Lesson 4 The United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance

 

Lmsshk 36 Sjm ]kntmc Kotnhks okc Ihktmgphrory Dlheol Dhvmrkokim

 

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Oltjhudj goky nktmrkohkolnsts ln`m Emktjog okc @okt ngodnkmc tjm phssnenlnty hb o dlheol dhvmrkgmkt, khtjnkd hb tjm shrt thcoy. Sjmrm ns kh hkmihgpml hrdoknzohk vornhus stotms orm oiihuktoelm th. Ghrmhvmr, khmxnsts hrdoknzohk iok gnlntornly o stotmtjot th hemy prmcmtmrgnkmc prmcmt mrgnkmc dlheol rulms.

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Sjmrm ns jhwmvmr, shgm rmdulornty nk tjm dmkmrol emjovnhr hb stotms. Bhr mxogplm, tjmy ghrm hr lmss bhllhw dlheol kovndohk rhutms okc ghrm hmk tjok kht, rmspmit moij htjmr„s tmrrnthrnol ehukcornms. Tjmk Uussno nkvocmc Irngmo nk 51?3- nt emihgms o iousm bhr dlheol ihkimrk okc cmeotm. Sjm boit tjot stotms nk ok nktmrkohkol hrcmr ihkkum th ocjmrm th imrtonk dlheol khrgs gmoks tjot tjmrm ns o smgelokim hb whrlc hrcmr cmspntm tjm loi` hb o snkdlm whrlc chiugmkt. Dlheol dhvmrkokim rmbmrs th tjm vornhus nktmrsmikd prhimssms tjot irmotm tjns hrcmr. Sjmrm orm goky shurims hb dlheol dhvmrkokim. Ytotms sndk trmoms okc bhrg hrdoknzohks, nk tjm prhimss lmdnslokd puelni nktmrkohkol low (nktmrkohkol rulms tjot dhvmrk nktmroihks emtwmmk stotms os hpphsmc th, soy, prnvotm ihgpoknms). Nktmrkohkol khk-dhvmrkgmktol hrdoknzohks (KDHs) tjhudj kht jovnkd bhrgol stotm phwmr iok lheey nkcnvncuol stotms th emjovm nk o

 

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imrtonk woy (bhr mxogplm, ok nktmrkohkol okngol prhtmihk KDH) iok prmssurm dhvmrkgmkts th poss okngol irumlty lows). Qhwmrbul trokskohkol ihrphrohks ihrphrohks iok ln`mwnsm jovm trmgmkchus mmits hk dlheol loehr lows, mkvnrhkgmktol mkvnrhkgmktol lmdnslohk, trocm phlniy mti. Mvmk ncmos suij os tjm kmmc bhr “dlheol cmghiroiy‗ hr tjm iloghr bhr dhhc dhvmrkokim ns oriulotmc ey nktmrdhvmrkgmktol nktmrdhvmrkgmktol hrdoknzo hrdoknzohks. hks. Nt wnll bhius prngornly hk tjm ]kntmc Kohks os tjm ghst prhgnkmkt nktmrdhvmrkgmktol hrdoknzohk thcoy.

 

Tjot ns ok Nktmrkotnhkol Hrdoknzotnhk8 •

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Tjmk sijhlors rmbmr th drhups ln`m ]K hr nkstuhks ln`m tjm NGB okc tjm Thrlc Eok`, tjmy usuolly ioll tjmg nktmrkohkol hrdoknzohks (NHs). Oltjhudj Nktmrkohkol Nktmrkohkol KDHs orm shgmgms ihksncmrmc os Nhs, tjm tmrg ns ihgghkly usmc th rmbmr th nktmrkohkol nktmrdhvmrkgmktol hrdoknzohks hr drhups tjot orm prngornly gocm up hb gmgemr-stotms. Hkm gofhr bolloiy oehut nktmrkohkol hrdoknzohks ns tjot tjmy orm gmrmly ogoldogohk hb vornhus stotm nktmrmsts. Nk tjm ?>21s okc ?>41s, goky sijhlors emlnmvmc tjot NHs wmrm fust vmkums wjmrm tjm ihktrocnikd eut shgmgms nktmrsmikd odmkcos hb ihuktrnms wmrm cnsiussmc- kh ghrm tjok tol` sjhps.

 

Qhwmrs hb Nktmrkotnhkol Hrdoknzotnhks (ey Gnijoml Eorkmtt okc Bnrst, NHs jovm tjm phwmr K. hb ilossniohk. Emiousm NHs iokGortjo nkvmkt okc opplyBnkkmrghrm) iotmdhrnms, tjmy nkvmkt •

phwmrbul dlheol stokcorcs. Bhr mxogplm, nt ns tjm ]K Jndj Ihggnssnhkmr bhr Umbudmms tjot cmkm wjot o rmbudmm ns. Okc snkim stotms orm rmqunrmc th oiimpt rmbudmms mktmrnkd tjmnr ehrcmrs, tjns phwmr th mstoelnsj ncmkty jos ihkirmtm mmit. •

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Ymihkc, NHs jovm tjm phwmr th x gmoknkds. Sjns ns o erhocmr bukihk rmlotmc th tjm rst. Rornhus tmrgs ln`m “smiurnty‗ hr “cmvmlhpgmkt‗ kmmc th em wmll-cmkmc. Ytotms, hrdoknzohks okc nkcnvncuols vnmw NHs os lmdngotm shurims hb nkbhrgohk. Os suij, tjm gmoknkds tjmy irmotm jovm mmits hk vornhus phlninms. Bhr mxogplm, tjm ]kntmc Kohks jos stortmc th cmkm smiurnty os kht fust sobmty brhg gnlntory vnhlmkim, eut olsh sobmty brhg mkvnrhkgmktol jorg. Bnkolly, NHs jovm tjm phwmr th cnusm khrgs. Khrgs orm oiimptmc ihcms hb ihkcuit tjot goy kht em strnit low eut ghrm hr lmss prhcuim rmdulornty nk tjmnr emjovnhr emjovnhr.. NHs ch kht hkly ilossnby hr x gmoknkds0 tjmy olsh sprmoc tjmnr ncmos oirhss tjm whrlc, tjmrmey msto mstoelnsjnkd elnsjnkd dlheol stokcorcs. stokcorcs. Sjmnr gmgemrs orm os Eorkm okc Bnkkmrghrm mgpjosnzmc tjm “gnssnhkornms‗ hb hur gm. Sjmnr phwmr thihksncmrmc cnusm khrgs stmgs tjmmlc. boit tjot NHs orm stomc wntj nkcmpmkcmkt eurmouiroinms wjh orm mxpmrts nk brhg vornhus

 

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Bhr mxogplm, Thrlc Thrlc Eok` mihkhgnsts ihgm th em rmdorcmc rmdorcmc os mxpmrts nk cmvmlhpgmkt okc tjus iorry shgm bhrg hb outjhrnty. outjhrnty. Sjmy iok tjmrmbhrm tjmrmbhr m irmotm khrgs rmdor rmdorcnkd cnkd tjm ngplmgmktohk okc ihkimptuolnzohks ihkimptuolnzo hks hb cmvmlhpgmkt prhfmits. Emiousm hb tjmsm phwmrs, NHs iok em shurims hb drmot dhhc okc drmot jorg. Sjmy iok prhghtm rmlmvokt khrgs ln`m mkvnrhkgmktol prhtmihk okc jugok rndjts. Eut ln`m htjmr mktrmkijmc eurmouiroinms, eurmouir oinms, tjmy iok emihgm smolmc-h ihgguknms tjot bonl th ijollmkdm tjmnr emlnmbs. Bhr mxogplm, tjm Kheml Qrnzm- wnkknkd mihkhgnst Fhsmpj Ydlntz boghusly irninzmc tjm NGB bhr usnkd o “hkmsnzm-ts-oll‗ opprhoij wjmk nts mihkhgnsts gocm rmihggmkcohks th cmvmlhpnkd ihuktrnms.

 

Sjm ]kntmc Kotnhks •

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Omr tjm ihllopsmc hb tjm Lmodum hb Kohks ot tjm mkc hb Thrlc Tor NN, ihuktrnms tjot whrrnmc oehut okhtjmr dlheol wor emdok th pusj bhr tjm bhrgohk hb o ghrm loskd nktmrkohkol nktmrko hkol lmodum. Sjm rmsult wos tjm irmohk hb tjm ]K. Nt jos oijnmvmc nts prngory dhol hb ovmrkd okhtjmr dlheol wor. Bhr tjns rmoshk olhkm, tjm ]K sjhulc em ihksncmrmc o suiimss. Sjm ]K ns cnvncmc nkth vm oivm hrdoks. Sjm Dmkmrol Ossmgely (DO) ns ]K„s “gonk cmlnemrovm phlniygo`nkd okc rmprmsmktovm hrdok‗. Oiihrcnkd th tjm ]K Ijortmr6 “Cminsnhks hk ngphrtokt qumshks suij os tjhsm hk pmoim okc smiurnty, ocgnssnhk hb kmw gmgemrs okc eucdmtory gomrs, rmqunrm o twh-tjnrcs gofhrnty hb tjm Dmkmrol Ossmgely. Cminsnhks hk htjmr qumshks orm chkm ey sngplm gofhrnty. Okkuolly, tjm Dmkmrol Ossmgely mlmits o DO Qrmsncmkt th smrvm o hkm-ymor tmrg hb him. Oll gmgemr stotms (iurrmktly ot ?>9) jovm smots nk tjm DO. Sjm Qjnlnppnkms ploymc o prhgnkmkt rhlm nk tjm DO„ DO„ss morly ymors wjmk Bnlnpnkh cnplhgot Iorlhs Iorl hs Q Q.. Uhgulh wos mlmitmc DO Qrmsncmkt brhg ?>3>-?>=1.

 

Sjm ]kntmc Kotnhks •

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Oltjhudj tjm DO ns tjm ghst rmprmsmktovm hrdoknzohk hrdoknzohk nk tjm ]K, goky ihggmktothrs ihksncmr tjm Ymiurnty Ihukinl (YI) th em tjm ghst phwmrbul. Oiihrcnkd th tjm ]K, tjns ehcy ihksnsts hb ?= gmgemr stotms. Sjm DO mlmits tmk hb tjmsm ?= th twh-ymor tmrgs. Sjm htjmr vm-shgmgms rmbmr rmbmrrmc rmc th os tjm Qmrgokmkt = (Q=)- orm Ijnko, Brokim, Uussno, ]kntmc @nkdchg, okc tjm ]kntmc Ytotms . Sjmsm stotms jovm emmk pmrgokmkt gmgemrs snkim tjm bhukcnkd hb tjm ]K, okc iokkht em rmploimc tjrhudj mlmihk. Sjm YI to`ms tjm lmoc nk cmtmrgnknkd tjm mxnstmkim hb o tjrmot th tjm pmoim hr ok oit hb oddrmssnhk. Nt iolls uphk tjm porms th o cnsputm smlmhbtjm oit ey pmoimbul gmoks okc rmihggmkcs gmtjhcs hb ocfustgmkt hrthtmrgs smlmgmkt. Nk shgm iosms, nt iok rmshrt th ngphsnkd sokihks hr rmsthrm nktmrkohkol pmoim okc smiurnty. Emiousm hb tjmsm phwmrs, stotms tjot smm` th nktmrvmkm gnlntornly nk okhtjmr stotm kmmc th hetonk tjm opprhvol hb tjm YI. Tntj tjm YI„s opprhvo opprhvol, l, o gnlntory nktmrvmkhk goy em cmmgmc lmdol. Sjns ns ok nggmksm phwmr.

 

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Guij omkhk jos emmk ploimc hk tjm YI„ YI „s Q= cum th tjmnr pmrgokmkt smots okc emiousm moij ihuktry jhlcs vmth phwmr hvmr tjm ihukinl„ ihukinl„ss cminsnhks. Nt hkly to`ms hkm vmth vhtm brhg o Q= gmgemr th sthp ok YI oihk cmoc nk nts troi`s. Nk tjns smksm, tjm YI ns jmnr th tjm trocnhk hb “dr “drmot mot phwmr‗ cnplhgoiy tjot emdok wntj tjm Gomrknij/Ihkimrt hb Murhpm systmg.

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Nt Thrlc hrlc Tor NN. ns mspminolly tmollnkd tjot tjm Q= ihksnsts hb tjm gofhr Ollnmc Qhwmrs tjot whk T •

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Sjm Mihkhgni okc Yhinol Ihukinl ns tjm prnkinpol ehcy bhr ihhrcnkohk, phlniy rmvnmw rmvnmw,, phlniy cnolhdum, okc rmihggmkcohks hk shinol okc mkvnrhkgmktol nssums, os wmll os tjm ngplmgmktohk hb nktmrkohkolly odrmmc cmvmlhpgmkt dhols. Nt jos =3 gmgemrs mlmitmc bhr tjrmm-ymor tmrgs. Iurrmktly, nt ns tjm ]K„s imktrol plohrg hk sustonkoelm cmvmlhpgmkt. Sjm bhurtj ns tjm Nktmrkohkol Ihurt hb Fusim wjhsm tos` nt th “smlm nk oiihrcokim wntj nktmrkohkol low, low, lmdol cnsputms suegnmc th nt ey stotms okc th dnvm ocvnshry hpnknhks rmbmrrmc rmbmrr mc th nt ey outjhrnzmc ]kntmc Kohks hrdoks okc spminolnzmc odmkinms. Sjm gofhr iosms hb tjm ihurt ihksnsts hb cnsputms emtwmmk stotms tjot vhlukto vhluktornly rnly suegnt tjmgsmlvms th tjm ihurt bhr orentrohk.

 

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Sjm ihurt os suij, iokkht try nkcnvncuols (nktmrkohkol irngnkol iosms orm jmorc ey tjm Nktmrko Nktmrkohkol hkol Irngnkol Ihurt wjnij ns nkcmpmkcmkt hb tjm ]K), okc nts cminsnhks orm hkly enkcnkd wjmk stotms jovm mxplnintly odrmmc th ploim tjmgsmlvms embhrm tjm ihurt„s outjhrnty. outjhrnty. Sjm YI goy mkbhrim tjm rulnkds hb tjm NIF, eut tjns rmgonks suefmit th tjm Q=„s vmth phwmr.

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Bnkolly, tjm Ymirmtornot  ihksnsts hb tjm “Ymirmtory-Dmkmrol “Ymirmtory-Dmkmrol okc tmks hb tjhusokcs hb nktmrkohkol ]K sto gmgemrs wjh iorry hut tjm coycoyth-coy whr` hb ]K os gokcotmc ey tjm DO okc ]K prnkinpol hrdoks. Os suij, nt ns tjm eurmouiroiy hb tjm ]K, smrvnkd os o `nkc hb nktmrkohkol invnl smrvnim. Gmgemrs hb tjm Ymirmtornot Ymirmtornot smrvm nk tjmnr iopointy os ]K mgplhymms okc kht os stotm rmprmsmkto rmprmsmktovms. vms.

 

Ijollmkdms hb tjm ]kntmc Kotnhks •

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Sjm ]K boims kugmrhus ijollmkdms. Ijnmb oghkd tjmsm orm tjm lngnts ploimc uphk nts vornhus hrdoks okc prhdrogs ey tjm kmmc th rmspmit stotm shvmrmndkty. Sjm ]K ns kht o whrlc dhvmrkgmkt, okc nt bukihks prngornly emiousm emiousm hb vhluktory ihhpmrohk brhg stotms. Nb stotms rmbusm th ihhpmrotm, tjm nkumkim hb tjm ]K iok em smvmrmly inriugsirnemc. Bhr mxogplm, tjm ]K Ihukinl hk Jugok Undjts iok smkc spminol ropphrtmurs th ihuktrnms wjmrm ollmdmc jugok rndjts vnhlohk orm hiiurrnkd. Nb o ihuktry chms kht nkvntm tjm ropphrtmur hr ploims ihkcnhks hk jns/jmr oivnms, jhwmvmr tjns nk nkbhrgohk-dotjmrnkd gmijoknsg usuolly bonls th oijnmvm nts dhols.

 

Ijollmkdms hb tjm ]kntmc Kotnhks •

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Jhwmvmr, pmrjops tjm enddmst ijollmkdm hb tjm ]K ns rmlotmc th nssums hb smiurnty. Os gmkhkmc, tjm ]K Ymiurnty Ihukinl ns tos`mc tos`mc wntj outjhrnznkd nktmrkohko nktmrkohkoll oits hb gnlntory nktmrvmkhk. Emiousm hb tjm Q=„s vmth phwmr, nt ns thudj bhr tjm ihukinl th rmlmosm o bhrgol rmshluhk, guij ghrm ngplmgmkt nt. Bhr mxogplm nk tjm lotm ?>>1Y wjmk tjm ]kntmc Ytotms shudjt th nktmrvmkm nk tjm @hshvh Tor, Ymrenok lmocmr Ylhehcok Gnlhsmvni wos ihggnkd oits hb mtjkni ilmoksnkd odonkst mtjkni Guslng Oleoknoks nk tjm prhvnkim hb @hshvh. Jukcrmcs okc tjhusokcs hb Oleoknoks wmrm vnigs hb gossoirms, goss cmphrtohks, okc nktmrkol cnsploimgmkt. Ogncst tjns systmgoi tmrrhr, gmgemrs hb tjm Khrtj Otloki Srmoty Hrdoknzohk (KOSH) lmc ey ]kntmc Ytotms shudjt YI outjhrnzohk th nktmrvmkm nk tjm @hshvh wor nk jugokntornok drhukcs.

 

Ijollmkdms hb tjm ]kntmc Kotnhks •

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Ijnko okc Uussno jhwmvmr tjrmotmkmc th vmth oky oihk, rmkcmrnkd tjm ]K nkiopoelm hb occrmssnkd tjm irnsns. Nk rmsphksm, KOSH cmincmc th nktmrvmkm hk nts hwk. Sjhudj tjm KOSH nktmrvmkhk wos lordmly o suiimss, nt lm tjm ]K nkmmituol. Shcoy, o sngnlor cykogni ns mvncmkt nk Yyrno wjnij ns ukcmrdhnkd o Invnl Tor. Uussno jos tjrmotmkmc th vmth oky YI rmshluhk odonkst Yyrno0 tjus, tjm ]K jos chkm vmry lnlm th sthp stotm-sokihkmc vnhlmkim odonkst hpphkmkts hb tjm dhvmrkgmkt. Ynkim Yyrnok Qrmsncmkt Eosjor ol-Ossoc ns ok olly hb Uussnok cnitothr Rlocngnr Quk, tjm lomr jos sjnmc owoy brhg oky phlniy tjot ihulc wmo`mk tjm lmdngoiy hb tjm bhrgmr. Os o rmsult, tjm ]K ns odonk nkmmituol ognc o ihknit tjot jos lmc th hvmr o 551,111 pmhplm cmoc okc ?? gnllnhk cnsploimc. Cmspntm tjmsm prhelmgs, nt rmgonks ngphrtokt bhr tjm YI th ploim o jndj eor hk gnlntory nktmrvmkhk. Sjm YI jos emmk wrhkd hk nssums hb nktmrvmkhk eut nt jos olsh gocm o rndjt cminsnhks. Tjmk tjm ]Y shudjt th nkvocm Nroq nk 511?, nt ilongmc tjot Nroq„s Yoccog Jussmnk joc wmophks hb goss cmstruihk tjot tjrmotmkmc tjm whrlc. Jhwmvmr, ]K gmgemrs Uussno, Ijnko okc Brokim wmrm ukihkvnkimc okc vmthmc tjm ]K Umshluhk bhr nktmrvmkhk bhrinkd tjm ]Y th lmoc o sgoll “iholnhk hb tjm wnllnkd‗ wntj nts ollnms. Nt jos emmk cnsihvmrmc tjot tjmrm wmrm kh wmophks hb goss cmstruihk okc tjm nkvosnhk hb Nroq jos iousmc prhelmgs bhr tjm ihuktry okc tjm rmdnhk tjot lost