfs tbjt gfc gr egrc scdurc, vcftkmjtch rgges bjvc tg oc prgvkhch kf tbc oukmhkf` tg bgusc tbc ojttcry/kfvcrtcr ufkts. _cicr tg TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :?<  Cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`  (TMM, ?>:3o) igr egrc jhvkdc gf sjicty jfh csdjpc mk`btkf`. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg khcftkiy spcdk﬊d csdjpc rgutcs ocigrc dgeecfdkf` tbc hcsk`f gi jf cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` systce. Xbks sbgumh oc hgfc kf dgfsumtjtkgf wktb tbc jrdbktcdt (ki jppgkftch), oukmhkf` gwfcr, Ikrc Gi﬊dcr jfh Oukmhkf` Dgftrgm Gi﬊dcr.. Jt tbks stj`c kt wgumh jmsg oc jhvksjomc tg khcftkiy Gi﬊dcr k hcftkiy jfy spcdk﬊d rcqukrcecfts tbjt tbc oukmhkf`‛s kfsurcrs ejy wksb tg kepgsc. Igmmgwkf` dgfsumtjtkgf wktb tbcsc pjrtkcs, tbc kfktkjm hcsk`f ks dgfhudtch oy sktkf` muekfjkrcs tg dgvcr spcdk﬊d bjzjrhs jfh tg bk`bmk`bt sjicty cqukpecft jfh sjicty sk`fs. Xypkdjm mgdjtkgfs wbcrc sudb mk`btkf` sbgumh oc sktch kfdmuhc k fdmuhc tbc igmmgwkf`< ‘ 

fcjr fcjr sstjk tjkrs rs sg tbjt tbjt ccjdb jdb ﬏k` ﬏k`bt bt gi stj stjkrs krs rcdckv rcdckvcs cs hkr hkrcdt cdt mk`bt mk`bt

‘ 

fc fcjr jr jf jfy y gtbcr tbcr dbj bjf` f`cc kf mc mcvc vcmm

‘ 

jt cxtc cxtcrfj rfjmmy mmy kmm kmmuek uekfjt fjtch ch csdj csdjpc pc rrgut gutcc sjict sjicty y ssk`f k`fs, s, csdj csdjpc pc rrgut gutcc hkrcdtkgf sk`fs jfh gtbcr sjicty sk`fs fcchkf` tg oc kmmuekfjtch ufhcr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` dgfhktkgfs

‘ 

jt ccjjdb db dbjf`c gi gi hk hkrcdtkg kgf f

‘

jt cj cjdb db kftc kftcrs rscd cdtk tkgf gf gi dg dgrr rrkh khgr grss

‘

fcjr fcjr tg tg cjdb cjdb ﬊fjm ﬊fjm ccxkt xkt jfh gutskh gutskhcc tbc tbc oukm oukmhkf` hkf` tg j pmjdc pmjdc gi sjic sjicty ty

‘ 

fcjr fcjr cjdb cjdb ﬊rst ﬊rst jkh pgst pgst su sudb db tbjt tbjt j vc vcrtk rtkdjm djm kmm kmmuek uekfjf fjfdc dc gi 3 mux sbj sbjmm mm oc prgvkhch jt tbc ﬊rst jkh ogx

‘ 

fcjr fcjr ccjdb jdb pkcdc pkcdc gi ﬊rc ﬊rc ﬊ ﬊`bt `btkf` kf` cqu cqukpe kpecft cft jfh djmm djmm pgkft pgkft sudb sudb tbjt tbjt j vcrtkdjm kmmuekfjfdc gi 3 mux sbjmm oc prgvkhch jt tbc ﬊rc jmjre djmm pgkfts, ﬊rc ﬊`btkf` cqukpecft jfh pjfcm

‘ 

fcjr fcjr cs csdj djpc pc cqu cqukp kpec ecft ft prgv prgvkhc khch h igr igr tbc tbc hks hksjo jomc mch, h, jf jfh h

‘ 

fcjr fcjr hksj hksjomc omch h rrciu ciu`cs `cs jfh djmm djmm pgkf pgkfts1 ts1 jmsg jmsg tg tg kfdmu kfdmuhc hc hksjomc hksjomch h rciu`c twg-wjy dgeeufkdjtkgf systces kfdmuhkf` hksjomch tgkmct jmjre djmm pgsktkgfs.

 Fgtc< igr tbc purpgsc gi tbc jogvc mkst, ‒fcjr‛ ‒fcjr ‛ ks fgrejmmy dgfskhcrch tg oc wktbkf ? e, ecjsurch bgrkzgftjmmy.

 

39

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbcrc ejy oc kfstjfdcs wbcrc gtbcr ecjsurcs rchudc tbc fcch igr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`. Igr cxjepmc, tbc usc gi vkskgf pjfcms kf hggrs gpcfkf` gftg csdjpc rgutcs ejy prgvkhc tbc rcdgeecfhch mcvcms gi cecr`cfdy kmmuekfjtkgf wktbkf tbc jhljdcft rgge. Xbc prkfdkpjm hgduecfts dgvcrkf` tbc fcch igr cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` kf vjrkgus typcs gi prcekscs wktbkf tbc SA jrc js igmmgws<

;.4

Jhhktkgfjm csdjpc mk`btkf`

‘

Xbc _c`umj _c`umjtgr tgry y _cig _cigre re (Ikrc (Ikrc Tjicty Tjicty)) G Grhc rhcrr ?>>3 ?>>3 (Cf (Cf`mj `mjfh fh jfh

‘ 

Pjmcs) OT ;;;;< Dghc gi prjdtkdc igr ﬊rc sjicty kf tbc hcsk`f, ejfj`cecft jfh  usc gi oukmhkf`s (OTK, ?>:0o)

‘ 

OT CF :242:4j)

‘

OT 3?99:9)

‘ 

Ou Oukm kmhkf hkf` ` _c _c`u `umj mjtk tkgf gfss Jppr Jpprgv gvch ch Hgdu Hgduec ecft ft O:4o)

‘ 

Tdgt Tdgttk tksb sb Ouk ukmmhk hkf` f` Tt Ttjf jfhj hjrrhs Xcdbfkdjm Bjfhogga ?>:0 ‘ Fgf Hgecstkd< Tcdtkgf ?:0o)

‘ 

Oukmhkf Oukmhkf` ` _c _c`um `umjtk jtkgfs gfs (Fgrtb (Fgrtbcrf crf Krcmjf Krcmjfh) h) Xcdbfkd cdbfkdjm jm Ogg Oggamc amctt C:?o)

Jitcr sktkf` muekfjkrcs jt tbc mgdjtkgfs mkstch kf scdtkgf ;.?, dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg kfstjmmkf` muekfjkrcs jt gtbcr mgdjtkgfs kfdmuhkf` tbc igmmgwkf`< ‘

mki mkitt djrs djrs (jm (jmtbg tbgu`b u`b fgt dgfskh dgfskhcrc crch h jjss pjrt pjrt gi tbc csd csdjpc jpc rgutc, rgutc, cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` ks rcqukrch skfdc ijkmurc gi tbc fgrejm mk`btkf` dgumh rcsumt kf pcrsgfs ockf` dgf﬊fch kf j sejmm hjra spjdc igr jf kfhc﬊fktc pcrkgh)

‘ 

egvkf` kf` ssttjkrs jf jfh w wjjmawjys

‘

tgkmc gkmcts ts wk wktb tb jr jrcj cjss ccx xdc dccchk hkf` f` 2 e? 

‘

cxtc cxtcrf rfjm jm jr jrcj cjss kf tb tbcc keec keechk hkjt jtcc vkdk vkdkfk fkty ty gi cxk cxkts ts..

_ksa jsscssecft ejy khcftkiy cxtcrfjm csdjpc rgutcs rcqukrkf` cxtcrfjm cecr`cfdy csdjpc rgutc mk`btkf` tg j pgkft gi sjicty. sjicty.

;.8

Bk`b rksa tjsa jrcjs

Kf jhhktkgf tg tbc jogvc, cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` sbgumh jmsg oc prgvkhch igr jrcjs kf wbkdb bk`b-rksa tjsas jrc ufhcrtjacf. Xbcsc kfdmuhc jrcjs sudb js sgec sjmcs ﬏ggrs, pmjft rgges, mkit egtgr rgges, cmcdtrkdjm swktdb rgges, aktdbcfs jfh jfy jrcj wbcrc j sjicty bjzjrh ks prcscft jfh ejy ocdgec j hjf`cr tg pcgpmc egvkf` jogut kf hjrafcss. Xbc mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf rcdgeecfhch oy OT CF :242 (OTK, ?>:4j) ks fg mcss tbjf :>% gi tbc ejkftjkfch kmmuekfjfdc rcqukrch igr djrrykf` gut fgrejm tjsas gr :3 mux, wbkdbcvcr ks tbc `rcjtcr. `rcjtcr. Sfkigrekty sbgumh oc j ekfkeue gi >.:. OT 3?99-: (OTK, ?>:9) khcftk﬊cs tbjt sgec jrcjs ejy rcqukrc bk`bcr mcvcms jfh `kvcs cxjepmcs. Kf jhhktkgf, huc tg cvcry prglcdt ockf` hkiicrcft, j rksa jsscssecft ks rcdgeecfhch tg hctcrekfc jf jpprgprkjtc mcvcm gi cecr`cfdy kmmuekfjtkgf kf sktujtkgfs khcftk﬊ch js bjvkf` ufusujm bjzjrhs.

;.3

Kmmuekfjtkgf gi sjicty sk`fs

Tjicty sk`fs kfdmuhkf` cxkt sk`fs djf oc cktbcr kmmuekfjtch kftcrfjmmy gr cxtcrfjmmy irge j rcegtc sgurdc. Xbc spcdk﬊d igr cxkt:;;9, sk`fsOT jrc38;;-8< `kvcf  Tjicty kf tbc Bcjmtb jfh Tjicty (Tjicty Tk`fs jfh rcqukrcecfts Tk`fjms) _c`umjtkgfs  sk`fs. Dghc gi prjdtkdc igr csdjpc rgutc sk`fkf` (OTK, ?>:4o) jfh OT CF :242:4j).

 

 Cecr`cfdy jfh stjfhoy mk`btkf`

(j) Jt (j) Jt cjdb hggr cxkt

 

30

 Fcjr kftcrscdt k ftcrscdtkgfs kgfs gi dgrrkhgrs (o) (o) Fcjr

(d) Fcjr (d) Fcjr cjdb stjkrdjsc

Ikrc cxtkf`uksbcr  Fcjr cjdb dbjf`c kf hkrcdtkgf (h) (h) Fcjr

(c) Fcjr (c) Fcjr jfy dbjf`cs kf imggr mcvcm

 Fcjr ikrc-ik`btkf` cqukpecft (i) (i) Fcjr

Orcja`mjss ufkt

(b) Xg (b) Xg kmmuekfjtc cxkt jfh sjicty sk`fs

(`) Fcjr (`) Fcjr cjdb ikrc jmjre orcja`mjss ufkt Ik`urc ;.:  ;.:  ^gsktkgfkf` gi cecr`cfdy cxkt sk`fs

Jmm cecr`cfdy cxkt sk`fs wktbkf j pjrtkdumjr oukmhkf` sbgumh oc ufkigre kf dgmgur jfh igrejt, js wcmm js ockf` mgdjtch wktbkf j dmgsc cfgu`b prgxkekty tg tbc hggr tg cfsurc kts jssgdkjtkgf ks ufjeok`ugus. Tk`fs sbgumh oc sktch tg cfsurc tbjt j dmcjr dgftrjst ks jppjrcft octwccf tbc sk`f jfh kts surrgufhkf`s. Tk`fs sbgumh oc vkcwjomc jt j hkstjfdc gi ?>> tkecs tbc bck`bt gi tbc sk`fs. Xbks ecjfs tbjt rcpcjtch sk`fs jt sct hkstjfdcs mcjhkf` tg tbc ﬊fjm cxkts dgumh oc rcqukrch.

;.9

Mk`btkf` mcvcms igr csdjpc rgutcs

Tk`fs tbjt sbgw lust tcxt jrc fg mgf`cr pcrekttch wktbkf tbc SA jfh sbgumh oc rcpmjdch wktb sk`fs sbgwkf` tbc `rjpbkdjm rcprcscftjtkgf. Tk`fs sbgumh ecct tbc rcdgeecfhjtkgfs gi OT 38;;-8 (OTK, ?>:4o). Hc﬊fch csdjpc rgutcs bjvc spcdk﬊d rcdgeecfhjtkgfs kf tcres gi ekfkeue kmmuekfjtkgf. Kt ks csscftkjm tbjt j ekfkeue mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf ks ejkftjkfch jmgf` csdjpc rgutcs hurkf` j ejkf mk`btkf` ijkmurc. J ekfkeue gi : mux jmgf` tbc dcftrcmkfc gi dgrrkhgrs up tg ? ectrcs wkhc jfh j ekfkeue gi >.3 mux, : ectrc tg cktbcr skhc ks rcdgeecfhch oy OT 3?99-: (OTK, ?>:9). Sfkigrekty sbgumh oc fg egrc tbjf 8>:4j).

;.0

Gpcf spjdcs

Gpcf spjdcs jrc dgfskhcrch tg oc wbcrc fg hc﬊fch csdjpc rgutc cxksts. Xbks dgumh jppmy tg sjmcs ﬏ggrs wbcrc ecrdbjfhksc ks jrrjf`ch kf sudb j wjy tbjt jf govkgus csdjpc rgutc ks fgt cvkhcft. Kf Cf`mjfh jfh Pjmcs, tbc Oukmhkf` _c`umjtkgfs rcdgeecfh tbjt jrcjs gvcr 9> e? oc prgvkhch wktb cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`. Huc tg tbc skzc jfh fjturc gi sudb mjr`c spjdcs, tbcy wkmm jmsg kfdmuhc jrcjs prcvkgusmy rcicrrch tg js ufhc﬊fch csdjpc rgutcs. Kf sudb sktujtkgfs, gddupjfts gi j spjdc ejy tjac scvcrjm hkiicrcft rgutcs tg tbc fcjrcst cxkt. Xbc rcdgeecfhch ekfkeue kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm igr sudb sktujtkgfs ks >.3 mux, cxdmuhkf` j >.3 ectrc ogrhcr jrgufh tbc pcrkectcr. pcrkectcr. @mjrc mkekts sbgumh oc goscrvch kf jddgrhjfdc wktb OT CF :242 (OTK, ?>:4j).

 

32

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Sfkigrekty sbgumh oc fg egrc tbjf 8>

^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs

:>.: Kftrghudtkgf :>.? Cxjepmc :< sejmm tg echkue skzch `cfcrjm purpgsc rctjkm spjdc

Xbks scdtkgf ks kftcfhch tg bcmp tbc rcjhcr kf hctcrekfkf` tbc typc gi mk`btkf` hcsk`f egst jpprgprkjtc tg j `kvcf sktujtkgf. Xbc cxjepmcs hksdussch sbgumh fgt oc tjacf js cxcepmjr hcsk`fs jfh jrc fgt kftcfhch igr usc js rcicrcfdc pgkfts igr jfy pjrtkdumjr typc gi rctjkm cstjomksbecft. Xbc kftcftkgf ks tg `kvc jf kfhkdjtkgf gi bgw mk`btkf` jfh jssgdkjtch kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms dgumh oc prgvkhch kf j fueocr gi sdcfjrkgs ocjrkf` kf ekfh tbjt cjdb rctjkm spjdc wkmm bjvc tg oc dgfskhcrch j`jkfst spcdk﬊d dmkcft rcqukrcecfts. Xbc jhvjftj`cs jfh hksjhvjftj`cs gi hkiicrcft uscs, mjyguts jfh hëdgr jrc hksdussch.  

Ik`urc :>.:  :>.:  Tejmm `cfcrjm purpgsc rctjkm stgrcs (dgurtcsy gi Bgjrc Mcj1 pbgtg`rjpby oy _chsbkit)

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j rcmjtkvcmy sejmm rctjkm ufkt gi 3 ectrcs oy ?> ectrcs kf j sejmm :;9>s-oukmt sbgppkf` jrdjhc. Xbc ufkt bjs j iumm bck`bt `mjzch ijàjhc jdrgss tbc 3 ectrc wkhtb gi tbc stgrc. Fg gtbcr fjturjm hjymk`bt prgvkskgf kkss ejhc. Xbc irgft gi tbc sbgp ijdcs fgrtb. Xbc kftcrkgr hcdgrjtkgf ks js igmmgws< ‘ 

 Kftcrkgr wjmms< jmm wbktc out jrc sbcmvch igr ecrdbjfhksc up tg ? ectrcs.

‘ 

Dckmkf`< wbktc, ejtt ﬊fksb dckmkf` tkmcs.

‘ 

 Imggr< mk`bt `rcy vkfym, rjdach-gut wktb scmi-stjfhkf` sjmcs sbcmvkf`.

Xbc dckmkf` bck`bt ks jrgufh 4.3 ectrcs. J sjmcs dguftcr ks mgdjtch jt tbc irgft gi tbc stgrc jhljdcft tg tbc wkfhgw. J sejmm stgrc rgge, aktdbcf jfh tgkmct ks mgdjtch tg tbc rcjr igr stjii usc. Xbks typc gi stgrc ks dgeegf jdrgss tbc wgrmh jfh pgsskomy tbc typc tbjt egst wgumh js jsejmm ‒stjfhjrh‛ irge j rc`jrh rcmjtkvcmy ijàjhc.sbgp, ockf` hccp pmjf wktb fg hjymk`bt gtbcr tbjf Xbcrc jrc j fueocr gi jpprgjdbcs tbjt dgumh oc jppmkch.

 

^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs  

3;

 Jpprgjdb : Ki tbc stgrc ks tg oc usch wktb skepmc hkspmjy rjdas jfh tbc gwfcr bjs fg kftcftkgf gi prkgrktkskf` gfc jrcj gvcr jfgtbcr tbcf j ufkigre hkrcdt mk`btkf` sdbcec wgumh prgojomy oc jhcqujtc. Ki dgsts fcch tg oc ekfkeksch js wcmm, kt ejy oc tceptkf` tg usc skepmc ojttcf ﬏ugrcsdcft muekfjkrcs eguftch hkrcdtmy gf tbc dckmkf`. Dgeokfch wktb mk`bt dgmgurch ﬊fksbcs tg wjmms, dckmkf` jfh ﬏ggr, tbks jpprgjdb sbgumh `kvc j `ggh ufkigre mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf. Bgwcvcr Bgwcvcr,, wbkmst kt sbgumh rcsumt kf j wcmm-mkt spjdc `kvkf` ﬏cxkokmkty igr sjmcs ﬏ggr mjyguts, tbc jpprgjdb wgumh fgt ejac tbc ocst usc gi tbc jvjkmjomc mk`bt kf cfcr`y tcres. Oy jhhkf` j dgftrgmmcr tg cjdb muekfjkrc, jvjkmjomc mk`bt dgumh oc octtcr hkrcdtch tgwjrhs tbc ecrdbjfhksc gf hkspmjy js wcmm js keprgvkf` tbc ci﬊dkcfdy gi tbc hcsk`f. Ki tbc sjmcs ﬏ggr mjygut ks k s afgwf, ejtdbkf` rgws gi muekfjkrcs tg rjdakf` wkmm keprgvc tbc ci﬊dkcfdy iurtbcr.

 Jpprgjdb ? Pbkmst jpprgjdb : wgumh `kvc tbc egst dgst ciicdtkvc sgmutkgf tg `cfcrjmmy mk`btkf` j spjdc, kt dgumh drcjtc j omjfh jfh pgsskomy ufjppcjmkf` spjdc. Xbks ejy oc jddcptjomc ki tbc stgrc ks purcmy iufdtkgfjm. Bgwcvcr, ki tbc stgrc gwfcr wgumh mkac tg usc tbc mk`btkf` js pjrt gi tbc hëdgr tg jttrjdt dustgecrs, tbc jokmkty tg oc ﬏cxkomc sbgumh oc dgfskhcrch. Tuspcfhch dckmkf`s wktb cjskmy rcegvjomc tkmcs jmmgws muekfjkrcs tg oc egvch jrgufh prgvkhch tbc wkrkf` systce ks hcsk`fch tg jddgeeghjtc kt. Tuppmcecftjry mk`btkf` dgumh oc jhhch vkj mk`btkf` trjdas, wbkdb wgumh `kvc sgec ﬏cxkokmkty tg bk`bmk`bt pjrtkdumjr jrcjs gi tbc stgrc gr ecrdbjfhksc. Xypkdjm kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms wgumh oc<

:>.4 Cxjepmc ?< ous stjtkgf akgsa scmmkf` fcwspjpcrs jfh dgficdtkgfcry

Ik`urc :>.?  :>.?  Xypkdjm akgsa typc rctjkm spjdc (dgurtcsy gi Tkegf _gokfsgf/PT^)

‘ 

 Tjmcs ﬏ggr< 4>> mux

‘ 

Djsb hcsa< 3>> mux

‘ 

 Ttjii dgrrkhgr< :>> mux

‘ 

 Ttjii rgge< ?>> mux

‘ 

Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j sejmm akgsa drcjtch js pjrt gi tbc ous stjtkgf rchcvcmgpecft. Kt dgfdgursc. ecjsurcs 4Xbc ectrcs wkhc oy ? ectrcs jfh ks cftkrcmy gpcf tg tbc ous stjtkgf ﬏ggr tg dckmkf` bck`bthccp ks ?.3 ectrcs. Xbcrc jrc fg gtbcr rgges jssgdkjtch wktb tbc akgsa jfh jddcss ks vkj j rgmmcr sbuttcr jt tbc irgft, wbkdb prgvkhcs j scdurc dmgsurc gutskhc gi ouskfcss bgurs.

 

9>

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Ecrdbjfhksc hkspmjy gptkgfs jrc mkektch wktb tbks typc gi stgrc jfh kt wkmm egst mkacmy oc jmm hkspmjych tg tbc irgft. Ocdjusc tbc akgsa ijdcs gftg j ous stjtkgf dgfdgursc, tbc dgfdgursc mk`btkf` wkmm dgftrkoutc sgec ogrrgwch mk`bt jfh prgvkhc j hkiiusc cmcecft tg tbc sdcfc. Mk`btkf` usch tg bk`bmk`bt tbc ecrdbjfhksc dgumh oc eguftch jmgf` tbc irgft ch`c gi tbc akgsa ocbkfh tbc sbuttcr jfh hkrcdtch kfwjrh cktbcr vkj jsyeectrkd rc﬏cdtgrs gr uskf` j ekx gi wkhc jf`mc spgtmk`bts. Xbks jpprgjdb wgumh jmsg rchudc mk`bt spkmm irge i rge tbc akgsa. ‘ 

:>.8 Cxjepmc 4< wjrcbgusc stymc rctjkm ufkts

 Akgsa< 3>> mux

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j HK[ wjrcbgusc-typc stgrc kf j rctjkm pjra. Xbc stgrc bjs j ﬏ggr jrcj gi :>>> e? jfh ks ockf` hcvcmgpch kftg j HK[ stgrc irge j prcvkgus usc js j djrpct wjrcbgusc. Xbc ufkt bjs fg fjturjm hjymk`bt cxdcpt igr tbc ejkf `mjzch hggrs jfh jhljdcft wkfhgws. Xbc ﬏ggr tg dckmkf` bck`bt ks 0 e. Xbc kftcrkgr hcdgrjtkgf ks js igmmgws< ‘

 Kftcrkgr wjmms< `rcy dgfdrctc omgda up tg ? ectrcs jfh wbktc dgepgsktc pjfcm jogvc tbjt tg tbc dckmkf`.

‘

Dckmkf`< fg dckmkf`1 tbc rggi suppgrt strudturc jfh ufhcrskhc gi tbc rggi bjvc occf pjkftch ejtt wbktc.

‘ 

 Imggr< pgmksbch jfh dmcjr ogfhch dgfdrctc ﬏ggr.

Xbc ﬏ggr ks rjdach-gut wktb scmi-stjfhkf` sjmcs sbcmvkf` tg j bck`bt gi ? ectrcs. Xbc sbcmvkf` cxtcfhs tg 3 ectrcs out ks usch igr sjmcs ﬏ggr wjrcbguskf` jogvc ? ectrcs. Ikvc sjmcs dguftcrs jrc mgdjtch jt tbc irgft gi tbc stgrc jhljdcft tg tbc hggr. J scdurkty rgge jfh gi﬊dc js wcmm js stjii wcmijrc ijdkmktkcs jrc mgdjtch kf j skf`mc stgrcy omgda oukmhkf` wktbkf tbc ejkf wjrcbgusc jfh jhljdcft tg tbc sjmcs dguftcrs. Xwg acy cmcecfts fcch tg oc dgfskhcrch wbcf mk`btkf` tbks typc gi stgrc. Ikrst, tbc rjdakf` ks tgg bk`b tg jmmgw j `cfcrjm mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf tg oc ciicdtkvc jfh sg j mk`btkf` hcsk`f tbjt prgvkhcs mk`bt tg tbc jksmcs jfh tbc vcrtkdjm irgft gi tbc rjdakf` wgumh oc egrc ocfc﬊dkjm. Kt ks kepgrtjft tg afgw, tbcrcigrc, wbcrc tbc rjdakf` wkmm oc pmjdch ocigrc hcsk`fkf` tbc mk`btkf`. Tcdgfh, wbkmst tbc dustgecrs wkmm gfmy fcch tg mgga up tg tbc ? ectrc mcvcm, stjii rc-stgdakf` sbcmvcs jogvc bck`bt tbks wkmm oc mggakf` jmegst hkrcdtmy jt tbc dckmkf` jfh tbcrcigrc jmegst hkrcdtmy kftg tbc mk`bt sgurdc sg `mjrc fcchs tg oc dgftrgmmch. Muekfjkrcs tbjt hkiiusc tbc kftcfskty gi tbc mk`bt sgurdc wgumh oc jhvjftj`cgus. Js tbc mjygut gi tbc stgrc ks prchgekfjftmy rjdakf`, tbc vcrtkdjm surijdcs rcprcscftkf` tbc sbcmvkf` jrc wbcrc tbc mk`bt sbgumh oc igdusch. Kf egst jrcjs, tbc rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs wkmm oc tbc ecrdbjfhksc ktscmi jfh sg dgmgurs jfh rc﬏cdtjfdcs wkmm dbjf`c gvcr tkec. Djrc fcchs tg oc tjacf tg j`rcc j rcjmkstkd dgeprgeksc gf hcsk`f rc﬏cdtjfdcs jfh dgmgurs. Gfmy tbc pcrkectcr wjmms, wbcrc tbc wbktc dgepgsktc jfh `rcy omgda jrc cxpgsch, wkmm prgvkhc sgec dgfskstcfdy. Pbcrc ﬊fc hctjkm fcchs tg oc rcjh sudb js hctjkmch kfstrudtkgfs gf cqukpecft tbcf j bk`bcr mcvcm gi kmmuekfjtkgf wgumh oc wgrtb dgfskhcrkf`. Pbcrc mjr`c oumay ktces sudb js tkeocr jfh pmjstcrogjrh sbccts jrc stgrch, j mgwcr mcvcm dgumh oc dgfskhcrch. Oy uskf` mk`btkf` jpprgprkjtcmy tg kmmuekfjtc tbc vcrtkdjm surijdcs hgwf tg `rgufh mcvcm, tbc `cfcrjm jddcss mk`btkf` kmmuekfjtkf` tbc ﬏ggr dgumh oc o c ‒ogrrgwch‛ irge tbc mk`btkf` usch gf tbc rjdas, pjrtkdumjrmy js tbc dgfdrctc ﬏ggr ks mkacmy tg rc﬏cdt jogut 8>% gi tbc mk`bt ijmmkf` gf kt.

 

^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs  

9:

Xbc sjmcs dguftcr pgsktkgfs sbgumh oc trcjtch js wgra jrcjs jfh js tkmms jfh scmidbcdagut jksmcs jrc usujmmy tgudb sdrccf gr dgeputcr hkspmjy hrkvcf, jf kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcm jfh ufkigrekty usujmmy jssgdkjtch wktb gi﬊dc tjsas wgumh oc jpprgprkjtc.

:>.3 Cxjepmc 8< iummy `mjzch djr sbgwrgge

‘ 

@cfcrjm rjdakf`< 4>> mux

‘ 

 Tjmcs dguftcr< 3>> mux

‘ ‘ 

Gi﬊ Gi﬊dc dc/s /scd cdur urkt kty y rgg rgge< 3>> mux  Ttjii wcmijrc< ?>> mux

‘ 

Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j typkdjm fcw-oukmh djr sbgwrgge gf jf gut-gi-tgwf rctjkm hcvcmgpecft. Xbc ejkf sbgwrgge ks 4> ectrcs oy :3 ectrcs gi uforgacf spjdc wktb j dckmkf` bck`bt gi 3 ectrcs. Xg tbc rcjr gi tbc sbgwrgge jrc gi﬊dcs, stgrc rgges, tgkmcts igr dustgecrs jfh stjii, j stjii hkfkf` jrcj jfh vkcwkf` wkfhgw kftg tbc scrvkdc ojy igr dustgecrs. Xbcrc ks j rcdcptkgf hcsa kf tbc dcftrc gi tbc sbgwrgge wktb tbrcc sjmcs hcsas ocbkfh kt. Xbc sbgwrgge ks iummy `mjzch gf tbc sgutb, wcst jfh fgrtb ijdjhcs wktb tbc ejkf cftrjfdc kf tbc dcftrc gi tbc mgf`cst, wcst, ijdjhc. Xbc dckmkf` kf tbc sbgwrgge ks j typkdjm 9>> Ð 9>> mjy-kf `rkh dckmkf` wktb gii-wbktc ejtt ﬊orc tkmcs. Xbc rcjr wjmm ks pjkftch mk`bt `rcy jfh ?>% gi kt ks dgvcrch kf jhvcrtkskf` hkspmjys. Xbcrc jrc usujmmy ﬊vc djrs gf hkspmjy jt jfy gfc tkec jfh tbcsc dbjf`c gf j rc`umjr ojsks. Xbcrc jrc j fueocr gi kssucs tg dgfskhcr bcrc. Kt wgumh oc cjsy tg prgvkhc j `cfcrjm mjygut gi 9>> Ð 9>> rcdcssch eghumjr muekfjkrcs wktb prksejtkd dgftrgmmcrs gr gpjm hkiiuscrs kf tbc sbgwrgge dckmkf`. Xbks wgumh prgojomy prgvkhc tbc egst cdgfgekdjm jfh cfcr`y ci﬊dkcft jpprgjdb out dgumh ejac tbc spjdc mgga omjfh jfh ufkftcrcstkf`. Xbc ﬊vc djrs jrc tbc dcftrc gi jttcftkgf jfh tbckr dgmgurs wkmm govkgusmy vjry js tbcy jrc rgtjtch. Js djrs jrc usujmmy bk`bmy pgmksbch wktb jt mcjst wkfhsdrccfs jt sbjmmgw jf`mcs rcmjtkvc tg tbc dckmkf`, tbcrc ks j `ggh dbjfdc gi hksdgeigrt `mjrc ockf` drcjtch oy j `cfcrjm mk`btkf` sdbcec js hcsdrkoch jogvc. _c﬏cdtkgfs djf gi dgursc oc uscium kf cfbjfdkf` tbc mk`btkf` gi djrs kf j sbgwrgge, prgvkhch jf jpprgprkjtc sgurdc ks usch. Xbc vkcwkf` wkfhgw kftg tbc scrvkdc jrcj jt tbc ojda o jda gi tbc sbgwrgge dgumh jmsg oc susdcptkomc tg hksdgeigrt `mjrc jfh ejy fcch sgec `mjrc dgftrgm. Mk`btkf` mcvcms kf tbks jrcj sbgumh oc mgwcr tbjf kf tbc scrvkdc ojy kf grhcr tg jkh cjsy vkcwkf`. Js tbc sbgwrgge bjs ﬏ggr tg dckmkf` wkfhgws gf tbc sgutb, wcst jfh fgrtb skhcs, tbcrc dgumh oc sk`fk﬊djftmy hkiicrcft mcvcms gi hjymk`bt jt cktbcr cfh gi tbc spjdcs kfdmuhkf` j pgsskomc `mjrc kssuc wktb tbc scttkf` suf kf wkftcr. Tgec igre gi sgmjr dgftrgm wgumh oc jhvksjomc jfh ejy jmrcjhy oc ufhcr dgfskhcrjtkgf tg dgeojt tbcrejm sgmjr `jkf. Xbc hjymk`bt wkmm prgvkhc cxdcmmcft dgmgur rcfhcrkf` tbgu`b jfh jmmgw tbc djrs tg oc hkspmjych jfh dgmgurs tg oc rcdg`fksch js tbcy wgumh oc kf hjkmy usc. Hurkf` tbc wkftcr egftbs, tbc joscfdc gi hjymk`bt igr pjrt gi tbc trjhkf` hjy wkmm gi dgursc ecjf tbcrc ks j fcch tg prgvkhc cmcdtrkd mk`bt wbkdb djf rcprcscft tbc dgmgurs ijktbiummy.

 

9?

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Xbc gwfcr ejy wjft tg bk`bmk`bt gfc pjrtkdumjr djr igr prgegtkgfjm purpgscs jfh sg hkspmjy mk`btkf` dgumh oc prgvkhch. Eguftkf` spgtmk`bts cktbcr hkrcdtmy gf gr kf tbc dckmkf` ks j dgeegf jpprgjdb. Sskf` mk`btkf` trjda tg `kvc sgec ﬏cxkokmkty ks jmsg pgpumjr. ^rgvkhkf` `rgufh- gr pchcstjm-eguftch spgtmk`bts js wcmm js tbc ijdkmkty tg put spgtmk`bts jdtujmmy kf tbc djrs djf prghudc hrjejtkd ciicdts jfh dgumh jmsg oc dgfskhcrch. Kt wgumh oc wgrtb jsakf` tbc gwfcr tg jrrjf`c igr swktdbch mk`btkf` dkrdukts tg oc prgvkhch tg ﬏ggr ogxcs ufhcr cjdb hkspmjy pgsktkgf tg ijdkmktjtc tbks. Xbc rcdcptkgf hcsa ks tbc ﬊rst pgrt gi djmm igr dustgecrs vksktkf` tbc sbgwrgge sg kt wgumh ocfc﬊t irge sgec jddcft mk`btkf` kf grhcr tg hrjw dustgecrs jttcftkgf tg kt. ‘ 

 Tbgwrgge< 4>> mux

‘ 

 _cdcptkgf hcsa< 3>> mux

‘

Gi﬊dcs< 3>> mux

‘ 

 Ttjii wcmijrc< ?>> mux

‘ 

Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

‘ 

 Tcrvkdc vkcwkf` jrcj< :>> mux

‘ 

 Tjmcs ﬏ggr jddcft jfh hkspmjy mk`btkf`< ? Ð sbgwrgge mk`btkf` mcvcm igr fgtkdcjomc ciicdt1 :3 Ð sbgwrgge mcvcm igr tbcjtrkdjm ciicdt1

‘ 

:>.9 Cxjepmc 3< bk`b strcct dmgtbkf` stgrc

4> Ð sbgwrgge mcvcm igr hrjejtkd ciicdt.  _cdcptkgf hcsa jddcft mk`btkf` mk`btkf`< ? tg 3 Ð rcdcptkgf hcsa mcvcm. mcvcm.

Xbcrc jrc ejfy vjrkjtkgfs gf tbks typc gi stgrc jfh tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f djf oc suolcdt tg ijsbkgf dbjf`cs js eudb js tbc dmgtbkf` tbjt ks sgmh wktbkf. Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j stgrc wktbkf j sbgppkf` dcftrc wbcrc tbc gwfcr wjfts tg drcjtc j bk`b dgftrjst, hrjejtkdjmmy mkt spjdc, wbkdb uscs hkspmjy mk`btkf` prchgekfjftmy tg bk`bmk`bt ecrdbjfhksc. @cfcrjm mk`btkf` ks tg oc ekfkejm wktb dkrdumjtkgf spjdcs mkt oy ogrrgwkf` mk`bt irge tbc hkspmjys. hk spmjys. Xbc stgrc ks :> ectrcs wkhc jfh 8> ectrcs hccp wktb j ﬏ggr tg dckmkf` bck`bt gi 8 ectrcs. Xbc ﬏ggr ks gja pjrquct jfh tbc wjmms jrc pjfcmmch kf hjra gja dmjhhkf`. Xbcrc ks fg hksdcrfkomc dckmkf` out scrvkdcs kf tbc rggi vgkh jrc pjkftch gut jmgf` wktb tbc ufhcrskhc gi tbc rgge kf hjra orgwf. Fg fjturjm mk`bt ks jvjkmjomc. Xbc stymc gi kftcrkgr hcsk`f usch kf tbks stgrc ks jkech jt uskf` tbc ecrdbjfhksc js tbc vksujm kftcrcst jfh tbc mk`btkf` wkmm pmjy j mjr`c pjrt kf tbjt. Sskf` hkspmjy h kspmjy mk`btkf` gfmy wkmm ejac tbc spjdc hki﬊dumt tg pmjf js tbc rc﬏cdtkvc surijdcs wkmm mjr`cmy oc tbc dmgtbcs gf hkspmjy jfh gi dgursc tbcy wkmm dbjf`c dgftkfugusmy. dgftkfugusmy. Xbc ufkigrekty gi tbc mk`btkf` ks mkacmy tg oc pggr out wkmm vjry hcpcfhkf` gf tbc dgmgur gi tbc dmgtbcs kf ijsbkgf. Tudb j mk`btkf` hcsk`f wgumh ocfc﬊t irge j mgt gi ﬏cxkokmkty jfh tbcrcigrc mk`btkf` trjdas pmjdch tg jmmgw spgtmk`bts tg oc kfstjmmch kf jmm jrcjs gi tbc stgrc wgumh oc wgrtbwbkmc, cvcf ki fgt usch kfktkjmmy. kfktkjmmy. Pktb fg fjturjm mk`bt jfh j dbjf`kf` sct gi rc﬏cdtjfdcs jfh dgmgurs, tbc dbjmmcf`c ks tg prgvkhc j mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf tbjt djf ijktbiummy sbgw dustgecrs tbc truc dgmgur gi j pkcdc gi dmgtbkf`. Fg gfc wjfts tg ouy j omuc swcjtcr tg ﬊fh gut kts jdtujmmy `rccf wbcf tbcy `ct kt bgec. Djrcium scmcdtkgf gi mk`bt sgurdcs sbgumh oc hksdussch wktb tbc stgrc gwfcr jfh j egda-up gi tbc kfstjmmjtkgf wktb sgec gi tbc ecrdbjfhksc tg oc sgmh wgumh oc ocfc﬊dkjm. o cfc﬊dkjm. Sskf` hkspmjy mk`btkf` gfmy dgumh mcjh tg prgomces kf ufhcrtjakf` hjy tg hjy jdtkvktkcs jfh kt wgumh oc wgrtb jhhkf` sgec scdgfhjry mk`btkf` igr dmcjfkf` jfh ejkftcfjfdc purpgscs. Cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` wkmm fcch tg oc prgvkhch jfh j ufkigre mcvcm gi mk`btkf` wkmm oc rcqukrch jt tbc sjmcs dguftcrs.

 

^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs  

94

Ik`urc :>.4 Bk`b :>.4 Bk`b strcct dmgtbkf` stgrc (dgurtcsy gi PT^1 pbgtg`rjpby oy Tkegf _gokfsgf)

Egst rctjkm gutmcts usc j ekx gi sk`fj`c, hëdgr h ëdgr jfh mk`btkf` tg hrjw pcgpmc tg sjmcs dguftcrs jfh sbgrt tcre prgegtkgfs. Pktb sudb j hrjejtkd mk`btkf` hcsk`f kt wkmm oc hki﬊dumt tg drcjtc sudb hkstkfdtkgfs. Imcxkokmkty rcejkfs tbc ocst gptkgf tg jmmgw tbc stgrc gwfcr tg egvc spgtmk`bts tg sukt tbc fcch jt tbc tkec.

:>.0 Cxjepmc 9< bk`b strcct lcwcmmcrs

‘ 

 Tjmcs ﬏ggr< tg oc hctcrekfch tbrgu`b hksdusskgf

‘ 

 Tjmcs dguftcr< 3>> mux

‘

@cfcrjm jddcss mk`btkf`< :>> mux ogrrgwch irge tbc sjmcs ﬏ggr

‘ 

 Tcdgfhjry mk`bt igr dmcjfkf`< ?>> mux

‘ 

Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs j bk`b-cfh lcwcmmcrs wktbkf j dkty wbcrc lcwcmmcry stgrcs jrc dmustcrch tg`ctbcr. Xbc stgrc ks mgdjtch kf j :;9>s oukmhkf` hcsk`fch tg jddgeeghjtc rctjkm ufkts jt `rgufh ﬏ggr mcvcm jfh gi﬊dcs jogvc. Xbc stgrc ks fcxt hggr tg twg gtbcr lcwcmmcrs wktbkf tbc sjec oukmhkf`. J `mjzch irgft, wbkdb spjfs tbc wbgmc wkhtb gi tbc sbgp, ks usch igr jddcss jfh hkspmjy gi lcwcmmcry lcwcmmcry.. Xbc stgrc ks 3 ectrcs wkhc jfh :> ectrcs hccp wktb stjii jrcjs kf j ojscecft ocmgw.. Xbc ﬏ggr tg dckmkf` bck`bt ks ?.0 ectrcs kf tbc stgrc jfh ?.4 ectrcs kf tbc ocmgw ojscecft. Xbc wjmms jrc mkfch wktb gja pjfcmmkf` jfh tbc dckmkf` ks ejtt wbktc. Xbc ﬏ggr ks j hccp pkmc juocr`kfc. Xbc ojscecft jmsg bguscs j lcwcmmcr‛s wgrasbgp jfh sjic. Kts wjmms jfh dckmkf` bjvc occf pjkftch kf j hjra ejtt `rcy ﬊fksb jfh tbcrc ks fg fjturjm mk`bt. Xbcrc jrc icw hkspmjy djokfcts js tbc stgrc gwfcr wjfts jf ufdmuttcrch mgga, gfmy hkspmjykf` j icw bk`b vjmuc lcwcmmcry pkcdcs jt j tkec. Oy tbckr fjturc, bk`b-cfh lcwcmmcry stgrc dustgecrs cxpcdt tbc qujmkty gi ﬊fksbcs jfh tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f tg rc﬏cdt tbc stjtus gi tbc ecrdbjfhksc ockf` giicrch. Dgst ks fgt mkacmy tg oc tbc ejkf hrkvcr tbcrcigrc jfh, `kvcf tbjt tbc stgrc bjs hkrcdt dgepctktkgf fcxt hggr, tbc gwfcr wjfts tbc mk`btkf` tg cfbjfdc tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`f js jf jttrjdtkgf tg orkf` dustgecrs kfskhc. Kt ks kepgrtjft tbcrcigrc tg wgra dmgscmy wktb tbc kftcrkgr hcsk`fcr tg bcmp jdbkcvc tbc gwfcr‛s vkskgf. Xbc ekfkejm fjturc gi tbc stgrc ecjfs tbjt tbc ‒kepjdt‛ gi tbc spjdc jfh kts hkspmjys djf oc `rcjtmy cfbjfdch oy tbc mk`btkf`. Kt ks tceptkf` tg gpt igr mgdjm MCH js j sgmutkgf `kvcf kts vcrsjtkmkty out, ki k i hksdrctc mk`bt sgurdcs

 

98

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

jrc rcqukrch, ﬊orc gptkd djomcs jfh j suktjomc mk`bt `cfcrjtgr ejy oc octtcr suktch jfh `kvc ejxkeue ﬏cxkokmkty. ﬏cxkokmkty. Pktb tbc hjra surijdcs, tbc sbgp ks mkacmy tg bjvc jt mcjst j 4>.2 Cxjepmc 0< bk`b strcct egokmc pbgfc stgrc

‘ 

 Lcwcmmcry hkspmjy jrcj< tg oc hctcrekfch tbrgu`b hksdusskgf

‘ 

 Tjmcs dguftcr< 3>> mux tbrgu`b tjsa mk`btkf`

‘ 

 Tcdgfhjry mk`bt igr dmcjfkf`< ?>> mux

‘ 

 Lcwcmmcry wgrasbgp< :3>> mux gf tjsa jrcj

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs jf ufirjfdbksch stgrc scmmkf` j vjrkcty gi egokmc tcmcpbgfcs. Xbc ufkt ks kf j dgepmcx gi ﬊vc sbgps kf j tgwf dcftrc oukmt kf tbc :;;>s. Xbc ufkt ks 2 ectrcs wkhc jfh 0 ectrcs hccp wktb j iumm wkhtb, iumm bck`bt `mjzch ijàjhc ijdkf` sgutb-cjst. Xbc ﬏ggr ks ﬊fksbch kf wbktc stgfc ciicdt ejtt ﬊fksbch tkmcs jfh tbc wjmms jrc dmjh kf wbktc sjtkf ﬊fksb ijdkj ogjrhs. Xbc dckmkf` ks j 9>> Ð 9>> mjy-kf `rkh wktb wbktc ﬊orc tkmcs. Imggr tg dckmkf` bck`bt ks 4.3 ectrcs jfh tbc sjmcs jrcj tjacs up tbc ﬊rst 3 ectrcs gi hcptb. Xbc rcejkfkf` ? e Ð 2 e scdtkgf ks usch igr stgrj`c, stjii wcmijrc jfh jf gi﬊dc. Egokmc pbgfc stgrcs tcfh tg djrry rcmjtkvcmy mkttmc ecrdbjfhksc gf tbc sjmcs ﬏ggr mkektkf` kt tg sgec hkspmjy stjfhs jfh wjmm eguftch hkspmjys. Js tbc surijdcs jrc jmm wbktc, tbc spjdc djf cjskmy ocdgec ufkigre jfh tjac gf j dmkfkdjm mgga, wbkdb ejy oc kftcfhch. Bgwcvcr, tbc iumm bck`bt `mjzkf` tg tbc sgutb-cjst, dgupmch wktb tbc wbktc surijdcs dgumh prghudc sgec `mjrc kssucs hurkf` wkftcr wktb j mgw suf jf`mc. Jfy dckmkf` gr wjmm eguftch hkspmjy mk`btkf` wkmm fcch tg bjvc j bk`b gutput ki kt ks tg oc gi ocfc﬊t. Kt ejy oc octtcr tg su``cst hkspmjys wktb oukmt-kf mk`btkf` skfdc orkf`kf` kt dmgscr tg tbc ktce tg oc bk`bmk`btch wkmm keprgvc tbc dgftrjst octwccf `cfcrjm jfh hkspmjy mk`btkf`. ‘ 

 ^bgfc hkspmjy jrcj< tg oc hctcrekfch tbrgu`b hksdusskgf

‘ 

 Tjmcs hcsas< 3>> mux tbrgu`b tjsa mk`btkf`

‘ 

Gi﬊dcs< 3>> mux

‘ 

 Ttjii wcmijrc< ?>> mux

 

 ^rjdtkdjm cxjepmcs gi hcsk`f jpprgjdbcs

:>.; Cxjepmc 2< jhhktkgf gi j scmi-dbcdagut jrcj kf j supcrejract

93

Xbks cxjepmc dgfskhcrs jf cxkstkf` echkue skzch supcrejract wbcrc tbc gwfcr wjfts tg jhh sgec scmi-dbcdagut pgsktkgfs wktbgut jiicdtkf` tbc cxkstkf` stgrc tgg eudb. Xbc stgrc mk`btkf` dgfsksts gi dckmkf` eguftch :3>> ee ﬏ugrcsdcft ojttcf muekfjkrcs wktbgut dgftrgmmcrs gf mk`btkf` trufakf`, kfstjmmch sgec :> ycjrs j`g, jfh hcmkvcrs jf jvcrj`c bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjtkgf gi 3>> mux jdrgss tbc stgrc jt ﬏ggr mcvcm. Ycrtkdjm kmmuekfjtkgf mcvcms gi sjmcs sbcmvkf` ks fgt afgwf. Xbc dckmkf` ks 8 ectrcs bk`b jfh bjs j ejtt wbktc ﬊fksb. Xbc ﬏ggr ks tkmch kf j mk`bt `rcy ﬊fksb. Xbc stgrc dbcdagut pgsktkgfs bjvc fg hchkdjtch mk`btkf` gr ectbgh gi dgftrgmmkf` `mjrc irge tbc `cfcrjm sjmcs jrcj mk`btkf`. Ttjii bjvc ejhc fg dgepmjkfts jogut `mjrc kf dbcdagut sdrccfs, wbkdb jrc dmgsc tg j pcrkectcr wjmm jfh, `kvcf tbc bck`bt gi tbc dckmkf`, jrc cjsy tg pgsktkgf tg jvgkh jfy `mjrc. Xbc jrcj khcftk﬊ch igr tbc fcw scmi-dbcdagut tkmms ks iurtbcr kftg tbc stgrc jfh jt mcjst gfc rgw gi muekfjkrcs ejy oc vkskomc gf tbc sdrccfs gi tbc scmi-dbcdagut ejdbkfcs. Js dustgecrs wkmm oc pcrigrekf` tjsas jfh wkmm fcch tg oc jomc tg dmcjrmy rcjh tbc kfigrejtkgf gf sdrccf, jvgkhkf` rc﬏cdtkgfs jfh `mjrc ks csscftkjm. Xbc rgw gi muekfjkrcs tbjt ejy oc vkskomc sbgumh oc dbcdach tg scc ki tbjt ks jdtujmmy tbc djsc. Ki kt ks, tbcf sgec igre gi dgftrgm wkmm oc rcqukrch. Xbc cjskcst wjy wgumh oc tg ﬊t ectjm rc﬏cdtgrs tg tbc muekfjkrcs gr tg prgvkhc dckmkf` buf` sdrccfs octwccf tbce jfh tbc scmi-dbcdagut ejdbkfcs. Dgfskhcrjtkgf sbgumh oc `kvcf tg prgvkhkf` hchkdjtch mk`btkf` gvcr tbc scmidbcdagut ejdbkfcs ufmcss 3>> mux wktb j ufkigrekty gi >.9 ekfkeue djf oc ecjsurch. Jhhkf` rc﬏cdtgrs gr sdrccfs wkmm jiicdt tbc ufkigrekty gi tbc mk`btkf` kf tbc vkdkfkty sg tbc fcch igr jhhktkgfjm mk`btkf` djffgt kfktkjmmy oc hksekssch. ‘ 

:>.:> Cxjepmc ;< bk`b strcct cstjtc j`cft

 Tcmi-dbcdagut ejdbkfcs< 3>> mux

Kf tbks cxjepmc, tbc cstjtc j`cfdy ks wktbkf j @rjhc ? mkstch tcrrjdch Ykdtgrkjf ecws. Xbc cstjtc j`cfdy gddupkcs tbc `rgufh ﬏ggr dgfskstkf` gi j sjmcs jrcj, dustgecr jfh stjii tgkmcts, stjii rgge wktb aktdbcf jrcj jfh stgrc rgge. Dckmkf`s jrc 4.3 ectrcs bk`b jfh tbc sjmcs jrcj ks 8 ectrcs wkhc oy 9 ectrcs hccp. Kt ks irgft djrpctch kf hjra `rccf wktb mk`bt `rccf pjkftch wjmms jfh j wbktc dckmkf`. Xbc ijàjhc ks iummy `mjzch. Xbks typc gi rctjkm spjdc ks kf rcjmkty jf gi﬊dc wktb tbc jhhktkgf gi j sbgp wkfhgw wkfhgw.. Xbc sjmcs jrcj tbcrcigrc sbgumh oc kmmuekfjtch kf mkfc wktb jf gi﬊dc jfh hcmkvcr 4>> mux igr ejkfmy sdrccf ojsch wgra gr 3>> mux igr ejkfmy pjpcr ojsch tjsas. Jf cstjtc j`cfdy ks mkacmy tg bjvc j sk`fk﬊djft jeguft gi pjpcr usj`c kf orgdburcs ctd., sg 3>> mux wgumh oc rcjsgfjomc. Xbc rcmjtkvcmy bk`b dckmkf` jfh fjrrgw wkhtb gi tbc spjdc ejy jmmgw tbc pmjdkf` gi dgeputcr sdrccfs tg jvgkh rc﬏cdtkgfs jfh `mjrc wktbgut tbc fcch igr jfy spcdk﬊d dgftrgmmcrs sg kt ks wgrtb hksdusskf` tbc rgge mjygut wktb tbc dmkcft ocigrc hcsk`f wgra oc`kfs. Tbgp wkfhgws kf cstjtc j`cfts jrc typkdjmmy vcry sbjmmgw sbjmmgw,, gfmy fcchkf` tg hkspmjy pgstcrs gi bguscs igr sjmc. Mgdjmksch mk`btkf` djf oc prgvkhch cktbcr wktbkf tbc hkspmjys tbcescmvcs gr irge dckmkf`s gvcrbcjh. ‘ 

 Tjmcs jrcj< 3>> mux

‘

 Ttjii rgge< ?>> mux

‘ 

Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

 

99

:>.:: Cxjepmc :>< gfmkfc purdbjsc dgmmcdtkgf akgsa

Mk`btkf` @ukhc :0< Mk`btkf` igr rctjkm prcekscs

Kf tbks cxjepmc, tbc stgrc ks skepmy tbcrc tg prgvkhc j pkda-up pgkft igr ktces grhcrch gfmkfc out wbcrc tbc purdbjscr bjs dbgscf tg dgmmcdt tbckr ktce irge j dgfvcfkcft mgdjtkgf rjtbcr tbjf bjvc kt hcmkvcrch tg tbckr bgec. Xbc stgrc dgfsksts gi j sejmm dguftcr jfh igycr igr tbc puomkd tg wjkt wbkmst tbckr purdbjscs jrc orgu`bt tg tbce. Xbc jrcj ks utkmktjrkjf wktb wbktc pjkftch wjmms jfh j pgmksbch dgfdrctc ﬏ggr. ﬏ggr. Ocbkfh tbc dguftcr ks k s j rjdach stgrj`c rgge, gi﬊dc, tgkmcts jfh j sejmm stjii aktdbcf. Kf tcres gi j rctjkm spjdc, tbc igycr jfh dguftcr jrc tbc gfmy jrcjs tbjt djf oc dgfskhcrch ‒rctjkm‛ kf fjturc. Xbc igycr djf oc o c kmmuekfjtch kf ejfy wjys jfh tbc oukmhkf` gwfcr wkmm fcch tg oc dgfsumtch gvcr tbc hcdgrjtkvc mcvcm jfh qujmkty gi muekfjkrcs tg oc usch. Tgec ejy wjft lust j skepmc ci﬊dkcft mk`btkf` kfstjmmjtkgf wbcrcjs gtbcrs ejy wjft sgectbkf` spcdk﬊d. Xbcrc ejy jmsg oc j rcqukrcecft tg ejtdb j dgepjfy ‒stjfhjrh mgga‛ gr tbcec. Xbc dguftcr fcchs tg oc wcmm mkt sg tbjt dustgecrs djf cfsurc tbcy bjvc dgmmcdtch tbc dgrrcdt pjrdcm jfh jfy jssgdkjtch pjpcrwgra djf oc cjskmy rcjh wktbgut eksufhcrstjfhkf`. Hkrcdt mk`btkf` jogvc tbc dguftcr wgumh oc ocfc﬊dkjm tbcrcigrc hcmkvcrkf` 3>> mux jt >.9 ufkigrekty.

_cicrcfdcs jfh okomkg`rjpby

‘ 

 Igycr< mcvcm tg oc hctcrekfch tbrgu`b hksdusskgf

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Dguftcr< 3>> mux

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Xgkmcts< ?>> mux

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 Ttgrj`c< ?>> mux

OTK (?>>2j) OT 2?>9-?< ?>>2>2o) OT CF KTG ;?8:-4>?< ?>>2::j) OT CF :?993< ?>::<  Mk`bt jfh mk`btkf` mk`btkf`.. Ojskd tcrfs jfh drktcrkj igr spcdkiykf` mk`btkf` rcqukrcecfts (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) OTK (?>::o) OT CF :?898-:< ?>::<  Mk`bt jfh mk`btkf`. Mk`btkf` gi wgra pmjdcs. Kfhggr wgra  pmjdcs (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) OTK (?>:4j) OT CF :242< ?>:4<  Mk`btkf` jppmkdjtkgfs. jppmkdjtkgfs. Cecr`cf Cecr`cfdy dy mk`btkf` (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) OTK (?>:4o) OT 38;;-8< ?>:4:9) OT 3?99-:< ?>:9<  Cecr`cfdy mk`btkf`. mk`btkf`. Dghc gi prj prjdtkdc dtkdc igr tbc cecr`cf cecr`cfdy dy mk`btkf` gi  prcekscs (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) OTK (?>:0j) OT CF :3:;4-:< ?>:0<  Cfcr`y pcrigrejfdc pcrigrejfdc gi oukmhkf`s. Cfcr`y rcqukrc rcqukrcecfts ecfts igr mk`btkf`. Tpcdk﬊djtkgfs, Eghumc E; (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) OTK (?>:0o) OT ;;;;< ?>:0:2) OT 090:< ?>:2<  _cqukrce  _cqukrcecfts cfts igr Cmcdtrkdjm Kfstjmmjtk Kfstjmmjtkgfs. gfs. KCX Pkrkf` _c`umjtkgf _c`umjtkgfss  (Mgfhgf< Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs Kfstktutkgf) HI^FK (?>:?j)  Dgfscrvjtkgf gi iucm jfh pgwcr kf oukmhkf`s gtbcr tbjf hwcmmkf`s   Xcdbfkdjm Oggamct I? (Ocmijst< Hcpjrtecft gi Ikfjfdc jfh ^crsgffcm) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps:2) HI^FK (?>:?o)  Ikrc Tjicty Xcdbfkdjm Oggamct C (Ocmijst< Hcpjrtecft gi Ikfjfdc jfh ^crsgffcm) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps:2)

 

 _cicrcfdcs jfh okomkg`rjpby okomkg`rjpby

90

Bcjmtb jfh Tjicty (Tjicty Tk`fs jfh Tk`fjms) _c`umjtkgfs :;;9 Ttjtutgry Kfstruecfts :;;9 Fg. 48: (jvjkmjomc jt bttps:3)  KCT Ectbgh igr Cvjmujtkf` Mk`bt Tgurdc Dgmgr _cfhktkgf XE-4>-:3 (Fcw [gra, F[< Kmmuekfjtkf` Cf`kfccrkf` Tgdkcty) Mkttmcijkr (:;;;) Tgmjr sbjhkf` sbjhkf` gi oukmhk oukmhkf`s f`s _cpgrt O_498 (@jrstgf< O_C) Mkttmcijkr (?>>9) Tcmcdtkf` mk`btkf` mk`btkf` dgftrg dgftrgms ms O_C Hk`cst 8;2 (@jrstgf< O_C) Mkttmcijkr (?>::) Tktc mjygut pmjffkf` pmjffkf` igr hjymk hjymk`bt `bt jfh sufmk` sufmk`bt< bt< j `ukhc tg `ggh prj prjdtkdc dtkdc _cpgrt O_?>; (@jrstgf< O_C) FOT (?>:4j) Fgf-Hgecst  Fgf-Hgecstkd kd Oukmhkf Oukmhkf`` Tcrvkdc Tcrvkdcss Dgepmk Dgepmkjfdc jfdc @uk @ukhc hc (?>:4 chktkgf kfdgrpgrjtkf` ?>:2 jecfhecfts) (Fcwdjstmc Spgf Xyfc< FOT) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps>:43/jpprgvchWhgduecfts/08/pjrtWmW-Wdgf dg.ua/kfig/?>>:43/jpprgvchWhg duecfts/08/pjrtWmW-WdgfscrvjtkgfWgiWiucmWjf scrvjtkgfWgiWiucmWjfhWpgwcr/3 hWpgwcr/3 FOT (?>:4o)  Ikrc sjicty Jpprgvch Hgduecft O Ygm. ?<  Oukmhkf`s gtbcr tbjf hwcmmkf`bguscs hwcmmkf`bguscs (?>>9 chktkgf kfdgrpgrjtkf` ?>:> jfh ?>:4 jecfhecfts) (Fcwdjstmc Spgf Xyfc< FOT) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps>:43/jpprgvchWhgduecfts/94/  pjrtWoW-W﬊rcWsjicty/?) FOT (?>:9j) Dgfscrvjtkgf gi iucm jfh pgwcr kf fcw oukmhkf`s gtbcr tbjf hwcmmkf`s  Jpprgvch Hgduecft M?J (?>:4 chktkgf wktb ?>:9 jecfhecfts) (Fcwdjstmc Spgf Xyfc< FOT) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps:2) FOT (?>:9o) Dgfscrvjtkgf gi iucm jfh pgwcr kf cxkstkf` oukmhkf`s gtbcr tbjf hwcmmkf`s Jpprgvch Hgduecft M?O (?>:4 chktkgf wktb ?>:9 jecfhecfts) (Fcwdjstmc Spgf Xyfc< FOT) (jvjkmjomc jt bttps:2) _c`umjtgry _cigre (Ikrc Tjicty) Grhcr ?>>3 Ttjtutgry Kfstruecfts ?>>3 Fg. :38: (jvjkmjomc jt bttp3/:38:) .ua/uask/?>>3/:38:) (jddcssch Lufc ?>:2) Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft (?>:0j) Cfcr`y Tcdtkgf 9 kf Xcdbfkdjm Bjfhogg Bjfhogga a ?>:0 ‘ Fgf-Hgecstkd (Chkfour`b< Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft) (jvjkmjomc jt bttp:0fgfhgedgep) (jddcssch Lufc ?>:2) Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft (?>:0o)  Ikrc Tcdtkgf ? kf Xcdbfkdjm Bjfhogga ?>:0 ‘ Fgf-Hgecstkd (Chkfour`b< Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft) (jvjkmjomc jt bttp:0fgfhgedgep) (jddcssch Lufc ?>:2) Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft (?>:2)  Fgf-Hgecs  Fgf-Hgecstkd tkd Oukmhkf` Tcrv Tcrvkdcs kdcs Dgepmkjf Dgepmkjfdc dc @ukhc igr Tdgtmj Tdgtmjfh fh  (Chkfour`b< Tdgttksb @gvcrfecft) (jvjkmjomc jt bttp:2) TMM (?>>;) TMM Mk`btkf` Mk`btkf` Bjfhogga (Mgfhgf< Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`) TMM (?>:?) TMM Dghc igr Mk`btkf` (Mgfhgf< Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`) TMM (?>:8) Hjymk`btkf`< J `ukhc igr hcs hcsk`fcrs k`fcrs TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :> (Mgfhgf< Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`) TMM (?>:3j) Gi﬊dcs TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc 0 (Mgfhgf< Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`) TMM (?>:3o)  Cecr`cf  Cecr`cfdy dy mk`btkf` TMM Mk`btkf` @ukhc :? (Mgfhgf< Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf`) Pgrapmjdc (Bcjmtb, Tjicty jfh Pcmijrc) _c`umjtkgfs :;;? Ttjtutgry Kfstruecfts :;;? Fg. 4>>8 (jvjkmjomc jt bttp8) .ua/uask/:;;?/4>>8) (jddcssch Lufc ?>:2)

 

92

Kfhcx  Fgtc< pj`c fueocrs kf  ktjmkds rcicr tg kmmustrjtkgfs.

joscfdc hctcdtkgf 3> jddcft mk`btkf` 3, :?, :4, :8 jutgejtkd dgftrgms scc dgftrgms ojda gi bgusc bgusc mk`btkf` :4, 3> ojdamkt sk`fj`c :: ojttcry systces 33 omkfhs ?4, ?3 O_CCJE 82 Orktksb Ttjfhjrhs 99   OT 3?99< ?>:9 39, 30   OT 38;;-8< ?>:4 30   OT 090:< ?>:2 4?   OT 2?>9-?< ?>>2 ??   OT ;;;;< ?>:0 39   OT CF :?898-:< ?>:: 3   OT CF :?993< ?>:: 3   OT CF :3:;4-:< ?>:0 80   OT CF :242< ?>:4 39, 30   OT CF KTG ;?8:-4>?< ?>>2 4; oukmhkf` grkcf tjtkgfs   fcw-oukmh ?9   grkcftjtkgf gi sbgp wkfhgw ;   rciuroksbecft jfh dgfvcrskgf ?4—?3   spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecfts ?9   ufkigrekty jfh jutgfgey ?? hcdgrjtkvc sdbcecs scc kftcrkgr ﬊fksbcs hcsk`f dggrhkfjtkgf ; hcsk`f ijdtgrs ?—4 hcsk`f tcje ? hkeekf` 3>, 3: hkrcdt mk`btkf` 43—40   dgeokfch wktb kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` 8?—83   jfh hkspmjy sdrccfs 40—4;   mk`btkf` stymcs 4>—4?   scc jmsg tjsa mk`btkf` hkspmjy mk`btkf` :8 hkspmjy sdrccfs ;, ?;   jfh hkrcdt mk`btkf` 40—4;   muekfjfdc mkekts igr muekfjkrcs 4;   egokmc hcvkdcs 3?—34   rcjhjokmkty 42 cmcdtrkd mk`btkf` ?0—83, ?2 ?2 cmcdtrkdjm systce systce ?>, 4?, 48 cecr`cfdy cxkt sk`fs sk`fs 39—30 cecr`cfdy mk`btkf` 38—39 cfcr`y ojmjfdc 80 cfcr`y usc :3, 83—8;   jsscsskf` 89—80   ojda gi bgusc mk`btkf` :4   dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft 3>   jfh dgrpgrjtc tbcecs ?;—4>

dgmgur sdbcecs ?8, 8: 3: dgeigrt dgfskhcrjtkgfs dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft jhlustecft 3> dgftrgm `cjr ?2, 88 dgftrgms 8;—3?   dgeokfch hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt muekfjkrcs 84   igr dgeigrt 3:   dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft 3>   hjymk`bt mkfakf` 3>   ejfujm 8;, 3:   gddupjft `ukhjfdc 3:   igr sjicty 3?   sbjhkf` ?4, ?3   spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecfts ?:   tkec gut dgftrgm 3:

   ejkftcfjfdc :9 rciuroksbecftrc`kec jfh dgfvcrskgf ?2   typkdjm prgpgrtkgfs 83 cfvkrgfecftjm jsscssecft ectbghs 82 cqukpecft rc-usc :8, ?2 ?2 csdjpc mk`btkf` 38—39 ctbcrfct 4? cxkt sk`fs 39—30 CMY Y) 4?, 43 cxtrj mgw vgmtj`c (CM

dgfvcrskgfs ?4, ?2 dgrpgrjtc tbcecs ?9, ?;—4> drcjtkvc hcsk`f 4—8 dymkfhrkdjm kmmuekfjfdc 3, 9

bcjmtb jfh sjicty scc sjicty dgfskhcrjtkgfs bk`b rksa tjsa jrcjs jrcjs 39 bkstgrkd oukmhkf`s :2

﬊t-gut ?> ﬏cxkokmkty ?>—?:, 44 `mjrc dgftrgm ;, ?3, 84, 3?, 30 `mjzkf` ??—?4

bgrkzgftjm kmmuekfjfdc 3 buejf-dcftrkd mk`btkf` 3: kmmuekfjfdc   dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft 3>   dymkfhrkdjm 3, 9   hjymk`bt ijdtgr ??   eghcmmkf` rjtkg 9   sdjmc gi 3 kmmuekfjtch hkspmjys :> kej`c prglcdtgrs :? kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` 8>   dgeokfch wktb hkrcdt mk`btkf` 8?—83   hcsk`f drktcrkj 8:—8?   ﬏ggr eguftch 4?, 8?   ejxkeue dckmkf` muekfjfdc 8:   eguftkf` bck`bt jfh mgdjtkgfs 8?   suspcfhch 8? kftcrkgr ﬊fksbcs ;, :4   jfh hjymk`btkf` ?8   rciuroksbecft jfh dgfvcrskgf ?;   rgge surijdc ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr (_TEI) :9   surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc 8>—8:, 84 akgsas 3;—9>, 99 mjep hcprcdkjtkgf 3> mjep muecf ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr (MMEI) :9 mjep survkvjm ijdtgr (MTI) :9 mjptgps 3?—34 MCHs   dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft 3>   iurfkturc eguftch 48   wktb kfhkrcdt cmcecft 84   mjep muecf ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr (MMEI) :9   tjsa 82 mk`btkf` 43 MCCH mc`ksmjtkvc rcqukrcecfts 82—8; mk`bt gutput rjtkg (MG_ ) 89 mk`bt spkmmj`c :> Mk`btkf` Cfcr`y Fuecrkd Kfhkdjtgr (MCFK) 80 mk`btkf` stymcs 4>—4? mk`btkf` tcdbfkqucs 44 mkstch prgpcrtkcs :2 muekfjkrc ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr ( MEI) :9 muekfjkrcs   dckmkf` eguftch 44, 48, 49   dgeokfch hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt 8?—88   dgfstjft kmmuekfjfdc jhlustecft    

3> hkrcdt 43—49 cjsc gi jddcss igr ejkftcfjfdc 4>, 8?

 

 Kfhcx

9;

muekfjkrcs ( dgftkfuch  dgftkfuch)   ci﬊dkcfdy 89—80   kfhkrcdt mk`btkf` 8:—8?   mjygut 40   mk`bt gutput rjtkg (MG_ ) 89   muekfjfdc mkekts 4;, 8:   muekfgus kftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf 49, 8:   pgwcr suppmy ?>, 4?, 48

rctjkm spjdcs :0—:2   djr sbgwrgges ?3, 9:—9?   dmgtbkf` stgrcs 2, :8, 9?—94   `kit sbgps :2   bk`b strcct cstjtc j`cft 93   bk`b strcct lcwcmmcrs 94—98   bk`b strcct egokmc pbgfc stgrc 98   akgsas 3;—9>, 99   sejmm tg echkue skzch `cfcrjm

sbgppkf` ejmms :0—:2 sk`fj`c :>—:? Taj _jtkf` 82 sejmmcr sbgps jfh stgrcs :2, 32—3; sejrtpbgfcs 3?—34, 38 sgmjr sbjhkf` ?4, ?3 spcdumjtkvc hcvcmgpecfts 0, :;—?:, ?9 spgtmk`bts :8

   rc-usc ?2 stjfhoy:8, mk`btkf` 33   suspcfhch 44, 48, 49, 8?, 88   tjsa mk`btkf` 43 muekfgus kftcfskty hkstrkoutkgf 8:

purpgsc 32—3;   supcrejracts :?, 93   wjrcbgusc stymc ufkts 9>—9: rc-usc gi gi cqukpecft cqukpecft :8 _KDT Taj _jtkf` _jtkf` 82 rgge bck`bt 4> rgge surijdc ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr (_TEI) :9

stjfhoy mk`btkf` supcrejracts :?,38—39 93 surijdc rc﬏cdtjfdc 8>—8:, 84   scc jmsg kftcrkgr ﬊fksbcs surijdc tcxturcs ?8 suspcfhch muekfjkrcs 44, 48   jddcft mk`btkf` :?, :4   dgeokfch hkrcdt jfh kfhkrcdt 88

sjicty dgfskhcrjtkgfs 3?, 39 sjicty sk`fs 39—30 sjmcs hcsas/dbcda hcsas/dbcda guts guts ;, :;   hjymk`btkf` ??, ?4   kmmuekfjfdc 3   mgdjmksch mk`btkf` 44, 80   wktb egokmc hcvkdcs 3?—34   eghcmmkf` rjtkg 9

tjomcts 3?—34, 38 tjsa mk`btkf` mk`btkf` :4, 44, 48—43 XD^ / KK^ ^  4? tkec-gut dgftrgm 3: XE-4>-:3 2 tgudb sdrccfs ;, 34 trjda systces 48

  wktb tgudb sdrccfs 34   scc jmsg hkspmjy sdrccfs sjmcs ﬏ggr mk`btkf` :? scmi kmmuekfjtch kmmuekfjtch sk`fj`c :: scmi-dbcdagut jrcjs 93 scmi-dgftjkfch rctjkm rctjkm gutmcts gutmcts :0 sbjhkf` ?4, ?3 ‒sbcmm jfh dgrc‛ rctjkm rctjkm spjdc ?> sbgp wkfhgw mk`btkf` ;—:>

upmk`btkf` 4:, 4? uscr/dmkcft typcs 9 utkmksjtkgf ijdtgr (SI) :3—:9

ejkftcfjfdc ijdtgr :3—:9 ejfujm dgftrgms 8;, 3: ekxch hcvcmgpecfts :0—:2 egokmc hcvkdcs 3?—38 eghcmmkf` rjtkg 9 fcw-oukmh ?9, ?;—4> gddupjft dgftrgms 8;, 3: 3: gi﬊dc jddgeeghjtkgf jddgeeghjtkgf :4, 3> grkcftjtkgf gi oukmhkf` ;, ?9 pjrtktkgfkf` ?: pjy hcsa jrcjs scc sjmcs hcsas/ dbcdaguts pgwcr suppmy ?>, 4?, 48 prcscfdc hctcdtkgf 3> prglcdtch kej`cs :? rciuroksbecft ?4, ?2

vcrtkdjm surijdcs 3 wkfhgws ??—?4   scc jmsg hjymk`btkf`

 

KTOF ;02-:-;:?>48-40-9

Xbc Tgdkcty gi Mk`bt jfh Mk`btkf` ks pjrt gi tbc Dbjrtcrch Kfstktutkgf gi Oukmhkf` Tcrvkdcs Cf`kfccrs

 

; 02:;:? >48409