Lesson 3 Atomic Structure

 

6.2 JTKEIF VT\SFTS\C 6.: Iotrkduftiko Thc strufturc ka jtkes jaacfts thc typcs ka lkods thjt cxist io diaacrcot typcs ka ejtcrijns. Thcsc diaacrcot typcs ka lkods dircftny jaacft suitjlinity ka ejtcrijns akr rcjn wkrnd comioccriom jppnifjtikos. Lkth thc fkepksitiko jod thc strufturc ka j ejtcrijn hjvc j prkakuod ioanucofc ko its prkpcrtics jod lchjvikr. Comioccrs jod sficotists whk study jod dcvcnkp ejtcrijns eust uodcrstjod thcir jtkeif strufturc. Thc prkpcrtics ka ejtcrijns jrc fkotrknnjlnc jod fjo lc tjinkrcd tk thc occds ka j mivco jppnifjtiko ly fkotrknniom thcir strufturc jod fkepksitiko. fk epksitiko. ]c fjo cxjeioc jod dcsfrilc thc t hc strufturc ka ejtcrijns jt aivc diaacrcot ncvcns0 (j)  Ejfrkstrufturc7 (l)  Eifrkstrufturc7  

(f)  Ojokstrufturc7 (d)  Vhkrt- jod nkom-rjomc jtkeif jrrjomcecots7 (c)  Jtkeif strufturc. Comioccrs jod sficotists fkofcrocd with dcvcnkpecot jod prjftifjn jppnifjtikos ka jdvjofcd ejtcrijns occd tk uodcrstjod thc eifrkstrufturc jod ejfrkstrufturc   ka vjrikus ejtcrijns jod thc wjys ka fkotrknniom thce. Eifrkstrufturc is thc strufturc ka ejtcrijn jt j ncomth -sfjnc  ka ~:2 tk :222 oe. Ncomth-sfjnc is j fhjrjftcristif ncomth kr rjomc ka diecosikos kvcr whifh wc jrc dcsfriliom thc prkpcrtics ka j ejtcrijn kr thc phcokecoj kffurriom io ejtcrijns. Eifrkstrufturc typifjnny iofnudcs sufh acjturcs js jvcrjmc mrjio sizc, mrjio sizc distrilutiko, mrjio shjpc, mrjio kricotjtiko, jod kthcr acjturcs rcnjtcd tk dcacfts io ejtcrijns. J mrjio is j sejnn frystjn ka thc ejtcrijn withio whifh thc jrrjomcecot ka jtkes jod rcpcjts io j pjrtifunjr ajshiko io jnn thrcc diecosikos. Ejfrkstrufturc is thc strufturc ka j ejtcrijn jt j ejfrksfkpif ncvcn whcrc thc ncomth sfjnc is~?:22,222 oe. Acjturcs thjt fkostitutc ejfrkstrufturc iofnudc pkrksity, surajfc fkjtioms, jod sufh acjturcs js iotcrojn kr cxtcrojn eifrk-frjfgs. It is jnsk iepkrtjot tk uodcrstjod jtkeif   strufturc  jod hkw thc jtkeif lkods ncjd tk diaacrcot   jtkeif kr ikoif jrrjomcecots io ejtcrijns.   Thc jtkeif strufturc iofnudcs jnn jtkes jod thcir   jrrjomcecots, whifh fkostitutc thc luindiom   lnkfgs ka ejttcr. It is arke thcsc luindiom lnkfgs   thjt jnn thc ojok, eifrk, jod ejfrk-ncvcns ka   strufturcs cecrmc. Thc iosimhts mjiocd ly Rjmc : ka = 

 

uodcrstjodiom  jtkeif strufturc jod lkodiom fkoaimurjtikos  ka jtkes jod ekncfuncs jrc csscotijn akr   thc prkpcr scncftiko ka comioccriom ejtcrijns, js  wcnn js akr dcvcnkpiom ocw, jdvjofcd ejtcrijns.  J fnksc cxjeiojtiko ka jtkeif jrrjomcecot jnnkws us tk distiomuish lctwcco ejtcrijns thjt jrc  

 

jekrphkus kr frystjnnioc frystjnnioc (thksc thjt cxhilit pcrikdif jrrjomcecots ka jtkes kr ikos). Jekrphkus ejtcrijns hjvc kony shkrt-rjomc jtkeif jrrjomcecots whinc frystjnnioc ejtcrijns hjvc shkrt jod nkom-rjomc jrrjomcecots. Io shkrt-rjomc jtkeif jrrjomcecots, thc jtkes kr ikos shkw j  pjrtifunjr krdcr kony kvcr rcnjtivcny shkrt shkrt distjofcs. Akr frystjnnioc ejtcrijns, thc nkom-rjomc jtkeif krdcr is io thc akre ka jtkes kr ikos jrrjomcd io j thrcc-diecosikojn pjttcro thjt rcpcjts kvcr eufh njrmcr distjofcs (arke  ~?:22 oe tk up tk acw fe). 6.< Thc strufturc ka ejtcrijns0 tcfhoknkmifjn rcncvjofc

Io tkdjy’s tkdjy’s wkrnd, ioakrejtiko tcfhoknkmy (IT), liktcfhoknkmy, cocrmy tcfhoknkmy, covirkoecotjn   tcfhoknkmy, jod ejoy kthcr jrcjs rcquirc sejnncr, nimhtcr, ajstcr, pkrtjlnc, ekrc caaificot, rcnijlnc, durjlnc, jod iocxpcosivc dcvifcs. ]c wjot ljttcrics thjt jrc sejnncr, nimhtcr, jod nkomcr njstiom. ]c occd fjrs thjt jrc jaakrdjlnc, nimhtwcimht, sjac, himhny aucn caaificot , jod ‘‘nkjdcd’’ with ejoy jdvjofcd acjturcs, rjomiom arke mnkljn pksitikoiom systces (MRV) tk skphistifjtcd scoskrs akr jirljm dcpnkyecot. Vkec ka thcsc occds hjvc mcocrjtcd fkosidcrjlnc iotcrcst io ojoktcfhoknkmy jod eifrk-cncftrkecfhjoifjn systces (ECEV). J rcjn-wkrnd cxjepnc ka thc ECEV tcfhoknkmy, Aimurc 6.: shkws j sejnn jffcncrkectcr scoskr kltjiocd ly thc eifrkejfhioiom ka sinifko (Vi). This scoskr is uscd tk ecjsurc jffcncrjtiko io jutkeklincs. Thc ioakrejtiko is prkfcsscd ly j fcotrjn fkeputcr jod thco uscd akr fkotrknniom jirljm dcpnkyecot.

Rjmc