Levantamiento de Una Poligonal Con Teodolito
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS INGENIERIA GEOGRÁFICA CURSO: TOPOGRAFIA TOPOGRAFIA II TEMA: LEVANTAMIENTO TOPOGRAFICO APLICANDO LA PLANIMETRIA Y ALTIMETRIA DOCENTE: INGENIERO RENAN PACHECO INTEGRANTES: PAREJA OCROS STEPHANIE PRADA FLORES ALEXANDRA QUILLA LOPEZ ANGIE SIERRA SULUAGA JOSE VILLEGAS GOMEZ CAROL
AÑO: 2016 – 4O CICLO
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ÍNDICE INDICE ............................................................................................................... 2 TITULO............................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCCION ............................................................................................... 4 OBJETIVOS Y REVISION BIBLIOGRAFICA BIBLIOGRAFICA .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... .................... ......... 5 UBICACIÓN GEOGRAFICA....................... .................................. ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ........... 6 DESCRIPCION DESCRIPCION GENERAL DEL AREA ........... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................. ..... 8 SUPERFICIE TOTAL .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... .................... ......... 11 ACCESIBILIDAD ACCESIBILIDAD ........... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ............... ... 12 LINDEROS Y LIMITES ................. ............................ ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ........... 13 EQUIPOS Y MTERIALES UTILIZADOS MARCO TEORICO............................... .......................................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ............... ... 14 METODOLOGIA Y PROCEDIMIENTO DE TRABAJO
TRABAJO DE CAMPO TABAJO DE GABINETE.......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................. ..... 22
RESULTADOS ........... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................... ........ 48 DISCUSIONES DISCUSIONES DE LOS RESULTADOS ............................. ......................................... ....................... ................ ..... 48 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... .................. ....... 49 PERSONAL RESPONSABLE .......... ..................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................... ....... 50 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 51
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LEVANTAMIENTO TOPOGRÁFICO DE LA FACULTAD E.AP. MECANICA DE FLUIDOS
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INTRODUCCIÓN
.
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OBJETIVOS
Realizar el levantamiento levantamiento topográfico topográfico de la E.A.P Mecánica Mecánica de fluidos mediante la utilización de los métodos topográficos teniendo como base la poligonal de apoyo.
Aprender a trabajar trabajar en equipo con responsabilidad, responsabilidad, orden, disciplina, disciplina, compañerismo, compañerismo, empatía, e mpatía, comunicación comunicación y solidaridad.
Realizar medidas (ángulos (ángulos y distancias) con con el menor menor margen de error, aplicando el método correspondiente, por la teoría de errores, para su cálculo.
Trabajar de forma ordenada para tener mejores mejores resultados, resultados, y no presentar errores de medidas que nos pueden traer com complicaciones plicaciones más adelante .
Tener una buena organización organización de grupo para para tener mejores resultados que contribuyan a la mejoría del trabajo.
Poner en práctica de forma precisa los métodos topográficos en clase por el profesor.
Aprender a obtener medidas con el menor margen de error posible y que se encuentre dentro del error de tolerancia.
Poner en práctica el método de triangulación.
señalados
REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA, BIBLIOGRÁFICA, REFERENTE A LA PRÁCTICA Separatas entregadas en clase de Topografía II E.A.P. Ingeniería Geográfica 2016
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UBICACIÓN GEOGRÁFICA El lugar indicado es el pabellón de la E.A.P MECANICA DE FLUIDOS, el cual está ubicado en la parte OESTE de la universidad. - Latitud: - Longitud: - Altitud: m.s.n.m. - Departamento: Lima - Provincia: Lima - Distrito: Cercado de Lima
CROQUIS:
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DESCRIPCIÓN GENERAL DEL ÁREA
Temperatura Temperatura y hu medad relativa :
El clima de la ciudad universitaria combina una práctica ausencia de precipitaciones, con un altísimo nivel de humedad atmosférica por la cercanía al mar y persistente cobertura nubosa. Se puede decir que tiene un clima tibio sin excesivo calor tropical ni fríos extremos. La humedad relativa es sumamente alta (hasta 100%), produciendo neblina persistente de junio a diciembre hasta la entrada del verano cuando las nubes son menores. Es soleado, húmedo y caliente en los veranos (diciembre-abril), nuboso y templado en los inviernos (junio a septiembre). En el mes de abril la humedad relativa fluctúa entre 75% y 85%. Recordar que en el presente año las temperaturas fueron altas a comparación de años anteriores debido a las corrientes cálidas que alertaban la presencia del fenómeno del niño, no cual no ocurrió confirmado por el senhami.
-
Temperatura
: 24ºC aproximadamente aproximadamente en promedio
-
Humedad Humedad relati va
: 77% aproximadamente. aproximadamente.
-
Clima
: Subtropical árido.
-
Suelo drenaje. Textura del suelo
: Suelos profundos, textura media y de buen : Geológicamente, Geológicamente, el área está constituida constituida por
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Recordar
que para deducir la textura del suelo y el tipo tenemos que tener en cuenta las siguientes clasificaciones: clasificaciones:
La textura indica el contenido relativo de partículas de diferente tamaño, como la arena, el limo y la arcilla, en el suelo. La textura tiene que ver con la facilidad con que se puede trabajar el suelo, la cantidad de agua y aire que retiene y la velocidad con que el agua penetra en el suelo y lo atraviesa. La textura del suelo puede clasificarse de fina a gruesa. La textura fina indica una elevada proporción de partículas más finas como el limo y la arcilla. La textura gruesa indica una elevada proporción de arena. En el Cuadro 1 pueden obtenerse definiciones definiciones más precisas. A continuación presentamos una prueba sencilla que le ayudará a clasificar la textura del suelo de gruesa a fina.
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SUPERFICIE TOTAL Área de trabajo Unmsm, Escuela de MECANICA DE FLUIDOS
A B C D E F A 272801.857
X 272801.857 272886.042 272767.945 272727.526 272738.441 272760.804 272801.857
SUPERFICIE: A total = . .
Y 8666350.391 8666283.015 8666220.758 8666232.434 8666289.395 8666362.983 8666350.391 8666350.391
272886.042
8666283.015
272767.945
8666220.758
272727.526
8666232.434
m2
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ACCESIBILIDAD ACCESO VEHICULAR: VEHICUL AR:
-
Puerta N° 1: Se encuent encuentra ra por la Av. Av. Venezuela. Venezuela. Puerta N° 4: Se encuent encuentra ra por la Av. Av. Amezaga. Puerta N° 8: Se encuent encuentra ra por por la Av. Av. Oscar R. Benavides.
ACCESO PEATONAL PEAT ONAL::
-
Puerta N°1: Se encuentra por la Av. Venezuela. Puerta N°2: Se encuentra por la Av. Amezaga. Amezaga. Puerta N°3: Se encuentra por la Av. Amezaga. Amezaga. Puerta N°7: Se encuentra por la Av. Amezaga. Amezaga. Puerta N°8: Se encuentra por la Av. Oscar R. Benavides.
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LINDEROS Y LÍMITES
Norte: Escuela de ingeniería Civil Oeste: Muro perimétrico de la UNMSM UNMSM Sur: Huaca universitaria Este: Rectorado
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EQUIPO Y MATERIALES UTILIZADOS
Teodolito Teodolito electrónico Trípode pilas
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Mira o est adia
Lápices Libreta topogr áfica o c uaderno uaderno de apuntes apuntes calculadora
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MARCO TEORICO LEVANTAMIENTO TOPOGRÁFICO:
Los levantamientos topográficos se realizan con el fin de determinar la configuración del terreno y la posición sobre la superficie de la tierra, de elementos naturales o instalaciones construidas por el hombre. Un levantamiento topográfico es una representación gráfica que cumple con todos los requerimientos que necesita un constructor para ubicar un proyecto y materializar una obra en terreno, ya que éste da una representación completa, tanto del terreno en su relieve como en las obras existentes. De ésta manera, el constructor tiene en sus manos una importante herramienta que le será útil para buscar la forma más funcional y económica de ubicar el proyecto. Un levantamiento topográfico topográfico permite trazar mapas o planos de un área, en los cuales aparecen: Las principales características físicas del terreno, tales como ríos, lagos, reservorios, caminos, bosques o formaciones rocosas; o también
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TIPOS DE LEVANTAMIENTOS TOPOGRAFICOS: A. RADIACIÓN RADIA CIÓN
Consiste en situarse con el instrumento en el centro del terreno a levantar y después orientarlo para que la lectura cero corresponda al meridiano elegido, luego se determinan los acimuts, las alturas y las longitudes de los radios, que irán desde el punto de ubicación del instrumento i nstrumento hasta el el punto medido. es conveniente utilizar este método cuando se necesita tomar un gran número de puntos de detalles distribuidos en direcciones y distancias diferentes, y en lugares de buena visibilidad. 1º paso: ubicar los puntos a levantar y verificar que el terreno cumpla con las condiciones de limpieza, visibilidad, etc. 2º paso: se debe ubicar el instrumento en el centro del terreno a levantar, y definir el meridiano.
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apropiado para ubicar puntos distantes de fácil identificación sin necesidad de colocar miras. Consiste en definir un lado ab, el que será la base de longitud y acimut conocido, se debe calar el instrumento en los dos puntos para una mayor precisión, desde cada punto se debe visualizar el punto desconocido c, anotando en un registro los ángulos obtenidos. 1º paso: ubicar los puntos a levantar y verificar que el terreno cumpla con las condiciones de limpieza, visibilidad, etc. 2º paso: definir los puntos a y b, los cuales corresponderán a las estaciones del instrumento. 3º paso: ubicar el instrumento en el punto a. visualizar el meridiano y girar hasta visualizar el o los puntos desconocidos. desconocidos. 4º paso: repetir la operación anterior con el instrumento ubicado en el punto b.
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1º paso: ubicar los puntos a levantar y verificar que el terreno cumpla con las condiciones de limpieza, visibilidad, etc. 2º paso: definir los puntos a y b, los cuales corresponderán a las primeras estaciones del instrumento. 3º paso: ubicar el instrumento en el punto a. visualizar el meridiano y girar hasta visualizar un tercer punto que también corresponderá a una estación. 4º paso: repetir la operación anterior con el instrumento ubicado en el punto pu nto b. 5º paso: luego ubicar el instrumento en el punto c, y visualizar un cuarto punto, el que corresponderá al vértice del segundo triángulo. triángulo. 6º paso: repetir r epetir estas operaciones las veces que sean necesarias. Observación: en cada visualización se leerán las estadías y los ángulos horizontales.
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3º paso: fijar una línea l ínea arbitraria ab y dividirla con estacas a medidas conocidas (a, b, c, d, e, etc.). 4º paso: antes de medir, en un block de apuntes hacer un croquis donde se muestren los puntos de referencia y los elementos a levantar. 5º paso: medir la distancia que hay entre los puntos, registrando estas en el block. 6º paso: ubicar el cero de la huincha en el eje del punto o estaca de referencia a, luego medir la distancia entre éste y un punto característico del elemento (punto a') a levantar, ya sea una esquina, el eje, etc., eso dependerá del elemento. Anotar la medida en el croquis, o bien hacer un registro de estas siempre que se deje bien especificado a que corresponde cada medida. 7º paso: se mide el tercer lado desde a al punto del elemento medido anteriormente. Así sucesivamente se va triangulando la superficie hasta tener todos los puntos necesarios.
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F. POLIGONACIÓN
Se utiliza cuando de una sola estación no se domina todo el sector a levantar y
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Medició n de un ángulo hor izontal: + Medició
Si se trata de medir un ángulo AOB se estaciona el teodolito teodolito sobre un punto O. se aprieta el tornillo de fijación superior, con uno de los nonios horizontales casi en cero, y por medio e un tornillo superior de coincidencia se lleva exactamente al 0º. SE mira con el anteojo hacia el punto A, se aprieta el tornillo inferior de fijación, y, actuando sobre su tornillo de llamada, se hace que la visual pase exactamente por la banderola o señal que indica la situación de dicho punto. Se afila entonces el tornillo superior y
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METODOLOGIA Y PROCEDIMIENTO Del TRABAJO Trabajo rabajo de campo Paso n°1
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Nota: Al momento del reconocimiento del terreno, terreno, también se recorre todo el lugar para ver o tener una idea aproximada de como seria nuestra poligonal (no se aleje mucho de nuestro edificio), además es muy importante i mportante poder realizar un croquis para poder ubicarnos mejor posicionalmente y también poder ubicarlos ubicarlos puntos donde se colocaran nuestras estacas.
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Paso n°3
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Angulo C:
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Así sucesivamente, pero por cada ángulo ocho veces
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Triangulación
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