EHA Training center
LG PLC training course Level II (intermediate level)
Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
℡ (+202) 4941760 – 4990377 WEB. www.ehaegypt.com
Fax. (+202) 49192896
Mail:
[email protected]
ﻋﲔ ﴰﺲ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ- ﺵ ﺍﲪﺪ ﻋﺼﻤﺖ٧٤
Level 2 (intermediate level) Pre-requisites Duration Description Technology
:
Target audience
:
contents
:
: : :
LG PLC training course I 6 days two hours per day advanced PLC programming and application • LG K7M/MK-120S • PC • KGL and other appropriate Software All person that are required to deal with PLC circuits and PLC programming and attended LG PLC training course I. Lesson 1: • Analogue signal • Analogue input device • Analogue output device • Number systems Lesson 2: • Bits, bytes and words • Memory map D,P,M as word • Mathematical operation Lesson 3: • Direct and indirect addressing • Analogue to digital converter • Digital to analog converter Lesson 4: • High speed counter • Examples Lesson 5: • HMI principles • Connecting the plc to HMI • application Lesson 6: • project technique using plc and HMI together
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Course Philosophy: Training depends mainly on Practical applications. The course contents are spread out over a 6-day period one lesson per day every lesson is two hours, thus allowing absorption of technical data through practical example. Training manuals are supplied to the student for future reference. Included in the course is a copy of the entire PLC and HMI reference manuals in soft copy version. Once a student has completed the LG PLC course level II, he/she will be able to: • Deal with analog inputs and outputs. • Be aware of analog devices. • Understand the hexadecimal numerical system. • Understand the HSC function and the operation of incremental encoder. • Design HMI programs and connection of HMI to plc. • Able to make mathematical operations and comparison operations.
Looking forward to having you on the course!
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Lesson 1
1
Main Points 1.1 Analog Signal 1.2 Analog input devices 1.3 Analog Output devices 1.4 Number systems
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Analog Signal
1.1
Definitions of Analog Signal An analog signal is a continuously variable representation of a physical quantity, property, or condition such as pressure, flow, temperature, etc.
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Analog input devices
1.2
Analog sensors convert physical phenomena to measurable signals, typically Voltages or currents. Consider a simple temperature measuring device, there will be an increase in output voltage proportional to a temperature rise. A computer could measure the voltage, and convert it to a temperature. The basic physical phenomena typically measured with sensors include. -
Angular or linear position Acceleration Temperature Pressure or flow rates Stress, strain or force Light intensity Sound
Most of these sensors are based on subtle electrical properties of materials and devices. As a result the signals often require signal conditioners. These are often amplifiers that boost currents and voltages to larger voltages.
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1.2.1 Angular Displacement
a- Potentiometers Potentiometers measure the angular position of a shaft using a variable resistor. A potentiometer is shown in Figure The potentiometer is resistor, normally made with a thin film of resistive material. A wiper can be moved along the surface of the resistive film. As the wiper moves toward one end there will be a change in resistance proportional to the distance moved. If a voltage is applied across the resistor, the voltage at the wiper Interpolate the voltages at the ends of the resistor.
The potentiometer in Figure 23.2 is being used as a voltage divider. As the wiper rotates the output voltage will be proportional to the angle of rotation.
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B- Encoders See encoder &HSC chapter
C-Tachometers Tachometers measure the velocity of a rotating shaft. A common technique is to mount a magnet to a rotating shaft. When the magnetic moves past a stationary pick-up coil, current is induced. For each rotation of the shaft there is a pulse in the coil, as shown in Figure. When the time between the pulses is measured the period for one rotation can be found, and the frequency calculated. This technique often requires some signal conditioning circuitry.
Another common technique uses a simple permanent magnet DC generator (Note: you can also use a small DC motor). The generator is hooked to the rotating shaft. The rotation of a shaft will induce a voltage proportional to the angular velocity. This technique Will introduce some drag into the system, and is used where efficiency is not an issue.
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1.2.2 Linear Position Rotational potentiometers were discussed before, but potentiometers are also available in linear/sliding form. These are capable of measuring linear displacement over long distances. Figure shows the output voltage when using the potentiometer as a voltage divider.
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1.2.3 Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT) Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) measure linear displacements over a limited range. The basic device is shown in Figure it consists of outer coils with an inner moving magnetic core. High frequency alternating current (AC) is applied to the center coil. This generates a magnetic field that induces a current in the two outside coils. The core will pull the magnetic field towards it, so in the figure more current will be induced in the left hand coil. The outside coils are wound in opposite directions so that when the core is in the center the induced currents cancel, and the signal out is zero (0Vac). The magnitude of the signal out voltage on either line indicates the position of the core. Near the center of motion the change in voltage is proportional to the displacement. But, further from the center the relationship becomes nonlinear.
Advantage of LVDT: Produces a higher output voltage for small changes in position
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1.2.4 Forces and Moments
Strain Gages Strain gages measure strain in materials using the change in resistance of a wire. The wire is glued to the surface of a part, so that it undergoes the same strain as the part (at the mount point). Figure shows the basic properties of the unreformed wire. Basically, the resistance of the wire is a function of the receptivity, length, and cross sectional area.
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A strain gage must be small for accurate readings, so the wire is actually wound in a uniaxial or rosette pattern, as shown in Figure When using uniaxial gages the direction is important, it must be placed in the direction of the normal stress. Note: the gages cannot read shear stress. Rosette gages are less sensitive to direction, and if a shear force is present the gage will measure the resulting normal force at 45 degrees. These gauges are sold on thin films that are glued to the surface of a part. The process of mounting strain gages involves surface cleaning. Application of adhesives and soldering leads to the strain gages.
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A design techniques using strain gages is to design a part with a narrowed neck to mount the strain gage on, as shown in Figure In the narrow neck the strain is proportional to the load on the member, so it may be used to measure force. These parts are often called load cells.
Strain gauges are inexpensive, and can be used to measure a wide range of stresses with accuracies under 1%. Gages require calibration before each use. This often involves making a reading with no load, or a known load applied. An example application includes using strain gages to measure die forces during stamping to estimate when maintenance is needed.
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1.2.5 Liquids and Gases There are a number of factors to be considered when examining liquids and gasses. • Flow velocity • Density • Viscosity • Pressure There are a number of differences factors to be considered when dealing with fluids and gases. Normally a fluid is considered incompressible, while a gas normally follows the ideal gas law. Also, given sufficiently high enough temperatures, or low enough pressures a fluid can be come a liquid. PV = nRT Where, P = the gas pressure V = the volume of the gas n = the number of moles of the gas R=the ideal gas constant T = the gas temperature When flowing, the flow may be smooth, or laminar. In case of high flow rates or unrestricted flow, turbulence may result. The Reynolds's number is used to determine the transition to turbulence. The equation below is for calculation the Reynolds's number for fluid flow in a pipe. A value below 2000 will result in laminar flow. At a value of about 3000 the fluid flow will become uneven. At a value between 7000 and 8000 the flow will become turbulent.
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A-Pressure Figure shows different two mechanisms for pressure measurement. The Bourdon tube uses a circular pressure tube. When the pressure inside is higher than the surrounding air pressure (14.7psi approx.) the tube will straighten. A position sensor, connected to the end of the tube, will be elongated when the pressure increases.
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B-Venturi Valves When a flowing fluid or gas passes through a narrow pipe section (neck) the pressure drops. If there is no flow the pressure before and after the neck will be the same. The faster the fluid flow, the greater the pressure difference before and after the neck. This is known as a Venturi valve. Figure shows a Venturi valve being used to measure a fluid flow rate. The fluid flow rate will be proportional to the pressure difference before and at the neck (or after the neck) of the valve.
Venturi valves allow pressures to be read without moving parts, which makes them very reliable and durable. They work well for both fluids and gases. It is also common to use Venturi valves to generate vacuums for actuators, such as suction cups.
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C- Ultrasonic Flow Meter A transmitter emits a high frequency sound at point on a tube. The signal must then pass through the fluid to a detector where it is picked up. If the fluid is flowing in the same direction as the sound it will arrive sooner. If the sound is against the flow it will take longer to arrive. In a transit time flow meter two sounds are used, one traveling forward, and the other in the opposite direction. The difference in travel time for the sounds is used to determine the flow velocity. A Doppler flow meter bounces a sound wave off particle in a flow. If the particle is moving away from the emitter and detector pair, then the detected frequency will be lowered, if it is moving towards them the frequency will be higher. The transmitter and receiver have a minimal impact on the fluid flow, and therefore Don’t result in pressure drops.
D- Pilot Tubes Gas flow rates can be measured using Pitot tubes, as shown in These are small tubes that project into a flow. The diameter of the tube is small (typically less than 1/8") so that it doesn’t affect the flow.
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1.2.6 Temperature Temperature measurements are very common with control systems. The temperature ranges are normally described with the following classifications. very low temperatures
1) Location Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Small font: Changes the size of character to 6 x 8 dots. Default size is 8 x 16 dots. (2) Double: Changes the size of character to 16 x 32 dots. (3) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color. 3) Address Refer to Ch 5.1.2 Digit tag for details. 4) Edit message Edit the content of a message tag. Click the edit Message button t o edit contents of message.
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• Message List (Right grid): Shows content and ID of all messages. - Click a message button, then you can modify this content. - Refer to Ch. 6.8.1 Message Management for details. • Registered Message (Left grid): Shows the messages that are re gistered for the selected message tag. - Up to fifty messages can be registered to one message tag. - All messages have to contain ID and device value • Add: Registers the message of message list at a selected messa ge tag. • Sort: Aligns registered messages by [Value]. • Message: Displays a management screen of messages. - Refer to Ch. 6.8.1 Message Management for details • Cancel: Cancels a message editing. • OK: Completes a message editing. Button tag (
)
Displays and controls a status (on or off) of bit device
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< Property of a button tag >
1) Location Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Double: Changes the size of character to double. 3) Address (1) Channel: Specifies communication channel of digit tag S Area • specifies to a system memory of XGT Panel. • A system memory is the memory to be provided to The user, and allows user to use as user memory or as System flags • The size of system memory is 1,000 Word (0~999), And you can use 900 Word (0~899) as user memory area. • The remains are system flag area. A latch area can be Set in the case of B type. • Refer to 6.8.3 Parameter for details and refer to appendix, for details about system flags. • Click , then the following window appears and can input an address or system flag.
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• Add the bit position at the back of the word address to Specify a specific bit of a system memory. (Example) 8th bit of 120th word: 1208 12th bit of 700th word: 700C Ch 1 • Specify the channel as Ch 1(RS-232C). • Click , then the following window appears and can input an address to read. Ch 2 • Specify the channel as Ch 2(RS-422/485). • Click , then the following window appears and can input an address to read.
(2) Station: Specifies a station number to connect. Enabled when channel is specified as Ch.1 or Ch.2 4) Action: Specify the kind of action of button tag when pushed.
Action On
Description
Remark
Turns on the bit device
Off Toggle Momentary On
1) Choose tag by Turns off the bit device "SET" key. Toggles the bit device 2) Operate by whenever pushed "ENT" key. Turns on the bit device while pushed.
5) Use password If this option is specified to tag, the Write Action is disabled until password is unlocked. 6) On Value & Shape Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Specifies display format of device status. Actual value of device On Value
1 Circle
0 Rectangle
Circle
Rectangle
“0” “1”
Lamp tag (
)
Display a status (On or off) of bit device.
< Property of a lamp tag >
1) Location Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Double: Changes the size of character to double. 3) Address Refer to Ch.5.1.2 to specify the address. 4) On Value & Shape Specifies display format of device status. Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Actual value of device On Value
1 Circle
0 Rectangle
Circle
Rectangle
“0” “1”
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Bar graph tag (
)
Displays current value of device as a shape of bar-graph
< Property of bar graph tag >
1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Address Refer to Ch.5.1.2 to specify the address. 3) Data (1) Sign: Enables tag to display a negative number (2) Max: Specifies a value which a graph becomes the maximum. (3) Min: Specifies a value which a graph becomes the minimum. • When the value of device is out of the specified Min/Max range, Bar-graph tag displays Min/Max value for each • A minimum value can not be specified as greater value than a maximum value (4) Word/Long: Specifies data type of digit tag (Word: 2 Bytes, Long: 4 Bytes)
Data
Min/Max value Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Signed
Unsigned
Word
-32768 ~ 32767
0 ~ 65535
Long
-2147483648 ~ 2147483647
0 ~ 4294967295
4) Display format (1) Width & Height • Specifies width and height of bar graph • Width: 8~192, Height: 8~64. • Size adjustment by mouse drag is available. (2) Direction • Specifies a progress direction of the graph according to the increase of value of device.
5) Example of bar graph tag • Assume that properties of bar graph are specified as shown in the below.
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• A Bar Graph Tag operates as shown below according to the value of D0000 of the station 1. D0000 = 0
Trend graph tag (
D0000 = 50
D0000 = 75
D0000 >= 100
)
Display current value of device as a shape of trend graph.
< Property of trend graph tag >
1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Address Refer to Ch.5.1.2 to specify the address. 3) Data Refer to Ch 6.7.7 Digit tag for details. 4) Display format (1) Width & Height Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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• Specifies width and height of bar graph • Width: 8~192, Height: 8~64. • Size adjustment by mouse drag is available. 5) Sampling number Specify a maximum number of the section which the X-axis of trend curve has. 6) Sampling time Specifies a displaying time interval (1~3600 seconds) 7) Examples Assume that the properties of bar graph are specified as shown below and the value of D0000 of Station 0 increases ten Per every five seconds.
Value 50
40 30 20 10
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
• The total time to display = (Sampling time) x (Sampling Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Time (Sec) 50
Number) = 5 x 10 = 50seconds
Pie graph tag ( ) • Displays current value of device as a shape of pie graph. • Various starting angle and displaying angle size can be specified as shown above.
< Property of pie graph tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color. 3) Address Refer to Ch.5.1.2 to specify the address. 4) Data Refer to Ch 6.7.7 in user manual Bar Graph Tag for details.
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5) Starting angle & Max. Angle
Angle(degree)
Starting Angle (Max. Angle : 180°)
Maximum Angle (Starting Angle : 0°)
0 or 360
45
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Angle(degree)
Starting Angle (Max. Angle : 180°)
Maximum Angle(Starting Angle : 0°)
90
135
180
225
270
315
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6) Radius • Specifies a radius of tag. • Size adjustment by mouse drag is available
7) Pattern Fill
Needle
8) Example • Assume that properties of pie graph tag are specified as shown in the below • A pie graph tag operates as shown below according to the value of D0000 of the station 1
D0000 = 25
D0000
D0000
= 50
= 75
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D0000 >= 100
Rotate tag (
)
Vary a rotating speed of image of motor according to the value of device.
< Property of rotate tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Double: Changes the size of character to double. (2) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color. 3) Address Refer to Ch.5.1.2 to specify the address. 4) Data (1) Max. RPM: Specify the maximum speed of device which makes the rotate tag revolve most fast. (2) Sign, Word/Long: Refer to Ch 6.7.7 Bar graph tag. 5) Direction • Specifies a direction of rotating. • When data is specified as [Sign], the rotate tag revolves to the reverse direction if a value of device is negative number (Example) Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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Data: Signed, Direction: Clockwise, Current value of device: negative number Tag revolves to the CCW (counter clockwise) direction. 6) Rotating speed • The speed which the rotate tag revolves the 90degrees is divided into 20 steps according to the value of a device. • A speed difference of an each step is 20ms. (From 20ms to 400ms) • For example, when a maximum RPM is specified as 100. (Default unit: 100/20 = 5) Move tag (
)
Varies a position of image of tag according to the values of devices
< Property of move tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color. 3) X/Y direction Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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(1) Address: Refer to Ch 6.7.2 Digit tag for details. (2) Max. Min, Sign, Word/Long: Refer to Ch 6.7.7 Bar Graph tag for details. (3) Width: specifies the range of the X axis which a move Tag can move. • The range of the X axis has to be smaller than (192-the Location of X axis) • For example, the range of the X axis has to be specified As smaller value than 92 when the location of X axis is 100. • Resizing by mouse drag is available. 4) Y direction (1) Address: Refer to Ch 6.7.2 Digit tag for details. (2) Max. Min, Sign, Word/Long: Refer to Ch 6.7.7 Bar Graph tag for details. (3) Height: specifies the range of the Y axis which a move Tag can move. • The range of the Y axis has to be smaller than (64-the Location of Y axis) • For example, the range of the X axis has to be specified as smaller value than 54 when the location of Y axis is 10. • Resizing by mouse drag is available. 5) X-axis/Y-axis • Enables or disables X axis and Y axis. • At least. One of them has to be enabled. 6) Outline • The tag is outlined with the solid-line.
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Example Assume that properties of move tag are specified as Shown in the below
• The unit of movement of X axis: Max value / Width = 1000 / 100 = 10 The tag moves a 1dot per every 10 increment of device • The unit of movement of X axis: Max value / Height = 80 / 40 = 2 The tag moves a 1dot per every 2 increment of device
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6 4
(50,4 0)
2
(100,2 0)
(50
0
5 0
Clock tag (
10
12
)
Displays current time and date (Available on XP10BKB/DC only)
< Property of clock tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Small font: Changes the size of character to 6 x 8 dots. Default size is 8 x 16 dots. (2) Double: Changes the size of character to 16 x 32 dots. (3) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color. Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
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3) Display Specify a display format of a clock tag. Disp No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
lay format YYYY/mm/DD HH:MM:SS HH:MM:SS YYYY/mm/DD HH:MM mm/DD DD/mm/YYYY DD/mm YYYY mm DD HH MM SS WWW
Image tag (
Description Year/month/date hour:minute:second hour:minute:second Year/month/date Hour: minute Month/day Date/month/year Date/month Year Month Date Hour Minute Second Day of the week
Exam ple 2004/06/03 10:12:24 10:12:24 2004/06/03 10:12 06/03 03/06/2004 03/06 2004 06 03 10 12 24 Wed
)
Display a bitmap image.
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< Property of image tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Effect (1) Double: Changes the size of character to double. (2) Reverse: Reverses the tag's color 3) Image management Refer to Ch. 6.8.2 in user's manual Image Management for details 4) Example Choose the image by a mouse. Then, the image to be selected is displayed in the screen.
Line tag (
)
Draws a line of various shapes..
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< Property of line tag > 1) Starting point • Specifies an X-Y coordinates of the starting point. (Max X-Axis: 192, Y-Axis: 64) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Ending point • Specifies an X-Y coordinates of the ending point. (Max X-Axis: 192, Y-Axis: 64) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 3) Line (1) Kind: Specifies a kind of line. (One of solid line, dotted line, dashed line) (2) Thickness: Specifies a thickness of line. (From 1 to 5 dots)
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Rectangle tag (
)
Draw a rectangle of various shapes.
< Property of a rectangle tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Line (1) Kind: Specifies a kind of outline. (One of solid line, dotted line, dashed line) (2) Thickness: Specifies a thickness of outline. (From 1 to 5 dots) 3) Fill It fills the inside of rectangle. 4) Width, Height It specifies width and height of rectangle.
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Circle tag (
)
It draws a circle of various shapes.
< Property of circle tag > 1) Location • Indicates tag’s location (X-Axis:0~191, Y-Axis:0~63) • Relocating by mouse drag is available. 2) Line (1) Kind: Specifies a kind of outline. (One of solid line, dotted line, dashed line) (2) Thickness: Specifies a thickness of outline. (From 1 to 5 dots) 3) Fill Fill the inside of circle. 4) Width, Height Specify width and height of rectangle. 5) Radius Specify a radius of circle.
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Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
℡ (+202) 4941760 – 4990377
Fax. (+202) 49192896 - 110 -
Memo: .................................................................................................................. .................................. ................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... 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...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... Electro Hydraulic Automation (EHA)
℡ (+202) 4941760 – 4990377
Fax. (+202) 49192896 - 111 -
