]BYRMDGVRB FDEB]GBLLB CBA@K]FSGVRB FDEB]GBLLB CBA@K]FSGVRB BS Y@YRDFG]B AGLG[SB] AGLG[ SB]B B CB CB D BL BL[B [BGELBABLS GELBABLS [RYB]GBR] BS CB DF ]BKHB]KHB ]BKHB] KHB [KGBLSGJGVRB RLGZB][GSB A`ud`uc AFAAB]G CB SG^G-@R^@R SG ^G-@R^@R JFKRDSB CB[ [KGBLKB[ BK@L@AGVRB[, K@AAB]KGFDB[ BS CB EB[SG@L CBYF]SBABLS CB[ [KGBLKB[ BK@L@AGVRB[
Aça`grb bl vub cb d'`mtbltg`l cu cgpdóab cb afegstbr bl [kgblkbs Bk`l`agqubs @ptg`l> A`llfgb-Jglflkb-Mflqub Shèab
Dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur > Blvgr`llbablt gltbrlftg`lfd bt jglflkbablt > Yrftgqub cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb pfr df MCD Yrçsbltç pfr > Aab H@RKHG Jftgaf Cbvflt db nury k`ap`sç cb > Yrçsgcblt > Addb. M@R^F] Khfmhf, Yr`jbssbur, RAAS@ ]fpp`rtbur ]fpp`r tbur > Ar FAA@R] Mblhfdgaf Mblhfdgaf Yr`jbssbur, Yr`jbssbur, Rlgvbrsgtç Rlgvbrsgtç c Fdebr Bxfaglftburs > Ar. ERBLC@R^G Mrfhga, afgtrb cb k`ljçrblkbs « F ¿, RAAS@ Ar. MBLL@R] Fmcbdhfjgc, Afgtrb cb k`ljçrblkbs, « F ¿, Bk`db [upçrgburb cb K`aabrkb Fdebr.
Cftb cb s`utblflkb s`utblflk b >
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9
Gltr`cuktg`l eçlçrfdb
Dbs kglqufltb cbrlgèrbs fllçbs `lt k`llu k`llu ul cçvbd`ppbablt spbktfkudfgrb cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd eríkb é ul a`uvbablt cb audtgdftçrfdgsftg`l cbs çkhflebs bt fux l`amrbux fkk`rcs rçeg`lfux rçeg`lfux bt mgdftçrfux k`l k`lkdus kdus pfr dbs Btfts. D fppfrgtg`l cb ll`uvbfux `uvbfux rçeudftburs cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd bt db p`gcs cbs jgrabs audtglftg`lfdbs `lt k`lstgtuç dbs prglkgpfux vbktburs c gltçerftg`l cbs cgjjçrbltbs çk`l`agbs l`tfaablt kbddbs cbs pfys bl cçvbd`ppbablt é d çk`l`agb a`lcgfd cçvbd`ppbablt a`lcgfdb. b. Df agsb bl pdfkb cbs glstgtutg`ls cb Mrbtt`l U``cs fu dblcbafgl cb df [bk`lcb Eubrrb A`lcgfdb fvfgt sfls lud c`utb k`lstgtuç ul rçbd bsp`gr p`ur df rbdflkb cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Cgjjçrblts pfys `lt k`llu c fapdbs trflsj`raftg`ls s`us d bjjbt k`ln k`lnueuç ueuç cb cgjjçrblts jfktburs bl pfrtgkudgbr db cçsfrabablt c`uflgbr bt db pr`erès cbs trflsp`rts bt k`aaulgkftg`ls. Jfkb é kbs m`udbvbrsbablts, m`udbvbrsbablts, d Fdeçrgb f k`ll k`lluu cbs autftg`ls pr`j`lcbs ll`tfaablt `tfaablt bl aftgèrb cb dgmçrfdgsftg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l bt df pr`a`tg`l cbs bxp`rtftg`ls, kb qug f fstrbglt dbs mflqubs é sb rbcçpd`ybr p`ur ulb abgddburb afgtrgsb cb dburs fktgvgtçs. Df prftgqub cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur prçsbltb fun`urc hug ul vgsfeb vgsfeb cg cgjjçrblt jjçrblt qug s bxpdgqub pfr dbs gll`vftg`ls afnburbs cfls df kgrkudftg`l bt db trfgtbablt cb d glj`raftg`l (]butbrs, [wgjt ), df cçrçedbabltftg`l cçrçedbabltftg`l bt d gltbrlftg`lfdgsftg`l cbs fktgvgtçs mmflkfgrbs. flkfgrbs.6 Db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd bst s`uags é cbs k`lcgtg`ls très cgjjçrbltbs cb kbddbs qug bxgstblt cfls dbs çkhflebs gltçrgburs kfr dbs rbdftg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs p`rtblt sur cbs çkhflebs mítgs sur cbs a`cfdgtçs pfrtgkudgèrbs cb jglflkbablt, cb pfgbablt bt cb efrfltgb, kb qug gapdgqub d utgdgsftg`l cb tbkhlgqubs bt pr`kçcurbs rçp`lcfl rçp`lcfltt fux gltçrîts bt mbs`gls cbs gap`rtftburs bt bxp`rtftburs. Fu sbgl cb df mflqub, mflqub, dbs `pçrftg`ls mflkfgrbs mflkfgrbs fvbk d çtrflebr rbprçsbltblt ulb tíkhb très cçdgkftb bxgebflt ul sugvg rge`urbux cb df pfrt cbs rbsp`lsfmdbs cu jfgt l`tfaablt cb d çv`dutg`l cb df rçed rçedbabltftg`l babltftg`l bl ddff aftgèrb.
6
Kbs khflebablts fu lgvbfu cbs mflqubs s`lt gddustrçs pfr d
bxprbssg`l cbs « ;C ¿ glvbltçb pfr d çk`l`agstb jrflåfgs Hblrg M`ureuglft > Cçsgltbraçcgftg`l, Cçkd`gs`llbablt bt Cçrçedbabltftg`l.
6
Y`urqu`g kbttb fktgvgtç cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur b xtçrgbur bst s`uagsb é ulb rçedbabltftg`l pdus rgegcb qub db rbstb cbs fktgvgtçs mflkfgrbs 0 Y`urqu`g d fppdgkftg`l strgktb cbs pr`kçcurbs cb trfg trfgtbablt tbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls fvbk d çtrflebr k`lstgtub ul kbltrb cb prç`kkupftg`ls cbs rbsp`lsfmdbs cbs mflqubs 0 Y`urqu`g df rçfdgsftg`l cb kbs `pçrftg`ls bxgeb fu prçfdfmdb ul ferçablt cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb bt pp`urqu` `urqu`gg kbrtfglbs feblkbs bl mçlçjgkgblt mçlçjgk gblt bt c futrbs pfs0 Db k`ltródb cbs khflebs bxgstb cfls mbfuk`up cb pfys s`us j`rab cb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb, cb cçdfgs cb kbssg`l cbs cbvgsbs bt cb k`lcgtg`ls cb trflsjbrt. Bl Fdeçrgb, bt afderç db pr`kbssus cb dgmçrfdgsftg`l cb df rrçedbabltftg`l çedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs blefeç cbpugs qubdqubs ffllçbs llçbs fm`utgssflt é df k`lvbrtgmgdgtç k`urfltb= cu cglfr, ul k`ltródb cbs trflsjbrts bst glstfurç p`ur çvgtbr d bjj`lcrbablt cb df a`llfgb a`llfgb lftg lftg`lfdb. `lfdb. Df rçedbabltftg`l cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cbs khflebs bst k`lstgtuçb cb tbxtbs dçegsdftgjs bt cb tbxtbs rçedbabltfgrbs. rçedbabltfgrbs. Kbttb rçedbabltftg`l rçedbabltftg`l bst rbspbktçb pfr d blsbamdb cbs gl gltbrvblflts tbrvblflts cfls df khfglb cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd, bl pfrtgkudgbr dbs c`uflbs bt dbs mflqubs. Dbs c`uflbs n`ublt ul ródb prga`rcgfd bl aftgèrb cb k`ltródb cbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs fvbk d bxtçrgbur kfr fukulb afrkhfl afrkhflcgsb cgsb lb ppbut but bltrbr lg s`rtgr ssfls fls d fvfd ccbb kbttb fcaglgstrftg`l. fcaglgstrftg`l. Bl pdus cb df rçedbabltftg`l rçedbabltftg`l lftg`lfdb, dbs mmflqubs flqubs bxbråflt bxbråflt d fktgvgtç cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bxtçrgbur s`lt tblubs cb sb k`lj`rabr fux rèedbs bt cgsp`sgtg`ls glstfurçbs pfr cbs rçeudftburs cu k`aabrkb a`lcgfd a`lcgfd c`lt df khfamrb cu kk`aabrkb `aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfdb qqug ug f p`ur `mnbktgj prglkgpfd c hfra`lgsbr dbs prftgqubs k`aabrkgfdbs bt pr`p`sbr dbs prglkgpbs cgrbktburs fux `pçrftburs. D çdfm`rftg`l cbs ]è ]èedbs edbs bt Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs bl bst ul ulbb cbs pr`audeftg`ls cb kbttb khfamrb. Bddbs s`lt fppdgkfmdbs fux tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt dbs pdus utgdgsçbs c`lt db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabl tfgrb qug `kkupb ulb pdfkb gap`rtfltb fu lgvbfu gltbrlftg`lfd. Cfls dbs çkhflebs gltbrlftg`lfux, db erflc s`ukg cbs `pçrftburs bst cb sçkurgsbr dburs trflsfktg`ls pfr cbs glstruablts cb jglflkbablt bt cb pfgbablt fcfptçs. Db krçcgt
=
Df k`lvbrtgmgdgtç c ulb a`llfgb bst bst df p`ssgmgdgtç c`llçb pfr dbs fut`rgtçs fut`rgtçs a`lçtfgrbs c ul pfys c çkhflebr df a`llfgb lftg`lfdb é t`ut a`ablt k`ltrb cb d `r `u cbs cbvgsbs. Bddb pbut îtrb t`tfdb `u sbudbablt pfrtgbddb cès qub db k`ltródb cbs khflebs dgagtb dbs p`ssgmgdgtçs cb k`lvbrsg`l p`ur kbrtfglbs `pçrftg`ls. Bl Fdeçrgb df bst rçsbrvçb rçsbrvç b fux k`aptbs cbs trflsfktg`ls l`tfaablt dbsk`lvbrtgmgdgtç mgbls bt sbrvgkbs, dbs rbvblus bt dbs trflsjbrts k`urflts. k`urflts. k`urfltbs cb df mfdflkb cbs pfgbablts
=
c`kuabltfgrb bl bst ul cb kbs glstruablts glstruab lts cb sçkurgsftg`l qug f prgs ul bss`r dgç é sf erflcb s`updbssb c fcfptftg`l fux l`uvbfux ga pçrftgjs cu k`aabrkb gl gltbrlftg`lfd. tbrlftg`lfd. Df MCD bl sf qufdgtç cb mflqub ulgvbrsbddb ; prftgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur p`ur db k`aptb cb sbs kdgblts, bt utgdgsb db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb k`aab glstruablt cb pfgbablt pfr bxkbddblkb p`ur df rçfdgsftg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. L`trb gltçrît p`rtç é df prftgqub cb kbttb tbkhlgqub s bst aflgjbs aflgjbstç tç fprès s`l glstgtutg`l k`aab a`cb bxkdusgj cb jglflkbablt bt cb pfgbablt cbs gap`rtftg`ls pfr df d`g cb jglflkbs k`apdçabltfgrb =997. Jfkb é kbt blvg blvgr`llbablt r`llbablt rçedbabltfgrb tflt llftg`lfd ftg`lfd qu gltbrlftg`lfd, db pr`kbssus cb trfgtbablt cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb fssurç fu sbgl cb df MCD f-t-gd prgs bbll k`aptb kbs fspbkts bt rçp`lc-t-gd pfrjfgtbablt fux fttbltbs cbs `pçrftburs bbtt cbs glstgtutg`ls cb k`ltródb0 Vubddbs s`lt dbs cgjjçrbltbs j`rabs cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrbs trfgtçbs pfr df MCD bt k`aablt s bjjbk bjjbktubl tubltt db a a`ltfeb, `ltfeb, d çtucb bt db sugv sugvgg c ulb cbaflcb c `uvbrturb c ul c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l pfr kbttb mflqub 0 Btflt c`llç db kfrfktèrb çv`dutgj fussg mgbl cbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs qub cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur fu pdfl lftg`lfd, df MCD f t- bddb fjjbktç ul sugvg pbraflblt é ss`l `l j`lcs c`kuabltfgrb k`lstgtuç cb df rçedbabltftg`l gltbrlb gltbrlb cb df Mflqub (dbttrbs k`aaulbs, glstruktg`ls, kgrkudfgrbs bt l`tbs) bt cb df dçegsdftg`l lftg`lfdb, pfrtgkudgèrbablt pfrtgkudgèrbablt dbs rèedbablts, glstruktg`ls bt l`tbs cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb0
;
Df mflqub ulgvbrsbddb bst ulb mflqub é t`ut t `ut jfgrb k`ltrfgrbablt é ulb mflqub spçkgfdgsçb (mflqub cb cçpót, mflqub cb cçvbd`ppbablt, cçvbd`ppbablt, mflqub c glvbstgssbablt, mflqub c fjjfgrb
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Cçafrkhb cb trfvfgd >
Y`ur rçp`lcrb é t`utbs dbs gltbrr`eftg`ls p`sçbs prçkçcbaablt, l`us fv`ls pr`kçcç cfls l`trb rbkhbrkhb cb df aflgèrb sugvfltb > Y`ur df pfrtgb pfrtgb thç`rgqub, d bjj`rt cb c`kua c`kuabltftg`l bltftg`l bltfaç (`uvrfebs, frtgkdbs frtgkdbs,, rfpp`rts, aça`grbs aça `grbs ) l`us f pbrag pbragss cb k`ll k`llfgtrb fgtrb d blvg blvgr`llba r`llbablt blt ccuu k`aabrk k`aabrkbb gltbrlf gltbrlftg`lfd tg`lfd,, dbs k`lcgtg`ls dgçbs é df rçfdgsftg`l cbs trflsfktg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs, cb k`aprblcrb dbs spçkgjgkgtçs cb kbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrft g`ls bt df k`apdbx k`apdbxgtç gtç cbs tbkhlgqubs utgdgsçb utgdgsçbs. s. Y`ur kb qug bst cu kfs prftgqub, l`us fv`l fv`lss pr`kçcç é d flfdysb cbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb fu lgvbfu cb df MC MCD D é trfvbrs d bxpd`gtftg`l cbs c`kuablts gltbrlbs k`lstgtuçs cb jfskgkudbs çtrfle çtrflebrs, brs, l`tbs, dbttrbs k`aaulbs, k`aaulbs, kgrkudfgrbs rbdftgvbs é d fktgvgtç cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. L`us l`us s`aabs gltçrbssçs gltçrbssçs,, cfls ulb prbagèrb phfsb, fux fspbkts eçlçrfux cb df rçedbabltftg`l fdeçrgbllb bl aftgèrb cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur l`tfaablt df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt kbddb cbs c`uflbs. Blsugtb cfls ulb sbk`lcb phfsb, l`us fv`ls pr`kçcç é d bxpd`gtftg`l cbs c`kuablts cb df mmflqub, flqub, kb qug f pbrags cb rbkubgddgr db afxga afxgaua ua c glj`raftg`ls sur df prftgqub cu Krbc`k fu lgvbfu cb kbttb mflqub pumdgqub. Bl `utrb, bl af qufdgtç c çdçablt cu sbrvgkb krçcgt cb df C]B MCD S@, c`lt db db ródb k`lsgstb é vçrgjgbr vçrgjgbr bt fut`rgsbr fut`rgsbr dbs `pçrftg`ls cbs fe feblkbs blkbs fvbk d çtrflebr, n fg bu é pfrtgkgpbr é d fppdgkftg`l cbs cbs rèedbs rçegssfl rçegssfltt kbttb fktgvgtç, fktgvgtç, é qubstg`llbr bt gltbrr`ebr ddbs bs k`ddèeubs khfreçs cb kbs `pçrftg`ls fu lgvbfu cbs feblkbs bt cb df Cgrbktg`l cu k`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd, bt é pfrtgkgpbr é ul sçaglfgrb cb cbux n`urs sur dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur flgaç pfr ul bxpbrt bxpbrt cb df MCD. [ur db pdfl açth`c`d`egqub, l`trb trfvfgd bst strukturç bl cbux pfrtgbs > Df prbagèrb bst bst k`lsfkrçb é d çtucb cbs fs fspbkts pbkts thç`rgqubs cbs `pçrftg`ls cb kk`aabrkb `aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Kbttb pfrtgb bst çkdftçb bl cbux khfpgtrbs, db prbagbr khfpgtrb prçsbltb d blvgr`llbablt blvgr`llbablt gltbrlftg`lfd sur db pdfl gl glstgtutg`llbd, stgtutg`llbd, nurgcgqub nurgcgqub,, çk`l`agqub bbtt jglflkgbr. Db sbk`lc khfpgtrb çdukgcb dbs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt, cb jglflkbablt bt cb efrfltgb utgdgsçbs cfls db kfcrb cu cçl`ubablt cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd.
3
Df cbuxgèab pfrtgb, c `rcrb bapgrgqub, sb bapgrgqub, sb sumcgvgsb çefdbablt bl cbux khfpgtrbs. Db prbagbr khfpgtrb vgsb é prçsbltbr df mflqub c fkkubgd bt sbs cgjjçrbltbs strukturbs khfreçbs cu trfgtbablt cb kbs `pçrftg`ls. Db cbuxgèab cbuxgèab khfpgtrb p`rtb sur ul bssfg c flfdysb cb df prftgqub cu Krbc`k pfr dbs sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs cb kbttb mflqub mflqub l`tfaablt d feblkb k`lsgcçrçb k`lsgcçrçb k`aab df prbagèrb vgtrglb cb t` t`ut ut çtfmdgssbablt mflkfgrb. K Kbttb bttb flfdysb flfdysb p`rtb p` rtb sur d bxfabl cbs fspbkts rçedbabltfgrb bt pr`kçcurfd. pr`kçcurfd.
2
Gltr`cuktg`l cb df prbagèrb pfrtgb >
Db a`lcb cbs fjjfgrbs bst k`apdbxb. Df Df dgmçrfdgsftg`l dgmçrfdgsftg`l bt d bxpflsg`l cu k`aabrk k`aabrkbb p`urrfgblt p`urrfgblt fv`gr ul fspbkt lçeftgj. Ydus cb k`aabrkb sgelgjgb pdus cb rgsqubs bt pdus cb cgjjçrblcs. Kbttb prbagèrb pfrtgb tbltb cb rblcrb k`aptb cb df d`egstgqub cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd, gltbrlftg`lfd, db kfrfktèrb k`apdbxb bt cylfagqub cylfagqub cb s`l blvgr`llba blvgr`llbablt blt sur dbs pdfls > glstgtutg`llbd, nurgcgqub, çk`l`agqub bt jglflkgbr. Bddb abt bl duagèrb kbrtfgls cbs fvfltfebs cu systèab k`aabrkgfd é trfvbrs dbs cgjjçrbltbs glstgtutg`ls qug `lt k`ltrgmuç fapdbablt fu cçvbd`ppbablt cbs rbdftg`ls çk`l`agqubs bt jglflkgèrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs, dbs s`dutg`ls nurgcgqubs prçvubs bl kfs cb k`ljdgts. Kbs glstgtutg`ls s`lt dbs prglkgpfdbs `reflgsftg`ls a`lcgfdbs jglflkçbs pfr pdusgburs Çtfts. Dburs agssg`ls bt `mnbktgjs s`lt cgvbrs > kbrtfglbs s`lt v`uçbs é df k``pçrftg`l çk`l`agqub, c'futrbs fux qubstg`ls c'fgcb fu cçvbd`ppbablt, c'futrbs blk`rb é df dgmçrfdgsftg`l cbs çkhflebs bt
d hfra`lgsf hfra`lgsftg`l tg`l cbs prftgqubs
k`aabrkgfdbs. Fprès df dgmçrfdgsftg`l qug s bst aflgjbstçb aflgjbstçb é pfrtgr cbs fllçbs 89 bt d fppfrgtg`l c ulb l`uvbddb efaab cb rgsqubs, dbs mflqubs `lt vu dbur j`lktg`l prblcrb ulb gap`rtflkb c fvfltfeb. Dburs fktgvgtçs sb s`lt cgvbrsgjgçbs cfls db jglflkbablt bl eçlçrfd, bt dbur blefebablt
cfls
db
jglflkbablt
cu
k`aabrkb
bxtçrgbur
bl
pfrtgkudgbr.
Eríkb f kbttb dgmçrfdg dgmçrfdgsftg sftg`l `l cu k`aabr k`aabrkb kb bxtçrgb bxtçrgbur, ur, bt fussg é d `uvbrturb `uvbrturb bt d gltçerftg`l gltçerftg`l cbs cbs systèabs jglflkgbrs, jglflkgbrs, pdus prçkgsça prçkgsçablt blt dbs mflqubs, cfl cflss d çk`l`agb cb af afrkhç, rkhç, dbs gap`rtftburs bt dbs bxp`rtftburs `lt tr`uvç cb abgddburs a`ybls cb jglflkbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs k`aabrkgfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs,, bt gds `lt pu jfgrb jfkb é df k`lku k`lkurrblkb rrblkb bt s gltçerbr cb pdus bl pdus cfls df a`lcgfdgsftg`l. Kbttb pfrtgb abttrf fussg bl çvgcblkb df pr`mdçaftgqub dgçb fux tbkhlgqubs bt a`ybls pfr dbsqubds dbs mflqubs k`ltrgmublt fu a`ltfeb, jglflkbablt bt efrfltgb cbs `pçrftg`ls cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur t`ut bl tblflt k`aptb cbs k`ltrfgltbs fuxqubddbs s`lt bxp`sçs dbs `pçrftburs cu k`aabrkb a`lcgfd.
:
Gltr`cuktg`l cu prbagbr khfpgtrb
Df pdus erflcb kfrfktçrgstgqub cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfd bst d `rcrb glstfurç fu k`urs cbs fllçbs é trfvbrs cbs glstgtutg`ls krççbs fu cçpfrt p`ur cbs `mnbktgjs mgbl prçkgs bt cbvblubs pfr df sugtb cb vrfgs rçeudftburs r çeudftburs cu k`aabrkb a`lcgfd. Df prftgqub f fussg pbrags fux `pçrftburs cb abttrb bl pdfkb cbs rèedbs ulgj`ragsçbs p`ur eçrbr dbs k`ltrfgltbs fuxqubddbs gds s`lt fjjr`ltçs, qub kb s`gt sur db pdfl nurgcgqub, çk`l`agqub çk`l`agq ub `u ` u jglflkgbr. Cfls kb khfpgtrb, l`us fdd`ls tbltbr cb prçsbltbr db pfysfeb gltbrlftg`lfd sur db pdfl glstgtutg`llbd (sbktg`l 6), cçkrgrb bt flfdy flfdysbr sbr dbs fs fspbkts pbkts nurg nurgcgqubs cgqubs bt çk`l`agq çk`l`agqubs ubs (sbktg`l (sbktg`l =) bt bljgl bxp`sbr dbs çdçablts jglflkgbrs kfrfktçrgsflt db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd (sbktg`l ;).
5
[bktg`l 6 >D blvgr blvgr`llba `llbablt blt glstgtu glstgtutg tg`llbd `llbd
Db pfysfeb pfysfeb glstgtutg`llbd gltbrlftg`lfd bst j`lcç pfr dbs glstgtutg`ls cb Mrbtt`l w``cs 3, dbs `reflgsftg`ls cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfd l`tfaablt d @AK bt df KKG bt dbs rçsbfux cb k`aaulgkftg`l bt cb rèedbablt. 6. Dbs glstgtutg`ls jglflkgèrbs (Mrbtt`l w``cs)
Dbs glstgtutg`ls qug rçeudblt bt gltbrvgbllblt cfls db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd bt dbs trflsfktg`ls jglflkgèrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs s`lt bssbltgbddbablt > Db JAG (J`lc A`lçtfgrb Gltbrlftg`lfd), df MA (Mflqub A`lcgfdb) fvbk sbs jgdgfdbs. Blk`rb fppbdçbs dbs glstgtutg`ls cb Mrbtt`l U``cs, kbs glstgtutg`ls cgjjèrblt cfls dbur j`lktg j`lktg`llbablt `llbablt sbd`l dbs agssg`ls qug dbur s`lt fssgel fssgelçbs. çbs. 6.6 Db JAG > J`lcs A`lçtfgrb Gltbrlftg`lfd 6.6.6 Hgst`rgqub
Db JAG, fppbdç pfrj`gs db «J`lcs¿, bs bstt d ulb cbs `reflgsftg`ls gl gltbrlftg`lfdbs tbrlftg`lfdbs krççbs bl nugddbt 6733, d`rs c ulb k`ljçrblkb cbs Lftg`ls Rlgbs tblub é Mrbtt`l U``cs cfls db Lbw Hfapshgrb Hfapshg rb (Çtfts Rlgs). D Dbs bs qufrfltb quftrb e`uvbrl e`uvbrlbablts bablts rbprçs rbprçsbltçs bltçs é df df k`ljçrblkb k`ljçrblkb v`udfgblt çtfmdgr ul kfcrb cb k``pçrftg`l çk`l`agqub k`låu p`ur çvgtbr qub lb sb rbpr`cugsb db kbrkdb vgkgbux cbs cçvfduftg`ls cçvf duftg`ls2 k`apçtgtgvbs qug fvfgblt k`ltrgmuç é df Erflcb Cçprbssg`l cbs fllçbs 67;9.
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D fppbddftg`l tgblt é ulb ulb vgddb cbs Btfts Rlgbs `÷ s bst tblub df k`ljçrblkb qug f c`llç lfgssflkb lfgssflkb é kbs glstgtutg`ls. Dbs cbux pr`tfe`lgstbs prglkgpfux cb kbttb k`ljçrblkb `lt çtç N`hl Afylfrc Obylbs, qug cgrgebfgt df cçdçeftg`l mrgtfllgqub, bt Hfrry Cbxtbr Uhgtb, fssgstflt fu sbkrçtfgrb sbkrçtfgrb fu Srçs`r cbs cbs Çtfts-Rlgs. Db pdfl pdfl Obylbs prçv`yfgt prçv`yfgt ul systèab a`lçtfgrb a`lcgfd j`lcç sur d glstgtutg`l c ulb Mflqub Kbltrfdb A`lcgfdb khfreçb c çabttrb ulb a`llfgb gltbrlftg`lfdb > db Mflk`r. Df pfrtgb façrgkfglb abttfgt bl fvflt db ródb cb pgv`t cu c`ddfr façrgkfgl bt pr`p`sfgt pdutót cb krçbr ul ul j`lcs cb stfmgdgsftg`l k`lstrugt ssur ur dbs cçpóts cbs Çtfts abamrbs bt ulb mflqub mflqub cb rbk`lstruktg`l p`ur d'fprès-eubrrb. d'fprès-eubrrb. 2
Df cçvfduftg`l c ulb a`llfgb bst ulb cçkgsg`l cb p`dgtgqub çk`l`agqub vgsflt df a`cgjgkftg`l `jjgkgbddb é df
mfgssb df vfdbur cb df a`llfgb a`llfgb lftg`lfdb cfls db mut c façdg`rbr db s`dcb k`aabrkgfd. k`aabrkgfd. Bddbpdutót s glskrgt kfcrb ccb eçlçrfdgsç cbs a`llfgbs `l pfrdb cb cfls db ul rçegab cb khfleb jgxb, kfr cbpugs db jd`ttbablt cçprçkgftg`l.
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6.6.= [tftut nurgcgqub bt prgvgdèebs prgvgdèebs
D frtg frtgkd kdbb GX cbs stftuts cu J JAG AG prçkgs prçkgsbb qub > Db J`lcs p`ssècb df pdbglb pbrs`llfdgtç nurgcgqub bt bl pfrtgkudgbr f df kfpfkgtç cb k`ltrfktbr? c fkquçrgr cbs mgbls abumdbs bt gaabumdbs, c bl cgsp`sbr? bt c bstbr bl nustgkb. Dbs Çtfts abamrbs abamrbs trfgtblt fvbk db J`lcs bxkdusgvbablt bxkdusgvbablt pfr d gltbraçcgfgrb cb cb dbur Srçs`r, cb dbur mflqub kbltrfdb, cb dbur j`lcs cb stfmgdgsftg`l cbs khflebs `u cb t`ut futrb `reflgsab jglflkgbr flfd`eub, bt db J`lcs lb trfgtb qu fvbk dbs aîabs `reflgsabs `u pfr dbur gltbraçcgfgrb. Db J`lcs, J`lcs, sbs mgbls bt ssbs bs fv`grs fv`grs n`ugssblt cb d gaaulg gaaulgtç tç cb nurgcgktg`l ss`us `us t`us sbs sbs fs fspbkts, pbkts, sfuj cfls df absurb `÷ gd y rbl`lkb bxprbssçablt bl vub c ulb pr`kçcurb cçtbraglçb `u bl vbrtu c ul k`ltrft. Gds lb pbuvblt jfgrb jfgrb d `mnbt cb pbrqugsg pbrqugsgtg`ls, tg`ls, rçqugsg rçqugsgtg`ls, tg`ls, k`ljgskf k`ljgskftg`ls, tg`ls, bxpr`prgftg`ls, `u cb t`utb futrb j`rab cb sfgsgb cb df pfrt cu p`uv`gr bxçkutgj `u dçegsdftgj. Gds s`lt bxbapts bxbapts cb rbstrgktg`ls, rçedba rçedbabltftg`ls, bltftg`ls, k`ltródbs bt a`rft`grbs cb t`utb lf lfturb. turb. Db J`lcs, sbs fv`grs, mgbls bt rbvblus, fglsg qub sbs `pçrftg`ls bt trflsfktg`ls fut`rgsçbs pfr sbs [tftuts, s`lt fussg bx`lçrçs cb t`us gapóts, tfxbs bt cb t`us t` us cr`gts cb c`uflb. 6.6.; @mnbktgjs cu JAG
D frtgkdb frtgkdb prbagbr prbagbr ccbs bs [tftuts cu JAG çl`lkb dbs `mnbktgjs j`lcfabltfux sugvflts > g) Yr`a`uv`gr df k``pçrftg`l a`lçtfgrb gltbrlftg`lfdb fu a`ybl c ulb glstgtutg`l pbraflbltb j`urlgssflt j`urlgssflt ul açkflg açkflgsab sab cb k`lsud k`lsudtftg`l tftg`l bt cb k`ddfm`rftg`l bl kb qqug ug k`lkbrlb dbs pr`mdèabs a`lçtfgrbs gltbrlftg`lfux. gg) Jfkgdgtbr d bxpflsg`l bt d fkkr`gssbabl fkkr`gssbabltt hfra hfra`lgbux `lgbux ccuu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd bt k`ltrgmubr fglsg é d glstfurftg`l bt fu a afgltgbl fgltgbl cb lgvbfux lgvbfux çdbvçs çdbvçs c bapd`g bt cb rbvblu rçbd bt fu cçvbd`ppbablt cbs rbss`urkbs pr`cuktgvbs cb t`us dbs Çtfts abamrbs, `mnbktgjs prbagbrs cb df p`dgtgqub çk`l`agqub.:
:
Df p`dgtgqub çk`l`agqub bst d blsbamdb cbsc gltbrvbltg`ls gltb rvbltg`lsags cbsbl p`uv`grs pumdgks pumdgk cfls d çk`l`agb bl j`lktg`l cbs prg`rgtçs cbs `mnbktgjs `mnb ktgjs p`ursugvgs bt db kh`gx glstruablts uvrb p`u dbss fttbglcrb.
7
ggg) Yr`a`uv`gr df stfmgdgtç cbs khflebs, khflebs, afgltblgr bltrb dbs Çtfts abamrbs cbs rçegabs cb khfleb5 `rc`llçs bt çvgtbr dbs dbs cçprçkgftg`ls k`lkurrbltgbddbs cbs khflebs. gv) Fgcbr é çtfmdgr ul systèab audtgdftçrfd cb rèedbablt cbs trflsfktg`ls k`urfltbs bltrb dbs Çtfts abamrbs bt é çdgaglbr dbs rbstrgktg`ls cb khfleb qug bltrfvblt db cçvbd`ppbablt cu k`aabrkb a`lcgfd. v) C`llbr k`ljgflkb fux Çtfts abamrbs bl abttflt dbs rbss`urkbs eçlçrfdbs cu J`lcs tbap`rfgrbablt é dbur cgsp`sgtg`l a`ybllflt cbs efrfltgbs fcçquftbs, dbur j`urlgssflt fglsg df p`ssgmgdgtç cb k`rrgebr dbs cçsçqugdgmrbs cb dburs mfdflkbs cbs pfgbablts sfls rbk`urgr é cbs absurbs prç prçnucgkgfmdbs nucgkgfmdbs é df pr`spçrgtç pr` spçrgtç lftg`lfdb `u `u gltbrlftg`lfdb. vg) K`lj`raçablt é kb kb qug prçk prçkècb, ècb, fmrçeb fmrçebrr df curçb bt rçc rçcugrb ugrb d fapdbur cbs cçsçqugdgmrbs cbs mfdflkbs cbs pfgbablts cbs Çtfts abamrbs. 6.6.3 E`uvbrlflkb bt `reflgsftg`l
Db JAG bst k`aptfmdb cb s`l fktg`l cbvflt dbs e`uvbrlbablts cbs Çtfts abamrbs. D `reflb suprîab cb df strukturb cb e`uvbrlflkb bst db K`lsbgd cbs E` E`uvbrlburs uvbrlburs qug sb k`ap`sb c ul E`uvbrlbur bt c ul E`uvbrlbur suppdçflt pfr Çtft abamrb. Db K`lsbgd cbs E`uvbrlburs sb rçulgtt ulb j`gs pf rçulg pfrr fl, é d `kkfsg `kkfsg`l `l cb d Fssba Fssbamdçb mdçb fll fllubddb ubddb cu cu JAG bt cb df Mflqub Mflqub a`lcgfdb. Zglet-quftrb E`uvbrlburs sgèeblt fu K`agtç a`lçtfgrb bt jglflkgbr gltbrlftg`lfd (KAJG) qug sb rçulgt fu a`gls cbux j`gs pfr fl. Df ebstg`l fu qu`tgcgbl cu JAG bst fssurçb pfr s`l K`lsbgd c fcaglgstrftg`l k`ap`sç cb vglet-quftrb fcaglgstrftburs qug rbprçsbltblt df t`tfdgtç cbs pfys abamrbs bt c`lt db trfvfgd bst `rgbltç pfr db KAJG bt fppuyç pfr dbs kfcrbs cu JAG. Db Cgrbktbur eçlçrfd cgrgeb dbs sbrvgkbs cu JAG bt prçsgcb db K`lsbgd c fcaglgstrftg`l, fssgstç cb tr`gs Cgrbktburs C grbktburs eçlçrfux fcn fcn`glts. `glts.
5
Cbux erflcs typbs cb rçegabs rçegabs cb khfleb s`lt é cgstgleubr > Dbs rçegabs é pfrgtçs jgxbs `u gd bxgstb ulb pfrgtç `jjgkgbddb fut`ur cb dfqubddb dbs k`urs bjjbktgjs bjjbktgjs cbs a`llfgbs lb c`gvblt qub jfgmdbablt vfrgbr. Dbs rçegabs cb jd`ttbablt `u dbs k`urs cbs a`llfgbs sb j`rablt j`rablt sur db afrkhç cbs khflebs bl bl j`lktg`l cb d `jjrb bt cb df cbaflcb. [g dbs fut`rgtçs f ut`rgtçs a`lçtfgrbs gltbrvgbllblt p`ur rçeudbr df j`raftg`l cbs k`urs bl fkhbtflt `u bl vblcflt cbs cbvgsbs `l pfrdb cb rçegab cb jd`ttbablt fcaglgstrç.
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6.6.2 Dbs rbss`urkbs bt glstruablt glstruablt cb prîts
Dbs rbss`urkbs cu JAG pr`vgbllblt ccbs bs Çtfts abamrbs, prglkgpfdbablt cu vbrsbablt cbs qu`tbs-pfrts qug rbjdètblt bl er`s db p`gcs çk`l`agqub rbdftgj cb khfqub pfys. Rlb qu`tb-pfrt, bxprgaçb bl cr`gts cb tgrfeb spçkgfux, bst fssgelçb é khfqub Çtft abamrb. Df s`uskrgptg`l cb khfqub Çtft abamrb bst çefdb é sf qu`tb-pfrt bt bddb bst vbrsçb gltçerfdbablt 8
fu J`lcs fuprès cu cçp`sgtfgrb fppr`prgç . S`us dbs kglq fls fu a`gls, db K`lsbgd cbs e`uvbrlburs pr`kècb é ul bxfabl eçlçrfd cbs qu`tbs-pfrts cbs cbs Çtfts a abamrbs bamrbs bt, s gd db nnueb ueb fppr`prgç, bl pr`p`sb df rçvgsg`l. Gd pbut çefdbablt,t, s gd db nueb `pp` çefdbabl `pp`rtul, rtul, bl blvgsfebr vgsfebr é t`ut futrb a`ablt, é df cbaflcb c ul Çtft abamrb, aba mrb, d fnus fnustbabl tbabltt cb sf qu`tb-pfrt. Df afn`rgtç cb quftrb-vglet-kglq p`ur kblt cu l`amrb t`tfd cbs v`gx fttrgmuçbs bst rbqugsb p`ur t`utb a`cgjgkftg`l a`cgjgkftg`l cbs qu`tbs-pfrts. Dbs gltçrîts pbråus sur d blk`urs cbs krçcg krçcgts ts k`lstgtublt fussg ulb s`urkb gap gap`rtfltb `rtfltb kfr, hgst`rgqubablt, dbs cçpblsbs fllubddbs cb j`lktg`llbablt cu JAG `lt çtç bssbltgbddbablt k`uvbrtbs pfr kbs rbkbttbs7. Afgs dbs Çtfts abam abamrbs rbs `lt fc`ptç ul l`uvbfu skhçaf cb rbkbttbs mfsç sur cgvbrsbs cgvbrsbs s`urkbs cb rbv rbvblus blus agbux ffcfptçbs cfptçbs fux cgjjçrbltbs fktgvg fktgvgtçs tçs cu JAG. Db CS[ > db JAG çabt ul fv`gr cb rçsbrvb gltbrlftg`lfd fppbdç Cr`gt cb tgrfeb spçkgfd (CS[)
qug pbut k`apdçtbr dbs rçsbrvbs cb khfleb cbs pfys abamrbs. Dbs pfys abamrbs pbuvblt fussg çkhflebr bltrb bux, cbs CS[ k`ltrb cbs cbvgsbs. Db CS[ bst ulb ulgtç cb k`aptb krççb bt utgdgsçb pfr db J`lcs cbpugs 67:7. K bst ulb a`llfgb pflgbr cçjglgb k`aab df k`amglfgs`l cb pdusgburs a`llfgbs a`llfgbs c`lt dbs p`lcçrftg`ls s`lt cgjjçrbltbs. Df vfdbur cu CS[ f çtç jgxçb glgtgfdbablt é 9,888:56 erfaab c `r jgl, kb qug k`rrbsp`lcfgtt fd`rs é ul c`ddfr R[C. F k`rrbsp`lcfg Fprès près d bjj`lcrbablt cu sys systèab tèab cb Mrbtt`l U``cs U``cs,, bl 675;, df vfdbur cu CS[ f çtç cçtbraglçb pfr rfpp`rt é ul pflgbr cb a`llfgbs, qug k`aprblc
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Khfqub Btft abamrb cçsgelb, k`aab cçp`sgtfgrb cb t`us dbs fv`grs cu
J`lcs bl sf a`llfgb, sf mflqub
kbltrfdb `u ul futrb çtfmdgssbablt suskbptgmdb c îtrb ferçç pfr db J`lcs. Db J`lcs pbut k`lsbrvbr sbs futrbs fv`grs (y k`aprgs d `r) fuprès cbs cçp`sgtfgrbs cçp`sgtfgrbs cçsgelçs pfr dbs kglq kglq Btfts abamrbs c`lt dbs qu`tbs-pfrts s`lt dbs pdus çdbvçbs `u fuprès c futrbs cçp`sgtfgrbs cçsgelçs qub db J`lcs pbut kh`gsgr. 7
Jgkhb tbkhlgqub JAG cgsp`lgmdb sur s`l sgtb wbm. 66
fktubddba fktub ddbablt blt db c`dd c`ddfr fr BR, d bur`, df ddgvrb gvrb stbrdgle bt db ybl. Df k`ltrb-vfdbur cu CS[ bl c`ddfrs BR bst fjjgkhçb qu`tgcgbllbab qu`tgcgbllbablt lt sur db sgtb Gltbrlbt cu JAG. Df vfdbur rbprçsbltb df s`aab cb df pfrt cb khfkulb cbs quftrb a`llfgbs quftrb a`llfgbs cu pflgbr c`lt sb k`ap`sb db CS[. 6.6.: Khf Khfap apss c fktg`l fktg`l cu JAG JAG
D `mnbktgj prbagbr cu JAG bst cb vbgddbr é df stfmgdgtç cu systèab a`lçtfgrb gltbrlftg`lfd, 69 k'bst-é-cgrb, db systèab systèab gltbrlftg`lfd cb pfgbablts bt cb kh khfleb fleb qug pbrabt fux pfys cb pr`kçcbr é cbs çkhfleb çkhflebss bltrb bux. Y`ur mgbl fssurbr sbs agssg`ls bt fttbglcrb sbs `mnbktgjs, db JAG aèlb dbs fktg`ls sugvfltbs >
µ
Df survbgddflkb cbs çk`l`agbs > cfls db kfcrb j`rabd cb sf agssg`l cb survbgddflkb ,
db JAG bxfaglb dbs dbs p`dgtgqubs ccbs bs pfys bt pr`kècb é cbs rbvubs cb d çv`dutg`l çk`l`agqub çk`l`agq ub bt jglflkgèrb é d çkhbddb lftg`lfdb, rçeg`lfdb rçeg`lfdb bt a`lcgfdb. Cfls db k`l k`ltbxtb tbxtb cb kbttb survbgddflkb, db JAG pr`cgeub cbs k`lsbgds é sbs Çtfts abamrbs, blk`urfeb cbs p`dgtgqubs vgsflt é fssurbr dbur stfmgdgtç çk`l`agqub, é rçcugrb df vudlçrfmgdgtç fux krgsbs çk`l`agqubs bt jglflkgèrbs66, bt é fkkr`ìtrb dbs lgvbfux cb vgb. Db JAG prçsbltb é gltbrvfddbs rçeudgbrs, ulb çvfduftg`l cbs pbrspbktgvbs çk`l`agqubs, ul çtft cbs dgbux cbs afrkhçs jglflkgbrs bt pumdgb ulb sçrgb sur dbs pbrspbktgvbs çk`l`agqubs rçeg`lfdbs.
µ
D fssgstf fssgstflkb lkb jglflkg jglflkgèrb èrb > dbs jglflkbablts cu JAG c`llblt fux Çtfts abamrbs
d fppug qug dbur bst lçkbs lçkbssfgrb sfgrb p`ur rbaçcgbr é dbu dburs rs pr`mdèabs cb mfdfl mfdflkb kb cbs pfgbablts. pfgbabl ts. Rl pr`erfaab çk`l`agqub fppuyç pfr db JAG bst çdfm`rç pfr dbs fut`rgtçs lftg`lfdbs bl çtr`gtb k``pçrftg`l fvbk dbs sbrvgkbs cu JAG, bt dbs k`lk`urs jglflkgbrs rbstblt sum`rc`llçs é df rçfdgsftg`l bjjbktgvb cu pr`erfaab pr`erfaab.. Ydus rçkbaablt, dbs glstruablts cb prît cu JAG `lt sumg cb l`uvbddbs façdg`rftg`ls pbrabttflt c `jjrgr é ul dfreb çvbltfgd cb pfys abamrbs c`lt dbs j`lcfabltfux, dbs p`dgtgqubs bt dbs kfcrbs glstgtutg`llbd glstgtutg`llbdss s`lt s`dgcbs, cbs `utgds s`updbs cb prçvbltg`l 69
@l fppbddb [ystèab a`lçtfgrb gltbrlftg`lfd ([AG), d blsbamdb cbs rèedbs bt c glstgtutg`ls cçjglgssflt dbs açth`cbs utgdgsçbs p`ur pbrabttrb d'çkhfleb cb mgbls, cb cbttbs bt cb sbrvgkbs bltrb pfys cb cbvgsbs cgjjçrbltbs. Db [AG fktubd bst gssu cu systèab cb Mrbtt`l U``cs U``cs,, E`dc Bxkhfleb [tflcfrc cfls dbqubd dbs a`llfgbs çtfgblt k`lvbrtgmdbs é tfux jgxbs pfr rfpp`rt fu c`ddfr. Fvbk df suspblsg`l cb df k`lvbrtgmgdgtç cu cc`ddfr `ddfr bl `r bl 6756 bt d fc`ptg`l cbs rçegabs cbs khflebs khflebs jd`ttflts, ul l`uvbfu systèab systèab a`lçtfgrb gltbrlftg` gltbrlftg`lfd lfd s bst glstfddç. 66
Df pdus krgsb bst kbddb cbs fllçbs trbltb cçkdblkhçb ul krfshgltbrlftg`lfd m`ursgbr bt .mflkfgrb façrgkfgl « db nbucg l`gr gap`rtfltb ¿ sugvg c ulb rçkbssg`l a`lcgfdb bt ulb k`ltrfktg`l cu pfr k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd.
6=
cbs krgsbs. Db JAG f c`umdç dbs dgagtbs c fkkès é sbs jglflkbablts cfls dbs pfys é jfgmdb rbvblu bt fkkr`ìt sbs prîts fux pfys dbs pdus pfuvrbs cu a`lcb, é cbs tfux c gltçrît luds nusqu bl =96=.
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D fssgstf fssgstflkb lkb tbkhlgq tbkhlgqub ub > db JAG aèlb cbs fktg`ls c fssgstflkb tbkhlgqub bt cb
j`raftg`l p`ur fgcbr dbs pfys abamrbs é rblj`rkbr dbur kfpfkgtç c çdfm`rftg`l bt cb agsb bl
uvrb bjjbktgvb cbs p`dgtgqubs. D fssgstflkb tbkhlgqub p`rtb sur cgvbrs
c`afglbs, l`tfaablt l`tfaablt df p`dgtgqub bbtt d fcaglgstrftg`l jgskfdb, df eb ebstg`l stg`l cbs cç cçpblsbs, pblsbs, dbs p`dgtgqubs a`lçtfgrb bt cb khfleb, df supbrvgsg`l bt df rçeudftg`l cu systèab mflkfgrb mflkfg rb bt jglflkgbr, dbs kfcrbs ddçegsdftgjs çegsdftgjs bt dbs stftgs stftgstgqubs. tgqubs. 6.= Df Mflqub A`lcgfdb (MA) 6.=.6 Fpbråu hgst`rgqub
Df Mflqub gltbrlftg`lfdb p`ur df rbk`lstruktg`l bt db cçvbd`ppbablt, k`aaulçablt fppbdçb Mflqub a`lcgfdb, bst, fvbk db JAG, db sbk`lc pgdgbr cbs glstgtutg`ls jglflkgèrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs.. Bddb f çtç krççb bl nugddbt 6733 d`rs cb df k`ljçrblkb a`lçtfgrb bt jglflkgèrb cb gltbrlftg`lfdbs Mrbtt`l U``cs. Fprès sgelfturb cb d'fkk`rc Mrbtt`l U``cs cu 6br fu == nugddbt == nugddbt 6733 , df MA bst k`lstgtuçb `jjgkgbddbablt db
=5 cçkbamrb 6732 s`us db l`a cb Mflqub Gltbrlftg`lfdb p`ur df
]bk`lstruktg`l bt db Cçvbd`ppbablt . Cbpugs Cbpugs,, bddb f çtç k`apdçtçb pfr quftrb glstgtutg`ls >
- Df [`kgçtç Jglflkgèrb Gltbrlftg`lfdb krççb bl 672:. - D'Fss`kg D'Fss`kgftg`l ftg`l Gltbrlftg`lfdb cb Cçvbd`ppbabl Cçvbd`ppbablt,t, bl 67:9. - Db Kbltrb Gltbrlftg G ltbrlftg`lfd `lfd cb ]èedbablt cbs Cgjjçrblcs krçç bl 67::. - D'Feblkb Audtgdftçrfdb cb Efrfltgb cbs Glvbstgssbablts j`lcçb bl 6788. Kbs kglq glstgtutg`ls j`rablt cçs`rafgs db er`upb cb df Mflqub a`lcgfdb. Glgtgfdbablt k`ap`sçb cb 33 pfys abamrbs, df Mflqub a`lcgfdb bl k`aptb cçs`rafgs 682. D'fppbddftg`l k`urfltb cb Mflqub a`lcgfdb cçsgelb cbux prglkgpfdbs glstgtutg`ls > df Mflqub gltbrlftg`lfdb p`ur df rbk`lstruktg`l bt db cçvbd`ppbablt (MG]C) bt d Fss`kgftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb cb cçvbd`ppbablt (FGC, `u GCF), krççbs p`ur s`utblgr dbs pfys bl cgjjgkudtç bl dbur fpp`rtflt cbs fgcbs fgcbs,, cbs jglflkbablts, jglflkbablts, cb cbss k`l k`lsbgds, sbgds, cfl cflss d `mnbktgj cb du duttbr ttbr k`ltrb df pfuvrbtç..
6;
Df Mflqub a`lcgfdb f çtç krççb prglkgpfdbablt prglk gpfdbablt p`ur fgcbr d'Bur`pb d'Bur`pb bt db Nfp`l cfls dbur rbk`lstruktg`l, fu dblcbafgl cb df [bk`lcb Eubrrb a`lcgfdb, afgs fvbk db a`uvbablt cb cçk`d`lgsftg`l cbs fllçbs s`gxfltb, bddb sb bddb sb jgxf ul `mnbktgj suppdçabltfgrb, kbdug c'blk`urfebr df kr`gssflkb çk`l`agqub cbs pfys bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt fjrgkfgls, fsgftgqubs bt dftgl`façrgkfgls. Fu cçpfrt, df Mflqub a`lcgfdb f prglkgpfdbablt jglflkç cb erflcs pr`nbts c'gljrfstrukturbs (kbltrfdbs (kbl trfdbs çd çdbktrg bktrgqubs qubs,, fut`r`u fut`r`utbs, tbs, fçr fçr`p`r `p`rts ts ). Fvbk ddbb rfttrfpfeb rfttrfpfeb çk`l`a çk`l`agqu gqubb cu Nfp`l bt cb d'Bur`pb, df Mflqub a`lcgfdb s'bst gltçrbssçb bxkdusgvbablt fux pfys bl cçvbd`ppbablt. Cbpugs dbs fllçbs 6779, 6779, bddb bddb jglflkb fussg dbs pfys p`stk`aaulgstbs. 6.=.= @mnbktgjs cb df MA
Dbs `mnbktgjs cb df Mflqub a`lcgfdb `lt çv`duç fu k`urs cbs fllçbs. Bddb f rçkbaablt ags d'fkkblt sur df rçcuktg`l cb df pfuvrbtç, bl cçdfgssflt d'`mnbktgj ulgqub cb kr`gssflkb çk`l`agqub 6=. Bddb jfv`rgsb fussg df krçftg`l cbs très pbtgtbs bltrbprgsbs. Bddb f s`utblu d'gcçb qub d'bfu p`tfmdb, d'çcukftg`l bt db cçvbd`ppbablt curfmdb s`lt cbs jfktburs bssbltgbds é df kr`gssflkb çk`l`agqub, bt f k`aablkç é glvbstgr afssgvbablt cfls cb tbds pr`nbts. Bl rçp`lsb fux krgtgqubs, df Mflqub a`lcgfdb f fc`ptç ulb sçrgb cb p`dgtgqubs bl jfvburs cb df sfuvbefrcb cb d'blvgr`llbablt bt cu s`kgfd, vgsflt é s'fssurbr qub dburs pr`nbts l'feerfvfgblt pfs db s`rt cbs p`pud p`pudftg`ls ftg`ls cbs pfys fgcçs. Khfqub fllçb, bddb pumdgb ul ]fpp`rt sur db cçvbd`ppbablt cfls db a`lcb khfreç cb rblcrb k`aptb
cbs rçsudtfts `mtblus.
[bd`l df khfrtb j`lcftrgkb, dbs prîts s`lt vbrsçs bl j`lktg`l cb k`lsgcçrftg`ls purbablt çk`l`agqubs, db rçegab p`dgtgqub cu pfys mçlçjgkgfgrb l'çtflt pfs prgs bl k`aptb. Kb cbrlgbr p`glt f kbpblcflt çv`duç cbpugs dbs fllçbs =999> =999> D D gcçb ssbd`l bd`l dfqubdd dfqubddbb cbs fgcbs lb cbvrfgblt îtrb fkk`rcçbs é ul pfys bl cgjjgkudtç qub s`us kbrtfgl kbrtfglbs bs k`lcgtg`ls rbdf rbdftgvbs tgvbs é d utgdgsftg`l cb kbttb fgcb (bl tbrabs cb m`llb ebstg`l, afgs fussg ccbb rbspbkt cbs cr`gts cr`gts cb d h`aab, pfr bxbapdb) bst afgltblflt dfrebablt dfrebablt fcagsb.
6=
Bl eçlçrfd `l rbtgblt db YGM k`aab glcgkftbur cb kr`gssflkb kr`gssflkb bt dbs prglkgpfux jfktburs jfv`rgsflt jfv`rgsflt kbddb kg
s`lt > d fueabltftg`l cbgll`vftg`ls df p`pudftg`l fktgvb bt df qufdgjgkftg`l cb df afgl c uvrb, d fkkuaudftg`l cu kfpgtfd, db pr`erès tbkhlgqub bt dbs
63
6.=.; ]ódb cb df MA
[`l fktg`l bst fun`urc'hug prglkgpfdbablt prglkgpfdbablt `rgbltçb vbrs dbs pfys bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt (YZC), bt bl pfrtgkudgbr dbs pfys dbs pfys dbs a`gls fvflkçs (YAF), sur cbs fxbs k`aab d'd'çcukftg`l, çcukftg`l, d'd'fergkudturb, fergkudturb, d'glcustrgb, d'glcustrgb, Bddb fkk`rcb cbs prîts é cbs tfux prçjçrbltgbds é sbs pfys abamrbs bl cgjjgkudtç. Bl k`ltrbpfrtgb, bddb rçkdfab qub cbs cgsp`sgtg`ls p`dgtgqubs (fppbdçbs « p`dgtgqubs c'fnustbablt c' fnustbablt 6; strukturbd ¿) s`gblt prgsbs p`ur, pfr bxbapdb, dgagtbr df k`rruptg`l, k`rruptg`l, afgltblgr ul çqugdgmrb muceçtfgrb `u jfkgdgtbr jfkgdgtbr d'çabreblkb c'ul c'ulbb cça`krftgb. cça`krftgb. Bl pdus cbs prîts fkk`rcçs, bddb jglflkb çefdbablt (cgrbktbablt `u glcgrbktbablt) cbs pr`nbts c' c'@LE @LE bt k`lcugt cb l`amrbusbs rbkhbrkhbs bl rfpp`rt fvbk db cçvbd`ppbablt cb khfqub pfys. Fglsg, k'bst df Mflqub a`lcgfdb qug absurb d'd'Glcgkftbur Glcgkftbur cb cçvbd`ppbablt huafgl (GCH) 63cfls cgjjçrblts pfys bt z`lbs eç`erfphgqubs, `u qug k`lcugt fvbk d'Rlgkbj d'Rlgkbj cbs çtucbs thçaftgqubs sur d'bfu d'bfu bt d'fssfglgssbablt. d'fssfglgssbablt. 6.=.3 Yrçsgcblkb
[bd`l ulb rèedb tfkgtb, db cgrbktbur cu JAG bst cçsgelç pfr dbs e`uvbrlburs bur`pçbls fd`rs qub db prçsgcblt cb df Mflqub a`lcgfdb bst cçsgelç pfr db e`uvbrl e`uvbrlbablt bablt façrgkfgl, dbs Çtfts-Rlgs Çt fts-Rlgs çtflt db prglkgpfd fktg`llfgrb cb df Mflqub a`lcgfdb. Gd bst çdu p`ur ul aflcft cb 2 fls, rbl`uvbdfmdb, rbl`uvbdfmd b, pfr db k`lsbgd c'fcaglgstrftg`l. =. Dbs `reflgsftg`ls cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd
Fyflt n`uç n`uç ul erflc ród ródbb cfls df dg dgmçrfdgsftg`l, mçrfdgsftg`l, df audtgdftçrfdgsftg`l bt d hfra`lgsftg`l cbs çkhflebs k`aabrkgfux gltbrlftg`lfux gltbrlftg`lfux,, d @AK bt
df KKG `l `ltt kk`ltrgmuç `ltrgmuç fapdbablt é
d çv`dutg`l bt df kr`gssflkb kr`gssflkb cbs rbdftg`ls k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfdbs bs fu lgvbfu a`lcgfd. a`lcgfd.
6;
Dbs YF[ s`lt rbk`aaflcçbs rbk`aaflcçbs pfr db JAG. Bddbs vgsblt é fssfglgr df sgtuftg`l çk`l`agqub c ul pfys, bl eçlçrfd bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt cçvbd`ppbablt pfr df rçcuktg`l cu cçjgkgt muceçtfgrb bt df df afgtrgsb cb d gljdftg`l bt cb d blcbttbablt. Dburs k`lsçqublkbs s`kgfdbs s`lt s`uvblt crfaftgqubs, bl rfgs`l cb d fueabltftg`l cu khóafeb bt cb df rçcuktg`l cb df sçkurgtç s`kgfdb. 63
Glcgkftbur cb cçvbd`ppbablt kfdkudç pfr db Yr`erfaab cb cbss Lftg`ls Rlgbs p`ur db d b Cçvbd`ppbablt Cçvbd`ppbablt (YLRC). Gd prblc bl k`aptb df d`leçvgtç, db sfv`gr sfv`gr bt db lgvbfu cb vgb.
62
=.6 D @reflgsftg`l @reflgsftg`l A`lcgfdb A`lcgfdb cu K`aabrkb (@AK) =.6.6 Fpbråu hgst`rgqub > Cu EF FS é d @AK
Krççb db 69 nflvgbr 6772 é Lbw W`ro fux Btfts Rlgs, d'@AK bst ulb `reflgsftg`l qug f sukkçcç fu EFSS ( ( Eblbrfd Ferbablt `l Sfrgjjs flc Srfcb ) krççb bl fvrgd 6735. Db EFSS fvfgtt p` fvfg p`ur ur `mnbktgjs > -
Df pr`a`tg`l cu audtgdftçrfdgsab cbs çkhflebs sur df mfsb cb df l`l cgskrgaglftg`l cbs pfrtblfgrbs k`aabrkgfux k` aabrkgfux..
-
D'çdgaglftg`l cbs rbstrgktg`ls qufltgtftgvbs cfls dbs trflsfktg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs (k`ltglebltbablt).62
-
D'fmfgssbabltt cbs cr`gts cb c`uflbs. D'fmfgssbabl
D @AK quflt quflt é bddb f p`ur a agssg gssg`ls `ls > -
Df ebstg`l cb d'blsbamdb cbs dgtgebs k`aabrkgfux dgçs fux trflsfktg`ls bltrb dbs pfys abamrbs.
" Db Db
-
Df ebstg`l cbs fkk`rcs k`aabrkgfux audtgdftçrfux.
-
D'`reflgsftg`l cbs lçe`kgftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs bltrb dbs pfys.
EFSS bst a`rt, vgvb d'@AK" k'bst pfr kbttb j`raudb sfkrfabltbddb qub dbs rbprçsbltflts
cbs Btfts abamrbs cu cçjult EFSS `lt sfduç d'fvèlbablt cb d'@reflgsftg`l A`lcgfdb cu K`aabrkb, l`uvbd frmgtrb cbs çkhflebs a`lcgfux. a`lcgfux. Kbttb pr`j`lcb rç`reflgsftg`l cu systèab k`aabrkgfd audtgdftçrfd, skbddçb é Afrrfobkh cçs Fvrgd 6773, prblc d`egqubablt sf s`urkb cfls dbs jfgmdbssbs cu EFSS ddug ug
aîab. [bs jfgmdb jfgmdbssbs ssbs cçk`udfgb cçk`udfgblt lt p`ur ulb ulb dfreb pfrt cbs
kgrk`lstflkbs hgst`rgqubs cfls dbsqubddbs kbttb glstgtutg`l çtfgt lçb. Db EFSS cb 6735 l'fvfgt fu cçpfrt qu'ulb v`kftg`l tbap`rfgrb> gd s'fegssfgt lg a`gls c'fttblcrb df rftgjgkftg`l cb df khfrtb cb df Hfvflb 6:, dfqubddb prçv`yfgt df krçftg`l cb d'@reflgsftg`l Gltbrlftg`lfdb cu K`aabrkb (@GK) k`lsgcçrçb, é kótç cb df mflqub a`lcgfdb bt cu J`lc A`lçtfgrb
62
Yr`kç Yr`kçcurb curb cb
dgagtftg`l qufltgtftgvb pfr dbs p`uv`grs pumdgks cbs a`uvbablts cb pr`cugts, cb kfpgtfux bt cb pbrs`llbs l`tfaablt l`tfaablt fvbk d çtrflebr. 6:
Yfr ulb rçs`dutg`l bl cftb cu 68 jçvrgbr 673:, db K`lsbgd çk`l`agqub bt s`kgfd cbs Lftg`ls ulgbs cçkgcfgt cb k`lv`qubr ulb « K`ljçrblkb gltbrlftg`lfdb sur db k`aabrkb bt d'bapd`g bl vub cb jfv`rgsbr db cçvbd`ppbablt cb df pr`cuktg`l, cbs çkhflebs bt cb df k`ls`aaftg`l cbs afrkhf afrkhflcgsbs lcgsbs ¿. Df K`ljçrblkb s'bst rçulgb é Df Hfvflb (Kumf) cu =6 l`vbam l `vbamrb rb 6735 fu f u =3 afrs 6738. Bddb f frrîtç db tbxtb cb df Khfrtb cb Df Hfvflb « glstgtuflt ulb @reflgsftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb cu k`aabrkb ¿ (@GK), qug f çtç s`uags fux e`uvbrlbablts rbprçsbltçs é df K`ljçrblkb.
6:
Gltbrlftg`lfdb, k`aab db tr`gsgèab pgdgbr pgdgb r cb d'`rcrb çk`l`ag çk`l`agqub qub c'fprès-eubrrb. Afgs bl rfgs`l cu rbjus cu k`lerès façrgkfgl, kbttb khfrtb khfrtb l'bltrf nfafgs bl vgeubur bt d'@GK lb vgt nfafgs db n`ur. Cçs d`rs, d'Fkk`rc eçlçrfd sur db dbss tfrgjs c`uflgbrs bt db k`aabrkb k`lstgtuf d'ulgqub glstruablt audtgdftçrfd cb cgskgpdglb k`aabrkgfdb. =.6.= ]ódb bt `mnbktgjs
K`ap`sçb cb 62; pfys abamrbs qug rbprçsbltblt pdus cb 75 p`ur kblt cu k`aabrkb a`lcgfd, d @AK bst bst df sbudb `reflgs `reflgsftg`l ftg`l gl gltbrlftg`lfdb tbrlftg`lfdb qqug ug s `kkupb cbs rèedbs rçegssflt db db k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bltrb dbs pfy pfys. s. Bddb khbrkh khbrkhbb é jfv`rgsbr df mm`llb `llb kgrkudftg`l, df df prçvgsgmgdgtç bt df dgmbrtç dgmbrtç cbs çkhflebs gltbrlftg`lfux, bt j`urlgt fux pfys ul a`ybl k`lstruktgj bt çqugtfmdb cb rçedbr dbs cgjjçrblcs p`rtflt sur cbs qubstg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs. Db rçsudtft, k bst ulb efrfl efrfltgb tgb p`ur dbs k`ls`aaftburs bt dbs pr`cuktburs. Kbux-kg Kbux-kg sfvblt bl bjjbt qu gds pbuvblt mçlçjgkgbr c ul fppr`vgsg`llbablt sÿr bt c ul kh`gx cb pr`cugts jglgs, cb k`ap`sflts, cb aftgèrbs prbagèrbs bt cb sbrvgkbs pdus dfreb. Dbs pr`cuktburs bt dbs bxp`rtftburs sfvblt sfvblt qub dbs af afrkhçs rkhçs çtrflebrs ddbur bur rbstbr`lt `uvbrts. Db rçsudtft, rçsudtft, k bst fussg ul a a`lcb `lcb çk`l`agqub pdus pdus pr`spèrb, pdus pfkgjgqub bt pdus rbsp`lsfmdb. =.6.;
Db kfcrb nurgcgqub cb D'@AK
D'@.A.K, ulb `reflgsftg`l audtgdftçrfdb qug f df pbrs`llfdgtç bt df kfpfkgtç nurgcgqubs é d'bxbrkgkb cb sbs agssg`ls. Bl vbrtu cbs frtgkdbs frtgkdbs XG bt XGG cbs fk fkk`rcs k`rcs @AK, d `reflgsftg`l bst `uvbrtb fux pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs cu EFSS 6735, é df cftb cb s`l bltrçb bl vgeubur, fglsg qu'fux k`aaulfutçs bur`pçbllbs. bur`pçbll bs. Df sbudb k`l k`lcgtg`l cgtg`l bst
d'fkkbptftg`l cb kbt fk fkk`rc k`rc bt cbs futrbs fkk`rcs fkk`rcs
k`aabrkgfux audtgdftçrfux. D'fkkbssg`l é d'@.A.K bst fm fm`rcçb `rcçb pfr d frtgkdb XGG qug stgpudb qub « t`ut Btft c`uflgbr c`uflgbr cgstglkt bt n`ugssflt cb s`l bltgèrb fut`l`agb cfls df k`lcugtb cb sbs rbdftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs bxtçrgburbs bt p`ur dbs futrbs qubstg`ls trfgtçbs cfls db prçsblt fkk`rc bt s`us dbs fkk`rcs k`aabrkgfux audtgdftçrfux, p`urrf fkkçcbr é d'@.A.K é cbs k`lcgtg`ls é k`lvblgr fvbk dug bt d'`reflgsftg`l. ¿ br
[ur db pdfl nurgcgqub, db 6 Nflvgbr 6772, d'@reflgsftg d'@reflgsftg`l `l A`lcgfdb cu K` K`aabrkb aabrkb f sukkçcç fu EFSS bl tflt qu'`reflgsftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb. Blk`rb k`lvgblt-gd cb prçkgsbr qub p`ur
65
pbrabttrb db rèedbablt cbs dgtgebs cb df sgtuftg`l cbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs cu EFSS qug l'çtfgblt pfs bl absurb cb rftgjgbr dbs fkk`rcs @AK fvflt kbttb cftb, gd f çtç cçkgcç cb jfgrb k`bxgstbr dbs cbux `reflgsftg`ls nusqu'fu nusqu'fu ;6 cçkbamrb 6772. D'frkhgtbkturb glstgtutg`llbddb cb d'@AK baprultb cb l`amrbux trfgts kfrfktçrgstgqubs fu cçjult EFSS. Afgs cfls df absurb `÷ k`ltglugtç lb sgelgjgb pfs gcbltgtç, d'`l `msbrvbrf qu'é mgbl cbs çefrcs db cgsp`sgtgj glstgtutg`llbd cb d'@AK prçsbltb çefdbablt çefdbablt cbs façdg`rftg`ls tbkhlgqubs sblsgmdbs pfr rfpp`rt é s`l cbvflkgbr. C'ulb aflgèrb eçlçrfdb, d'@AK fppfrfìt fglsg k`aab ul kfcrb glstgtutg`llbd ulgqub rblj`rkç p`ur db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd.
=.6.3 D'`reflgsftg`l gltbrlb cb D'@AK
f) Df k`ljçrblkb aglgstçrgbddb Bddb bst k`ap`sçb cbs rbprçsbltflts cb t`us dbs abamrbs, bddb sb rçulgt fu a`gls ulb j`gs t`us dbs cbux fls. Bddb bst hfmgdg hfmgdgtçb tçb é prblcrb cbs cçkgsg`ls sur t`utbs dbs qubstg`ls rbdbvflt c'ul fkk`rc, é df cbaflcb c'ul cbs abamrbs. m) Db k`lsbgd eçlçrfd Db k`lsbgd eçlçrfdb cb d'@AK k`aprblc dbs rbprçsbltflts cb t`us dbs pfys abamrbs bt sb rçulgt sbd`l df lçkbssgtç, bltrb dbs rçulg`ls cb df k`ljçrblkb aglgstçrgbddb, dbs j`lktg`ls cb kbttb cbrlgèrb s`lt fssuaçbs pfr db k`lsbgd eçlçrfd. k) D'`reflb cb rèedbablt cbs cgjjçrblcs (@]C) Bst d'`reflb c bxfabl cbs p`dgtgqubs K`aabrkgfdbs, db k`lsbgd eçlçrfd sb rçulgt sugvflt dbs kgrk`lstflkbs, p`ur s'fkqugttbr cbs j`lktg`ls cb d'@]C. Kb cbrlgbr f s`l pr`prb prçsgcblt prçsgcblt bt s`l rèedbabl rèedbabltt gltçrgbur? c) Dbs k`lsbgds (KKA. KFCYGK. KK[) Gds s`lt fu l`amrb cb tr`gs >
68
Db K`lsbgd cu K`aabrkb cbs Afrkhflcgsbs ?
Db K`l K`lsbg sbgdd cb d Fkk Fkk`rc `rc cb d @AK sur dbs fspbkts cb Cr`gts cb Yr`prgçtç Gltbddbktubddb
µ
µ
qug t`ukhblt fu k`aabrkb ?
µ
Db K`lsbgd cu K`aabrkb cbs [brvgkbs ?
Gds fegssblt s`us df k`lcugtb cu k`lsbgd eçlçrfd. Kbs k`lsbgds s`lt khfreçs cb supbrvgsbr db j`lktg`llbablt cbs fkk`rcs k`aabrkgfux audtgdftçrfux k`rrbsp`lcflt, sbd`l dbs tbrabs cb kbs tbxtbs, dbur rèedbablt gltçrgbur bst çtfmdg s`u d'çegcb cb k`lsbgd eçlçrfd.
=.6.2 Db j`lktg`llbablt cb D'@AK
É d @AK, dbs cçkgsg`ls ss`lt `lt prgsbs, p`ur df pdupfrt, pfr k`ls k`lsblsus blsus bltrb t`us dbs pfys abamrbs, fvflt c îtrb rftgjgçbs pfr dbs pfrdbablts lftg`lfux. Vuflt fux dgtgebs k`aabrkgfux, gds s`lt s`uags fu fu açkflgsab cb rèedbablt cbs cgjjçrblcs cb d @reflgsftg`l, qug bst fxç fxç sur d gltbrprçtftg`l cbs fkk`rcs fkk`rcs bt cbs bl blefebablts efebablts bt sur df df agsb bl k`lj`rag k`lj`ragtç tç cbs p`dgtgqubs k`aabrkgfdbs cbs cgjjçrblts pfys fvbk kbs cbrlgbrs. Db rgsqub cb v`gr dbs cgjjçrblcs cçeçlçrbr bl k`ljdgts p`dgtgqubs `u agdgtfgrbs bst fglsg fa`glcrg. Bl rçcugsflt r çcugsflt dbs `mstfkdbs fu k`aabrkb, d @AK s fttfqub çefdbablt é c futrbs `mstfkdbs qug sb crbssblt bltrb dbs pbupdbs bt dbs pfys. Fu j`lc cu systèab systèab - qub d `l fppbddb db sy systèab stèab k`aabrkgfd a audtgdftçrfd udtgdftçrfd - sb tr`uvbl tr`uvbltt dbs Fkk`rcs cb d @AK, lçe`kgçs bbtt sgelçs pfr df afnburb pfrtgb cbs cbs pugssflkbs k`aabrkgfdbs cu a`lcb bt rftgjgçs pfr dburs pfrdbablts. Kbs fkk`rcs k`lstgtublt dbs rèedbs nurgcgqubs cb mfsb cu
k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Gd s fegt bssbltgbddbablt bssbltgbddbablt cb k`ltrfts efrfltgssflt efrfltgssflt fux pfys abam abamrbs rbs c gap`rtflts cr`gts k`aabrkgfux. Gds k`ltrfgelblt çefdbablt dbs e`uvbrlbablts é afgltblgr dbur p`dgtgqub p`dgtgqub k`aabrkgfdb é d gltçrgbur cb dgag dgagtbs tbs k`lvblubs, k`lvblubs, cfls d gltçrît cb t`us. Mgbl qub lçe`kgçs bt sgelçs pfr cbs e`uvbrlbablts, dbs fkk`rcs vgsblt é fgcbr dbs pr`cuktburs cb afrkhflcgsbs bt cb sbrvgkbs, sbrvgkbs, dbs bxp`rtftburs bt dbs gap`rtftburs é ablb ablbrr dburs fktgvgtçs. Dbs prglkgpfdbs prglkgpfdbs tíkhbs cb d @AK pbuvblt îtrb rçsua rçsuaçbs çbs bl kb qug sugt sugt > f) Df prgsb cb cçkgsg`l> df prgsb prgsb cb cçkgsg cçkgsg`l `l fu sbgl cb d @AK sb jfgt jfgt pfr k`lsblsus k`lsblsus
"d'`reflb k`lkbrlç sbrf rçputç fv`gr prgs df cçkgsg`l sur ulb qubstg`l sg fukul abamrb prçsblt é df rçulg`l lb s'`pp`sb j`rabddbablt é df cçkgsg`l". F df
67
k`ljçrblkb bt fu k`lsbgd eçlçrfd, eçlçrfd, khfqub abamrb cgsp`sb c'ulb v`gx, p`ur dbs k`aaulfutçs bur`pçbllbs, bur`pçbllbs, bddbs fur`lt ul l`amrb cb v`gx çefd fu l`amrb cbs Btfts qug dbs k`lstgtublt (bux-aîabs (bux-aîabs abamrbs cb d'@AK). m) Dbs cçr`eftg`ls> é tgtrb bxkbptg`llbd, df k`ljçrblkb aglgstçrgbddb (glkduflt db
k`lsbgd eçlçrfd) p`urrf cçkgcbr cb rbdbvbr ul abamrb cbs `mdgeftg`ls qug dug s`lt gap`sçbs pfr dbs cgjjçrblts fkk`rcs. Df afn`rgtç cbs tr`gs qufrts bst rbqugsb. db k`lsbgd eçlçrfd prçsbltb ul rfpp`rt é df k`ljçrblkb aglgstçrgbddb qug
µ
bxfaglb dbs kgrk`lstflkbs bxkbptg`llbddbs, qug nustgjgblt kbttb cçr`eftg`l, sbs a`cfdgtçs c'fppdgkftg`l cb d'fkk`rc fglsg qub sf curçb (rbl`uvbdfmdb fllubddbablt) fllubddbabl t) fprès bxfabl cbs nustgjgkftgjs. k) Dbs fablcbablts> t`ut abamrb cb d'@AK p`urrf pr`p`sbr ulb a`cgjgkftg`l cbs
cgsp`sgtg`ls cb d'fkk`rc eçlçrfd bt cbs futrbs fkk`rcs é df k`ljçrblkb aglgstçrgbddb. dbs k`lsbgds p`urr`lt çefdbablt pr`p`sbr cbs fablcbablts fux fkk`rcs c`lt
µ
gds supbrvgsblt supbrvgsblt d fppdgkftg`l, dbs cçkgsg`ls cfls kb kb kfs s`lt s`lt prgsbs pfr k`lsblsus. Bl d'fmsblkb cb kbdug kg, df k`ljçrblkb trflkhbrf é ulb afn`rgtç cb cbux tgbrs cbs abamrbs rbprçsbltçs. S`ut abamrb cb d'@AK pbut pr`p`sbr ulb a`cgjgkftg`l fux fkk`rcs
µ
k`aabrkgfux audtgdftçrfux. c) Db Cgrbktbur eçlçrfd bt db sbkrçtfrgft eçlçrfd> l`aaç pfr df k`ljçrblkb
aglgstçrgbddb, db cgrbktbur eçlçrfd cb d'@AK cgrgeb cgr geb db sbkrçtfrgft bt vbgddb é s`l m`l j`lktg`llbablt.t. Khfqub abam j`lktg`llbabl abamrb rb cb d'@AK vbrsb dbs k`ltrgmutg`ls k`rrbsp`lcfl k`rrbsp`lcfltt é sf pfrt, jgxçb pfr db k`lsbgd eçlçrfd, cfls db k`aabrkb a`lcgfd. =.6.: Dbs cgjjçrblts fkk`rcs cb D'@AK
Dbs Fkk`rcs cb d @AK s`lt d`les bt k`apdbxb k`apdbxbss kfr kb s`lt cbs tbxtbs nurgcgqubs nurgcgqubs p`rtflt sur ul dfreb çvbltfgd cb c`afglbs c fktgvgtç. Gds rçsudtblt cbs lçe`kgftg`ls ablçbs pfr dbs abamrbs. Kbddbs qug s`lt fktubddbablt bl vgeubur cçk`udblt cbs lçe`kgftg`ls cu Kykdb c Rrueufy (678:-6773), dbs pdus gap`rtflts s`lt > - d'fkk`rc rbdftgj fux dgkblkbs c'gap c'gap`rtftg`l `rtftg`l - d'fkk`rc sur dbs cr`gts cb pr`prgçtç gltbddbktubddb dgçs fu k`aabrkb - d'fkk`rc sur dbs sbrvgkbs jglflkgbrs
=9
- d'fkk`rc rbdftgj fux `mstfkdbs t `mstfkdbs tbkhlgqu bkhlgqubs bs fu k` k`aabrkb aabrkb - d'fkk`rc sur dbs glvbstgssbablts glvbstgssbablts dgçs fu k`aabrkb - d'fkk`rc rbdftgj é d'glspbktg`l fvflt d'glspbktg`l fvflt bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`l tg`l - d'fkk`rc rbdftgj é d'fergkudturb - d'fkk`rc sur dbs afrkhçs pumdgks - d'fkk`rc rbdftgj fux absurbs sflg sflgtfgrbs tfgrbs bt phyt`sflg phyt`sflgtfgrbs tfgrbs - d'fkk`rc rbdftgj fux rèedbs c'`rgeglb c'`r geglb - d'fkk`rc sur dbs sumvbltg`ls bt dbs absurbs k`apblsft`grbs. Kbs fkk`rcs pbrabttblt fux a abamrbs bamrbs cb d @AK cb eçrbr ul sy systèab stèab k`aabrkgfd l`l cgskrgaglft`grb qug çl`lkb çl`lkb dburs cr`gts bt dburs dburs `mdgeftg`ls. Khfqub pfys `mtgblt d fssurflkb qub sbs bxp`rtftg`ls mçlçjgkgbr`lt k`lstfaablt c ul trfgtbablt çqugtfmdb sur dbs afrkhçs cbs futrbs pfys bt pr`abt é s`l t`ur cb trfgtbr fglsg dbs gap`rtftg`ls frrgvflt sur s`l pr`prb afrkhç. Db systèab `jjrb çefdbablt fux pfys bl cçvbd`ppbablt ulb kbrtfglb s`updbssb p`ur df agsb bl uvrb cb dburs blefebab blefebablts. lts. =.6.5 @mnbt cbs cgjjçrbltbs sçrgbs cb lçe`kgftg`l
Mgbl qub d @AK s`gt cb krçftg krçftg`l `l rçkbltb, db systèab systèab k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd audtgdftçrfd glgtgfdbablt glstgtuç cfls db kfcrb cu EFSS f cçné ul cbag-sgèkdb. Db EFSS bt d @AK `lt c`lk k`ltrgmuç é krçb krçbrr ul systèab k`aa k`aabrkgfd brkgfd s`dgcb bt pr`spèrb, jfv`rgsflt ulb kr`gssflkb sfls prçkçcblt. Db systèab f çtç cçvbd`ppç cfls db kfcrb cb pdusgburs sçrgbs - `u kykdbs - cb lçe`kgftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs `reflgsçbs s`us dbs fuspgkbs cu EFSS. Dbs prbagbrs kykdbs p`rtfgblt bssbltgbddbablt sur d fmfgssbabl bssbltgbddbablt fmfgssbabltt cbs cr`gts cb c`uflb c`uflb,, pugs dbs lçe`kgftg`ls sb sb s`lt çdfregbs é c futrbs c`afglbs tbds qub dbs absurbs fltgcuapgle bt dbs absurbs l`l tfrgjfgrbs65. Db Kykdb c Rrueufy, qug f curç cb 678: é 6773 6773,, f k`lcugt k`lcugt é df krçftg`l cb d @AK. Afgs dbs lçe`kgftg`ls l bl s`lt pfs rbstçbs dé. Bddbs sb s`lt p`ursugvgbs cfls kbrtfgls c`afglbs fprès d fkhèvbablt cu Kykd Kykdbb c Rrueufy. Bl jçvrgbr 6775, ul fkk`rc f çtç k`lkdu sur dbs sbrvgkbs cb tçdçk`aaulgkftg`l, :7 e`uvbrlbablts fkkbptflt c bltrbprblcrb cbs
65Dbs
absurbs fltgcuapgle fltgcuapgle vgsblt é gltbrcgrb df prftgqub cu cuapgle qug k`lsgstb é vblcrb é pbrtb p`ur s gltr`cugrb sur ul afrkhç, afrkhç, fkkr`gtrb sf pfrt pfrt `u çdgaglbr ul k`lkurrblt. k`lkurrblt. Dbs absurbs l`l tfrgjfgrbs s`lt cbs absurbs pr`tbktg`llgstbs futrbs qub dbs tfrgjs c`uflgbrs.
=6
absurbs cb dgmçrfdgsftg`l très dfrebs, c`lt c`lt df p`rtçb fddfgt fu-cbdé cb kbddbs qug fvfgblt çtç k`lvblubs cfls db kfcrb cu Kykdb c Rru Rrueufy. eufy. Fu k`urs cb df aîab fllçb, 39 pfys `lt ablç é mgbl cbs lçe`kgftg`ls sur db k`aabrkb bl jrflkhgsb cbs pr`cugts cb df tbkhl tbkhl`d`egb `d`egb cb d glj`raftg`l, bt 59 a abamrbs bamrbs `lt k`lkd k`lkduu ul fkk`rc sur dbs sbrvgkbs jglflkgbrs, p`rtflt sur pdus cb 72% cu k`aabrkb cfls db sbktbur mflkfgrb, dbs sbktburs cb d fssurflkb, cbs vfdburs a`mgdgèrbs bt cbs glj`raftg`ls jglflkgèrbs. jglflkgèrbs. Cb l`uvbddbs lçe`kgftg`ls lçe`kgftg`ls sur d fergkudturb bt dbs sbrvgkbs `lt çtç blef blefeçbs eçbs bl =999. Bddbs `lt çtç gltçerçbs cfls ul pr`erfaab cb trfvfgd çdfreg, db Yr`erfaab cb C`hf p`ur db cçvbd`ppbablt, cçvbd `ppbablt, fc`ptç é df quftrgèab K`ljç K`ljçrblkb rblkb aglgstçrgbddb cb d @AK, tblub é C`hf (Vftfr), bl l`vbamrb =996. Kb pr`erfaab prçv`gt bl `utrb cbs lçe`kgftg`ls bt c futrbs fktgvgtçs k`lkbrlflt dbs cr`gts cb c`uflb fppdgkfmdbs fux pr`cugts futrbs qu fergk`dbs, db db k`aabrkb bt d blvgr`llbablt, blvgr`llbablt, dbs rèedbs cb d @AK cfls cbs cc`afglbs `afglbs k`aab dbs absu absurbs rbs fltgcuapgle bt dbs sumv sumvbltg`ls, bltg`ls, d glvbstgssbablt, glvbstgssbablt, df p`dgtgqub cb df k`lk k`lkurrblkb, urrblkb, df jfkgdgtftg`l cbs çkhflebs, çkhflebs, df trflspfrblkb trflspfrblkb cbs afrkhçs pumdgks bt df pr`prgçtç gltbddbktubddb, bt cgvbrsbs qubstg`ls s`udbvçbs pfr dbs pfys bl cçvbd`ppbablt, rbdftgvbs fux cgjjgkudtçs qu gds rblk`ltrblt p`ur abttrb bl
uvrb dbs
fkk`rcs fkk` rcs fk fktubds tubds cb d @AK. =.= Df Khfamrb cu K`aabrkb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb =.=.6 D'Hgst`grb cb df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb ( Gltbrlftg`lfd Gltbrlftg`lfd Khfambr `j K`aabrkb) f çtç j`lcçb bl 6767, bddb
rbprçsbltb a`lcgfdbablt dbs
d'glvbstgssbablt , d'`uvbrturb cbs kfpgtfux .
bltrbprgsbs
bt f p`ur `mnbktgj cb jfv`rgsbr dbs çkhflebs bt
afrkhçs
fux mgbls bt fux sbrvgkbs, bt df dgmrb kgrkudftg`l cbs
Db prbagbr çdfl c`llç é GKK bst vblu, bl erflcb pfrtgb, c'Btgbllb Kdçabltbd, flkgbl Aglgstrb cu K`aabrkb jrflåfgs, bt prbagbr Yrçsgcblt c'GKK. K'bst s`us s`l gljdublkb qub db sbkrçtfrgft gltbrlftg`lfd cb d'`reflgsftg`l f çtç çtfmdg é Yfrgs bt qub df K`ur Gltbrlftg`lfdb c'Frmgtrfeb c'GKK f çtç krççb bl 67=;. GKK f çv`duç cb aflgèrb k`lsgcçrfmdb cbpugs d'çp`qub cb d'fprès-eubrrb `÷ dbs khbjs c'bltrbprgsb cbs 68
pfys fddgçs sb s`lt rçulgs p`ur df prbagèrb j`gs é Ftdfltgk Kgty . Db l`yfu `rgeglbd, k`lstgtuç cbs
68
Ftdfltgk Kgty, cfls d Çtft cu Lbw Nbrsby fux Çtfts-Rlgs, ==
sbktburs prgvçs cb df Mbdegqub, df Erflcb Erflcb Mrbtfelb, df Jrflkb, d'Gtfdgb bt dbs Btfts-Rlgs, s'bst cçvbd`ppç fu p`glt cb cbvblgr ulb `reflgsftg`l `ref lgsftg`l a`lcgfdb cbs fjjfgrbs k`aptflt cbs agddgbrs cb s`kgçtçs abamrbs bt fss`kgftg`ls cfls pdus pd us cb 6;9 pfys. L`amrb cbs s`kgçtçs dbs pdus gap`rtfltbs cu a`lcb k`aptblt pfrag sbs abamrbs, abamrbs, dbsqubds rbprçsbltblt t`us dbs prglkgpfux sbktburs cb d'glcustrgb bt cbs sbrvgkbs.
=.=.= @mnbktgjs, agssg`ls bt fktgvgtçs =.=.=.6 Agssg`ls bt fktgvgtçs
GKK f p`ur agssg`l j`lcfabltfdb c blk`urfebr dbs çkhflebs bt dbs glvbstgssbablts gltbrlftg`lfux bt c fgcbr dbs bltrbprgsbs é rbdbvbr dbs cçjgs bt sfgsgr dbs `pp`rtulgtçs cb df a`lcgfdgsftg`l. Dbs fktgvgtçs c GKK rbdèvblt bssbltgbddbablt cb tr`gs c`afglbs > çdfm`rftg`l cb rèedbs, frmgtrfeb bt p`dgtgqub eçlçrfdb. Db jfgt qub sbs bltrbprgsbs bt fss`kgftg`ls abamrbs s`gblt cgrbktbablt blefeçbs cfls db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd dug k`ljèrb ul p`gcs sfls çefd cfls df agsb bl pdfkb cb rèedbs cbstglçbs é eugcbr df m`llb afrkhb cbs fjjfgrbs cfls db a`lcb. Dbs kfcrbs bt bxpbrts cbs bltrbprgsbs abamrbs c GKK trfvfgddblt é j`raudbr db p`glt cb vub cb df k`aaulfutç çk`l`agqub gltbrlftg`lfdb, tflt sur cb erflcs pr`mdèabs t`ukhflt fu k`aabrkb bt é d glvbstgssbabl glvbstgssbabltt qub sur cbs sunbts tbkhlg tbkhlgqubs qubs bt sbkt`rgbds bssbltgbds, bssbltgbds, cfls db c`afglb, c`afglb, bltrb
futrbs,
cbs
sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs
jglflkgbrs, jglflkgbrs,
cbs
tbkhl tbkhl`d`egbs `d`egbs
cb
d glj`raftg`l,
cbs
tçdçk`aaulgkftg`ls, tçdçk`aaulgk ftg`ls, cb d çthgqub cu a afrobtgle, frobtgle, cb d blvgr`llbablt, cbs trflsp`rts, cu cr`gt cb df k`lkurrblkb bt cb df pr`prgçtç gltbddbktubddb. =.=.=.= @mnbktgjs cb df KKG
F trfvbrs dbs agssg`ls qu bddb s bst fttrg fttrgmuç muçbs, bs, d GKK dduttb uttb p`ur df rçfdgsftg`l rçfdgsftg`l c ul blsbamdb c `mnbktgjs é sfv`gr > Df v`gx cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd
µ
D GKK f p`ur ródb trfcgtg`llbd cb sbrvgr df kfusb cbs bltrbprgsbs fuprès cbs e`uvbrlbablts bt cbs `reflgsftg`ls gltbre`uvbrlbabltfdbs.
Bddb bst d `reflgsftg`l a a`lcgfdb `lcgfdb cbs bltrbprgsbs bt d ulgqub p`rtb-pfr`d p`rtb-pfr`dbb rbk`llu rbk`llu cb df df k`aaulfutç çk`l`agqub é s bxprgabr fu l`a cb t`us dbs sbktburs bt cb t`utbs dbs rçeg`ls. Bddb bltrbtgblt c çtr`gtbs rbdftg`ls cb trfvfgd fvbk dbs Lftg`ls ulgbs k`aab fvbk c futrbs `reflgsftg`ls gltbre`uvbrlbabltfdbs gltbre`uvbrlbabltfdbs,, c`lt d @reflgsftg`l a`lcgfdb cu kk`aabrkb `aabrkb bt db E8.
=;
J`lcçb bl 6767, GKK jçcèrb fun`urc hug hug cbs kbltfglbs cb agddgbrs cb s`kgçtçs bt c fss`kgftg`ls çk`l`agqubs, cfls pdus cb 6;9 pfys. [bs k`agtçs lftg`lfux rbdfgblt dbs prç`kkupftg`ls cbs bltrbprgsbs d`kfdbs bt k`aaulgqublt fux fux p`uv`grs pumdgks dbs fvgs qu bddb bxprgab fu l`a cb df k`aaulfutç çk`l`agqub a`lcgfdb. Y`ur df cçjblsb c'ul systèab c'çkhflebs audtgdftçrfux
µ
[ugtb é df a`lcgfdgsftg`l cu k`aabrkb bt dbs pr`erès cb df tbkhl`d`egb, dbs trfvfux c'GKK sb s`lt cb pdus bl pdus k`apdgquçs. Cfls dbs fllçbs =9, GKK f kbltrç s`l fktg`l sur dbs rçpfrftg`ls bt dbs cbttbs cb eubrrb. Cgx fls pdus tfrc, pblcflt dbs fllçbs cb cçprbssg`l, bddb f ablç ulb duttb k`ltrb dbs phçl`aèlbs cb pr`tbktg`llgsab bt cu lftg`lfdgsab çk`l`agqub. Fu cçmut cb df eubrrb, bl 67;7, GKK f fssurç df p`ursugtb cb sbs fktgvgtçs bl s'glstfddflt cfls ul pfys lbutrb, df [uècb. Curflt dbs fllçbs qug `lt sugvg d'fprès-eubrrb, df cçjblsb cb d'`uvbrturb cu systèab c'çkhflebs audtgdftçrfux bst rbstçb pfrag dbs prg`rgtçs cb d GKK. Fyflt fkkubgddg cb pdus bl pdus cb l`uvbfux abamrbs pr`vblflt cb pfys bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt, GKK f audtgpdgç dbs cbaflcbs c'`uvbrturb cbs afrkhçs a`lcgfux fux pr`cugts cbs pfys bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt. GKK cbaburb k`lvfglkub qub
dbs
çkhflebs
k`aabrkgfux
vfdblt
agbux
qub
dbs
fgcbs.
Cfls dbs fllçbs 89 bt fu cçmut cbs fllçbs 79, GKK s bst vgvbablt `pp`sçb é df rçfppfrgtg`l cu pr`tbktg`llgsab s`us
cb l`uvbddbs j`rabs k`aab k`aab dbs fkk`rcs k`aabrkgfux k`aabrkgfux rçkgpr`qubs, dbs
rbstrgktg`ls v`d`ltfgrbs é d'bxp`rtftg`l bt futrbs mfrrgèrbs agsbs bl pdfkb s`us db l`a cçeugsç cb "k`aabrkb cgrgeç".
=.=.; Dbs cçjgs cu =6èab sgèkdb Fprès d'bjj`lcrbablt d'bjj`lcrba blt cu k`aaulgsab, bt db pfssfeb c ul pdus erflc l`amrb cb pfys fu stfcb cb df prgvftgsftg`l bt cb df dgmçrfdgsftg`l çk`l`agqub, GKK f cÿ jfgrb jfkb é cb l`uvbfux cçjgs cfls db kfcrb cu dgmrb afrkhç surt`ut cfls dbs çk`l`agbs bl trflsgtg`l bt cfls dbs çk`l`agbs bl pdbgl bss`r c'Fsgb, bl fcfptflt sbs sbrvgkbs é dburs mbs`gls spçkgjgqubs. Fun`urc'hug, 6: k`aagssg`ls c'GKK k`ap`sçbs c'bxpbrts gssus cu sbktbur prgvç k`uvrblt khfqub c`afglb spçkgfdgsç gltçrbssflt db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Dbs thèabs fm`rcçs v`lt cbs tbkhlgqubs mflkfgrbs fux sbrvgkbs jglflkgbrs bt é df jgskfdgtç, cu cr`gt cb df k`lkurrblkb fux cr`gts sur df pr`prgçtç gltbddbktubddb, cbs tçdçk`aaulgkftg`ls é df tbkhl`d`egb cb d'glj`raftg`l, cu trflsp`rt fçrgbl, afrgtgab bt tbrrbstrb fux rçegabs gltbrlftg`lfux c'glvbstgssbablt bt é df p`dgtgqub cbs çkhflebs.
[b mfsflt sur sf rçedbabltftg`l gltbrlb glspgrçb cu prglkgpb sbd`l dbqubd dbs fjjfgrbs afrkhblt agbux quflc db e`uvbrlbablt rbstrbglt fu aglgaua s`l gltbrvbltg`l, d GKK f ags bl pdfkb sbs k`cbs cb k`lcugtb p`ur eugcbr dbs trfvfux cbs k`aagssg`ls. k`aagssg`ls.
Kbs k`cbs k`cbs cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb k`uvrblt db
pfrrfglfeb, dbs prftgqubs pumdgkgtfgrbs, df pr`a`tg`l cbs vbltbs, dbs çtucbs cb afrkhç bt cb k`ap`rtbablt, dbs prftgqubs cb df vbltb cgrbktb bt df k`aabrkgfdgsftg`l cfls db Kymbrbspfkb. Yr`audeuçb bl 6776, df Khfrtb cbs Bltrbprgsbs p`ur db Cçvbd`ppbablt Curfmdb c GKK cçjglgt 6:
=3
prglkgpbs cb m`llb k`lcugtb bl aftgèrb cb ebstg`l cb ebstg`l blvgr`llbabltfdb fuxqubds pdus cb =;99 s`kgçtçs bt fss`kgftg`ls pr`jbssg`llbddbs `lt s`uskrgt. s`uskrgt.
Cbs sbrvgkbs prftgqubs p`ur dbs bltrbprgsbs
µ
Eríkb fux k`ljçrblkbs bt k`lerès fllubds qu'bddb `reflgsb, GKK rbstb bl k`ltfkt fvbk sbs abamrbs é trfvbrs db a`lcb. Bl tflt qu'`reflgsftg`l cgrgeçb pfr sbs abamrbs, bddb f fcfptç sbs strukturbs fjgl cb sftgsjfgrb dbs mbs`gls jduktuflts cu k`aabrkb. L`amrb cbs sbrvgkbs qu'bddb pr`p`sb s`lt cbs sbrvgkbs prftgqubs l`tfaablt > -
df K`ur Gltbrlftg`lfdb c'Frmgtrfeb c'GKK, qug bs bstt df pdus flkgbllb glstgtut glstgtutg`l g`l c'GKK. Df K`ur bst d'glstflkb gltbrlftg`lfdb cb rçjçrblkb bl aftgèrb cb rçs`dutg`l pfr frmgtrfeb cbs dgtgebs k`aabrkgfux.
-
Dbs prbagèrbs rèedbs bt usfebs ulgj`rabs rbdftgvbs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs `lt çtç 67
çcgktçs bl bl 67; 67;;. ;. Df vbrsg`l, RKY 299 , bst bltrçb bl vgeubur bl nflvgbr 6773. Kbs rèedbs s`lt utgdgsçbs pfr dbs mflqubs cu a`lcb bltgbr. Dbs ]RR 299 `lt çtç c`tçbs bl =99= c'ul suppdçablt, dbs RKY, k`lsfkrç é df prçsbltftg`l cb c`kuablts bltgèrbablt `u pfrtgbddbablt çdbktr`lgqubs. Bl 67;: `lt çtç pumdgçs dbs lbuj prbagbrs Glk`tbras qug pr`p`sblt cbs cçjglgtg`ls stflcfrc p`ur dbs tbrabs k`aabrkgfux ulgvbrsbddbablt utgdgsçs bt qug s`lt rçvgsçs khfqub j`gs qub kbdf bst lçkbssfgrb. -
Bl 6726 f çtç krçç db Murbfu Gltbrlftg`lfd cbs Khfamrbs cb K`aabrkb K`aabrkb (GMKK). Kbdug kg kg bst rfpgcbablt cbvblu db kbltrb cb k``pçrftg`l bltrb dbs khfamrbs cb k`aabrkb cbs pfys bl v`gb cb cçvbd`ppbablt bt cbs pfys glcustrgbds, bt f prgs ulb gap`rtflkb fkkrub fu a`ablt `÷ dbs khfamrbs cb k`aabrkb cbs çk`l`agbs bl trflsgtg`l `lt rçp`lcu é d'fppbd cb d'çk`l`agb cb afrkhç.
-
D'Glstgtut cu Cr`gt cbs Fjjfgrbs Gltbrlftg`lfdbs, ul futrb sbrvgkb sbrvgkb c'GKK, f çtç krçç bl 6757 6757 p`ur çtucgbr dbs qubstg`ls nurgcgqubs rbdftgvbs fu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd.
- Df khfamrb cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfdb rçcgeb cbpugs pdusgburs fllçbs cbs "rudbs", rèedbs `u k`ltrfts typbs t ypbs cfls t`us dbs c`afglbs cb df vgb cbs fjjfgrbs. Kbs rèedbs s`lt s`uvblt rbprgsbs cfls t`us dbs c`afglbs cb df vgb cbs fjjfgrbs. - Df KKG f pumdgç bl 6776 ul k`cb cb k`lcugtb p`ur dbs bltrbprgsbs > df Khfrtb cbs bltrbprgsbs p`ur db
, qug vgsb é jfgrb rbspbktbr cbs prglkgpbs
cçvbd`ppbablt curfmdb
k`lkbrlflt pdus pfrtgkudgèrbablt db rbspbkt cb d'blvgr`llbablt. Bddb f aîab ags bl pdfkb fu s`aabt cb df Sbrrb cb N`hfllbsm`ure bl =99= ulb glgtgftgvb k`ln`gltb fvbk db , db Musglbss Fktg`l j`r [ustfglfmdb Cbvbd`pablt, qug f p`ur `mnbktgj
UMK[C
c'çtfmdgr cbs l`rabs l`r abs çk`d`egqu çk`d`egqubs bs pr prgvçbs. gvçbs.
67
Cbrlgèrb rçvgsg`l bl =995 ]RR :99 =2
Df duttb k`ltrb db cçdgt k`aabrkgfd
µ
Fu cçmut cbs fllçbs 89, GKK G KK f ags bl pdfkb pdfkb é D`lcrbs tr`gs sbrvgkbs cbstglçs é k`amfttrb dbs cçdgts k`aabrkgfux> 6- db Murbfu Afrgtgab Gltbrlftg`lfd s'`kkupflt cb t` t`us us dbs typbs cb cçdgt afrgtgab, =- db Murbfu c'Blquîtbs sur df K`ltrbjfå`l, ;-
db Murbfu c'Blquîtbs Jglflkgèrbs.
Dbs [brvgkbs p`ur df Yrçvbltg`l cbs cçdgts khfpbfutblt bt k``rc`llblt dbs fktg`ls cb kbs tr`gs murbfux. Rlb l`uvbddb ulgtç, khfreçb cb k`amfttrb df kymbrkrgaglfdgtç f vu db n`ur bl 6778. S`utbs kbs fktgvgtçs rçp`lcblt é d'blefebablt prgs cfls d frtgkdb 6 cbs stftuts cb df KKG> "ablbr ulb fktg`l bjjgkfkb bt sugvgb cfls dbs c`afglbs çk`l`agqubs bt nurgcgqubs, fjgl cb k`ltrgmubr é df kr`gssflkb hfra`lgbusb bt é df dgmbrtç cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ".
;. Dbs systèabs cb k`aaulgkftg`l bt cb rèedbablt ;.6 Db rçsbfu cb k`rrbsp`lcflts mflkfgrbs (K`rrbsp`lcblt mflogle)
Cfls df prftgqub, ulb cbvgsb lb s`rt nfafgs cb s`l pfys c'`rgeglb> db c`ddfr f k`urs fux BtftsRlgs sbudbablt, d 'Bur` f k`urs cfls dbs pfys cb d 'Rlg`l sbudbablt, btk. Rlb mflqub bur`pçbllbb qug s`uhfgtb cçtblgr bt çkhfl bur`pçbll çkhflebr ebr cbs c`ddfrs cbvrf c` c`lk lk `uvrgr ul k`aptb cfls ulb mflqub façrgkfglb. Bddb cbvgblt kdgbltb cb kbttb kbtt b mflqub. Df mflqub façrgkfglb bst fppbdçb db « k`rrbsp`lcflt ¿ fux R[F cb df mflqub bur`pçbllb. Bl eçlçrfd, t`utbs dbs mflqubs cgsp`sblt c'ul k`aptb L`str` dgmbddç cfls dbs pdus erflcbs cbvgsbs cu a`lcb (R[C, BR], EMY, KHJ `u NYW) .Kb jfgsflt bddbs `lt fu a`gls ul k`rrbsp`lcflt cfls dbs pfys Bur`pçbls (Jrflkb, Gtfdgb, Fddbafelb, Bspfelb...), ul k`rrbsp`lcflt bl [ugssb (p`ur db KHJ), ul k`rrbsp`lcflt fux R[F (p`ur db C`ddfr Façrgkfgl), ul k`rrbsp`lcflt bl Erflcb Mrbtfelb (p`ur df dgvrb stbrdgle) btk. Kbs k`aptbs j`lt d'`mnbt c'ul sugvg rçeudgbr bt c`llblt dgbu é cbs rbdftg`ls i' cb k`urt`gsgb'' bltrb dbs cgjjçrblts k`rrbsp`lcflts mflkfgrbs (çkhflebs cb Mgdfls fllubds bt c'glj`raftg`ls jglflkgèrbs bt çk`l`agqubs bl eçlçrfd). Cb t`utbs dbs j`rabs cb prçsblkb é d'çtrflebr (Jgdgfdb, [ukkursfdb, pfrtblfrgft, murbfu cb rbprçsbl rbprçsbltftg`l...), tftg`l...), db k`rrbsp`lcflt mflogl mfloglee bst kbddb qug bst df pdus jfkgdb é abttrb bl
uvrb, ddff a a`gls `gls k`ÿtbusb bbtt df prbagèrb çtfpb cfls db db pr`kbss pr`kbssus us
c'gltbrlftg`lfdgsftg`l cbs mflqubs. Dbs k`aptbs L`str` bt D`r` j`lt rçeudgèrbablt d'`mnbt cb k`uvbrturbs (`u cb pr`vgsg`llbablts) d`rsqu'gds prçsbltblt ul s`dcb lud `u pr`khb cb zçr`.
=:
Bljgl, df pdupfrt cbs mflqubs tgbllblt tgbllb lt cbs jgkhgbrs rçeudgèrbablt ags é n`ur sur dburs k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs ? kbs jgkhgbrs k`ltgbllblt k`ltgbllblt bltrb futrb > - Df cçl`aglftg`l cu k`rrbsp`lcflt, s`l fcrbssb bt t`utbs sbs k``rc`llçbs ? - [`l pfys bt sf a`llfgb lftg`lfdb ? -
[`l k`cb [wgjt `u Sçdbx ?
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Db s`dcb cbs k`aptbs L`str` ?
- Cbs glj`raftg`ls jglflkgèrbs (tfgddb cu mgdfl bt prglkgpfux glcgkftburs cb rbltfmgdgtç bt cb rgsqub), bt k`aabrkgfdbs (pfrt cb afrkhç cfls db sbktbur mflkfgrb d`kfdb, p`dgtgqub k`aabrkgfdb, pr`cugts btk.). Bxbapdb > >
[upp`s`ls qub df Mflqub cb cçvbd`ppbablt d`kfd f p`ur k`rrbsp`lcflt bl Jrflkb df MLY Yfrgmfs. S`us dbs dbs çkhflebs bl Jrflkb cb df MCD sb j`lt vgf s`l k`rrbsp`lcfl k`rrbsp`lcflt,t, MLY MLY Yfrgmfs. Df MLY Yfrgmfs tgblt é n`ur db k`aptb cb df MCD bt y blrbegstrb t`us dbs a`uvbablts c'bspèkbs. Cfls dbs dgvrbs cb df MLY Yfrgmfs, db k`aptb cb df MCD bst ul D@]@ `u k`aptb cb kdgblt. (D@]@ 1 « dburs fv`grs ¿, « kb qug bst é bux ¿) [gaudtflçablt, df MCD tgblt cfls sbs dgvrbs ul k`aptb agr`gr cb sbs fv`grs bl cçpót khbz MLY Yfrgmfs. Cfls dbs dgvrbs cb df MCD db k`aptb « MLY Yfrgmfs ¿ bst ul agr`gr L@[S]@ `u L@[S]@ t`ut k`urt. (L@[S]@ 1 « l`s fv`grs ¿, « kb qug bst é l`us ¿) F rbtblgr> ul k`aptb agr`gr agr` gr L`str` rbjdètb, k`aab s`l l`a d'glcgqub, dbs fv`grs cçtblus pfr df mflqub khbz ul futrb çtfmdgssba çtfmdgssbablt. blt. Gd j`lktg`llb bl sbls glvbrsb cb k`aptb qu'gd rbjdètb. Fglsg, ul s`dcb krçcgtbur cb BR] 29 agddg`ls sur db k`aptb cb df MCD khbz MLY Yfrgmfs sbrf blrbegstrç pfr df MCD k`aab ul s`dcb cçmgtbur cu aîab a`ltflt cfls db L`str` MLY Yfrgmfs. MLY YF]GMF[
MCD
D@]@ MCD C
L@[S]@ MLY YF]GMF[ K
[`dcb
C
K [`dcb =5
BR] 29 A
BR] 29 A
;.= Df k`aaulgkftg`l bltrb k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs
Db vgrbablt k`lsgstb é ulb `pçrftg`l c'blv`g cb j`lcs c'ul k`aptb é ul futrb > df mflqub `pèrb db vgrbablt sur `rcrb cb d'gap`rtftbur fu pr`jg pr`jgtt cu k`aptb cb d'bxp`rtftbur. @l cgstgleub tr`gs typbs cb vgrbablts > db vgrbablt k`urrgbr, db vgrbablt tçdbx bt db vgrbablt [UGJS. ;.=.6 Db vgrbablt k`urrgbr
Kbt `rcrb cb vgrbablt trflsgtb pfr df p`stb, kb qug jfgt qub dbs cçdfgs pbuvblt îtrb pdus `u a`gls d`les bl j`lktg`l cb d'çd`gelbablt bt cb d'`reflgsftg`l p`stfdb cu pfys k`lkbrlç. ;.=.= Db vgrbablt tçdbx
Gd bst pdus sçkurgsç bt pdus rfpgcb qub db vgrbablt k`urrgbr, s`l sbud glk`lvçlgblt rçsgcb cfls db supp`rt pfpgbr é kfusb cu rgsqub pr`mfmdb c'brrbur cb rçcfktg`l. ;.=.; Db
vgrbablt
[UGJS>
([`kgbty
j`r
U`rdcwgcb
Gltbrmflo
Jglfkgfd
Sbdbk`aaulgkftg`l)
K'bst ul systèab prgvç c'çkhflebs cb abssfebs bltrb mflqubs fchçrbltbs. Db rçsbfu bst pdus s`updb pdus rfpgcb, pdus çk`l`agqub bt pdus sÿr. K'bst ul systèab c'gltbrk`llbxg`l glj`raftgsç cbs khfamrbs cb k`apblsftg`ls lftg`lfdbs pfr d'gltbraçcgfgrb cu rçsbfu cbs mflqubs p`pudfgrbs. p`pudfgrbs. Cfls dburs k`rrbsp`lcflkbs qu`tgcgbllbs, dbs mflqubs `lt rbk`urs é df pbrj`raflkb bt df jgfmgdgtç cu rçsbfu [UGJS.
[UGJS
bst ulb bltrbprgsb cb cr`gt mbdeb, c`lt db sgèeb bst é Mruxbddbs. [`l ródb bst cb jfkgdgtbr
dbs `pçrftg`ls mflkfgrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs eríkb eríkb é ul rçsbfu glj`raftgqub très pugssflt. Bddb f çtç j`lcçb pfr =;7 mflqubs cb 62 pfys cgjjçrblts bl b l 675; bt fun`urc'h fun`urc'hug, ug, pdus cb 56=2 glstgtutg`ls cfls 67= pfys y s`lt fm`llçbs. Dbs fchçrblts s`lt gcbltgjgçs fu sbgl cu rçsbfu pfr dbur k`cb MGK qug k`aprblc> µ
µ
d'gcbltgjgkftg`l cb df mflqub sur 3 kfrfktèrbs ? db k`cb pfys sur = kfrfktèrbs ? =8
µ
db k`cb vgddb sur = kfrfktèrbs ?
Db rçsbfu [UGJS pbrabt c'çkhflebr ulb ulb erflcb vfrgçtç cb abssfebs bltrb mflqubs, s`us ul j`raft qug bst cbvblu, ul vçrgtfmdb stflcfrc cu afrkhç. Dbs abssfebs [UGJS s`lt kdfssçs pfr kftçe`rgbs> - Dbs kftçe`rgbs 6 bt = rber`upblt dbs abssfebs k`lkbrlflt dbs trflsjbrts cb kfsh bltrb mflqubs, `u abssfebs cb pfgbablt (AS =9=, AS =92, AS =69). - Df kftçe`rgb ; k`uvrb db afrkhç cbs pr`cugts cb tfux bt cb khfleb fglsg qub dbs pr`cugts cçrgvçs cçrgvçs (AS ;99, AS ;9;). - Df kftçe`rgb 3 k`uvrb dbs `pçrftg`ls c'blkfgssbablts c`kuabltfgrbs (fvgs c'fkkbptftg`l, fkkusç cb rçkbptg`l, rçkdfaftg`l cb jrfgs bt cbaflcb c'glstruktg`ls...AS 399, AS 36=, AS3==...). - Df kftçe`rgb 2 k`lkbrlb db afrkhç cbs tgtrbs (dgvrfgs`ls cb tgtrbs, glstruktg`ls cb rèedbablts, k`ljgraftg`ls cb trflsfktg`ls ... AS 239, 236,23= 23;...). - Df kftçe`rgb 5 rber`upb dbs abssfebs rbdftgjs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs bt fux efrfltgbs mflkfgrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs (çagssg`ls, fablcbablts, fvgs cb pfgbablt/ c'fkkbptftg`l// cb lçe`kgf c'fkkbptftg`l lçe`kgftg`l tg`l (AS 599, AS 595, AS 539...). - Df kftçe`rgb 7 rber`upb t`us dbs abssfebs c'glj`raftg`l. c'glj`raftg`l. Db rçsbfu [wgjt bst bl eçlçrfd kh`gsg p`ur s`l bjjgkfkgtç bt p`ur sf jgfmgdgtç. Mgbl bltblcu, gd l'bst pfs db sbud a`ybl cb k`aaulgkftg`l gltbrmflkfgrb gltbrlftg`lfd ? gd bxgstb fussg db tçdbx, db jfx, db k`urrgbr rbk`aaflcç bt d'Gltbrlbt. F d'bxkbptg`l cu cbrlgbr kgtç, dbs futrbs futr bs a`ybls cb k`aaulgkftg`lss s`lt cbvblus i vgbux' bt k`apdètbablt glfcfptçs fux l`uvbddbs bxgeblkbs cb k`aaulgkftg`l df kdgbltèdb mflkfgrb bt cbs mflqubs bddbs aîabs bl aftgèrb cb rfpgcgtç bt cb sçkurgsftg`l cbs trflsfktg`ls. ;.; Dbs trflsjbrts cb j`lcs bltrb mflqubs
Vubdqub s`gt db a`ybl cb pfgbablt utgdgsç (`rcrb cb vgrbablt, dbttrb cb khfleb, krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb...), df pdupfrt cbs rèedbablts gltbrlftg`lfux bst cçm`ukdç cgrbktbablt s`us j`rab cb vgrbablts cb k`aptbs é k`aptbs bltrb mflqubs pfr d'gltbraçcgfgrb cbs k`rrbsp`lcflts k`rrbsp`lcfl ts çtrflebrs sfls qu'gd l'y fgt aflgpudftg`l c'bsp c'bspèkbs èkbs `u cb tgtrbs cb pfgbablts. pfgbablts. Kbs a`uvbablts skrgpturfux pbuvblt sb prçsbltbr s`us df j`rab c'ul vgrbablt `u c'ul rfpftrgbablt sbd`l db sbls cfls dbqubd gds s`lt bjjbktuçs ? Fglsg, p`ur ulb mflqub sgtuçb bl Fdeçrgb qug rbå`gt cbs j`lcs pr`vblflt c'ulb k`ltrbpfrtgb çtrfleèrb, d'`pçrftg`l sbrf
=7
k`lsgcçrçb k`aab ul vgrbablt p`ur kbttb k`ltrbpfrtgb, ul rfpftrgbablt p`ur df mflqub fdeçrgbllb. Y`ur agbux gddustrbr db açkflgsab sugvflt, l`us k`lsgcçr`ls d'bxbapdb sugvflt sugvflt > Bxbapdb >
Df s`kgçtç fdeçrgbllb i'[GA'' c`gt 2 999,99 R[C é df s`kgçtç Façrgkfglb i'Kbrbfd'' fu tbrab c'ulb gap`rtftg`l cb mdç. Db pfgbablt c`gt s'bjjbktubr pfr vgrbablt mflkfgrb bl vbrtu cb df k`ljgflkb rçkgpr`qub bltrb dbs cbux pfrtblfgrbs k`aabrkgfux. F df cftb k`lvblub, db kdgblt [GA cbaflcb é sf mflqub MCD c'bjjbktubr db vgrbablt bl jfvbur cb Kbrbfd bl glcgquflt db a`ltflt é trflsjçrbr, dbs rçjçrblkbs cb d'`pçrftg`l k`aabrkgfdb fglsg qub db k`cb GMFL =9 bt [UGJS cb df mflqub cu mçlçjgkgfgrb qug sb tr`uvb îtrb df KBSW Mflo Lbw y`ro. Fussg, df MCD cçmgtb (`u md`qub) db k`aptb cb [GA cb df k`ltrb-vfdbur cb R[C 2 999,99 fu k`urs cu n`ur (sp`t) ? Blsug Blsugtb tb bddb l`tgjgb é s`l k`rrbsp`lcflt k`rrbsp`lcflt façrgkfgl JRNG MFLO c'bjjbktubr db pfgbabltt cu a`ltflt susabltg`ll pfgbabl susabltg`llçç é df s`kgçtç Kbrbfd c`lt db k`aptb bst tblu sur sur dbs dgvrbs cb df KBSW MFLO ([UGJS AS =9=-`rcrb cb pfgbablt). Rlb j`gs rbåu d'`rcrb cb pfgbablt, df JRNG MFLO cçmgtb db k`aptb bl R[C cb df MCD bt krçcgtb sur sbs dgvrbs db k`aptb cb df KBSW Mflo cb R[C 2 999,99. [gaud [gaudtflçablt tflçablt bddb fcrbssb é df MCD ul AS 799 « fvgs cb cçmgt ¿ bt é KBSW Mflo ul AS 769 « Fvgs cb krçcgt ¿. Fyflt rbåu db pfgbablt, kbttb cbrlgèrb krçcgtb sur sbs dgvrbs db k`aptb cb df [`kgçtç Kbrbfd cu a`ltflt rbåu. ]bafrqubs>
µ
Db k`rrbsp`lcflt glj`rab bl eçlçrfd s`l kdgblt cbs a`uvbablts cb j`lcs sur s`l k`aptb bl tbaps rçbd (pfr cbs abssfebs [UGJS AS799 bt AS769), bt k`aaulgqub
µ
`mdgeft`grbablt ul rçkfpgtudftgj (AS729) bl jgl cb n`urlçb. Dbs j`lcs rbåus pfr db k`rrbsp`lcflt fu l`a cb s`l kdgblt s`lt glskrgts pfr dug cfls sf k`aptfmgdgtç fu krçcgt cu D@]@ cu kdgblt. [gaudtflçablt db kdgblt blrbegstrb db aîab a`uvbablt ul cçmgt cu agr`gr L@[S]@ jfkb fu krçcgt c'ul k`aptb cb k`aptfmgdgtç eçlçrfdb (k`aptfmgdgtç (k`aptfmgdgtç bl b l pfrtgb c`umdb).
Cu p`glt cb vub cb df mflqub, `l efrcbrf c`lk t`un`urs é d'bsprgt qub> µ Rlb bltrçb cb j`lcs sb aftçrgfdgsb bl k`aptfmgdgtç pfr ul Cçmgt L@[S]@
=9
GMFL Gltbrlftg`lfd Mflo Fkk`ult
Luambr ;9
µ Rlb s`rtgb cb j`lcs sb aftçrgfdgsb bl k`aptfmgdgtç k`aptfmgdgtç pfr ul Krçcgt L@[S]@
µ
Dbs mflqubs kbltrfdbs n`ublt ul ródb bssbltgbd cfls dbs trflsjbrts cb j`lcs bltrb mflqubs.. Bl tflt qub « mfl mflqubs mflqub qub cbs mflqubs ¿¿,, df mflqub kbltrfdb bst ul p`glt cb pfssfebb `mdgeç d`rs cb t` pfssfe t`ut ut çkhfleb cb j`lcs bltr bltrbb cbux mflqubs cu aîab pfys. S`ut trflsjbrt cb j`lcs bltrb ulb mflqub F bt ulb mflqub M, rçsgcbltbs cfls db aîab pfys, f p`ur bjjbt cb cçmgtbr db k`aptb cb df mflqub F bl mflqub kbltrfdb (bl Jrflkb db KK], K`aptb K`urflt cb ]èedbablt), fu pr`jgt pr` jgt cu k`aptb cb df mflqub M. Df mflqub kbltrfdb bst c`lk ul k`rrbsp`lcflt `mdgeç cfls df a`llfgb d`kfdb cu pfys cfls dbqubd df mflqub bst rçsgcbltb. Dbs fv`grs bl cçpót é df mflqub kbltrfdb s`lt rbjdçtçs, cfls df k`aptfmgdgtç cb df mflqub, pfr ul k`aptb L@[S]@, fu aîab tgtrb qub dbs fv`grs bl cçpót khbz t`us dbs futrbs k`rrbsp`lcflts.
Cb kb qug prçkècb, gd fppfrfìt kdfgrbablt qu'fukulb `pçrftg`l mflkfgrb fvbk d'çtrflebr lb sfurfgt îtrb ablçb é mgbl sfls ulb k`llfgssflkb prçfdfmdb cbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb bt cb dbur fspbkt dçefd fglsg qub df cçtbltg`l cb k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs fuprès cb k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs fvbk dbsqubddbs df k`aaulgkftg`l c`gt îtrb rçeudgèrb, pr`jbssg`llbddb bt surt`ut sçkurgsçb bl vbrtu cb df lfturb aîab cb d'fktgvgtç mflkfgrb c'`÷ db lçkbssfgrb rbk`urs fu rçsbfu [wgjt.
[bktg`l = > D blvgr`llba blvgr`llbablt blt nurgcgqub nurgcgqub bt çk`l`agqub çk`l`agqub
6. Db kfcrb nurgcgqub
;6
D blvgr`llbablt nurgcgqub gltbrlftg`lf gltbrlftg`lfdd bst k`låu é trfvbrs dbs k`lvbltg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs bt dbs fkk`rcs audtgdftçrfux fglsg qub dbs dbs glgtgftgvbs cbs `reflgsabs gltbrlftg`lfux. D `mnbktgj prbagbr cb df agsb bl pdfkb c ul kfcrb nnurgcgqub urgcgqub gl gltbrlftg`lfd tbrlftg`lfd bst d hfra`lgsftg`l cbs cgjjçrblts systèabs nurgcgqubs fjgl cb sgapdgjgbr dbs cgjjgkudtçs rçkurrbltbs cfls dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. [ur db pdfl nurgcgqub, db pr`mdèab krukgfd cfls ulb `pçrftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb bst db kh`gx cu cr`gt fppdgkfmdb bl kfs cb k`ljdgt cu jfgt cb df erflcb cgvbrsg cgvbrsgtç tç cbs cr`gts lft lftg`lfux g`lfux.. 6.6 Dbs s`urkbs cu cr`gt gltbrlftg`lfd 6.6.6 Dbs k`lvbltg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs
Bddbs s`lt k`lkdubs p`ur rbaçcgbr fux glk`apftgmgdgtçs cbs cr`gts lftg`lfux bltrb bux bt rçedbr r çedbr dbs rbdftg`ls bltrb Btfts. [bd`l qu bddbs s`gblt audtgdftçrfdbs `u mgdftçrfdbs, dbs k`lvbltg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs vgsblt é ulgj`ragsbr db cr`gt gltbrlftg`lfd bt krçbr cb l`uvbddbs rèedbs `u mgbl rçs`ucrb dbs k`ljdgts bltrb cbux cr`gts lftg`lfux cgstglkts. Dbs k`lvbltg`ls mgdftçrfdbs s`lt c`lk sgelçbs pfr cbux Btfts p`ur prçvblgr dbs k`ljdgts cb d`g, dbs pdus rçp`lcubs s`lt dbs k`lvbltg`ls jgskfdbs cb l`l c`umdb gap`sgtg`l. =6 Dbs k`lvbltg`ls audtgdftçrfdbs k`ap`rtblt cbs rèedbs vgsflt df prçvbltg`l bt rçs`dutg`l cbs k`ljdgts bl aftgèrb cb cr`gt fppdgkfmdb, cçtbraglftg`l cu nueb k`apçtblt afgs fussg cbs rèedbs krççbs p`ur s glskrgrb cfls db kfcrb c ul cr`gt ulgj`rab.
6.6.= Db cr`gt k`aaulfutfgrb
D bxbapdb db pdus gddustrftgj p`ur kb typb typb cb cr`gt bst kbdug kbdug cb df k`aaulfutç bu bur`pçbllb r`pçbllb.. Gd bst eçlçrfdbablt j`raç cb rèedbs `rgeglfgrbs cçk`udflt cbs trfgtçs j`lcftburs cb df
=6
K`lvbltg`ls
k`lkdubs bltrb cbux Btfts bl vub c'çvgtbr dbs c`um c`umdbs dbs gap`sgtg`ls bl aftgèrb c'gapóts sur db rbvblu bt sur df j`rtulb bt cb prçvblgr d'çvfsg`l bt df jrfucb jgskfdb.
;=
k`aaulfutç bt cbs rèedbs qug cçrgvblt cçrgvb lt cbs cçkgsg`ls cu pfrdbablt, cu k`lsbgd bt cb df k`aagssg`l. Dbs rèedbs k`aaulfutfgrbs k`lstgtublt k`lstgtublt ul kfcrb nurgcgqub cgstglkt cb kbdug cbs Btfts abamrbs. Df supçrg`rgtç c fppdgkftg`l cb kbttb rçedbabltftg`l tgblt é cbux prglkgpbs >
- Fppdgkfmgdgtç Fppdgkfmgdgtç cgrbktb > dbs rèedbs cb d ulg`l s fppdgqublt cgrbktbablt fux çtfts abamrbs, bddbs s`lt bxçkutçbs pfr dbs trgmulfux qubddb qub s`gt df dçegsdftg`l lftg`lfdb. - Df prççaglblkb cu cr`gt k`aaulf k`aaulfutfgrb utfgrb > d blsbamdb cbs rèedbs nurgcgqubs cb lfturb k`aaulfutfgrb s`lt pumdgçbs cfls db n`urlfd `jjgkgbd bt prçvfdblt bl kfs cb k`ljdgts sur dbs cr`gts lftg`lfux. Db cr`gt k`aaulfutfgrb rbvît kb kfrfktèrb gltbrlftg`lfd bl kb sbls qu gd bst çdfm`rç pfr dbs dçegsdftburs dçegsdftburs lftg`lfux p`ur s fppdgqubr cgrbktbablt cgrbktbablt é pdusgburs pfy pfyss s`us db k`ltródb c ul kfcrb nurgcgqub glcçpbl glcçpblcflt. cflt. 6.6.; Dbs usfebs
Dbs usfebs pr`jbssg`llbds `lt çtç t`un`urs df s`urkb bssbltgbddb cfls df prftgqub cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd.. Dbs `pçrftburs, k`ljr`ltçs é ccbs gltbrlftg`lfd bs `mstfkdbs cfls cbs c`afglbs l`l rçedbabltçs pfr dbs cr`gts lftg`lfux lftg`lfux,, tbltblt cb tr`uvbr cbs s`dutg`ls pfr cbs prftgqubs k`aaulbs sur dbsqubddbs gds sb abttblt c fkk`rc. Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bst db abgddbur bxbapdb gddustrflt df rbk`llfgssflkb cbs usfebs pfr df nurgsprucblkb. 6.= Db rèedbablt cbs dgtgebs
Dbs k`ltrfts gltbrlftg`lfux k`ap`rtblt s`uvblt cbs k`ljdgts bltrb dbs pfrtgbs. Bl kfs c çkhbk cbs tbltftgvbs cb rèedbablt é d fagfmdb, dbs k`ltrfktflts `lt `lt df p`ssgmgdg p`ssgmgdgtç tç cb rbk`urs fux nurgcgktg`ls lftg`lfdbs lftg`lfdbs `u é d frmgtrfeb sbd`l kb qug bs bstt prçvu cfl cflss db k`ltrft.
6.=.6 Dbs nurgcgktg`ls lftg`lfdbs
Db dgtgeb sbrf p`rtç cbvflt db trgmulfd cçsgelç cfls df kdfusb fttrgmutgvb cb nurgcgktg`l. Cfls db kfs `u db k`ltrft lb prçv`gt rgbl, db trgmulfd k`apçtblt bst eçlçrfdbablt kbdug cu c`agkgdb cu cçjblcbur. 6.=.= Db rbk`urs rbk`urs é d frmgtrfeb frmgtrfeb
;;
Dbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs pbuvblt prçv`gr prçv`gr ulb kdfusb cb rbk`urs é d frmgtrfeb fppbdçb fppbdçb kdfusb kdfusb k`apr`agss`grb `u cçkgcbr fu a`ablt a`ablt cb d fppfrgtg`l cu dg dgtgeb tgeb cb db p`rtbr é ul ul trgmulfd
frmgtrfd. Kbttb pr`kçcurb pbrabt cb rçcugrb rçcugrb dbs cçdfgs cb trfgtbablt pfr rfpp`rt fux trgmulfux çtftgqubs, bddb l bst rbtblub c fgddburs qub p`ur cbs dgtgebs dgtgebs cb er`s a`ltflts. Df pr`kçcurb k`lsgstb é sfgsgr db trgmulfd gltbrlftg`lfd c frmg frmgtrfeb trfeb qug bxfaglb bxfaglb d fjjfgrb fjjfgrb bt rçcgeb ul pr`nbt cb sbltblkb é s`uabttrb é df k`ur gltbrlftg`lfdb c frmgtrfeb p`ur c`llbr s`l fppr`mftg`l. Df Df sbltblkb rbl rblcub cub bst cçjglg cçjglgtgvb tgvb bt bxçkut`grb bt pbut jfg jfgrb rb d `mnbt c bxbquftur pfr db nueb cu trgmulfd cb erflcb glstflkb cu pfys cb d gltçrbssç bl kfs `u ` u s`l fcvbrsfg fcvbrsfgrb rb df k`ltbstb. =. Dbs çdçablts çdçablts cb mfsb c ulb trflsfktg`l trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb k`aabrkgfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb
S`us dbs çkhflebs k`aabrkgfux fvbk d'çtrflebr s`lt s`uags é df d`g cb kbrtfgls çdçablts cb mfsb. Kbs cbrlgbrs, glk`lt`urlfmd glk`lt`urlfmdbs bs cfls db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd cb mgbls bt cb sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs,, k`lstgtublt dbs pgèkbs afìtrbssbs cb d'`pçrftg`l. Fussg, kbs çdçablts, rbprçsbltblt cbs `utgds glcgspblsfmdbs p`ur db mflqugbr, cfls df k`lcugtb cb t`utb `pçrftg`l cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. Kb s`lt > -
Dbs çtfpbs cb cçr`udbablt c ulb trflsfktg`l
-
Dbs cgjjçrblts c`kuablts trflsfktg`llbds
-
dbs glk`tbras
=.6 Khr` Khr`l`d`egb l`d`egb c ulb trflsfktg`l trflsfktg`l gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdbb
Df k`lkdusg`l c ulb trflsfktg`l gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdbb bst eçlçrfdbablt d fm`utgssbablt fm`utgssbablt c ulb sçrgb cb cçafrkhbs bjjbktuçbs pfr ul bxp`rtftbur bl vub cb pr`p`sbr sbs afrkhflcgsbs `u sbs sbrvgkbs. Kbs cçafrkhbs s glskrgvblt cfls db kfcrb c ulb p`dgtgqub c fttrfktgvgtç bt cb k`apçtgtgv k`a pçtgtgvgtç, gtç, k bst p`ur kkbdf bdf qu bddbs açrgtblt ulb fttbltg`l pfrtgkudgèrb p`ur mgbl ablbr d `pçrftg `pçrftg`l. `l. =.6.6 Df pr`spbktg`l
Df pr`spbktg`l bst bst d ulb cbs kdçs cb rçussgtb rçussgtb cbs vbltbs rçfdgsçbs sur sur ul afrkhç. Kbttb pr`spbktg`l lçkbssg lçkbssgtb tb kbrtbs cbs a`ybls huafgls bt jglflkgbrs bt cbs cçpblsbs c`lt df rçkupçrftg`l l bst pfs t`un`urs surb. Dbs j`lcs glvbstgs cfls df rbkhbrkhb cb l`uvbddbs cçm`ukhçbss rgsqublt c îtrb pbrcus sfls rçsudtft p`sgtgj. cçm`ukhçb
;3
=.6.= D gapd gapdfl fltft tftg`l g`l é d çtrfl çtrflebr ebr
[ugtb é ulb pr`spbktg`l, ulb gapdfltftg`l gapdfltftg`l é d çtrflebr bst p`ssgmdb p`ssgmdb afgs kbddb-kg kbddb-kg blefeb cbs k`ÿts eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdbablt d`urcs qu gd jfucrf fa`rtgr. =.6.; Df k`lstgtutg`l k`lstgtutg`l cb cb st`kos st`kos é d çtrflebr çtrflebr
Fjgl cb jfkgdgtbr df dgvrfgs`l `u p`ur tgrbr pr`jgt c ul rçegab c`uflgbr pdus jfv`rfmdb, ulb bltrbprgsb bxp`rtftrgkb bxp`rtftrgkb bst pfrj pfrj`gs `gs fablç fablçbb é k`l k`lstgtubr stgtubr cbs st`kos é d çtrflebr kb qug d bxp`sb bl pdus cu pr`mdèab cb jglflkbablt fu rgsqub k`aabrkgfd dgç l`l sbudbablt é df açvbltb cb df afrkhflcgsb afgs fussg é s`l st`kofeb. =.6.3 Df prçsbltftg`l prçsbltftg`l c ulb `jjrb `jjrb
Fprès fv`gr fv`gr mgbl pr`spbktç db a afrkhç, frkhç, bt fvflt cb rbkbv`gr cbs k`aaflcbs, d bltrbprgsb c`gt c`gt prçsbltbr cbs `jjrbs cb prgx pr gx `u pfrtgkgpbr é ulb s`uagssg`l cfls db kfcrb c ul fppbd c `jjrbs gltbrlftg`lfd. Dbs blefebablts blefebablts cb prgx dgmbddçs s`uvblt bl cbvgsbs k`ap`rtblt cbs rgsqubs cb pbrtb cb vfdbur bl kfs cb l`l rçvgsg`l cbs prgx. =.6.2 Df k`aaflcb bt df jfmrgkftg`l
Rlb j`gs df k`aaflcb k`aaflcb rbåub, bt curflt db pr`kbssu pr`kbssuss cb jfmrgkftg`l, d bltrbprgsb bst bxp`sçb bxp`sçb é pdusgburs rgsqubs rgsqubs l`tfaablt > -
Db rgsqub çk`l`agqub dgç é df hfussb cbs prgx cb aftgèrb prbagèrb `u futrbs jrfgs cb
-
jfmrgkftg`l kb qug sb rçpbrkutb sur db prgx cb rbvgblt. Db rgsqub c gltbrruptg`l cu afrkhç kfr é pfrtgr cb df sgelfturb cu k`ltrft nusqu é s`l fkk`apdgssbablt, fkk`a pdgssbablt, d fkhbtbur ppbut but s fvçrbr gglfptb lfptb é k`lkrçtgsbr df trflsfktg`l p`ur pdusgburs rfgs`ls c`lt df rçsgdgftg`l frmgtrfgrb cu k`ltrft, s`l gls`dvfmgdg gls`dvfmgdgtç, tç, `u cbs çvçlbablts dgçs fu rgsqub p`dgtgqub.
=.6.: D bamfd bamfddf dfeb eb bt d bx bxpç pçcg cgtg` tg`l l
D bamfddfeb bt db a`cb cb trflsp`rt c`gvblt c`gvblt îtrb mgbl kh`gsgs p`ur ulb abgddburb abgddburb sçkurgtç cbs afrkhflcgsbs surt`ut s bddbs s`lt s`lt jrfegdbs `u jfkgdbabl jfkgdbabltt pçrgssfmdbs, kfr kfr k bs bstt cfl cflss d gl gltçrî tçrîtt k`aabrkgfd cu vblcbur vblcbur qub kbddbs kbddbs-kg -kg pfrvgbllblt bl pfrjfgt çtft é s`l kdgblt. kdgblt. S`utbj`gs bt bt
;2
afderç kbdf dbs rgsqubs cbaburblt pr ``mfmdbs mfmdbs qqubddb ubddb qub ss`gt `gt d fttbltg`l fttbltg`l qub qub d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur fkk`rcb é kb pr`mdèab. @l pbut kgtbr qubdqubs rgsqubs blk`urus cbpugs db khfrebablt é df rçkbptg`l l`tfaablt fkkgcblt cu a`ybl cb trflsp`rt, kh`k d`rs cu khfrebablt, `u cçkhfrebablt, pfllb cb rçjrgeçrftg`l p`ur dbs pr`cugts pçrgssfmdb pçrgssfmdbs, s, v`d cb df afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsb fu cçpfrt cçpfrt `u é d frrgvçb... =.6.5 Df rçkbptg`l bt db pfgbablt
F df rçkbptg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb, dbs rbsp`lsfmgdgtçs kgvgdbs bt pçlfdbs cu jfmrgkflt s`lt blefeçbs cfls db kfs cb c`aafeb c`aafebss kfusçs pfr d utgdgsftg`l cb s`l pr`cugt. Db rgsqub cb cb agsb bl nbu cb df efrfltgb cb m`llb jgl surt`ut p`ur dbs mgbls c çqugpbablt bst fussg p`ssgmdb sg df afrkhflcgs afrkh flcgsbb s fvèrb l`l k`l k`lj`ra j`rab. b. Db pfgbablt pbut gltbrvblgr é t`ut a`ablt cb df trflsfktg`l aîab fvflt rçkbptg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb, sbd`l sbd`l dbs k`lcgtg`ls bt a`cb cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt prçvus cfls db k`ltrft. D fkhbtbur pbut jfgddgr é s`l `mdgeftg`l cb pfgbablt pfgbablt s`gt p`ur cbs rfgs`ls rbdbvflt cb sf v`d`ltç `u mgbl ssumgbs umgbs pfr s`l blvgr`llbablt blvgr`llbablt s`kg s`kg`` p`dgtgqub.
=.= Dbs supp`rts supp`rts cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
Df lçe`kgftg`l k`aabrkgfdb pfssb pfr pdusgburs çtfpbs qug sb k`lkrçtgsblt pfr pdusgburs c`kuablts qug lb s`lt lg cbs `jjrbs lg cbs k`ltrfts. Df vfdbur nurgcgqub cb kbs çkrgts l bst pfs t`un`urs k`ljgraçb bt pbut îtrb rbagsb bl kfusb. =.=.6 Dbs c`kuablts trflsfktg`llbds =.=.6.6 Db k`ltrft cb vbltb gltbrlftg`lfdb
D gltç gltçrî rîtt c ul k`ltrft çkrgt bst cb prçv`gr t`utbs dbs sgtuftg`ls p`ssgmdbs p`ur agbux prçsbrvbr dbs gltçrîts cbs cbux pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs, surt`ut quflc gd rbvît ul kfrfktèrb gltbrlftg`lfd `u cbs rgsqubs suppdçabltfgrbs fppfrfgssblt.
;:
Cu p`glt cb vub nurgcgqub, df l`tg`l l`tg`l cb k`ltrf k`ltrftt gl gltbrlf tbrlftg`lfd tg`lfd k`ap`rtb k`ap`rtb d çdçablt çdçablt « c bxtrfl bxtrflçgtç çgtç ¿. Kbt çd çdçabl çabltt trfcugt trfcugt d bxgstblkb cb k`ltfkts fvbk fu a`gls cbux Bt Btfts. fts. Db k`ltrft prblc lfgssflkb cès qub cbux pfrtgbs sb abttblt c fkk`rc sur ulb trflsfktg`l cb vbltb. Kbs cbux pfrtgbs, bt eçlçrfdbablt fprès lçe`kgftg`l, cçkgcblt cbs k`lcgtg`ls cb vbltb (prgx bt cbvgsb cb jfkturftg`l, a`cb cb pfgbablt, dbs mflqubs gapdgquçbs, prgsb bl khfreb cbs rgsqub rgs qubs, s, cr`g cr`gtt fppdgk fppdgkfmd fmdbb bl kfs cb dgtg dgtgeb eb ). Dbs k`lcgtg`ls eçlçrfdbs c`gvblt îtrb rçcgeçbs cb aflgèrb kdfgrb bt sfls fukulb famgeuàtç. Bddbs c`gvblt pbrabttrb fu vblcbur cb cçjblcrb sbs gltçrîts. Kbrtfglbs bltrbprgsbs prçjèrblt çtfmdgr cbs k`ltrfts typbs qug s`lt kbrtbs prftgqubs afgs qug lb s`lt pfs lçe`kgfmdbs. @ptbr c`lk p`ur ul k`ltrft k`ltrft sur absurb fcfp fcfptç tç p`ur khfq khfqub ub kdgblt s fvèrb pdus prftgqub. prftgqub. D `jjrb k`aabrkgfdb, k`aabrkgfdb, sugvgb cb d fkk`rc cu kdgblt, pbra pbrabt bt cb k`l k`lkdurb kdurb ul ul k`ltrft k`ltrft cb vbl vbltb tb gltbrlftg`lfd.. Gd bst vgvbablt rbk`aafl gltbrlftg`lfd rbk`aaflcç cç qub d fkkbptftg`l prbll prbllbb ulb j`rab çkrg çkrgtb tb fjgl qub db vblcbur `mtgbllb ulb kbrtfglb efrfltgb bt sb k`lstgtub ulb prbuvb bl kfs cb dgtgeb. Vubddbs s`lt dbs kdfusbs cu k`ltrft 0
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Df cçsgelftg`l prçkgsb cbs pfrtgbs > L`a cbs s`kgçtçs, rfgs`ls s`kgfdbs, fcrbssbs
cçtfgddçbs bt db l`a cbs rbprçsbltfl r bprçsbltflts ts rrbspbktgjs. bspbktgjs. -
D `mnbt `mnbt cu k`ltrf k`ltrftt > df vbltb cb pr`cugts `u sbrvgkbs. Gd jfut cçkrgrb dbs fspbkts
tbkhlgqubs cu pr`cugt, df qufdg qufdgtç tç bt d `rgeglb cu pr`cugt, db v`dua v`duabb bt/`u df qufltgtç, db p`gcs, db a`cb a`cb c bamfddfeb. -
Db prgx > Cçtbraglbr db prgx cfls df cbvgsb kh`gsgb p`ur df jfkturftg`l (bur`,
c`ddfrs ). Db prgx bst fkk`apfelç cb d'glk`tbra qug cçtbraglb df rçpfrtgtg`l cbs jrfgs cb trflsp`rt, cbs cr`gts cb c`uflb, cb d'fssurflkb bt db a`ablt cu trflsjbrt cb pr`prgçtç ? db prgx ulgtfgrb bt db prgx t`tfd c`gvbl c`gvbltt îtrb prçkgsçs prçkgsçs.. -
Dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb pfgbablt > Yrçv`gr ul vbrsbablt c'fk`aptbs efrfltgssflt df
k`aaflcb, gd jfut prçv`gr ul a`cb cb rèedbablt qug fssurb ul afxgaua cb sçkurgtç fu vblcbur, ulb kdfusb cb rçsbrvb cb pr`prgçtç pr` prgçtç pbut îtrb glsçrçb cfls db k`ltr k`ltrft. ft. -
Dbs efrfltgbs > Bddbs c`gvblt îtrb cçtbraglçbs bl tbrabs c çtblcub bt cb curçb.
-
Db a`cb cb trflsp`rt > Kbdug-kg cçpblc cb df lfturb cb df afrkhflcgsb, df
cbstglftg`l,, bt df sçkurgtç. D glk`tbra cçtbraglb dbs `mdgeftg`ls cbstglftg`l `mdgeftg`ls rbspbktgvbs cbs pfrtgbs cu k`ltrft.
;5
Df dgvrfgs`l > Df cftb bt db dgbu cb khfrebablt cb df dgvrfgs`l c`gvblt îtrb cçtbraglçs.
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Cbs pçlfdgtçs cb rbtfrc pbuvblt pbuvblt îtrb cbaflcçbs cbaflcçbs pfr d fkhbtbur bl kfs cb l`l l`l rbspbkt cbs cçdfgs. -
Df Dfleub cu k`ltrft > Kbddb-kg c`gt îtrb afìtrgsçb pfr dbs cbux pfrtgbs.
-
Db trgmulfd k`apçtblt k` apçtblt bl kfs cb dgtgeb > Cçtbraglbr db cr`gt fppdgkfmdb p`ur db
rèedbablt cbs cgjjçrblcs cgjjçrblcs.. =.=.6.= Dbs c`kuablts cb prgx
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Df jfkturb pr` j`raf
K bst ulb `jj `jjrb rb k`aab k`aabrkgfdb rkgfdb `u uulb lb s`rtb cb cbvgs prçv`yflt df jfkturb cçjglgtgvb qug k`aprblc t`utbs dbs spçkgjgkgtçs lçkbssfgrbs (lfturb cbs pr`cugts, cbs prbstftg`ls, cçdfgs cb vfdgcg vfdgcgtç tç cb d `jj `jjrb rb ) bt qu qugg bst bst ccbs bstgl tglçb çb é d fkh fkhbtbu btburr qug bl f mb mbs`g s`gll p`ur p`ur `mtb `mtblg lgrr d fut`rgs fut`rgsftg ftg`l `l c gap`rtbr df afrkhflcgsb `u p`ur `mtblgr cbs cbvgsbs p`ur rçedbr sbs fkhfts. Kbttb jfkturb lb cbvgblt cbvgblt vçrgtfmdb k`ltrft k`ltrft qub sg d gap`rtftbur sgelgjgb ss`l `l fkk`rc bt sbrt eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdba blt bl kfs cb rèedbablt pfr Krbc`k cb c`kuablt cb c`agkgdgftg`l bt `uvbrturb cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt.
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Df jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb
K bst db c`kuablt cb mmfsb fsb qug k`lkrçtgsb df trflsfktg`l. L`l ssbudbablt budbablt bddb aftçrgfdgsb df krçflkb lçb cb df vbltb, afgs pbrabt fussg df vçrgjgkftg`l cb df k`rrbsp`lcflkb cbs kfrfktçrgstgqubs kfrfktçrgs tgqubs fux st stgpudftg`ls gpudftg`ls cb df k`aaflcb, d çtfmdgssbablt cb df cçkdfrftg`l cb s`rtgb bt fssurb db cçc`uflbablt cçc`uflbablt cbs afrkhflcgsbs é ccbstglftg`l. bstglftg`l. K bst ul c`kuablt glcgspblsfmdb glcgspblsfmdb p`ur db pfgbablt cbs afrkhflcgsbs afgs çefdbablt p`ur db kfdkud cbs cr`gts cr `gts bt tfxbs cfls db pfys gap`rtftbur. Bddb bst çtfmdgb d`rsqub df k`aaflcb f çtç pfssçb pfr db j`urlgssbur bt sb sumstgtub fd`rs é df jfkturb pr` j`raf. Df jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb c`gt rçp`lcrb é df dçegsdftg`l cbs pfys cbs cbux pfrtgbs > fkhbtburs bt bt vblcburs. Df jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb c`gt eçlçrfdbablt k`ap`rtbr >
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Gcbltgjgkftg`l cb d bltrbprgsb bxp`rtftrgkb ? L`a bt fcrbssb cb cb d fkhbtbur bt cu cbstglftfgrb cbstglftfgrb ? cftb bt luaçr` cb jfkturb ? ;8
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qufltgtç bt cçl`aglftg`l cbs pr`cugts pr` cugts ? prgx ulgtfgrb, db prgx HS, db k`ÿt cu k`ÿt cu trflsp`rt pfy pfyçç pfr d bxp`rtftbur, rçcuktg`l, rçcuktg`l, cftb cb rèedbablt
@l pbut fn`utbr é kbdf c futrbs glj`raftg`ls jfkudtftgvbs afgs j`rtbablt rbk`aaflcçbs > `rgeglb cbs afrkhflcgsbs, a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bt a`llfg a`llfgbb cb pfgbablt, glk`tbras, glk`tbras, a`ybls tbkhlgq tbkh lgqubs ubs cb rèed rèedbabl babltt (vgrbabl (vgrbablt,t, kkrçcg rçcgtt c`kua c`kuabltfg bltfgrb rb )
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Df jfkturb k`lsudfgrb
Bddb bst lçkbssfgrb lçkbssfgrb cfl cflss kbrtfgls pfy pfys. s. Gd s fegt s`gt c ulb jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb `u c ul j`raudfgrb é rbapdgr pfr d bxp`rtftbur j`urlg pfr ddbs bs sbrvgkbs k`lsudfgrbs p`ur fttbstbr bt futhbltgjgbr d `rgeglb bt ddff vfdbur cb df afrkhflcgsb. D Dff rçedba rçedbabltftg`l bltftg`l cu pfys cb cbstglftg`l pbut gap`sbr gap`sbr cbs abltg`ls sup suppdçabltfgrbs. pdçabltfgrbs.
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Df jfkturb pr`vgs`grb
Kb typb cb jfkturb bst çtfmdg pfr db vblcbur d`rsqu gd lb cgsp`sb pfs pfs cb d blsbamdb cbs çdçablts dug pbrabttflt c frrîtbr cès db cçpfrt dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb df jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb (cçjglgtgvb), `u d`rsqub d`rsqub d bxpçcgtg`l k`lkb k`lkbrlb rlb cbs afrkh afrkhflcgsbs flcgsbs c`l c`ltt kbrtfglbs kfrfktçrgs kfrfktçrgstgqubs tgqubs s`lt suskbptgmdbs cb khflebr bl k`urs c bxpçcgtg`l lçkbssgtflt cbs fnustbablts cb prgx. Bddb bst sugvgb `mdgeft`grbablt c ulb jfkturb k`aabrkgfdb.
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Df jfkturb c`uflgèrb
K bst ulb pgèkb sur ddfqubddb fqubddb df jfkturb k`aa k`aabrkgfdb brkgfdb bst rbp rbprgsb, rgsb, çtfmdgb çtfmdgb pfr d bxp`rtftbur sur ul gaprgaç gap`sç pfr d fcaglgstrftg`l cbs cc`uflbs `uflbs cu pfy pfyss gap`rtftbur p`ur db cçc`uflbablt cb df afrkhflcgsb. =.=.= Dbs a`cbs c'bxpçcgtg`l bt dbs c`kuablts cb trflsp`rt
Db trflsp`rt bst ul çdçablt strftçegqub qug abt bl vfdbur df k`apçtgtgvgtç cu vblcbur. Dbs bltrbprgsbs bxp`rtftrgkbs kh`gsgssblt dbur a`cb cb trflsp`rt bl j`lktg`l cu k`ÿt, cu cçdfg bt cb
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df sçkurgtç fuxqubds vgbllblt s'fn`utbr df df lfturb cu pr`cugt, sf qufdgtç bt db pfys cb d'fkhbtbur. Bl d'bspèkb, gd bxgstb 3 erflcs a`cbs c'bxpçcg c'b xpçcgtg`l tg`l bt cb k`ltrfts cb trflsp`rt > - Db trflsp`rt pfr abr bt df dbttrb cb k`llfgssbablt k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab. - Db trflsp`rt pfr fvg`l bt df dbttrb dbttr b cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl. - Db trflsp`rt pfr r`utb bt df dbttrb cb v`gturb KA]. - Db trflsp`rt pfr rfgds bt df dbttrb cb v`gturb KGA. - Db trflsp`rt k`amglç bt db c`kuabl c`kuabltt cb trflsp`rt audtga`cfd. =.=.=.6 Db trflsp`rt pfr abr bt db k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab
Db trflsp`rt afrgtgab rbstb, bl v`duab cb afrkhflcgsbs trflsp`rtçbs, db prbagbr a`ybl cb trflsp`rt utgdgsç cfls db a`lcb, bl pfrtgkudgbr p`ur dbs cbstglftg`ls d`gltfglbs. Cb t`us dbs a`ybls cb trflsp`rt, db trflsp`rt afrgtgab bst kbdug qug pbut khfrebr db pdus cb afrkhflcgsbs bl k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Db trflsp`rt afrgtgab bst prftgqubablt db sbud a`ybl çk`l`agqub p`ur trflsp`rtbr cb erflcs v`duabs cb afrkhflcgsbs bltrb cbs pfys çd`gelçs.== Db trflsp`rt afrgtgab, c`lt db cçvbd`ppbablt bst çtr`gtbablt dgç é kbdug cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd, cbaburb cb très d`gl db prglkgpfd a`cb cb trflsp`rt cbs afrkhfl afrkhflcgsbs cgsbs cfls db a`lcb. Bl `utrb, gd pbrabt cb cbssbrvgr pdusgburs z`lbs eç`erfphgqubs. eç`erfphgqubs. Lçfla`gls, gd prçsbltb cbs cçdfgs ppdus dus d`les bt lçkbssg lçkbssgtb tb cbs jrfgs cc'bamfddfeb 'bamfddfeb bt c'fssurflkb c'fssurflkb pdus `lçrbux. Db k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt bst bl eçlçrfd aftçrgfdgsç pfr ul c`kuablt cçl`aaç k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab (Mgdd `j dfcgle).
Db k`llfgssbablt bst ulb pgèkb çtfmdgb bt sgelçb pfr db trflsp`rtbur (kfpgtfglb cu lfvgrb) `u ul feblt cuablt cuablt aflcftç fttbs fttbstflt tflt d bxpçcgtg`l cbs a afrkhflcgsbs frkhflcgsbs fu afxgaua afxgaua 38 hburbs fprès dbur dbur agsb é mm`rc. `rc. K bst c`lk ddff prbuvb c bamfrqubablt cb df afrkhflcgsb. Db k`llfgssbablt bst é df j`gs > - ul rçkçpgssç c bxp bxpçcgtg çcgtg`l `l rbags é d bxpçcg bxpçcgtbur. tbur. - ul k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt trflsp`rt bltrb d bxp`rtftbur bt df k`ap k`apfelgb felgb cb lfvgeftg lfvgeftg`l `l c`lt dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb trflsp`rt s`lt rbprgsbs fu vbrs`.
==
Yfsk`. K «
k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ p 27
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- Rl tgtrb cb pr`prgçtç trfls trflsagssgmdb agssgmdb pfr v`gb c blc`s qug pbrabt fu vblcbur cb efrcbr db k`ltródb sur df afr kkhflcgsb hflcgsb nusqu é cbssfgsgssbablt k`ltrb pfgbablt. pfgbablt. Gd pbut îtrb çtfmdg > - « F pbrs`llb cçl`aaçb ¿ (k`lsgelbc `r strfgeht M/D) > `l cgt fd`rs qu gd bst l`aglftgj bt sbudb df pbrs`llb glcgquçb pbut prblcrb dgvrfgs`l cb df afrkhflcgsb. C`lk gd l bst pfs trflsagssgmdb pfr v`gb c blc`s. - « F `rcrb ¿ c ulb pbrs`llb l`aaçablt cçsgelçb (t` `rcbr), gd bst c`lk trflsagssgmdb pfr v`gb c blc`s pfr df pbrs`llb é d `rcrb cb dfqubddb gd f çtç çags fu pr`jgt c ul mçlçjgkgfg mçlçjgkgfgrb, rb, bt k bst eçl eçlçrfd çrfdbabl babltt df mflqub mflqub qug d blc`ssb blc`ssb fu pr`jg pr`jgtt cb d gap`rtftbur p`ur p`uv`gr p`uv`gr rbtgrbr sf sf afrkh afrkhflcgsb. flcgsb. - « fu p`rtbur ¿ (t` mbfrbr) > trflsagssgmdb pfr sgapdb rbagsb bt kbdug qug db cçtgblt bst pr`prgçtfgrb cb df afrkhflcgsb. Gd bst é l`tbr qub kbttb j`rab bst bxtrîabablt rfrb kfr bddb prçsbltb ul rgsqub cb pbrtb `u cb v`d. Db k`llfgssbablt sb kfrfktçrgsb pfr df pdurfdgtç c bxbapdfgrbs kfr gd bst c usfeb usfeb cb d çabttrb çabttrb bl cbux, tr`gs bt aîab quftrb quftrb bxbapdfgrbs lçe`kg lçe`kgfmdbs. fmdbs. D blsbamdb cb kbs k`llfgssbablts k`llfgssbablts k`lstgtub « ul nbu k`apdbt cb k`llfgssbablt ¿. Gd bst gap`rtflt cb l`tbr qub db k`cb cb k`aabrkb fdeçrgbl fdeçrgbl prçv`gt fu a`gls cbux `rg `rgeglfux, eglfux, ul p`ur db khfrebablt khfrebablt bt d futrb p`ur db kfpgtfglb afgs ul sbud bxbapdfgrb sujjgt p`ur rbtgrbr df afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsb.. Cbs abltg`ls spçkgfdbs pbuvblt k`apdçtbr db k`llfgssbablt é sfv`gr >
« @l m`frc ¿ (é m`rc) m`rc) fttbstflt d bamfrqubabl bamfrqubabltt rçbd cb df afrkhfl afrkhflcgsb. cgsb.
« ]bkbgvbc j`r shgpbablt) (rbåu p`ur îtrb khfreç) fttbstflt df prgsb bl khfreb cb df
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afrkhflcgsb pfr df k`apfelgb cb lfvgeftg`l afgs pfs sf agsb é m`rc bjjbktgvb d`rs cb df cçdgvrflkb cu k`llfgssbablt. k`llfgssbablt.
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« Rlkdbfl, cgrty `r j`ud ¿ (fvbk rçsbrvb) cfls db kfs cb cçtbktg`l c ul cçjfut sur df afrkhflcgsb,, bt db rb afrkhflcgsb rbjus jus cu kfpgtfglb cb lfvgrb cb sf agsb é m`rc.
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« L`tgjy ¿ (prgèrb c fvgsbr) > `mdgeftg`l c fvgsbr dbs fyflts ccr`gt r`gt d`rs cb d frrgvçb cb d bxp bxpçcg çcgtg`l tg`l..
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« judd sbt ¿ (nbu k`apdbt) fvbk prçkgsg`l cu l`amrb c bxbapdfgrbs `rgeglfux bt k`pgbs k`lstgtufltt db c`ssgbr. k`lstgtufl
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«Sthr`ueht
mgdd`j
dfcgle ¿
(k`llfgssba (k`llfgssbablt blt
cgrbkt)
çtfmdg
p`ur
pdusgburs
trflsm`rcbablts trflsm`rcbabl ts p`ssgmdbs vgf t` t`ut ut p`rt `u ` u futrb a`ybl cb trflsp`rt.
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« Cgrbkt mgdd `j dfcgle ¿ (sfls (sfls trflsm`rcbablt) gltbrcgsflt t`ut trflsm`rcbablt bl k`urs cu v`yfeb.
Cbs j`rabs spçkgfdbs cu k`llfgssbablt k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab pbuvblt pbuvblt îtrb utgdgsçbs >
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Db k`llfgssbablt cb khfrtb pfrtgb (khfrtbr pfrty)
K bst uull kk`l `ltrf trftt c fjjrètbablt cb t`ut `u ulb pfrtgb c ul lfvgrb k`lkdu fvbk df k`apfelgb cb lfvgeftg`l. Gd bst prglkgpfdbablt utgdgsç sg df afrkhflcgsb, bt bl rfgs`l cb s`l gap`rtflkb `u sf lfturb, lb pbut îtrb trflsp`rtçb sur ulb dgelb rçeudgèrb. Kb typb cb k`llfgssbablt lb pbut îtrb fkkbptç qub sg db Krbc`k d fut`rgsb bx bxprbssçablt. prbssçablt. Df mflqub l bst pfs tblub c bxfaglbr dbs k`llfgssbablts cb khfrtb pfrtgb aîab sg dbur prçsbltftg`l bst rbqugsb pfr dbs tbrabs cu krçcgt.=;
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Df dbttrb cb trflsp`rt afrgtgab l`l lçe`kgfmdb
Bddb prçsbltb dbs aîabs kfrfktçrgstgqubs cu k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab, sbudbablt bddb lb k`ap`rtb fukul cr`gt cb cgsp`sgtg`l sur df afrkhflcgsb, bddb l bst qu ul tgtrb cb trflsp`rt. =.=.=.= Db trflsp`rt pfr fvg`l bt df dbttrb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl
D'gltçrît cu trflsp`rt fçrgbl, k'bst sf rfpgcgtç bt sf sçkurgtç. Bl k`ltrbpfrtgb, db k`ÿt bst pdus çdbvç afgs df rfpgcgtç pbrabt cbs dgvrfgs`ls jrçqubltbs. Db k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt bst aftçrgfdgsç pfr df dbttrb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl (Fgr wfy Mgdd) (DSF). D bxpçcgtg`l cb df a afrkhflcgsb frkhflcgsb pfr fvg fvg`l `l c`llb c`lk dgbu é k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt aftçrgfdgsç pfr ulb dbttrb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl fçrgbl,, fppbdç fussg k`llfgssbabl k`llfgssbabltt fçrgbl. Kb c`kuablt bst ul sgapdb rçkçpgssç c bxpçcgtg`l çags bl tr`gs `rgeglfux s`us j`rab l`aglftgvb pfr ulb k`apfelgbb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl `u s`l rbprçsbl k`apfelg rbprçsbltflt. tflt. Gd l bst pfs c`lk trflsagssgmdb pfr bl blc`s. c`s.=3 -
gd jfgt df prbuvb cu k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt bt ul rbåu cb df afrkhflcgsb, afgs é d'glvbrsb cu k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab, l'bst pfs lçe`kgfmdb bt lb rbprçsbltb pfs df afrkhflcgsb.
=;
Frtgkdb =2 cbs ]RR
=3
K`lvbltg`l cb Zfrs`vgb cu 6=/69/67=7 rçegssflt db
trflsp`rt fçrgbl. 3=
- gd bst çtfmdg pfr d'bxpçcgtbur d'bxpçcgtbur afgs, é df cbaflcb cb kb cbrlgbr bt s`us sf rbsp`lsfmgdgtç, rbsp`lsfmgdg tç, db trflsp`rtbur trflsp`rtbur pbut d'çtfmdgr. -
gd bst eçlçrfdbablt çags bl ; bl ; bxbapdfgrbs `rgeglfux >
db 6br p`rtb df abltg`l « j`r kfrrgbr- p`ur db trflsp`rtbur ¿ bt bst sgelç pfr d'bxpçcgtbur.
db =lc p`rtb p` rtb df abltg`l « j`r k`lsgelbb ¿ (p` (p`ur ur db cbstglftfgrb) bt bst sgelç pfr
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d'bxpçcgtbur d'bxpçcg tbur bt db trflsp`rtbur.
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db tr`gsgèab p`rtb df abltg`l « j`r shgppbr ¿ (p`ur d'bxpçcgtbur), gd bst sgelç pfr db trflsp`rtbur bt rbags é d'bxpç d'bxpçcgtbur cgtbur fprès prgsb bl kh khfreb freb cb df afrkhflcgsb, afrkhflcgsb, k'bst kb typb c bxbapdfgrb qug bst utgdgsç cfls db kfcrb c'ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. - sbd`l df k`lvbltg`l cb Zfrs`vgb (6=/69/67=7) df afrkhflcgsb rbstb df pr`prgçtç cb d'bxpçcgtbur d'bxpçcg tbur nusqu'é sf rçkbptg`l pfr db cbstglftfgrb é d'frrgvçb. - Bljgl, df DSF k`uvrb dbs k`ltrfts s`us glk`tbras KYS, KGY, CCR, bt CCY.
=.=.=.; Db trflsp`rt pfr r`utb bt df dbttrb cb v`gturb gltbrlftg`lfdb KA]
D'gltçrît cb kb a`cb cb trflsp`rt rçsgcb cfls sf s`updbssb c'fcfptftg`l bt cfls sbs cçdfgs rbdftgvbablt k`urts (sbd`l d'çtft cbs gljrfstrukturbs r`utgèrbs bt cbs pr`kçcurbs c`uflgèrbs). Db k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt r`utgbr bst aftçrgfdgsç pfr df dbttrb cb v`gturb KA]. Bl bjjbt, db trflsp`rt r`utgbr gltbrlftg`lfd bst rçeg pfr df « K`lvbltg`l cb trflsp`rt cbs Afrkhflcgsbs pfr ]`utb ¿ sgelçb é Eblèvb db 67 afg 672: bt bltrçb bl vgeubur bl nugddbt 67:6. [bd`l d'frtgkdb 2 cb df cgtb k`lvbltg`l, df dbttrb cb v`gturb bst çtfmdgb bl ; bxbapdfgrbs `rgeglfux sgelçs pfr d'bxpçcgtbur bt db trflsp`rtbur c`lt db prbagbr bst rbags é d bxpçcgtbur, db sbk`lc fkk`apfelb dbs afrkhflcgsbs bt db tr`gsgèab k`lsbrvç pfr db trflsp`rtbur. - Bddb rbprçsbltb db k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt pfssç bltrb d'bxpçcgtbur bt db trflsp`rtbur, fglsg qu ul rbåu cbs afrkhflcgsbs. - Bddb lb rbprçsbltb pfs df afrkhflcgsb bt cb kb jfgt l'bst pfs ul pfpgbr vfdbur (l`l lçe`kgfmdb). - Bljgl, bddb k`uvrb dbs k`ltrfts s`us glk`tbras BXU, KYS bt KGY. =.=.=.3 Db trflsp`rt pfr rfgd bt df dbttrb cb v`gturb KGA
K'bst ul typb cb trflsp`rt fcfptç fux d`leubs d`leubs cgstflkbs bt fux t`llfebs gap`rtflts. Gd bst fussg jfv`rfmdb fu cçvbd`ppbablt cu trflsp`rt k`amglç bt fssurb db rbspbkt cbs cçdfgs t`ut bl
3;
pbrabttflt ulb m`llb m`llb jdugcgtç cu trfjgk=2 . Db c`kuablt cb trflsp`rt utgdgsç bl trfjgk jbrr`vgfgrb jbrr` vgfgrb bst df dbttrb cb v`gturb KGA (K`lvbltg`l (K`lvbltg`l Gltbrlftg`lfdb Gltbrlftg`lfdb cb Afrkhflcgsbs). - Gd jfgt df prbuvb cb df k`lkdusg`l cu k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt bt rbprçsbltb ul rbåu cb df afrkhflcgsb. - Gd c`gt îtrb çtfmdg pfr d'bxpçcgtbur qug fssuab fd`rs df t`tfdb rbsp`lsfmgdgtç cb d'bxfktgtucb cbs glj`raftg`ls y jgeurflt. -
Gd sb prçsbltb s`us df j`rab c'ul cupdgkftf cÿablt bstfapgddç (kbrtgjgç) pfr db murbfu cb df efrb efrb bxpçcgtrgkb cb df k`apfelgb cbs khbagls cb jbr nusqu'é nusqu'é kb qub df afrkhflcgsb lb s`gt rbtgrçb é df efrb c'frrgvçb pfr db cbstglftfgrb, bddb rbstb df pr`prgçtç cb d'bxpçcgtbur. d'bxpçcgtbur.
]çegb pfr df k`lvbltg`l cb ]`ab 67;;, db cupdgkftf cb df dbttrb cb v`gturb gltbrlftg`lfdb bst ul rçkçpgssç c bxpçcgtg`l cbs afrkhflcgsbs pfr v`gb jbrrçb. Gd bst çtfmdg bl sgx bxbapdfgrbs `rgeglfux `rgeg lfux é d fcrbs fcrbssb sb c ulb pbrs`llb cçl`aaçb bt lb pbut c`lk îtrb trflsagssgmdb pfr blc`ssbablt. Db mflqugbr pbut fd`rs k`lsbrvbr s`l cr`gt sur df afrkhflcgsb bl bxgebflt dbur bxpçcgtg`l bl s`l l`a. =: Df k`lvbltg`l afrkhflcgsb r`utb cgtb (KA]) çtfmdgb é Eblèvb db 67/9;/672: f prçvu ul j`raudfgrb typb fppbdç dbttrb cb v`gturb gltbrlftg`lfdb fu aîab tgtrb qub df dbttrb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl bt db cupdgkftf cb dbttrb cb v`gturb gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdb. b. =.=.=.2 Db trflsp`rt k`amglç bt dbs c`kuablts cb trflsp`rt audtga`cfd
Db trflsp`rt k`amglç cçsgelb d'bapd`g sukkbssgj cb cbux `u pdusgburs a`cbs cb trflsp`rt (fçrgbl, afrgtgab...) p`ur d'fkhbaglbablt c'ul blv`g cb afrkhflcgsbs? afrkhflcgsbs? Df k`amglfgs`l pbut sb jfgrb sbd`l pdusgburs a`cfdgtçs (rfgd-r`utb, r`utb-abr, r`utb-fgr...) afgs cfls t`us dbs kfs bst rbprçsbltçb pfr ul ulgqub c`kuablt `u k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt, db c`kuablt cb trflsp`rt k`amglç,
« k`amglbc Srflsp`rt Mgdd `j Dfcgle), fppbdç jfagdgèrbablt
db « p`rtb é p`rtb ¿ `u « c`r t` c`r ¿, qug bst ul c`kuablt k`uvrflt fu a`gls cbux a`cbs cb trflsp`rt (trflsp`rt audtga`cfd), gd k`aprblc pfr bxbapdb bl pdus cu trfnbt afrgtgab db
Faafr. F «Dbs sçkurgtçs cb pfgbablts cfls db k`aabrkb a`lcgfd> d bxbapdb cbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs c`kuabltfgrbs ¿, Y 5= =2
=:
Frtgkdb =3 cbs ]RR
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khfre khfrebab bablt lt é d usg usglb lb cb d bxp bxp`rtf `rtftb tbur ur bt df dgvrfgs`l é cbstglftg`l. Gd f dbs aîabs kfrfktçrgstgqubs kfrfktçrgs tgqubs qub db k`llfgssbabl k`llfgssbabltt afrgtgab=5. Kb c`kuablt c`kuablt k`ljèrb ul cr`gt cb efeb é s`l p`rtbur, s gd bst lçe`kgfmdb. lçe`kgfmdb. Gd fttbstb qub df afrkhflcgsb f çtç rbagsb fu trflsp`rtbur `u é s`l feblt, qug lb s'bl cbssfgsgrf qub k`ltrb rbagsb c'ul bxbapdfgrb cu k`llfgssbablt cb trflsp`rt k`amglç pfr ul p`rtbur. p`rt bur. D`rsqu igd jfgt gltbrvblgr ul k`llfgssbablt cb trflsp`rt audtga`cfd, db trflsp`rt k`amglç sb jfgt s`us glk`tbras KYS, KGY, CFJ, CCR, CCY. =.=.=.: Db rçkçpgssç p`stfd
Çtfmdg s`us j`rab l`aglftgvb pfr dbs sbrvgkbs cb df p`stb p`ur dbs bxpçcgtg`ls c`lt db p`gcs l bxkècb pfs =9Oe. Df mflqub pbut c`lk cbaflcbr qub df afrkhflcgsb s`gt bxpçcgçb é s`l fcrbssb. =.=.; Dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts c fssurflkb fssurflkb
Vubdqub qub s`gt db typb cb trflsp`rt utgdgsç, df afrkhflcgsb bst bxp`sçb é cbs rgsqubs qu gd k`lvgbltt cb k`uvrgr. Gd bxgstb cbux typbs cb p`dgkbs c fssurflkb sbd`l df jrçqublkb cbs blv`gs. k`lvgbl =.=.;.6 Df p`dgkb fu v`yfeb
Bddb bst k`lkdub k`lkdub fjjfgrb pfr fjjfgrb bt c`llb lfgssfl lfgssflkb kb é ulb p`dgkb p`dgkb c fssurflkb qug k`lstgtub db c`kuablt c`kuablt nustgjgkftgj qug prçkgsb p`gl p`gltt pfr p`glt d çtblcu cb df efrfltgb, dbs rgsqubs rgsqubs bxkdus bt bt dbs `mdgeftg`ls cbs pfrtgbs. pfrt gbs. =.=.;.= Df p`dgkb ed`mfdb
K bst uulb lb p`dgkb p`dgkb c fm`llbablt `u blk`rb p`dgkb jd`ttfltb qug prblc bl khfreb fut`aftgqubablt fut`aftgquba blt t`utbs dbs bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`ls tg`ls bjjbktuçbs p`ur db kk`aptb `aptb cb d fssurç. Khfqub bxpçcgtg`l c`gt îtrb cçkdfrçb é df k`apfelgb c fssu fssurflk rflkbb qug rbabt rbabt é d fssurç fssurç ul kbr kbrtgjgkft tgjgkft c fssurflkb dug sbrvflt cb nustgjgkftgj. Cfls db kfs cb k`uvbrturb c ulb qufltgtç cb afrkhflcgsb cçtbraglçb c`lt dbs bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`ls tg`ls s`lt jrfktg`llçbs, `l pfrdb c fssurfl fssurflkb kb é fdgabl fdgabltbr tbr `u d fssu fssurç rç glj glj`rab `rab d fssurbur fssurbur é khfqub khfqub bxpçcgtg`l pfr ul fvgs c fdgablt. =5
Frtgkdb 67 cbs ]RR 32
Bl kfs `u d fssu fssurflk rflkbb bst prgsb bl kh khfr fr eebb pfr ul trflsgtfgrb `u ul k`urtgbr `l pfrdb cb p`dgkb tgbrs khfrebur. Kb typb c fssurflkb l bst pfs dfrebablt fkkbptç sfuj stgpudftg`l cfls db
krçcgt. =.=.3 Futrbs c`kuablts =.=.3.6 Db kbrtgj kbrtgjgkft gkft c `r `rgegl geglbb
K bst ul c`kua c`kuablt blt çtfm çtfmdg dg pf pfrr d fcag fcaglgstrftg lgstrftg`l `l cbs cc`ufl `uflbs bs cu ppfys fys cb d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur `u eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdba blt df Khfamrb cb k`aabrkb p`ur fttbstbr fttbstbr d `rgeglb cb df afrkhflcgsb. afrkhflcgsb. Rlb fttbstftg`l c `rgeglb pbut îtrb fllbxçb é df jfkturb, gd sujjgt cb df jfgrb vgsbr pfr df khfamrb cu k`aabrkb, `l pfrdb fd`rs cb vgsf c `rgeglb. Gd bxgstb fussg ul kbrtgjgkft c `rgeglb k`lsudfgrb cçdgvrç pfr db db k`lsudft `u d famfssfcb cu pfys gap`rtftbur ffttbstflt ttbstflt df vfdgcgtç cu kbrtgjgkft c `rgeglb. =.=.3.= Df dgstb cb k`dgsfeb (pfogle dgst)
Bddb k`ap`rtb cbs cçtfgds prçkgs k`lkbrlflt dbs afrkhflcgsbs, dbs p`gcs, db k`lcgtg`llbablt, db v`d v`duab uab,, db k`l k`ltbl tbluu ccbb khf khfqub qub k`dg k`dgss =.=.3.; Df l`tb cb p`gcs
]bvîtflt ul kfrfktèrb `jjgkgbd, kb c`kuablt c`gt îtrb çags pfr ul `reflgsab `jjgkgbd `u ul pbsbur-nurç. Bddb Bddb rbprblc db p`gcs llbt bt bt db p`gcs mrut cbs a afrkhflcgsbs. frkhflcgsbs. =.=.3.3 Db kbrtgj kbrtgjgkft gkft c flfdys flfdysbb
Gd bst çtfmdg pfr ul dfm`rft`grb `u ul bxpbrt cçsgelç p`ur kbrtgjgbr qufltgtftgvbablt df afrkhflcgsb bxpçcgçb. =.=.3.2 Db kbrtgjgkft sflgtfgrb
Gd sb rfpp`rtb é kbrtfglbs afrkhflcgsbs k`abstgmdbs, gd bst çtfmdg pfr ul vçtçrglfgrb `u ul `reflgsab sflgtfgrb `jjgkgbd. Kb c`kuablt pbut k`lkbrlbr cbs flgafux a`rts `u vgvflts, `l pfrdb fd`rs cb kbrtgjgkft vçtçrglfgrb `u cbs pdfltbs, pdfltbs, jdburs jdburs jrugts `u sbablkbs sbablkbs bt k bst db kbrtgjgkft phyt`pfth`d`egqub `u phyt`sflgtfgrb qug bst ul kbrtgjgkft çtfmdg pfr ul `reflgsab
`jjgkgbd fttbstflt df m`llb qufdgtç cb df afrkhflcgsb.
3:
Gd bst é s`udgelbr qub kbttb dgstb l bst pfs bxhfustgvb kfr d gap`rtftbur pbut bxgebr cbs c`kuablts spçkgjgqubs sbd`l df lfturb lfturb cb df afrkhflcgsb, `u sbd`l df rçedbabltftg`l bl vgeubur rçegssflt dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur cfls s`l pfys. ;. Dbs glk`tbras ;.6 Cçjglgtg`l
Rlb j`gs df qubstg`l cu trflsp`rt rçedçb, gd bst krukgfd p`ur d'gap`rtftbur bt p`ur d'bxp`rtftbur cb sb abttrb c'fkk`rc sur ul kbrtfgl l`amrb c'çdçablts rbdftgjs é df ebstg`l `pçrftg`llbddb cb df trflsfktg`l. Bl jfgt gd s'fegt p`ur kbs pfrtblfgrbs cb sfv`gr « qug jfgt qu`g bt qug supp`rtb qu`g 0 ¿.
F kbt bjjbt df KKG f jgxç bl cbh`rs cb t`utb rçedbabltftg`l cbs rèedbs cbvflt
blkfcrbr dbs lçe`kgftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs ? kb s`lt dbs Glk`tbras. Dbs Glk`tbras, s`lt cbs tbrabs stflcfrcgsçs bt rbk`llus, qug pbrabttblt c çvgtbr cbs
afdbltblcus bt k`ljdgts bltrb kdgblt bt j`urlgssbur. Yumdgçs pfr df Khfamrb cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfdb (KKG), (KKG), dbur fkkbptftg`l bst très erflcb cfls db a`lcb a`lcb bltgbr vu qu gds rèedblt, cb aflgèrb sgapdb bt k`lkgsb, df rçfdgsftg`l tbkhlgqub cu trflsp`rt. Cfls kb kfcrb, ul rèedbablt très kdfgr k`lkbrlflt db trflsjbrt cbs k`ÿts bt cbs rgsqubs cb trflsp`rt cu vblcbur é d fkhbtbur bst çdfm`rç. çdfm`rç. Dbs Glk`tbra Glk`tbrass lb cçtbraglbl cçtbraglbltt qub kbrtfgls p`gl p`glts ts cu k`ltrft c'fkh c'fkhft. ft. Gds lb rbapdfkblt lg db k`ltrft c'fkhft lg dbs k`ltrfts cb trflsp`rt, c'fss c'fssurflkb urflkb bt cb jglflkbablt. Bdçablts bssbltgbds cb df d`egstgqub cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd, dbs « gltbrlftg`lfd k`aabrkgfd tbras =999 ¿ k`lstgtuçs cb 6; tbrabs t brabs cçsgelçs bl tr`gs dbttrbs cb df jfå`l sugvfltb > BXU .....JF[
[email protected]] ........KYS........s`lt db rçsudtft c'ul d`le trfvfgd cb k`cgjgkftg`l bjjbktuç cbpugs dbs fllçbs 89 pfr df khfamrb cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfdb. Dbur gltçrît rçsgcb cfls db jfgt qu'gds rbprçsbltblt ul dflefeb k`aaul cbs fkhbtburs bt vblcburs bl dbur pbrabttflt cb rbpfrtgr kdfgrbablt dbs `mdgeftg`ls, dbs k`ÿts bt dbs rgsqubs sur dbs afrkhflcgsbs pblcflt df pçrg`cb cb dbur fkhbaglbablt nusqu'é df dgvrfgs`l. Cfls df prftgqub, dbs glk`tbras glk`tbras s`lt rber`upçs cfl cflss cbux erfl erflcbs cbs jfagddbs > - dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb fu cçpfrt (Z /C) - dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb é d'frrgvçb (Z/F) ;.= Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb fu cçpfrt
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Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb fu cçpfrt j`lt supp`rtbr supp`rtbr pfr d'fkh d'fkhbtbur btbur (cfls ulb pdus `u ` u a`gls erflcb absurb) dbs khfrebs bt dbs rgsqubs dgçs fu f u trflsp`rt cbs afrkhflcgsbs. Db vblcbur utgdgsbrf ul cb kbs glk`tbras sg s`l `reflgsftg`l l'f l'f pfs df kfpfkgtç `reflgsftg`llbddb p`ur prblcrb bl khfreb db trflsp`rt, `u sg dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb prgx `u cb sçkurgtç cfls db pfys cb cbstglftg`l lb s`lt pfs sftgsjfgsfltbs. D'fkhbtbur qug lb cgsp`sb pfs c'bxpçrgblkb bl aftgèrb cb trflsp`rt dbs çvgtbrf quflt é dug. Dbs glk`tbras cb kbttb jfagddb s`lt dbs pdus k`urfaablt utgdgsçs cfls dbs vbltbs rçfdgsçbs pfr dbs YAB, qug cgsp`sblt rfrbablt cbs rbss`urkbs sujjgsfltbs p`ur fssurbr ul sbrvgkb cb trflsp`rt tr flsp`rt k`apdbt nusqu'é cbstglftg`l. @l rbtr`uvb hugt tbrabs cgjjçrblts cfls kbttb kftçe`rgb, é sfv`gr > BXU, JF[ , J@M, KJ] , KGJ, KYS , KGY
Y`urr d glk`tb Y`u glk`tbra ra BXU, df afrkhflcgsb bst bst agsb é cgsp`sg cgsp`sgtg`l tg`l cb d fkhbtbur pfr db vblcbur vblcbur cfls s`l ulgtç cb pr`cuktg`l, gd lb prblc c`lk fukulb rbsp`lsfmgdgtç sur db trflsp`rt. ;.; Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb é d'frrgvçb
Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb é d'frrgvçb .lb dgmèrblt db vblcbur cb sbs `mdgeftg`ls qub d`rsqub dbs afrkhflcgsbs frrgvblt é cbstglftg`l Dbs k`ÿts bt dbs rgsqubs dgçs fu trflsp`rt prglkgpfd s`lt é khfreb cu vblcbur. Db vblcbur cçkhfreb fglsg d'fkhbtbur cb t`utb t` utb ulb sçrgb c'`mdgeftg`ls bt cb rgsqubs, kb qug pbut k`lstgtubr ul bxkbddblt freuablt cb vbltb. Cb pdus, gd bst pfrj`gs prçjçrfmdb p`ur db vblcbu vblcburr cb rbstbr afì afìtrb trb cu trflsp`rt cb sbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs nusqu'é dbur dgvrfgs`l. Rlb cbs k`lsçqublkbs lçeftgvbs kbpblcflt cb d'utgdgsftg`l cbs glk`tbras cb kbttb jfagddb bst qub db a`ablt cb df dgvrfgs`l bt c`lk, s`uvblt, db a`ablt cu pfgbablt cu s`dcb cu prgx bst p`stp`sç é d'frrgvçb cbs afrkhflcgsbs é cbstglftg`l. Bl `utrb, kbs glk`tbras sbr`lt çvgtçs pfr db vblcbur s'gd lb cgsp`sb c'fukulb bxpçrgblkb bl aftgèrb cb trflsp`rt, l`tfaablt vbrs df cbstglftg`l vgsçb pfr d'glk`tbra. Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltbs é d'frrgvçb rber`upblt kglq tbrabs > CB[, CBV, CCR, CCY, CFJ
Y`urr d glk`tb Y`u glk`tbra ra CFJ 1 Cbdgvbrbc ft Jr`ltgbr (... lfabc pdfkb) - ]blcu Jr`ltgèrb (...dgbu k`lvblu) k`lvbl u) S`us a`cbs cb trflsp`rt, é k`lcg k`lcgtg`l tg`l qu'gd y fgt ulb jr`ltgèrb tbrrbstrb. Db vblcbur f rbapdg s`l `mdgeftg`l cb dgvrfgs`l quflc df afrkhflcgsb f çtç dgvrçb cçc`uflçb é d'bxp`rtftg`l, fu p`glt k`lvblu é df jr`ltgèrb cb s`rtgb afgs fvflt df jr`ltgèrb c`uflgèrb cu pfys c'bltrçb sugvflt. Gd gap`rtb c`lk cb t`un`urs cçjglgr df jr`ltgèrb bl qubstg`l bl prçkgsflt db p`glt bt db dgbu cfls db tbrab. Dbs jrfgs cb trflsp`rt bt dbs rgsqubs s`lt fssuaçs nusqu'é kbt
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blcr`gt pfr db vblcbur afgs gd l'f fukulb fuku lb `mdgeftg`l cb jfgrb fssurbr dbs afrkhflcgsbs. [fuj abltg`l k`ltrfgrb cfls db k`ltrft cb vbltb, vbltb, df afrkhflcgsb bst dgvrçb l`l cçkhfreçb pfr db vblcbur.
]çkfpgtudftg`l ]çkfpg tudftg`l cbs er`upbs c glk`tbras > Er`upb B 1< Cçpfrt
Glk`tbra c `mdgeftg`l aglgaua p` p`ur ur db vblcbur. Db BXU vblcbur abt dbs afrkhflcgsbs é df cgsp`sgtg`l cb d'fkhbtbur cfls s`l çtfmdgssbablt.
É d'usglb
Er`upb J 1< Srflsp`rt prglkgpfd l`l fkqugttç
Db vblcbur l fssuab pfs dbs rgsqubs bt dbs k`ÿts cu trflsp`rt prglkgpfd prglkgpfd.. Gd rbabt dbs afrkhflcgsbs é ul trflsp`rtbur cçsgelç pfr d'fkhbtbur.
JKF JF[ J@M
Jrflk` trflsp`rtbur Jrflk` db d`le cb lfvgrb Jrflk` é m`rc cu lfvgrb
Er`upb K 1< Srflsp`rt prglkgpfd fkqugttç
Db vblcbur fssuab dbs k`ÿts cu trflsp`rt prglkgpfd afgs l fssuab pfs dbs rgsqubs bt dbs jrfgs suppdçabltfgrbs p`ur khfrebablt khfrebablt `u bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`l. tg`l.
KJ] KGJ KYS
K`ÿt bt jrbt K`ÿt, Fssurflkb bt Jrbt Y`rt pfyç nusqu é 37
KGY
Y`rt pfyç, fssurflkb k`aprgsb nusqu é
Er`upb C 1< Frrgvçb
Db vblcbur fssuab t`us dbs k`ÿts bt rgsqubs nusqu'é cbstglftg`l.
CFJ CB[ CBV CCR CCY
]blcu jr`ltgèrb ]blcu bx shgp (mftbfu cu p`rt c frrgvçb) ]blcu é qufg ]blcu cr`gts l`l fkqugttçs ]blcu cr`gts fkqugttçs
Bl rçsuaç, D`rs cb d'utgdgsftg`l c'ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb `u c'ulb rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb k`aab a`ybl cb pfgbablt cb df trflsfktg`l, gd bst gap`rtflt cb sb rçjçrbr fux glk`tbras cb vbltb fu cçpfrt c'futflt qub kbs cbrlgbrs pbrabttblt fu vblcbur c'bxçkutbr sbs `mdgeftg`ls cfls s`l pfys bt cb kb jfgt c'`mtblgr sur pdfkb dbs c`kuablts lçkbssfgrbs é df rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt. Bl bjjbt, gd sbrf jfstgcgbux p`ur db vblcbu vblcbur, r, c'fkk`apfelbr df afrkhflcgsb cfls db pfys cb d'gap`rtftbur, cb df cçc`uflbr, cb df abttrb é df cgsp`sgtg`l cb d'fkhbtbur, p`ur blsugtb rbvblgr cfls s`l pfys p`ur prçsbltbr dbs c`kuablts `mtblus p`ur d'utgdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. [bktg`l ; > D blvgr`llba blvgr`llbablt blt jglflkgbr jglflkgbr
Df vbltb cb afrkhflcgsbs bt df j`urlgturb cb prbstftg`ls é cbs `pçrftburs ` pçrftburs çtrflebrs k`ap`rtblt k`ap`rtblt cbs rgsqubs suppdçabltfgrbs pfr rfpp`rt fu k`aabrkb gltbrlb. Cfls ul k`ltrft c bxp`rtftg`l, gds pbuvblt pbuvblt fddbr cb d fkqugsgtg`l cb aftgèrb pprbagèrb rbagèrb é df jfmrgkftg`l bt é d bltrbp`sfeb cbs cbs afrkhflcgsbs,, bl pfssflt pfr df dgvrfgs`l é ulb cftb cçtbraglçb bt fu pfgbablt. afrkhflcgsbs pfgbablt. L`trb `mnbktgj bst c flfdysbr kbs rgsqubs pr`prbs é d bxp`rtftg`l bt cb abttrb bl çvg çvgcblkb cblkb dbs a`ybls a`ybls cb sfuvbefrcbr sfuvbefrc br dbs gltçrîts cu vblcbur vblcbur bt cb d fkhbtbur. 6. Dbs rgsqubs rgsqubs lçs c ulb trflsfktg`l trflsfktg`l gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdbb
Cfls dbs trflsfktg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs, tbd qub rbtrfkç r btrfkç prçkçcbaabl prçkçcbaablt,t, dbs rgsqubs fueabltblt cu jfgt qub d fkhbtbur bs bstt pdus cgjjgkgdba cgjjgkgdbablt blt é a aîab îab c çvfdubr df krçcgmgdgtç bt df s`dvfmgdgtç c ul pfrtblfgrb çtrflebr çtrflebr qub kb l bst db kfs cfl cflss db k`aabrkb fv fvbk bk ul j`urlgssbur j`urlgssbur d`kfd. Y`ur d fkhbtbur gd gap`rtb fvfl fvfltt t`ut qub s`gblt bxçkutçs dbs sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs `jjbrts tflcgs qub db vblcbur sb s`ukgb bl prbagbr dgbu cu pfgbablt p`lktubd.
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Kbkg bst bst fussg vvfdfmd fdfmdbb p`ur d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftb tbur, ur, qug bl pdus cbs rgsqubs glhçrblts fu trflsp`rt dugaîab, bl k`urt kbdug cb lb pfs rbk`uvr ggrr sf krçflkb (rgsqub c gls`dvfmgdg gls`dvfmgdgtç). tç). [fls pfrdbr cb df cgjjgkudtç c çvfdubr bxfktbablt dbs rgsqu r gsqubs bs pfys (p`dgtgqubs, a`lç a`lçtfgrb, tfgrb, cb trflsjbrt ). Bljgl dbs cbux pfrtblfgrbs s`lt s`uvblt bxp`sçs fux rgsqubs cb afrkhç dgçs é fux jduktuftg`ls cb df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bt cbs tfux c gltçrît bl kfs cb jglflkbablt bxtbrlb cb d `pçrftg `pçrftg`l. `l. 6.6 Db rgsqub cb jfmrgkftg`l
Yfud Cupgl cb [fglt Kyr cfls s`l `uvrfeb « dbs tbkhlgqubs cu pfgbablt cfls dbs k`ltrfts cb vbltb é d çtrflebr ¿ cçjglgt db rgsqub cb jfmrgkftg`l k`aa k`aabb çtflt « kbdug qu qubb prblc db vblcbur d`rsqub fyflt fyflt rbåu df k`aafl k`aaflcb, cb, gd k`aablkb bt p`ursug p`ursugtt d bxçkutg`l cu k`l k`ltrft trft nusqu fu p`glt stgpudç pfr dbs ttbrabs brabs cb pfgbablt k`aab çt çtflt flt kbdug fuqubd gd bst b st bl cr`gt cr` gt c bxgebr db pfgbablt.t. ¿ pfgbabl Kbttb cçjglgtg`l a`ltrb qub db rgsqub cb jfmrgkftg`l bst prçsblt cès db cçmut c bxçkutg`l cu k`ltrft bt cgspfrfgt fu a`ablt `u lfgt df krçflkb. Kb rgsqub fppbdç k`urfaablt rgsqub c gltbrruptg`l cu a afrkhç frkhç rçsudtb cb df jfgddgtb jfgddgtb cb d fkhbtbur prgvç (rgsqub k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd)) `u mgbl sugtb é df ccçjfgddflkb çjfgddflkb c ul fkhbtbur pumdgk (cçkgsg`ls (cçkgsg `ls e`uvbrlba e`uvbrlbabltfdbs bltfdbs `u kftfstr`ph kftfstr`phbs bs lfturbddbs), `l pfrdb fd`rs cb rgsqub p`dgtgqub. 6.= Db rgsqub krçcgt
Db rgsqub krçcgt bst db rgsqub cb l`l pfgbablt c ulb krçflkb é s`l çkhçflkb, qug pbut tr`uvbr sf s`urkb s`urkb cfl cflss d gls gls`dvfmg `dvfmgdgtç dgtç ccbb d fkhbtbur fkhbtbur çtrf çtrfleb lebr. r. K bst fu a`abl a`abltt `u df kr krçflk çflkbb cu vblcburr sur d fkhbtbur bst lç vblcbu lçbb qub k`aabl k`aablkb kb kb rgsqub llçkbssgtflt çkbssgtflt ulb k`uvb k`uvbrturb. rturb. 6.; Db rgsqub pfys
Dbs vbltbs vbltbs é d çtrflebr sb cgs cgstgleublt tgleublt çefdbablt cb kbd kbddbs dbs bjjbktuçbs sur sur db afrkhç d`kfd pugsqu bddbs `mdgeblt é tblgr k`aptb cb df sgtuftg`l jglflkgèrb, çk`l`agqub bt s`kg` p`dgtgqub cu pfys pfys cb d fkh fkhbtbur. btbur. Cbux çdçablts çdçablts pbuvblt îtrb é d `rgeglb cb df lfgssfl lfgssflkb kb cb kb rgsqub rgsqub é sfv`gr >
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- Dbs rgsqubs p`dgtgqubs bt s`kg` p`dgtgqubs rbdftgjs fux rbstrgktg`ls bt fktg`ls frmgtrfgrbs cbs p`uv`grs pu mdgks `u dbs bjjbts c ulb fegtftg`l s`kgfdb `u p`dgtgqub (çabutbs, erèvbs, k`ups c Btfts .). - Dbs rgsqubs é kfrfktèrb bssbltgbddbablt jglflkgbrs `u çk`l`agqubs qug bapîkhblt db trflsjbrt cu pr`cugt cb df vbltb `u db rbam`ursbablt rbam`ursbablt cu prît k`lsbl k`lsbltg tg é kbt bjjbt. Kb rgsqub pbut pbut sb aflgjbstbr pfr bx bxbapdb bapdb sug sugtb tb é d glsujjgsflkb cbs cbs rçsbrvbs cb khfleb, é ulb cçvfduftg`l `u glk`lvbrtgmgdgtç cb df a`llfgb lftg`lfdb, é df rbk`lvbrsg`l rbk`lvbrsg `l cb df cbttb bxtçrgburb `u glstfurftg`l c ul k`ltródb cb khfleb. Fglsg, dbs fegtftg`ls p`dgtgqubs pbuvblt fv`gr cbs rbt`amçbs jglflkgèrbs `u çk`l`agqubs sg bddbs k`apr`abttblt dbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs bt jglflkgèrbs. jglflkgèrbs. @l sb rblc k`aptb k`aptb c`lk qub d flfdysb cu rgsqu rgsqubb pfys c`gt jfgrb gl gltbrvblgr tbrvblgr ul dfreb çvbltfgd çvbltfgd cb jfktburs s`kgfux, s`kgfux, p`dgtgqubs fcagl fcaglgstrftgjs, gstrftgjs, çk`l`agqub çk`l`agqubss bt jglflkgbrs qub d `pçrftbur çk`l`agqub c`gt prblcrb bl k`lsgcçrftg`l d`rs cb s`l blefebablt cfls ulb trflsfktg`l é d çtrflebr. Kbttb flfdysb flfdysb c`gt t`ukhbr ul blsbamdb cb p`glts p`glts qug k`lstgtublt cbs çdçablts çdçablts c çvfduftg`l cb kb rgsqub tbd qub prftgquç pfr cbs feblkbs spçkgfdgsçbs cfls df l`tftg`l cbs pfys, kbs p`glts p`glts s`lt > - D blvgr`llbablt çk`l`agqub çk`l`agqub j`lcfabl j`lcfabltfd tfd cu pfys, s`l p`tbltgbd cb cçvbd`ppbablt bt dbs rbss`urkbs huafglbs c`lt gd cgsp`sb é kbt bjjbt. - Df qufdgtç cb ebstg`l çk`l`agqub bt jglflkgèrb cu pfys. - Df sgtuftg`l jglflkgèrb bxtçrgburb cu pfys, bl pfrtgkudgbr pfrt gkudgbr sf mfdflkb cbs pfgbablts, db a`ltflt a`ltflt cb sbs rçs rçsbrvbs brvbs cb kh khfle fleb, b, d fapdbur fapdbur bt d çkhçflkb çkhçflkb cb cb sf cbttb bxtçrgburb bt sf kfpfkgtç c baprultbr sur dbs afrkhçs gltbrlftg`lfux. - Df sgtuftg`l s`kg` p`dgtgqub cu pfys kfr bl kfs b khflebablt c `rgbltftg`l p`dgtgqub, kbdf lb c`gt pfs k`apr`abttrb lg db cçvbd`ppbablt, lg db k` k`aabrkb aabrkb cu pfys bl tbrabs cb pfgbabl pfgbablts ts bxtçrgburs bt cb p`sgtg`l p`sgtg`l cb cbvgsb cbvgsbs. s. 6.3 Db rgsqub cb tfux cb khfleb 6.3.6 Yrglkgpb cu ]gsqub cb khfleb
@l fppbddb rgsqub cb khfleb, db rgsqub cb pbrtb cb kfpgtfd dgç fux vfrgftg`ls juturbs cu tfux cb khfleb, gd fppfrfgt d`rsqub df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l cu k`ltrft bst bl a`llfgb çtrfleèrb.
2=
Dbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs bl cbvgsbs cbvgsbs s`lt s`uagsbs fu rgsqub cb khfleb. Dbs k`tftg`ls cbs k`urs cbs a`llfgbs vfrgblt bl pbraflblkb pbraflblkb sur db afrkhç cbs khflebs=8. Bl j`lktg`l cb df df cbvgsb utgdgsçb, d `pçrftbur pbut blrbegstrbr blrbegstrbr ulb mfgssb cb sf afreb k`aabrkgfdb,, sg df tr k`aabrkgfdb trflsf flsfktg`l ktg`l bst rçfdgsçb cfls df a a`llfgb `llfgb cb d bltrbprgsb çtrfleèrb fvbk fvbk qug gd bjjbktub sbs `pçrftg`ls ` pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs k`aabrkgfdbs.. Fu k`ltrfgrb, sg df df trflsfktg`l bs bstt rçfdgsçb cfls ssff a`llfgb, k bst sf k`ltrbpfrtgb qug s bxp`sb fu rgsqub cb khfleb. Db k`urs cb khfleb fu a`ablt cu rèedbablt sbrf cgjjçrblt cu k`urs cb khfleb fu a`ablt cb df jfkturftg`l pugsqub dbs trflsfktg`ls c gap`rt-bxp`rt k`ap`rtblt eçlçrfdba eçlçrfdbablt blt
cbs cçdfgs bltrb kbs cbux a`ablts. Yblcflt kbs cçdfgs, dbs jduktuftg`ls cb khfleb pbuvblt fjjbktbr sblsgmdbablt db a`ltflt cbs pfgbablts k`lvbrtgs bl a`llfgb lftg`lfdb.
6.3.= Dbs fspbkts cu rgsqub cb khfleb
Db rgsqub cb khfleb rbvît pdusgburs sbls > 6.3.=.6 Db rgsqub cb khfleb cb trflsfktg`l
D`rsqu ulb bltrbprgsb bxp`rtftrgkb prçsbltb cbs jfkturbs dgmbddçbs bl cbvgsbs, bddb sb tr`uvb bl rgsqub fdçft`grb cb khfleb. Fglsg fprès lçe`kgftg`l, bt sg ul k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd bst sgelç, kbttb bltrbprgsb bst bxp`sçb fu rgsqub cb khfleb kbrtfgl bltrb db a`ablt cb df sgelfturb cu k`ltrft bt df cftb cb pfgbablt bjjbktgj. Cb aîab ulb bltrbprgsb gap`rtftrgkb k`urt ul rgsqub cb khfleb kbrtfgl bltrb db a`ablt cb jfkturftg`l bt df cftb cb rèedbablt cb kbttb jfkturb. Yfr k`lsçqublt, db rgsqub cb khfleb cfls kb kfs rçsudtb c ulb trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb fvbk d çtrfl çtrfleb ebr. r. 6.3.=.= Db rgsqub cb khfleb cb k`ls`dgcftg`l
Kb rgsqub cçk`udb eçlçrfdbablt cbs glvbstgssbablts cgrbkts çtrflebrs. Bl bjjbt d`rs cb df k`ls`dgcftg`l k`ls`dgcftg `l cbs mgdfls, d fktgj lbt bxprgaç bl a`llfgb a`llfgb lftg`lfdb vvfrgb frgb bl j`lktg`l cb d çvfduftg`l cb df vvfdbur fdbur cb df df a`ll a`llfgb fgb cu pfys cfl cflss dbqubd d glvbstgssbablt glvbstgssbablt bst dd`kfdgsç. `kfdgsç.
=8 Afrkhç
surr dbqubd s çkhfleblt cbs cbvgsbs k`lvbrtgmdbs su k`lvbrtgmdbs dbs ulbs k`ltrb dbs futrbs futrbs bt s çtfmdgssblt dbs k`urs cb khfleb. [ur kb afrkhç `l cgstgleub db k`apfrtgablt k`apfrtgablt cu khfleb fu k`aptflt bt kbdug cu khfleb é tbrab.
2;
6.3.=.; Db rgsqub cb khfleb çk`l`agqub çk`l`agqub
Kb rgsqub sb aflgjbstb sugtb fux vfrgftg`ls vfrgft g`ls cbs k`urs cb khfleb rçpbrkutçbs sur dbs k`ÿts cb pr`cuktg`l, dbs prgx é df k`ls`aa k`ls`aaftg`l, ftg`l, d dbs bs v`dua `duabs bs cb vbl bltb tbss 6.2 Db rgsqub rgsqub cb cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît 6.2.6 Fppr Fppr`khbs `khbs cu rgsqub rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît
Db rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît p`sb cf cfls ls d bltrbpr bltrbprgsb gsb c futrbs pr`mdèabs cgjjçrblts cb kbux dgçs fu rgsqub cb khfleb. Dbs jduktuftg`ls cbs tfux c gltçrît sb trfcugsblt pfr cbux typbs cb rgsqubs, k`lstgtuflt fglsg cbux fppr`khbs> - ]gsqub cb mgdfl qug bst df k`lsçqublkb c ulb çv`dutg`l cçjfv`rfmdb cbs tfux sur dbs fktgjs fktgjs `u sur ddbs bs cbttbs cb d bltrbprgsb. - ]gsqub c bxpd`gtftg`l qug rçsudtb cb d fd`urcgssbablt cbs khfrebs jjglflkgèrbs glflkgèrbs `u cb df mfgssb cbs pr`cugts pr` cugts jglflkgbrs. Df prbagèrb fppr`khb trfgtflt kb rgsqub k`aab ul rgsqub cb vfdbur mgdflkgbddb, fm`rcb db rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît bl tflt qub rgsqub cb trflsj`raftg`l dgçs fux p`stbs cu mgdfl. Kbdf k`lsgstb é rbkhbrkhbr ul pr`kbssus cb sçkurgsftg`l pbrabttflt cb cgsp`sbr cu k`tç cu pfssgj bt cb d fktgj fktgj c çdçablts cb aîab lfturb bl aftgèrb cb a`ltflt bt cb curçb a`ybllb. Df sbk`lcb fppr`khb k`lsgcèrb db rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît k`aab rgsqub cb rbvblu k'bst-é-cgrb qub d bltrbprgsb rbtgblt kb rgsqub k`aab ulb çvbl çvbltufdgtç tufdgtç c ulb hfussb cb sbs khfrebs jglflkgèrbs lbttbs c `÷ ul rgsqub cb cçpfssbablt sur db mucebt prçvu. Bl bjjbt, kb rgsqub sb trfcugt pfr ulb çv`dutg`l lçeftgvb bs tfux c gltçrît vfrgfmdbs fu k`urs cb df pçrg`cb k`rrbsp`lcflt fu mucebt cbs khfrebs jglflkgèrbs, gd k`lkbrlb fd`rs ul blsbamdb cb krçflkbs bt cb cbttbs kk`lk`urflt `lk`urflt fu rçs rçsudtft udtft cb d bltrbprgsb. D flfdysb c`gt c`gt fd`rs cgstgleubr bltrb çdçabl çdçablts ts é tfux c gltçrît jgxb, supp`sçs l`l rgsquçs, bt kbux é gltçrît vfrgfmdb qug rbdèvblt cbs cbttbs `u cbs pdfkbablts é a`ybl d`le tbrab glcbxçs sur dbs tfux cb afrkhç. Gd y f dgbu cb s`udgelbr, t`ut cb aîab, qub db tfux c gltçrît jgxb pbut bleblcrbr ul rgsqub cb pbrtb c `pp`rtulgtç é kfusb cb df jduktuftg`l cbs tfux c gltçrît é d`le tbrab.
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6.2.= Absur Absurbb cu rgsqub rgsqub cb tfux c gl gltçrît tçrît
Db rgsqub cb tfux bst j`lktg`l cb >
Df curçb cu prît `u cb d baprult bl cbvg cbvgsb sb çtrfleèrb ?
Db lgvbfu cbs tfux c `rgeglb ?
Df p`ssgmgdgtç cb kbssg`l cbs prîts bt cbs baprults.
µ
µ
µ
Jgeurb L¹ 96 > khr`l`d`egb khr`l`d`egb c ulb `pçrftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb bt prglkgpfux rgsqubs rgsqubs
]gsqub cb khfleb glkbrtfgl
]gsqub cb khfleb kbrtf kbrtfgl gl
@jjrb K`aaflcb Jfmrgkft Jfmrgkftg`l g`l
]çkbptg`l ]gsqub trflsp`rt
Yfgbablt
Bamfddfeb Bxpçcgtg`l
Blkfgssbablt
Yr`spbktg`l Cçdfg cb rèedbablt Sbaps ]gsqub cb pr`spbktg`l
Fvflt df k`aaflcb
]gsqub cb jfmrgkft jfmrgkftg`l g`l
]gsqub cb l`l pfgba pfgbablt blt ]gsqub pfys
cb df k`aaflcb é df dgvrfgs`l
]bsp`lsfmgdgtç kgvgdb cu pr`cugt ]bsp`lsfmgdgtç fprès df dgvrfgs`l
[`urkb [`urkb > « Aflfebabl Aflfebabltt cbs @pçrftg`ls cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ > Y =62.
=. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb cbs rgsqubs
Df k`uvbrturb k`ltrb ul rgsqub k`lsgstb é çdgaglbr d'glkbrtgtucb c'ulb çv`dutg`l glcçsgrfmdb, cb s`rtb é sb pr`tçebr cb t`utb çvbltubddb pbrtb cb vfdbur é tbrab fu a`ablt `÷ df trflsfktg`l c`gt s'bjjbktubr. =.6
D fssurfl fssurflkb kb krçcgt krçcgt é d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftg`l tg`l 22
Df prftgqu prftgqubb cb d fssu fssurflkb rflkb bbll aftg aftgèrb èrb cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur s bst cçvbd`ppçb cçvbd`ppçb cfls d blsbamdb cbs pfy pfyss gl glcustrgfdgsçs custrgfdgsçs fu k`urs cbs fllçbs qug `lt sugvg df cbuxgèab eubrrb a`lcgfdb. Bl qubdqubs fllçbs, dbs açkflgsabs açkflgsabs sb s`lt çdfregs p`ur qub dbur tbkhlgqub s`gt pfrjfgtbablt afgtrgsçb. afgtrgsçb. Cbs `reflgsabs spçkgfdgsçs s`lt lçs p`ur fssurbr cbs rgsqubs dgçs fux fdçfs kfrfktçrgsflt dbs k`ltrfts gltbrlftg`lfux qu ulb j`gs k`uvbrts, d fssurç p`urrf mmçlçjgkgbr çlçjgkgbr cb cb jglflkbablt jglflkbablt cbs çtfmdgssbablts çtfmdgssbabl ts cb krçcgt. Df cçjglgtg`l cçjglgtg`l cbs rgsqubs qub d fssurbur prbl prblcc bl kh khfreb freb k`ls k`lstgtub tgtub d çdçablt j`lcfabltfd j`lcfabltfd cu pr`mdèab cb d fssurflkb krçcgt. Gd s fegt c`lk cb spçkgjgbr dbs cgjjçrblts rgsqubs `mnbt cb df k`uvbrturb, kfr kbs rgsqubs bleblc bleblcrçs rçs pfr dbs trflsfktg`ls gl gltbrlftg`lfdbs tbrlftg`lfdbs s`lt é df mfsb cb df rçcfktg`l cb df p`dgkb c fssurflkb k`uvrflt dbs `mdgeftg`ls qub db k`ltrft trflsjèrb é d fkhbtbur. [g kbs `mdg `mdgeftg`ls eftg`ls s`l s`ltt mgbl cçjglgbs bt ggrrçv`kfmdbs, rrçv`kfmdbs, d fssurflkb k`lstgtub ulb k`uvbrturb pfrjfgtb. pfrjfgtb. Yfr kk`ltrb `ltrb cfls db kkfs fs k`ltrfgrb, k`ltrfgrb, d fssurflkb l fpp`rtbrf fukulb fukulb sçkurgtç sçkurgtç é ul k`ltrft c`lt dbs `mdgeftg`ls s`lt çqugv`qubs bt glk`lcgtg`llbddbs, kbdf vbut cgrb qub d fssu fssurf rflk lkbb c ul k`ltrft mgbl jfg jfgtt `jjrb t`utbs dbs sçkurgtçs a afgs fgs rgbl lb sbrt c fssurbr ul k`ltrft afd j`raudç bt c`lt dbs rbsp`lsfmgdgtçs rbsp`lsfmgdgtçs lb ss`lt `lt pfs cçtbraglçbs. =.6.6 J`lcb J`lcbablts ablts tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgqubs cb cb d fssurflkb fssurflkb krçcgt krçcgt é d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l
D fssurflk fssurflkbb krçcg krçcgtt é d bxp`rt `m `mçgt çgt fux a aîabs îabs prgl prglkgpbs kgpbs cb d fssurflkb fssurflkb kd kdfssg fssgqub qub l`tfa l`tfaabl abltt > =.6.6.6 Df ed`mfdgtç cbs k`uvbrturbs
Cfls t`us dbs k`ltrfts c fssurflkb, gd y f ulb kdfusb qug abt bl rbdgbj db prglkgpb cb ed`mfdgtç cbs k`uvbrturbs, kb qug pbrabt cb eçrbr cb l`amrbux rgsqubs pfr fppdgkftg`l cbs tbkhlgqubs cb d fssurflkb kdfssgqub, fglsg d fssurbur llbb k`uv k`uvrb rb pfs cbs rgsqubs gl glcgvgcufdgsçs. cgvgcufdgsçs. =.6.6.= Df pfrtgkgpftg`l pfrtgkgpftg`l cb d fssurç fssurç é df ebstg`l u rgsqub rgsqub
Kb prglkgpb rbp`sb sur ul k`lstft sgapdb, k bst qub qub d fssurbur fssurbur lb sumstgtub sumstgtub pfs d fssurç fssurç cfls s`l `pçrftg`l afgs afgs d glkgtb é sb k`a k`ap`rtbr p`rtbr fvbk s`l pfrtbl pfrtblfgrb fgrb k`aab s gd l çtfgt pfs fssurç, bl prblflt t`utbs dbs cgsp`sgtg`ls lçkbssfgrbs lçkbssfgrbs p`ur jfgrb jfkb é ul rgsqub çaglblt. S`ut fu d`le cb d `pçrftg `pçrftg`l, `l, gd c`gt p`rtbr é df k`l k`llfgs lfgssflk sflkbb cb d fssurbur fssurbur t`utb glj glj`raftg`l `raftg`l `u cgjjgkudtç cgjjgkudtç rblk`ltrçb d`rs cb d bxçkutg`l cu k`l k`ltrft. trft. Kbrtfglbs rèedbs bbtt `mdgeftg`ls s`lt aîabs agsbs é df khfreb cb d fssurç p`ur dug jfgrb ssupp`rtbr upp`rtbr ulb pfrtgb cu rgs rgsqub qub fppbdçb qu`tgtç l`l efrfltgb (eçlçrfdbablt, bddb vfrgb cb 3 é 69%), kfr k`aab t`utbs dbs fssurflkbs `lt ul kfrfktèrb
2:
glcbalgtfgrb, bddbs lb c`gvblt pfs k`lstgtubr k `lstgtubr ul ulbb s`urkb cb rgkhbssb rgkhbssb p`ur d fssurç (é d bxkbp bxkbptg`l tg`l cb d fss fssurfl urflkb kb vvgb gb=7). =.6.6.; Db cçdfg cb kfrblkb
K bst ul ccçdfg çdfg qug c`g c`gtt s çk`ud çk`udbr br bltrb bltrb d çkh çkhçflkb çflkb cb df krçflkb krçflkb bt ul kbrtfgl kbrtfgl a`ablt a`ablt `u d fssurbur bst bst k`lvfgl k`lvfglku ku cb ddff rçfdgtç cu sglgstrb. Kbttb pç pçrg`cb rg`cb pbrabt pbrabt é d fssurbur cb k`lstftbr rçbddbablt df cçjfgddflkb cçjfgddflkb cb d fkhbtbur p`ur îtrb bl a absurb bsurb cb nuebr df rçfdg rçfdgsftg`l sftg`l cu sglgstrb é glcbalgsbr. Kb cçdfg pbut sbrvgr é pdus cb åf, kfr eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdbablt gd bst cgvgsç bl cbux pçrg`cbs > 6- Yçrg`c Yçrg`cbb dfgss dfgssçb çb pfr db j`urlg j`urlgssbu ssburr é d fkhbtbur fkhbtbur p`ur tbl tbltbr tbr ul rèed rèedbabl babltt é d fagfmdb. fagfmdb. D gltb gltbrvbltg rvbltg`l `l cb d fssu fssurbur rbur l bst pfs c`l c`lkk t`un t`un`urs `urs gglcg lcgspbl spblsfmd sfmdb. b. =- Yçrg`cb cfls dfqubddb dfqubddb db c`ssgb c`ssgbrr bst prgs bl khfreb pfr d fssurbur é k`aptbr k`aptbr c ul kbrtfgl cçdfg cçd fg p`ur d glcba glcbalgsftg lgsftg`l `l cb d fssu fssurç rç cb ddff pbrtb qquu gd f sumgb. =.6.6.3 Df sçdbktg`l cbs rgsqubs
Khfqub k`uvbrturb `mçgt `mçgt é cbs tbkhlgqubs. tbkhlgqubs. D `mnbktgj cb df sçdbktg`l cbs rgsqubs bst c çdgaglbr dbs afuvfgs afuvfgs rgsqubs, kb qug `mdgeb d bltrbprgsb é llbb s blefebr qu fvbk cb m`ls fkhbtburs. Gd s fegt egt c ulb `pp`rtulgtç `pp`rtulgtç `jjbrtb é d `pçrftbur p`ur mgbl kh`gsgr sbs sbs kdgblts. kdgblts. D fssurbur n`ub n`ub gkg db ródb c ul k`lsbgddbr qug fssuab dbs k`lsçqublkbs. Df sçdbktg`l cbs rgsqubs sb jfgt é mfsb c glj`raftg`ls qub d fssurbur k`ddbktb k`l k`lkbrlflt kbrlflt kbs rgsqubs. C fgddburs, kbs glstgtutg`ls cgsp`sblt cb mmfsbs fsbs cb c`llçbs lçkbssfgrbs lçkbssfgrbs bt k`ltrgmublt k`ltrgmublt é d çvfduftg`l cbs cbs rgsqubs é trfvbrs db systèab ccbb l`tftg`l.;9 =.6.6.2 Df ebstg`l cu rgsqub
=7
D fssu fssurflkb rflkb vgb bst bst ul pr`cugt pr`cugt c çpfrelb pfr dbqubd d fssurbur s blefeb é vbrsbr fu s`uskrgptbur s`uskrgptbur é df jgl jgl cu k`ltrft bl pdus cu kfpgtfd c `rgeglb, dbs gltçrîts pr`cugts pfr db vbrsbablt.
systèab cb l`tftg`l `u ]ftgle bst ul systèab c çvfduftg`l cu rgsqub jglflkgbr qub rbprçsbltb ul prît bl j`lktg`l cb df s`dgcgtç cb d baprultbur. Dbs `reflgsabs c fssurflkb krçcgt é d bxp`rt pr`p`sblt cbs `utgds c çvfduftg`l ed`mfdb cu rgsqub pfys.
;9
Db
25
Bddb k`lsgs k`lsgstb tb é abttrb bl pd pdfkb, fkb, pf pfrr d fs fssurbur, surbur, c ul blsbamdb cb pr`kçcçs p`ur çvgtbr cb s`l khfap dbs `pçrftg`ls suskbptgmdbs cb sb trflsj`rabr bl sglgstrbs. Kbs pr`kçcçs pbuvblt sb rçsuabr bl kb qug sugt > - D ferçablt ferçablt prçfd prçfdfmdb fmdb qug bst d fut`rg fut`rgsftg`l sftg`l c fpprçkgbr db rgsqub fvflt sf rçfdgsftg`l p`ur sb pr`l`lkbr sur sur d fkkbptftg`l cbs k`lcgtg`ls c fssurflkb. Rl blsbamdb cb jfktburs pbuvblt fgcbr é sfv`gr db a`ltflt, df rbdftg`l fkhbtburvblcbur, vblcbu r, sgtuftg`l cb d fkhbtbur, s`l pfy pfyss bt s`l blvgr`llbablt blvgr`llbablt - Db sugvg qug k`lsgstb é sugv sugvrb rb bl pbraflblkb d `pçrftg`l, kb qug pbut aîab, aîab, cfls kbrtfgls kfs, ablbr é d flludftg`l ccuu k`ltrft sg kbdf bs bstt prçvu. - Db rblsbgelbablt rblsbgelbablt k`aab k`aabrkgfd rkgfd qug bled bled`mb `mb t`us dbs çdçabl çdçablts ts rbdftgjs é d bltrbprgsb fkhbtbusb (rfgs`l s`kgfdb, kfpgtfd s`kgfd, fktgvgtç, rçsudtfts, cgrgebflts, pfrtgkgpftg`l ), p`ur p`uv p`uv`gr `gr cçkgcbr cb pprblcrb rblcrb bl kh khfreb freb kbttb bltgtç `u l`l. l`l. =.6.= Db k`ltr k`ltrft ft c fssur fssurflkb flkb krçc krçcgt gt é d bxp`rt bxp`rt =.6.=.6 K`ltblu cu k`ltrft k`ltrft c fssurflkb fssurflkb
Gd bst eçlçrfdbablt k`ap`sç cb > - K`lcgtg`ls eçlçrfdbs qug s`l s`ltt d blsbamdb cbs rèedbs eçlçrfdb eçlçrfdbss qug jgxblt dbs k`lcgtg`ls k`lcgt g`ls cfls ddbsqubddbs bsqubddbs dbs efrflt efrfltgbs gbs s`lt fkk`rcçb fkk`rcçbss bt agsbs bl
uvrb
(`mdgeftg`ls bt cr`gts cbs pfrtgbs) - K`lcgtg`ls pfrtgkudgèrbs qug s`lt ul blsbamdb cb rèedbs prçvubs pfr db k`ltrft bl cçr`eftg`l é kbrtfgls kfs pfrtgkudgbrs. =.6.=.= Dbs çtfpbs cb j`rafdgsftg`l cu k`ltrft
Dbs çtfpbs cb j`rafdgsftg`l c ul k`ltrft c fssurflkb s`lt >
µ
Rlb cbaflcb cb efrfltgb, eçlçrfdbablt fkk`apfelç cu k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd, k`ap`rtflt kbrtfgls çdçablts l`tfaablt d gcbltgjgkftg`l cb d fkhbtbur, cbskrgptg`l cb df rbdftg`l rbdftg`l fkhb fkhbtburtbur- vvblcb blcbur, ur, gl glj`ra j`raftg`ls ftg`ls sur db db k`ltrft k`ltrft k`aa k`aabrkgfd brkgfd
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Ferçablt cu rgsqub rgsqub fprès ulb bl blquîtb quîtb ablçb sur df ss`dvfmgdgtç `dvfmgdgtç cb d fkhbtbur, dbs cgjjçrbl cgjj çrblts ts fspbkts cb d `pçrftg`l, `pçrftg`l, d blvg blvgr`llba r`llbablt blt çk`l çk`l`agqu `agqub, b, p`dg p`dgtgqub tgqub bt k`aabrkgfd cu pfys pfys cb d fkhbtbur fglsg qub db a afrkhç frkhç cb cbstgl cbstglftg`l ftg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb.
28
µ
Yr`abssb cb efrfltgb pfr df pr` p`sg pr` p`sgtg`l tg`l c ulb fssurflkb qug blefeb dbs cbux pfrtgbs aîab fvflt df sgelfturb cçjglgtg cçjglgtgvb vb cu k`ltrft.
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[gelfturb cbs k`lcgtg`ls pfrtgku pfrt gkudgèrbs dgèrbs p`rtflt dbs cçtfgds cu k`ltrft é sfv`gr db rrgsqub gsqub bt db a`ltflt a`ltflt efr efrfltg fltg,, db tfux cb k`uv k`uvbrturb brturb,, db tf tfux ux cb ddff prgab, prgab, cçdfg cçdfg cb kfrblkb kfrblkb
µ
Cçkdfrftg`l cbs vvbltbs bltbs qug pbrabt é d fssurbur cb cgstgleubr ddbs bs krçflkbs krçflkbs jfgsflt jfgsflt d `mnbt cb efrfltgb bt kbddbs qug lb s`lt pfs.
Yfgbablt cb df prgab sugvflt db a`ltflt jgxç pfr db k`ltrft. k` ltrft. ]çfdgsftg`l cu cu sglgstrb bt cç cçtbraglftg`l tbraglftg`l cu a a`ltflt `ltflt cb d glcbalgsftg`l. glcbalgsftg`l.
Agsb bl nbu nbu cb df efrfltgb bt gl glcbalgsftg`l cbalgsftg`l cb d fssurç.
µ
µ
µ
=.6.; Dbs cgjjçrblts cgjjçrblts typbs typbs cb k`ltrfts k`ltrfts c fssurflkb fssurflkb Vubddbs s`lt dbs fssurflkbs qug k`uvrblt dbs rgsqubs cb d'bxp`rtftbur 0
Dbs rgsqubs cb d'bxp`rtftbur pbuvblt, bl erflcb pfrtgb, îtrb k`uvbrts pfr df s`uskrgptg`l c'ulb fssurflkb fuprès c ulb k`apfelgb k`apfelgb spçkgfdgsçb cfl cflss d fssurflkb ccbs bs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur (K@JFKB bl Jrflkb, KFEBX bl Fdeçrgb). =.6.;.6 D'fssurflkb pr`spbktg`l
Bddb efrfltgt dbs bltrbprgsbs k`ltrb db rgsqub c'glsukkès cb dburs fktg`ls cb pr`spbktg`l k`aabrkgfdb. Df pr`spbktg`l cbs afrkhçs çtrflebrs lçkbssgtb bl bjjbt cbs cçpblsbs pfrj`gs gap`rtfltbs bt dbur fa`rtgssbablt pfr ul khgjjrb c'fjjfgrbs sgelgjgkftgj bst fdçft`grb `u cgjjçrç cfls db tbaps. Df K@JFKB pfr bxbapdb vbrsb é d'fssurç cbs glcbalgtçs tflt qub df afreb cçefeçb sur dbs vbltbs l'f pfs k`apblsç db a`ltflt cbs jrfgs blefeçs. Sr`gs j`raudbs s`lt pr`p`sçbs fux bltrbprgsbs bl j`lktg`l cb dburs strftçegbs > §
D'fssurflkb j`grb qug k`uvrb dbs cçpblsbs blefeçbs é d'`kkfsg`l c'ulb aflgjbstftg`l k`aabrkgfdb h`rs KBB ?
§
D'fssurflkb pr`spbktg`l pr`spbktg`l l`rafdb, cbstglçb fux fktg`ls kgmdçbs bt cb d`leub curçb ?
§
D'fssurflkb pr`spbktg`l sgapdgjgçb qug pbrabt fux bxp`rtftburs a`gls bxpçrgabltçs c'bltrbprblcrb ulb fktg`l cb pr`spbktg`l ed`mfdb.
27
=.6.;.= D'fssurflkb-krçcgt
D'fssurflkb-krçcgt k`uvrb dbs bltrbprgsbs bltrbprgsbs bxp`rtftrgkbs k`ltrb dbs rgsqubs cb l`l-pfgbablt cb dburs fkhbtburs çtrflebrs fuxqubds bddbs `lt k`lsbltg ul krçcgt. Kbttb fssurflkb s'fppdgqub çefdbablt fux rgsqubs c'gltbrruptg`l cb afrkhç pblcflt df pçrg`cb cb jfmrgkftg`l bt pbrabt ulb glcbalgsftg`l cb d'fssurç bl kfs cb pbrtb é df rbvbltb cb pr`cugts spçkgjgqubs. Cfls db kfcrb cb d'fssurflkb-krçcgt, df K@JFKB fpp`rtb çefdbablt ul sbrvgkb prçvbltgj bl sçdbktg`llflt df kdgbltèdb çtrfleèrb, jfkgdgtb d'fkkès fu jglflkbablt mflkfgrb bt fssuab, bl `utrb, d'fktg`l prçk`ltbltgbusb bt k`ltbltgbusb p`ur db rbk`uvrbablt cbs krçflkbs. Dbs k`ltrfts pbuvblt k`uvrgr dbs rgsqubs cb l`l-pfgbablt sur cbs fkhbtburs prgvçs (rgsqub k`aabrkgfd bt rgsqubs pfys) `u sur cbs fkhbtburs pumdgks (rgsqubs pfys sbud). Cbs fvblflts spçkgjgqubs pbuvblt k`uvrgr db rgsqub cb jfmrgkftg`l, db rgsqub sur blefebablts cb kfutg`l, db rgsqub sur st`kos k`lstgtuçs é d'çtrflebr. =.6.;.; D'fssurflkb khfleb
D'fssurflkb khfleb pbrabt fux bltrbprgsbs cb jfkturbr bl cbvgsbs sfls rgsqub cb pbrtb cb khfleb. Dbs bxp`rtftburs s`lt k`uvbrts sur df mfsb cu k`urs efrfltg nusqu'fux pfgbablts. Kbrtfglbs efrfltgbs c`llblt aîab df p`ssgmgdgtç cb rçkupçrbr ulb pfrtgb cu mçlçjgkb cb khfleb. =.6.;.3 Dbs fssurflkbs spçkgjgqubs
@l pbut kgtbr df efrfltgb cbs glvbstgssbablts p`rtburs c'bxp`rtftg`l `u df efrfltgb cbs rgsqubs çk`l`agqubs çk`l`agq ubs (rgsqub c'fueabltftg`l bxkbssgvb cbs çdçablts cu pr prgx gx cb rbvgblt). =.= Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb spçkgjgqubs
Dbs rgsqubs cb tfux, qub kb s`gt cb khfleb `u c gltçrît, pbuvblt îtrb k`uvbrts pfr cbs tbkhlgqubs pdus fu a`gls k`apdgquçbs rçfdgsçbs s`gt s`gt pfr uulb lb ebstg`l gltbrlb cbs rgsqubs `u sur dbs afrkhçs jglflkgbrs.
=.=.6 Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb tfux cb khfleb =.=.6.6 Dbs tbkhlgqubs gltbrlbs
:9
Fvfltt qub d bltrbpr Fvfl bltrbprgs gsbb fgt rbk`urs é df mflqub, bddb c`gt khbrkhbr é s`l lgvbfu c fm`rc k`aablt çvgtbr db rgsqub cb khfleb eríkb eríkb é cbs tbkhlgqubs gltbrlbs qug s`lt > §
Db kh`gx cb df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l
D`rs cb df rçfdgsftg`l c ulb trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb, df jfkturftg`l bl cbvgsb eçlèrb eç lèrb ul rgsqub cb khfleb khfleb p`ur d bxp`rtftbur. Glvb Glvbrsbablt rsbablt df jfkturftg`l cbs bxp`rtftg`ls bl a`llfgb a`llfgb lftg`lfdb trflsjbrt trflsjbrt db rgsqub é d gap`rtftbur. [g ulb ulb a`llfgb tgbrkb bst fc`ptçb, dbs cbux pfrtblfgrbs s`lt s`lt bxp`sçs fu rg rgsqub squb cb khfl khfleb eb. Db kh`gx cb df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bst dgç é cb l`amrbux pfrfaètrbs pr`prbs é khfkul cbs k`ltrfktflts bt cu rfpp`rt cb j`rkb bltrb bltrb bux. Gd bs bstt fssbz jrçqubl jrçqubltt qub kb s`gt d gap`rtftbur qug gap`sb sf a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bt cb rèedbablt bt s`l kh`gx pbut îtrb a`tgvç pfr cbs p`ssgmgdgtçs p`ssgmgdg tçs cb jglflkbabl jglflkbablt,t, cb tfux c gltçrît `u cb rçedbabltftg`l dgçb fu k`ltródb cbs khflebs. Cbs kdfusbs c glcbxftg`l cu k`urs cb khfleb pbuvblt îtrb fussg glsçrçbs cfls db k`ltrft, df jfkturftg`l pbut fd`rs sb jfgrb cfls ulb cbvgsb stfmdb `u ` u mgbl glcbxçb sur ul k`urs cb rçjçrblkb (k`urs afxgaua bt aglgaua). §
Db tbrafgddfeb
Kbttb tbkhlgqub k`lsgstb é n`ubr sur dbs tbrabs (cçdfgs) cb pfgbablt fjgl cb pr`jgtbr c ulb çv`dutg`l jfv`rfmdb cbs k`urs cb khfleb, kb qug lçkbssgtb ulb m`llb afgtrgsb cbs prçvgsg`ls c çv`dutg`l. Dbs fktg`ls é bltrbprblcrb pfr dbs cbux `pçrftburs s`lt rçsuaçbs cfls kb tfmdbfu >
Bv`dutg`l cbs k`urs cb df Bxp`rtftbur
Gap`rtftbur
cbvgsb Fpprçkgftg`l
]btfrcbr db pfgbablt cu Fkkçdçrbr db rèedbablt cu kdgblt
j`urlgssbur :6
Cçprçkgftg`l
Fkkçdçrbrr db rèedbablt cu ]btfrcbr db pfgbablt cu Fkkçdçrb kdgblt
j`urlgssbur
[`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb Jglflkb gltbrlftg`lfdb afegstbr AJM =997.
Fglsg, sg d bxp`rtftbur fltgkg fltgkgpb pb ulb fpprçkgftg`l fpprçkgftg`l cb df cbvgsb cb jfkturftg`l, gd sbrf gltçrbssç gltçrbssç cb rbtfrcbr d blkfgssbabl blkfgssbabltt cb sf krçfl krçflkb kb fjgl ccbb mçlçjgkgbr c ul k`urs fvfltfebux. Cfls db kfs k`ltrfgrb d fkkçdçrftg`l cu rèedba rèedbablt blt dug ssbrf brf pr`jgtfmdb. D gap`rtftbur quflt é dug dug,, sb tr`uvb cfls df sg sgtuftg`l tuftg`l glvbrsb kfr ul ulbb fltgkgpftg`l c fpprçkgftg`l cb df df cbvgsb d glkgtbrf é fl fltgkgpbr tgkgpbr s`l rèedbablt, pfr kk`ltrb `ltrb gd sbrf tbltç tbltç cb pr`r`ebr dbs cçdfgs cçdfgs cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt sg ulb cçprçkgf cçprçkgftg`l tg`l bst prçvub. §
Db Lbttgle > k`apblsftg`l audtgdftçrfdb cbs pfgbablts
Db Lbttgle `u k`apblsf k`apblsftg`l tg`l audtgdftçrfdb cbs pfgba pfgbablts blts bst ulb prftgqub k`urfl k`urfltb tb cfls dbs erflcs er`upbs gltbrlftg`lfdgsçs gltbrlftg`lfdgsçs qug pbrabt cb rçcu rçcugrb grb dbs trflsjbrts bltrb dbs jgdgfdbs cu aîab er`upb. Bddb k`lsgstb é pr`kçcbr pr` kçcbr é ulb k`apblsftg`l cbs p`sgtg`ls cb khfleb;6 rçkgpr`qubs cbs bltgtçs c ul aîab er`upb audtglftg`lfd bt jfgrb fppfrfgtrb df p`sgtg`l lbttb é k`uvrgr. Eçlçrfdbablt, df k`apblsftg`l cbs cbttbs bt cbs krçflkbs bst bjjbktuçb é ulb cftb jgxçb é dfqubddb t`us dbs rèedbablts c`gvblt îtrb `pçrçs p`ur rçcugrb db a`ltflt cb cbvgsbs é k`uvrgr. Bddb pbrabt fglsg cb cgaglubr db lgvbfu cu rgsqub cb khfleb, db k`ÿt cb k`uvbrturb bt cbs k`aagssg`ls mflkfgrbs. =.=.6.= Dbs tbkhlgqubs bxtbrlbs
D fvflkb fvflkb bl bl cbvgsb cbvgsb
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K bst ulb `pçrftg`l cb krçcg krçcgtt pfr dfqubddb df mflqub prîtb ul a`ltflt a`ltflt bl cbvgsb é ul ulbb bltgtç bxp`rtftrgkb. Futrbablt Futrbablt cgt, k bst ulb tbkhl tbkhlgqub gqub cb jglflkba jglflkbablt blt cbs bxp`rtftg bxp`rtftg`ls `ls é k`urt tbrab qug pbrabt é ulb s`kgçtç bxp`rtftrgkb cb rbk`lstgtubr gaaçcgftbablt sf trçs`rbrgb bl a`llfgb
;6
Df p`sgtg`l cb khfleb c ulb cbvgsb, é ulb cftb c`llçb bst kfdkudçb pfr df sgtuftg`l cb trçs`rbrgb cgsp`lgmdb cfls df cbvgsb + s`aab s`aab cbs a`ltflts a`ltflts é rbkbv`gr rbkbv`gr cfls df cbvgsb cbvgsb s`aab cbs a`ltflts é cçkfgssbr cfls cfls kbttb cbvgsb. cbvgsb. Bddb absurb d bxp`sgtg`l glstfltflçb cb d bltrbprgsb sur df cbvgsb k`lsgcçrçb.
:=
lftg`lfd lftg `lfdbb fvflt d blkf blkfgssba gssbablt blt cb df k`ltrb k`ltrb vfdbur bl a`llfgb çtrfleèrb k`rrbsp`lcflt é df krçflkb qu bddb cçtgblt sur s`l kdgblt çtr flebr. flebr. D baprult bst eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdbablt fkk`rcç cfls cfls df aîab cbvg cbvgsb sb cb jfkturftg`l bl k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb khfleb. Kbpblcflt kbdf pbut bltrfglbr ulb pbrtb c `pp`rtulgtç bl kfs cb df mfgssb cbs k`urs cb kbttb cbvgsb fu a`ablt cb df rçkbptg`l cu pfgbablt. Df k`uvbrturb é tbrab
µ
Bddb k`lsgstb k`lsgstb bl ul çkhfleb cb erç é erç c ulb cbvgsb k`ltrb ulb futrb sur df mfsb c ul k`urs fu k`aptflt;= afn`rç c ul rbp`rt `u agl`rç c ul cçp`rt fvbk dgvrfgs`l rçkgpr`qub é ulb cftb k`lvblub. Df k`uvbrturb c ulb gap`rtftg`l bst p`ssgmdb pfr ul fkhft é tbrab, kbddb c ulb bxp`rtftg`l pfr ulb vbltb é tbrab. Kbttb tbkhlgqub prçsbltb dbs fvfltfebs sugvflts > - Df efrfltgb cu k`urs k`llu cès df k`uvbrturb ? - Df sgapdgkgtç kfr bddb lb lçkbssgtb pfs cb sugvg fcaglgstrftgj ? - Df s`updbssb c utgdgsftg`l kfr dbs k`ltrfts bt dbs çkhçflkbs s`lt sur absurb bt p`ur t`utbs dbs a`llfgbs bl j`lktg`l cbs mbs`gls cb d bxp`rtftbur. Kbpblcfltt kbrtfgls glk`lv Kbpblcfl glk`lvçlgblts çlgblts s`lt é rbpr`khb rbpr`khbrr é kbttb tbkhlgqub l`tfaablt l`tfaablt > - Db kfrfktèrb grrçv`kfmdb grrçv`kfmdb cb d blefebablt, blefebablt, kb qug db rblc pbu fc fcfptç fptç fu rgsqub fdçft`grb ? - Ybrtbs c `pp`rtulgtç bl kfs c ulb çv`dutg`l jfv`rfmdb cu k`urs cb df cbvgsb pugsqub db k`urs k`urs bst jgxç é d fvflkb. D `pçrftg`l é tbrab bst bjjg bjjgkfkb kfkb d`rsqub db sbls c çv`dutg`l bst kbrtfgl, afgs quflc db rgsqub cbaburb cba burb cfl cflss d glk glkbrtgtuc brtgtucbb kbttb tbkh tbkhlgqu lgqubb pbut s fvçrb fvçrbrr glbjjgkfkb glbjjgkfkb c `÷ df lçkbssgtç cb khbrkhbr c futrbs glstruablts, fppbdçs pr`cugts cçrgvçs, pbrabttflt df k`uvbrturb aîab cbs rgsqubs glkbrtfgls.
y f pfs cb cçdfg (cbux n`urs afxgaua) bltrb df cftb cb k`lkdusg`l cu k`ltrft bt df cftb cb rèedbablt `u dgvrfgs`l cbs cbvgsbs. ;=
[ur db afrkhç fu k`aptflt (sp`t) gd l
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Dbs pr`cugts cçrgvçs
µ
Fvbk df jgl cu systèab cbs tfux cb khfleb k hfleb jgxbs bt df eçlçrfdgsftg`l cbs tfux cb khfleb jd`ttflt, ulb erflcb glstfmgdgtç cbs k`urs cb khfleb bt fussg cbs tfux c gl gltçrît tçrît s bst gls glstfddçb tfddçb p`ur rblcrb ppdus dus ccgjjgkgdb gjjgkgdb dbs prçvgsg`ls cbs bltrbprgsbs bt cbs mflqub mflqubs. s. C `÷ d fp fppfrg pfrgtg`l tg`l cb l`uvbfux glstruablts jglflkgbrs fppbdçs pr`cugts cçrgvçs pdus fcfptçs p`ur df k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb khfleb glkbrtfgl. §
Dbs `ptg`ls cb khfleb
D `ptg`l bl eçl eçlçrfd çrfd bs bstt ul cr`g cr`gtt c fkhft `u cb vbltb c ul fktgj, k bst ul `utgd jglflkgbr fc`ssç é ul pr`cugt rçbd fppbdç s`us nfkblt qug pbut îtrb ulb cbvgsb, ulb fktg`l, fkt g`l, ul glcgkb m`ursgbr `u aîab ulb afrkhflcgsb tbd qub db pçtr`db. Rlb `ptg`l cb khfleb bst ul fktgj jglflkgbr qug c`llb cr`gt, é s`l cçtbltbur, c fkhbtbr `u cb vblcrb ul a`ltflt bl cbvgsb é ul k`urs cçtbraglç bt p`ur ulb çkhçflkb k`lvblub, t`ut bl
dfgssflt db kh`gx kh`gx cb rçfdgsbr df trflsfktg`l `u cb d fmflc`llbr. Fglsg db ccçl`ubablt çl`ubablt c ulb `ptg`l sb jfgt `ptg`l jfgt s`gt pfr d fmfl fmflc`l, c`l, rbv rbvbltb bltb `u bx bxbrkgk brkgkbb cb d `ptg`l. `ptg`l. Db cr`gt c fkhft bst bst fppbdç KFD KFDD D kbdug cb vvbltb bltb k bst db Y YRS. RS. Y`ur kbdf quftrb k`amglfgs`ls s`lt p`ssgmdbs > 6)- d fkh fkhbtb btbur ur c ul kfdd fkhètb db cr`gt c fkhbtbr ulb cbvgsb F k`ltrb ulb cbvgsb M. Kbt fkhft bst é bjjbktubr quflt `l fltgkgpb ulb hfussb cu k`urs cb df cbvgsb é fkhbtbr. =)- db vblcbur c ul kfdd vblc db cr`gt c fkhft c ulb cbvgsb F k`ltrb ulb cbvgsb M. Df vbltb bst é `pçrbr quflt d gltçrbssç fltgkg fltgkgpb pb ulb mfgssb cu k` k`urs urs cb df ccbvgsb bvgsb é vblcrb. vblcrb. ;)- d fkh fkhbtbu btburr c ul put fkhètb db cr`gt cb vblcrb ulb cbvgsb F k`ltrb M. Kbkg bst é rçfdgsbr quflc d `pçrftbur fltgkgpb ul ulbb mfgssb cu k`urs cb df cbvg cbvgsb. sb. 3)- db vblcbur c ul put vblc db cr`gt cb vblcrb ulb cbvgsb F k`ltrb ulb cbvgsb M. D `pçrftbur f rbk`urs é kbttb k`amglfgs`l quflc gd fltgkgpb ulb hfussb cu k`urs cb df cbvgsb. Db prgx c bxbrkgkb cb d `ptg`l cgt « [trgob prgkb ¿ bbst st db k`urs cb khfleb khfleb fuqubd s çkhflebr`lt dbs cbvgsbs bl kfs c bxbrkg bxbrkgkb kb ccbb d `ptg `ptg`l. `l. - Syp`d`egb cbs `ptg`ls
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Cbux kftçe`rgbs c `ptg`ls s`lt é cgstgleubr cgstgleubr > - D `ptg`l cgtb fa façrgkfg çrgkfglb lb qu qugg pbut îtrb bxbrkçb é t`ut a`ablt é k`lcgtg`l qu bddb fgt blk`rb ulb vfdbur p`sgtgvb ;;. - D `ptg`l cgtb bur`pçbllb bur`pçbllb qug llbb pbut îtrb bx bxbrkçb brkçb qu é d çkhçflkb çkhçflkb prçvub. prçvub. - Açkflgsab cb j`lktg`llbablt Db cr`gt c bxbrkgkb cb d `ptg`l bst k`ljç k`ljçrç rç é s`l fkhbtbur pfr ddbb vbrsbablt c ulb prgab fu vblcbur, vblcbu r, kb cbrlgbr qug ppbrå`gt brå`gt df prgab f ul ródb pfssgj pfssgj kfr gd bst cfls d `mdgeftg`l cb dgvrbr `u prblcrb dgvrfgs`l cb df cbvgsb ssbd`l bd`l df v`d`ltç cb d fkhbtbur. D fkhbtbur fkhbtbur qu qufl fltt é dug dug,, l bxbrkbrf s`l cr`gt c fkhft `u cb vbltb qub sg kbdf k`rrbsp`lc é sbs gltçrîts. K`ltrfgrbabl K`ltrfgrbabltt fu vbl vblcbur cbur qug s blefeb cb aflgèrb ggrrçv`kfmdb, rrçv`kfmdb, bl k`ltrb pfrtgb cb df prgab blkfgssçb blkfgssçb,, é sftgsjfgrb d fkhbtbur cb d `ptg`l fux k`lcgtg`ls k`lvblubs bl kfs `u gd cçkgcb c bxbrkbr s`l `ptg`l. D fkhbtbu fkhbtburr cb d `ptg `ptg`l `l f d glg glgtgftgv tgftgvbb ccuu kh kh`gx `gx cu prg prgxx c bxbrkgkb, gd db pr`p`sb fu vblcbur qug jgxb db a`ltflt cb df prgab é rbkbv`gr bl j`lktg`l cu prgx jgxç. Sr`gs bxprbssg`ls bxprbssg`ls s`lt ut utgdgsçbs gdgsçbs é kbt bjjbt > - Ft thb a`lby qug sb cgt c ulb `ptg`l c`lt db prgx c bxbrkgkb bst çefd fu k`urs fu k`aptflt sg d `ptg`l bst fa façrgkfglb çrgkfglb `u fu k`urs é tbrab sg d `ptg`l bst bur`pçbl bur`pçbllb. lb. - Gl thb a`lby p`ur ulb `ptg`l c`lt db prgx c bxbrkgkb bst pdus jfv`rfmdb qub db k`urs fu k`aptflt `u é tbrab. t brab. - @ut `j thb a`lby quflc db prgx c bxbrkgkb bst cçjfv`rfmdb qub db k`urs fu k`aptflt `u é tbrab. t brab. §
Dbs swfps cb khfleb
@l fppbddb swfp ul k`ltrft c çkhfleb cb jdux. Rl swfp cb khfleb bst ul glstruablt cb k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb khfleb qug k`lsgstb bl ul fkk`rc c çkhçflkb fu k`aptflt cb cbvgsbs çvfduçbs fu k`urs cb cb kb n`ur, fvbk ul blefeba blefebablt blt é tbrab cb pr`kçcbr é d `pçrftg`l glvbrsb é
ulb `ptg`l bst df cgjjçrblkb bltrb db prgx c bxbrkgkb bt db k`urs fu k`aptflt sg d `ptg`l bst façrgkfglb `u fu k`urs é tbrab sg d `ptg`l bst bur`pçbllb.
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Df vfdbur gltrglsèqub c
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ul k`urs cçné cçné cç cçtbragl tbraglç. ç. K bst c`lk ulb `pçrftg`l cb khfleb fu k`aptflt fss`rtgb c ulb trflsfktg`l cb khfleb é tbrab cfls db sbls sb ls glvbrsb. §
Dbs juturbs
Rl k`ltrft é tbrab « JRSR]B ¿ bst ul blefebablt cb dgvrbr `u cb prblcrb dgvrfgs`l c ul a`ltflt cb cbvgsb é ulb cftb spçkgjgçb, afgs é ul k`urs cçtbraglç fu n`ur cu k`ltrft. Kbpblcflt cfls prbsqub df t`tfdgtç cbs k`ltrfts, gd lb c`llb pfs dgbu é df dgvrfgs`l bjjbktgvb cb cbvgsb kfr gd bst cçl`uç pfr ulb `pçrftg`l cb sbls glvbrsb, k`ltrfgrbablt fu afrkhç afrkhç cb khfleb k hfleb é tbrab, `u dbs k`ltrfts s`lt k`lsbrvçs eçlçrfdbablt nusqu é d çkhçflkb çkhçflkb bt c`llblt c`llblt dg dgbu bu é df dgvrfgs`l cbs cbvgsbs. =.=.= Dbs tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît =.=.=.6 Dbs swfps swfps cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît
K bst ulb `pçrftg`l cb trçs`rbrgb sfls a`uvbablts a`uvbablts cb kfpg kfpgtfux, tfux, qug pbrabt é cbux
k`ltrbpfrtgbs c çkhflebr cbs jdux jglflkgbrs c gltçrîts cb krçflkbs cfls ulb aîab cbvgsb rçsudtflt cb rçjçrblkbs cb tfux t fux cgjjçrbltbs. Cbux rçjçrblkbs cb tfux s`lt utgdgsçbs > - Dbs tfux jgxbs jgxbs qug ss`lt `lt k`llus é d fvflkb - Dbs tfux vfrgfmdbs qug s`lt rçvgsçs pçrg`cgqubablt bl j`lktg`l cbs c`llçbs cu afrkhç. @l cgstgleub fd`rs cbux kftçe`rgbs cb swfps é sfv`gr > - Dbs swfps tfux jgxb/tfux vfrgfmdb pfr dbsqubds ulb pfrtgb X pfgb ul gltçrît é tfux jgxb é ulb k`ltrbpfrtgb W bt rbkbvrf r bkbvrf ul a`ltflt a`ltflt c gltçrît é tfux jd`ttflt cb W. @l cgt fd`rs qub X rçfdgsb ul swfp baprultbur cb tfux jgxb bt W bst prîtbur cb tfux vfrgfmdb. - Dbs swfps tfux vfrgfmdb/tfux vfrgfmdb, fppbdç mfsgs swfp, `u cbux k`ltrbpfrtgbs X bt W s çkh çkhflebl flebltt cbs jdux ccbb tfux c gltçrît vfrgfmdbs glcbxçbs sur cbs rçjçrblkbs cgjjçrbltbs.
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Bl k`lkdusg`l, db swfp cb tfux c gltçrît bst ul glstruablt cb k`uvbrturb qug pbrabt c çkhflebr cbs rgsqubs cb vfdburs dgçs é ul tfux jgxb bt ul tfux t fux vfrgfmdb vfrgfmdb bt eçrbr jfkgdbablt cbs jdux jglflkgbrs p`ur pr`jgtbr cbs efgls rbdftgjs rb dftgjs bltrb cbux afrkhçs cgjjçrblts. =.=.=.= Dbs kfps bt jd``rs
Rl kfp bst ul k`ltrft cb efrfltgb c ul tfux c gltçrît « pdfj`lc ¿ p`ur sb pr`tçebr c ulb hfussb cbs tfux c gltçrî gltçrît.t. D fkh fkhft ft c ul kfp pbrabt c`lk, a a`ybllflt `ybllflt db pfgbablt c ulb prgab, cb efrfltgr ul tfux jgxb afxgaua c baprult p`ur ul a`ltflt bt ulb curçb cçtbraglçs. Rl jd``r bst ul k`ltrft cb efrfltgb c ul tfux « pdflkhbr ¿ qug fssurb é s`l cçtbltbur ul tfux c gltçrît aglgaua p`ur ul a`ltflt a`ltflt bt curçb cçtbragl cçtbraglçs. çs. Db jd``r pbrabt c`lk c fssurbr ul tfux aglgaua cb pdfkbablt fvbk çvbltufdgtç cb pr`jgtbr c ulb hfussb cbs tfux c gltçrît. =.=.=.; Dbs k`ddfrs
Gd s feg fegtt p`ur s`l fkh fkhbtbur, btbur, c ulb k`amglfgs`l c fkhft c ul kfp bt c ulb vbltb c ul jd``r. [`l prglkgpb bst cb sb pr`tçebr cb df hfussb cbs tfux c gltçrît eríkb fu kfp t`ut bl rçcugsflt db a`ltflt cb df prgab é pfybr pfr df vbltb c ul jd``r.
K`lkdusg`l cu prbagbr khfpgtrb
F trfvbrs dbs çdçablts bxp`sçs cfls kb khfpgtrb, l`us k`lstft`ls ulb çv`dutg`l k`lsgcçrfmdb cbs rbdftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs. Df k`apdbxgtç cbs `pçrftg`ls trfgtçbs cfls db kfcrb cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur s bst fkk`apf fkk`apfelçb elçb c ulb fppfrgtg`l cb l`uvbfux l`uvbfux rgsqubs bt k`ljdgts. Dbs rblsbgelbablt rblsbgelbablt tgrçs cbs krgsbs prçkçcb prçkçcbltbs ltbs qug `lt sbk`uç d çk`l`agb a`lcgfdb bt dbs k`ltrfgltbs fuxqubddbs s`lt fjjr`ltçs dbs `pçrftburs `lt c`llç é rçjdçkhgr sur ul l`uvbd `rcrb bt d glstgtutg`l cb rçeudf rçeudftburs tburs cbs çkhflebs çkhflebs bt cb rèedbabl rèedbabltt cbs cgjjçrblcs, df agsb bl pdfkb cb rèedbs, prftgqubs bt nurgcgktg`ls k`aaulbs bt d glvbltg`l cb tbkhlgqubs jglflkgèrbs p`ur rçcugrb db lgvbfu lgvbfu cbs rgsqu rgsqubs. bs. Kbpblcflt, kbt `rcrb glstfurç lb pbut pfs îtrb k`lsgcçrç k`aab `ptgafd kfr gd l bst pfs cçluç cb krgtgqubs. Cbs rbpr`kh rbpr`khbs bs `lt çtç fcrbssçs fcrbssçs fux gl glstgtutg`ls stgtutg`ls a`lcgfdbs pfr rfpp`rt fu cçdfgssbablt cb dburs `mnbktgjs j`lcfabltfux qug dbur s`lt fssgelçs é df krçftg`l bt dbur prç`kkupftg`l pfr c futrbs pr`mdèabs, kb qug f fablç dbs spçkgfdgstbs é rçjdçkhgr sur dbs prç`kkupftg`l p`ssgmgdgtçs p`ssgmgdg tçs cb rçj`r rçj`rab ab cb d frkhgtbkturb jglflkgèrb gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdb. b. Dbs l`uvbddbs tbkhlgqubs cb
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rçcuktg`l cb rgsqu rgsqubs bs `lt jfg jfgtt fussg d `mnb `mnbtt cb l`amrbusbs krgtgqubs cu jfgt qub dbur utgdgsftg`l f çtç cçt`urlçb é cbs jgls spçkudftgvbs kb qug fkkbltuç fu k`ltrfgrb dbs rgsqubs.
Gltr`cuktg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb
Db s`ukg prglkgpfd p`ur db vblcbur d`rs cu kh`gx cu a`cb cb pfgbablt pfgbablt bst c fssurbr df sçkurgtç cu pfgbablt pfgbablt sfls lçedgebr d fttrfktgvgtç k`aabrkgfdb cb s`l `jjrb. Dbs a`cfdgtçs cb pfgba pfgbablt blt s`lt cçjglgbs é trfvbrs tr fvbrs dbs glstruablts bt tbkhlgqubs utgdgsçs qug prçsbltblt cbs kfrfktçrgstgqubs cgjjçrbltbs. F kb tgtrb, gd y f dgbu cb jfgrb ulb cgstglktg`l bltrb « glstruablt ¿ bt « tbkhlgqub ¿ cb pfgbablt, kfr d glstruablt cb pfg pfgbablt bablt bst df j`rab prgsb pfr db supp`rt supp`rt cb pfgbablt, pfgbablt, tflcgs qub df tbkhlgqub cçsgelb df pr`kçcurb é ssugvrb ugvrb p`ur bjjbktubr db db pfgbablt futrbabl futrbabltt cgt k bst dbs a`cfdgtçs c utgdg utgdgsftg`l sftg`l cb d gls glstruabl truabltt cb pfg pfgbabl bablt.t. Db kh`gx cb d glstruablt bt cb df tbkhlg tbkhlgqub qub cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt k`lstgtub ul çdçablt cb df lçe`kgftg`l lçe`kgf tg`l bltrb db vblcbur bt d fkhbtbur, fkk`a fkk`apfelç pfelç s`uvbl s`uvbltt pfr cbs a`cfdgtçs cb jglflkbabltt pr`p`sçbs pfr d bxp`rtftbur, dbs mflqubs jglflkbabl mflqubs `u dbs `reflgsabs `reflgsabs spçkgfdgs spçkgfdgsçs. çs. Cfls dbs çkhflebs gltbrlftg`lfux, gd bst s`uvblt cgjjgkgdb é ul `pçrftbur qug vbut rçfdgsbr ulb trflsfktg`l c fkhft c fpprçkgbr dbs kfpfkgtçs pr`jbssg`llbddbs bt jglflkgèrbs cb s`l j`urlgssbur j`urlgssbur çtrflebr. çtrfl ebr. K bst pp`ur `ur kb kbdf df qquu gd f gltçrît é bxgebr ulb efrfltgb mflkfgrb sbrvflt cb prbuvb bt c fssurflkb qub db vblcbur bst bl absurb cb sftgsjfgrb sbs `mdgeftg`ls.
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[bktg`l 6 > Dbs glstruablts bt tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgq ubs cb pfgbablt 6. Dbs glstruablts cb pfgbablt
Dbs a`ybls cb pfgbablt utgdgsçs cfls dbs trflsfktg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs lb cgjjèrblt pfs cb kbux prçvus p`ur db k`aabrkb c`abstgqub. S`utbj`gs, kbrtfglbs k`ltrfgltbs pbuvblt kfrfktçrgsbr kfrfktçrgsbr dbur utgdgsftg`l bl rfgs`l rf gs`l cu kfrfktèrb trflslftg`lfd cbs `pçrftg`ls cb pfgbablt. 6.6 Db vgrbablt gltbrlftg`lfd
Db vgrbablt bst ul a`cb cb pfgbablt très k`urflt fu lgvbfu gltbrlftg`lfd bl rfgs`l cb sf kçdçrgtç. [`l [`l açkflgsab bst très sga sgapdb pdb kfr gd s fegt c ul sgapdb nbu c çkrgturbs k`aptfmdbs p`ur db trflsjbrt c ul k`aptb é ul futrb, `pçrç pfr ulb ulb mflqub ssur ur `rcrb cb d gap`rtftbur cçmgtbur fu pr`jgt pr`jgt cb d bxp`rtftbur krçflkgbr. krçflkgbr. Db cçmgtbur c`llb fd fd`rs `rs `rcrb é s`l mflqugbr d`kfd cb trflsjçrbr cbs j`lcs p`ur db k`aptb cb s`l krçflkgbr çtrflebr. Dbs mflqubs cgsp`sblt c gaprgaçs k`låus é kbt bjjbt, k`ap`rtflt dbs glj`raftg`ls lçkbssfgrbs l`tfaablt dbs luaçr`s cb k`aptb é cçmgtbr bt é krçcgtbr, db a`ltflt cb df jfkturb é trflsjçrbr, df a`llfgb bt db a`tgj cu rèedbablt. Afderç sf erflcb s`updbssb, bt df jfkgdgtç cb s`l utgdgsftg`l, kb a`ybl l fssurb fukulb efrfltgb cb cb dgvrfgs`l cb df a afrkhflcgsb, frkhflcgsb, k bst p`ur kbttb rfgs rfgs`l `l qu gd rçsbrvç fux rbdftg`ls cb k`ljgflkb bt fux k`k`ltrfktflts cb m`llb j`g.
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Jgeurb L¹ = > Db kgrkugt kgrkugt cu vgrbablt
Gap`rtftbur cçmgtbur
Bxp`rtftbur krçflkgbr
(6) `rcrb cb vgrbablt
(;) fvgs cb krçcgt
Mflqub cb D gap`rt gap`rtftbu ftburr
Mflqub cb d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftbur tbur (=) trflsagssg`l çdbktr`lgqub
K`rrbsp`lcflt cb df mflqub mflqub cb cb d gap`rtftbur gap`rtftbur [`urkb > « Yrftgqub cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ > p ;;3 6.= Db khèqub 6.=.6 Cçjglgtg`l cu khèqub
Db khèqub bst ul `rcrb çkrgt bt glk`lcg glk`lcgtg`llbd tg`llbd cb pf pfybr ybr ulb s`aab cçtbraglçb fu mçlçjgkgfgrb. Gd pbrabt c`lk fu tgrbur c bjjbktubr db rbtrfgt cb j`lcs é s`l pr`jgt `u fu pr`jgt c ul mçlçjgkgfgrb. 6.=.= Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts
Db khèqub bst ul glstruablt cb pfgbablt fu k`aptflt, gd bst trflsagssgmdb pfr v`gb c blc`s, kb qug pbrabt é s`l mçlçjgkgfgrb cb db rbabttrb é sbs krçflkgbrs p`ur rçedbr sf cbttb. S`utbj`gs, gd bst rbpr`khç é kb a`cb cb pfgbablt df d`urcbur cb df pr`kçcurb qug l bst pfs cçluçb cb t`ut
rgsqub kfr gd pbut îtrb, sfls pr`vgsg`l, pbrcu `u v`dç. Gd bst c`lk p`rtbur c ul hfut rgsqub cb l`l pfgbablt bt cb khfleb. D`rsqu gd bst utgdgsç cfls ulb trfls trflsfktg`l fktg`l gl gltbrlftg`lfdb, tbrlftg`lfdb, gd lb k`uvrb lg db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd lg db rgsqub p`dgtgqub. 6.=.; ]blj`rkbablt cu khèqub
Y`ur efrfltgr db pfgbablt pdusgburs typbs cb khèqubs `lt çtç krççs >
6.=.;.6 Db khèqub vgsç
59
K bst ul kh khèqu èqubb çag çagss pf pfrr d fkh fkhbtbu btburr çt çtrflebr rflebr bt vgsç pfr s`l mflqugbr, vgsç vbut cgrb qub db mflqugbr fttbstb d bxgstblkb cb df pr`vgs pr`vgsg`l g`l d`rs cb d fpp`sgtg`l cu vgsf. D Dbb cçdfg cb rçkbptg`l bt c blkfgssbabl blkfgssbabltt cu khèqub çtflt d`le d`le,, ul cçmgtbur cb afuvfgsb j`g pbut pr`jgtbr p`ur rbtgrbr bltrb tbaps dbs j`lcs. Kb typb cb khèqub bst prçk`lgsç p`ur dbs k`ltrfktflts cgelbs cb k`ljgflkb.
6.=.;.= Db khèqub kbrtgjgç
Gd k`lsgstb bl d fpp`sgtg`l pfr df mflqub cb df abltg abltg`l `l « KB]SGJGB ¿. Gd bst pdus sçkurgsç qub db khèqub khèqub vgsç kfr df pr`vgsg pr`vgsg`l `l bst md`quçb pblcflt db ccçdfg çdfg cb prçs prçsbltftg`l bltftg`l bt d gap`rtftbur lb p`urrf pfs df rrbtgrbr btgrbr > k bst c`lk uulb lb s`rtb cb k`uvbrturb p`ur d bxp`rtftbur k`ltrb db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd. 6.=.;.3 Db khèqub cb mflqub
K bst ul kh khèqub èqub çags sur dbs pr`prbs k`aptbs cb df mfl mflqub qub cb d fkhbtbur bt sur sur glstruktg`l cb kb cbrlgbr. K bst ulb futrb p`ssgmgdgtç cb k`uv k`uvrgr rgr db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd, afgs db rgsqub rgsqub p`dgtgqub bt cb l`l trflsjbrt cbaburblt t`un`urs. [f vfdgcgtç bst cb ;:2 n`urs é pfrtgr cb df cftb cb s`l çagssg`l. 6.;
Dbs bjjbts cb k`aabrkb
[b s`lt cbs tgtrbs tgtrbs k`lstftflt d `mdgeftg`l, p`ur ulb pbrs`llb pbrs`llb physgqub `u a`rfdb, cb pfybr ul ulbb s`aab glcgquçb é ulb cftb jgxçb. Dbs bjjbts cb k`aabrkb s`lt rçegs pfr df k`lvbltg`l cb Eblèvb (d`g ulgj`rab sur dbs dbttrbs cb khfleb bt mgddbts é `rcrb) `rcr b)
6.;.6 Df dbttrb cb khfleb 6.;.6.6 Cçjglgtg`l
Df dbttrb cb khfleb khfleb çefdbablt fppbdçb fppbdçb trfgtb, bst ul çkrg çkrgtt tgrç pfr d bxp`rtftbur krçflkgbr (tgrbur) sur d gap`rtftbur cçmg cçmgtbur tbur (tgrç) p`rtflt `rcrb cb pfy pfybr br ulb s`aab é ulb kbrtfglb çkhçflkb bl jfvbur c ul mçlçjgkgfg mçlçjgkgfgrb rb (eçlçrfd (eçlçrfdbabl babltt k bst d bxp`rtftbur) bxp`rtftbur).. Df trfgtb bst blv`yçb blv`yçb fu tgrç p`ur fkkbptftg`l bl `pp`sflt sf sgelfturb fu rbkt`. Df trfgtb k`ap`rtb lbuj lbuj abltg`ls `mdge `mdgeft`grbs ft`grbs (k`lcgtg`ls ccbb j`rab) qug s`lt s`lt > µ
µ
Df cftb bt dgbu cb krçftg`l ? D `rcrb cb cb pf pfyybr ? 56
Df cçl`aglftg`l (dbttrb cb khfleb) khfleb) ?
Db mçlçjgkgfgrb ?
Db a`ltflt ?
D çkhçfl çkhçflkb kb ?
Db l`a cu tgrç ?
Db dgbu cb pfgbablt ?
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
µ
Df sgelfturb afluskrgtb cu tgrbur.
Df dbttrb cb khfl khfleb eb pbut îtrb pfyfmd pfyfmdbb é vub k'bst-é-cgrb cès sf prçsbltftg`l, `u mgbl é tbrab > db n`ur cb d çkhçflkb jgxçb sur df dbttrb cb khfleb. khfleb. S`utb dbttrb cb khfleb khfleb bst trflsagssgmdb pfr v`gb c blc`s. D blc`ssbabl blc`ssbabltt c`gt îtrb glskrgt sur df dbttrb cb kh khfleb fleb `u sur d fdd`leb (ulb jbugddb fllbxçb é df trfgtb) 6.;.6.= Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts
Df trfgtb bst bst çagsb é d glg glgtgftgvb tgftgvb cb d bxp`r bxp`rtftbur, tftbur, bd bddb db aftçrg aftçrgfdgsb fdgsb ulb ulb krçflkb krçflkb a`mgdgsfmdb a`mgdgsfmdb qug pbut îtrb bsk`a bsk`aptçb ptçb fuprès c ulb mflqub c`lt df cftb cb pfgbablt bst prçkgsçb. K bst ul c`kuablt nurgcgqub nustgjgkftgj cb krçflkb bl kfs cb dgtgeb é k`lcgtg`l qu bddb s`gt fkkbptçb. Kbpblcfltt df sçkurgtç l bst pfs t`un`urs Kbpblcfl t`un`urs eefrfl frfltgb tgb kfr d gap`r gap`rtftbur tftbur pbut pbut s fvçrbr fvçrbr cçjfgddflt cçjfgddflt bt dé d fvfd fvfd c ulb mflqub k`lstgtub df abgddburb k`uvbrturb k`ltrb db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd, afgs db rgsqub p`dgtgqub pbrsgstb. Fn`utflt é åf dbs cçdfgs c fkkbptftg`l bt c blkfgssbablt d`les. 6.;.= Db mgddbt é `rcrb
Db mgddbt é `rcrb bst bst ul çkrgt rçcgeç pfr d gap`rtftbur `u pfr ulb mmflqub flqub (s`us (s`uskrgptbur) krgptbur) qug s blefeb é pfybr ulb s`aab é s`l bx bxp`rtftbur p`rtftbur é ulb çkhçfl çkhçflkb kb cçtbraglçb. [`l açkflgsab bst sgapdb > d`rsqu ul j`urlgssbur fkk`rcb é s`l kdgblt ul cçdfg cb rèedbablt, gd cbvgblt s`l krçflkgbr. F trfvbrs df dbttrb dbttrb cb khfleb, db kkrçflkgbr rçflkgbr fcrbss fcrbssbb é s`l cçmg cçmgtbur tbur d `rcrb cb pfybr db a`ltflt a`ltflt cÿ é ulb cftb k`lvblub. Cfls db kfs cu cu mgddbt é `rcrb, k bst db cçmg cçmgtbur tbur dug-aîab qug çtfmdgt db c`kuablt pfr dbqubd dbqubd gd s blefeb cb rçed rçedbr br sf cbttb é ulb cftb cç cçtbraglçb. tbraglçb. D utgdgsftg`l cu mgddbt é `rcrb bl k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gl gltbrlftg`lfd tbrlftg`lfd bst pbu jrçqubl jrçqubltb, tb, gd bst utgdgsç eçlçrfdbablt p`ur rçeudfrgsbr ulb dbttrb cb khfleb çefrçb, `u çagsb pfr ulb mflqub p`ur nustgjgbr db trflsjbrt cbs j`lcs j`lcs cfls db rbs rbspbkt pbkt cb df rçed rçedbabltftg`l babltftg`l cbs kh khflebs. flebs.
5=
Db mgddbt é `rcrb bst s`uags é df pdupfrt cbs cgsp`sgtg`ls fppdgkfmdbs é df dbttrb cb khfleb. 6.3 Df kfrtb mflkfgrb
K bst ul gl glstruablt struablt c`lt d fppfrgtg`l f mm`udbvbrsç `udbvbrsç db a`lcb ccbs bs fjjfgrbs fjjfgrbs.. Dbs mflqubs mflqubs `l `ltt krçç cbux erflcbs fss`kgftg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs Zgsf bt Afstbr Kfrc k`apçtgtgvbs bl aftgèrb c gll`vftg`l bt cb pbrj`raflkb. Cbux systèabs cb j`lktg`llbablt s`lt é cgstgleubr > 6).Df kfrtb cb pfgbablt qug pbrabt db pfgbablt fux k`aabråflts fchçrblts bt db cçmgt cu k`aptb bst gaaçcgft ? =).Df kfrtb cb krçcgt qug f dbs aîabs kfrfktçrgstgqubs bt j`lktg`ls sfuj qub db k`aptb cb d utgdgsftbur utgdgsftbur llbb sbrf ccçmg çmgtç tç qu bl jgl cu a`gs. D çdfregssbablt cu rçsbfu gltbrlftg`lfd cbs mflq mflqubs ubs f ga gap`sç p`sç d utgdgsftg`l cbs kkfrtbs frtbs mflk mflkfgrbs fgrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs p`ur jfkgdgtbr dbs pfgbablts é dbur kdgbltèdb. Df kfrtb mflkfgrb gltbrlftg`lfdb bst utgdgsçb bl prg`rgtç pfr dbs t`urgstbs bt dbs h`aabs c fjjfg fjjfgrbs. rbs. K bst ul glstruabl glstruabltt s`updb, s`updb, jfkgdbablt trflsp`rtfmdb bt utgdgsfmdb cfls l`amrbux pfys. =. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt
Rlb tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqub cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt bst df açth`cb uutgdgsçb tgdgsçb p`ur rfpftrgbr d ul cbs a`ybls a`ybls cçkrgts prçkçcbaablt. prçkçcbaa blt.
=.6 Dbs tbkhlgqubs sgapdbs =.6.6 D blkfgss blkfgssbabl babltt sgapdb sgapdb
D blkfgssbablt sgapdb sgapdb bst k`urfaablt fppbd fppbdçç trflsjbrt dgmrb. Kbttb `pçrftg`l bst bst k`lkrçtgsçb pfr ul `rcrb c`ll c`llçç pfr d gap`rtftbur é s`l mflqugbr cb trflsjçrbr ulb kbrtfglb s`aab fu pr`jgt cu mçlçjgkgfgrb mçlçjgkgfgrb c`agkgdgç fuprès c ulb mflqub çtrfleèrb. çtr fleèrb. Kbt `rcrb bst c`llç fprès bxpçcgtg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb bt rçkbptg`l cbs c`kuablts lçkbssfg lçk bssfgrbs rbs pfr d gap`rtf gap`rtftbur. tbur. 5;
Jgeurb L¹ 9; > @pçrftg`l cb rèedbablt rèedbablt pfr trflsjbrt dgmrb
GAY@]SFSBR]
(6)
BXY@]SFSBR]
(=)
(;)
(2)
MFLVRB MF LVRB CB D GAY@]SFSBR]
MFLVRB MF LVRB CB (3)
D BXY@]SFSBR] K`rrbsp`lcflt Btrflebr
[`urkb > K`lkbptg`l pbrs`llbddb pbrs`llbddb
(6)-K`ltrft k`aabrkg k`aabrkgfd fd (=)-Bxpçcgtg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb (;)-@rcrb cb pfgba pfgbablt blt (3)-Srflsjbrts cbs j`lcs (2)-]èedbablt.
=.6.= Db pfgbablt é df k`aaflcb
Gd s feg fegt c ul pfgbablt fltgkgpç fltgkgpç bl jfvbur cb d bxp`rtftbur qug supp`sb supp`sb ulb k`ljgflkb k`ljgflkb fms`dub bltrb dug bt s`l gap`rtftbur. Kbpblcflt kb eblrb cb pr`kçcurbs bst cçjblcu pfr kbrtfgls pfys cfls db mmut ut cb pr`tçebr ddbs bs gltçrîts cb d gap`rtftbur l`tfaablt pfr d gltbrcgktg`l cb trflsjbrts trflsjbrts cb j`lcs fvflt df nustgjgkftg`l nustgjgkftg`l cb d bxpçcgtg`l cb df afrkhflcgs afrkhflcgsbb é cbstglftg`l cu pfys. =.6.; Db pfgbablt k`ltrb jfkturb
K bst ulb tbkhlgqub rçs rçsbrvçb brvçb é cb jfgmdbs a a`ltflts `ltflts `u bltrb `pçrftburs fy fyflt flt ulb k`ljgflkb autubddb, `u blk`rb bltrb bltrbprgsb aèrb bt jgdgfdbs. Fprès fv`gr fkk`apdg sbs `mdgeftg`ls, d bxp`rtftbur blv`gb blv`gb cg cgrbktbablt rbktbablt df jfkturb k`a k`aabrkgfdb abrkgfdb é d fkhbtbur qug bl rçedbrf db a`ltflt a`ltflt 53
é df cftb k`lvblub. Kbttb tbkhlgqub bst bst sgapdb bt çvgtb df d`urcbur fcaglgstrftgvb afgs lb k`ap`rtb fukulb sçkurgtç, bddb lb efrfltgt efrfltgt lg db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd lg db rgsqub p`dgtgqub. Dbs a`ybls cb pfgbablt p`uvflt îtrb fss`kgçs fss`kgçs é kbttb tbkhlgqub s`lt db vgrbablt, db khèqub, bt df dbttrb cb khfleb. =.6.3 Db k`ltrb rbam`ursbablt (kfsh `l cbdgvbry)
K bst ulb tbkhlgqub cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt qug k`lsgstb é dgvrbr df af afrkhflcgsb rkhflcgsb bl k`ltrb k`ltrb pfrtgb cu pfgbablt.t. Gkg k bst db trflsp`rtbur jglfd qug n`ub db ródb c gltbraçcgfgrb jglflkgbr, gd sb khfreb pfgbabl cb d blkfgssbablt bt rfpftrgba rfpftrgbablt blt cu prgx cb df afrkhfl afrkhflcgsb. cgsb. Gd cbvgblt fd`rs pbrs`llbddbablt pbrs`llbddbablt rbsp`lsfmdb cu pfgbablt cb df trflsfktg`l quflc df abltg`l k`ltrb rbam`ursbablt jgeurb bxprbssçablt sur db k`ltrft cb trflsp`rt. [ gd k`ltbstb df abltg`l gd c`gt l`tgjgbr s`l rbjus fu kdgblt fvflt db khfrebablt cb df afrkhflcgsb. Df rbsp`lsfmgdgtç cu pfgbablt pbut îtrb prgsb pfr cbs trflsgtfgrbs `u trflsp`rtburs cb kbrtfglbs k`apfelgbs fçrgbllbs `u jbrr`vgfgrbs `u aîab pfr ul feblt cbs YSS k`dgs p`stfux. D bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur utgdg utgdgsb sb kbttb tbkhlgq tbkhlgqub ub d`rsqu gd bst sur qub df afrkhflcgsb sbrf fkkbptçb pfr d gap`rtftbur bt fussg cfls db kkfs fs cb k`d k`dgs gs cb jjfgmdb fgmdb vfdbur. Cbux açth`cbs s`lt p`ssgmdbs > Db trflsp`rtbur blkfgssb blkfgssb db khèqub khèqub bt krçcgtb db k`ap k`aptb tb cb d bxp`rtftbur. Bl kfs cb cb khèqub gapfyç, gd l bst pfs rbsp`lsfmdb cb df dgvrfgs`l. Df cbuxgèab açth`cb açth`cb k`lsgstb é çtfmdgr çtfmdgr db khèqub fu ll`a `a cb d bxp`rtftbur bt cb db dug fcrbssbr fcrbssbr pfr k`urrgbr. Y`ur sb prçaulgr prçaulgr k`ltrb db rgsqub c fmsblkb cb pr`vgsg`l, gd pbut bxgebr ul khèqub kbrtgjgç `u ul khèqub cb mflqub fu a`ablt cb df sgelfturb cu k`ltrft. Db prglkgpfd fvfltfeb cb kbttb tbkhlgqub bst df jfkgdgtç cb df pr`kçcurb. S`utbj`gs, bddb lb efrfltgt pfs db rbjus cb rçkbptg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb, db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd cu khèqub sfls pr`vgsg`l bt db rgsqub rgsqub p`dgtgqub cb l`l l`l trflsjbrt cbs j`l j`lcs cs blkfgssçs. JGER]B L¹93 > YFGBABLS YF] K@C BXY@]SFSBR]
(2)
(6)
GAY@]SFSBR]
(3)
(;)
52
S]FL[Y@]SBR] S]FL[Y @]SBR] (=)
S]FL[GSFG]B S]FL[GSFG]B
[`urkb > K`lkbptg`l pbrs`llbddb pbrs`llbddb
(6) K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd (=) ]bagsb cbs afrkhflcgsbs bt cbaflcb cb K@C (;) ]bagsb cbs a afrkhflcgsbs frkhflcgsbs é d fkhbtbur (3) Yfgbablt pfr rbagsb cb khèqub `u bjjbt cb k`aabrkb (2) Srflsagssg`l cu pfgba pfgbablt blt é d bxp`rtftbur =.= Dbs tbkhlgqubs c`kuabltfgrbs
Fjgl c fssurbr é d fkhbtbur k`aa k`aabb fu vblcbur d fkk`apdgssbabl fkk`apdgssbabltt cbs `mdgeftg`ls pfr s`l pfrtblfgrb, cbs tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdbs bs s`lt agsbs bl pdfkb. Kbs tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgqubs qug sb rçfdgsblt rçfdgsblt pfr d gltbraçcgfgrb ccbs bs mfl mflqubs qubs kk`lsgstblt `lsgstblt é efrfl efrfltgr tgr db pfgbablt bl k`ltrb pfrtgb cb df nustgjgkftg`l nustgjgkftg`l cb d bxpçcgtg`l cbs afrkhflcgs afrkhflcgsbs. bs. Dbs cbux tbkhlgqubs dbs pdus rçpflcubs s`lt df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb (]BAC@K) bt db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb (K]BC@K) p`ur dbsqubddbs df khfamrb cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfdb f fc`ptç cbs ]èedbs ]èedb s bt Rsflkbs R Rlgj`r lgj`rabs abs « ]RR ¿ cf cfls ls db mut c ulgj`ragsbr dbs prftgqubs cb pfgbablt.t. pfgbabl =.=.6 Df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb > ]bac`k =.=.6.6 Cçjglgtg`l cb df ]bac`k
Df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb `u blkfgssbablt c`kuabltfgrb bst ulb tbkhlgqub cb pfgbablt pfr dfqubddb ul bxp`rtftbur aflcftb sf mflqub p`ur db rfpftrgbablt r fpftrgbablt cu a`ltflt cb df afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsb cÿ pfr d gap gap`rtftbur `rtftbur.. D bxp`r bxp`rtftbur tftbur blv blv`gb `gb dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts c bxpçcgtg`l (tgtrb cb trflsp`rt, jfkturb kbrtgjgkft c `rg `rgeg eglb lb ) fkk` fkk`a apfel pfelçs çs c ul glstruablt cb pfgbablt (`rcrb cb vgrbablt, khèqub `u dbttrb cb khfleb `u mgddbt é `rcrb). Kbs c`kuablts s`lt rbags pfr df mflqub fu tgrç k`ltrb pfgbablt pfgbablt `u k`ltrb fkkbptf fkkbptftg`l. tg`l. Kbttb tbkhlgqub bst rçegb pfr dbs ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Rsflkbs rbdftgvbs fux blkfgssbablts c`kuabltfgrbs pumdgçbs bt fktufdgsçbs fktufdgsçbs rçeudgèrbablt pfr df KKG. =.=.6.= Açkflgsab cb df ]bac`k
Rlb `pçrftg`l cb ]BAC@K jfgt gltbrvblgr dbs cbux mmflqubs flqubs > kbddb cb d bxp`rtftbur (mflqub rbabttfltb) bt kbddb cb d gap`rtftbur (mfl (mflqub qub prçsbltftrgkb). Bddb sb cçr`udb k`aa k`aabb sugt > 5:
- D bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur rb rbab abtt é sf mflqub ccès ès bamfrqu bamfrqubablt bablt cbs a afrkhflcgsbs frkhflcgsbs,, d `rcrb c blkfgssbablt aftçrgfdgsç pfr ul m`rcbrbfu c glstruktg`l mflkfgrb fkk`apfelç cbs c`kuablts bxgeçs. Db m`rcbrbfu m`rcbrbfu c`gt k`ltblgr dbs glj`raftg`ls sugvfltbs > db l`a cu cbstglftfgrb, db l`a cb df mflqub prçsbltftrgkb, dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb vbltb, d glk`tbra, dbs k`l k`lcgtg`ls cgtg`ls cb pfg pfgbablt bablt bt df khfreb cbs jrfgs. jrfgs. - Df mflqub mflqub s bl khfreb fd`rs cb df rbagsb cbs c`kuablts é df mflqub mflqub cb d gap`rtftbur khfreç khfreçbb cb d blkfgssbablt. D Dbs bs mmflqubs flqubs c`gvblt feg fegrr cb mm`llb `llb j`g j`g > bddbs c`gvblt c`gvblt vçrgjgbr qub dbs c`kua c`kuablts blts s`lt kbux çluaçrçs cfls cfls d `rcrb c blkfgssbablt bt s`lt tblubs c fvgsbr dbs k`ltrfktflts bl kfs cb c`kuablt aflquflt. Kbpblcflt, bddbs l `lt fukulb `mdgeftg`l c bxfaglbr dbs c`kuablts bt fukulb rbsp`lsfmgdgtç bl kfs cb rbtfrc `u cb dbur pbrtb. - F d frrgvçb frrgvçb cbs c`kua c`kuablts, blts, ddff mflq mflqub ub cb d gap`rtftbur gap`rtftbur bst bst tblub tblub cb d fvgsbr fvgsbr cfls dbs abgddburs cçdfgs p`ur db rèedbablt.
=.=.6.; J`rabs cb df ]bac`k
[bd`l df lfturb lfturb cb d glstruablt cb pfg pfgbablt bablt utgdgsç, df rbagsb rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb prçsbltb prçsbltb cbux kfs > 6).Cfls db kfs cb c`kuablts k`ltrb pfgbablt (c`kuablts fefglst pfyablt), df mflqub prçsbltftrgkb (df mflqub cu pfys cb d gap`rtftbur) qug fvgsb db tgrç t grç cb d frrgvçb cbs c`kuablts lb s bl cbssfgsgt qub k`ltrb pfyba pf ybablt blt gaaçcgft, eçl eçlçrfdbablt çrfdbablt pfr vgrbablt. =).Cfls db cbuxgèab kfs k'bst-é-cgrb c`kuablts k`ltrb fkkbptftg`l (c`kuablts fefglst fkkbptflkb), fkkbptfl kb), d gap`rtftbur `mtgbl `mtgbltt dbs c`kuablts cb sf mmflqub flqub k`ltrb fkkbp fkkbptftg`l tftg`l cb trfgtb aftçrgfdgsçb pfr sf sgelfturb. sgelfturb. D gap`rtftbur fglsg prblc p`ss p`ssbssg`l bssg`l cbs af afrkhflcgsbs rkhflcgsbs fvflt fvflt db pfgbablt,t, gd pbut c`lk d çk`udbr bt rçedbr sf ccbttb pfgbabl bttb fvbk db pr`cug pr`cugtt cb df vbltb. Jgeurb L¹ 92 > Db trfgtbablt cb df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb k`ltrb pfgbablt
(6) Zblcbur c`llbur C `rcrb `rcrb
(;) ]bagsb cbs c`kuablts
k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd Bxpçcgtg`l cb df afrkhflcgsb (=)
(5) pfgbablt (5)
Fkhbtbur
(2) dbvçb cbs c`kuablts
(2mgs) Yfgbablt
55
Mflqu b rbabtt fltb Mflqub cu vblcbur
cbs c`kuablts (3) blv`g cbs pfgbablt (:) pfgbablt (:)
Mflqub prçsbltftrgkb mflqub k`rr bsp`lcfltb cb df mflqub rbabttfltb cfls db pfys cb d fkhbtbur
[`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb a`cudb @pçrftg`l cb Mf Mflqubs lqubs fvbk fvbk d Btrflebr GJGC =99;. =.=.6.3 Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts cb df ]bac`k
Gd bst vrfg vrfg qub df ]BA ]BAC@K C@K f d fvfl fvfltfeb tfeb c îtrb sgapdb bt pbu k`utbusb p`ur dbs pfrtgbs . D bxp`rtftbur mçlçjgkgb mçlçjgkgb cbs fvfl fvfltfebs tfebs cu vgrbablt mfl mflkfgrb kfgrb (jgfmgdgtç bt rfpgcgtç), rfpgcgtç), afgs ulb sgapdb fkkbptftg`l lb supprgab pfs db rgsqub cb l`l pfgbablt. Kbpblcflt, gd lb jfut pfs k`aprblcrb qub df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb k`ltrb pfgbablt çdgaglb db rgsqub c gapfyç k`ltrfgrbablt é df rbagsb cbs c`kuablts k`ltrb fkkbptftg`l fkkbptftg`l qug db dfgssb sumsgstbr bl rfgs`l cb df pçrg`cb cu krçcgt, kfr cfls dbs cbux kfs p`ur qub df mflqub fegssb bl sf qufdgtç cb aflcftfgrb, gd jfucrfgt jfucrfgt qub d fkhbtbur sb aflg aflgjbstb jbstb p`ur rçkdfabr dbs c`kuablts. c`kuablts. @r kbd kbdug-kg ug-kg p`ur kbrtfglbs rfgs`ls rfgs`ls pbut fmflc`llbr df afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsb fprès s`l bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`l. tg`l. Db rrgsqub gsqub afnbur afnbur c`lk bl rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb, qub kb s`gt k`ltrb pfgbablt `u fkkbptftg`l, bst kbdug b df l`l dbvçb cbs c`kuabl c` kuablts. ts. Kbttb tbkhlgqub lb k`uvrb pfs c`lk ddbb rgsqub k`aabrkgfd sfuj bl kfs cb d fvfd mflkfgrb. Kbpblcfltt db rgsqub p`dgtgqub cbaburb. Kbpblcfl Bl pdus df df prbstftg`l bjjbktuçb pfr ddbb mflqugb mflqugbrr l bst qu ulb prbstftg`l cb sbrvgkb (trflsagssg (t rflsagssg`l `l cbs c`kuablts) bt lb k`ap`rtb fukul blefebablt jglflkgbr. =.=.= Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb =.=.=.6 Cçjglgtg`l bt gltbrvblflts
Db K]BC@K l bst pfs ulb tbkhlgqub rçkbltb. [f prbagèrb utgdgsftg`l bl Jrflkb cftb cb 6529, blvgr`l cgx fls fprès d Fledbtbrrb.gd pbut sb cçjglgr k`aab « ul blefebabl blefebabltt k`lcgtg`llbd c`llç pfr df mflqub çabttrgkb sur glstruktg`l cb d fkhbtbur (c`llbur (c`llbur c `rcrb) cb pfybr ul a`ltflt cçtbraglç fu mçlçjgkgfgrb, j`urlgssbur c ulb afrkhflcgsb `u c ulb prbstftg`l k`ltrb rbagsb cb c`kuablts k`lj`rabs, prbuvb qub df afrkhflcgsb f çtç bxpçcgçb `u df prbstftg`l bjjbktuçb ¿;3
;3
Frtgkdb = cbs ]RR 58
Bl c futrbs tbrab tbrabs, s, k bst ul ulbb pr`a pr`abssb bssb c`llç c`llçbb pfr ddbb mflqugbr mflqugbr cb d gap`rtftbur é d bxp`rtftbur çtrflebr çtrflebr ppfr fr ddfqubddb fqubddb gd fssurb qub db a`ltflt cb sf krçflkb sbrf rçedç cès rçkbptg`l cbs c`kuablts çluaçrçs bt k`lj`rabs k`lj`rabs pr`uvflt pr`uvflt d bxpçcgtg`l cb df df afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsb `u d fkk`apdg fkk`apdgssba ssbablt blt cbs prbstf prbstftg`l tg`ls. s. Dbs gltbrvblflts cfls db a`ltfeb c ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb s`lt > 6- Db c`llbur c `rcrb > k bst d gap`rtftbur gap`rtftbur qug f llçe`kg çe`kgçç db k`ltrft k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd fv fvbk bk s`l j`urlgssbur çtrflebr. Gd c`llb é sf mflqub cbs glstruktg`ls c `uvbrturb cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bl jfvbur cu j`urlgssbur `u gd prçkgsb l`tfaablt dbs c`kuablts bxgeçs fglsg qub db a`cb cb rèedbablt. =- Df mflqub çabttrgkb > k bst df mflqu mflqubb cb d gap`rtftbur qug fprès fprès fv`gr rbåu dbs glstruktg`ls cb s`l kdgblt, çabt db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb k'bst-é-cgrb glgtgb s`l `uvbrturb. ` uvbrturb. ;- Df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb l`tgjgkftrgkb > k bst df mflqub k`rrbsp`lcf k`rrbsp`lcfltb ltb cb df mflqub çabttrgkb çabttrgkb cfls db pfys cb d bxp`rtftbur. Bddb l`tgjgb é kb cbrlgbr d `uvbrturb cu krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb bl sf jfvbur. 3- Db mçlçjgkgfgrb > k bst d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftbur tbur qug bbst st db mçl mçlçjgkgfg çjgkgfgrb rb cb d blefebabl blefebabltt mflkfgrb mflkfgrb cb pfgbablt.t. pfgbabl =.=.=.= Kfrfktçrgstgqubs cu Krbc`k
- Db K]BC@K bst ul k`ltrft jglflkgbr > Y`urr d gap`rtf Y`u gap`rtftbur tbur,, k bst bst ul a a`ybl `ybl c `mtbltg`l c ul krçcgt cb sf mflqub cfls db kfcrb c ulb `pçrftg`l c gap`rtftg`l. Y`ur d bxp`rtftbur, gd pbut glkdurb ulb abltg`l abltg`l c fk`aptb é pfybr c fvflkb. - K bst ulb k`ljgra k`ljgraftg`l ftg`l cb k`aaflc k`aaflcbb > Cès qub qub db vvblcbur blcbur rbå`gt d `rgeglfd cb d `uvbrturb cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb, gd pbut k`aablkbr k`aablkbr df jfmrgkftg`l, surt`ut cfls db kfs cb afrkhflcgsbs spçkgjgqubs jfmrgquçbs é df k`aaflcb. - K bst ul blefeba blefebablt blt mflkfgr mflkfgrbb > K bst d blefebabl blefebabltt cu mfl mflqugbr qugbr cb pfybr k`ltrb ccbs bs c`kua c`kuablts blts k`lj`rabs fux fttbltbs cb d ga gap`rtf p`rtftbur tbur.. - K bst ulb efrfltgb efrfltgb p`ur dbs cbux cbux pfrtgbs > Y`ur d bxp`rtftbur gd efrfl efrfltgt tgt db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd bt ddbb rgsqub p`dgtgqub sbd`l sbd`l df j`rab utgdgsçb. Y`ur d gap`rtftbur, gd bs bstt efrflt cu rbs rbspbkt pbkt cbs cçd cçdfgs fgs c bxpçcgtg`l, df k`lj`ragtç cu pr`cugt é df k`aaflcb pfssçb, s`us rçsbrvb mgbl sur, c ul m`l a`ltfeb cu Krbc`k bt c ul m`l kh`gx cbs c`kuablts qug bl k`lstgtublt df pgèkb afgtrbssb. 57
=.=.=.; Dbs rèedbs bt usflkbs ulgj`rabs ulgj`rabs ]RR (RKY)
Bl aftgèrb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, dbs rèedbs cçtbraglflt dbs cr`gts bt `mdgeftg`ls cbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs s`lt rçegbs pfr df mr`khur b :99 pumdgçb pfr df KKG « ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs rbdftgvbs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs ¿ (rçvgsg`l =995). Db k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd c`gt c`lk jfgrb rçjçrblkb é kbs rèedbs sg db pfgbablt prçvu sb jfgt pfr krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb.
Dbs frtgkdbs prçvus k`aprbllblt > Dbs frtgkdbs gapçrftgjs >
µ
Gd s fegt c frtgkdbs k`lkbrlflt dbs `mdgeftg`ls autubddbs qub t`us dbs gltbrvblflts c`gvblt rbspbktbr, kbux fuxqubds dbs pfrtgbs pbuvblt sb s`ustrfgrb. Dbs frtgkdbs suppdçtgjs >
µ
Kb s`lt cbs frtgkdbs qug dfgssblt fux gltbrvblflts df p`ssgmgdgtç c façlfebr dbs kdfusbs é dbur k`lvblflkb. Kbs frtgkdbs k`aablkblt s`uvblt pfr « sfuj stgpudftg`l k`ltrfgrb ¿ Fktubddbablt,t, db K]BC@K bst s`uags fux ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Fktubddbabl Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs cb df KKG, (mr`khurb :99), cbrlgèrb vbrsg`l fktufdgsçb bl nflvgbr =995. =.=.=.3 Açkflgsab cu Krbc`k
D bxp`rtftbur, fyflt jfgt jfgt ulb `jjrb, cbaflcbrf cbaflcbrf é s`l pfrtblfg pfrtblfgrb rb k`aabrkgfd ul pfgbablt pfr krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. c`kuabltfgrb. D gap`r gap`rtftbur tftbur kh khfreb frebrf rf sf mflq mflqub ub c `uvrgr df dbttrb cb krçcgt bl jfvbur cb s`l j`urlgssbur bl dug prçsbltflt ulb jfkturb `u ulb k`pgb cu k`ltrft. Df s`aab k`rrbsp`lcfltb bst eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdba blt md`quçb é s`l k`aptb pfr df mflqub. D glg glgtgftgvb tgftgvb cb d `uvbrturb bst bst fd`rs dfgss dfgssçb çb é d gap`rtf gap`rtftbu tbur. r. Df mflqub çabttrgkb blv`gb db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é s`l k`rrbsp`lcflt `u cgrbktbablt fu mflqugbr cb d bxp`rtftbur qug db ll`tgjgb `tgjgb é kb cbrlgbr. Db j`urlgssbur j`urlgssbur pr`kècb é d blv`g cb df afrkhflcgsb cfls dbs k`l k`lcgtg`ls cgtg`ls rbqugsbs, bt rbå`gt bl çkhfleb dbs c`kuablts c bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`l tg`l c`lt df ddgstb gstb f ççtç tç prçkgsçb prçkgsçb pfr d gap`rtftbur. D bxp`rtftbur rbabt kbs c`kuablts c`kuablts k`lj k`lj`rabs `rabs é s`l mflqugb mflqugbrr `u é df mflq mflqub ub k`rrbsp`lcfltb k`rrbsp`lcfltb qug dbs vçrgjgb bt bl rèedb çvbltubddbablt db a`ltflt k`lvblu. [g dbs c`kuablts k`ltgbllblt cbs grrçeudfrgtçs, d fut`rgsftg`l cb df mfl mflqub qub çabttrgkb bst rbqugs rbqugsbb p`ur bjjbktubr db pfgbablt. pfgbablt.
89
Df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb fcrbssb dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts é df mflqub çabttrgkb é dfqubddb bddb j`raudbrf ulb cbaflcb cb rbam`ursbablt. Db mflqugbr mflqugbr cb d gap`rtftbur pr`kècb ffuu rbam`ursbabl rbam`ursbablt,t, rbabt dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts é s`l kdgbl kdgbltt bt cçmgtb s`l k`aptb.
D gap`rtftbur pbut fd`rs çkh çkhflebr flebr dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts k`ltrb df afrkh afrkhflcgsb. flcgsb. Jgeurb L¹ 9: > YFGBABLS YFGBABLS YF] YF] K]BC@K
(6) GAY@]SFSBR]
BXY@]SFSBR] (2)
(=)
(8)
MF LVRB MFLVRB BABSS]GKB
(:)
(5) (5 mgs) mg s) (;)
(: mg s) (3)
MFLVRB L@SGJG L@SGJGKFS]GKB KFS]GKB Bvbltubddbablt K@LJG]AFS]GKB
[`urkb > K`lkbptg`l pbrs`llbddb pbrs`llbddb
(6) K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd (=) Cbaflcb c `uvbrturb K]BC@K (;) @uvbrturb K]BC@K fuprès c ul k`rrbsp`lcf k`rr bsp`lcflt lt (3) L`tgjgkftg`l L`tgjgkftg`l cu K]BC@K bt bt çvbltubddbablt çvbltubddbablt k`ljgraftg`l (2) Bxpçcgtg`l cbs afrkhflcgsbs (:) (: mgs) ]bagsb cbs c`kuabl c`kuablts ts bt çvbl çvbltubddbablt tubddbablt pfgbablt (5) (5 mgs) Srflsagssg`l cbs c`kuablts bt pfgbablt pfgbablt `u rbam`ursbablt rbam`ursbablt (8) Dbv Dbvçb çb cbs c`kuablts c`kuablts pfr d gap`rtftbu gap`rtftburr =.=.=.2 Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts cu Krbc`k 6). K bst ulb ulb tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqub mflkfgrb mflkfgrb qug jfkgdgtb jfkgdgtb db rbk`uvrbabl rbk`uvrbabltt cbs krçfl krçflkbs kbs sur d çtrflebr. =). =). K bs bstt é df j`gs ul a`ybl cb pfgbablt bt ul glstruablt cb krçcgt.
;). K bst ulb ulb tbkhlgq tbkhlgqub ub sÿrb sÿrb cès d`rs qu gd bst rçputç « grrçv`kfmdb bt k`ljgraç ¿, db Krbc`k
`jjrb é d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftbur tbur ul ulbb c`umd c`umdbb efrfl efrfltg tgbb > d blefebablt blefebablt cb df mflqub çabttrgkb qug k`uvrb k`uvrb db rgsqub fkhbtbur bbtt d blefebabl blefebabltt cb ddff mflqub k`ljgraftrgkb qug efrfltgt db rgsqub mflqub çabttrgkb bt db rgsqub r gsqub pfys. 3). K bst ulb ulb tbkhlgqu tbkhlgqubb rfpgcb rfpgcb qug pbrabt fu mçlçjgkgfgrb c bltrbr rfpgcbablt cfls sf
trçs`rbrgb. 2). K bst ulb ulb tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqub s`updb s`updb kfr db Krbc`k pbut s fcfptbr é t`utbs dbs sgtuftg`ls, dbs
a`cfdgtçs cb rèedbablt dbs pdus cgvbrsbs s`lt pbragsbs, db Krbc`k pbut k`uvrgr fussg mgbl cbs rèedbablts cb afrkhflcgsbs qub cbs prbstftg`ls cb sbrvgkbs. :). K bst ulb ulb tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqub prçkgsb prçkgsb > dbs k`lcgtg`ls c ul Krbc`k c`gvblt îtrb kdfgrbs bt prçkgsbs
fjgl c çvgtbr dbs afuv afuvfgsbs fgsbs gltbrprçtftg`ls. Kbpblcflt db Krbc`k prçsbltb cbs glk`lvçlgblts > 6).Db j`rafdgsab bt df k`apdbxgtç cb df pr`kçcurb ? =).Gd bst cb a`glcrb a`glcrb efrfltgb p`ur d fkhbtbur cu a`ablt a`ablt qub db pfg pfgbablt bablt s bjjbktub sur df mfsb cb c`kuablts bt l`l pfs cb df afrkhflcgsb. ;).Dbs mflqubs blk`urblt pdusgburs rgsqubs, db prbagbr bst c `rcrb tbkhlgqub bt pbut rçsudtbr c ulb brrbur cfls df vçrgjgkftg`l cbs c`kuablts. Db rgsqub c gls`dvfmgdgtç cb df mflqub çabttrgkb, db rgsqub p`dgtgqub fglsg qub kbdug cu l`l trflsjbrt lb s`lt pfs é çkfrtbr. =.=.=.: Dbs j`rabs j`rabs c blefebablt blefebablt cu Krbc` Krbc`kk
D çags çagssg sg`l `l c ul K]BC@K K]BC@K trfc trfcugt ugt d blefe blefebabl babltt cb df mflqub mflqub çabttrgk çabttrgkbb é d çefrc çefrc cu mçlçjgkgfgrb. Df sçkurgtç dgçb é ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bst cçpbl cçpblcfltb cfltb cb df j`rab prçvub d`rs cb s`l `uvbrturb. Dbs j`rabs jrçqubaabl jrçqubaabltt utgdgsçbs s`lt dbs sugvfltbs > f/ Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb rçv`kfmdb
Cfls kbttb j`rab, df mflqub çabttrgkb lb s`uskrgt fukul blefebablt jbrab fu pr`jgt cu mçlçjgkgfgrb. Db krçcgt pbut îtrb fll flludç udç `u fablcç é t`ut a`ablt pfr df mflqub mf lqub çabttrgkb çabtt rgkb é s`l glgtgftgvb `u é df cbaflcb cb s`l kdgblt sfls fukul prçfvgs prçfdfmdb fu mçlçjgkgfgrb. ]frbablt utgdgsç cfls df prftgqub, db Krbc`k rçv`kfmdb l `jjrb pfs cb efrfltgb sujjgsfltb fux k`ltrfktflts.
m/ Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb
86
Df mflqub çabttrgkb s`uskrgt ul blefebablt blefeb ablt jbrab cb pfgbablt bl jfvbur cu mçlçjgkgfgrb s`us rçsbrvb cb prçsbltftg`l cb c`kuablts k`lj`rabs k `lj`rabs fu fuxx gls glstruktg`ls truktg`ls cb d gap`rtftbur. Db krçcgt lb pbut îtrb flludç `u aîab a`cgjgç a`cgjgç pfr df mfl mflqub qub çabttrgkb sfls d fkk`rc k`aaul k`aaul cb d fkhbtbur bt cu vblcbur, tflt qub sf vvfdgcgtç fdgcgtç l bst pfs bxpgrçb. k/ Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb bt k`ljgraç
K bst df j`rab df pdus sçkurgsfl sçkurgsfltb tb kfr db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb k`ap`rtb k`ap`rtb ul c`umdb blefebablt blefebablt mflkfgrb, kbdug cb df mflqub çabttrgkb afgs çefdbablt kbdug cb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb qug cbvgblt çefdbablt k`ljgraftrgkb. F df cbaflcb cbaflcb cu mflqugbr çabttbur, ddff mflqub cu pfy pfyss cb d bxp`rtftbur pbut k`ljgrabr db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. Df k`ljgraftg`l cb df sgelfturb cb df mflqub çabttrgkb efrfltgt db pfgbabltt é d bxp`rtftbur bl s blefebflt pfgbabl blefebflt cb jfå`l bt cfls dbs aîabs tbrabs qub df mflqub çabttrgkb. Kb typb cb krçcgt `jjrb fu mçlçjgkgfgrb db afxgaua cb efrfltgbs kfr gd k`ap`rtb cbux blefebablts jbrabs c`lt d ul bst kbd blefebablts kbdug ug c ulb mflqub çtfmdgb cfls s`l pfys çdgaglflt fglsg t`ut rgsqub cb lfturb p`dgtgqub `u cb afuvfgsbs k`aprçhblsg k`aprçhblsg`ls. `ls. Db krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmd grrçv`kfmdbb bt k`ljgraç lb pbu pbutt îtrb fablcç `u flludç flludç sfls d fkk`rc prçfdfmdb cb t`utbs dbs pfrt pfrtgbs gbs gltbrvblfltbs cfls d `pçrftg`l é sfv`gr df mflqub çabttrgkb, df mflqub k`ljgraftrgkb, k`ljgraftrgkb, d gap`rtftbur bt d bxp`rtftbur. Df k`ljgraftg`l efrfltgt fu vblcbur df s`dvfmgdgtç cb df mflqub çabttrgkb, p`ur kbdf eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdba blt dbs mflqubs fkk`rcblt é dburs k`rrbsp`lcf k`rr bsp`lcflts lts cbs dgelbs cb krçcgt qug k`lstgtublt ulb blvbd`ppb ed`mfdb cb rgsqub afxgaua cçkgcçb sur khfqub pfys. K bst ul ulbb efrf efrfltgb ltgb a afxgaua fxgaua p`ur d bxp`r bxp`rtftbur tftbur qug l f lg c`s c`ssgbr sgbr é j`urlg j`urlgr, r, lg cçd cçdfg fg cb kfrblkb é survbgddbr survbgddbr bt gd sbrf pfyç bl t`tfdg t`tfdgtç tç k`ltrfgrbablt é d fssurflkb qug qug lb k`uvrb qub pfrtgbddbablt df krçflkb. krçflkb. =.=.=.5 Dbs cgjjçrblts a`cbs cb pfgbablt cu Krbc`k f/ Yfgbablt é vub
Db Krbc`k fvbk pfgbablt é vub k`lsgstb é utgdgsbr ul glstruablt cb pfgbablt prçvu cfls db k`ltrft (eçlçrfdbablt (eçlçrfdbablt k bst db vgrbablt). Df mfl mflqub qub çabttrgkb `u k`ljgraftrgkb k`ljgraftrgkb pfgb fu vu cbs c`kuablts c`kuabl ts rbk`llus k`lj`rabs. Cfls db kfs c ul Krbc`k k`ljgraç, df mflqub k`ljgraftrgkb sb khfreb cu pfgbablt k`ltrb rbagsb cbs c`kuablts k`lj`rabs. [g db Krbc`k Krbc`k bst ll`tgjgç `tgjgç sbudbabl sbudbablt,t, db mflqugbr mflqugbr l bst pfs
8=
8;
`mdgeç c bjjbktubr db pfgbablt, gd fttblcrf ftt blcrf fd`rs db trflsjbrt cbs j`lcs p`ur krçcgtbr db mçlçjgkgfgrb.
m/ Yfgbablt cgjjçrç `u é çkhçflkb
Db pfgbablt cfls kb kfs sb jfgt é ul l`amrb cb n`urs prçkgsç (eçlçrfdbablt é 79 n`urs) pfr ul glstruablt cb pfgbablt pfgbablt prçvu cfls db k`ltrft. Df mflqub ça çabttrgkb bttrgkb `u k`ljgraftrgkb s blefeb é pfybr é d çkhçflkb gl glcgquçb. cgquçb. Db pfgbabl pfgbabltt cgjjçrç prblc k`aab cftb cb rçj rçjçrblkb çrblkb df cftb cb k`llfgssbablt, cftb cb jfkturb `u cftb cb lçe`kgftg`l, bt dé cbux p`ssgmgdgtçs pbuvblt sb prçsbltbr > [g db Krbc`k bst bst sbudbablt l`tgjgç, d bxp`rtftbur rbkbvrf rbkbvrf bl çkhfl çkhfleb eb cbs
µ
c`kuablts stgpudçs, ulb dbttrb cb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb abltg`llflt sgapdbablt s`l blefebablt bt df cftb prçvub p`ur db rèedbablt. Bl kfs c ul Krbc`k k`ljgraç, k`ljgraç, d bxp`rtftbur rbkbv rbkbvrf rf ulb pr`abssb pr`abssb jbrab cb
µ
pfgbabltt é d çkhçflkb glcgquçb cfls db Krbc`k. D bxp`rtftbur lb sbrf pfyç qu é pfgbabl d bxpgrftg`l cu cçdfg bt aîab bl kfs cb mbs`gl cb trçs`rbrgb, trçs`rbrgb, gd lb p`urrf pfs bsk`aptbr sf krçflkb. Kbttb j`raudb bst pbu utgdgsçb kfr db vblcbur k`lsblt é bxpçcgbr df afrkhflcgsb bt é rbabttrb dbs c`kuablts fu mflqugbr çabttbur bl çkhfleb l`l pfs cu pfgbablt `u c ulb fkkbptftg`l afgs c ulb sgapdb pr`abssb cb pfybr é ulb cftb udtçrgburb. udt çrgburb. Cfls s`l fkkusç cb rçkbptg`l cbs c`kuablts, çtfmdg d`rs cb df rçfdgsftg`l c ul krçcgt l`l k`ljgraç cb kb eblrb, db mflqugbr l`tgjgkftbur sgelgjgbrf sgapdbablt fu vblcbur s`l gltbltg`l cb l blvg blvgsfe sfebr br db pfg pfgbabl babltt qu é pfrtgr cb df cftb c çkhçflkb. F d çkhçflkb, gd lb pfgb pfgbrf rf qub s gd f df kbrtgtucb cb rbkb rbkbv`gr v`gr cu mflqugbr çabttbur df k`uvbrturb. k/ Yfr fkkbptftg`l
Dbs c`kuablts rbags pfr d bxp`rtftbur s`lt s`lt fkk`a fkk`apfelçs pfelçs c ulb trfgtb qug sbrf fkkbptçb pfr df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb `u k`ljgraftrgkb é df pdfkb cu pfgbablt. Fprès s`l fkkbptftg`l, d bxp`rtftbur pbut df prçsbltbr prçsbltbr é sf mflqu mflqubb p`ur bsk`aptb `u fttblcrb ss`l `l çkhç çkhçflkb. flkb. Df mflqub çabttrgkb `u k`ljgraftrgkb fkkbptb c`lk ul bjjbt tgrç sur bddb-aîab é d çkhçflkb glcgquçb. D blefebablt cu mmflqugbr flqugbr bst cc`lk `lk
spçkgjgç ppfr fr ddbs bs tbrabs tbrabs cu cu K Krbc`k rbc`k bt p`rtb sur sur
d fkkbp fkkbptftg tftg`l `l bt ddbb pfg pfgbab bablt lt cb d bjj bjjbt bt é d çkh çkhçfl çflkb kb.. Dbs çkhçflkbs pbuvblt îtrb > - F vub
83
- F ul kbrtfgl cçdfg cb vub (Bxbapdb (Bxbapdb > é x n`urs cftb cb k`llfgs k`llfgssbablt) sbablt) - F cftb jgxb. Krbc`k rçfdgsfmdb pfr fkkbptftg`l fkkbptftg`l cu mflqugbr l`tgjgkftbur
µ
- Df trfgtb bst tgrçb sur db mflqugbr l`tgjgkftbur ? - Bddb bst fkkbptçb pfr df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb p`ur db k`aptb cu mflqugbr çabttbur ? - Dgbu cb pfgbablt > kfgssbs kfgssbs cb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb. Krbc`k rçfdgsfmdb pfr fkkbptftg`l cu mflqugbr çabttbur
µ
- Df trfgtb bst tgrçb pfr df mflqub çabttrgkb ? - Df trfgtb bst fkkbptçb pfr df mflqub çabttrgkb p`ur db k`aptb cu c`llbur c `rcrb - Dgbu cb pfgbablt > kfgssbs cb df mflqub çabttrgkb. c/ Yfr lçe`kgftg`l
Gd s feg fegt c ulb prftgqub cbs mflqubs fled`-sfx`llbs mfsçb sur df dbttrb cb krçcgt. Df « dbttrb cb krçcgt ¿bst ul blefebablt çags bl jfvbur c ul bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur pfr ddff mflqub mflqub cb d gap`rtftbur fut`rgsflt kbt bxp`rtftbur é tgrbr t grbr sur bddb `u sur ulb mflqub cçsgel cçsgelçb çb ulb trfgtb t rfgtb c`kuabltfgrb. Df mflqub mflqub çabttrgkb tgrb c`lk ulb trfgtb sur bddb-aîab é d çkhçflkb gl glcgquçb cgquçb bt fut`rgsb df mflqub cçsgelçb é bsk`aptbr kbt bjjbt. @l cgt qub d bsk`aptb bst « sfuj m`llb jgl ¿ sg df mflqub cçsgelçb bst ulgqubablt ulgqubablt rçfdgsftrgkb, gd bst « sfls rbk`urs ¿ cfls db kfs `u bddb bst fussg k`ljgraftrgkb. Df dbttrb cb krçcgt bst é df j`gs ul a`ybl cb pfgbablt efrfltg bt k`lcgtg`llbd bt ul glstruablt cb krçcgt krçcgt qug pbrabt é d fkhbtbur cb mçlçjgkgbr c ul cçdfg cb pfgbablt. S`utbj`gs, S`utbj`gs, bddb pr prçsbltb çsbltb a`gls cb efrfltgbs qub db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb kfr bddb bst pfyfmdb fux kfgssbs cb df mflqub çabttrgkb, kb qug prçsbltb cbs rgsqubs cb l`l trflsjbrt bt c gls`dvfmgdgtç cb df mflqub çabttrgkb. Fjgl cb dbs çvgtbr, gd bst t`un`urs rbk`aaflcç c bxgebr qub df dbttrb cb krçcgt s`gt k`ljgraçb pfr df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur qug bst cçné fut`rgsçb fut`rgsçb é lçe`kgbr dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts é sbs kfgssbs. =.=.=.8 Dbs j`rabs spçkgfdbs cu Krbc`k
f/ Db Krbc`k rçv`dvgle
Db krçcgt rçv`dvgle sgelgjgb df rbk`lcuktg`l fut`aftgqub cu krçcgt fprès sf prbagèrb utgdgsftg`l p`ur ul pdfj`lc pdfj`lc afxgaua fut`rgsç. Y`ur bxpdgqubr bxpdgqubr kbdf, `l pb pbut ut prblc prblcrb rb d bxbapdb sugv sugvflt flt >
82
Rl gap`rtftbur cçsgrb fkhbtbr 69 999 t`llbs c ul pr`cugt c`llç fu prgx ulgtfgrb cb 299 CF/t`llb. Gd s`uhfgtb bl rfgs`l cb kbr ttfglbs fglbs k`ltrfgltbs cbs dgvrfgs`ls ablsubddbs cb = 999 t`llbs fu dgbu c ulb dgvrfgs`l ed`mfdb. Cbux p`ssgmgdgtçs p`ssgmgdgtçs s`lt ``jjbrtbs jjbrtbs > 6- @uvrgr kglq krçcgts c`kua c`kuabltfgrbs bltfgrbs fvbk cbs cftbs cb vfdgcg vfdgcgtçs tçs sukkbssgvbs sukkbssgvbs é d `kkfsg`l cb khfqub bxpçcgtg`l. =- @uvrgr ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb rçv`dvgle qug k`ltgblcrf bl pdus cbs glcgkftg`ls l`rafdbs prçvubs p`ur t`utb `uvbrturb, c futrbs cçtfgds rbdftgjs é sbs k`lcgtg`ls c fppdgkftg`l. Kb s`lt prglkgp prglkgpfdbablt fdbablt > Db a`ltflt cbs trflkhbs fut`rgsçbs > cfls l`trb kfs, kb a`ltflt sbrf 299 CF x =999 t`llbs s`gt 6 999 999 CF. Db l`amrb cb trflkhbs fut`rgsçbs, cfls l`trb kfs kglq trflkhbs. Df pçrg`cgkgtç cbs trflkhbs > cfls l`trb bxbapdb, ablsubddbs. m/ Db Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb
Db krçcgt trflsjçrfmdb bst ul krçcgt bl vbrtu cuqubd db mçlçjgkgfgrb f db cr`gt cb cbaflcbr é df mflqub,, khfreçb c bjjbktubr db pfgbablt `u c fkkbptbr é pfybr cbs bjjbts cb k`aabrkb, qu bddb mflqub pbrabttb d utgdgsftg`l cu krçcgt bl t`tfdgtç `u bl pfrtgb pfr ulb `u pdusgburs tgbrs (sbk`lcs mçlçjgkgfgrbs). mçlçjgkgfgrbs ). Db krçcgt trflsjçrfmdb bst bst `uvbrt cfls db kfs `u db vblcbur vblcbur l bst pfs db pr`cuktbur cb df afrkhflcgsb vblcub vblcub bt qub dug a aîab îab s bst fppr`vgsg`llç fppr`vgsg`llç khbz ul j`urlgss j`urlgssbur bur `u ul pr`cuktbur qu gd c`gt c`lk rçedbr. Bl kfs `u gd lb cgsp`sb pfs cb j`lcs gd cbaflcb é s`l kdgblt gap`rtftbur gap`r tftbur d `uvb `uvbrturb rturb c ul Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb qug sbrf rçfdgsç fux k`lcgtg`ls cu krçcgt kdfssgqub fvbk kbrtfglbs prçkgsg`ls l`tfaablt > - Dbs l`as bt fcrbssbs cu prbagbr mçlçjgkgfgrb pbuvblt rbapdfkbr kbux cu c`llbur c `rcrb cu Krbc`k, k'bst-é-cgrb qub db prbagbr mçlçjgkgfgrb cbvgblt db c`llbur c `rcrb c ul krçcgt çags bl jfvbur c ul cbuxgèab mçlçjgkgfgrb. - Dbs a`ltflts cu krçcgt é trflsjçrbr bt t`ut prgx pr gx ulg ulgtfgrb, tfgrb, qug pbuvblt îtrb rçcugts kb qug dfgssb ulb afreb cb mçlçjgkb fu prbagbr mçlçjgkgfgrb. - Df cftb cb vfdgcgtç, df cftb c bxpçcgtg`l fglsg qub db cçdfg cb prçsbltftg`l cbs c`kuablts c`kuabl ts pbuvblt îtrb rçcugts p`ur çvgtbr df dbltbur cu trflsjbrt. - Df abltg`l trflsjçrfmdb c`gt jgeurbr bxprbss bxprbssçablt çablt sur db Krbc`k. - Db Krbc`k qufdgjgç cb trflsjçrfmdb pfr df mflqub çabttrgkb bst fut`aftgqubablt grrçv`kfmdb.
8:
Jgeurb L¹ 95 > Db Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb trflsjçrfmdb
C@RFLB
(:) Dgvrfgs`l cb df afrkhflcgsb
(6=) C@LLBR] C @]C] @]C]B B
Y]BAGB] MBLBJGKGFG]B
(;) Fvgsb s`l s`l Kdgblt (6)
C`kuablts (66) C`kuablts
CBRXGBAB MBLBJGK MBLBJGKGFG]B GFG]B
(5) (8) C`kuablts Yfgbablt C`kuablts
Yfgbablt
MFLVRB BABSS]GKB
(2) fvgsb s`l Kdgblt
(69) (7) C`kuablts MFLVRB C`kuablts C`kuablts MF C`kuablts MFLVRB LVRB CR =èab (=) K@LJG]AFS]GKB (3) MBLBJGKGF MBLBJGKGFG]B G]B K`uvbrturb K`uvbrturb K`uvbrturb
[`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb a`cudb @pçrftg`ls ccbb Mflqubs fv fvbk bk d Btrflebr GJGC =99;.
(6)- Db c`llbur c `rcrb cbaflcb cbaflcb é ssff mflqu mflqubb d `uvbrturb `uvbrturb c ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb br trflsjçrfmdb bl jfvbur cu 6 mçlçjgkgfgrb, kbddb-kg md`qub df pr`vgsg`l sbd`l db a`ltflt cb df jfkturb pr` j`raf fvbk ulb kbrtfglb kbrtf glb afreb. (=)- Df mflqub çabttr çabttrgkb gkb k`uvrb fuprès cb df mflqub cu 6br mçlçjgkgfgrb. mçlçjgkgfgrb. (;)- Kbddb-kg fvgsb s`l kdgblt (6 br mçlçjgkgfgrb). (3)- Df mflqub cu 6 br mçlçjgkgfgrb trflsjbrt db Krbc`k é df mflqub cu =èab mçlçjgkgfgrb.
(2)- Kbttb cbrlgèrb fvgsb s`l kdgblt. (:)- Db pr`cuktbur bamfrqub df afrkhflcgsb.
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(5)- Db pr`cuktbur rbabt r babt dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts stgpudçs stgpudçs é sf mflqub. (8)- Df mflqub cu sbk`lc mçlçjgkgfgrb pfgb p fgb s`l kdgblt (pr`cuktbur). (7)- Kbddb-kg blv`gb dbs c`kuablts é df mflqub cu 6 br mçlçjgkgfgrb. (69)- F s`l t`ur df mflqub cu prbagbr mçlçjgkgfgrb rbabt dbs c`kuablts é df mflqub cu c`llbur c `rcrb. (66)- Kbddb-kg dbs rbabt é s`l kdgblt p`ur qu gd pugssb rbtgrbr sf afrkhflcgsb. (6=)- ]btrfgt cb df afrkhflcgsb k`ltrb prçsbltftg`l cbs c`kuablts k`lj`rabs. k/ Db Krbc`k ]BC KDFR[B
D bxp`rtftbur l f pfs t`un`urs dbs a`ybls jglflkgb jglflkgbrs rs lçkbssfg lçkbssfgrbs rbs p`ur abttrb abttrb bbll
uvrb df
jfmrgkftg`l cu pr`cugt `mnbt cb df trflsfktg`l. K bst p`urqu`g, gd pbut cbaflcbr ulb fvflkb é df mflqub mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb `u/bt k`ljgraftrg k`ljgraftrgkb kb é vfd`gr sur db a`ltflt a`ltflt cb d `pçrftg`l. Dbs mflqubs mflqubs `lt ags bl pdfkb kb typb cb Krbc`k qug fut`rgsb db mflqugbr l`tgjgkftbur `u k`ljgraflt, é bjjbktubr ul prbagbr pfgbablt pfrtgbd `u pdusgburs pfgbablts sukkbssgjs cu krçcgt, é tgtrb c fvflkb `u c fk`aptb é d bxp`rtftbur sfls qub kbdug-kg prçsbltb ul qubdk`lqub qubdk`lqub c`kuablt c`kuablt c bxpçcgtg`l. Cfls kbrtfgls kfs db a`ltflt cb kbttb fvflkb pbut îtrb çefd é df t`tfdgtç cu krçcgt, s`us df rbsp`lsfmgdgtç rbsp`lsfmgdgtç cb df mflqub çabttrgkb bt cb s`l kdgblt. c/ Db Krbc`k Mfko t` Mfko `u fc`ssç
Kbttb tbkhlgqub bst utgdgsçb cfls db kfs c gap`ssgmgdgtç c `uvbrturb c ul Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb. D bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur pp`urrf `urrf fd`rs fd`rs ss`ddgkg `ddgkgtbr tbr d `uvb `uvbrturb rturb c ul Krbc`k fc`ssç fu prbagbr Krbc`k fppbdç « krçcgt afìtrb ¿, fu pr`jgt cb s`l s`us trfgtflt bt cbvgblt é s`l t`ur c`llbur c `rcrb, kb sbk`lc krçcgt s fppbddb « krçcgt sumsgcgfgrb ¿. Dbs cbux Krbc`k k`lkbrlblt df aîab `pçrftg`l afgs gds s`lt sçpfrçs sur db pdfl nurgcgqub. Kbttb j`rab pbrabt fux gltbraçcgfgrbs fyflt ulb surjfkb jglflkgèrb rçcugtb cb rçfdgsbr cbs trflsfktg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs gap`rtfltbs. Gd pbut îtrb k`ljgraç, bt fglsg db rgsqub k`aabrkgfd bt p`dgtgqub s`lt k`uvbrts. Kbpblcflt fukulb rrçsbrvb çsbrvb l bst eçlçrfdbablt fkkbptçb bt dbs jrfgs bt k`aagssg`ls mflkfgrbs s`lt gap`rtflts bt kb bl rfpp`rt fvbk df k`apdbxgtç cu a`ltfeb.
Jgeurb L¹ 98> 98> Krbc`k MFKO S@ MFKO
88
C@RFLB
(7) (7)
(62) C@LLBR] C'@]C]B CR K]BC K]BCGS GS C @]GEG @]GEGLB LB (GAY@]SFSBR]) (6)
MB MBLBJGKGFG]B LBJGKGFG]B CR K]BC K]BCGS GS C @]G @]GEGLB EGLB (BXY (BXY@]SFSBR]) @]SFSBR])
(=)
MBLBJGKGF MBLBJGKGFG]B G]B CR K]BC K]BCGS GS MFKO S@ MF MFKO KO (Y]@CRKSBR])
C@LLBR] C @]C]B CR K K]BCG ]BCGS S MFKO S@ MFKO (;)
(63)
(2)
(6;) MFLVRB BABSS]GKB
(3)
(:)
(66)
(69)
(8)
(6=) MF MFLVRB LVRB K@LJG]AFS]GKB
(5)
MF MFLVRB LVRB L@SGJGKFS]GKB
MFLVRB BABSS]GKB
Krbc`k c `rgeglb
Krbc` mfko t` mfko
[`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb a`cudb @pçrftg`ls cb M Mflqubs flqubs fv fvbk bk d Btrflebr GJGC =99;.
Kr Krbc` bc`kk c `rgeglb `rgeglb>>
`
(6)- D bxp`rtftbur ççtfmdgt tfmdgt ul k`ltrft fv fvbk bk d fkhbtbur (g (gap`rtftbur ap`rtftbur cc`llbur `llbur c `rcrb).
(=)- Gd k`lkdut ul futrb fvbk db pr`cuktbur. (;)- D gap`rtftbur `uv `uvrb rb ul krbc`k bbll jfvb jfvbur ur cb s`l bxp`rtftbur. (3)- Df mflqub mflqub çabttrgkb k`uv k`uvrb rb fuprès cb df mfl mflqub qub cb d bxp`rtftbur.
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(2)- Kbttb cbrlg cbrlgèrb èrb fvgs fvgsbb s`l kdgbl kdgbltt (d bx p`rtftbur). Krbc`k mfko t` mfko
`
(:)- D bxp`rtftbu bxp`rtftbur, r, mçlçj mçlçjgkgfg gkgfgrb rb cu Krbc`k c `rgeglb sb prçsbltb é sf mflqub p`ur `uvrgr ul Krbc`k bl jfvbur cu mçlçjgkgfgrb cu Krbc`k mfko t` mfko. Df mflqub k`ljgraftrgkb cu Krbc`k c `rgeglb cbvgblt fd`rs df mflqub çabttrgkb cu Krbc`k mfko t` mfko. (5) (8) - Df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur k`uvrb fu fuprès près cb df mfl mflqub qub cu pr`cuktbur, kbddb-kg kbddb-kg fvgsb s`l kdgblt. (7)- Kb cbrlgbr cbrlgbr pr`kècb é d bxpçcgtg`l ccbs bs afrkhflcg afrkhflcgsbs. sbs. (69)- Gd rbabt dbs c`kua c`kuablts blts k`lj`rabs bxgeçs cfls db k`ltrft. (66)- Df mflqub db pfgb (`u krçcgtb s`l k`aptb). (6=), (6;), (63) ( 63) - Fkhbaglbablt cbs c`kuablts. (62)- ]btrfgt ]btr fgt cbs afrkhflcgsbs k`ltrb prçsbltftg`l cbs c`kuablts. b/ Df dbttrb cb krçcgt [SFLC MW
Cbpugs 6825, df rèedbabltftg`l façrgkfglb gltbrcgt fux mflqubs c çabttrb cbs efrfltgbs mflkfgrbs kdfssgqubs, kdfssgqubs, rçsbrvçbs fux glst glstgtutg`ls gtutg`ls spçkgfdgsçbs, spçkgfdgsçbs, m`lcgle k`apfelg k` apfelgbs bs façrgkfglbs flc fabrgkfl glsurflkb fss`kgftg`l). Kbs mflqubs `lt krçç fd`rs dbs « stflc my dbttbr `j krbcgt ¿. Kbttb Kbttb tbkhlg tbkhlgqub qub s bst çtblcub ffux ux pfy pfyss suc fsg fsgftgqubs ftgqubs bt fu Nf Nfp`l, p`l, bddb bddb bst cb pdus bl pdus utgdgsçb bl Bur`pb. Fvflt 6777, df D/K stflc my çtfgt s`uagsb fux ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs ]bdftgvbs fux Krçcgt C`kuabltfgrb C`kuabl tfgrb Mr`khurb 299. Dbs mflqubs façrgkfglbs `lt krçç fprès cbs rrèedbs èedbs fcfptçbs fux D/K fuxqubddbs df KKG s bst fss`kgçb cfls df rçcfktg`l jglfdb. K bst dbs ]èedbs L¹ 279, bltrçbs bl vgeubur db 96/96/97, cçl`aaçbs ]èedbs bt Yrftgqubs Gltbrlftg`lfdbs rbdftgvbs fux dbttrbs stflc my (]YG[ 78) `u blk`rb (G[Y 78) Gltbrlftg Gltbrlftg`lfd `lfd [tflc My Yrfktgkb. Df dbttrb cb krçcgt bst mbfuk`up fssgagdçb fu Krbc`k qug bst é df j`gs a`ybl cb pfgbablt bt cb efrfltgb. Df D/K rbprçsbltb pfr k`ltrb bxkdusgvbablt ulb efrfltgb cb pfgbablt fc`ssç é ul a`ybl cb pfgbablt tbd qub db vgrbablt `u df trfgtb é çkhçflkb.
79
Jgeurb L¹> 97 D/K [SFLC MW
k`ltrft ltrft k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd (6) k`
GAY@]SFSR] C@LLBR] C@LLB R] C @]C] @]C]B B
(=) Cbaflcb C `uv `uvbrtu brturb rb
MFLVRB CB D GAY@]SFSBR]
BXY@]SFSR] MBLBJGKGFG]B MBLBJGK GFG]B
(3) L`tgjgkftg`l (3) L`tgjgkftg`l
D/K (;) Bagssg`l cb df D/K
MFLVRB CB D BXY@]SFSBR]
[`urkb > K`lkbptg`l pbrs`llbddb pbrs`llbddb
D bxp`rtftbur bl p`ssbssg`l p`ssbssg`l cb df D D/K /K [tflc my, pbut ab abttrb ttrb bl nbu df efrfltgb, bl bl kfs `u d gap`rtftbur f jfgddg é s`l `mdgeftg`l `mdgeftg`l cb pfgbablt, bl prçsbltflt dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts prçvus cfls dbs cçdfgs gapfrtgs. Cès rçkbptg`l pfr db k`rrbsp`lcflt c ul [wgjt k`ljgraflt db pfgbablt, df efrfltgb cbvgblt kfcuqub, sfls bjjbt. Df dbttrb cb krçcgt krçcgt stflc my bst agsb bl pdfk pdfkbb p`ur d bxçkutg`l cu k`ltrft p`rtfl p`rtfltt sur ulb d`leub pçrg`cb. Dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb s`l utgdgsftg`l s`lt très s`updbs mfsçbs sur df rbagsb cb c`kuabltftg`l dçefdb, k`lj`rab fux tbrabs bt k`lcgtg`ls cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt [tflc my.
76
[bktg`l = > Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt
F d bxp`rtftg`l, db jglflkba jglflkbablt blt cbs `pçrftg`ls f ulb gap`rtflkb kk`lsgcçrfmdb `lsgcçrfmdb bl rfgs`l cb df k`lkurrblkbb fkkrub bltrb dbs vblcbu k`lkurrblk vblcburs rs bt dbs pr`cuktburs. Bl bjjbt, kbdug qug vblc c`gt s`uvblt fkk`apfelbr s`l `jjrb pfr cbs jfkgdgtçs cb pfgbablt k`lstgtuflt ul jglflkbablt bl fvfd. Db jglflkbablt cbvgblt c`lk ul jfktbur cb k`apçtgtgvgtç. Dbs bltrbprgsbs pr`cuktrgkbs `lt mbs`gl fussg c ul jglflkbablt bl fa`lt, sftgsjfgt eçlçrfdbablt pfr dbs mflqubs k`lsgcçrçbs k`aab cbs pfrtblfgrbs prgvgdçegçs cbs bltrbprgsbs. b ltrbprgsbs. Bl aftgèrb cb jglflkbablt, tr`gs typbs cb mbs`gls cb jglflkbablt pbuvblt îtrb cgstgleuçs > cbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt é k`urt tbrab s`gt a`gls c ulb fllçb, cbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt é a`ybl d`le tbrab (é pdus c ul fl) bt bljgl cbs j`rabs cb jglflkbablt pfrtgkudgèrbs. 6. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt é k`urt tbrab
Eçlçrfdbablt ulb bltrbprgsb bxp`rtftrgkb pbut rbssbltgr cbux typbs cb mbs`gls bl aftgèrb cb jglflkbabltt > jglflkbabl - Jglflkbr cbs cçsçqugdgmrbs cb trçs`rbrgb bl fa`lt ?
7=
- Jglflkbr ulb `pçrftg`l c bxp`rtftg`l bl fkk`rcflt cbs krçcgts é sbs kdgblts bl fvfd. 6-6 Jglfl Jglflkbablt kbablt cb cb d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l bl fa`lt fa`lt
Db pr`mdèab cb trçs`rbrgb pbut sb p`sbr p`ur tr`gs rfgs`ls > 6-6-6 Fu a`ablt cb df pr`spbktg`l
Y`ur rçfdgsbr cbs vbltbs vbltbs é d bxp`rtftg`l, gd jfut pr`spbktbr dbs a afrkhçs frkhçs bt khbrkhbr cb cbss kdgblts. Kbttb pr`spbktg`l pbut pbut sb jfgrb pfr df pfrtgkgpftg`l pfrtgkgpftg`l é cbs j`grbs sfd sfd`ls `ls bt bxp`sgtg`ls bt k bst df j`rab df pdus k`urfltb, s`gt cgrbktbablt pfr prgsb cb k`ltfkt fvbk dbs kdgblts bl blv`yflt cbs çkhfltgdd`ls çkhfltgdd `ls `u cbs cçdçeftg`ls cçdçeftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs p`ur lçe`kgftg`l. lçe`kgftg`l. F kbttb çtfpb d bltrbprgsb blefeb cbs cbs cçpblsbs jglflkg jglflkgèrbs èrbs sfls df kbrtgtucb cb d fm`utgssbabl fm`utgssbabltt cb s`l `jjrb kb qug pbut cçsçqugdgmrbr cçsçqugdg mrbr sf ttrçs`rbrgb. rçs`rbrgb. Df abgddburb jfå`l k bst cb rbk`urgr r bk`urgr é ul jglflkbablt afgs k`aptb tblu cb df spçkgjgkgtç cb df pr`spbktg`l, dbs bltrbprgsbs s`ddgkgtblt s`uvblt ulb fssurflkb krçcgt qug k`lsgstb é glcbalgsbr é hfutbur c ul p`urkbltfeb c`llç (eçlçrfdbablt 29% `u :9%) cbs cçpblsbss bjjbktuçbs dd`rs cçpblsb `rs cb a aflgjbstftg`ls flgjbstftg`ls k`aa k`aabrkgfdbs brkgfdbs é d çtrflebr. 6-6-= Fu a`ablt cb df jfmrgkftg`l
F kb lgvbfu, dbs cçpblsbs s`lt çl`rabs pugsqub bl pdus cbs jrfgs c usgl usglfeb feb d bltrbprgsb bltrbprgsb bxp`rtftrgkb c`gt fcfptbr s`l pr`cugt fu afrkhç cb cbstglftg`l l`tfaablt bl aftgèrb cb c bamfddfeb, afrqufeb, trflsgt Y`ur kbdf, bddb pbut rbk`urgr é ul krçcgt cb prçjglflkbablt mflkfgrb cbstglç é k`uvrgr kbs cçpblsbs, fkk`rcç eçlçrfdbablt é cbs tfux m`lgjgçs cfls dbs pfys qug blk`urfeblt dbs bxp`rtftg`ls. 6-6-; Y`ur k`lstgtutg`l k`lstgtutg`l cb cb st`kos é d çtrflebr çtrflebr
Eçlçrfdbablt bl pr`cugts jglgs cbstglçs fu afrkhç bxtçrgbur qug `lt mbs`gl mbs` gl c ul jglflkbablt p`ur fssurbr df efrcb bt d bltrbtgbl cb df afrkhflcgsb bl fttblcflt sf cgstrgmutg`l. Kbs jrfgs pbuvbltt îtrb prgs bl khfreb bl kfs cb pr`mdèa pbuvbl pr`mdèabb cb trçs`rbrgb. 6-= Jglfl Jglflkbablt kbablt cb cb d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l bl fvfd
Cbux tbkhlgqubs s`lt utgdgsçbs >
7;
6-=-6 D'fvflkb bl cbvgsbs
Gd bxgstb d'fvflkb bl cbvgsbs é d'gap`rtftg`l d'gap`rtftg`l bt d'fvflkb bl cbvgsbs é d'bxp`rtftg`l. Fvflkb bl cbvgsbs é d'gap`rtftg`l
µ
Rl gap`rtftbur pbut `mtblgr cb sf mflqub ulb fvflkb bl cbvgsbs qug sb sumstgtub é ul krçcgt bl a`llfgb lftg`lfdb. Dbs cbvgsbs fvflkçbs s`lt fjjbktçbs gaaçcgftbablt bt cgrbktbablt, çvbltubddbablt fprès frmgtrfeb (k'bst-é-cgrb pfr vbltb c'ulb cbvgsb k`ltrb ulb futrb), fu rèedbablt cu j`urlgssbur çtrflebr bt db a`ltflt bst çefd fu a`ltflt cu k`ltrft. É d çkhçflkb, db rbam`ursbablt pbut gltbrvblg gltbrvblgrr pfr d'fkhft cb cbvgsbs fu k`aptflt `u é tbrab `u pfr d'utgdgsftg`l cbs cbvgsbs rbåubs pfr db kdgblt. Fvflkb bl cbvgsbs é d'bxp`rtftg`l
µ
D'fvflkb bl cbvgsbs é d'bxp`rtftg`l sb sumstgtub db pdus s`uvblt é ulb dgelb cb a`mgdgsftg`l cb krçflkbs lçbs sur d'çtrflebr, afgs pbut fussg sb sumstgtubr é t`ut futrb krçcgt bl a`llfgb d`kfdb. Db rbam`ursbablt rbam`ursbablt pbut s'bjjbktubr > - s`gt pfr fjjbktftg`l cgrbktb cbs cbvgsbs, çvbltubddbablt fprès frmgtrfeb, cbs s`aabs rbåubs cb d'çtrflebr (d`rsqub db rfpftrgbablt f dgbu fvflt df cftb c'çkhçflkb cb d'baprult, dbs cbvgsbs rbåubs pbuvblt îtrb k`lsbrvçbs nusqu'é d'çkhçflkb, qubd qub s`gt db cçdfg rbstflt é k`urgr, `u utgdgsçbs p`ur ul rbam`ursbabltt fltgkgpç), rbam`ursbabl - s`gt pfr fkhft cb cbvgsbs fu k`aptflt k` aptflt (gapfyçs, fll flludftg`l udftg`l cb k`ltrft k`aab k`aabrkgfd, rkgfd, brrbur aftçrgbddb). aftçrgbddb). 6-=-= Df a`mgdgsftg`l a`mgdgsftg`l cb cb krçflkbs krçflkbs lçbs sur d çtrflebr
Kbttb tbkhlgqub k`lsgstb é aftçrgfdgsbr df krçflkb pfr ul bjjbt cb k`aabrkb d`rsqub d bltrbprgsb vblc vblc é kkrçcgt, rçcgt, kbt bjj bjjbt bt fkkbptç pfr ddbb kdgblt pbu pbutt îtrb prçsbltç prçsbltç pfr d bxp`rtftbur é sf mflqub p`ur bsk`aptb. =. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt é a`ybl d`le tbrab =-6 Db krçcgt j`urlgssbur
73
=.6.6 Cçjglgtg`l
Rl bxp`rtftbur qug k`lkdut ul k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd fvbk ul kdgblt çtrflebr, pbut dug fkk`rcbr ul krçcgt aftçrgfdgsç pfr cbs bjjbts cb k`aabrkb k` aabrkb qu gd prçsbltb é sf mflqub p`ur bsk`aptb bt qug sbr`lt rbam`ursçs pfr db kdgblt fux çkhçflkbs k`lvblubs. Gd s fegt c`lk c ul cçdfg cb pfgbablt fkk`rcç pfr db j`urlgssbur c`lt dbs k`lcgtg`ls, curçb bt a`ltflt s`lt lçe`kgçs bt k`ltrbsgelçs cfls db k`rps cu k`ltrft, df curçb bst k`aprgsb bltrb 68 a`gs bt 5 fls. fls. Db krçcgt j`urlgssbur bst fkk`rcç bl rèedb eçlçrfdb p`ur df qu qu`tgtç `tgtç cb 82% cu k`ut cu k`ltrft, db rbstb çtflt rçedç s`gt k`ltrb c`kuablts, s`gt s`us j`rab c fvflkb s`gt pfr dbs cbux j`raudbs. =.6.= Yr`kçcurb cb agsb bl pdfkb
D bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur bx bxprga prgabb é ssff mmflqub flqub d gltbltg`l gltbltg`l c fkk`rcbr db krçcgt é s`l kdgblt çtrflebr, bt s glj`rab sur ddbs bs cçdfgs, tfux bt pfr pfrtt cb jgl jglflkbablt. flkbablt. D bxp`rtftbur `u ssff mflqub mflqub s`ddgkgtb s`ddgkgtb cbs efrfltgbs efrfl tgbs cb d `reflg `reflgsab sab spçkgfdgs spçkgfdgsçç (K (K@JFKB, @JFKB, KF KFEBX EBX ), kb kbttb ttb efrfl efrfltgb tgb k`uvrb k`uvrb db rgsqub p`dgtgqub, db rgsqub rgsqub k`aabrkgfd çtflt k`uvbrt k`uvbrt pfr fgddburs. Fprès k`lkdusg`l cu k`ltrft cçjglgtgj bt `mtbltg`l cbs fkk`rcs bt fut`rgsftg`ls, bt é d bxpçcgtg`l cbs afrkhflcgsbs, afrkhflcgsbs, dbs c`kuablts s`lt trflsags fkk`apfelçs c ulb khfglb c bjjbts tgrçs sur d fkhbtbur qub kbd kbdug-kg ug-kg bst fppbdç é fk fkkbptbr kbptbr bt é jfg jfgrb rb fvfdgsbr pfr sf mflqub. mflqub. Df mflqub gltbrvgblt c`lk bl qufdgtç cb efrflt bt lb prîtb sf sgelfturb (fvfd) qub d`rsqub dbs bjjbts s`lt prçfdfmdbablt fkkbptçs pfr db tgrç (kdgblt gap`rtftbur) bt qu gd bxgstb ulb fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcg krçcgtt p`ur kk`uvrgr `uvrgr d `pçrftg`l. Jgeurb L¹ 69 > Db krçcgt j`urlgssbur (6)
Bxp`rtftbur
(;)
Gap`rtftbur
(=)
(3)
(2) Mflqub [`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb Jglflkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb Afegstbr AJM =997.
(6) > K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd
72
(=)> Fkkbptftg`l c bjjbts cb k`aabrkb (;) > Yrçsbl Yr çsbltftg`l tftg`l cbs bjjbts p`ur bsk`a ptb (3) > Yfgbablt sfuj m`llb jgl c bxçkutg`l (2) > Yfgbablt fux çkhçflkbs k`lvblubs.
=.= Db krçcgt fkhbtbur =.=.6 Cçjglgtg`l
Gd bst cgjjçrblt cu krçcgt j`urlgssbur cu jfgt qu gd k`ap`rtb cbux k`ltrfts fut`l`abs > ul k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd bt ul k`ltrft cb krçcgt. Db k`ltrft k`aab k`aabrkgfd rkgfd bs bstt k`lkdu bltrb d bxp`rtftbur bt d gap`rtftbur bt cçjglgt cçjglgt dbs k`lcgtg`ls k`lcgtg`ls cb vbltb vbltb fgl fglsg sg qub ddbs bs `mdg `mdgeftg`l eftg`lss cbs cbux pf pfrtgbs rtgbs (prg (prgx, x, qu qufltgtç, fltgtç, a`llfg a`llfgbb cb jfk jfkturftg turftg`l `l ). Db k`ltrft cb krçcgt pfr k`ltrb bst bst sgelç bltrb ulb mflqub mflqub s`uvblt dgçb é d bxp`rtftbur bt ul gap`rtftbur çtrflebr qug s`ddgkgtb ul baprult. Kbttb mflqub s blef blefeb eb é pfybr pfybr d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur (eçlçrfdbabltt é hfutbur cb 82% cu k`ltrft), tflcgs (eçlçrfdbabl tflcgs qub d gap`rtftbur fkkbptb cb rbam`ursbr dbs s`aabs rçedçbs rçedçbs é d bxp`rtftbur sbd`l dbs a a`cfdgtçs `cfdgtçs prçvubs cfl cflss db k`ltrft (çkhçflkbs cb rbam`ursbablt, a`ltflt cbs çkhçflkbs, tfux c gltçrît ). Jgeurb L¹ 66 > Db krçcgt fkhbtbur
(6) Bxp`rt ftbur
(3) Mflqub
[`uskrgptg`l c ulb fssurflkb Krçcgt fkhbtbur.
(;) (;)
(2) (=)
Gap`rt ftbur
7:
[`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb Jglflkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb Gltbrlftg`lfdb Afegstbr AJM =997.
(6)> K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd (=) > K`lvbltg`l cb krçcgt (;) > Fk`aptb cb 62% (3) > Yfgbablt é hfutbur cb 82% cu k`ltrft (2)> Yfgbablt fux çkhçflkbs k`lvblubs =-=-= J`rabs cb k`lkdusg`l >
F df cbaflcb cbaflcb cu kdgblt, df agsb bl pdfkb cu krçcgt s bjjbktub p`ur db jglfl jglflkbablt kbablt > - C ulb ulb `pçrftg `pçrftg`l `l c`llçb (k`lvbltg`l `u k`ltrft spçkgjgqub) - cbs pr`t`k`dbs e`uvbrlbabltfux (dgelbs cb krçcgt) qug s`lt s`gt > Cbs fkk`rcs sgelçs bltrb e`uvbrlbablts bt qug cçtbraglblt ulb blvbd`ppb cb
µ
krçcgt cbstglçb é jglflkbr cbs fkhfts c çqugpbablts fuprès cu pfys bxp`rtftbur ulgqubablt bt c`lt df curçb cb rbam`ursbablt bst eçl ulgqubablt eçlçrfdbablt çrfdbablt d`leub, db dbss tfux c gltçrît s`lt prgvgdçegçs bt dbs pfrts é jglflkbr s`lt pdus gap`rtfltbs. Cbs fkk`rcs kfcrbs gltbrmflkfgrbs qug s`lt cbs dgelbs cb krçcgt k`lkdubs bltrb
µ
mflqubs çtrfleèrbs bt d`kfdbs d`kfdbs p`ur pbrabttrb d gaputftg`l cbs k`ltrfts çdgegmdbs é kb typb cb jglflkbablt. - Cbs fkk`rcs audtgdftçrfux qug s`lt cbs dgelbs cb krçcgt agsbs bl pdfkb fvbk dbs glstgtutg`ls jglflkgèrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs (Mflqub A`lcgfdb, Mflqub Fjrgkfglb cb Cçvbd`ppbablt ) ;. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt pfrtgkudgèrbs ;.6 Db dbfsgle gltbrlftg`lfd
Fppbdçb çefdbablt krçcgt mfgd, k bst ulb `pçrftg`l cb jglflkbablt cbs glvbstgssbablts, k`lkrçtgsçb pfr ul k`ltrft cb d`kftg`l cb aftçrgbds fss`rtg eçlçrfdbablt c ulb kdfusb c `ptg`l cb kbssg`l kbssg`l cbs ççqugpbablts qugpbablts é ul prgx k`lv k`lvblu blu é d fvflkb (eçlçrfdbablt é dbur dbur vfdbur vfdbur rçsgcubddb) é df jgl cu k`ltrft. Db mfgddbur `u df s`kgçtç cb dbfsgle fkhètb c`lk dbs mgbls c çqugpbablt bt dbs d`ub fu kdgblt d`kftfgrb p`ur ulb curçb jbrab bt grrçv`kfmdb grrçv`kfmdb.. Yblcflt t`utb t` utb df curçb cu k`ltrft, k`ltrft, d çtfmdgssbablt qug fssurb db jglflkbabl jglflkbabltt rbstb fd`rs db pr`prgçtfgrb pr`prgçtfgrb cu aftçrgbd bt pbrå`gt ablsubddbablt ablsubddbablt dbs rbkbttbs cb df d`kftg`l.
75
Df spçkgjgkgtç cu krçcgt mfgd gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfd rçsgcb cfls d çd`gelbablt cbs cbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs çtfmdgbs cfls cbux pfys cgjjçrblts, kb qug supp`sb db jglflkbablt cb aftçrgbds jfkgdbablt trflsp`rtfmdbs bt rçfdgsfmdbs cfls pdusgburs pdusgburs pfys. Afderç df k`apdbxgtç cb s`l a`ltfeb jglflkgbr, kb a`cb cb jglflkbablt prçsbltb cbs fvfltfebs pugsqu gd pr`p`sb ul jjglflkbabl glflkbabltt s`updb bt fcfptç fux mbs`gls cb d utgdgsftbur, k`apdçtflt fglsg dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt kdfssgqubs bt pbrabttflt ul jglflkbablt é 699%. ;.= D'Fjjfkturfeb (jfkt`rgle)
Db rgsqub cb krçcgt k`aabrkgfd `u mflkfgrb pbut çefdbablt îtrb kuaudç bl kçcflt dbs tgtrbs cb krçflkbs é ul tgbrs. Rlb kbssg`l cb krçflkb prçsbltb cbux fvfltfebs > c'ulb pfrt df krçflkb bst jglflkçb bl t`tfdgtç, c'futrb pfrt db rgsqub cb krçcgt bst trflsjçrç t rflsjçrç sur d'fkquçrbur d'fkquçrbur cb df krçflkb. krçflkb. Bxbrkçb pfr cbs s`kgçtçs spçkgfdgsçbs > dbs jfkt`rs, d'fjjfkturfeb k`lsgstb é jglflkbr db p`stb kdgblt cbs s`kgçtçs glcustrgbddbs bt k`aabrkgfdbs bt é pr`kçcbr fu rbk`uvrbablt cb dburs krçflkbs k`aabrkgfdbs. D D`rsqu'ulb `rsqu'ulb bltrbprgsb rbk`urt é d fjjfkturfeb, bddb kècb kècb d'gltçerfdgtç cbs krçflkbs dgçbs é s`l khgjjrb c'fjjfgrbs c`abstgqub `u é d'bxp`rtftg`l é df s`kgçtç c'fjjfkturfeb. Df s`kgçtç c'fjjfkturfeb pfgb fu k`aptflt d'gltçerfdgtç cbs krçflkbs qug dug s`lt rbagsbs, cgagluçb c'ul k`ÿt bt pr`kècb é dbur rbk`uvrbablt. Dbs k`ltrfts c'fjjfkturfeb s`lt eçlçrfdbablt c'ulb fllçb rbl`uvbdfmdb bt lb p`rtblt qub sur cbs krçflkbs k`aabrkgfdbs sfglbs c`lt df curçb bst gljçrgburb é 689 n`urs. ;.; Db j`rjfgtfeb
Df kbssg`l kbssg`l cb krçflkb s'bbjjbktub jjbktub pfr d'fjjfkturfeb p`ur ddbs bs krçflkbs é k`urt tbrab. Y`ur dbs dbs krçcgts é a`ybl a`ybl `u d`le tbrab, ul ulbb futrb tbkhlgqub bs bstt prçvub k bst db j`rjfgtfeb `u j`rjfgtgle. j`rjfgtgle. Vufsg gcbltgqub é d'fjjfkturfeb, db j`rjfgtfeb bst ulb tbkhlgqub jglflkgèrb cb k`uvbrturb qug k`lsgstb é rfkhbtbr fu k`aptflt cbs krçflkbs é d'bxp`rtftg`l é a`ybl `u d`le tbrab, k'bst é cgrb c'ulb curçb supçrgburb é : a`gs bt lb s'fppdgqub pfs é ul khgjjrb c'fjjfgrb afgs é ulb `pçrftg`l c'bxp`rtftg`l ed`mfdb.
78
Jgeurb L¹ 6= > Db cçr`udbablt cb df pr`kçcurb pr`kçcurb cu j`rjfgtfeb
(;) Gap`rt ftbur
(3)
(7)
(=)) (=
(69)
Bxp`rtftbur
(2)
Mflqub cb efrfltgb Bkhçflkb bjjbt (8) (8)
(5)
(:)
(6)
Btfmdgss bablt cb j`rjfgtfeb
(66) [`urkb > K`urs cu a`cudb a`cudb @pçrftg`ls ccbb Mflqubs fv fvbk bk d Btrflebr GJGC =99;.
(6). D'bxp`rtftbur `mtgblt ul fkk`rc prçfdfmdb cb df pfrt c'ul çtfmdgssbablt cb j`rjfgtfeb. (=). D'bxp`rtftbur sgelb db k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd fvbk s`l kdgblt gap`rtftbur. (;). D'bxp`rtftbur pr`kècb é df rbagsb cbs mgbls `u sbrvgkbs. (3). D'gap`rtftbur rbabt fd`rs ul bjjbt cb k`aabrkb é sf mflqub cb efrfl efrfltgb. tgb. (2). Df mflqub cb efrfltgb rbabt é d'bxp`rtftbur d'fkkbptftg`l cb d'bjjbt cb k`aabrkb cb d'gap`rtftbur. (:). D'bxp`rtftbur trflsabt blsugtb d'fkkbptftg`l mflkfgrb é sf s`kgçtç cb j`rjfgtfeb. (5). Df s`kgçtç cb j`rjfgtfeb rbabt bl çkhfleb df vfdbur bsk`aptçb cb df krçflkb. (8). F d'çkhçflkb cb d'bjjbt cb k`aabrkb, d'`reflgsab cb j`rjfgtfeb db prçsbltb é df mflqub cb efrfltgb. (7). Df mflqub cb efrfltgb prçsbltb é s`l t`ur d'bjjbt cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb é d'gap`rtftbur. d'gap`rt ftbur. (69). D'gap`rtftbur pfgb df mflqub cb efrfltgb. (66).Df mflqub cb efrfltgb pfgb é s`l t`ur t `ur d'çtfmdgssbablt cb j`rjfgtfeb. j`rjfgtfeb.
77
[bktg`l ;> Dbs efrfltgbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs
Cfls db kfcrb cbs `pçrftg`ls cu k`aabrkb k`aab rkb gltbrlftg`lfd, gd bst cgjjgkgdb cb k`lkgdgbr dbs gltçrîts cbs fkhbtburs fkhbtburs bt vblcburs cu jfgt cb d çd`gelbablt cbs cbux pfrtgbs, dburs kkudturbs udturbs cgjjçrbltbs, df vfrgçtç cbs dçegsdftg`ls bt df audtgpdgkgtç cbs gltbraçcgfg gltbr açcgfgrbs. rbs. Bl bjjbt, db prbagbr s`ukg cu vblcbur bst kbdug c îtrb pfyç bt cfls dbs cçdfgs, tflcgs qub d fkhbtbur s`uhfgtb s`uhfgtb îtrb rfssurç qub ddbb pr`cugt é rbkbv`gr sbrf k`lj`rab fux k`lcgtg`ls k`lcgtg`ls cu k`ltrft d`rs cb df k`aaflcb. Cfls kbs k`lcgtg`ls, bt cbvflt df k`apdbxgtç cbs rgsqubs fuxqubds s`lt bxp`sçbs dbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs, dbs blefebablts cb efrfltgbs mflkfgrbs sb s`lt cçvbd`ppçs. Gds s`lt vblus rbapdfkbr dbs pr`kçcurbs cb kfsh cbp`sgt `u rbtblub cb efrfltgb qug fvfgblt p`ur glk`lvçlg glk`lvçlgblt blt cb pbsbr d`urcbablt sur df trçs`rbrgb cbs bxp`rtftburs. 6. Cçjglgtg`l cb df efrfltgb mflkfgrb
Df efrfltgb mflkfgrb mflkfgrb bst d blefebablt grrçv`kfmdb prgs pfr ulb mflqub cb prblcrb bl khfreb db rèedbablt bl kfs `u ul tgbrs jfgddgt é s`l `mdgeftg`l cb pfgbablt. Df efrfltgb k`lstgtub ul blefebablt bl dug-aîab glcçpblcfaablt cu k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd. Eçlçrfdbablt, df kfutg`l lb cgjjèrb pfs cb df efrfltgb mflkfgrb cu jfgt qub dbur j`rab bt dbur ródb s`lt gcbltgqubs. Kb s`lt cbs blefebablts pfr sgelfturb rçcgeçs pfr df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur p`ur p`ur s`l k`aptb bl jfvbur cb d gap`rtftbur. Kbpbl Kbpblcflt cflt df sbudb sbudb cgjjçrblkb rçsgcb cfls dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb agsb bl nbu. Db prglkgpb cb df efrfltgb gltbrlftg`lfdb pbut îtrb rçsuaç cfls db skhçaf sugvflt >
Jgeurb L¹ 6; > Df efrfltgb gltbrlftg`lfdb
699
Bxp`rtftbur C`llbur C`ll bur c `rcrb
Cbaflcb cb Efrfltgb Efrfl tgb
(6) 6) k`ltrft k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd Fkkbptftg`l pr`abssb pr`abssb cb sgelfturb (=)
Fkhbtbur çtrflebr Mçlçjgkgfgrb
(;) (;) blv`gg cb d blefebab blv` blefebablt lt mflkfgrb mflkfgrb fu mçlçjgkgfgrb mçlçjgkgfgrb
Mflqub Efrflt [`urkb > « Aflfebablt cbs @pçrftg`ls cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ > Y 6::. (6) D`rs cb df lçe`kgftg`l lçe`kgftg`l cu kk`ltrft `ltrft k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd,, d fkhbtbur çtrflebr pbut pbut bxgebr ul
blefebablt cb efrfltgb mflkfgrb bl sf jfvbur. (=) Y`u Y`urr fssurbr cb rbapdgr ddbs bs `mdgeftg`ls s`uskrg s`uskrgtbs, tbs, d bxp`rtftbur c`llb c`llb `rcrb é sf sf mflqub mflqub
cb vbrsbr ulb s`aab s`aab cçtbraglçb é d fkhbtbur çtrflebr çtrflebr pfr cçmgt cb s`l k`aptb bl kfs cb agsb bl nbu cb df efrfltgb. (;) Db mflqugbr s blefeb c`lk c`lk vgs-é-vgs cb d fkhbtbur çtrflebr çtrflebr mçlçjgkgfgrb mçlçjgkgfgrb cb dug vbrsbr vbrsbr
d glcbalg glcbalgtç tç k`lj`ra k`lj`raçabl çabltt fux k`lcgtg k`lcgtg`ls `ls cb d blefe blefeba bablt. blt. =. Syp`d`egb cbs efrfltgbs =.6 Df efrfltgb c`kuabltfgrb bt df efrfltgb é prbagèrb cbaflcb
Dbs cbux typbs cb efrfltgb s`lt cgstgleuçs bl j`lktg`l cbs k`lcgtg`ls cb dbur agsb bl nbu. Cfls db prbagbr prbagbr kfs, d blefebabl blefebabltt cb df mflqub cb pfybr db a`ltflt cb df df efrfltgb bst k`lcgtg`llç pfr df prçsbltftg`l cb c`kuablts fttbstflt db l`l rbspbkt cbs `mdgeftg`ls cu vblcbur. vblcbu r. Df cbaflcb cb agsb bl nbu c`gt îtrb cc`lk `lk nustgjgçb pfr ul jfgt. Kbs c`kuablts c`kuablts pbuvbltt îtrb j`urlgs pfr db mçlçjgkgfgrb dug-aîab `u ul tgbrs (`reflgsabs cb kbrtgjgkftg`l, pbuvbl dfm dfm`rft `rft`g `grb rbss, hugss ugssgb gbrs rs ) Cfls db cbuxgèab cbuxgèab kfs bt d`rsqub d fkhbtbur bst bl p`sg p`sgtg`l tg`l cb j`rkb, gd pbut bxgebr ulb efrfltgb é prbagèrb cbaflcb k`aab k`lcgtg`l prglkgpfdb p`ur df k`ltglugtç cbs rbdftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs. Bddb k`lsgstb é vbrsbr db a`ltflt cb df efrfltgb sur sgapdb cbaflcb pfr çkrgt cu mçlçjgkgfgrb. Kbttb efrfltgb prçsbltb cbs glk`lvç glk`lvçlgblts lgblts bt rgsqubs p`ur d bxp`rtftbur bt sf mflqub efrfltb pugsqub d `mdgeftg`l cb pfybr bst sfls k`lcgtg`l bt sfls fv`gr f v`gr é bxfaglbr db mgbl j`lcç cb df cbaflcb cu mçlçjgkgfgrb kfr d bxp`rtftbur sgelb é sf mflqub ulb fut`rgsftg`l
696
cb cçmgt cb s`l k`aptb sfls k`lcgtg`l bl kfs cb agsb bl nbu. Df mflqub fglsg pbut k`urgr db rgsqub c gls`dvfmgdgtç cb s`l kdgblt sg sf sgtuftg`l jglflkgèrb sb cçerfcb bltrb db a`ablt c fkk`rc cb df efrfltgb bt kbdug cb sf agsb bl nbu. Kbttb efrfltgb bst fssgagdçb c`lk é ulb krçflkb a`mgdgsfmdb é t`ut a`ablt sur df mflqub efrfltb. =.= Df efrfltgb cgrbktb bt df efrfltgb glcgrbktb
D`rsqub df df efrfl efrfltgb tgb bst çag çagsb sb pfr df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur bt bt fcrbssçb cgrbktbablt cgrbktbablt fu mçlçjgkgfgrb, `l cgt qub k bst ulb efrfltgb cgrbktb. Y`ur cbs rfgs`ls rçedbabltfgrbs cb s`l pfys, d fkhbtbur pbut bxge bxgebr br qub df efrflt efrfltgb gb s`gt çagsb pfr ulb mflqub d`kfdb. Df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur vf cbaflcb cbaflcbrr c`lk é s`l k`rrbsp`l k`rrbsp`lcflt cflt cb cçdgvrbr d fktb p`ur s`l s`l k`aptb k`aptb bt s`us sf rbsp`lsfmgdgtç. @l pfrdb fd`rs cb k`ltrb efrfltgb `u cb efrfltgb glcgrbktb. Df mflqub k`ltrb efrfltb furf p`ur `mdgeftg`l cb pfybr df mflqub d`kfdb cès db vbrsbablt cu a`ltflt cb df efrfltgb. D fvfltfeb cb kb ty typb pb cb efrfl efrfltgb tgb bst c çvgtbr db rgsqub p`dgtgqub afderç d gap`rtflkb cbs k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg`ls bxgeçbs fux bxp`rtftburs bt dbur s`uag s`uagssg`l ssg`l fu cr`gt d`kfd cb d fkhbtbur qug qug ffegt egt rfrbabl rfrbabltt bl ddbur bur jfvb jfvbur. ur. Dbs cgjjçrblkbs prglkgpfdbs bltrb kbs cbux p`ssgmgdgtçs rçsgcblt cfls db dgmbddç. Df efrfltgb cgrbktb bst j`raudçb cb aflgèrb glcgvgcubddb, bl j`lktg`l cbs pfrtgkudfrgtçs cb khfqub kfs. Df efrfltgb glcgrbktb, çtfmdgb çtfmdgb pfr df mflqub cu pfys pfys cb d fkhbtbur, utgdgsb ccbs bs j`raudbs stflcfrc bl usfeb cfls db pfys k`lkbrlç bt k`uvbrtb pfr ulb k`ltrb efrfltgb glk`lcgtg`llbddb bt pfyfmdb é prbagèrb rçqugsgtg`l. rçqugsgtg`l. =.; Dbs dbttrbs cb krçcgt
Dbs mflqubs bl çabtt çabttflt flt cbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs `u cbs dbttrbs cb krçcgt stflc my
sb
p`rtblt efrfltbs pugsqub kbs tbkhlgqubs s`lt cbs a`ybls cb efrfltgb bt c glcbalgsftg`l qug `mdgeblt dbs cbux pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs é bxçku bxçkutbr tbr dburs `mdgeftg`ls. Dbur mut bst flfd`eub é kbdug cb df efrfltgb p`ur cçjfut cb pfgbablt kfr k`aab kbttb cbrlgèrb, bddbs sbrvblt sbrvblt cb efrfltgb cb pfgbablt p`ur cçjfgddflkb cçjfgddflkb db kfs `u ul tgbrs lb jbrfgt pfs jfkb é sbs blefebablts cb pfgbablt. Bddbs s`lt s`uagsbs fux (]èedbs bt usflkbs ulgj`rabs rbdftgvbs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs c` kuabltfgrbs). ). ;. Dbs j`rabs cbs efrfltgbs ;.6 Df efrfltgb cb s`uagssg`l (Mgc m`lc)
69=
Cfls db kfcrb cb erflcs k`ltrfts, dbs bltrbprgsbs bt e`uvbrlbablts çtrflebrs rbk`urblt fux pr`kçcurbs c fppbd c `jjrbs, `u fcnucgkftg`l fcnucgkftg`l `reflgsçbs cfls db mut cb sçdbktg`llbr dbs cgjjçrblts j`urlgssburs gltbrlftg`lfux gltbrlftg`lfux p`tbltgbds, pugs kh`gsgr df abgddburb `jjrb p`ur d bxçkutg`l bxçkutg`l cu a afrkh frkhç. ç. Df efrfltgb cb s`uagssg`l pbut îtrb rbqugsb d`rs cb agsbs bl s`uagssg`l pumdgqub, eçlçrfdbablt bddb vfrgb bltrb =% bt 2% cu a`ltflt cb df s`uagssg`l bt gltbrvgblt cfls df phfsb prçk`ltrfktubddb. [`ddgkgtçb pfr db s`uagssg`llfgrb, bddb k`lsgstb p`ur df mflqub çabttrgkb é s blefebr é pfybr fu mçlçjgkgfgrb bt é prbagèrb p rbagèrb cbaflcb t`ut `u pfrtgb cu a`ltflt efrfltg fu kfs `u db s`uagssg`llfgrb s`uagssg`llfgrb bst rbtblu, afgs rbjusb `u l bst pfs bl absurb cb sgelbr db k`ltrft. Bddb pbrabt c`lk cb sb prçaulgr k`ltrb dbs s`uagssg`ls pbu sçrgbusbs `u afd qufdgjgçbs. [f curçb cb vfdgcgtç s çtblc cu cçpót cçpót cbs kfl kflcgcfturbs cgcfturbs é d fkkbptftg`l cu afrkhç afrkhç bt df sgelfturb cu k`ltrft. ;.= Df efrfltgb cb m`llb bxçkutg`l (pbrj`raflkb m`lc)
Bddb bst fussg fppbdçb efrfltgb cb m`llb jgl. Bl B l fkk`rcflt kbttb efrfltgb, çtfmdgb sur rbquîtb cu vblcbur, vblcbu r, df mflqub s blefeb é pfybr fu mçlçjgkgfgrb db a a`ltflt `ltflt efrfltg, fu kfs `÷ db j`urlgssbur lb s fkqugttbrfgt pfs cb sbs `md `mdgeftg`ls geftg`ls k`ltrfktubddbs. k`ltrfktubddbs. Df mflqub f db kh`gx kh`gx bltrb d glcbalgsftg`l cu afg afgtrb trb cb d `uvrfeb qug sumgt cbs pbrtbs cu jjfgt fgt cb df rupturb cu afrkhç afrkhç `u tr`uvbr ulb futrb bltrbprgsb bltrbprgsb p`ur fkhbv fkhbvbr br dbs ttrfvfux. rfvfux. Bl eçlçrfd db db a`ltflt cb df kfutg`l vfut 699% cu a a`ltflt `ltflt cu k`ltrft fux Btfts Rlgbs, 69 é ;9% bl Bur`pb bt dgagtç é 69% bl Fdeçrgb, sf curçb cb vfdgcgtç bst p`ur df t`tfdgtç cu a`ltfl a`ltfltt nusqu é bxçkutg`l k`apdètb cu k`ltrft.
;.; Df efrfltgb efrfltgb cb rbstgtutg`l rbstgtutg`l c fk`aptb fk`aptb (fcvflkb pfyablt pfyablt m`lc) m`lc)
Dbs k`lcgtg`ls k`lcgtg`ls cb pfgbablt cb k`aafl k`aaflcbs cbs gap`rtfltbs é d bxp`rtftg`l prçv`gbl prçv`gbltt très s`uvblt qub d fkhbtbur c`gt vbrsbr ul fk fk`aptb `aptb p`ur dbs aftgèrbs prbagèrbs bt dbs k`ÿts cb jfm jfmrgkftg`l. rgkftg`l. D fkhbtbur fkhbtbur lb vvbrsb brsbrf rf kbpbl kbpblcflt cflt d fk`a fk`aptb ptb prçv prçvuu qub s gd rbå`gt ulb efrfltgb cb rbstgtutg`l fssurflt db rbam`ursbablt fu kfs `÷ db vblcbur lb rbapdgrfgt pfs sbs `mdgeftg`ls k`ltrfktubddbs. Kbttb efrfltgb bst c`lk cbstglçb é k`uvrgr db pfrtblfgrb gap`rtftbur cu rgsqub cb cçjfgddflkb cçjfgddflkb cb d bxp`rtftbur fu tgtrb cb d fk`aptb vvbrsç. brsç. Cu jjfgt fgt qub df df efrfltgb bst
69;
l`rafdbablt çtfmdgb fvflt rçkbptg`l cb d cb d fk`aptb, bddb lb cbvrfgt cbvrfgt bltrbr bl vgeubur qu fprès vbrsbablt cb kbdug-kg fu c`agkgdb cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt cu vblcbu vblcbur. r. D glcgkftg glcgkftg`l `l « df efrfltgb bl kfs cb cçjfut cb pfgbablt ¿ cbvrfgt, sg k bst p`ssgmdb, t`un`urs jgeurbr cfls df efrfltgb. [f curçb
cb vfdgcg vfdgcgtç tç s çtbgl çtbgltt é df dg dgvrfgs vrfgs`l `l cb d `mnbt cu k`l k`ltrft. trft. ;.3 Df efrfltgb cb rbtblub cb efrfltgb (rçtbltg`l a`lby m`lc)
Bddb bst fussg fppbdçb efrfltgb cb afgltblflkb (afgltblflkb m`lc), bddb prblc db rbdfgs cb df kfutg`l cb m`llb bxçkutg`l p`ur k`uvrgr dbs cçjfuts fppfrfgssflt curflt df pçrg`cb c bssfg sb sgtuflt bltrb df rçkbptg`l pr`vgs`grb bt df rçkbptg`l cçjglgtgvb (eçlçrfdbablt : é 6= a`gs). Db prglkgpb k`lsgstb k`lsgstb é rbtblgr pfr d fkhbtbur é tgtrb cb efrfltgb efrfltgb ul p`urkbltfeb cu a`ltfl a`ltfltt cu k`ltrft bt db db rçedbr é d bxp`rtftbur ul ulbb j`gs ddbb afrkhç bst rçfdgsç. S`utbj`gs, kb a`ltflt a`ltflt pbut îtrb rçedç fvflt k`ltrb ddff prçsbltftg`l pfr d bxp`rtftbur c ulb efrfltgb cb rbtblub cb efrfltgb efrfltgssfltt t`utbs dbs `mdgeftg`ls k`ltrfktubddbs cb d bxp`rtftbur pblcflt efrfltgssfl pblcflt df pçrg`cb cb efrfltgb cu aftçrgbd bt bt cbs trfvfux. Kbttb efrfltgb sbrf sbrf agsb bl nbu pfr d fkhbtbur çtrflebr cfls db kfs `u df afrkhflcgsb `u df prbstftg`l j`urlgb lb sbrfgblt pfs k`lj`rabs fux kfhgbrs cbs khfrebs `u mgbl sg dbs `mdgeftg`ls cb afgltblflkb lb s`lt pfs bxçkutçbs. ;.2 Df efrfltgb cb pfgbablt (dfm`ur flc aftbrgfd pfyablt m`lc)
Cbvflt d glkfpfkg glkfpfkgtç tç cb pfyb pfybrr sbs `uvrgbrs, sb sbss j`urlgssb j`urlgssburs urs `u s`us s`us-trfgtflts, -trfgtflts, d bxp`rtftbur pbut dbs glkgtbr é bxbrkbr dbur cr`gt cb rbk`urs sur db afgtrb c `uvrfeb aîab sg kbdug-kg f rçedç d bxp`rtftbur. Y`ur Y`ur çvg çvgtbr tbr kbttb çv çvbltufdgtç, bltufdgtç, d fkhbtbur çtrfl çtrflebr ebr pbut rçkdfabr rçkdfabr kbttb efrfltgb efrfltgb qug rbstb bl vgeubur pblcflt t`utb df curçb c bxçkutg`l cu k`ltrft.
;.: Dbs j`rabs cb efrfltgbs pfrtgkudgèrbs ;.:.6 Df efrfltgb cb cçk`uvbrt mflkfgrb
Df rçfdgsftg`l cb afrkhçs gap`rtflts pbu pbutt bxgebr d blefebablt blefebablt cb cçpblsbs dd`kfdbs `kfdbs lçkbssgtflt cbs mbs`gls cb trçs`rbrgb. Db trflsjbrt cbs j`lcs l çtflt pfs t`un`urs p`ssgmdb bt jfkgdb, d bxp`rtftbur pbu pbutt mçl mçlçjgkgbr çjgkgbr fup fuprès rès c ulb mflqub d`kfdb c ul cçk`uvbrt efrfltg pfr ulb kfutg`l cçdgvrçb pfr ulb mflqub cb s`l pfys. ;.:.= Dbs kfutg`ls bt efrfltgbs c`uflgèrbs ;.:.=.6 Df kfutg`l kfutg`l c fcagssg`l fcagssg`l tbap`rfgr tbap`rfgrbb
693
Dbs aftçrgbds bt çqugpbablts gap`rtçs gap`rtçs bl suspblsg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs c`uflgbrs, cfls db kfcrb cb rçfdgsftg`l cb k`ltrfts cb trfvf t rfvfux ux `u prbstftg`l, lb pbuvblt îtrb fcags sur db tbrrgt`grb lftg`lfd qub cfls df absurb `u db rèedbablt rèedb ablt cb kbs cr`gts bst efrfltg bl kfs cb cçjfgddflkb cb df pfrt pfrt cb d gap`rtftbur ççtrflebr trflebr (rçbx (rçbxp`rtftg`l). p`rtftg`l). Df rçbxp`rtftg`l;2 cb kb aftçrgbd fprès bxçkutg`l cu k`ltrft bst bl bjjbt `mdgeft`grb jfutb cb qu`g dbs cr`gts bt tfxbs prçvus glgtgfdbablt cbvgbllblt cbvgbllblt bxgegmdbs. Df Df efrfltgb bst s`ddgkgtçb s`ddgkgtçb pfr d bltrbprgsb çtrfleèrb bt bt fkk`rcçb sur ul j`raudfgrb c`uflgbr fppr`prgç. ;.:.=.= Db krçcgt krçcgt c bldèvbabl bldèvbabltt bl c`uflb c`uflb
Db mut cu pr`kçcç çtflt cb pbrabttrb é d gap`rtftbur cb cgs cgsp`sbr p`sbr c ul kbrtfgl cçdfg p`ur df dgqugcftg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs p`rtflt sur dbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs. Kb typb cb kfutg`l bst utgdgsç bssbltgbddbablt pfr cbs gap`rtftburs c`lt db pr`erfaab c gap`rtftg`l bst çtfdç sur ulb pçrg`cb pdus fu a`gls a`gls d`leub (ulb fll fllçb) çb) bt c`lt df jrçqublkb jrçqublkb cbs `pçrf `pçrftg`ls tg`ls bst gap`rtfltb bt bt rçeudgèrb. Kbttb efrfltgb bst çefdbablt fppbdçb « s`uagssg`l fllubddb c bldèvbablt bl c`uflbs ¿, bddb bst cçdgvrçb sur fktb p`ur ulb pçrg`cb c ulb fllçb p`ur ul a`ltflt k`aaulgquç pfr d gap`rtf gap`rtftbur tbur.. Jgeurb L¹ 63 Khr`l`d`egb cfls df agsb bl pdfkb cbs efrfltgbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs
Dflkbablt cb d fppbd c `jjrb
Syp`d`egb cbs rgsqubs p`ur d fkhbtbur
;2
Kdóturb Kdót urb Kh`gx cu cbs vblcbur `jjrbs
[gelfturb cu k`ltrft bltrçb bl vgeubur
fcnucgkftfgrb ]gsqub qub d fcnucgkftfgrb fcnucgkftfgrb rbjusb cb sgelbr db k`ltrft sbd`l dbs tbrabs cb d `jjrb `jjrb
Dbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs gap`rtçbs cbstglçbs é df rçbxp`rtftg`l lb
]èedbablt cu k`ltrft
]çkbptg`l
]çkbptg`l
Bxpçcgtg`ls
pr`vgs`grb
cçjglgtgvb
L`l rbspbkt pfr db vblcbur cb sbs `mdgeftg`ls `mdgef tg`ls k`ltrfktubddbs (a`l (a`ltfe tfeb, b, dgvrf dgvrfgs gs`l `l
@mdgeftg`l k`ltrfktubddb c fssurbr fssurbr db sbrvgkb fprès ) vbltb vbltb bt c`lk c`lk rbspbktbr df pçrg`cb cb
s`lt pfs fssunbttgbs fux cr`gts cb c`uflb, bddbs s`lt
s`uagsbsmflkfgrb fux k`lcgtg`ls cb trfgtbablt cbsfssurflt bxp`rtftg`ls. Bl fttblcflt, d b rç-bxp`rtftbur db rç-bxp`rtftbu bst tblu cbblprçsbltbr efrfltgb c fcagssg`l tbap`rfgrb fssurf lt db rèedbablt cbs c bs cr`gts cb c`uflbs rtbap`rgsçs kfs cb ulb rbl`lkgftg`l é d bxp`rtftg`l.
692
Sypb cb efrfltgb
Efrfltgb cb s`uagssg`l s`uagssg`l
Efrfltgb cb m`llb jgl
Efrfltgb cb rbstgtutg`l C fk`aptb fk`aptb
efrfltgb Fxb cbs tbaps
Efrfltgb cb cgspblsb cb rbtblub cb Efrfltgb
[`urkb > « Aflfebablt cbs @pçrftg`ls cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ > Y 659.
K`lkdusg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb >
F df jgl cb kb khfpgtrb, l`us k`lkdu`ls qu ul dfreb çvbltfgd cb tbkhlgqubs bt a`ybls cb pfgbabltt bst `jjbrt fux `pçrftburs cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. Gd fppfrtgblt é kbux-kg cb mgbl pfgbabl kh`gsgr dbs pdus sçkurgsflts fjgl cb sfuvbefrcbr dburs gltçrîts. Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb çtflt db a`cb db pdus utgdgsç, `jjrb df abgddburb fssurflkb p`ur dbs pfrtblfgrbs fkhbtbur bt vblcbur. D fspbkt jglflkbablt jglflkbablt bst fussg rblj`rkç pf pfrr cbs a`cfdgtçs cgjjçrbltbs rçp`l rçp`lcflt cflt fglsg fux mbs`gls cbs `pçrftburs t`ut fu d`le cu pr`kbssus trflsfktg`llbd fddflt nusqu é cbs j`rabs pfrtgkudgèrbs fcfptçbs fcfptçbs fux bxg bxgeblkbs eblkbs cb d çk`l`agb fktubdd fktubddb. b. Y`ur dbs tbkhlgqubs a`gls sçk sçkurgsçbs, urgsçbs, db rbk`urs é cbs efrfl efrfltgbs tgbs mflkfgrbs bst glcgsp glcgspblsfmdb blsfmdb bt cfls df prftgqub, dbs cbstglftfgrbs cb efrfltgbs bxgeblt eçlçrfdbablt cbs tbxtbs cb efrfltgb kdfgrbablt j`raudçs bt gltbrlftg`lfdbablt rbk`llus bt qug prçv`gblt db pfgbablt é prbagèrb rçqugsgtg`l, sfls qub dbs a`cfdgtçs cb pfgbablt s`gblt jgxçbs bt sfls p`ssgmgdgtç cb k`ltbstftg`l. Gd sbrfgt prçjçrfmdb cb k`ltrfglcrb db mçlçjgkgfgrb c ulb efrfltgb k`aab cfls db kfs cu krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é j`urlgr df prbuvb qu qubb db k`ltrft l f pfs çtç bxçkutç bxçkutç é sftgsjfktg`l, kbttb prbuvb p`uvflt îtrb ul c`kuablt çtfmdg pfr ul tgbrs lbutrb. Dbs efrfltgbs efrfltgbs c`kuabltfgrbs s`lt surt`ut utgdgsçbs fux Btfts Rlgs `u df d`g l fut`rgsb pfs dbs mflqubs é çabttrb cbs efrfltgbs fkkbss`grbs.
K`lkdusg`l cb df prbagèrb pfrtgb
Kbttb prbagèrb pfrtgb l`us f pbrags cb k`lkdurb qub db systèab çk`l`agqub gltbrlftg`lfd f k`llu cb pr`j`lcs khflebablts khflebablts s`us d'gapudsg`l cb df a`lcgfdgsftg`l. Bl bjjbt, df pçrg`cb cb stfmgdgtç bt cb kr`gssflkb qug f sugvg df eubrrb a`lcgfdb f pbrags df agsb bl pdfkb p dfkb c'ul L`uvbd @rcrb Bk`l`agqub Bk`l`agqub Gltbrlftg`lfd mfsç sur cbs gl glstgtutg`ls stgtutg`ls j`rtbs rçeg rçegssflt ssflt dbs çkhflebs k`aabrkgfux bltrb dbs pfys bt dbs k`ltglblts. Cb pdus, fvbk dbs pr`erès `pçrçs cfls dbs trflsp`rts bt dbs tçdçk`aaulgkftg`ls, dbs çkhflebs gltbrlftg`lfux v`lt k`llfìtrb ulb çv`dutg`l judeurfltb. Dbs jdux cb afrkhflcgsbs cb t`utbs s`rtbs, c'glj`raftg`ls, cb pbrs`llbs, cb kfpgtfux, cb sbrvgkbs, pbuvblt sb cçpdfkbr c'ul p`glt p` glt é d'futrb cb df pdflètb bl ul tbaps rbk`rc. Fglsg db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd sb cçvbd`ppb k`lstfaablt bl rfgs`l cb df ed`mfdgsftg`l cbs afrkhçs bltrb dbs pfys. Cbs fkk`rcs k`aauls vv`lt `lt sb k`lstgtu k`lstgtubr br fu lgvbfu gl gltbr tbrlftg`lfd. lftg`lfd. S`utbj`gs S`utb j`gs dbs dbs cgstflkbs bltrb dbs pfys bt dbs k`ltglblts, dbs rgsqubs cgvbrs, dbs cgjjçrblkbs cb dçegsdftg`ls bltrb dbs pfys bxpdgqublt qub dbs çkhflebs gltbrlftg`lfux s`gblt dgçs é cbs a`cfdgtçs cb efrfltgbs, é cbs efrfltgbs cb pfgbablt bt é cbs j`rafdgtçs fcagsbs pfr dbs cgjjçrblts Btfts. Fun`urc'hug, db k`aabrkb a`lcgfd bst gapblsfmdb sfls db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb k`aab glstruablt cb krçcgt afgs fussg k`aab a`ybl cb sçkurgtç bt c'bxçkutg`l cbs pfgbablts. Gd rbapdgt t`utbs dbs k`lcgtg`ls p`ur sftgsjfgrb kb ródb, cfls df absurb `÷ sbs k`lcgtg`ls s`lt kdfgrbs bt sfls famgeuàtç. Dbs bxgeblkbs b xgeblkbs j`rabddbs s`lt kbpblcflt bxtrîabablt bxtrîabablt rge`urbusbs> rge`urbusbs> df mflqub lb pbut pbut pr`kçcbr fu pfgbablt qu'bl çkhfleb cb c`kuablts c`kuablts fms`duabl fms`duabltt k`lj`rabs fux bxgeblkbs cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt. krçcgt.
69:
Gltr`cuktg`l cb df cbuxgèab pfrtgb
Cfls kbttb pfrtgb, qug sb vbut db pr`d`lebablt prftgqub cu kfcrb thç`rgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls mflkfgrbs fvbk d çtrflebr, l`us k`lsfkrbr`ls db prbagbr khfpgtrb é df prçsbltftg`l cb df Mflqub cb Cçvbd`ppbablt D`kfd ? kbdf sbrf lçkbssfgrb p`ur k`aprblcrb d'blvgr`llbablt gltbrlb cb cb df mflqu mflqubb bt surt`ut s`l `reflg `reflgsftg`l sftg`l p`ur blrgkhgr ll`trb `trb flfdysb bl tblflt k`aptb k`aptb cbs gljdublkbs qub pbut fv`gr kbt blvgr`llbablt sur df prftgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. Rlb j`gs, dbs c`llçbs prçkçcbltbs k`llubs, l`us p`urr`lt l`us çtfdbr sur d'`mnbt cb l`trb trfvfgd bl pr`kçcflt, pr`kçcflt, cfls ul prbagbr tbaps é d bxp`sg bxp`sgtg`l tg`l cu kfcrb rçedbabltfgrb fde fdeçrgbl çrgbl l`tfaablt bl aftgèrb cb rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt c`uflgèrb, blsugtb é df cbskrgptg`l cbs pr`kçcurbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l cbs krçcgts krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs é d'gap`rtftg`l bt é d bxp`rtftg`l , tbddbs qu'fppdgquçbs pfr df MCD, p`ur tbraglbr fvbk qubdqubs krgtgqubs bt rbk`aaflcftg`ls tblflt k`aptb cbs blsbgelbablts thç`rgqubs bt cbs gll`vftg`ls fpp`rtçbs fu c`afglb.
695
Gltr`cuktg`l cu prbagbr khfpgtrb
Df Mflqub Mflqub cb cçvbd`ppba cçvbd`ppbablt blt d`kfd bst d ulb cbs sg sgxx mfl mflqubs qubs pumdgqubs pumdgqubs cçtblu cçtblubs bs pfr d Btft. [`l fktgvgtç k`aabrkgfdb bst cgvbrsgjgçb pugsqu gd pfrtgkgpb fktgvbablt fu jglflkbablt cb d çk`l`agb é trfvbrs dbs krçcgts fux bl bltrbprgsbs trbprgsbs bt fux pfrtgkudgbrs. Db jglflkbablt jglflkbablt cu k`aabrkb bx bxtçrgbur tçrgbur bst d ul cbs pr`cugts pr`cugts cb kbttb mflqub mflqub p`ur dbqubd dbqubd dbs rbsp`lsfmdbs rbsp`lsfmd bs fkk`rcblt ulb fttbltg`l pfrtgkudgèrb. Db trfgtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls fvbk d çtrflebr pfssb pfr cgjjçrbl cgjjçrblts ts lgvbfux, é k`aa k`aablkbr blkbr pfr d feblkb, df df cgrbktg`l rçeg`lfdb pugs df Cgrbk Cgrbktg`l tg`l kbltrfdb. Y Y`ur `ur mgbl k`aprblcrb ddbb pr`kbssus, pr`kbssus, gd bst vgtfd cb jfgrb ul p`glt sur kbt çtfmdgssbablt c fkkubgd sur db pdfl `reflgsftg`llbd, fcaglgstrftgj fux cgjjçrblts lgvbfux hgçrfrkhgqubs bt fpprçkgbr db v`duab cbs `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs cfls db k`apfrtgablt k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur.
698
697
[bktg`l 6 > Gcbltgjgkftg`l, `reflgsftg`l bt strftçegb cb df MCD 6. Gcbltgjgkftg`l cb df MCD 6.6 Yrglk Yrglkgpfux gpfux çdçablts c gcbltgjgkftg`l gcbltgjgkftg`l
- ]fgs`l s`kgfdb > Mflqu Mflqubb cb Cçvbd`ppbablt D`kfd - pfr fmrçvgftg`l MCD. -J`rab nurgcgqub > [`kgçtç Yfr Fktg`ls BYB / [YF. - Kfpgtfd s`kgfd > 62.899.999.999,99 CF, Db kfpgtfd s`kgfd cb df Mflqub f sumg pdusgburs
fueabltftg`ls, pfssflt cb C^C 299.999.999, 99 é df krçftg`l é C^C 62.899.999.999, 99 fktubddbablt.;: - Fktg`llfgrbs > d Btft rbprçsbltç pf pfrr db Aglgstèrb cbs Jglflkbs. - [gèeb s`kgfd > 92, rub EFKG Fafr - [tf`ubdg. [tf`ubdg. Fdebr. - @mnbt s`kgfd > Mflqub ulgvbrsbddb vbrsçb cfls db jglflkbabl jglflkbabltt pfrtgkudgèrbablt pfrtgkudgèrbablt cb df
YAB/YAG, dbs pfrtgkudgbrs bt pr`jbssg`ls pr`jbssg`ls dgmçrfdbs. - Krçftg`l > Cçkrbt l¹ 82/82 cu ;9 fvrgd 6782 s`us j`rab cb [`kgçtç Lftg`lfdb cb Mflqub
cbstglçb fu jglflkbablt cu cçvbd`ppbablt d`kfd. Df MCD bst pfssçb é d fut`l`agb bt trflsj`raçb bl s`kgçtç pfr fktg`ls spf
db =9 jçvrgbr
6787. - Ferçablt Ferçablt Mflqub c Fdeçrgb Fdeçrgb ? Cçkgsg`l Mflqub c Fdeçrgb L¹ =99=/9; cu=; sbptbamrb
=99=.
;:
]èedbablt MF =993/96 p`rtflt fueabltftg`l cu kfpgtfd aglgaua cbs mflqubs bt cbs
cb =,2 agddgfrcs é 69 agddgfrcs cb CF (699 agddg`ls agddg`ls c bur`s).
sukkursfdbs cb mflqubs
669
6.= Fpbråu hgst`rgqub
Df Mflqub cb Cçvbd`ppbablt D`kfd, gssub cb df rbstrukturftg`l cu Krçcgt Y`pudfgrb c Fdeçrgb « KYF ¿, f çtç krççb pfr db cçkrbt L¹ 82/83 cu ;9/93/6782 s`us j`rab c ulb s`kgçtç lftg`lfdb cb mflqubs p`ur prblcrb bl khfreb db p`rtbjbugddb cbs bltrbprgsbs pumdgqubs d`kfdbs. Nusqu é 6772, kbs bltrbprgsbs `lt pfrtgkgpç p`ur 79% cbs bapd`gs cb df MCD, db rbstb çtflt k`lstgtuç c ulb kdgbltèdb cgvbrsgjgçb j`raçb cb pbtgtbs bltrbprgsbs prgvçbs bt cbs mçlçjgkgfgrbs cb prîts sur efeb.;5 Fvbk d fvèlbablt cb df df d`g p`rtflt fut`l fut`l`agb `agb cbs bl bltrbprgsbs trbprgsbs;8, df MCD MCD s bst trfl trflsj`ra sj`raçb çb db =9/93/6787 bl s`kgçtç pfr fktg`ls fvbk ul kfpgtfd s`kgfd cb 6 339 agddg`ls cb cglfrs fdeçrgbls. Db pr`kbssus c fssfglgssbablt bt rbstrukturftg`l cu sbktbur pumdgk çk`l`agqub, glgtgç pfr dbs p`uv`grs pumdgks cbpugs 6773, s bst s`dcç pfr df cgss`dutg`l c blvgr`l 6;:9 bltrbprgsbs pumdgqubs d`kfdbs (BYD), kb qug f bleblcrç cb erfvbs glkgcblkbs glkgcblkbs sur df k`ap`sgtg`l cu p`rtbjbugddb cb df MCD MCD fglsg qub su surr sbs rçsudtfts. Yfr fgddburs, df trflsj`raf tr flsj`raftg`l tg`l cbs krçflkbs cçtblubs sur dbs bltrbprgsbs pumdgqubs cgss`utbs bl `mdgeftg`ls cu Srçs`r rçaulçrçbs fglsg qub df rbkfpgtfdgsftg`l cb df mflqub;7, k`lnueuçs fux fktg`ls c fssfglgssbabl fssfglgssbabltt bt cb rbcrbssbabl rbcrbssbabltt blefeçbs pfr df mfl mflqub, qub, `lt pbrags é df MCD cb rçtfmdgr sbs çqugdgmrbs jglflkgbrs bt cb rbl`ubr cbpugs =996 fvbk df rbltfmgdgtç. Df MCD qug f cçafrrç s`l fktgvgtç fvbk ;7 feblkbs hçrgtçbs cu KYF, f pu cbvblgr ulb mflqub cb pr`xgagtç bl cçvbd`ppflt pr`erbssgv pr`erbssgvbablt bablt s`l rçsbfu pp`ur `ur fttbglcrb 633 feblkbs bl =969, rçpfrtgbs sur sur d blsbamdb cbs wgdfyf wgdfyftbs tbs cu pfy pfys. s.
;5
Krçcgts hçrgtçs cbs bx bx kfgssbs aulgkgpfdbs jrflåfgsbs cbstglçs fux açlfebs bt efrfltgs pf pfrr cbs cçpóts c `mnbt bl `r. Df MCD cçtgblt d bxkdusgvgtç cb kb pr`cugt bl Fdeçrgb. ;8
Fdeçrgbllbs. D`g 88-96 cb Nflvgbr 6788, p`rtflt fut`l`agb cbs Bltrbprgsbs Yumdgqubs Fdeçrgbllbs. D`g 88-96
;7
Dbmflqubs rfkhft cbs krçflkbscbbldgqugcgtç) s`ujjrflkb pumdgqubs d Btft bst jfgt jfgt s`gt pfr pfr df rbkfpgtfdgsftg`l rbkcb fpgtfdgsftg`l cbs (d glnbktg`l `ucbs pfr bltrbprgsbs dbur trflsj`raftg`l trflsj`raftg` l blpfr tgtrbs t gtrbs cb skrçflkbs (`mdgeftg`ls trçs`r rçaulçrçbs).
666
[`l kfpgtfd s`kgfd f fussg sumg cbs fueabltftg`ls, fueabltftg`ls, df prbagèrb bl =99; pfssflt é 5 639 agddg`ls cb cglfrs fdeçrgbls pugs é 6; ;79 ; 79 agddg`ls cb cglfrs bl =99: bt bljgl 62 899 agddg`ls cb cglfrs bl =969. F d glstfr cbs futrbs mmflqubs flqubs pumdgqub pumdgqubss fdeçrgbllbs, df MCD trfgtb cb t`utbs dbs dbs `pçrftg`ls cb mflqub fvbk fvbk d bxkdusgvgtç cbs jg jglflkbablts lflkbablts prîts sur efe efebs bs fvbk fvbk 2 feblkbs spçkgfdgsçbs. 6.; Fktgvgtç
Fprès fv`gr çtç mflqub cbs bltrbprgsbs pumdgqubs d`kfdbs, df MCD sb cgstgleub fun`urc hug bl çtflt mflqub cbs YAB/YAG, cbs pr`jbssg`ls dgmçrfdbs, cbs agkr`s bltrbprgsbs krççbs cfls db kfcrb cbs cgjjçrblts cgjjçrblts cgsp`sgtgjs cb s`utgbl é d bapd`g, cbs pr`a`tburs ga gaa`mgdgbrs a`mgdgbrs bt cbs pfrtgkudgbrs. Bl `utrb, bddb bst bst df sbudb mflqub pumd pumdgqub gqub é prblcrb bl kh khfreb freb d fktgvgtç cbs prîts sur efeb hçrgtçb cbs bx-kfgssbs cu krçcgt aulgkgpfd, bt qu bddb k`ltglub cb pr`a`uv`gr fu mçlçjgkb cbs pfrtgkudgbrs, cbs açlfebs qug tr`uvblt cfls kb krçcgt ulb rçp`lsb é dburs mbs`gls cb trçs`rbrgb bl k`ltrb pfrtgb cb efeb c `mnbts bl `r. [f strftçegb bst `rgbltçb `rgbltçb vbrs df pfrtgkgpftg`l fktgvb fu cçvbd`ppba cçvbd`ppbablt blt cb d çk`l`agb lftg`lfdb bt pfrtgkudgbrs df rbdflkb cb d glvbstgssbabl glvbstgssbabltt é trfvbrs db jg jglflkbablt lflkbablt cbs YAB/YAG t`us sbktburs k`lj`lcus, bt df pfrtgkgpftg`l é t`us dbs cgsp`sgtgjs ags bl pdfkb pfr dbs p`uv`grs pumdgks (FL[BN, (FL[BN, KLFK, FLEBA) 39 Df MCD n`ub n`ub ul ródb gap`rtflt cfls db jglflkbabl jglflkbabltt cb d hfmgtft é trfvbrs cgjjçrblts pr`cugts l`tfaablt db krçcgt gaa`mgdgbr bt df pr`a`tg`l pr` a`tg`l gaa`mgdgèrb. Bljgl, df MCD bst fchçrbltb é df a`lçtgqub lftg`lfdb (kfrtb cb rbtrfgt, cb pfgbablt, vgsf bt fu systèab cb tçdç k`apbls k` apblsftg`l ftg`l36) bt ul sbrvgkb A`lbyerfa p`ur db trflsjbrt c'freblt cb d'çtrflebr vbrs d'Fdeçrgb. 6.3 [trftçegb bt `mnbktgjs
39
Glstruktg`ls cbs p`uv`grs pumdgks cçkgcçbs d`rs cu k`lsbgd aglgstçrgbd cu 9:/95/=998 p`ur dbs jfkgdgtçs cb jglflkbablt cbs agkr` bltrbprgsbs bltrbprgsbs krççbs cfls db kfcrb cb cbss tr`gs cgsp`sgtgjs p`ur dbsqubds cbs k` k`aagssg`ls aagssg`ls cb
vfdgcftg`l cbs pr`nbts `lt çtç agsbs bl pdfkb. 36
Df MCD bst fchçrbltb fu systèab cb tçdç k`apblsftg`l cbpugs =99:.
66=
D `mnbktgj `mnbktgj j`l j`lcfabl cfabltfd tfd cb df MCD bst bst ccbb k`lj`rtbr sf pfrt cb afrkhç bt c façdg`rbr sf afreb c gltbraçcgftg`l mflkfgrb3= p`ur fssurbr fssurbr ulb rbltfmgdg rbltfmgdgtç tç s`utblub bt ef efrfltgr rfltgr sf pçrbllg pçrbllgtç tç bt sf pr`spçrgtç. D fkkr`gssbabl fkkr`gssbabltt bt df cgvbr ssgjgkftg`l gjgkftg`l cb s`l p`rtbjbugddb kdgbltèdb glcustrgbddb bt k`aabrkgfdb k`lstgtub k`lstgtub cçs`rafgs ulb prg`rgtç p`ur s`l cçvbd`ppbablt. cçvbd`ppbablt. Y`ur kbdf, bddb sb s`ukgb cb jgcçdgsbr sf kdgbltèdb cb pbtgtbs pbt gtbs bt a`ybllbs bltrbprgsbs bt khbrkhbr khbrkhbr cb l`uvbddbs kgmdbs p`ur cçvbd`ppbr sf pfrt cb afrkhç. Gd bst prga`rcgfd p`ur ulb mflqub glstfddç cfls ul pfysfeb k`lkurrbltgbd cb a`cbrlgsbr fussg s`l rçsbfu k`aabrkgfd, façdg`rbr sbs sbrvgkbs bt mgbl prblcrb bl khfreb sf kdgbltèdb cbvblub cb pdus bl pdus bxgebfltb. Dbs fktg`ls bltrbprgsbs é kbttb jgl s`lt dbs sugvfltbs > - Fssurbr ulb qufdgtç cb sbrvgkb bl tbrabs cb k`lcgtg`ls c fkkubgd cb df kdgbltèdb, rçjbktg`l bt a`cbrlgsftg`l cb sbs d`kfux c bxpd`gtftg`l, k`lstruktg`l cb l`uvbfux sgèebs febl blkkbs - Bdfregssbablt cb s`l rçsbfu bt `uvbrturb cb l`uvbddbs feblkbs p`ur fssurbr df pr`xgagtç. pr`xgag tç. - Yrgsb bl khfreb cb df kdgbltèdb, mgbl kbrlbr dbs mbs`gls, afgtrgsbr dbs cçdfgs cb trfgtbablt, fkk`apfelbr bt fssgstbr dbs kdgblts bl dbur fssurflt cbs sbrvgkbs pbrs`llfdgsçs. pbrs`ll fdgsçs. =. [trukturb bt `reflgsftg`l =.6 @reflgsftg`l, agssg`ls cbs cgjjçrbltbs strukturbs
Df strukturb eçlçrfdb cb df MCD sb prçsbltb k`aab sugt > - Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb (YCE Cgrbktg`ls kbltrfdbs). - Dbs Cgrbktg`ls ]çeg`lfdbs c Bxpd`gtftg`l (C]B). - Db rçsbfu c feblkbs. =.6.6 Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb
3=
Df afreb c gltbraçcgf gltbraçcgftg`l tg`l mflkfgrb pbut îtrb cçjglgb cçjglg b kk`aab `aab çtflt çtflt ulb afreb afreb sbamdfmdb é df afreb mrutb cbs k`apfelgbs l`l jglflkgèrbs. Kbttb afreb fppbdçb df afreb c'gltçrît lbt (LGA) bst ulb absurb bl p`urkbltfeb cb df cgjjçrblkb bltrb dbs gltçrîts pr`cugts pfr cbs mflqubs `u cbs c bs futrbs glstgtutg`ls jglflkgèrbs bt dbs gltçrîts pfyçs é dburs prîtburs (pfr bxbapdb > cçpóts).
66;
Bddb bst khfreçb cbs tíkhbs cb k`lkbptg`l, k`lkbptg`l, flgaftg`l, s`utgbl bt k`ltródb cbs strukturbs cu rçsbfu. Bddb bltrbtgblt cbs rbdftg`ls hgçrfrkhgqubs bt j`lktg`llbddbs fvbk db rçsbfu cbs cgrbktg`ls rçeg`lfdbs bt feblkb feblkbs. s. Bddb bst k`ap`sçb cb > 6).Yrçsgcbltt Cgrbktbur Eçlçrfd l`aaç pfr ul cçkrbt sur pr`p`sgtg`l cu aglgs 6).Yrçsgcbl aglgstrb trb cbs jglflkbs p`ur fssurbr df df rbsp`lsfmgdg rbsp`lsfmgdgtç tç cb ebstg`l bt cb j`lktg`ll j`lktg`llbablt bablt cb df mflqub. mflqub. =).Db K`lsbgd c Fcaglgstrftg`l k`ap`sç cu Yrçsgcblt Cgrbktbur Eçlçrfd, c fcaglgstrftburs, k`aagssfgrbs fux k`aptbs bt rbprçsbltflts cb aglgstèrbs cu k`aabrkb, bt cbs k`ddbktgvgtçs d`kfdbs. ;).Dbs Cgrbktg`ls kbltrfdbs kbltrfdbs pdfkçbs s`us d fut`rgtç cu YCE, qug fs fssurblt surblt cfls db kfcrb kfcrb cbs `rgbltftg`ls cb df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb, cbs tíkhbs cb k`lkbptg`l, cb s`utgbl, c `reflgsftg`l bt cb k`ltródb cbs strukturbs cbs rçsbfux. =.6.= Dbs Cgrbktg`ls Cgrbktg`ls ]çeg`lfdbs ]çeg`lfdbs c Bxpd`gtftg`l Bxpd`gtftg`l
[b s`lt dbs `reflbs gltbraçcgfgrbs bltrb dbs cgrbktg`ls kbltrfdbs bt dbs feblkbs. Bl bjjbt, khfqub er`upb dug bst rfttfkhç ul blsbamdb c feblkbs qu gd k`ltródb bl dbur fssurflt d flgaftg`l flgaftg`l,, d fssgs fssgstflkb tflkb bt df su supbrvg pbrvgsg`l sg`l cb db dbur ur j`lktg j`lktg`llba `llbablt. blt. Df cgrbktg`l rçeg`lfdb bst `reflgs ` reflgsçb çb fut`ur cb quftrb cçpfrtbablts > 6- Db
Cçpfrtbablt c bxpd`gtftg`l bt flgaftg`l k`aabrkgfdb qug
k``rc`llb dbs fktgvgtçs cbs sbrvgkbs sugvflts > Db sbrvgkb Btucbs bt krçcgt.
Db sbrvgkb sugvg cbs blefebabl blefebablts. ts.
Db sbrvgkb flgaftg`l k`aabrkgfdb k` aabrkgfdb..
µ
µ
µ
=- Db cçpfrtbablt cbs fjjfgrbs fcaglgstrftgvbs bt cu pbrs`llbd k`lstgtuç cb cbux sbrvgkbs >
Db sbrvgkb cbs a`ybls eçlçrfux.
Db sbrvgkb cu pbrs`llbd.
µ
µ
663
;-Db cçpfrtbablt cbs cbs fjjfgrbs nurgcgqubs bt rbk`uvrbablt cbs krçflkbs k`lstgtuç cb cbux sbrvgkbs >
Db sbrvgkb cbs fjjfgrbs nurgcgqubs.
Db sbrvgkb cb rbk`uvrbablt cbs krçflkbs.
µ
µ
3-Db cçpfrtbablt cçpfrtbablt k`ltródb k`lstgtuç cbs sbrvgkbs sugvflts >
Db sbrvgkb k`ltródb k`aptfmdb k` aptfmdb..
Df kbddudb cb k`ltródb prbagbr cberç.
µ
µ
=.6.; =.6. ; Db rçsbfu rçsbfu c feblkbs feblkbs
D feblkb k`lstgtub k`lstgtub df kbddudb cb mmfsb fsb cb d `reflgsftg`l cb ddff mfl mflqub qub bt sf sf prbagèrb vgtrglb vgtrglb qug c`gt pfr k`lsçqublt îtrb é df hfutbur cbs fttbltbs cb df kdgbltèdb. Fu lgvbfu cb df MCD, dbs feblkbs s`lt kdfssçbs bl quftrb kftçe`rgbs >
Feblkb prglkgpfdb pr glkgpfdb..
Feblkb cb 6èrb kftçe`rgb.
Feblkb cb =èab kftçe`rgb.
Feblkb cb ;èab kftçe`rgb.
µ
µ
µ
µ
[`us d fut`rgtç bt ddbb k`ltródb cu khbj c feblkb, d feblkb bst `reflgsçb `reflgsçb bl cgjjçrblts sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs l`tfaablt >
Db sbrvgkb krçcgt bt blefebablts. blefebablts.
Db sbrvgkb çtrflebr bt khfleb. khfleb.
Db sbrvgkb kfgssb.
Db sbrvgkb p`rtbjbugddb bt a`ybl a`yblss cb pfgbablt.
µ
µ
µ
µ
=.= @reflgerfaabs cb df MCD
D `reflgerfaab `reflgerfaab eeçlçrf çlçrfdd cb df MCD s frtgkudb fut`ur cbs strukturbs kbltrfdbs, cbs rçsbfux cb er`upbs rçeg`lfux, rçeg`lfux, cbs feblkbs feblkbs bt cbs glspbktg glspbktg`ls. `ls. Bddbs bltrbtgbllblt bltrb bddbs cbs rbd rbdftg`ls ftg`ls j`lktg`llbddbs bt hgçrfrkhgqubs bl c`tflt khfkulb c ul blsbamdb cb tíkhbs p`ur fssurbr dbs agssg`ls jgxçbs é df mflqub pfr dbs p`uv`grs pumdgks. =.=.6 Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb
662
Jgeurb 62 > @reflgerfaab cb df Cgrbktg`l Cgrbktg`l eçlçrfdb cb df MCD
[`urkb > Yr`kçcurb cb ebstg`l p`rtflt `reflgsftg`l cb df MCD =.=.= Df Cgrbktg`l Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfd ]çeg`lfdbb c Bxpd`gtftg`l Bxpd`gtftg`l
Jgeurb L¹6: > `reflgerfaab cb df C]B
K`agtç cb K`agtç Krçcgt
Cgrbktbur ]çeg`lfd C Bxpd`gtf Bxpd`gtftg`l tg`l
[bkrçtfrgft
C. C.Bxpdgtftg`l Bxpdgtftg`l Fl gaftg ga ftg `l kd b
C. C.Fcaglgst Fcaglgst rftgj bt pbr s`ll s` llbd bd
C. C.nurgcgq nurgcgq ub bt rbk `u vr babl t
C. K`ltródb
Btucbs bt krçcgt
A`ybls eçlçrfux eçlçrfux
Fjjfgrbs nurgc gqubs
K`ltródb 66:
k`aptfmdb [ugvg cbs blefebablts blefebablts
Ybrs`llbd Ybrs`llbd ]bk`uvrbablt
Kbddudb 6br cberç
Flg aft g` g`l l K` aabrk aa brk gfdb gfd b
[`urkb > Yr`kçcurb cb ebstg`l p`rtflt `reflgsftg`l cb df MCD =.=.; D Febl Feblkb kb Jgeurbb L¹ 65 > @reflger Jgeur @reflgerfaab faab cb d feblkb
Cgrbktbur c feblkb
K`agt ç cb Krçcgt
Cgrbktbur Fcn`glt
[bkrçtfrgft
[brvgkb [b rvgkb kfgssb
sbrvgkb p` rtbjbugdd b
sbrvgkb çtrflebr
sbrvgk b krçcg t
[`urkb > Yr`kçcurb cb ebstg`l p`rtflt `reflgsftg`l cb df MCD [bktg`l = > Dbs sbrvgkbs cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur 6. Df Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd CKG 6.6 Agssg`ls
K bst d ulb cbs cbs cgrbktg`ls kbltrfdbs k`ltródçbs pfr df Cg Cgrbktg`l rbktg`l Eçlçrfdb, Eçlçrfdb, bddb bst khfreçb cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. [bs tíkhbs pbuvblt sb rçsuabr bl kb qug sugt > - Fssgstbr dbs C]B bt feblkbs bt rbstbr é dbur cgsp`sgtg`l p`ur t`utb cbaflcb c glj`raftg`ls `u k`lsbgd ? - Fssurbr db cçl`ubablt cçl`ubablt cbs `pçrftg `pçrftg`ls `ls fprès dflkba dflkbablt blt pfr d feblkb l`tfaablt l`tfaablt dbs rèedbablts jglflkgbrs ? - Fssurbr t`utbs dbs rbdftg`ls fvbk ddbs bs k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs çtrflebrs bt eçrbr dbs k`aptbs k`rrbsp`lcflts ? - J`urlgr dbs çtfts stftgstgqubs stftgstgqubs bxgeçs p`ur rblcrb rblcrb k`aptb cb d fktgvgtç cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur fux strukturbs gltbrlbs bt bxtbrlbs ? - [b khfrebr cb t`utbs dbs k`rrbsp`lcfl k`r rbsp`lcflkbs kbs vgf db rçsbfu [wgjt ?
665
- Cgjjusbr fux feblkbs bt cgrbktg`ls rçeg`lfdbs cbs kgrkudfgrbs bt cbs l`tbs c fppdgkftg`l p`ur df agsb agsb é n`ur cbs rèedbs cb prftgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls fvbk d çtr çtrfl fleb ebr. r. 6.= @reflgsftg`l
Y`ur fssurbr sbs agssg`ls agssg`ls df CKG bst `reflgsçb bl tr`gs cçpfrtbablts > 6- Db cçpfrtbablt cbs rbdftg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs k`lstgtuç cb tr`gs t r`gs sbrvgkbs > 3. Db sbrvgkb sbrvgkb cb cbss rbdf rbdftg`ls tg`ls fv fvbk bk d Btrflebr. 2. Db sbrvgkb cbs efrfltgbs bt krçcgts bxtbrlbs. bxtbrlbs. :. Db sbrvgkb rçedbabltftg`l bt c`kua c`kuabltftg`l. bltftg`l. =- Db cçpfrtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls c`kuabltfgrbs, trflsjbrts bt rfpftrgba r fpftrgbablt blt k`lstgtuç cb quftrb sbrvgkbs >
Db sbrvgkb cbs krçcgts c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrbs. tfgrbs.
Db sbrvgkb trflsjbrts.
Db sbrvgkb rfpftrgbablt.
Db sbrvgkb [wgjt.
µ
µ
µ
µ
;- Db cçpfrtbablt K`ltródb k`aptfmdb k`lstgtuç cbs quftrb sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs sugvflts >
Db sbrvgkb cb ebstg`l cbs k`aptbs gltçrgburs.
Db sbrvgkb ebstg`l cbs k`aptbs L@[S]@.
µ
µ
µ
µ
Db sbrvgkb stftgstgqub bt sugvg cbs fpurbablts. Db sbrvgkb fssfglgssbablt k`aptfmdb.
Bl pdus cb kbs tr`gs cçpfrtbablts, df cgrbktg`l cgsp`sb c ul sbkrçtfrgft, c ul sbrvgkb fcaglgstrftgj bt c ulb kbddudb glj`raftgqub. glj`raft gqub. =. Dbs sbrvgkbs cb df C]B =.6 Db sbrvgkb krçcgt
Fu lgvbfu cb df Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd`gtftg`l, db trfgtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bst prgs bl khfreb pfr db sbrvgkb krçcgt. Gd khfreç cb > - Btfmdgr dbs fut`rgsftg`ls cb krçcgt p`ur dbs a`ltflts rbdbvflt cbs p`uv`grs C]B ?
668
- ]bkbv`gr bt vçrgjgbr dbs cbaflcbs cbaflcbs c fut`rgsftg`l çaflflt cb d feblkb fvflt cb dbs trflsabttrb é df Cgrbktg`l cb cb jglflkbablt cbs bltrbprgsbs p`ur fkk`rc, d`rsqub db a`ltflt cçpfssb dbs p`uv`gr s er`upb? - Btucgbr dbs c`ssgbrs cb cbaflcbs cb dgelbs cb K]BC@K ? - [flktg`llbr dbs cbaflcbs rbdbvflt cbs p`uv`grs C]B bt trflsabttrb kbddbs cçpfssflt sbs p`uv`grs é df Cgrbktg`l cb jglflkbablt cbs Bltrbprgsbs (CJB) =.= Db sbrvgkb K`ltródb
D fspbkt k`ltródb é p`stçrg`rg bst fss fssurç urç pfr df kbddudb cu cçpf cçpfrtbablt rtbablt k`ltródb qug bjjbktub cbs agssg`ls agssg`ls pçrg`cgqubs cb vç vçrgjgkftg`l rgjgkftg`l cb df k`lj`rag k`lj`ragtç tç cbs `pçrftg`ls bt d fppdgkftg`l cbs rèedbs bl vgeubur vgeubur cfl cflss db kfcrb ccbb d bxbrkgkb cb sf jj`lktg`l `lktg`l cb k`ltródb prbagbr cberç. cberç.3; Db cçpfrtbablt k`ltródb bt bl k`ddfm`rftg`l fvbk db cçpfrtbablt bxpd`gtftg`l sb khfreb cb rbdbvbr t`ut aflqubablt, cb db p`rtbr é df k`llfgssflkb cu Cgrbktbur rçeg`lfd qug prblc bl khfreb db c`ssgbr. c`ssgbr. Cbs k`urrgbrs ss`lt `lt eçlçrfdbablt fcrbssçs fcrbssçs é d feblkb qug bst bst tblub c fpp`rtbr cbs bxpdgkftg`ls fvflt cb p`sbr db pr`mdèab pr` mdèab fux strukturbs hgçrfrkhgqubs. hgçrfrkhgqubs. ;. Db sbrvgkb sbrvgkb çtrflebr çtrflebr cb d feblkb
Db sbrvgkb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur f p`ur `mnbktgj `mnbktgj cb rçfdgsbr dbs `pçrftg`ls k`ljgçbs k`ljgçbs pfr df kdgbltèdb bl rbdftg`l fvbk d çtrflebr bl k`lj k`lj`ragtç `ragtç fvbk df rèedbabl rèedbabltftg`l tftg`l cbs khflebs khflebs bt cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. ;.6 J`lktg`l cu sbrvgkb
Gd bst khfreç cb
Ü
§
@uvrgr, sugvrb, sugvrb, k`ltródbr, bt survbgdd survbgddbr br d fpurbabl fpurbabltt cbs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l c gap`rt bt c bxp`rt qub db db sbrvgkb é d `mdgeftg`l cb tblgr bt cb eçrbr.
§
Gltbrvblgr cfls db pr`kbssus c fkk`rc cb trflsjbrt cbs k`ltrfs bt c fssurbr dbur gaaftrgkudftg`l, dbur sugvg bt dbur fpurbablt fglsg qub df agsb bl pdfkb cbs efrfltgbs y rbdftgvbs.
3;
C
futrbs k`ltródbs k`ltródbs s`lt bjjbktuçs bjjbktuçs cfls db kfcrb cbs cbs agssg`ls agssg`ls cbs cgrbktg`ls cgrbktg`ls c glspbktg`l rçeg`lfdbs. rçeg`lfdbs.
667
@uvrgr t`ut krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, c`kuabltfgrb, fkkrçcgtgj 33 `u dbttrb ccbb krçcgt, fvbk `u sfls sfls
§
blefebablt cb jglflkbablt c `rcrb cb ddff kdgbltèdb p`u p`urr d gap`rtftg`l cb mgbls `u cb sbrvgkbs. L`tgjgbr fvbk `u sfls df k`ljgraftg`l cb df MCD, t`ut krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, fkkrçcg fkkrçcgtgj tgj
§
`u dbttrb cb krçcgt c `rcrb cbs mflqubs bt k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs bl jfvbur cbs bltrbprgsbs glstfddçbs bl FDEB]GB p`ur k`uvrgr cbs `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`ls cb mgbls bt cb sbrvgkbs. sbrvgkbs. Bxçkutbr t`ut trflsjbrt trflsjbrt é d çtrflebr sur `rcrb cb df kdg kdgbltèdb bltèdb fu tgtrb cb rèed rèedbablt bablt cb
§
trflsfktg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs bt futrbs trflsjbrts fut`rgsçs pfr df rèedbabltftg`l cb khflebs .Gd rfpftrgb bt pfgb sur `rcrb cbs k`rrbsp`lcflts t`ut a`ltflt bl jfvbur cbs mçlçjgkgfgrbs bl FDEB]GB. Srfgtbr k`lj`raçablt k`lj`raçablt fux usfebs bl vgeubur bt fux glstruktg`ls cu kçcfl kçcfltt cbs rbagsbs
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c`kuabltfgrbs k`ljgçbs cfls db kfcrb cbs `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`ls. Btfmdgr t`utb cçkdfrftg`l cçkdfrftg`l bt sgtuftg`l sgtuftg`l pçrg`cgqub bt fssurbr ssff trflsagssg`l trflsagssg`l é m`llb
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cftb é df strukturb st rukturb k`lkbrlçb (gltbrlb `u bxtbrlb). Fssurbr df ebstg`l cbs k`aptbs spçkgfux.
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]@DB > Cfls db kfcrb cb d bxçkutg`l cbs agssg`ls qug dug s`lt cçv`dubs cçv`dubs,, db sbrvgkb
Ü
çtrflebr c`gt c`gt `msbrvbr dbs rèedbs bssbltgbddbs sugvfl sugvfltbs tbs cfls ssbs bs rbdftg`ls fvb fvbkk df kdgbltèdb, df df hgçrfrkhgb bt ddbs bs futrbs sb sbrvgkbs rvgkbs cb d feblkb > §
Efrcbr ul k`ltfkt pbra pbraflblt flblt fvbk sf kdgbltèdb bt dug jfgrb pfrt pfr dbs a`ybls a`ybls dbs pdus pdus fcçqufts bt rfpgcbs cb df rçkbp rçkbptg`l tg`l p`ur s`l k`aptb `u bl sf jfvbur cb t`ut `rcrb cb pfgbabltt `u vgrbabl pfgbabl vgrbabltt cb d çtrflebr, cb t`ut nbu cb c`kuablts, c`kuablts, cb t`ut `rcrb cb l`tgjgkftg`l `u cb k`ljgraftg`l cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb `u fkkrçcgtgj, `u cb t`utb glj`raftg`l df k`lkbrlflt.
33
Fkkrçcgtgj `u dbttrb cb krçcgt, çefdbablt k`llub s`us db d b l`a cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, k`aaulçablt fppbdç
« Krbc`k ¿, bt bst pfrj`gs cçsgelçb pfr « D/K ¿, fmrçvgftg`l cb dbttbr `j krbcgt
6=9
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Glj`rabr sf kdgbltèdb pfr dbs a`ybls a`ybls dbs pd pdus us rfpgcbs ccbb d bxçkutg`l bxçkutg`l cb t`ut `rcrb c `pçrftg`ls glgtgçbs pfr bddb.
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Eçrbr d çkhçflkgbr cb a aflgèrb flgèrb é fssu fssurbr rbr dbs pfgbablts f mm`llb `llb cftb.
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Fssurbr ulb m`llb tblub bt ul kdfssbablt fcçquft cbs c`ssgbrs cb rçjçrblkb (c`agkgdgftg`l, rèedbablt rèedbablt jglflkgbr bt k`ltfkts) bt dbs dbs tblgr é df df cgsp`sgtg`l cb t`ut k`ltródb tflt gltbrlb qu bxtbrlb.
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Fssurbr ulb m`llb tblub cbs rbegstrbs bt rçpbrt`grbs.
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Fssurbr df k`aptfmgdgsftg`l fcçquftb cbs `pçrftg`ls qug dug s`lt k`ljgçbs bt pr`kçcbr é df vçrgjgkftg`l pçrg`cgqub pçrg`cgqub cb d bxfktgtucb bt df sg sglkçrgtç lkçrgtç cbs s`dcbs cbs k`aptbs c`lt gd f df khfreb.
;.= @reflgsftg`l bt fcaglgstrftg`l
D glstfddftg`l cbs cgjjçrblts p`stbs cb trfvfgd cu sb sbrvgkb rvgkb çtrflebr bt dbu dburr cgsp`sgtg`l s`lt j`lktg`l cb df k`ljgeurftg`l cb khfqub feblkb. Kbpblcflt, gd bst gap`rtflt cb s`udgelbr d `msbrvftg`l cb qubdqubs qubdqubs prglkgpbs prglkgpbs j`lcfa j`lcfabltfux bltfux l`tfaa l`tfaablt blt > - D glstfd glstfddf dftg`l tg`l c ul khbj cb sbrvgkb pbrabttflt df supbrvgsg`l cb t`utbs dbs `pçrftg`ls bjjbktuçbs pfr db sbrvgkb. - D çd`gelbablt cbs eugkhbts eugkhbts cu pbrs`llbd kh khfreç freç cu trfgtbablt tbkhlgq tbkhlgqub ub cbs `pçrftg`ls, cu kdfssbablt bt cb df k`lsbrvftg`l cbs c`kuablts, cb df k`ljbktg`l cbs çkrgturbs k`aptfmdbs k`aptfmdbs.. - Fkkès jfkgdb jfkgdb fux c`kuablts bt kk`aa`cgtç `aa`cgtç ccbb rçkbptg`l cbs kdgblts kdgblts p`ur db pbrs`llbd pbrs`ll bd glstfddç fux eugkhbts. - K`ljgcbltgfdgtç cbs c`kuablts qug lb c`gvblt nfafgs îtrb cgvudeuçs fux kdgblts. Dbur trflsagssg`l fux sbrvgkbs k`lkbrlçs c`gt îtrb fssurçb pfr ul feblt cb df mflqub.. mflqub - Dbs c`kuablts bt vfdburs k`ljgçs é df mflqub s`lt k`lsbrvçs cfls cbs k`jjrbs `u fra`grbs j`rtbs `u t`ut futrb çdçablt jbraflt é kdbj. Dbs kdbjs s`lt cçp`sçbs khfqub jgl cb n`urlçb cfls db k`jjrb cu sbrvgkb çtrflebr. - Dbs rbegstrbs utgdgsçs pfr db sbrvgkb s`lt efrcçs bl dgbux surs. ;.=.6 ]ódb cu khbj cb sbrvgkb
6=6
Db khbj khbj cb sbrvg sbrvgkb kb qug feg fegtt s`us d fut`rg fut`rgtç tç cgrbktb cu khbj c feblkb, f df khfreb cb k``rc`llbr k``rc`llbr d fktgvgtç fktgvgtç cbs cgjjçrbl cgjjçrblts ts gltbrv gltbrvblflts blflts ccfls fls db trfgtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls cb s`l sbrvgkb. Gd rçpfrtgt db trfvfgd bltrb dbs feblts bl j`lktg`l j`l ktg`l cb dburs k`apçtblkbs bt bl k`ltródb df qufdgtç bt dbs cçdfgs c bxçkutg`l. Db khbj cb sbrvgkb bt é khfqub `pçrftg`l bst rbsp`lsfmdb cb > - D futhbltgjgkftg`l cbs sgelfturbs fpp`sçbs fpp`sçbs sur ddbs bs `rcrbs cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls cbs kdgblts, c`kuablts pfrvblflt cbs k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs bt çkrgturbs bltrb sgèebs. - Df rçeudfrgtç aftçrgbddb cbs pgèkbs (fvgs cb c`agkgdgftg`l, `rcrbs cb trflsjbrt, glstruktg`ls c `uvbrturb cb krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs, dbttrbs cb krçcgt, `rcrbs cb pfgbablts pfgbabl ts c bjjb bjjbts ts,, rbå rbåus us bt cçkh cçkhfr freb ebss ) - S`utb rbagsb cb c`kuablts é ul kdgblt qug c`gt c` gt îtrb sflktg`llçb pfr ulb cçkhfreb. Gd c`gt fussg s fssurbr bl pbraflblkb cu > - [ugvg cbs bxgstflts ? - Cbs gaputftg`ls k`aptfmdbs bl k`lj`ragtç fvbk df k`aptfmgdgtç bt cb df k`lk`rcflkb cbs s`dcbs cbs k`aptbs fvbk df sgtuftg`l k`aptfmdb cb df Cgrbktg`l cb df K`aptfmgdgtç Eçlçrfdb. - Cb df k`ljbktg`l bt blv`g é tbaps cbs çtfts bt cçkdfrftg`ls pçrg`cgqu pçrg`cgqubs bs (stftgst (stftgstgqubs gqubs bt bxgstflts) ? - Cb df vçrgjgkftg`l cbs c`ssgbrs fvflt frkhgvfeb ? - Cb df tblub é n`ur cbs rbegstrbs bt rçpbrt`grbs ? - Cb df qufdgtç cu trfvfgd fvbk dfqubddb s`lt bxçkutçbs dbs `pçrftg`ls cb trflsjbrt vbrss d çtrfl vbr çtrflebr ebr bbtt dbs pfgba pfgbablts blts ccbb d çtrflebr. çtrflebr. Gd Gd vbgddb vbgddb sur sur d fppdg fppdgkftg`l kftg`l cb df rçedbabltftg`l bl df aftgèrb ? - Cb df qufdgtç cu sbrvgkb rblcu é df kdgbltèdb. [`l gltbrvbltg`l bst lçkbssfgrb bl kfs cb qubdk`lqub pr`mdèab çpr`uvç pfr sbs feblts. ;.=.= Dbs p`stbs cb trfvfgd cu sbrvgkb
Df lfturb cbs `pçrftg`ls trfgtçbs pfr db sbrvgkb bt dbs k`lcgtg`ls cb sçkurgtç qub rbqugbrt dbur bxçkutg`l bxgeblt ulb rbdftgvb spçkgfdgsftg`l pfr p`stb cb trfvfgd. Dbs j`lktg`ls sbr`lt rçpfrtgbs bltrb > ;.=.=.6 Df c`agkgd c`agkgdgftg`l gftg`l bt bt d fpurbablt fpurbablt
6==
D bapd`yç bapd`yç khfre khfreçç cb df c`ag c`agkgdgf kgdgftg`l tg`l bbtt cb df tblub cbs c`ssgbrs cb k`ltródb bst eçlçrfdbablt glstfddç fux eugkhbts p`ur îtrb bl k`ltfkt k`ltf kt cgrbkt fvbk df kdgbltèdb bt pr`kçcbr é df c`agkgdgftg`l cb t`utb `pçrftg`l c gap`rtftg`l `u bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l s`ddgkgtçb pfr db kdgblt. [`l prbagbr s`ukg bst df rçeudfrgtç cbs `pçrftg`ls qu gd trfgtb bt db m`l cçr`udbablt cbs j`rafdgtçs rçedbabltfgrbs. Gd dug rbvgblt c fssu fssurbr rbr d blv blv`g `g é df Mfl Mflqub qub c Fdeçrgb cbs k`aptbs rblcus c fpurbablt, cbs jgkhbs cb c`agkgdgftg`l bt t`ut futrb c`kuablt qug dug bst cbstglç. Fprèss d `uvbrturb cu c`s Fprè c`ssgb sgbrr cb c`agkg c`agkgdgf dgftg`l, tg`l, d bapd bapd`yç `yç bst kh khfreç freç > -
c fll`tbr dbs jfkturbs bt futrbs c`kuablts ?
- k`lsbrvbr bt kdfssbr cfls dbs c`ssgbrs dbs pgèkbs rbqugsbs ? - k`apdçtbr pfr t`utb glj`raftg`l `u pgèkb rbåub udtçrgburbablt ? - Gd bst rbsp`lsfmdb cb df m`llb tblub bt cb df ebstg`l cbs c`ssgbrs. Bl aftgèrb c fpurbablt, d feblt khfreç cb kb k`a k`apfrtgablt pfrtgablt bst rbsp rbsp`lsfmdb `lsfmdb > -
cb df tblub, tblub, cu sugvg, cb ddff ebstg`l bt cb d frkhgvfeb cbs c`ssg c`ssgbrs brs cb c`agkgdgftg`l?
- cbs gltbrvbltg`ls çvbltubddbs fuprès cbs kdgblts, cbs sbrvgkbs cbs c`uflbs bt cbs strukturbs hgçrfrkhgqubs cb df mflqub fux jgls cb rçeudfrgsftg`l cfls dbs cçdfgs cbs cgjjçrblkbs k`lstftçbs ? -
cb df rçkupçrftg`l bt cb df k`lsbrvftg`l cbs c`kuablts k`aabrkgfux, c`uflgbrs bt jglflkgbrs qug rbtrfkblt bt nustgjgblt db cçr`udbablt c ulb `pçrftg`l c gap`rtftg`l `u c bxp`rtftg`l.
;.=.=.= Dbs trflsjbrts bt rfpftrgbablts
Db khfreç cbs trflsj tr flsjbrts brts fssurb df rçkbptg`l bt df vçrgjgkftg`l cbs `rcrbs cbs `pçrftg`ls cçp`sçs pfr dbs kdgblts. Gd vçrgjgb surt`ut df rçeudfrgtç j`rabddb cbs c`kuablts k`lstgtutgjs cb cbss c`ssgbrs rbags, çtfmdgt çtfmdgt dbs pgèkbs lçkbssfg lçkbssfgrb rb p`ur db trflsjbrt bt s fssurb cb df pfssftg`l pfssftg`l cu cçmgt cçmgt bl k`aptb fvflt trflsagssg`l é df CKG. D feblt khfreç cbs `pçrftg`ls cb rfpftrgbablt rfpftrgbablt fssurb cbs rçp`ls rçp`lsbs bs fux cbaflc cbaflcbs bs cb rblsbgelbablts rblsbgelbabl ts cb df Cgrbktg`l ccbb d çtrflebr bt dug fcrbssb ddbs bs çtfts stftgstgqubs stftgstgqubs,, krçcgtb dbs k`aptbs cbs mçlçjgkgfgrbs cès rçkbptg`l cb d çkrgturb bltrb sgèeb ccbb df CKG. Dbs khfreçs cb kbs k`apfrtgablts s`lt rbsp`lsfmdbs cb >
6=;
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df rçeudfrgtç cbs c`ssgbrs fu rbefrc fu rbefrc cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bl vgeubur ?
- df k`aptfmgdgsftg`l sbd`l dbs rèedbs dbs rèedbs bl vgeubur ? - df pbrkbptg`l cbs k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg` ls bt tfxbs ? -
df trflsagssg`l é m`llb cftb cbs cçkdfrftg`ls bt çtfts pçrg`cgqubs fux strukturbs gltbrlbs bt bxtbrlbs cb df mflqub.
;.=.=.; Db khfleb aflubd
Dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb aflubd sb sumcgvgsblt bl cbux pfrtgbs > - df aflgpudftg`l c bspèkbs (cbvgsbs bt cglfrs) qug bst fssurçb pfr db kfgssgbr aflgpudftbur. -
d `rc`ll `rc`llflk flkbabl babltt cbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb qug bst fssurç pfr ul feblt cu
sbrvgkb çtrflebr bt qug k`lkbrlb d blsbamdb cbs cr`gts cb khfleb khfleb fkk`rcçs tflt fux lftg`lfux rçsgcblts qu fux l`l rçsgcblts. Df rbsp`lsfmgdgtç cbs feblts cb kb k`apfrtgablt sb sgtub cfls df vçrgjgkftg`l cb df rçeudfrgtç cbs `pçrftg`ls fcagsbs, dbur k`aptfmgdgsftg`l bl k`lj`ragtç fvbk dbs rèedbs bl vgeubur, d fppdgkftg`l cu k`urs cb k`lvb k`lvbrsg`l rsg`l fglsg qub df trflsag trflsagssg`l ssg`l é m`llb cf cftb tb cbs cçkdfrftg`ls bt çtfts pçrg`cgqu pçrg`cgqubs. bs. Db aflgpudftbur c`gt fssurbr db a`uvbablt c bspèkbs fu vu cbs pgèkbs k`aptfmdbs rçeudgèrbablt çtfmdgbs bt sgelçbs pfr cbs pbrs`llbs hfmgdgtçbs. Db khfreç khfreç cb d `rc`ll `rc`llflkba flkbablt blt vçrgjg vçrgjgbb fu prçfdfmd prçfdfmdbb df rçeud rçeudfrgtç frgtç cb d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l s`ddgkgtçb, s`ddgkgtçb, çtfmdgt dbs pgèkbs k`aptfmdbs lçkbssfgrbs bl vbgddflt é df k`lvbrsg`l cbs a`llfgbs fu k`urs bt cgsp`sgtg`ls rçedbabltfgrbs bl vgeubur. Gd fll`tb dbs fttbstftg`ls, mgddbts cb v`yfeb bt pfssbp`rts pfssbp `rts sbd`l db kfs bbtt jfgt sgelbr dbs pgèkbs bt c`kuabl c`kuablts ts pfr cbs pbrs`ll pbrs`llbs bs hfmgdgtçbs. ;.=.=.3 D blkfgssbablt blkfgssbablt c`kuabltfgr c`kuabltfgrbb
Dbs khfreçs khfreçs cb d blkfgssbablt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb fssurblt fssurblt > - db trfgtbablt tbkhlgqub cbs `rcrbs c`kuabltfgrbs bl vbgddflt fu rbspbkt cbs rèedbs bt usflkbs ulgj`rabs bl df aftgèrb, cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt cbs glstruktg`ls cu kçcflt. -
db sugvg sugvg cb d `pçrftg `pçrftg`l `l cb d blrbeg blrbegstrba strbablt, blt, df kk`aptfmg `aptfmgdgsf dgsftg`l tg`l nusqu nusqu é d bl blv`g v`g cb cbss
pgèkbs bt çtfts fux strukturbs k`lkbrlçbs. k`lkbrlçbs. 6=3
Df rbsp`lsfmgdgtç cbs feblts cb kb k`apfrtgablt k` apfrtgablt sb sgtub fu lgvbfu cbs vçrgjgkftg`ls cbs sgelfturbs c `rc`llflkbablt, df vfdgcgtç vfdgcgtç cbs rbagsbs prçsbltçbs é trfvbrs dbs c`kuablts k`lstgtutgjs cb df rbagsb. Db trfgtbablt trfgtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls c`gt sb jfgrb bl k`lj`ragtç fvbk df rçedbabltftg`l bl df aftgèrb fvbk ul sugvg cb df k`aptfmgdgsftg`l, df pbrkbptg`l cbs jrfgs bt k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg `ls bt d çdfm`rftg`l cbs çtfts pçrg pçrg`cgqubs. `cgqubs. ;.=.=.2 Dbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs
Kb k`apfrtgablt bst prgs bl khfreb pfr cbs feblts fyflt cbs k`llfgssflkbs pfrtgkudgèrbs l`l sbudbablt bl aftgèrb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb afgs fussg cfls dbs c`afglbs cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd, cb trflsgt, cbs fssurflkbs bt cu jrbt. Dburs k`llfgssflkbs c`gvblt îtrb bl pbraflblkb pbraflbl kb agsbs é n`ur é trfvbrs dbs glstruktg`ls k`aaulgquçbs pfr df hgçrfrkhgb qub kbddbs çcgktçbs pfr dbs glstgtutg`ls bxtbrlbs spçkgfdgsçbs. Gds s`lt rbsp`lsfmdbs tflt cb df vfdgcgtç cbs `uvbrturbs cb krçcgts fkk`rcçs é df kdgbltèdb fu pdfl cb df rrçedbabltftg`l çedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt cu k` k`aabrkb aabrkb bxtçrgbur qub cu sugvg cb d bxçkutg`l cbs `rcrbs bl k`lj`ragtç fvbk dbs usfebs. S`utb fl`afdgb, grrçeudfrgtç `u cgjjgkudtç c`gt îtrb p`rtçb é df k`llfgssflkb k`llfgssflkb cb df hgçrfrkhgb qug cgktbrf dbs absurbs absurbs fcçquftbs é prbl prblcrb. crb. ;.=.=.: Df ebstg`l cbs k`ltrfts bt agsb bl pdfkb cbs efrfltgbs
Dbs feblts cb kb k`apfrtgablt sb khfreblt cb pr`kçcbr, sur glstruktg`ls cbs kdgblts, fux `mdgeftg`ls cb c`agkgdgftg`l bt gaaftrgkudftg`l bt vbgddbr fu rbspbkt cbs k`lcgtg`ls k`ltrfktubddbs quflt fux trflsjbrts é bjjbktubr. Db sugvg cbs çkhçflkgbrs c`gt k`lstgtubr ulb prç`kkupftg`l prç`kkupftg `l afnburb pfr db jfgt qu gd k`ap`rtb cbs blefebablts s`uskrgts pfr df mflqub vgsé-vgs cbs k`rrbsp`lcflts çtrflebrs. Df k`apdbxgtç cb kbs `pçrftg`ls lçkbssgtb p`ur dbur trfgtbablt ulb çtr`gtb k`ddfm`rftg`l cu sbrvgkb krçcgt bt cb df CKG. Y`ur Y` ur kbdf kb eblrb c `pçrftg`ls bst eçlçrfdbablt pgd`tç pfr db khbj cb sbrvgkb, db j`lcç cb p`uv`gr `u db khbj c feblkb bt s`us df survbgddflkb cgrbktb cb df hgçrfrkhgb (C]B).
;.=.=.5 Ebstg`l cbs k`aptbs spçkgfux
Mgbl qub df ebstg`l cb kbs k`aptbs rbdèvb cu sbrvgkb kfgssb (rbtrfgts, (rbt rfgts, vbrsbablts, vgrbablt), db sbrvgkb çtrflebr fegt fu a`ybl cb vgsf prçfdfmdb sur t`utb `pçrftg`l glgtgçb sur kbttb kftçe`rgb cb k`aptbs. Y`ur kbdf, dbs feblts cb kb k`apfrtgablt c`gvblt vbgddbr sur df rçeudfrgtç cbs
6=2
`uvbrturbs cb k`aptbs s`ddgkgtçbs (rbkubgd (rbkubgd prçfdfmdb cbs cbs fkk`rcs cu sbrvg sbrvgkb kb nurgcgqub `u cb ddff Mflqub c Fdeçrgb). Gds s`lt khfreçs khfreçs fussg cb d `uvbrturb bt cu sugvg cbs c`ssgb c`ssgbrs rs k`rrbsp`lcflts, cb df vçrgjgkftg`l prçfdfmdb prçfdfmdb cb t`utb `pçrftg`l pfr rfpp`rt é df rçedbabltftg`l pr`prb é khfqub typb cb k`aptb, cu sugvg cb df ebstg`l bxtr bxtrff k` k`aptfmdb aptfmdb bt d çdfm`rftg`l bt df trflsagssg`l trflsagssg `l cbs çtfts pçrg`cgqubs. ;.=.; Dbs rbdftg`ls hgçrfrkhgqubs bt j`lktg`llbddbs cu sbrvgkb ;.=.;.6 Dbs rbdftg`ls gltbrlbs
Dbs rbdftg`ls j`lktg`llbddbs
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Db sbrvgkb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bst bst bl rbdftg`l fvbk dbs futrbs sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs cb d feblkb. Gd bst bl rbdftg`l fvbk db sbrvgkb kfgssb bt p`rtbjbugddb pugsqub df k`aptfmgdgsftg`l cbs pr`vgsg`ls, cbs k`aagssg`ls bt cbs trflsjbrts cb j`lcs fglsg qub dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb aflubd s bjjbktublt fu lgvbfu cb kbdug-kg. Gd bst çefdbablt çefdbablt bl rbdftg`l fv fvbk bk db sbrvgkb krçcgt qug dug pbrabt d `ktr`g cbs krçcgts krçcgts pfr sgelfturb (dgelbs Krbc`k, kfutg`ls bt fvfds) bt df agsb bl pdfkb cbs efrfltgbs cfls db kfcrb cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. Dbs rbdftg`ls hgçrfrkhgqubs
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Db sbrvgkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bltrbtgblt cbs rbdftg`ls fvbk dbs strukturbs str ukturbs kbltrfdbs sugvfltbs sugvfltbs >
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Df CJB « Cgrbktg`l cb Jgl Jglflkbablt flkbablt cbs Bltrbprgsbs ¿ qug s `kkupb cb d çtfmdgssbablt cbs fut`rgsftg`ls cb krçcgt p`ur dbs a`ltflts rbdbvflt cb sbs p`uv`grs.
Df C]B « Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd`gtftg`l ¿ qug s `kkupb cu k`ltródb cbs
`pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. Df CKG « Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb GGltbrlftg`lfd ltbrlftg`lfd ¿ ¿ qug s `kkupb é trfvbrs sbs
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cgjjçrblts sbrvgkbs cb df rçfdgsftg`l bt cu trfgtbablt cbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs bt df rçkbptg`l cbs abssfebs [UGJS bt db rèedbablt jglflkgbr.
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Df CKK « Cgrbktg`l Kbltrfdb cb df K`aptfmgdgtç ¿ qug s `kkupb cu sugvg cb df k`aptfmgdgtç k`aptfmgdg tç cb df mflq mflqub ub bt d çdfm`rftg`l cbs çtfts jglflkg jglflkgbrs. brs.
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Df CJ « Cgrbktg`l cb J`raftg`l ¿ p`ur dbs mbs`gls cb j`raftg`l cu pbrs`llbd cb d febl feblkb kb..
;.=.;.= Dbs rbdftg`ls bxtbrlbs
6=:
Y`ur fssurbr db m`l cçr`udbablt cçr`udbablt cbs `pçrftg `pçrftg`ls `ls fvbk d çtrflebr, db sbrvgkb sbrvgkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bltrbtgblt cbs rbdftg`ls fvbk cgjjçrbltbs cgjjçrbltbs strukturbs qug s`lt > Df mflqu mflqubb c Fd Fdeçrg eçrgbb
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Dbs mflqubs mflqubs k`aa k`aabrkgfdbs brkgfdbs s fcrbssblt é df mflqub c Fdeçrgb p`ur sb pr`kurbr cb df cbvgsb lçkbssfg lçkbssfgrb rb p`ur db rèedbablt cbs cgjjçrbltbs trfls trflsfktg`ls fktg`ls fvbk d çtrflebr. Cb pdus bddbs s`lt tblubs cb rbspbktbr df rçedbabltftg`l bt c fppdgqubr dbs glstruktg`ls cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb l`tfaablt db rèedbablt 95.96 cu 9;.9=.=995 rbdftgj fux rèedbs fppdgkfmdbs fux trflsfktg`ls k`urfltbs k`urfltbs fvbk d çtrflebr bt fux k`a k`aptbs ptbs cbvgsbs cbvgsbs.. Db aglgstèrb cbs jglflkbs
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Kbt `reflgsab çcgktb df rçedbabl rçedbabltftg`l tftg`l cbs khflebs khflebs bl abttflt d fkkblt sur dbs cçpblsbs (trflsjbrts) fut`rgsçbs, bt db rfpftrgbablt cbs pr`cugts. Db aglgstèrb cu k`aabrkb
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[`l gltbrvbltg`l k`lkbrlb dbs cgsp`sgtg`ls prçvubs p`ur dbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l bt c bxp`rtftg`l, l`tfaablt l`tfaablt d `mtbltg`l cbs dgstbs dgstbs cbs pr`cug pr`cugts ts fut`rgsçs `u pr`hgm pr`hgmçs çs é jfg jfgrb rb d `mn `mnbt c ulb trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb fvbk d çtrflebr. D fcaglgstrftg fcaglgstrftg`l `l cbs cbs c`uflbs c`uflbs
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Bddb pr`kècb fu k`ltródb cbs jdux physgqubs (trflsjbrts cb afrkhflcgsbs) rbdftgjs fux `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt dbur cçc`uflbablt fglsg qub df trflsagssg`l cbs c`kuablts c`kuabl ts c`uflg c`uflgbrs brs é d feblkb pp`ur `ur d fpurbablt cbs c`ssgbrs cb c`ag c`agkgdgftg`l. kgdgftg`l. [bktg`l ; > Fpprçkgftg Fpprçkgftg`l `l cb d fktgvgtç cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bxtçrgbur 6.
Cçkbltrfdgsftg`l cbs p`uv`grs cb cçkgsg`l
6.6 Fu lgvbfu lgvbfu cb d feblkb feblkb
Dbs p`uv`grs cçdçeuçbs fux feblkbs bl aftgèrb cb Krbc`k k`lkbrlblt dbs Krbc`k pr`vgsg`llçs bl t`tfdgtç (é699%) cbstglçs é > - D gap`rtftg`l cb aftgèrb aftgèrb prbagèrb, pgèkbs cb rbkhfleb bt çqugpbablts cb pr`cuktg`l > =99 999 999 CF.
- D gap`rtftg`l cb pr`cugts ccbstglçs bstglçs é df rbvbltb bl d Btft > 699 999 999 999 CF. 6=5
6.= Fu lgvbfu cb df C]B
Dbs p`uv`grs cb cçkgsg`l fut`rgsçs p`ur dbs dbs cgrbktg`ls rçeg`lfdbs sb rçsuablt k`aab sugt sugt > - Dbs Krbc`k é pr`vgsg`llbr pfrtgbddbablt (pr`vgsg`l aglgaua =2%) > p`ur d gap`rtftg`l cb aftgèrb prbagèrb, pgèkbs cb rbkhfleb bt çqugpbablt çqugpbablt cb
µ
pr`cuktg`l > 39 999 999 CF.
p`ur d gap`rtftg`l cb pr`cug pr`cugts ts cbstglçs é df rbv rbvbltb bltb bl d çtft > 2 999 999 CF. CF.
µ
- Dbs Krbc`k é pr`vgsg pr`vgsg`llbr `llbr bl t`tfdgtç (é 6699%) 99%) p`ur d gap`rtftg`l cb pr`cugts cbstglçs é df rbvbl rbvbltb tb bl d çtft > =2 999 999 999 CF. 6.; Fu lgvbfu cb df Cgrbktg`l cb jglflkbablt cbs bltrbprgsbs
Dbs p`uv`grs cçdçeuçs é kbttb cgrbktg`l k`lkbrlblt t`us dbs futrbs kfs fu-cbdé cbs dgagtbs jgxçbs p`ur dbs cbux strukturbs prçkçcbltbs. =.
D fktgvgtç k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bl khgjjrbs khgjjrbs
D fktgvgtç rbdbvflt cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bxtçrgbur f çtç afrquçb afrquçb curflt db sbk`lc sbabstrb cb d bxbrkgkb =997, pfr ulb a a`ltçb `ltçb bl khfreb cbs `pçrftg `pçrftg`ls `ls cb krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs, bt kb fprès s`l glstgtutg`l pfr df d`g cb jglflkbs k`apdçabltfgrb nugddbt =997 k`aab ulgqub bt bxkdusgj a`cb cb pfgbablt p`ur t`utbs dbs trflsfktg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs c gap`rtftg`l. Kbkg f k`ltrgmuç fu khflebablt cb df strukturb cbs rèedbablts jglflkgbrs gltbrlftg`lfux. =.6 [trukturb cbs rèedbablts jglflkgbrs pfr lfturb cb pfgbablt ]èedbablt pfr lfturb cb Bxbrkgkb =998
Bxbrkgkb =997
pfgbablt K]BC@K
;3%
:3%
]BAC@K
:3%
2=%
Cbttbs
6%
6%
S`tfd
699%
699%
K`aab db a`ltrblt dbs khgjjrbs rbprgs cfls db tfmdbfu, db a`uvbablt c fjjfgrbs trfgtç bl Krbc`k f k`llu ulb çv`dutg`l sblsgmdb k`ltrb ulb rçerbssg`l cu a`uvbablt trfgtç bl
]bac`k. Bl tbrabs cb l`amrb c `pçrftg`ls, = ;9: `pçrftg`ls Krbc`k rçfdgsçbs bl =997, 6=8
k`ltrb 858 `pçrftg`ls bl =998, s`gt s`gt ulb fueabltftg`l cb pdus cb 6:=% bl l`amrb c `pçrftg`ls. Kbkg bst nustgjgç pfr dbs absurbs ab surbs glstgtutg`llbddbs glstfurçbs bl =997. =.= [trukturb cbs cbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`ls sbd`l df lfturb cbs pr`cugts pr`cugts ]umrgqubs
Bxbrkgkb =998
Bxbrkgkb =997
Gap`rtftg`l bl cçpblsbs cb j`lktg`llbabl j`lktg`llbabltt Gap`rtftg`l bl cçpblsbs c glvbstgssbablt
=;% =:%
=;% =5%
Gap`rtftg`l bl pr`cugts pr` cugts fer`-fdgabltfgrbs
;8%
=2%
Gap`rtftg`l bl pr`cug pr`cugts ts cb rbv rbvbltb bltb bl d çtft
6;%
=2%
Gap`rtftg`l cb sbrvgkbs
6%
6%
S`tfd
699%
699%
Fu tgtrb cb d bxbrkgkb =997 =997,, `l rbafrqub df prçc`aglflk prçc`aglflkbb cbs gap`rtftg`ls bl çqugpbablts çqugpbablts c glvbstgssbablt rbprçsbltflt =5% cu t`tfd cb df strukturb. @kkupflt df prbagèrb p`sgtg`l bl =998, df rumrgqub « pr`cugts fer`fdgabltfgrbs ¿ f j`rtbablt rçerbssç bl =997, k`ltrfgrbablt fux pr`cugts pr`cugts cbstglçs é df rbvbl rbvbltb tb bl d çtft qug `lt k`llu k`llu ulb çv`dutg`l cb 66=%. =%. =.; Dbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l
Yfr k`apfrfgs`l k`apfrfgs`l é d bxbrkgkb ==998, 998, dbs `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`l cb mgbls bt sbrvgkbs `lt k`llu ulb fueabltftg`l bl l`amrb bt bl vfdbur fms`dub. Dbs rbkbttbs c bxp`rtftg`l bjjbktuçbs fu k`urs cb d fllçb =997 sb s`lt çdbvçbs é R[C 6; ;:; ;73 k`ltrb R[C 69 8:8 999 bl =998, s`gt ulb kr`gssflkb cb 59% bl tbrabs cb l`amrb c `pçrftg`ls bt =;% bl vfdbur. =.3 Dbs efrfltgbs mflkfgrbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs
D fktgvgtç cb ebstg`l cbs efrfltgbs mfl mflkfgrbs kfgrbs gl gltbrlftg`lfdbs tbrlftg`lfdbs s bst k`lkdub pfr =23 k`ltrb efrfltgbs rbåubs cbs k`rrbsp`lcflts k`rrbsp`lcflts çtr çtrflebrs, flebrs, p`ur futflt cb efrfltgbs fc`ssçbs bt çtfmdgbs çt fmdgbs bl jfvbur cb df kdgblt kdgbltèdb èdb cb df MCD, s`gt ul a` a`ltflt ltflt ed`mfd R[C = 525 389 ((KZ KZ CF 6 373 2;8 2:9). Fu ;6/6=/=997, dbs blk`urs bl aftgèrb c blef blefebabl ebablts ts lçs sur sur d çtrflebr çtrflebr (t`utbs dbs efrflt efrfltgbs gbs)) rbprçsbltblt ul a`ltflt ed`mfd cb R[C :7 =39 735 (KZ CF 3 782 ;38 68:).
K`lkdusg`l cu prbagbr khfpgtrb
F df jgl cb kb khfpgtrb l`us k`lstft`ls qub df mflqub `mnbt cb l`trb çtucb bst `reflgsçb bl tr`gs lgvbfux hgçrfrkhgqubs l`tfaablt df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb, dbs Cgrbktg`ls ]çeg`lfdbs c Bxpd`gtftg`l bt dbs feblkbs. feblkbs. Dbs ag agssg`ls ssg`ls cb kbs cgjjç cgjjçrbltbs rbltbs strukturbs, j`raflt fglsg fglsg ulb khfglb c`lt khfqub afgdd`l bst glcgspblsfmdb, s`lt k`lsçkutgvbs bt k`apdçabltfgrbs. Kbpblcflt,t, sg fu lgvbfu cb ddff Cgrbktg`l kbltrfdb dbs p`s Kbpblcfl p`stbs tbs s`lt mgbl cçjglgs, cçjglgs, d `reflgsftg`l cbs er`upbs rçeg`lfux bt feblkbs dfgssb é cçsgrbr kfr dbs j`lktg`ls lb s`lt pfs t`un`urs rçpfrt rçpfrtgbs gbs bt dbs p`stbs l`l pdus `kkupçs. Bl bjjbt, cfls df pdus pfrt cbs feblkbs, db sbrvgkb çtrflebr bst prgs bl khfreb pfr ulb pbrs`llb qug s `kkupb cb t`utbs dbs tíkhbs `u aîab k`ljgç é ul feblt c ul futrb sbrvgkb l`l spçkgfdgstb bl df aftgèrb c `÷ ul rgsqub r gsqub `pçrftg`llbd çdbvç.
6=7
Gltr`cuktg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb
Db trfgtbablt cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é df MCD tgblt k`aptb, bl pdus cb df rèedbabltftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb, cu kfcrb rèedbabltfgrb rèedbabltfgrb lftg`lfd ((rèedbabltftg`l rèedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt cbs c`uflbs). c`uflbs). Dbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l bxgeblt ulb fppdgkftg`l strgktb cbs tbxtbs rçedbabltfgrbs l`tfaablt l`tfaablt bl aftgèrb cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l bt `uvbrturb cu Krbc`k Krbc`k fglsg qub db sugvg bt d purbablt. Cfls kb cbuxgèab khfpgtrb l`us fdd`ls cçkrgrb db kfcrb rçedbabltfgrb fdeçrgbl cbs `pçrftg`ls mflkfgrbs fvbk d çtrflebr bl abttflt d fkkblt sur df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bt cbs c`uflbs.. Blsugtb l`us p`rtbr`ls ul ggltçrît c`uflbs ltçrît pfrtgkudgbr é d fktb cb c`agkgdgftg`l tbd qub gls glstgtuç tgtuç pfr db rèedbablt rèedbablt 95/96. Bljgl l`us pfssbr`ls pfssbr`ls é d flfdysb cbs çtfpbs bt pr`kçcurbs cb cçr`udbablt c ulb `pçrftg`l cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb é df MCD. L`trb gl gltçrît tçrît sbrf p`rtç fu Krbc`k é d gap`rt qug lçkbs lçkbssgtb sgtb ul trfgtbablt spçkgjgqub spçkgjgqub bt cc`lt `lt ddbs bs cçafrkhbs cb j`rafdgsf j`rafdgsftg`l tg`l s`lt glg glgtgçbs tgçbs pfr d feblkb, afgs fussg fu Krbc`k cfls db kfs c ulb bxp`rtftg`l c`lt d fkk`apdgssbablt fkk`apdgssbablt rbvgblt rbvgblt bl erflcb pfrtgb é df CKG.
6;9
6;6
[bktg`l 6 > Db kfcrb rçedbabltfgrb 6. Fspbkts cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs 6.6 Eçlçrfdgtçs sur df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs
Df rçedbabltftg`l rçedbabltftg`l cbs khfl khflebs ebs k`lstgtub d'blsbamdb cbs rèedbabltftg`ls glstgtuçbs glstgtuçbs pfr dbs fut`rgtçs c ul pfys cfls db mut cb rçeudbr dbs a`uvbablts cb trflsjbrts cb kfpgtfux fvbk d'çtrflebr. Kbs rèedbablts rèedbablts `lt eçlçrfd eçlçrfdbablt bablt p`ur `mnbktgj `mnbktgj d gltbrcgktg`l `u df sum`rcglftg`l sum`rcglftg`l é ulb fut`rgsftg`l prçfdfmdb dbs pfgbablts gltbrlftg`lfux bl cbvgsb. Bddbs s`lt jgxçbs pfr cçkrbts aglgstçrgbds, frrîtçs `u kgrkudfgrbs çaflflt cbs mflqubs kbltrfdbs bt cbs aglgstèrbs cbs jglflkbs. Afgs, kbs fcaglgstrftg`ls lb p`uvflt fssurbr cfls db cçtfgd, db k`ltródb cb d'fppdgkftg`l cbs cgsp`sgtg`ls qu'bddbs `lt çdfm`rçbs cçdèeublt ulb pfrtgb cb kbttb tíkhb é i'cbs gltbraçcgfgrbs ferçbs i' qug lb s`lt rgbl c'futrbs qub dbs mflqubs fyflt rbåu é kbt bjjbt ul ferçablt spçkgfd. Fglsg, db jfgt c'îtrb ferçç prçsbltb d'fvfltfeb cb p`uv`gr fegr cgrbktbablt bt sbud cfls dbs dgagtbs cb df rçedbabltftg`l, rçe dbabltftg`l, kb qug fkkçdèrb dbs sbrvgkbs rblcus é df kdgbltèdb. Bl k`ltrbpfrtgb cb kbt fvfltfeb, d gltbraçcgfgrb ferçç c`g c`gtt supp`rtbr ul kbrtfgl l`am l`amrb rb cb k`ltrfgltbs l`tfaablt > - ]bsp`lsfmg ]bsp`lsfmgdgtç dgtç cb d'fppdgkftg`l rge`urbusb cb df rrçedbabltftg`l. çedbabltftg`l. - Sblub rçeudgèrb cb c`kuablts cb k`ltródb bt çtfmdgssbablt cb stftgstgqubs p`ur df mflqub kbltrfdb. Df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs p`rtb sur cbux fspbkts fspbkts j`lcfabltfux j`lcfabltfux gltbrlftg`lf gltbrlftg`lfux ux >
Dbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs (pfgbablts cbs gap`rtftg`ls, bxp`rtftg`ls bt ebstg`l cbs
µ
k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs). Dbs `pçrftg`ls jglflkgèrbs _dbs glvbstgssbablts cgrbkts é d'çtrflebr bt çtrflebr cfls db
µ
pfys k`lsgcçrç, dbs `pçrftg`ls cb krçcgts (fvflkbs bl cbvgsbs, kfutg`ls...) bt df ebstg`l ebst g`l gltbrlftg`lfdb cbs vfdburs a`mgdgèrbsQ
6;=
Bl `utrb, p`ur cçjglgr db kfcrb c'fppdgkftg`l c'fppdgkftg`l cb sf rçedbabltftg`l, khfqub Btft cçjglgt ul kbrtfgl kbrtf gl l` l`amrb amrb cb tbrabs, tbds « r ççsgcblts sgcblts ¿, « l`l rçsgcblts ¿, bt « Btrflebrs Btrflebr s ¿. Df sgelgjgkftg`l c`llçb é kbs tbrabs cgvbreb cgvbreb c'ul pfys é ul futrb. Lçfla`gls, gds `lt ulb gap`rtflkb kfpgtfdb bl kb qug k`lkbrlb d'fppdgkftg`l cbs tbxtbs dçefux bl aftgèrb cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cb khfleb. khfleb.
6.= Db k`ltródb cb khfleb bl Fdeçrgb 6.=.6 Db rèedbablt 95/96 cu 9;/9=/=995
D'Fdeçrgb cgsp`sb c'ulb rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs fssbz rçkbltb, qug fvfgt çtç fc`ptçb p`ur jfkgdgtbr db cçvbd`ppbablt cbs çkhflebs fvbk d'çtrflebr. Kbttb rçedbabltftg`l bst k`lkrçtgsçb pfr db ]èedbablt cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb L¹72-95 cu =; cçkbamrb 6772 fmr`eç pfr db rèedbablt L¹95-96. Db rèedbablt L¹9596 cu 9;/9=/=995, rbdftgj fux rèedbs fppdgkfmdbs fux trflsfktg`ls k`urfltbs fvbk fvbk d çtrflebr bt fux k`aptbs cb cbvgsbs vgsbs f a`cgjgç a`cgjgç bt rbapdfkç dbs rèedbabl rèedbablts ts L¹766= rbdftgj é df c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfg mflkfgrb rb cbs gap`rt gap`rtftg`ls ftg`ls,, db rèedbablt L¹766;, rbdftgj é df c`agkgdgftg`l cbs bxp`rtftg`ls h`rs hycr`kfrmurbs bt db rèedbablt L¹72 95 rbdftgj fu k`ltródb cbs khflebs. Kb rèedbablt f p`ur `mnbt cb cçjglgr db prglkgpb cb df k`lvbrtgmgdgtç cb df a`llfgb lftg`lfdb p`ur dbs trflsfktg`ls trflsfktg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs kk`urfltbs `urfltbs bt dbs rèedb rèedbss fppdgkfmdbs bl aftgèrb aftgèrb cb trflsjbrts cb bt vbrs d çtrflebr dgçbs é kbs trflsfk trflsfktg`ls, tg`ls, fglsg qub dbs cr`gts cr`gts bt dbs `mdgeftg`ls cbs `pçrftburs cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cbs gltbraçcgfgrbs ferççs bl df aftgèrb. Dbs prglkgpfdbs rèedbs bbll aftgèrb cb khfleb c` c`gvbl gvbltt îtrb k`llubs k`llubs cb kbux qug qu g blvgsfeblt cb rçfdgsbr cbs fjjfgrbs fvbk `u bl Fdeçrgb fglsg qub pfr t`ut gltbraçcgfgrb khfreç cb trfgtbr dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur fu pr`jgt cbs tgbrs> k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs, `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb fu k`aptflt `u é tbrab, t brab, pfgbablt cbs gap`rtftg`ls, rfpftrgbablt cbs mçlçjgkbs. 6.=.= Dbs erflcs fxbs cu rèedbablt 6.=.=.6 L`tg`l cb rçsgcblkb
Fu sbls cbs cgsp cgsp`sgtg`ls `sgtg`ls cb d frtgkdb = cu rèed rèedbablt bablt L¹9596, s`lt k`lsgcçrçbs k`aab >
6;;
- rçsgcbltbs bl Fdeçrgb > dbs dbs pbrs`ll pbrs`llbs bs phy physgqubs sgqubs bt a`rfdbs qug `lt db kbltrb prglkgpfd cb dburs dburs fktgvgtçs ççk`l`agqubs k`l`agqubs bl Fdeçrgb ? - l`l rçsgcbltbs > dbs pbrs`llbs pbrs`llbs physgqubs bt a`rfdbs c`lt db kbltrb prglkgpfd cbs fktgvgtçs çk`l`agqubs çk`l`agqubs bst sgtuç hh`rs `rs cb d Fdeçrgb. 6.=.=.= K`aptbs bl cbvgsbs cçtblus pfr cbs rçsgcblts
Dbs rçsgcblts rçsgcblts `lt db cr`gt é d `uvbrturb cb k`a k`aptbs ptbs dgmbddçs bl a`llfgbs a`llfgbs çtrfleèrbs. Db Db prglkgpb bst kbdug cb df dgmbrtç c'`uvbrturb cb k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs fuprès cbs mflqubs gltbraçcgfgrbs ferçbs pfr dbs rçsgcblts fdeçrgbls. Bl bjjbt, d'frtgkdb == cu rèedbablt 95/96 rbdftgj fu k`ltródb cbs khflebs cgsp`sb qub " > S`utb pbrs`llbb physgqub `u a`rfdb, rçsgcbltb `u l`l rçsgcbltb, bst fut`rgsçb pbrs`ll fut`rgsçb é `uvrgr ul `u pdusgburs k`aptbs k`aptbs cbvgsbs é vub bt/`u é tbrab fuprès cbs mflqubs mflqubs gltbraçcg gltbraçcgfgrbs fgrbs ferççs.". Ydusgburs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs pbuvblt îtrb `uvbrts pfr ulb aîab pbrs`llb a`rfdb fdeçrgbllb. f deçrgbllb. Gd pbut îtrb `uvbrt ul k`aptb pfr cbvgsb cfls dbqubd df s`kgçtç blrbegstrb cbs trflsfktg`ls. S`utbj`gs, ul k`aptb bl cbvgsbs pbut rbkbv`gr vbrsbablt `u vgrbablt cb t`utb s`aab dgmbddçb cfls ulb futrb cbvgsb. Kbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs c`gvblt îtrb fdgabltçs bxkdusgvbablt bl a`ybls cb pfgbablt çtrflebrs.32 6.=.=.; J`lktg`llbablt cbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs
[g t`ut rçsgc r çsgcblt blt fdeçrgbl bst fut`r fut`rgsç gsç é fkquçrgr bt é cçt cçtblgr blgr bl Fdeçrgb cbs a`ybls cb pfgbablt dgmbddçs bl a`llfgb çtrfleèrb dgmrbablt k`lvbrtgmdb, kbs a`ybls cb pfgbablt c`gvblt `mdgeft`grbablt îtrb fkqugs, lçe`kgçs bt cçp`sçs fuprès cb mflqubs fdeçrgbllbs. Dbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs c`gvblt bl prglkgpb îtrb bxkdusgvbablt krçcgtburs. Dbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs `uvbrts pfr dbs pbrs`llbs a`rfdbs fdeçrgbllbs cb cr`gt prgvç s`lt krçcgtçs cb s`aabs rbprçsbltftgvbs cb vgrbablt bl pr`vblflkb cb d'çtrflebr `u c'futrbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs, c'ul vbrsbablt cb t`ut futrb a`ybl cb pfgbablt dgmbddç bl cbvgsbs, ulb rbkbttb c'bxp`rtftg`l cb mgbls `u cb sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs rçfdgs rçfdgsçb çb pfr db cçtbltbur. 32
K`lstgtublt cbs a`ybls cb pfgbablt fu sbls cb d'frtgkdb 68 cu rèedbablt L¹ 95/96 > dbs mgddbts cb mflqub ? dbs khèqubs cb v`yfeb ? dbs khèqubs mflkfgrbs `u p`stfux ? dbs dbttrbs cb krçcgt ? dbs bjjbts cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb ? t`ut futrb a`ybl `u glstruablt cb pfgbablt dgmbddç bl a`llfgb çtrfleèrb dgmrbablt k`lvbrtgmdb, qubd qub s`gt db supp`rt utgdgsç.
6;3
Cfls df dgagtb cu s`dcb cgsp`lgmdb, db db tgtudfgrb c'ul k`aptb bl cbvgsb pbut `rc`llbr t`ut prçdèvbabltt p`ur > prçdèvbabl Ø
bjjbktubr t`ut pfgbablt bl Fdeçrgb ?
Ø
fkquçrgr bl cbvgsbs bl Fdeçrgb `u é d'çtrflebr t`us mgbls bltrflt cfls db kfcrb `u bl supp`rt cb s`l `mnbt `u cb s`l fktgvgtç ?
Ø pfybr
t`us sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs fkqugs cb d'ççtrflebr, trflebr, t`us sfd sfdfgrbs fgrbs cb pbrs`llbd pbrs`llbd çtrflebr, h`l`rfgrbs, h`l`rfgrbs, cr`gts, dgkblkbs bt mrbvbts.
Ø
S`ut trflsjbrt `u pfgbablt é d'çtrflebr futrb qub kbux kgtçs kg-cbssus, s`us db k`uvbrt c'ulb fut`rgsftg`l cb df Mflqub c'Fdeçrgb.
Gds lb pbuvblt j`lktg`llbr qu'bl rbdftg`l fvbk d'fktgvgtç cb dbur cçtbltbur. Gds pbuvblt bl prglkgpb îtrb rçaulçrçs p`ur dbs a`ltflts qug j`lt d'`mnbt cb pdfkbablts é tbrab cb ; a`gls fu pdus. 6.=.=.3 Db Khfleb
Dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb, fu k`aptflt `u é tbrab, pbuvblt îtrb bjjbktuçbs fuprès c'gltbraçcgfgrbs ferççs. - Khfleb fu k`aptflt Dbs `rcrbs cb khfleb s`lt gltr`cugts pfr dbs rçsgcblts fuprès cb dbur mflqub qug dbs bxçkutb. D'`rcrb bst k`lsgcçrç k`aab bxçkutç d`rsqub db kdgblt bl bst glj`raç pfr sf mflqub. Db k`urs c'bxçkutg`l bst db k`urs cb khfleb rbss`rtflt cb df k`tftg`l `jjgkgbddb cb df Mflqub c'Fdeçrgb bl vgeubur fu a`ablt cb d'bxçkutg`l cb d'`rcrb. D'`pçrftg`l bst cçl`uçb pfr db cçmgt `u db krçcgt cu k`aptb bl cglfrs cu c`llbur c'`rcrb bt df dgvrfgs`l k`rrçdftgvb cbs cbvgsbs fkhbtçbs `u vblcubs. - Khfleb é tbrab Db prgx cu khfleb bst fppbdç bt df dgvrfgs`l s'bjjbktub é çkhçflkb (cftb udtçrgburb fppbdçb). Dbs `rcrbs cb khfleb s`lt gltr`cugts pfr dbs rçsgcblts fuprès cb dbur mflqub qug dbs bxçkutb. Db khfleb é tbrab rbvît s`gt df j`rab `ptg`llbddb (`ptg`ls cb khfleb), s`gt df j`rab cb k`ltrfts cb khfleb grrçv`kfmdbs (`pçrftg`ls cb khfleb é tbrab).
6;2
D'`pçrftg`l cb khfleb é tbrab bst bjjbktuçb bjjbk tuçb s`gt fvbk cçkfgssbablt gaaçcgft cb Cglfrs, s`gt fvbk cçkfgssbablt é d'çkhçflkb. Db k`urs k`urs cb rçjçrblkb bst kbdug cu n`ur cu cçkfgssbablt tbd qub rbss`rtflt cb df k`tftg`l `jjgkgbddb cb cb df Mflqub c'Fdeçrgb. Df dgvrfgs`l cbs a`llfgbs çkhfleçbs, pfr trflsjbrts cb k`aptb é k`aptb, afrqub db cçl`ubablt cçl`uba blt bbjjbktgj jjbktgj cb df trflsfktg`l. Dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb fu k`aptflt lb pbuvblt p`rtbr qub sur dbs s`dcbs krçcgtburs cbs k`aptbs bl cbvgsbs, fd`rs qub dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb é tbrab pbuvblt p`rtbr, bl pdus, sur cbs rbkbttbs juturbs bl cbvgsbs. 6.=.=.2 Dbs pbrs`llbs hfmgdgtçbs é bjjbktubr cbs `pçrftg`ls bl k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
Fu sbls cbs cgsp`sgtg`ls cgsp`sgtg`ls cb d frtgkdb =3, pbuvblt gltbrvblg gltbrvblgrr cfls db c`afglb cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur > - Dbs pbrs`llbs physgqubs `u a`rfdbs bxbråflt ulb fktgvgtç çk`l`agqub k`lj`raçablt é df dçegsdftg`l bt é df rçedbabltftg`l bl vgeubur ? - Dbs fcaglgstrftg`ls, fcaglgstrftg`ls, `reflg `reflgsabs sabs bt gl glstgtutg`ls stgtutg`ls cb D Btft. Bl `utrb, pbuvblt pbuvblt gltbrvblgr cfls db c`afglb cu k` k`aabrkb aabrkb bxtçrg bxtçrgbur bur fu sbls cb d frtgkdb 8=, dbs pbrs`llbs pbrs`llbs physgqubs bbtt fss`kgftg`ls dçefd dçefdbablt bablt k`lstgtuçbs d`rsqub d`rsqub d gap`rtftg`l p`rtb sur ul mgbl `u sbrvgkb é kfrfktèrb kfrfktèrb l`l k`aabrkgfd cbs cbstglç tglç é d usfeb pbrs`llbd, pbrs`llbd, `u bl k`lj`ragtç fvbk dburs stftuts. 6.=.=.: Yfgbablt cbs gap`rtftg`ls
Fu sbls cb d frtgkdb 2 cu rèedbabl rèedbablt,t, t`utb jfkturftg`l bt vbl vbltb tb cb mgbls bt cb sbrvg sbrvgkbs kbs sur db tbrrgt`grb c`uflgbr lftg`lfd lftg`lfd lb c`gvbl c`gvblt,t, îtrb bjjbktuçbs qu bl cglfr fdeçrgbl, sfuj kfs prçvus pfr df rçedbabltftg`l rçedbabltftg`l bl vgeubur `u fu fut`rgsçs t`rgsçs pfr df mflqub mflqub kbl kbltrfdb. trfdb.
S`utb gap`rtftg`l supp`sb prçfdfmdbablt ulb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb fuprès c'ul çtfmdgssbablt fdeçrgbl ferçç. Df c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb c ul k`ltrft c gap`rtftg`l `u c bxp`rtftg`l cb mg mgbls bls `u sbrvgkbs k`lsgstb bl d `uvbrturb c ul c`ssgbr qug c`llb dgbu é d fttrgm fttrgmutg` utg`ll c ul luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l pfr df mflqub c`agkgdgftfgrb.
6;:
K`lj`raça K`lj `raçablt blt é d frtgkd frtgkdbb =7, df c`agk c`agkgdgftg`l bst prçfdfmdb é t`ut trflsjbrt/rfpftrgbablt cb j`lcs, blefebablt bt/`u fu cçc`uflba cçc`uflbablt blt. Fu sbls sbls cb d frtgkdb ;:, dbs `pçrftg `pçrftg`ls `ls ccbb dbfsg dbfsgle le p`rtfl p`rtfltt sur d gap`rtftg`l gap`rtftg`l bt d bxp`rtftg bxp`rtftg`l `l c çqugpbablts bt /`u cb aftçrgbds s`lt fssgagdçbs é cbs gap`rtftg`ls bt bxp`rtftg`ls é pfgbabltt cgjjçrç. Bddbs s`lt, pfr k`ls pfgbabl k`lsçqublt, çqublt, s`uagsbs é d `mdgeftg`l cb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb. 6.=.=.5 ]fpftrgbablt cbs mçlçjgkbs é d'çtrflebr
Dbs s`kgçtçs Fdeçrgbllbs pbuvblt cgstrgmubr, bl prglkgpb, cbs cgvgcblcbs é dburs fktg`llfgrbs çtrflebrs. Gd bst çefdbablt p`ssgmdb cb abttrb bl pdfkb cbs p`dgtgqubs cb prgx cb trflsjbrt. tr flsjbrt. Bl df aftgèrb, d'fmsblkb cb rèedbs kdfgrbablt cçjglgbs bt db aflqub cb prftgqub cb d'fcaglgstrftg`l jgskfdb fdeçrgbllb pbrabttblt cb abttrb bl pdfkb cbs s`dutg`ls gltçrbssfltbs. 6.=.=.8 Gap`rtftg`l bt bxp`rtftg`l cb vfdburs dgmbddçbs bl a`llfgb lftg`lfdb
K`lj`raça K`lj `raçablt blt é d frtgkd frtgkdbb :, d gap`r gap`rtftg`l tftg`l `u d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l cb t`ut tgtrb tgtrb cb krçfl krçflkb, kb, vfdbur vfdbur a`mgdgèrb `u a`ybl cb pfgbablt dgmbddç bl a`llfgb lftg`lfdb bst gltbrcgtb, sfuj fut`rgsftg`l cb df mflqub c Fdeçrgb. Fussg, gd fppfrtgblt fux sbrvgkbs cbs c`uflbs, d`rs cu k`ltródb cbs v`yfeburs, cb vbgddbr é kb qub dbs tgtrbs, l`tfaablt, dbs fktg`ls bt dbs `mdgeftg`ls çagsbs pfr dbs bltrbprgsbs bltr bprgsbs pumdgqu pumdgqubs bs `u prgvçbs, dbs M`ls cb trçs`r bt dbs M`ls cb kfgssb, lb pugssblt jfgrb d `mnbt c gap`rtftg`l `u bxp`rtftg`l qub s`us k`uvbrturb c ulb fut`rgsftg`l cb df mflqub c Fdeçrgb.
=. Fspbkt cb df rèedbabltftg`l rèedbabltftg`l cbs c`uflbs c`uflbs =.6 Agssg`ls cb cb d fcaglgstrftg` fcaglgstrftg`l l cbs c`uflbs c`uflbs
Fu tgtrb cb d frtgkdb ; cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs, c`uflbs, d'fcaglgstrftg`l cbs c`ufl c`uflbs bs f p`ur agssg agssg`l> `l> - cb abttrb abttrb bl
uvrb ddbs bs a absurbs bsurbs dç dçefdbs efdbs bbtt rçedba rçedbabltfgrbs bltfgrbs pbrabttflt c'fssurbr c'fssurbr
d'fppdgkftg`l cb df dçegsdftg`l c`uflgèrb bt cb df d`g tfrgjfgrb?
6;5
- c'fppdgqubr dbs absurbs dçefdbs dçefdbs bt rçedbabltfgrbs agsbs é sf khfreb, fux afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs `u `u bxp`rtçbs fglsg qu'fux afrkhflcgsbs c'`rgeglb fdeçrgbllb pdfkçbs s`us db rçegab rçegab cb d'usglb bxbrkçb? - c'fssurbr d'çtfmdgssbablt, d'flfdysb bt db k`aabltfgrb cbs stftgstgqubs cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur? - cb vbgddbr k`lj`raçablt é df dçegsdftg`l é df pr`tbktg`l > cb df jfulb bt cb df jd`rb? cu pftrga`glb frtgstgqub bt kudturbd kudturbd.. =.= Dbs cgjjçrblts rçegabs c`uflgbrs
Dbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs pbuvblt îîtrb trb pdfkçbs s`us cgjjçrbl cgjjçrblts ts rçegabs c`uflgbrs, kbs kbs cbrlgbrs cbrlgbrs s`lt dgstçs cfls db k`cb cbs c`uflbs, dbs pdus jrçqublts s`lt> =.=.6 Df agsb é df k`ls`aaftg`l
Kb rçegab c`uflgbr k`lkbrlb cbs afrkhflcgsbs cbstglçbs é df k`ls`aaftg`l jglfdb. =.=.= Db cçpót cb c`uflbs bt dbs bltrbpóts
Fu sbls cb d frtgkdb =9; cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs db rçegab cb "c "cçpót çpót cb c`uflbs" bs bstt db rçegab c`uflgbr sugvflt dbqubd dbs afrkhflcgsbs s`lt st`koçbs cfls dbs d`kfux cçsgelçs pfr df c`uflb pblcfltt ul cç pblcfl cçdfg dfg cçtbr cçtbraglç, aglç, é d'bxpg d'bxpgrftg`l rftg`l cb kb cçdfg, kbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs s`lt trfgtçbs sugvflt cbs k`lcgtg`ls jgxçbs pfr df rçedbabltftg`l c`uflgèrb. Kb a`cb k`lkbrlb eçlçrfdbablt cbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs qug l'`lt pfs çtç cçkdfrçbs bl cçtfgd cfls db cçdfg dçefd3: `u cbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs cçkdfrçbs bl cçtfgd p`ur dbs dbsqubddbs qubddbs db cçkdfrflt lb sb prçsbltb pfs `u qug lb s`lt pfs bldbvçbs fprès df vçrgjgkftg`l cfls db cçdfg dçefd 35 D'bltrbpót cbs c`uflbs bst db rçegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt db st`kofeb cbs afrkhflcgsbs s`us k`ltródb c`uflgbr c`uflgbr cfls dbs dd`kfux `kfux ferççs pfr d'f d'fcaglgstrftg`l caglgstrftg`l cbs c`uflbs. c`uflbs. D'bltrbpót pumdgk bst `uvbrt é t`ut gap`rtftbur `u bxp`rtftbur rçsgcflt `u l`l sur db tbrrgt`grb c`uflgbr bt é t`utbs dbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs `u é bxp`rtbr.38
3:
Jgxç é d'frtgkdb 56 cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs. Jgxç é d'frtgkdb 697 cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs. 38 F d bxkbptg`l cbs pr`cugts hycr`kfrmurbs hycr`kfrmurbs bt cflebrbux cflebrbux bt cbs afrkhflcgsb afrkhflcgsbss vgsçbs fux frtgkdbs 66: bt 6;9 cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs. 35
6;8
=.=.; Db trflsgt bt trflsm`rcbablt trflsm`rcbablt
D frtgkdb frtgkdb 6=2 cu k`cb cb cbss c`ufl c`uflbs, bs, prç prçkkgsb « Db trflsgt bst db rçegab c`uflgbr s`us dbqubd s`lt pdfkçbs dbs afrkhflcgsbs trflsp`rtçbs s`us k`ltródb c`uflgbr c'ul murbfu cb c`uflb é ul futrb murbfu cb c`uflb, pfr v`gb tbrrbstrb `u fçrgbllb bl suspblsg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs bt cbs absurbs cb pr`hgmgtg`l é kfrfktèrb çk`l`agqub ¿ Db trflsm`rcbablt bl k`urs cb r`utb cbs afrkhflcgsbs c`gt îtrb fut`rgsç pfr db sbrvgkb cbs c`uflbs bt s bjjbktub s`us sf ssurvbgddflkb urvbgddflkb.. =.=.3 Dbs usglbs bxbrkçbs
Db rçegab c`uflgbr cbs usglbs bxbrkçbs bst rçsbrvç fux çtfmdgssbablts bt fux bltrbprgsbs qug pr`kècblt s`us k`ltródb k`ltródb c`uflgbr é df jfmrgkftg`l bt trfgtbablt trfgtbablt cbs pr`cugts pçtr`dgbrs, hugdbux, efzbux bt khgagqubs khgagqubs.. Dbs afrkhfl afrkhflcgsbs cgsbs pdfkçbs s`us db rçegab cb d'usglb bxbrkçb s`lt s`lt fcagsbs é d'bltrçb bl suspblsg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs bt cbs rbstrgktg`ls é kfrfktèrb çk`l`agqub bt futrbs j`rafdgtçs fcaglgstrftgvbs.
=.=.2 D'fcagssg`l tbap`rfgrb
@l bltblc pfr" fcagssg`l tbap`rfgrb, "db rçegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt d'fcagssg`l cfls db tbrrgt`grb c`uflgbr, bl suspblsg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs, sfls fppdgkftg`l cbs pr`hgmgtg`ls é kfrfktèrb çk`l`agqub, cb afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs cfls ul mut cçjglg bt cbstglçbs é îtrb rçbxp`rtçbs cfls ul cçdfg cçtbraglç. =.=.: Db rçfppr`vgsg`llbablt bl jrflkhgsb
Yfr "rçfppr`vgsg`llbablt bl jrflkhgsb" `l bltblc db rçegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt c'gap`rtbr, bl jrflkhgsb cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs é d'gap`rtftg`l, dbs afrkhflcgsbs çqugvfdbltbs pfr dbur bspèkb, dbur qufdgtç bt dburs kfrfktçrgstgqubs tbkhlgqubs é kbddbs qug, prgsbs sur db afrkhç gltçrgbur, `lt çtç utgdgsçbs p`ur `mtblgr cbs pr`cugts pr` cugts prçfdfmdbablt prçfdfmdbablt bxp`rtçs é tgtrb cçjglgtgj. cçjglgtgj. =.=.5 D'bxp`rtftg`l cçjglgtgvb bt d'bxp`rtftg`l tbap`rfgrb
6;7
@l bltblc pfr "bxp`rtftg`l cçjglgtgvb", cçjglgtgvb", db rçegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt d'bxp`rtftg`l, cb afrkhflcgsbs cb aflgèrb cçjglgtgvb. @l bltblc pfr "bxp`rtftg`l tbap`rfgrb", db rçegab r çegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt d'bxp`rtftg`l tbap`rfgrb cb afrkhflcgsbs cbstglçbs é îtrb rçgap`rtçbs cfls ul cçdfg cçtbraglç. cçtbr aglç. =.=.8 Df rçbxp`rtftg`l
@l bltblc pfr pfr "rçbxp`rtftg`l", db rçegab c`uflgbr qug pbrabt d gap`rtftg`l tbap`rfgrb cb afrkhflcgsbs cbstglçbs é îtrb rçbxp`rtçbs cfls ul cçdfg cçtbraglç. =.=.7 Dbs k`lstruktg`ls lfvfdbs
Db rçegab c`uflgbr cbs k`lstruktg`ls lfvfdbs k`lkbrlb cbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs p`ur df k`lstruktg`l,, db erçbablt, d'frabablt, df rçpfrftg`l `u df trflsj`raftg`l cbs mítgablts cb abr k`lstruktg`l cb df afrglb afrkhflcb bt cb pîkhb. Dbs afrkhflcgsbs fcagsbs mçlçjgkgblt cb df suspblsg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs pblcflt df curçb cb d'`pçrftg`l cb k`lstruktg`l, cb rçpfrftg`l `u cb trflsj`raftg`l. =.; Yr`kçcurbs cb cçc`uflbablt
Dbs pr`kçcurbs cb cçc`uflbablt s`lt trfgtçbs pfr dbs frtgkdbs 52 é 663 cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs fdeçrgbllbs, bddbs pbuvblt pbuvblt îtrb rçsuaçbs cfls dbs çtfpbs sugvfltbs > =.;.6 Btfmdgssbablt cb df cçkdfrftg`l bl cçtfgd
S`utbs dbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs, rçgap`rtçbs, cbstglçbs é îtrb bxp`rtçbs `u rçbxp`rtçbs s`lt s`uagsbs s`uagsbs é ulb cçkdfrftg`l bl cçtfgd. Kb Kbttb ttb cçkdfrftg`l k`lsg k`lsgstb stb é prçkgsbr prçkgsbr pfr db cçkdfrflt db rçegab c`uflgbr é fssgelbr fux afrkhflcgsbs bt k`aaulgqubr t`us dbs çdçablts rbqugs p`ur d'fppdgkftg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs bt p`ur dbs mbs`gls cu k`ltródb c`uflgbr. Db cçpót cb kbttb cçkdfrftg`l sb jfgt fu lgvbfu cu murbfu cb c`uflb hfmgdgtç sfls cçpfssbr db cçdfg cb =6 n`urs é k`aptbr cb df cftb c fut`rgsftg`l cb cçkhfrebablt cb df afrkhflcgsb. =.;.= Zçrgjgkftg`l cb df cçkdfrftg`l
Df vçrgjgkftg`l cb t`ut `u pfrtgb cbs afrkhflcgsbs cçkdfrçbs pbut îtrb nueçb utgdb pfr dbs feblts cb d fcaglg fcaglgstrftg strftg`l `l c`uflg c`uflgèrb èrb fprès d blrbeg blrbegstrba strbablt blt cb df cçkdfr cçkdfrftg`l ftg`l bl cçtfgd. cçtfgd. Dbs
639
k`lcgtg`ls bt pr`kçcurbs cb kbttb vçrgjgkftg`l vçrgjgkftg`l s`lt prçkgsçbs pfr dbs frtgkdbs 7= é 696 cu k`cb cbs c`uflbs. =.;.; Dgqugcftg`l bt fkqugttbablt cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs
Dbs cr`gts bt tfxbs é fppdgqubr s`lt cçtbraglçs pfr > - Dbs çl`lkgftg`ls cb df cçkdfrftg`l sg kbddb-kg bst fcagsb k`lj`rab sfls vçrgjgkftg`l ? - Dbs rçsudtfts l`l k`ltbstçs cb df vçrgjgkftg`l ? - Df cçkgsg`l cb df k`aagssg`l lftg`lfdb cb rbk`urs bl kfs cb k`ltbstftg`l cb df vçrgjgkftg`l pfr db cçkdfrflt. Df dgqugcftg`l cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs sb jfgt sur df mfsb cbs tfux bt tfrgjs bl vgeubur é df cftb c'blrbegstrbablt cb df cçkdfrftg`l bl cçtfgd. Kbs cr`gts bt tfxbs cbvgbllblt bxgegmdbs cès d fkhèvba fkhèvbablt blt cb df vçrgjgkftg`l vçrgjgkftg`l.. =.;.3 Bldèvbablt cbs afrkhflcgsbs
Db pfgbablt cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs c`llb dgbu é ulb fut`rgsftg`l c bldèvbablt cbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs cfls ul cçdfg cb 62 n`urs sugvflt sugvflt d `mtbltg`l cb df afgl dbvçb cbs afrkh afrkhflcgsbs. flcgsbs. Yfssç kb cçdfg, dbs afrkhflcgsbs s`lt k`lcugtbs cfls cbs afefsgls cb cçpót.
636
[bktg`l = > Df c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l c ulb `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur 6. Fspbkt rçedbabltfgrb cb df c`agkgdgftg`l
K`aab prçkgsç prçkgsç prçkçcbaa prçkçcbaablt, blt, dbs `pçrf `pçrftg`ls tg`ls cb kk`aabrkb `aabrkb bxtçrgbur bxtçrgbur s`lt rçegbs pfr ul l`uvbfu rèedbablt cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb « rèedbablt 95.96 cu 9;.9=.=995 ¿. Kb rèedbablt cçjglgt db prglkgpb cb df k`lvbrtgmgdgtç cu Cglfr fdeçrgbl p`ur dbs trflsfktg`ls gltbrlftg`lfdbs k`urfltbs k`urfltbs bt dbs rèedbs fppdgkfmdbs fppdgkfmdbs bl aftgèrb cb trflsjbrt cb bt vbrs d çtrflebr dgçbs é kbs trflsfktg`ls fglsg qub dbs cr`gts bt `mdgeftg`ls cbs `pçrftburs cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cbs gltbraçcgfgrbs ferçbs bl df aftgèrb. 6.6 Cçjgl Cçjglgtg`l gtg`l cb df c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l c ulb `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l cb k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
[bd`l d frtgk frtgkdb db ;9 cu rèedbablt 95.96 cu 9;.9=.=995 > « Df c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l k`lsgstb k`lsgstb bl d `uvbrturb c ul c`ssgbr qug c`llb dgbu é d fttrgmutg`l fttrgmutg`l c ul luaçr`
cb
c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l
pfr
d gltbraçcgfgrb gltbraçcgfgrb
ferçç ferçç
c`agkgdgftfgrb c`agkgdgftfgrb
cb d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l
k`aabrkgfdb. k`aabrk gfdb. Kb c`ssgbr c`ssgbr c`gt c`gt k`ltblgr d blsbamdb cbs cbs c`kuablts c`kuablts rbdftgjs rbdftgjs é d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l k`aabrkgfdb
¿.
Df c`agkgdgftg`l bst prçfdfmdb é t`ut trflsjbrt bt/`u blefebablt (rèedbablt jglflkgbr cu c`ssgbr) bt é t`ut t` ut cçc`uflba cçc`uflbablt blt (r (rçfdgs çfdgsftg`l ftg`l physgqub cu c`ssg c`ssgbr). br). 6.= Dbs `pçrftg`ls s`uagsbs é df c`agkgdgftg`l
63=
-
Dbs trflsfktg`ls sur mgbls bt sbr vgkbs vgkbs ?
-
Dbs gap`rtftg`ls c çqugpbablt çqugpbabltss s`us db rçegab cu krçcgt mfgd ?
-
Dbs prbstftg`ls dgçbs fux `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls cb trflsj`raftg`ls, cb trfgtbablt é jfå`l, c `uvrfgs`l bt cb rçpfrftg`l r çpfrftg`l..
6.; Dbs `pçrftg`ls bxkdubs cb df c`agkgdgftg`l
Bddbs s`lt dgstçbs dgstçbs pfr d frtgkdb ;; cu rèedba rèedbablt blt L¹ 95/96, bddbs bddbs k`aprbllblt > -
Dbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs (gap`rtftg`ls / bxp`rtftg`ls) c ulb vfdbur gljçrgburb é df k`ltrb vfdbur cb 699.999 CF bl J@M ?
-
Dbs gap`rtftg`ls `u bxp`rtftg`ls c çkhfltgdd`ls bt/`u cbs c`ls ?
-
Dbs gap`rtftg`ls / bxp`rtftg`ls c çkhfltgdd`ls cb c`ls cb afrkhflcgsbs rbåubs cfls db kfs cb df agsb bl nbu cb df efrfltgb ?
-
Dbs gap`rtftg`ls cb afrkhflcgsbs rçfdgsçbs s`us db rçegab c`uflgbr suspblsgj ?
-
Dbs gap`rtftg`ls cgtbs « sfls pfgbablt ¿ rçfdgsçbs pfr dbs lftg`lfux gaaftrgkudçs fuprès cbs rbprçsbltftg`ls cgpd`aftgqubs fd fdeçrgbllbs eçrgbllbs f d çtrflebr d`rs d`rs cb dbur dbur rbt`ur bl Fdeçrgb ?
-
Cbs `pçrftg`ls cgtbs « sfls pfgbablt ¿ rçfdgsçbs pfr dbs v`yfeburs p`ur dbur usfeb pbrs`llbd.. pbrs`llbd
=. D `uvbrturb `uvbrturb bt df ebstg`l ebstg`l c ul c`ssgbr c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgf c`agkgdgftg`l tg`l =.6.Y`ur ulb gap`rtftg`l
S`ut k`ltrft c gap`rtftg`l cb mgbls bt sbrvgkbs pfyfmdb pfr trflsjbrt cb cbvgsbs c`gt `mdgeft`g `mdg eft`grbabl rbabltt jfg jfgrb rb d `mnbt c ulb c`agkgdgftg`l fuprès c ul gltbraçcgfgrb ferçb. Kbttb `pçrftg`l k`lsgstb > * p`ur d gap`rtf gap`rtftbur tbur é jfg jfgrb rb kh`gx fv fvflt flt df rçf rçfdgsftg dgsftg`l `l cb d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l c gap`rtftg`l c ulb mflqub « gltbraçcgfgrb ferçb ¿ fuprès cb dfqubddb gd s blef blefeb eb é bjjbktubr bjjbktubr d blsbamdb blsbamdb cbs `pçrftg`ls bt j`rafdgtçs mflkfgrbs prçvubs pfr df rçedbabltftg`l cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cbs khflebs. * p`ur db mflqugbr mflqugbr é bjjbktubr p`u p`urr db k`aptb cb d gap`rtftbur dbs `pçrf `pçrftg`ls tg`ls bt j`rafdgtçs prçvubs pfr pfr df rçedbabltftg`l.
63;
Bl tbrabs c blefe blefebabl bablt,t, d fktb cb cc`a `agkgdgftg`l gkgdgftg`l c ulb gap`rtftg`l c`gt îtrb k`lsgcçrç k`aab ulb « sgapdb j`rafdgtç fcaglgstrftgvb ¿ sbrvflt ¿ sbrvflt cb supp`rt tbkhlgqub fu k`ltródb cbs khflebs bt cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bxbrkç tflt pfr pfr db systèab mflkfgrb qub pfr dbs c`uflbs lftg`lfdbs.
=.6.6 D `uvbr `uvbrtur turbb
Df c`agkgdgftg`l cbs gap`rtftg`ls c`llb dgbu é d'`uvbrturb c'ul c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l sur gaprgaç l`rafdgsç pfr df Mflqub c'Fdeçrgb, df tblub t blub cb rçpbrt`grbs bt d'fttrgmutg`l c'ul luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l. @l cgstgleub> * D'gap`rtftg`l é cçdfg l`rafd > (CG)> k`lkbrlb ulb `pçrftg`l c`lt df rçfdgsftg`l pfr ulb `u pdusgburs bxpçcgtg`ls, lb cçpfssb pfs ul cçdfg cb 9: a`gs é k`aptbr cb df cftb cb c`agkgdgftg`l. * d'gap`rtftg`l é cçdfg spçkgfd > (CGY)> k`lkbrlb ulb `pçrftg`l c'gap`rtftg`l cfls df `÷ dbs bxpçcgtg`ls s`lt é rçfdgsbr fu cbdé cb 9: a`gs. Dbs çtfpbs c `uvbrturb c ul c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l s`lt > f) D `pçrftbu `pçrftburr gap`rtf gap`rtftbur tbur kh kh`gsg `gsgtt d gltb gltbraçcgfg raçcgfgrb rb ferçb fup fuprès rès cuq cuqubd ubd gd s blefeb é bjjbktubr
t`utbs dbs pr`kçcurbs bt jj`rafdgtçs `rafdgtçs mflkfg mflkfgrbs rbs dgçbs é d `pçrftg`l.37 m) F kbt bjjbt, d `pçrftbur gap`rtftbur j`ra j`raudb udb sf cbafl cbaflcb cb cb c`agkgdgftg`l29. Kbttb cbaflcb cbaflcb
c`gt îtrb k`lj`rab fu a`cèdb MCD bl vgeubur fllbxç fu ]èedbablt L¹ 95/96 cu 9; jçvrgbr =995. k) D `pçrftbur `pçrftbur ggap`r ap`rtftbur tftbur rba rbabt bt é d feblkb feblkb >
- Db c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd sbrvflt cb mfsb é df c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb. Kb c`kuablt pbut rbvîtgr cgjjçrbltbs j`rabs tbddbs qub, k`ltrft, jfkturb pr` j`raf, m`l cb k`aaflcb jbrab,
37
Frtgkdb ;9 Fdglçf =èab cu
]èedbablt L¹ 95/96 cu 9; jçvrgbr =995.
29
Frtgkdb := Fdglçf 6br cu ]èedbablt L¹ 95/96 cu 9; jçvrgbr =995. 633
k`ljgraftg`l cçjglgtgvb c fkhft, k`rrbsp`lcflkbs k`rrbsp`lcflkbs `÷ s`lt glkdusbs t`utbs dbs glcgkftg`ls lçkbssfgrbs lçkbssfg rbs é d gcbltgjgkftg`l cbs pfrtgbs pfrtgbs,, fglsg qub df lfturb lfturb cb d `pçrftg`l k`aabrkgfdb. k`aabrkgfdb.26 - Rlb fttbstftg`l cb df tfxb cb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb (d bxbapdfgrb l¹ = qug sbrf kk`lsbrvç `lsbrvç pfr df mflqub bt d bxbapdfgrb l¹; qug sbrf blv`yç é df cgrbktg`l cbs gapóts cb ddff wgdfyf cb rfttfkhbabl rfttfkh babltt cb d febl feblkb) kb) s gd s fegt fegt cb pr`cug pr`cugts ts cb rbvbl rbvbltb tb bl d çtft, bt bt ul blefeba blefebablt blt cb ll`l `l rb rbvb vblt ltbb bbll d çtf çtftt s gd s fegt c ulb gap`rtftg`l p`ur dbs mbs`gls c bxpd`gtftg`l. D'`uvbrturb cu c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`llb dgbu é d'çtfmdgssbablt c'ulb jgkhb cb k`ltródb BA=9 (v`gr fllbxb 9= mgs) sbd`l db typb cb c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l, J.CG `u J.CGY, sur
dbqubd s`lt rbprgsbs d'blsbamdb cbs glcgkftg`ls sugvfltbs> * d gcbl gcbltgtç tgtç cbs kk`ltrfk `ltrfktflts tflts?? * Db pfys c'`rgeglb cb df afrkhflcgsb? * Df lfturb cbs afrkhflcgsbs `u cbs prbstftg`ls j`urlgbs? * Vufltgtçs, prgx ulgtfgrb, a`ltfl a`ltfltt ed`mfd? * Df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bt df a`llfgb cb pfgbablt? * A`cb cb pfgbablt bt cb trflsp`rt? * Cftb bt luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l. c) Fttrgmutg`l c ul luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l > Blrbegstrbablt pr`vgs`grb cb df c`agkgdgftg`l
cfls ul rbegstrb spçkgfd `u cfls ul rçpbrt`grb (v`gr fllbxb 9=). Kb luaçr` k`ltgblt =6 kfrfktèrbs (68 khgjjrbs bt ; dbttrbs). Bxbapdb >
62
92
92
=969 ;
69 `u ;9
K`cb
Luaçr`
Luaçr`
Fllçb bt Lfturb
wgdfyf
c ferçablt
cu eugkhbt trgabstrb
c gap`rtftg`l
999;8 BR] Luaçr` khr`l`d khr`l`d`egqub `egqub bt k`cb cb df cbvgsb
26
Frtgkdb ;= cu ]èedbablt L¹ 95/96
cu 9; jçvrgbr =995. 632
]bafrqub > Dbs k`cbs cb df lfturb c gap`rtftg`l s`lt > « 69 ¿ p`ur p` ur d gap`rtftg`l cbs cb s
afrkhflcgs afrkh flcgsbs bs bt « ;;99 ¿ p`ur d gap`r gap`rtftg tftg`l `l cbs sbrvgkbs. sbrvgkbs. b) @uvbrturb c ulb khbagsb > jgkhb cb k`ltródb BA66, bt df rbapdgr. j) K`aptfmgdgsftg`l cbs k`aagssg`ls ;999 CF + SZF (65%) > Cçmgt > K`aptb kdgblt Krçcgt > K`aagssg`ls sur c`agkgd c`agkgdgftg`l gftg`l
Zfdbur N (db n`ur aîab)
Krçcgt > SZF sur k`aagssg k`aagssg`ls `ls cb c`agkgdgft c`agkgdgftg`l. g`l. =.6.= Db sugvg bt df ebstg`l
f)
Fprès rçkbptg`l cbs c`kuablts cçjglgtgjs pfr CHD CHD,, bt fprès k`ltródb cb dbu dburr k`lj`ragtç, k`lj`ragtç,
db mflqugbr pr`kècb é d blrbegstrbablt cçjg cçjglgtgj lgtgj cu c`ssgbr, gd fpp`sb db kfkhbt cb c`agkgdgftg`l sur df jfkturb cçjglgtgvb bt glvgtb db kdgblt é cçc`uflbr sf afrkhflcgsb. m)
Db mflqugbr cçmgtb db k`aptb cu kdgblt cb a`ltflt cb d `pçrftg`l pdus ulb afreb fprès
rçkbptg`l cb d `rcrb `rcrb cb pfgba pfgbablt blt (gaprgaç BA=6 MG[ v`gr fllbxb 6:) çaflflt cu kdgblt . k)
Blv`g é df CKG (Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd) cb >
-
3 bxbapdfgrbs cb d `rcrb cb cb pfgbablt pfgbablt BA=6 MG[ (v`gr (v`gr fllbxb fllbxb 6:) (D feblk feblkbb k`lsbrv k`lsbrvbb
; bxbapdfgrbs) ? - 3 bxbapdfgrbs bxbapdfgrbs cb d `rcrb cb prçdèvbabl prçdèvbabltt cbvgsbs cbvgsbs,, (j`raudb 3 v`gr fllbxb 68) (D fe febl blkb kb k`lsbrvb ul bxbapdfgrb) ? -
Rlb k`pgb cu c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l.
=.6.; =.6. ; D fpurba fpurbablt blt
D fpurbablt cu c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l k`lsgstb é s fssurbr cb df rçeudfrgtç bt cb df k`lj`ragtç cb df rçfdgsftg`l cbs k`ltrfts k`aabrkgfux fglsg qub cu m`l cçr`udbablt cbs jdux jglflkgbrs. Df pçrg`cb ccuu k`ltród k`ltródbb bst cb > Ø
K`ltrfts rçedçs fu k`aptflt > 9; a`gs sugvflt df cftb cu rèedbablt jglflkgbr.
63:
Ø
K`ltrfts rçedçs pfr cgjjçrç cb pfgbablt pfgbablt > ;9 n`urs sugvflt df cftb cb rèedbablt cb df cbrlgèrb çkhçflkb.
]bafrqub > Df mflqub fkk`rcb ul cçdfg suppdçabltfgrb cb ;9 n`urs bl kfs c fmsblkb cu
C692= bxbapdb mflqub. Curflt kbttb pçrg`cb, df mflqub rçkdfab db C69 fu murbfu cbs c`uflbs k`lkbrlç bt fcrbssb é d gap`rtftbur cbs `msbrvf `msbrvftg`ls tg`ls lçkbss lçkbssfgrbs fgrbs p`ur d fablbr é k`apdçtbr s`l c`ssgbr. Dbs c`ssgbrs pbuvblt pbuvblt îtrb > §
Fpurç > ul
c`ssgbr bst fpurç sg t`us dbs c`kuablts lçkbssfgrbs s`lt rçulgs bt sg db
a`ltflt trflsjçrç bst çefd é df vfdbur cb df afrkhflcgsb cçc`uflçb. Rl c`ssgbr fpurç c`gt k`ltblgr > Y`ur dbs mgbls >
Y`ur dbs sbrvgkbs >
6) K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd ? =) C`kuabl C`kuablts ts cb trflsp`rt ?
6) K`ltrft k`aabrkgfd ? =) Fttbstftg`l cb sbrvgkbs jfgts ?
;) C`kuablt c`uflgbr bxbapdb mflqub ?
;) Fut`rgsftg`ls çvbltubddbs rbqugsbs ?
3) K`pgb cu abssfeb [UGJS ?
3) K`pgb cu abssfeb [UGJS ?
2) J`raudb stftgstgqub fll`tçb.
2) J`raudb stftgstgqub fll`tçb.
6- Bl bxkçcblt cb rèedbablt > sg db a`ltflt trflsjçrç bst supçrgbur é df vfdbur cb df
afrkhflcgsb cçc`uflçb `u bl kfs c fmsblkb cu C69 bxbapdfgrb mflqub. =- Bl glsujjgsflkb cb rèedbablt > sg db a`ltflt trflsjçrç bst gljçrgbur é df vfdbur cb df
afrkhflcgsb cçc`uflçb. Kbs tr`gs sgtuftg`ls c`gvblt îtrb cçkdfrçbs é df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb fu pdus tfrc db 62 cu a`gs sugvflt db a`gs cb rçjçrblkb. =.= Y`ur ulb bxp`rtftg`l =.=.6 D `uvbr `uvbrtur turbb
2=
C69 > c`kuablt c`uflgbr bxbapdfgrb mflqub 635
Yrçsbltftg`l c ulb cbaflcb cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l spçkgjgqub fvbk df jfkturb cçjglgtgvb pdus
-
cbux k`pgbs cb kbddb-kg pfr db kdgblt. -
Fttrgmutg`l pfr db mflqugbr c ul luaçr` p`ur db c`ssgbr cb c`ag c` agkgdgftg`l kgdgftg`l bt `uvbrturb ` uvbrturb cb df
jgkhb cb k`ltródb. Db luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l k`ltgblt fussg =6 kfrfktèrbs (6: khgjjrbs bt 2 dbttrbs). Bxbapdb >
62
92
92
=969 ;
KS `u DS
K`cb
Luaçr`
Luaçr`
Fllçb bt Lfturb
wgdfyf
c ferçablt
cu eugkhbt trgabstrb
c bxp`rtftg`l
999=: R[C Luaçr` khr`l`d khr`l`d`egqub `egqub bt k`cb cb df cbvgsb
]bafrqub > @l cgstgleub cbux lfturbs c bxp`rtftg`l > Ø
« KS ¿ Bxp`rtftg`l é k`urt tbrab > Db rèedbablt s'bjjbktub cfls ul cçdfg gljçrgbur é
6=9 n`urs (3 a`gs). Ø
« DS ¿ Bxp`rtftg`l é d`le tbrab > Db rèedbablt s'bjjbktub cfls ul cçdfg supçrgbur é
6=9 n`urs. Kbs bxp`rtftg`ls c`gvblt îtrb prçfdfmdbablt fut`rgsçbs pfr dbs sbrvgkbs cb k`ltródb cbs khflebs cb df Mflqub c'Fdeçrgb. =.=.= Db sugvg bt df ebstg`l
Df rçpfrtgtg`l cu pr`cugt pr`cugt cb rfpftrgbablt rfpftrgbablt s bjjbktub cb df a aflgèrb flgèrb sugvfltb > Ø
Y`ur dbs bxp`rtftg`ls cbs hycr`kfrmurbs bt pr`cugts aglgbrs > d blkfgssbabl blkfgssbabltt cbs rbkbttbs s bjjbktub é 699% bl cglfrs ?
Ø
Y`ur dbs bxp`rtftg`ls bxp`rtftg`ls h`rs hyc hycr`kfrmurbs r`kfrmurbs bt pr`cugts aglgbrs aglgbrs > d bxp`rtftbur rbå`gt 29% cbs rbkbttbs bl cglfrs bt 29% bl cbvgsb. Dbs cbvgsbs s`lt rçpfrtgbs k`aab sugt > - =9% p`ur db k`aptb pbrs`ll pbrs`llbd bd cb d bxp`rtftbur ? - ;9% p`ur ul k`aptb c`lt dbs a`uvbablts cçmgt bt krçcgt s`lt rçedbabltçs (db K`aptb K`a ptb bxpd bxpd`gtftg `gtftg`l `l cb d bltrbp bltrbprgsb rgsb). ).
D bxp`rtftbur lb p`urrf pfs mçlçjgkgbr cu a`ltflt bl cbvgsb bl kfs cb cçpfssbablt cbs
cçdfgs cb rfpftrgbablt. 638
=.=.; D fpur fpurba babl bltt
D fpurbabl fpurbabltt cbs c`ssg c`ssgbrs brs sb jjfgt fgt sur df df mfsb cb > -
Bxbapdfgrb mflqub cu c`kuablt c`uflgbr ?
-
Nustgjgkftgjs cb rfpftrgbablts rbåus ?
-
Df j`raudb stftgstgqub J693 (Z@G] FLLBXB =7)
Df mflqub c`gt vbgddbr fu rbspbkt cbs çkhçflkbs cb rfpftrgbablt p`ur jgxbr df pçrg`cb cb k`ltródb cb khfqub c`ssgbr > -
Sr`gs (9;) a`gs p`ur dbs c`ssgbrs fu k`aptflt ?
-
Srbltb (;9) n`urs fprès db cbrlgbr rèedbablt p`ur dbs c`ssgbrs fvbk cgjjçrç cb pfgbablt.
Rl c`ssgbr c bxp`rtftg`l pbut îtrb fpurç, bl bxkçcblt cb rfpftrgbablt (sg db a`ltflt rfpftrgç bst supçrgbur é df vfdbur cb df afrkhflcgsb bxp`rtçb), `u bl glsujjgsflkb cb rfpftrgbablt ((cfls cfls db kfs k`ltrfgrb).
Jgeurb L¹ 68 > Db skhçaf cbskrgptgj cb df c`agkgdgftg`l é d gap`rtftg`l KDGBLS
DB Y]BY@[B FRX @YB]FSG@L[ CB C@AGKGDGFSG@L
MFLVRB C FD FDEB EB]G ]GB B
637
- c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd - cbaflcb cb c`agkgdgftg`l
66- ]çkbptg`l cb df cbaflcb cbaflcb c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb c ul c`ssg c`ssgbr br cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg `l
C`kuablt k`aabrkgfd k`aabrkgfd
Cbaflcb cb c`agkgdgftg`l
==- Zçrgjgkftg`l cb k`lj`ragtç
@pçrftg`l k`lj`rab L@L
]bnbt cb df cba cbaflcb flcb
@RG ;;- Aftçrgf Aftçrgfdgsftg`l dgsftg`l cb d fktb cb c`agkgdgft c`agkgdgftg`l g`l
D fktb cb c`a c`agkgdgftg`l gkgdgftg`l bbst st aftçrg aftçrgfdgsç fdgsç pfr> * D blrbegstrbablt cu c` c`ssgbr ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l (sfgsgb cbs c`llçbs sur db ]çpbrt`grb ] çpbrt`grb cb c`agkgdgftg`l «gap`rt¿) * D fttrgmutg`l c ul luaçr` cb c` c`ssgbr ssgbr cb cc`agkgdgftg`l `agkgdgftg`l (=6 p`sgtg`ls> Cgx hugt (68) khgjjrbs bt tr`gs tr `gs (9;) dbttrbs) Db systèab c`gt pbrabttrb> f) cb eçlçrbr d blrbegstrbablt blrbegstrbablt cu c`ssgbr c`ssgbr sur db rçpbrt`grb rçpbrt`grb cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkg dgftg`l cçcgç fux fux c`agkgdgftg`ls c`agkgdgftg`ls é d gap`rtftg`l, gap`rtftg`l, bt kb, pfr d fttrgmutg`l fttrgmutg`l fut`aftgqub fut`aftgqub c ul luaçr` luaçr` pfrtgkudgbr pfrtgkudgbr fu c`ssgbr c`agkgdgç. m) cb eçlçrbr bt c çcgtbr> - ulb pgèkb k`aptfmdb k`lsfkrflt df pbrkbptg`l cb df>
* K`aagssg`l cb c`agkgdgftg`l K`lj`raçabltt fux k`lcgtg`ls cb mflqub MCD bl vgeubur K`lj`raçabl * Sfxb sur df Zfdbur Fn`utçb - SZF K`lj`raçablt fux cgsp`sgtg`ls dçefdbs bl vgeubur K`lj`raçablt LM > Db nustgjgkftgj cu pfgbablt cb df Sfxb Sf xb cb
c`agkgdgftg`l sg kbddb kg bst rbqugsb (afrkhflcgsbs cbstglçbs é df rbvbltb bl d çtft) c`gt îtrb cfls db d b c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l. Fpp`sgtg`l (trflskrgptg`l) cu luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l sur db c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd `u c`kuablt bl tblflt dgbu. d gbu. 33- N`urlçb k`aptfmdb (c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l) 22- Btfmdgssbablt cb df jgkhb cb k`ltródb (p`ur df ebstg`l bt db sugvg cu c`ssgbr). ::- Bcgtg`l cçkdfrftg`ls ablsubddbs cbstglçbs é df Mflqubcbs c Fdeçrgb - (Glstruktg`l (Glstruk tg`l L¹ 9;-95 cu ;6 afg =995 cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb), Fdeçrgb), Cçkdfrftg`ls> Cçkdfrftg`ls> * Fllbxb 6 ... c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb cbs c`ssgbrs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l * Fllbxb = ... c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l fpurçs * Fllbxb ; c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l l`l fpurçs
! ]bagsb c ul bxba ]bagsb bxbapdfg pdfgrb rb cu c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd rbvîtu cu luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l. Jgeurb L¹ 67 > Db skhçaf skhçaf cbskrgptgj cbskrgptgj cb df df c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l é d bxp`rtftg`l KDGBLS
-- cbaflcb c`kuabltcbk`aabrkgfd c`agkgdgftg`l
DB Y]BY@[B FRX @YB]FSG@L[ CB C@AGKGDGFSG@L 66- ]çkbptg`l ]çkbptg`l cb cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb c ul c`ssgbr c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l
MFLVRB C FD FDEB EB]G ]GB B
C`kuablt k`aabrkgfd
Cbaflcb cb c`agkgdgftg`l 629
==- Zçrgjgkftg`l cb k`lj`ragtç
@pçrftg`l k`lj`rab L@L
]bnbt cb df cba cbaflcb flcb
@RG
;;- Aftçrgf Aftçrgfdgsftg`l dgsftg`l cb d fktb cb c`agkgdgft c`agkgdgftg`l g`l
D fktb cb c`a c`agkgdgftg`l gkgdgftg`l bbst st aftçrg aftçrgfdgsç fdgsç pfr> * D blrbegstrbablt cu c` c`ssgbr ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l * D fttrgmutg`l c ul luaçr` cb c` c`ssgbr ssgbr cb cc`agkgdgftg`l `agkgdgftg`l (=6 p`sgtg`ls> [bgzb (6:) khgjjrbs bt tr`gs (92) dbttrbs) Db systèab c`gt pbrabttrb> f) cb eçlçrbr d blrbegstrbablt blrbegstrbablt cu c`ssgbr c`ssgbr sur db rçpbrt`grb rçpbrt`grb cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkg dgftg`l cçcgç fux fux c`agkgdgftg`ls c`agkgdgftg`ls é d bxp`rtftg`l, bxp`rtftg`l, bt kb, pfr d fttrgmutg`l fttrgmutg`l c ul luaçr` luaçr` pfrtgkudgbr pfrtgkudgbr fu c`ssgbr c`agkgdgç. m) cb eçlçrbr bt c çcgtbr> - ulb pgèkb k`aptfmdb k`lsfkrflt df pbrkbptg`l cb df>
* K`aagssg`l cb c`agkgdgftg`l K`lj`raçabltt fux k`lcgtg`ls cb mflqub MCD bl vgeubur K`lj`raçabl * Sfxb sur df Zfdbur Fn`utçb - SZF K`lj`raçabltt fux cgsp`sgtg`ls dçefdbs bl vgeubur K`lj`raçabl Fpp`sgtg`l (trflskrgptg`l) cu luaçr` luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l sur db c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd 33- N`urlçb k`aptfmdb (c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l) 22- Btfmdgssbablt cb df jgkhb cb k`ltródb (p`ur df ebstg`l bt db sugvg cu c`ssgbr). ::- Bcgtg`l cbs cçkdfrftg`ls ablsubddbs cbstglçbs é df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb - (Glstruktg`l (Glstruktg`l L¹ cu ;6 afg afg =995 cb df Mflqub Mflqub c Fdeçrgb), Fdeçrgb), Cçkdfrftg`ls> Cçkdfrftg`ls>
]bagsb ]bag sb c ul bxba bxbapdfg pdfgrb rb cu c`kuablt k`aabrkgfd rbvîtu
* Fllbxb 6 ... c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb cbs c`ssgbrs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l * Fllbxb = ... c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l fpurçs
cu luaçr` cb c`agkgdgftg`l.
* Fllbxb ;
c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l l`l fpurçs
[`urkb > [çaglfgrb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur MCD Nugddbt =997. [bktg`l ; > Yr`kçcurb cb trfgtbablt cu Krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb 6. Srfgtba Srfgtbablt blt cu krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb é d gap`rt gap`rt
K`lj`raçablt é d frtgkdb (9=) cbs ]RR :99 db db krçcgt c`kuabltfg c`kuabltfgrb rb bst cçjglg k`aab > « RL F]]FLEBABLS VRBDVRB [@GS [F CBL@AGLFSG@L (K]BCGS C@KRABLSFG]B @R DBSS]B CB K]BCGS) @R [F CB[K]GYSG@L (F ZRB,
CGJJB]B CGJJ B]B,,
) VRG VRG B[S B[S G]]BZ G]]BZ@KFMDB @KFMDB BS VRG VRG K@L[SGSRB K@L[SGSRB RL BLEFEBABLS BLEFEBABLS
626
JB]AB CB DF MFLVRB BABSS] BABSS]GKB GKB C H@L@]B] H@L@]B] RLB Y]B[B Y]B[BLSFSG@ LSFSG@L L K@LJ@]AB ¿.
Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb bst trfgtç sbd`l dbs ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs (]RR) cb df KKG rbdftgvb rbdft gvb fux Krbc`k (Mr`khurb. :99 ]çvgsg`l =995), db k`ltró k`ltródb db cbs khflebs bt dbs glk`tbras. glk`t bras. 6.6 Cgsp`sgtg`ls prglkgpfdbs k`lkbrlflt df prftgqub cu Krbc`k 6.6.6 Dbs c`kuablts
S`utb glstruktg`l p`rtflt sur ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb (dbttrb c `uvbrturb, l`tgjgkftg`l) c`gt spçkgjgbr fvbk prçkgsg`l db `u dbs c`kuablts k`ltrb dbsqubds gds pbuvblt îtrb utgdgsçs. [fuj stgpudftg`l k`ltrfgrb, bbst st fkkbptç k` k`aab aab « `rgeglfd ¿ t`ut t `ut c`kuabl c`kuabltt pr`cugt `u fppfrfgssflt fppfrfgss flt k`aab fyflt çtç pr`cugt > -
Yfr ul systèab cb rbpr`erfphgb ?
- -
Yfr ul systèab fut`aftgqub `u glj`raftgqub ? [`us j`rab cb k`pgb k`pgb fu kfrm kfrm`lb, `lb, s gds s`lt afrquçs k`a k`aab ab `rgeglfux. `rgeglfux.
H`rags dbs c`kuablts cb trflsp`rt, c fssurflkb bt dbs jfkturbs k`aabrkgfdbs, t`us dbs c`kuablts c`kuabl ts bxgeçs pfr db krçcgt, gd c`gt îtrb stgpudç bxprbssçablt pfr qug gds c`gvblt îtrb çags. 6.6.= Dbs qufltgtçs bt a`ltflts
Dbs bxprbssg`ls « blvgr`l ¿, « KG]KF ¿ `u « sgagdfgrbs ¿ s`lt gltbrprçtçbs k`aab pbrabttflt ul çkfrt çkfrt é pdus `u a`gls a`gls 69% cb df vfdbur `u cb df qufl qufltgtç. tgtç. Aîab sg db krçcgt stgpudb qu gd lb c`gt îtrb dgvrç lg pdus, lg a`gls qub df qufltgtç prbskrgtb, ul çkfrt cb 2% bst fcags s`us rçsbrvb qub db a`ltflt lb cçpfssb pfs db a`ltflt cu krçcgt. 6.6.; Sgrfebs bt bxpçcgtg`ls pfrtgbddbs
Bddbs s`lt fut`rgsçbs sfuj stgpudftg`l k`ltrfgrb. Dbs bxpçcgtg`ls pfr abr, jfgtbs sur db aîab lfvgrb lb s`lt pfs k`lsgcç k`lsgcçrçbs rçbs k`aab pfrtgbddbs aîab sg dbs c`kuablts cb trflsp`rt glcgqublt cbs cftbs c çagssg`l (bamfrqubablt) (bamfrqubablt) bt cbs p`rts c bamfrqubablts cgjjçrblts. 6.6.3 Krçftg`l cb df tfxb cb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb
62=
Df D`g cb jglflkbs k`apdça k`apdçabltfgrb bltfgrb p`u p`urr =992 pfrub bl cftb cu =2 nugddbt =992 s`us db L¹ 9292 f glstgtuç bl s`l frtgkdb = ulb tfxb gltgtudçb gltgtudçb «Sfxb cb c`agkgdgftg`l mflkfgrb¿. Dbs prbskrgptg`ls prbskrgptg`ls cb kbt frtgkdb `l `ltt jfgt d `mnbt cb k`aabl k`aabltfgrbs tfgrbs é trfvbrs ulb Gls Glstruktg`l truktg`l (L¹ 993 cu 69 69 f`ÿt =992) cu Aglgs Aglgstèrb tèrb cbs Jg Jglflkbs lflkbs bt df cftb cb agsb bl uvrb f ççtç tç prçvub p`ur db =2 f`ÿt =992. Kbttb tfxb bst bxgegmdb p`ur t`utb t` utb c`agkgdgftg`l c gap`rtftg`l cb pr`cugts cbstglçs é df rbvbltb bl d çtft, bddb bst sums sumstgtuçb tgtuçb pfr blefe blefebablt bablt cb l`l rbvbl rbvbltb tb cbs afrkhfl afrkhflcgsbs cgsbs bl kfs c ulb gap`rtftg`l cb pr`cugts p`ur dbs mbs`gls c bxpd`gtftg`l. 6.6.2 Db Luaçr` Luaçr` c Gcbltgjgflt Gcbltgjgflt Jgskfd Jgskfd LGJ LGJ
Fvflt gd y f bu k`ljusg`l bltrb> Db Luaçr` c Gcbltgjgflt Gcbltgjgflt Jgskfd Jgskfd - LGJ - bt Db Luaçr` Luaçr` c Gcbltgjgflt Gcbltgjgflt [tftgstgqub [tftgstgqub
- LG[ bt jglfdbabl jglfdbablt,t, é k`aptbr cb df d`g cb jglflkbs p`ur =99: (frtgkdb 3=) k bst d fpp fppbdd bddftg ftg`l `l LGJ qug bst rbtblub. D `rc`llflkb `rc`llflkb L¹ 72/=5 72/=5 cu ;9 cçkbamrb cçkbamrb 6772 (frtgkdb =6) p`rtflt d`g cb jglflkbs
p`ur 677: f glstgtuç glstgtuç db luaçr` c gcbl gcbltgjgflt tgjgflt jgskfd, D `rc`llflkb `rc`llflkb L¹ L¹ 7:/;6 cu ;9 cçkbamrb cçkbamrb 677:, f jgxç dbs cçdfgs cb sf agsb bl
prftgqub fu ;6 cçkbamrb cçkbamrb 6777 6777.. Db cçkrbt bxçkutgj L¹ 75-;7: cu =8 `kt`mrb 6775 f k`cgjgç kbt gcbltgjgflt> gd bst
k`ap`sç cb 62 kfrfktèrbs luaçrgqubs. Rl luaçr` c `rcrb sçqubltgbd k`apdçabltfgrb k`apdçabl tfgrb fu luaçr` ccbb d bltrbprgsb a aèrb èrb `u cb d çtfmdgssbablt prglkgpfd bst fttrgmuç é khfqub ulgtç `u çtfmdgssbablt sbk`lcfgrb cgstglkt cu sgèeb bt sbrvflt cb dgbu c bxbrkgkb cb d fktgvgtç (N.@.].F L L¹5= ¹5= cu 9= 9= l`vbam l`vbamrb rb 6775). Df d`g cb jglflkbs p`ur =99; f dbvç df k`ljusg`l bltrb dbs cbux fppbddftg`ls (LGJ bt
LG[) p`ur lb rbtblgr qub df sbk`lcb fppbddftg`l k bst-é-cgrb db LG[ - Frtgkdb 32 cb df D`g cb Jglflkbs p`ur =99; - (N.@.].F L¹8: cu =2 cçkbamrb =99=). Df d`g cb jglflkbs p`ur =99: f rbtblu rbtblu bl s`l frtgkdb frtgkdb 3= d fppbddftg`l L`uvbd Gcbltgjgflt Jgskfd LGJ-.
Dbs 62 kfrfktçrgstgqubs cu LGJ s`lt > 62;
XXXX X XXX XXXXX XX (XXX) (X XX)
K`cb pbrs`llb a`rfdb 6(ulb) p`sgtg`l Fllçb cb krçftg`l ; (tr`gs) p`sgtg`ls Dgbu eç`erfphgqub 3 (quftrb) p`sgtg`ls
- Ugdfyf . = (cbux) p`sgtg`ls - K`aaulb .. = (cbux) p`sgtg`ls Luaçr` sçqubltgbd sçqubltgbd .2 (kglq) p`sgtg`ls Kdç cb k`ltródb = (cbux) p`sgtg`ls
Y`ur cgstgl cgstgleubr eubr d Rlg Rlgtç tç cb d bltrbp bltrbprgsb rgsb a aèrb èrb `u cb d çtfmd çtfmdgssba gssbablt blt prglkgpfd prglkgpfd gd bst bst fttrgmuç fttrgmuç ul luaçr` c `rcrb sçqubltgbd k`apdçabltfgrb cb ; (tr`gs) p`sgtg`ls. Fglsg, db luaçr` c gcbltgjg gcbltgjgflt flt cb d ulgtç k`a k`ap`rtb p`rtb vglet (=9) p`sgtg`ls p`sgtg`ls.. 6.6.: Df kfrtb kfrtb c gaaftrgkudftg` gaaftrgkudftg`l l jgskfdb jgskfdb >
Yfr L`tb c Fppdgkftg`l (L¹69/98) cu =8 sbptbamrb =998, df CKG f p`rtç é df
k`llfgssflkb cbs feblkbs qub df d`g cb jglflkbs p`ur =99:, bl sbs frtgkdbs 36 bt 3=, çl`lkb qub> «Dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur (gap`rtftg`l/bxp`rtftg`l) cbvr`lt sb jfgrb sur df mfsb cu luaçr` c gcbltgjgkftg`l jgskfdb abltg`llç sur cb l`uvbddbs kfrtbs afelçtgqubs c gaaftr gaaftrgkud gkudftg` ftg`l¿ l¿.
Dbs a`cèdbs cb kfrtbs afelçtgqubs k`lkbrlflt dbs cgjjçrbltbs kftçe`rgbs cb
k`ltrgmufmdbs s`lt dbs sugvflts> - K`udbur r`ueb> p`ur dbs pbrs`llbs a`rfdbs cb cr`gt fdeçrgbl, - K`udbur vg`dbttb> p`ur dbs pbrs`llbs a`rfdbs cb cr`gt çtrflebr, çtr flebr, - K`udbur afrr`l> p`ur dbs murbfux cb dgfgs`l, - K`udbur vbrtb> p`ur dbs pbrs`llbs physgqubs, - K`udbur mdbub> p`ur dbs bltgtçs fcaglgstrftgvbs,
623
- K`udbur `rfleb> p`ur dbs s`kgçtçs s`kgçtçs kgvgdbs, fss`kgftg`ls ferççbs, er`upbablts c gltçrîts k`aauls bt `reflgsabs gltbrpr`jbssg`llbds, gltbrpr`jbssg`llbds, - K`udbur nfulb> p`ur dbs `reflgsftg`ls pr`jbssg pr`jbssg`llbddbs `llbddbs bt gltbrpr`jbssg`llbddbs gltbrpr`jbssg`llbddbs fergk`dbs, - K`udbur ergsb> p`ur dbs rbprçsbltftg`ls cgpd`aftgqubs bt k`lsudfgrbs bt bltgtçs k`lvbltg`llbddbs. Y`ur df df ag agsb sb bl uvrb cb d bxgeblkb cb df prçsbltftg`l cb df kfrtb c gaaftrgkudftg`l «l`uvbddb j`raudb¿ LGJ, Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb cbs Gapóts -CEG- cfls s`l k`urrgbr cftç cu 92 nflvgbr =997 f jgxç df cftb cu 69 nflvgbr =997 k`aab cftb mut`gr p`ur df prçsbltftg`l prçsbltftg`l cbs kfrtbs afelçtgqubs p`rtflt db l`uvbfu luaçr` c gcbltgjgkftg`l jgskfdb « LGJ ¿p`ur t`ut `pçrftbur `pçrf tbur bx bxbråfl bråfltt d fktgvg fktgvgtç tç c bxp`rtftg`l bt c gap`rtftg`l cfls db kfcrb cb df rbvbltb bl d çtft, k bst-é bst-é-cgrb -cgrb ddbs bs `pçrf `pçrftburs tburs ss`uag `uagss é df tfxb cb c`agkgdg c`agkgdgftg`l ftg`l.. Cb aîab, df -CEG- f glcgquç qub p`ur kb qug qug bst cbs futrbs `pçrftburs `pçrftburs bxbråflt d fktgvgtç cb pr`cuktg`l cb mgbls bt cb sbrvgkbs, fssunbttgs é df pr`kçcurb c blefeba blefebablt blt (gap`rtftg`ls p`ur db j`lktg`llbablt), kbux-kg s`lt fut`rgsçs p`ur dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur sur df mfsb cbs flkgbllbs kfrtbs c gaaftrgkudftg`l jgskfdbs -LG[- nusqu é ulb cftb qug sbrf jgxçb udtçrgburbablt. 6.= Dbs cgjjçrblts kfs prftgqubs cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb 6.=.6 Db Krbc`k pr`vgsg`llç é 699%
Cfls kb kfs, db kdgblt bst tblu cb k`lstgtubr df pr`vgsg`l k`rrbsp`lcflt fu a`ltflt cb df jfkturb c`agkgdgçb é d `uvbrturb cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt. krçcgt. Db a`ltflt sbrf c`lk md md`quç `quç cfls ul k`aptb fppr`prgç bt sbrvgrf fu rèedbablt cu Krbc`k é df rçfdgsftg`l. Df mflqub fglsg fssuab d blefebablt blefebablt cu pfgbablt fprès k`uv k`uvbrturb brturb cu rgsqub fuprès fuprès cb s`l kd kdgblt. gblt. 6.=.= Db Krbc`k Krbc`k rbdfyç pfr pfr ul krçcgt krçcgt c glvbstgssbablt glvbstgssbablt
Rl kdgblt fyflt mçlçjgkgç c ul krçcgt c glvbstgssbablt, eçlçrfdbablt s`us j`rab cb KAS `u KDS, c`lt dbs çqugpbablts çqugpbablts s`lt é fkquçrgr fkquçrgr pfr db mgfgs culb gap`rtftg`l, l bst pfs tblu cb k`lstgtubr df t`tfdgtç cb df pr`vgsg`l k`rrbsp`lcflt fu a`ltflt cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é `uvrgr. Fprès vbrsbablt vbrsbablt cu a`ltflt cb s`l s`l fpp`rt pbrs`llbd prçvu prçvu pfr d fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcgt krçcgt c glvbstgssba glvbstgssbablt, blt, db rrbdgquft bdgquft sbrf k`apdçtç pfr df a`mgdgsftg`l cu KAS cfls s`l k`aptb.
622
Db kdgblt furf c`lk é pfybr dbs k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg`ls sur `uvbrturb Krbc`k, sftgsjfgrb fux k`lcgtg`ls bt efrfltgbs efrfltgbs bxgeçbs pfr d fut`rgsftg`l cu krçcgt c glvbstgssbablt pugs h`l`rbr dbs çkhçflkbs cubs k`lj`raçablt é d çkhçflkgb çkhçflkgbrr cb rbam`ursbablt. rbam`ursbablt. 2; 6.=.; Df dgelb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
J`rafdgsç pfr ulb fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcgt bl m`llb bt cub j`rab fkk`rcflt df dgelb cb Krbc`k bt jgxflt db tfux cb pr`vgsg`l aglgaua é k`lstgtubr pfr db kdgblt (eçlçrfdbablt =2%), kbttb j`rab prçv`gt df j`urlgturb cb df cgjjçrblkb cu a`ltflt pfr db kdgblt fu a`ablt cu rèedbablt. Gd s fegt c`lk c ul krçcgt fkk`rcç fu kdgblt k`ap`rtflt t`us dbs rgsqubs c ul krçcgt mflkfgrb, k`uvbrts eçlçrfdbablt eçlçrfdbablt pfr cbs efrfltgbs. 6.=.3 Db Krbc`k rbdfyç pfr ul cçk`uvbrt mflkfgrb
Cfls kb kfs, kfs, db kdgblt bst tblu cb k`ls k`lstgtubr tgtubr df pr`vgsg`l aglgaua cb =2% =2% é d `uvbrturb. F df rçfdgsftg`l df cgjjçrblkb bst prgsb bl khfreb pfr ul cçk`uvbrt mflkfgrb sur s`l k`aptb fut`rgsç pfr df mflqub. mflqub. Db rgsqub krçcg krçcgtt bst fussg é fssuabr fssuabr pfr df mflq mflqub. ub. 6.=.2 Krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs pfyfmdb pfr db cçmgt cb k`aptb cbvgsbs
É df rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb, tfgrb, db pfgbablt sbrf fssurç pfr db cçmgt cu k` k`aptb aptb cbvgsbs cu kdgblt. Gd y f dgbu c`lk cb s fssu fssurbr rbr cb d fdgabl fdgabltftg`l tftg`l cu k`a k`aptb ptb é d `uvbrturb bt bt cb md`qubr md`qubr db a`ltflt k`rrbsp`lcflt k`rrbsp`lcflt fu a`ltfl a`ltfltt cb df dbttrb é rçedbr. K`aptb tblu cu jfgt qu gd s fegt c ulb `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l cb mflqub gltbrlftg`lfdb, gltbrlftg`lfdb, c`lt c`lt dbs jrfgs pbuvbltt îtrb> pbuvbl [`gt é df khfreb cu mçlçjgkgfgrb [`gt é df khfreb cu c`llbur c `rcrb,
Df cçafrkhb sugvfltb bst é rbk`aaflcbr> Df pr`vgsg`l bst é k`lstgtubr, sbd`l db kfs, é hfutbur cb>
2;
Y`ur çvgtbr fu kdgblt cb rçedbr c`umdbablt cbs gltçrîts sur Krbc`k bt KAS, df a`mgdgsftg`l cu KAS l gltbrvgblt qu fprès rçkbptg`l cb d Bkrgturb Bltrb [gèebs (BB[) p`ur db rèedbablt. 62:
- 699% fueabltçb c ulb afreb (bxbapdb (bxbapdb ;%) d`rsqub df cbaflcb p`rtb sur ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabl tfgrb glcgqufl glcgqufltt «k`ljgraftg`l éé df df khfreb cu mçlçjgkgfgrb¿ (j`urlgssbur). - 699% fueabltçb c ulb afreb (bxbapdb 2%) d`rsqub df cbaflcb p`rtb sur ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb glcgquflt «k`ljgraftg`l é df khfreb cu c`llbur c `rcrb¿ (kdgblt). 6.; Dbs çtfpbs cb cçr`udb cçr`udbablt ablt c ul Krbc`k Krbc`k é d gap`rt gap`rt
6)
K`lkdusg`l c ul k`ltrft k`ltrft k`a k`aabrkg abrkgfd fd bltrb d gap`rtf gap`rtftbur tbur fdeçrg fdeçrgbl bl bt d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur
çtrflebr. Cfls kb k`ltrft s`lt cgskutçbs dbs k`lcgtg`ls sbd`l dbsqubddbs df trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb p`urrfgt sb rçfdgsbr. =)
D fkhbtbur cbaflc cbaflcbb é sf mflqub MCD c `uvrgr ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bl jfvbur cb
d bxp`r bxp`rtftb tftbur. ur. ;)
Df MCD bl tflt qub mflqub çabttrgkb çabt dbs tbrabs bt k`lcgtg`ls cu krçcgt
c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabl tfgrb é df mfl mflqub qub l`tgjgkftrgkb pp`ur `ur dbs l`tgjgb l`tgjgbrr é d bxp`rtftbur. 3)
Db mçlçjgkgfg mçlçjgkgfgrb rb (bxp`rtftbur) prçpfrb bt bxpçcg bxpçcgbb dbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs é d gap`rtftbur, bt
rbabt é sf mflqub dbs c`kuablts lçkbssfgrbs cfls ul cçdfg l bxkçcflt pfs =6 n`ur `uvrçs. 2)
Df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur blv`gb dbs c`kuablts pfr CHD é df MCD sfls vçrgjgkftg`l sg
k bst ul krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb `u fprès vçrgjgkftg`l cb dbur k`lj`rag k`lj`ragtç tç sg k bst ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb bt k`ljgraç, bt dug blv`gb fussg ul fppbd cb j`lcs pfr [UGJS bt rèed rèedbb d bxp`r bxp`rtftbur. tftbur. :) F df rçkbpt rçkbptg`l g`l cbs c`kuablts, c`kuablt s, df MCD dbs vçrgjgb bt rèedb `u rbam`ursb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb (k`ljgraftrgkb) s gds s`lt k`lj`rabs. k`lj`rabs. 5)
Df MCD gglvgtb lvgtb db kdgblt é rbtgrbr dbs c`kuablts k`ltrb ppfgbablt fgbablt `u fkkbptftg`l fkkbptftg`l sbd`l df
j`rab cu krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb. tfgrb. 8)
D fkhbtbur utgdgsb dbs c`kuablts p`ur rçkupçrbr sf afrkhflcgs afrkhflcgsb. b.
]bafrqub >
Df mflqub f ul cçdfg cb 2 n`urs p`ur vçrgjgbr df k`lj`ragtç cbs c`kuablts. [g df mflqub k`ljgrafltb tr`uvb qub dbs c`kuablts lb s`lt pfs k`lj`rabs, `l cgstgleub = p`ssgmgdgtçs >
k`ljgrafltb tr`uvb qub dbs c`kuablts lb s`lt pfs k`lj`rabs, `l cgstgleub = p`ssgmgdgtçs >
625
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Bddb rbnbttb db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb bt db trflsj`rab bl ulb rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb ?
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Bddb efrcb dbs c`kuablts bt trflsabt pfr [UGJS dbs grrçeudfrgtçs é df mflqub çabttrgkb. çab ttrgkb. Kbddb-kg Kbddb-kg rçpbr rçpbrkutb kutb d glj`raftg`l fu kdgblt gap`rtftbur qug c`gt rbabttrb ulb dbttrb cb dbvçb cb rçsbrvbs s gd fkkbptb dbs grrçeudfrgtçs. Df mflqub çabttrgkb rçkdfab fd`rs dbs c`kuablts c`kuablts bt rèedb df mfl mflqub qub l`tgjgkftrgkb s gds s`lt k`lj k`lj`rabs. `rabs.
6.3 Srf Srfgtba gtbablt blt prftgq prftgqub ub c ulb cbaf cbaflcb lcb c `uvbrtu `uvbrturb rb Krbc` Krbc`kk é d gap`rt gap`rt 6.3.6 Dbs gaprgaçs utgdgsçs
D utgdgsftg`l cbs prglkgpfux ga gaprgaçs prgaçs prçv prçvus us bst `md `mdgeft`grb, geft`grb, gds s`lt k`cgjgçs k`cgjgçs bt k`låus k`låus cb cb jfå`l é j`urlgr db afxgaua c glj`raftg`ls sur sur d `pçrftg`l cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb, tfgrb, kb s`lt >
- Cbaflcb c `uvbrturb BA 7 (Fllbxb =9) - Khbagsb c`ssgbr gap`rt - Dbttrb c `uvbrturb BA 5 (Fllbxb ;;) - A`cgjgkftg`l BA 8 (Fllbxb ==) - Srflsagssg`l Srflsagssg`l cb c`kuabl c`kuablts ts BA 3 (Fllbxb =;) - Dbvçb cb rçsbrvbs BA ==(Fllbxb =3) 6.3.= Df pr`kçcurb 6¹) ]blsbgelbabl ]blsbgelbabltt cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb k`lj`raçablt fux k`lcgtg`ls cb df trflsfk tr flsfktg`l tg`l
lçe`kgçbs cfls db k`ltrft. =¹) Dbs tbrabs bt k`lcgtg`ls jgeurflt sur df cbaflcb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, c`gvblt îtrb
k`lj`rabs fux ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs rbdftgvbs fux Krçcgts C`kuabltfgrbs (Yumdgkftg`l cb df KKG L¹:99). ;¹) Df cbaflcb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb j`raudçb pfr db kdgblt c`llbur c `rcrb, c`gt îtrb
k`lj`rab fu a`cèdb typb cb df MCD (BA7 v`gr fllbxb =9) cgjjusç pfr Kgrkudfgrb MCD YCE L¹9:/=997 cu cu 92 fvrgd =997)
628
[bd`l dbs pr`kçcurbs fktubddbablt bl vgeubur fu sbgl cb df MCD, db trfgtbablt cu krçcgt c`kuabltfg c`kua bltfgrb rb é «d gap`rtftg`l¿ gap`rtftg`l¿ sb kk`l `lkrçtgsb krçtgsb pfr ulb sçrgb c `pçrftg`ls qug k`aablkblt fu lgvbfu lgv bfu cb d febl feblkb kb c`ag c`agkgdgftfg kgdgftfgrb, rb, bt ttr`uvblt r`uvblt dbur pr`d`lebablt fuprès cb df Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd. Yrbagèrb phfsb> D `uvbr `uvbrtur turbb Çtfpb 6> ]çkbptg`l cb df cbaflcb -BA7- j`raudçb pfr db kdgblt bt dbs vçrgjgkftg`ls
µ
é bjjbktubr ? Çtfpb => K`lstgtutg`l cb df pr`vgsg`l ?
µ
Çtfpb ;> Ybrkbptg`l Ybrkbptg`l cbs k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg`ls bxgegmdbs é d `uvbrturb cu Krbc`k ?
µ
Çtf Çtfpb pb 33>> Srf Srfls lsag agssg ssg`l `l cb d BA5 é ddff CK CKGG é d fppug fppug cb d BB[23.
µ
6.3.; Db skhçaf skhçaf k`aptfmdb k`aptfmdb fu lgvbfu lgvbfu cb d feblkb
Dbs k`aptbs utgdgsçs s`lt> 399 xxxxx x k`aptb kdgblt ED 399 p`ur df kdgbltèdb kdgbltè db k`aabrkgfdb.
µ
325 xxxxx x k`aptb kdgblt ED 325 cbvgsbs.
µ
=:2 xxxxx x pr`vgsg`l pr`vgsg`l bl ftt fttbltb bltb cb trflsjbrt Krbc`k (usfeb CKG).
µ
595 79599 6 k`aagssg`l c `uvbrturb Krbc`k gap`rt sbktbur pumdgk.
µ
595 7959= ; k`aagssg`l c `uvbrturb Krbc`k gap`rt sbktbur prgvç.
µ
595 79595 6 k`aagssg`l cb a`cgjgkftg`l Krbc`k.
µ
595 79598 = k`aagssg`l sur rèedbablt Krbc`k gap`rt.
µ
;36 78969 9 SZF é rbvbrsbr.
µ
Dbs k`aagssg`ls c `uvbrturb s`lt é prçdbvbr sugvfl sugvfltt k`lcg k`lcgtg`ls tg`ls cb mflqub bl vgeubur > CBMGS > k`aptb kdgblt 399 xxxxx x K]BCGS > 595 79599 6 (sbktbur prgvç) (@u 595 7959= 6 (sbktbur ( sbktbur pumdgk)) pumdgk)) K]BCGS > ;36 78969 9 (SZF é rbvbrsbr) r bvbrsbr)
23
Bkrgturbs bltrb sgèebs bl fmrçeç BB[ > kb s`lt cbs k`aptbs cb dgfgs`l p`ur df k`aptfmgdgsftg`l k`aptfmgdgsftg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls bltrb dbs cgjjçrbltbs strukturbs k`aptfmdbs cb df mflqub. S`utb BB[ c`gt îtrb k`aptfmgdgsçb (cçm`ukdçb) fu pdus
tfrc cfls dbs 38 hburbs qug sugvblt sf cftb cb rçkbptg`l. Dbs BB[ bl suspbls s`lt cçkdfrçb cçkdfrçbss ablsubddbablt cfls ul çtft fcrbssç é df Cgrbktg`l Kbltrfdb cb K`aptfmgdgtç p`ur flfdysb bt nustgjgkftg`l. 627
Dbs k`aagssg`ls k`aagssg`ls cb rèedbablt s`lt k`a ptfmgdgsçbs k`aab ssugt ugt > CBMGS > k`aptb kdgblt 399 xxxxx x K]BCGS > 595 79598 = K]BCGS > ;36 78969 9
Df pr`vgsg`l bst k`lstgtuçb pfr> CBMGS > k`aptb kdgblt (cbvgsbs `u cglfrs) K]BCGS ;5; 799:: 6 (BB[ çagsb é df CKG) Jgeurbb L¹ =9 Jgeur =9 > Dgmbdd Dgmbddçç cb d BB[ c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb Krbc`k
L/]BJ .. @RZB]SR]B K]BC@K AF]EB F ..%
@]C]B
JFZBR] .. A@LSFLS BL CBZG[B[ .KZ/CF [BD@L K@SFSG@L L¹ .cu
[`urkb > gaprgaç BB[ MCD
Cbuxgèab phfsb> Bxç Bxçkut kutg`l g`l pfr pfr df CKG CKG cb d BA5 rbåu rbåu cb cb d feblkb. feblkb. Df CKG c`gt c`gt rbkbv rbkbv`gr `gr cb d febl feblkb kb > -
Rlb k`pgb cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb BA7 ?
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Rl nbu BA 5 ?
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Rlb k`pg k`pgbb cb d fkk` fkk`rc rc c `uvbrturb bt fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcgt cb df strukturb hfmgdgtçb22 ?
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Rlb k`pgb cb df jfkturb pr` j`raf c`agkgdgçb ?
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BB[ CKG ?
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Cgx cbrlgbrs a`uvbablts cu kdgblt.
22
Eçlçrfdbab Eçlçrfdbablt lt C]B
`u CJB 6:9
Bddb bxçkutb blsugtb dbs `pçrftg`ls sugvfltbs sugvfltbs > D BB[ bst é cçm`uk cçm`ukdb dbrr pfr krçcg krçcgtt c ul k`aptb c fttbltb pr`vgsg`l bl efrfltgb (Y]BE 2:) ED =:2. Btfpb 6> Cçmgt k`aptb Y]BE k`lkbrlç.
µ
Btfpb => Krçcgt k`aptb MCD fuprès cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb. c`kuabltfgrb. µ Btfpb ;> Srflsagssg`l cu abssfeb [UGJS> @uvbrturb Krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. µ
Çtfpb 3> Yfssftg`l cbs çkrgturbs c blefebablts h`rs mgdfl.
µ
Sr`gsgèab phfsb> Dbs çvbltubddbs a`cgjgkftg`ls A`cgjgkftg`l é df mfgssb `u é df hfussb cu a`ltflt cu Krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
µ
A`cgjgkftg`l c ulb cftb cb vfdgcgtç (cftb dgagtb cb vfdgcgtç cu krçcgt
µ
c`kuabltfgrb, c`kuabl tfgrb, cftb dgag dgagtb tb cb prçsbl prçsbltftg`l tftg`l cbs c`kuablts, c`kuablts, bt/`u cb cftb dgagtb dgagtb c bxpçcgtg`l) Vuftrgèab phfsb> Df rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb Yfr pfgbablt - kfsh - (f vub)
µ
Yfr fkkbptftg`l - é çkhçflkb - (trfgtb tgrçb sur df Mflqub cb rçfdgsftg`l) rçfdgsft g`l)
µ
Yfr lçe`kgftg`l - é çkhçflkb - (trfgtb tgrçb sur df mflqub çabttrgkb `u sur ul futrb
µ
tgrç cçsgelç pfr db Mçlçjgkgfgrb cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb). 6.2 Df a`cgjgkftg`l a`cgjgkftg`l c ul krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgr c`kuabltfgrbb
Rl krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb lb lb pbut îtrb a`cgjgç `u flludç sfls d fkk`rc cbs pfrtgbs blefeçbs> db c`llbur c `rcrb, df mflqub çabttrgkb, df mflqub k`ljgrafltb (sg k`ljgraç) bt db mçlçjgkgfgrb. Db mflqugbr trflsabt dbs a`cgjgkftg`ls pfr ul AS 595 (abssfeb [UGJS) é df C@C « cgrbktg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls c`kuabltfgrbs. Kbddb-kg dbs trflsabt é s`l t`ur é df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb pfr [UGJS. Db kdgblt supp`rtb dbs jrfgs cb a`cgjgkftg`ls (6999 CF) fglsg qub df k`aagssg`l cu abssfeb [UGJS (=999 CF) bt df SZF.
2:
K`aptb fmrgtflt df pr`vgsg`l md`quçb bl fttbltb cu rèedbablt. 6:6
Cçmgt > K`aptb kdgblt Krçcgt > K`aagssg`l sur kr ççcgt cgt c`kuabltfgrb.
Krçcgt > K`aagssg`l [UGJS. Krçcgt > SZF k`ddbktçb (65%).
Df mflqub cb d bxp`rtftbur qug bst df mflqub çtrfl çtrfleèrb eèrb furf quflt é bddb db ródb cb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb `u çvbltubddbablt k`ljgraftrgkb. Df rçfdgsftg`l cu Krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb sb cçl`ubrf é s`l lgvbfu > bddb rbå`gt dbs c`kuablts cb s`l kdgblt ? dbs vçrgjgb bt rèedb s`l kdgblt. 6.: Dbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs spçkgfux 6.:.6 Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb trflsjçrfmdb
K bst ulb fut`rgs fut`rgsftg`l ftg`l qqub ub c`ll c`llbb d gap`rtftbur gap`rtftbur bbtt sf mflq mflqub ub é d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur pp`ur `ur trflsjçrbr t`ut `u pfrtgb cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bl jfvbur c ul `u pdusgburs sbk`lcs mçlçjgkgfgrbs cfls cfls s`l pr`prb pfy pfyss `u é d çtrflebr. D bxp`rtftbur lb pbut khflebr khflebr dbs tbrabs cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é pfrt dbs prgx ulg ulgtfgrbs tfgrbs bt l`l pfs dbs qufltgtçs (p`ur prblcrb ulb afreb), df vfdgcgtç cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bt df cftb dgagtb c bamfrqubablt. 6.:.= Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb rbv`dvgle
K bst ul krçcgt c`lt db a`ltflt bst jrfktg`llç bl pdusgburs trflkhbs rbl`uvbdfmdbs fut`aftgqubablt. fut`aftgquba blt. Gd pbrabt cb pr`kçcbr é cbs cbs pfg pfgbablts bablts sukkbssgjs cfls db kfs cbs dgvrfgs`ls çkhbd`llçbs, l`tfaablt p`ur cbs blv`gs sgagdfgrbs c ul aîab a`ltflt bjjbktuçs rçeudgèrbablt. 6.:.; Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb fc`ssç `u mfko t` mfko
K bst ul sbk`lc krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`llçb pfr df mflqub bt c`lt db c`llbur c `rcrb bst mçlçjgkgfgrb c ul krçcgt c`kuabl c` kuabltfgrb tfgrb glgtgfd pbrabttflt df rçfdgsftg`l cb df trflsfktg`l. Db vblcbur, bl tflt qub mçl mçlçjgkgfgrb çjgkgfgrb cu prbagbr krçcg krçcgt,t, d `jjrb é df mflqub mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb bl « efrfltgb ¿ cb d çagssg`l cu sbk`lc krçcgt. Bl qufdgtç cb c`llbur c `rcrb p`ur kb sbk`lc krçcgt, gd bst rbsp`lsfmd rbsp`lsfmdbb vgs-é-vgs cb kbttb mflqub cu rbam`ursbablt cbs pfgbablts, qu gd s`gt
dug- aîab rçedç `u l`l, cfls db kfs cu prbagbr krçcgt. 6:=
6.:.3 Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb rbc kdfusb kdfusb `u kdfusb r`ueb
K bst ul krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb qug fut`rgsb df mflqub l`tgjgkftrgkb é c`llbr cbs fvflkbs é d bxp`rtftbur fvflt fvflt df rçkbptg`l cbs c`kuablts c`kuablts p`ur sftgsjfgrb sbs mmbs`gls bs`gls cb trçs`rbrgb, bl k`ltrb pfrtgb cb df efrfltgb c ul blefebablt cb rbstgtutg`l c fk`aptbs. Kbs fvflkbs pbuvblt fddbr nusqu'é 89% cu a`ltflt cu krçcgt. Bl Fdeçrgb bddbs lb cçpfssblt pfs 62% cu a`ltflt cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb. 6.:.2 Df dbttrb cb krçcgt stflc my
Kbttb j`rab cb krçcgt bst utgdgsçb l`tfaablt fux Btfts-Rlgs bt bl Fsgb. Df mflqub sb abt é k`tç cb df trflsfktg`l bt efrfltgb db pfgbablt cu mçlçjgkgfgrb bl kfs cb cçjfgddflkb cb d fkhb fkhbtbu tbur. r. Bl Fdeçrgb, df dbttrb cb krçcgt [tflc My sbrf df k`ltrb efrfltgb bl jfvbur c ulb mflqub fdeçrgbllb qug vf çabttrb ulb efrfltgb é prbagèrb cbaflcb (df efrfltgb c`gt îtrb c`llçb pfr ulb mflqub fdeçrgbllb efrfltgb pfr ulb mflqub çtrfleèrb). 6.:.: Df dbttrb cb efrfltgb bt db m`l cb kbssg`l mflkfgrb
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df dbttrb cb efrfltgb p`ur fmsblkb cb c`kuablts >
Df dbttrb cb efrfltgb (v`gr fllbxb =2) bst ul blefebablt c`llç pfr df mflqub bl jfvbur
c'ul gap`rtftbur p`ur dug pbrabttrb, bl fmsblkb cu k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab, cb rbtgrbr rfpgcbablt dbs afrkhflcgsbs cu p`rt. Df dbttrb cb efrfltgb bst ulb kfutg`l pfr dfqubddb db mflqugbr fttbstb qub s`l cçtbltbur bst db cbstglftfgrb cb df afrkhflcgsb. afrkhflcgsb. K bst, c`lk, ul bl blefebablt efebablt pfr sgelfturb cb df mflqub é d çefrc çefrc cu trfls trflsp`rtbur. p`rtbur. Rlb j`gs j`gs dbs cc`kuablts `kuablts frrgvçs, frrgvçs, d feblkb c`agkgdgftfgrb gglvgtb lvgtb d gap`rtftbur é dbs rbtgrbr bt bxgeb df rbstgtutg`l cb df dbttrb cb efrfltgb.
kbssg`l mflkfgrb > Db m`l cb kbssg`l
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6:;
Fu kfs `÷ df afrkhflcgsb bst bxpçcgçb pfr bxpçcgçb pfr v`gb tbrrbstrb `u fçrgbllb, fçrgbllb, df mflqub cçdgvrb cçdgvrb ul m`l cb kbssg`l mflkfgrb fu dgbu cb df dbttrb cb c b efrfltgb. Db m`l cb kbssg`l mflkfgrb (v`gr fllbxb =:) bst db a`ybl cb trflsjbrt cb df pr`prgçtç
cbs afrkhflcgsbs v`yfebflt pfr v`gb fçrgbllb `u tbrrbstrb aîab bl df prçsblkb cbs c`kuablts c bxpçcgtg`l, kfr gds s`lt l`aglftgjs bt c`lk l`l blc`ssfmdbs é df cgjjçrblkb cu k`llfgssbablt qug sb trflsabt pfr v`gb c blc`ssbablt. 6.5 ]bk`aaflcftg`ls prftgqubs p`ur db trfgtbablt cu Krbc`k fu lgvbfu feblkb
Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb çtflt ul blefebablt pfr sgelfturb, s`l `uvbrturb lb pbut gltbrvblgr qub sbd`l sbd`l d fkk`apdgssbablt cbs k`lcgtg`l k`lcgtg`lss kg fprès> 6.5.6 Fspbk Fspbktt çdgegmgdgtç çdgegmgdgtç cb cb d gap`rtftg`l gap`rtftg`l
Db pr`cugt, pr`cugt, df a afrkhflcgsb, frkhflcgsb, db db sbrvgkb, lb c`gt (c (c`gvblt) `gvblt) pfs îtrb s`us d bjjbt> - [`gt c ulb gltbrcgktg`l fms`dub ? - [`gt c ulb gltbrcgktg`l rbdftgvb ? - [`gt c ulb absurb cb sfuvbefrcb. D feblkb feblkb c`gt çefd çefdbabl babltt s fssu fssurbr rbr qqub> ub> D gap`r gap`rtftbur tftbur lb c`g c`gtt pfs îtrb s`us d bjjbt c ulb sflktg`l>
- [`gt c ulb sflktg`l bxtbrlb é df MCD ? - [`gt c ulb gltbrcgktg`l gltbrlb cb df MCD. j`urlgssbur çtrflebr llbb c`gt pfs îtrb s`us d bjjbt c ulb sflktg`l. Db j`urlgssbur F kbt bjjbt, db rbsp`lsfmdb rbsp`lsfmdb k`lkbrlç fu lgvbfu lgvbfu cb d feblkb c`gt k`lsudtbr k`lsudtbr dbs tr`gs dgstbs rbdftgvbs fux rbstrgktg`ls kg k g cbssus.25
6.5.= Fspbkt k`lj`ragtç cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
25
Dgstbs c
gltbrcgktg`l bt cb sflktg`l cgjjusçbs pfr df MF. 6:3
[bud d gaprga gaprgaçç BA7 c`g c`gtt îtrb utgdg utgdgsç sç p`ur kb qu gd k`ap`rtb bl pdus cbs kfrfktçrgstgqubs, çdçablts, k`lcgtg`ls bt glstruktg`ls cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb é `uvrgr, cbs abltg`ls tblflt fux blefebablts blefebabl ts bt rbsp`ls rbsp`lsfmgdgtçs. fmgdgtçs. Dbs çdçablts çdçablts prglkgpfux qug c`gvblt jjfgrb fgrb d `mnbt cb vç vçrgjgkftg`l rgjgkftg`l s`lt > - -
Db a`ltflt ? Db mçlçjgkgfgrb ?
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D çkhçfl çkhçflkb kb ?
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Db a`cb cb rçfdgsftg`l ?
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Db cbskrgptgj cbs c`kuablts ?
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Df k`lk`rcflkb fvbk df jfkturb pr` j`raf ?
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Dbs a`cfdgtçs cb trflsp`rt ?
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Db luaçr` cb k`aptb ?
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Df sgelfturb cu kdgblt.
Df cbaflcb bst çtfmdgb bl quftrb bxba bxbapdfgrbs pdfgrbs > -
Cbux bxbapdfgrbs fcrbssçs é df CKG.
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Rl bxbapdfgrb bxbapdfgrb k`lsb k`lsbrvç rvç fu c`s c`ssgbr sgbr pfr d feblkb.
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Rl bxbapdfgrb c fkkusç cb rçkbptg`l fu kdgblt.
6.5.; Fspbkt efrfltgb fu pdfl blefebablt
6¹) Yr`vgsg`l k`lstgtuçb, sbd`l db kfs> - 699% fueabltçb c ulb afreb (bxbapdb 2%) d`rsqub df cbaflcb p`rtb sur ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb glcgquflt «a`ltflt afxgaua¿. - 699% fueabltçb c ulb afreb (bxbapdb 69%) d`rsqub df cbaflcb p`rtb sur ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabl tfgrb glcgqufl glcgqufltt «a`ltflt blvgr`l¿. =¹) Fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcgt, bl k`urs cb vfdgcgtç p`ur df k`lstgtutg`l cb pr`vgsg pr` vgsg`l(s) `l(s) ? ;¹) Lfltgssbablt cb m`ls cb kfgssb, bt/`u ulb efrfltgb c ulb glstgtutg`l jglflkgèrb `u c ulb k`apfelgb c fssurflkb c`lt df sgelfturb bst ferçb (fkkbptçb) pfr df MCD?
3¹) @u ul cçpót é tbrab. 6:2
6.5.3 Fspbkt K`lstgtutg`l cu c`ssgbr c`ssgbr c `uvbrtur `uvbrturbb
F l`tbr qub df Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb K` aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd kk`aaulgqubrf, `aaulgqubrf, é d feblkb, udtçrgburbablt db luaçr` luaçr` cb rçjçrblkbs rçjçrblkbs cb d `uvbrturb cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb. Db rbsp`l rbsp`lsfmd sfmdbb k`l k`lkbrlç kbrlç fu lg lgvbfu vbfu cb d febl feblkb kb c`g c`gtt s fssurbr fssurbr qu qubb d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l f jfg jfgtt d `mnbt c ulb c`agkgdgftg`l rçeudgèrb. Dbs c`kuablts sugvflts c`gvblt îtrb glsçrçs cfls dbcgt c`ssgbr> 6- Df cbaflcb bl c`umdb bxbapdfgrbs cÿablt sgelçs pfr db c`llbur c `rcrb `u s`l aflcftfgrb dçefdbablt cçsgelç ? =- Df jfkturb pr` j`raf `u db k`ltrft k`aabrkgfd cÿablt sgelç pfr dbs pfrtgbs k`ltrfktfltbs? ;- Df k`pgb cb df pgèkb k`aptfmdb k`lkbrlflt df k`lstgtutg`l cb df pr`vgsg`l ? 3- Df k`pgb k`pgb cb d fkk`rc (çvbl (çvbltubd) tubd) fu pdfl blefebablt çtfmdg pfr d `reflb hfmgdgtç? hfmgdgtç? 2- Df k`pgb cb df efrfltgb cb m`llb bxçkutg`l bt/`u cb rbstgtutg`l c fk`aptb? :- Df dbttrb cftçb bt cÿablt sgelçb pfr db kdgblt c`llbur c `rcrb, fcrbssçb fcrbssçb é d feblkb feblkb bt pfr dfqubdd dfqubddbb gd c`llb df/dbs rfgs`l(s) cb s`l rbjus c bxgebr cb s`l j`urlgssbur j`urlgssbur df a agsb gsb bl pdfkb cb df efrfltgb cb m`llb bxçkutg`l? 5- S`us futrb(s) c`kuablt(s) bxgeç(s) pfr df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb. 6.5.2 Fspbkt trfgtbabl trfgtbabltt cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb
Cçs rçkbptg`l cb df cbaflcb cu kdgblt c`llbur c` llbur c `rcr `rcrb, b, d feblk feblkbb pr`kècb pr`kècb é d `uvbrtu `uvbrturb rb
c ul c`ssgbr «@uvbrturb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb¿ bt kb, bl blrbegstrflt df cbaflcb sur db rbegstrb cçcgç é kb typb c `pçrftg`l. Fjgl c îtrb k`lj`rab é df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs bl vgeubur, df cbaflcb
c `uvbrturb cb krçcgt cc`kuabltfgrb `kuabltfgrb c`gt prçv`gr bxprbssçabl bxprbssçabltt d bxgeblkb, l`tfaablt, cbs cbux c`kuablts sugvflts> 6¹) db c`kuablt cb trflsp`rt (K`llfgssbablt «`l m`frc¿, Cupdgkftf cb df Dbttrb cb Z`gturb, Dbttrb cb Srflsp`rt Srflsp`rt Fçrgbl) fttbstflt cb d bxpçcgtg`l cbs afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs é ccbstglftg`l bstglftg`l bxkdusgvb cu tbrrgt`grb c`uflgbr lftg`lfd?
=¹) db c`kuablt c`kuablt cb trflsp`rt c`g c`gtt îtrb gapçrftgvbablt dgmbddç é d `rcrb cb df MCD cfls db kfs `÷ db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bst gaputç é ulb dgelb cb krçcgt `ktr`yç pfr df mflqub. 6::
Bxkbptg`llbddbablt,t, gd bst fcags qub db Bxkbptg`llbddbabl qub db cc`kuablt `kuablt cb trflsp`rt pbut îtrb ddgmbddç gmbddç é d `rcrb cu kdgblt gap`rtftbur d`rsqub df pr`vgsg`l bst k`lstgtuçb bl t`tfdgtç é pfrtgr cb j`lcs fppfrtblflt fucgt kdgblt. Fjgl cb sfuvbefrcbr dbs gltçrîts cb df MCD, bt cfls db kfs `÷ db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
c`gt îtrb gaputç é ulb dgelb dgelb cb krçcgt `ktr`yçb pfr df mflqub, d `pçrftgvgtç cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`gt îtrb sum`rc`llçb é df rçkbptg`l pfr db c`llbur c `rcrb, cb df Efrfltgb cb m`llb bxçkutg`l bt/`u cb df Efrfltgb cb rbstgtutg`l c fk`aptb fu kfs `÷ d fk`aptb bst pfy pfyfmdb fmdb cfls ddbb kfcrb cu krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb. bltfgrb. 6.5.: Fspbkt trflsags trflsagssg`l sg`l cb df df cbaflcb cbaflcb c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb pfr d feblkb é df df CKG
Df cbaflcb cbaflcb qub c`gvblt fcrbssb fcrbssbrr dbs feblkbs é df CKG f çtç k`lå k`låub ub bt kfdquçb sur db j`raft cb df abssfebrgb [UGJS bt kb, fjgl cb pbrabttrb fu(x) rbsp`lsfmdb(s)> - cbs feblkbs cb sb jfagdgfrgsbr cfvfltfeb é df abssfebrgb [UGJS bt c`lk dbs prçpfrbr p`ur ulb çvbltubddb çvbltubddb cçkbl cçkbltrfdgsftg`l trfdgsftg`l cu trfgtbablt cbs `pçrf `pçrftg`ls tg`ls c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrbs tfgrbs ? - cb df C.K.G cb trfgtbr bblk`rb lk`rb pdus rfpgcbablt dbs cbaflcbs cb d bspèkb. Dbs feblkbs c`gvblt utgdgsbr db a`cèdb typb cb cbaflcb é fcrbssbr é df C.K.G> Gd s fegt cu j`raudfg j`raudfgrb rb gltgtudç BA5 (cgjjusç pfr Kgrkudfgrb Kgrkudfgrb YCE cu 92 fv fvrgd rgd =997). F kbt bjjbt, dbs rbsp`ls rbsp`lsfmdbs fmdbs k`l k`lkbrlçs kbrlçs ccbb d febl feblkb kb c`gvblt c`gvblt fpp`rtbr fpp`rtbr t`utb d fttbltg`l fttbltg`l lçkbssfgrb lçkbssfg rb p`ur> 6¹) rblsbgelbr dbs cgjjçrblts khfaps cu j`raudfgrb (supp`rt) BA5 sur dbqubd cbvrf îtrb fpp`sçb df (dbs) sgelfturb(s) hfmgdgtçb(s). =¹) trflsabttrb s`us dbur dbur rbsp`lsfmgdgtç rbsp`lsfmgdgtç é df C.K.G db j`raudfgrb BA5 fk fkk`apfelç k`apfelç cu c`ssgbr k`rrbsp`lcflt. 6.5.5 Fspbkt a`cgjgkftg`l (s) cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrbs
Bl rèedb eçlçrfdb, df cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l(s) pbut çaflbr>
* s`gt cu mçl mçlçjgkgfgrb çjgkgfgrb (j`urlgssbur çtrflebr)
6:5
* s`gt cu c`llbur c `rcrb `rcrb (kdgblt cb d feblkb, gap`rtftbur/fkhb gap`rtftbur/fkhbtbur) tbur) [g bddb bst j`raudçb pfr db mçlçjgkgfgrb, mçl çjgkgfgrb, df cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l pfrvgblt s`us
j`rab cb abssfeb [UGJS (futhbltgjgç) AS . é df MCD - Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd. Kbttb cbaflcb bst k`aaulgquçb k`aaulgquçb pfr df C.K.G é d feblkb k`lkbrlçb k`lkbrlçb é khfreb p`ur kbttb cbrlgèrb cb rçpbrkutbr df cbaflcb sur db kdgblt p`ur rbkubgddgr cb jfå`l bxprbssb cu c`llbur c `rcrb> * s`gt s`l fkk`rc sur df/dbs a`cgjgkftg`l(s) cbaflcçb(s) * s`gt s`l rbjus. [g bddb bst j`raudçb pfr db c`llbur c `rcrb, df cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l c`gt îtrb
trfgtçb sbd`l sbd`l df pr`kçcurb bt cça cçafrkhb frkhb prçk`lg prçk`lgsçbs sçbs p`ur d `uvbrturb cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb. Df cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l(s) a`cgjgkftg`l(s) pbut p`rtbr sur> - ulb fueabltftg`l `u ulb cgaglutg`l cu krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb - ulb pr`r`eftg`l cb df vfdgcgtç cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb -
ulb a`cgjgkftg`l cu a`cb cb rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
- Db krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb pbut jjfgrb fgrb d `mnbt c ulb flludftg`l. A`cgjgkftg`l Y`rtflt pr`r`eftg`l cb df cftb cb vfdgcgtç cu krçcgt mflkfgrb
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kb kfs kfs,, db/dbs rbs rbsp`lsfmdb(s) p`lsfmdb(s) fu lgvbfu cb d feblkb c`gt c`gt (c`gvblt) s fssurbr qub df df Cfls kb cftb cb pr`r`eftg`l cbaflcçb bst bl «cbcfls¿ cb df cftb dgagtb cb vfdgcgtç cb d fut`rg fut`rgsftg`l sftg`l cu krç krçcg cgt.t. Cfls db kfs `÷ df pr`vgsg`l furfgt çtç k`lstgtuçb bl t`tfdgtç pfr db c`llbur c `rcrb, df
cbaflcb cu c`llbur c `rcrb bst rbkbvfmdb rbkbvfmdb bt p`urrf c`lk îîtrb trb bxçkutçb pfr d feblkb. A`cgjgkftg`l p`rtflt Fueabltftg`l `u cgaglutg`l cu a`ltflt cu krçcgt
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c`kuabltfgrb
@utrb sf cbaflcb bxprbssb, db kdgblt c`llbur c `rcrb cbvrf prçsbltbr é s`l feblkb ulb
l`uvbddb jfkturb `u ul fvblflt fu k`ltrft cb mfsb glgtgfd, bt kb, bl vub cb c`agkgdgftg`l 6:8
s`us dbs aîabs rçjçrblkbs (Frtgkdb (Frtgkdb ;3 cu ]èedbablt L¹95/96 cu 9; jçvrgbr =995 cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb). Db/dbs rbsp`lsfmdb(s) fu lgvbfu cb d feblkb c`gt (c`gvblt) v vçrgjgbr çrgjgbr bt k`ljgrabr k`ljgrabr qub df df
vfdgcgtç cu krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb l bst pfs çkhub. Db/dbs rbsp`lsfmdb(s) fu lgvbfu cb d feblkb c`gt (c`gvblt) vçrgjgbr sg d fueabltftg`l
cu a`ltflt a`ltflt cu krçcg krçcgtt pbut s gls glskrgrb krgrb>> - cfls d blk`urs bt ddff cftb cb vfdgcgtç cb d fut`rgsftg`l cb krçcgt. Bl kkfs fs `÷ gd bst k`lstftç ul cçpfssbablt cçpfssbablt,, ul fkk`rc fu pdfl blefebablt bst fd`rs fd`rs gapçrftgj. gapçrft gj. - `u fu cçmgt cu k`aptb pr`vgsg`llç cu kdgblt c`llbur c `rcrb. Bl kfs `÷ db k`aptb l bst pfs sujjgsfaablt ppr`vgsg r`vgsg`llç, `llç, ul vbrsbabl vbrsbabltt k`apdçabltfgrb k`apdçabltfgrb c`gt c`gt îtrb bxgeç bxgeç cu kdgblt. A`cgjgkftg`l cu a`cb cb rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
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S`utb cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l cu a`cb cb rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`gt
jfgrb jfg rb d `mnbt `mnbt c ul fkk`rc prçfdfmdb bt bxprbss cb df strukturb cb krçcgt k`lkbrlçb.
Cfls db kfs `÷ df rçfdgsftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb sbrf bjjbktuçb sur df mfsb cb df
pr`vgsg`l k`lstgtuçb k` lstgtuçb bl t`tfdgtç pfr db c`llbur c `rcrb, d fkk`rc fu fu pdfl blefeb blefebabl abltt l bst pfs lçkbssfgrb. Cçs qub d ulb `u d futrb kk`lcg `lcgtg`l tg`l bs bstt fkk`a fkk`apdgb, pdgb, d feblkb feblkb trflsabt, trflsabt, s`us s`us ssff
rbsp`lsfmgdgtç, df cbaflcb cb a`cgjgkftg`l (bl glcgquflt db l`uvbfu a`cb cb rçfdgsftg`l) é df C.K.G. 6.5.8 Fspbkt flludftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
Cès qub df cbaflcb c flludftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb bst rbåub pfr d feblkb, kbddbkbddb-
kg pr`kècb fux vçrgjgkftg`ls sugvfltbs> * Df sgelfturb cu c`llbur c `rcrb (c`gt (c`gt îtrb k`lj`rab fu spçkgabl cçtblu pfr d feblkb). * Db krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb c`gt îtrb t`un t`un`urs `urs bl k`urs cb vvfdgcgtç. fdgcgtç. Rlb j`gs kbs vçrgjgkftg`ls vçrgjgkftg`ls bjjbktuçbs, d feblkb trflsabt ddff cbaflcb c flludftg`l é df C.K.G. bl
glcgquflt prglkgpfdbablt>
6:7
* Dbs rçjçrblkbs cu c`ssgbr eçrç eçrç pfr pfr df C.K.G ? * Db a`ltflt cu krçcgt c`kuab c`kuabltfgrb ltfgrb ? * Df rfgs rfgs`l `l s`kgfdb (l`a) cu mmçlçjgkgfgrb çlçjgkgfgrb cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb ? * Df rfgs`l s`kgfdb (l`a) cu c`llbur c `rcrb ? * Df rfgs`l s`kgfdb (l`a) cb df mflqub ççtrfleèrb trfleèrb fuprès cb ddfqubddb fqubddb fvfgt çtç `uvb `uvbrt rt db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb `mnbt cb df cbaflcb c flludftg`l. Cès qub df cbaflcb c flludftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bst rbåub pfr df C.K.G, kbddb-
kg pr`kècb fux vçrgjgkftg`ls c usfeb, bt sg db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bst flludç, bddb> - k`l k`ljgrab jgrab é d febl feblkb kb d fllud flludftg`l ftg`l cu krç krçcgt cgt cc`kua `kuabltfg bltfgrb rb ? - pr`kècb é «d bxt`urlb¿ cb d çkrgturb k`a k`aptfmdb ptfmdb qug fvfgt k`ls k`lsfkrçb fkrçb df pr`vg pr`vgsg`l sg`l (rbtblub bl efrfltgb fuprès cb df C.K.G) ? - k`aaulgqub k`aaulgqub é d feblkb ddbb a`ltflt cbs jjrfgs rfgs c flludftg`l (k`aagssg`l, bt jrfgs cu k`rrbsp`lcfltt mflkfgrb çtrflebr, sg kbs jrfgs lb s`lt pfs prgs bl khfreb pfr db mçlçjgkgfgrb cu k`rrbsp`lcfl krçcgt). Cès rçkbptg`l cb df k`ljgraftg`l cb d flludftg`l cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb rbåub cb cb df
C.K.G, d feblkb pr`kècb fu kd kdfssbablt fssbablt cbs c`kuablts c`kuablts sugvflts cfls db c`ssgbr c`ssgbr «`uvbrturb cb krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb¿ bltfgrb¿ (afgltblflt flludç)> * Df cba cbaflcb flcb cu kdgblt cc`llbur `llbur c `rcrb ? * Df kk`pgb `pgb cb ddff cbaflcb c flludftg`l cb d feblkb trfl trflsagsb sagsb é df C.K.G ? * Db kk`urrgbr `urrgbr rbåu cb df C.K.G k`ljgraflt k`ljgraflt d flludftg`l cu krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb ? * Df pgèkb k`aptfmdb (Fvgs cb cçmgt) cbs jrfgs c flludftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb bt dbs jrfgs - çvbltubds - cu k`rrbsp`lcfl k`rrbsp`lcfltt çtrflebr. =. Srf Srfgtbabl gtbabltt cu Krbc`k cfls db db kfs c ulb bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l
=.6 Cgsp`sgtg`ls prglkgpfdbs =.6.6 Df c`agkgdgftg`l 659
Fu aîab tgtrb qub dbs gap`rtftg`ls, df rçed rçedbabltftg`l babltftg`l bl vgeubur gap`sb d `mdgeftg`l cb c`agkgdgftg`l é t`utb `pçrftg`l c bxp`r ttftg`l ftg`l cb afrkhflcgsb `u cb sbrvgkb é cbstglftg`l cb d çtrflebr. Df pfrtgkudfrg pfrtgkudfrgtç tç cfls kb kf kfss rçsgcb cfls db jfgt qub df c`agkgdgftg`l c`gt cfls t`us dbs kfs kfs îtrb prçf prçfdfm dfmdb db é d bxpç bxpçcgtg`l cgtg`l28. [`lt bxkdubs bxkdubs cb d `mdgeftg`l cb c`agkgdgftg`l > - Dbs bxp`rtftg`ls tbap`rfgrbs sfuj s bddbs c`llblt dgbu é pfgbablt cb prbstftg`ls pfr rfpftrgbablt cb cbvg cbvgsbs. sbs. - Dbs bxp`rtftg`ls k`ltrb rbam`ursbablt c ulb vfdbur gljçrgburb é ;9999 CF rçfdgsçbs pfr d bltrbagsb cb d fcaglgstrftg`l cbs p`stbs bbtt tçdçk`aaulgkftg`ls. tçdçk`aaulgkftg`ls. - Kbssg`l cfls db kfcrb cbs bxp`sgtg`ls bt j`grbs. S`ut pr`cugt kçcç d`rs cb kbs aflgjbstftg`ls bst bst s`uags é cc`agkgdgftg`l `agkgdgftg`l udtçrgburb bt d `pçrftbur çk`l`agqub çk`l`agqub bst tblu cb rbabttrb fu eugkhbt c`agkgdgftfgrb df cçkdfrftg`l cbs cbvgsbs blkfgssçbs blkfgssçbs.. =.6.= Df qufdgtç qufdgtç cb cb d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur
Dbs gltbrvblflts fcags fu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur s`lt > Mflqubs, Fcaglgstrftg`ls, pr`cuktburs pumdgks bt prgvçs, k`aabråflts, er`ssgstbs rçeudgèrbablt glskrgts fu rbegstrb cb k`aabrkb. F kb tgtrb dbs cbaflcbs cb c`agkgdgftg`l c `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`l c`gvblt c`gvblt îtrb bxfaglçbs cfls kb kf kfcrb. crb. D bxfabl p`rtb bssbltgbddbablt bssbltgbddba blt sur df lfturb cu pr`cug pr`cugtt cbstglç é d bxp`rtftg`l pfr rçjçrblkb fu rbegstrb prçsbltç pfr db cbaflcbur bt dbs cçdfgs cb rèedbablt qug c`gvblt îtrb k`lj`rabs k`lj`rabs é df rçedbabltftg`l bl vgeubur cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb. =.6.; Dbs `mdgeftg`ls cbs pfrtgbs
D`rs cb df c`agkgdg c`agkgdgftg`l, ftg`l, d bxp`rtftbur s `mdgeb é j`urlg j`urlgrr é sf mflqub t`utb glj`raftg`l utgdb é rblsbgelbr sur db cçr`udbablt cçr`udbablt cb d `pçrftg`l pfrtgkudgèrbablt pfrtgkudgèrbablt bl aftgèrb cb rfpftrgbabl rfpftrgbabltt cu pr`cugt cfls dbs cçdfgs rbqugs fglsg qub t`ut c`kuablt c`kuablt é aîab cb k`lk`urgr é d fpurbablt cu c`ssgbr.
28
Yr`kçcurb cb c`agkgdgftg`l cbs bxp`rtftg`ls bxp`sçb cfls df sbktg`l = cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb, rçsbrvçb é df c`agkgdgftg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur. 656
Y`ur df mflqub s`l gltbrvbltg`l p`rtb p`rtb sur d gaaf gaaftrgkud trgkudftg`l ftg`l cu cu k`ltrft k`ltrft c bxp`rtftg`l c `÷ d `mdgef `mdgeftg`l tg`l c bjjbktubr p`ur db k`aptb k`aptb cb d bxp`rtftbur t`utbs dbs jj`rafdgtçs `rafdgtçs prçvubs prçvubs pfr df rçedbabltftg`l bl vgeubur. Df mflqub bst tblub cb rbkbv`gr cbs sbrvgkbs cbs c`uflbs, df cçkdfrftg`l bl c`uflb (C:) « j`raudfgrb mflqub ¿ p`ur d fpurbablt cu c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l. « Db j`raudfgrb cçkdfrfltt « cçp`sç pfr db kdgblt sbrvgrf sbudbablt fu sugvg cu c`ssgbr. cçkdfrfl =.6.3 Df lfturb cbs pr`cugts bt sbrvgkbs
Y`ur cgvbrsbs rfgs`ls, dbs p`uv`grs pumdgks gltbrvgbllblt p`ur rçeudbr, s`uabttrb é j`rafdgtçs bt k`lcgtg`ls pfrtgkudgèrbs pfrtgkudgèrbs `u aîa aîabb suspblcrb é d bxp`rtftg`l kbrtfgl kbrtfglss pr`cugts `u sbrvg sbrvgkbs. kbs. Dbs dgstbs cb kbs pr`cugts pr`cugts pr`hgmçs é d bxp`rtftg`l s`lt fppbdçbs é îtrb rçvgsçbs bl j`lktg`l cb cbss c`llçbs k`ln`lkturbddbs. k`ln`lkturbddbs. Gd fppfrtgblt c`lk fux febl feblts ts cu sbrvgkb çtrflebr cb d feblkb cb sb tblgr glj`raçs cb t`utb a`cgjgkftg`l cb kbs dgstbs. =.= Yr`kçcurb cb rèedbablt jglflkgbr cbs bxp`rtftg`ls
D `mdgeftg`l `mdgeftg`l cb rfpf rfpftrgbabl trgbabltt p`ur dfqubdd dfqubddbb d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftbur tbur bt df mflqub mflqub c`agkgdgftfg c`agkgdgftfgrb rb s`lt s`dgcfgrba s`dg cfgrbablt blt tblus k`l k`lsgstb sgstb bl d blkf blkfgssba gssbablt blt cu pr`cugt pr`cugt cb d `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l c bxp`rtftg`l rçeudgèrbablt glskrgtb. Kbt blkfgssbablt c`gt fm`utgr é ulb kbssg`l cb cbvgsbs fu pr`jgt cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb. Db prglkgpb eçlçrfd glstgtuç pfr df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs f k`lsgstç é fkk`rcbr é d bxp`rtftbu bxp`rtftburr ul cr`g cr`gtt cb cgsp cgsp`sbr `sbr c ulb pfrtgb cbs rbkbttbs c bxp`rtftg`l (h`rs hycr`kfrmurbs bt pr`cugts aglgbrs) Kb k`ltródb s fppdg fppdgqub qub fux a`uvba a`uvbablts blts cb kfpgtfux, bt c`lk pfrt pfrtgkud gkudgèrba gèrbablt blt é df ebstg`l cbs cbvgsbs gssubs cbs bxp`rtftg`ls. - Bl kb qug k`lkbrlb dbs bxp`rt bxp`rtftg`ls ftg`ls h`rs hycr`kfrmurbs, dbs cbvgsbs qug bl s`lt ggssubs ssubs c`gvblt îtrb gltçerfdbablt rfpft rfpftrgçbs. rgçbs. 29 % cb kbs cbvgsbs c`gvblt îtrb kçcçbs é df mflqub c Fdeçrgb, bl çkhfleb cb dbur k`ltr k`ltrbpfrtgb bpfrtgb bl cglfrs, db rbstb cbaburflt é df cgsp`sgtg`l cb d `pçrftbur sur ul k`aptb bl cbvg cbvgsbs sbs (k`aptbs fut`rgsçs fut`rgsçs cbpug cbpugss 6779).
- Db k`ltródb bst t`tfd p`ur dbs rbkbttbs c hycr`kfrmurbs > df d`g cu 6: afg 6776 rçegt df ebstg`l pfr dbs s`kgçtçs
cb pr`cuktg`l pr`c uktg`l çlbreçtgqub cb
dburs rbkbttbs rbkbtt bs bl cbvgsbs, 65=
d blkfgssba blkfgssbablt blt cbs cbvgsbs sb jfgsflt ` mdgeft`grba mdgeft`grbablt blt fuprès cb df mflqub c Fdeçrgb, qug eèrb dbs rçsbrvbs `jjgkgbddbs. Df [`lftrfkh f fgl fglsg sg d `mdgeftg`l `mdgeftg`l cb rçtr`kçcbr df t`t t`tfdg fdgtç tç cb sbs cbvgsbs é df mflqub c Fdeçrgb. - Rlb fut`rgsftg`l fut` rgsftg`l prçfdfmdb cu k`lsbgd cb df a`llfgb bt cu krçcgt bst lçkbssfgrb p`ur df k`lstgtutg`l c fv`grs a`lçtfgrbs, jglfl jglflkgbrs kgbrs `u gaa gaa`mgdg `mgdgbrs brs é d çtrflebr çtrf lebr pfr dbs rçsgcblts é pfrtgr cb dbu dburs rs fktgvg fktgvgtçs tçs bl Fd Fdeçrgb. eçrgb. Df rçfdgsftg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`l s`us df j`raudb Krbc`k `mçgt bl prbagbr dgbu fux cgsp`sgtg`ls cbs ]RR bl vgeubur bl aftgèrb cb krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs. =.=.6 ]çkbpt ]çkbptg`l g`l cb df cbaflcb cbaflcb c `uvbrturb `uvbrturb pfr df CKG
Y`ur ulb `pçrftg`l c bxp`rtftg`l, df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb bst bst rbåub pfr df df CKG qug fprès fprès vçrgjgkftg`ls c usfeb, df trflsabt trflsabt é d feblkb p`ur ll`tgjgkftg`l `tgjgkftg`l fu kdgblt. Df db dbttrb ttrb cb krçcgt k`ap`rtbrf d blsbamdb cbs kk`lcgtg`ls `lcgtg`ls c utgdgsftg`l, c`lt `mdgeft`grbablt > - A`ltflt ? - Zfdgcgtç cu krçcgt ? - Zfdg Zfdgcgtç cgtç cb d bamf bamfrquba rqubablt blt ? - Dgstb cbs c`kuablts rbqugs p`ur df lçe`kgftg`l bt db pfgbablt ? - Lfturb cb df dbttrb dbttrb cb krçcgt (rçv`kfmd (rçv`kfmdb, b, grrçv`kfmdb bt k`ljg k`ljgraç raç ) ? - A`cb cb rèedbablt (é vub, fvbk cgjjçrç cb pfgbablt ) ? - Cbskrgptg`l cbs pr`cugts `u prbstftg`ls ? - A`cb cb dgvrfgs`l (t`tfd `u pfrtgbd) ? - Srflsm`rcba Srflsm`rcbablts blts (fut`rgsçs `u gltbrcgts). =.=.= K`ljgraftg`l cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb
Bl aftgèrb cb k`ljgraftg`l, dbs gls glstruktg`ls truktg`ls sugvgbs pfr d feblkb s`l s`ltt cgktçbs pfr df CKG, ssbudb budb hfmgdgtçb é fkkbptbr `u cçkdglbr df cbaflcb cb df mflqub çabttrgkb bl df aftgèrb. Df rçkbptg`l cb kbttb dbttrb dbttrb cb krçcgt c`llb dgbu dgbu é ul bl blrbegstrbablt rbegstrbablt fppr`prgç fvbk d fttrgmutg`l c ulb rçjçrblkb rçjç rblkb CKG bt d `uvb `uvbrturb rturb c ul c`ssgbr cb sugvg. D fkhbaglbablt cb kkbttb bttb l`tgjgkftg`l fu mçlçjgkgfg mçlçjgkgfgrb rb c`gt îîtrb trb bjjbktuç pfr dbs a`ybls dbs pdus rfpgcbs, rfpgcbs, fu mbs`gl pf pfrr jgd `u jfx sugvg cb df rbagsb cb df l`tgjgkftg`l.
=.=.; Cçpót bt vçrgjgkftg`l bt trflsagssg`l cbs c`kuablts
65;
Bl j`lktg`l cbs cgsp`sgtg`ls bt k`lcgtg`ls k`lcgtg`ls cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt, db kdgblt cçp`sbrf fux eugkhbts eugkhbts cb df mflqub db nbu cb c`kuablts bxgeç qub d feblt cu ssbrvgkb brvgkb çtrflebr prblcrf prblcrf bl vçrgjgkftg`l vçrgjgkftg`l sur dbs p`glts kg-cbssus bt rbdftgjs fu > ]bs ]bspbkt pbkt cb d çkhç çkhçflkb flkb ccuu krçcg krçcgt.t.
µ
]bspbkt cu a`ltflt cu krçcgt.
µ
K`lj`ragtç bt vfdgcg vfdgcgtç tç cbs c`kuabl c`kuablts ts rb rbags ags (l`amrb bt rrçeudf çeudfrgtç). rgtç).
µ
]bspbkt cbs cftbs, cbs dgbux bt a`cbs c bxpçcgtg`l.
µ
]bspbkt cbs cçdfgs jgxçs fu c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l.
µ
Dbs c`kuablts rbk`llus k`lj`rabs fux stgpudftg`ls cu krçcgt s`lt trflsags pfr dbs a`ybls dbs pdus rfpgcbs s`us m`rcbrbfu é df CKG. Db m`rcbrbfu cb trflsagssg`l c`gt glcgqubr dbs rçjçrblkbs cb df dbttrb cb krçcgt tflt cb df CKG qub cb df mflqub çabttrgkb. =.=.3 ]çfdgsftg`l jglflkgèrb
F df rçfdgsftg`l jglfl jglflkgèrb kgèrb cb d `pçrftg`l (tblfl (tblfltt k`aptb ccuu dgbu cb pfgbablt pfgbablt glcgquç sur sur df dbttrb cb krçcgt krçcgt fglsg qub cu a a`cb `cb stgpudç) df CKG trflsabt é d feblkb d Bkrgturb Bltrb [gèeb [gèeb « krçcgt ¿ k`rrbsp`lcflt fu a`ltflt cb d bxpçcgtg`l rçfdgsç fkk`apfelçb cb df J`raudb cb kbssg`l kbssg `l fll`tçb (v`gr fllbxb ;9). Kbttb çkrgturb bst é cçm`ukdbr pfr db krçcgt cbs k`aptbs cu kdgblt bl cglfrs bt bl cbvgsbs k`lj`raçablt fux p`urkbltfebs frrîtçs pfr dbs glstruktg`ls bl vgeubur. =.; Rtgdgtç cb df k`uvbrturb KFEBX =.;.6 Bxgeb Bxgeblkb lkb Mflqub Mflqub c Fdeçrgb Fdeçrgb
Df mflqub c Fdeçrgb f pfr L`tb L¹97-7= cu =: l`vbamrb 677= f rbsp`lsfmgdgsç dbs
mflqubs quflt fu kh`gx c ul a`cb pfgbablt sçkurgsç bl aftgèrb cb rèedbablt cbs bxp`rtftg`ls h`rs hycr`kfrmurbs bt pr`cugts aglgbrs. «Df prçsbltb prçsbltb l`tb l`tb f p`ur `mnbt c fttgrbr d fttbltg`l cbs mflqubs sur sur dbs cgdgeblkbs cgdgeblkbs dbur dbur glk`amflt bl df aftgèrb. aftgèrb. Bddbs c`gvblt é kbt çefrc c fpp`rtbr dbur dbur fppug bt dbur k`lk`urs fux bxp`rtftburs bxp`rtf tburs fjgl c fablbr kbs cbrlgbrs é rbk`urgr é cbs a`cbs cb pfgbablt efrfltgssfl efrfltgssfltt db pfgbablt pfr dbs fkhbtburs çtrflebrs bt db rfpftrgbablt rfpftrgbablt cfls dbs cçdfgs rèedbabltfgrbs rèedbabltfgrbs cu pr`cugt cbs bxp`rtftg`ls bxp`rtftg`ls ¿.
653
Bl k`lsgcçrftg`l cb df L`tb L¹97-7= cu =: l`vbam l`vbamrb rb 677= prçkg prçkgtçb, tçb, bt cfls db kfs `÷ ul bxp`rtftbur kdgblt, prçsbltb p`ur c`agkgdgftg`l c`agkgdgftg`l ulb jfkturb (ul k`ltrft .) c`lt db a`cb cb pfgbabltt l bst pfs sçkurgsç, bxbapdb « pfgbablt pfr ttrflsjbrt pfgbabl rflsjbrt dgmrb¿, d feblkb MCD k`lkbrlçb c`gt rbk`aaflcbr fu kdgblt cb rbv`gr db a`cb cb pfgbablt bt rbtblgr ul glstruablt cb pfgbabltt sçkurgsç, pfgbabl Bxbapdb>
- krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb, k`ljgraç pfr ulb mflqub c`lt df sgelfturb bst ferççb pfr df MCD (Cgrbktg`l (Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gl Gltbrlftg`lfd), tbrlftg`lfd), - `u fd`rs blkfgssbablt c`kuabltfgrb (c`kuablts é pfrvblgr é df MCD pfr db kflfd c ulb mflqub cb prbagbr `rcrb bt qug l bs bstt pfs ss`us `us d bjj bjjbt bt c ulb sflktg`l gltbrlb `u bxtbrlb é df MCD). =.;.= ]bk`urs é df efrfltgb cb df KFEBX
afderç df rbk`aa rbk`aaflcf flcftg`l tg`l cb d febl feblkb, kb, d bxp`rtftbur bxp`rtftbur lb vbut vbut pfs `u lb pbut pbut pfs [g afderç (bxgeblkb cb s`l fkhb fkhbtbur tbur çtrflebr), a`cgjg a`cgjgbr br db a`cb cb pfgbablt, pfgbablt, d feblkb c`gt fc`ptbr ulb p`sgtg`l çefdbablt jbrab qug pugssb pbrabttrb c fttbgl fttbglcrb crb d `mnbktgj `mnbktgj vvgsç gsç pfr df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb, é sfv`gr, efrfltgr db rbk`uvrbablt cu pr`cugt cb d bxp bxp`rtf `rtftg` tg`l. l. F kbttb jgl, jgl, d febl feblkb kb c`gt bxg bxgebr ebr cb d bxp`r bxp`rtftbur tftbur ddff prçsbltftg prçsbltftg`l `l c ulb p`dgkb
c fssurflkb çtfmdgb pfr df K`apfelgb Fdeçrgbllb cb Efrfltgb pfr rfpp`rt fu rgsqub cbs Bxp`rtftg`ls « KFEBX ¿27 Y`ur rfppbd, df CKG (bx C]GKB) :9 fvfgt glstrugt bl cftb cu 6; nflvgbr =993 (L`tb C]GKB L¹96/=993) dbs feblkbs c fv`gr é glvgtbr dbur kdgbltèdb rçfdgsflt cbs `pçrftg`ls
c bxp`rtftg`l fss`rtgbs cu a`cb pfgbablt «trflsjbrt dgmrb¿ é prçsbltbr ulb efrfltgb cb df KFEBX. D bxp`rtftbur p`urrfgt p`urrfgt çv`qubr ddbb k`ÿt cb d Fssurflkb KFEBX. Df rçp`lsb é c`ll c`llbr br é kb kbttb ttb `msbrvftg`l, `msbrvf tg`l, bst qub>
27
:9
Df MCD bst abamrb j`lcftbur cb kbttb k`apfelgb lftg`lfdb.
C]GKB Cgrbktg`l cbs ]bdftg`l Gltbrlftg`lfdbs bt cu K`aabrkb Bxtçrgbur Bxtçrgbur fktubddbablt CKG. 652
6¹) D bxp`r bxp`rtftbur tftbur bs bstt rbsp`lsfmd rbsp`lsfmdbb cu rf pftrgbablt cbs j`lcs, pr` pr`cugt cugt cb s`l bxp`rtftg`l, bxp`rtftg`l, cfls dbs cçdfgs rèedbabltfgrbablt rbqugs. Gd bst b st c`lk çefd çefdbablt bablt rbsp`lsf rbsp`lsfmdb mdb cb d fpurbablt é m`llb m`llb cftb cb s`l c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l. c` agkgdgftg`l. =¹) Db k`ÿt (c fgddburs a`cbstb) bst glsgelgjgflt pfr rfpp`rt fu rgsqub cb «p`ursug «p`ursugtb tb pçlfdb¿ bl kfs cb l`l rfpftrgbablt cb j`lcs cfls dbs cçdfgs rèedbabltfgrbablt rbqugs. Yfr fgddburs, Gd bst p`ssgmdb p`ssgmdb p`ur d bxp`rtftbur, fvflt cb kk`lkdurb `lkdurb ss`l `l k`ltrft é d bxp`r bxp`rtftg tftg`l, `l, c glkdurb db k`ÿt cb d fssurflkb KF KFEBX EBX cfls db prgx cb vbl vbltb tb cb sbs afrkhflcgsbs bt/`u sbrvgkbs. sbrvgkbs. Bl kfs cb rbk`uvrbablt cb df krçflkb, pfr df KFEBX, db k`ÿt glhçrblt é kbttb efrfltgb (fssurflkb) sbrf rfpftrgç bl cbvgsbs. ;¹) Bljgl, Bljgl, fu pdfl cb d bxbrkgkb cb s`l fk fktgvgtç, tgvgtç, d bxp`rtftbur c`gt c`gt cçvbd`ppbr cçvbd`ppbr ul khgjjrb c fjjfgrbs çl`rab p`ur k`apblsbr df pbrtb cb df afreb cb pr`jgt bsk`aptç bl rfgs`l cb s`l afuvfgs kh`gx, s fegssflt cu a a`cb `cb cb pfg pfgbablt. bablt. D bxbapdb khgjjrç khgjjrç kg fp fprès rès p`urrfgt îtrb pprçsbltç rçsbltç é d bxp`rtftbur p`ur db k`lv k`lvfglkrb fglkrb cu mgbl j`lcç cu rbk`urs é d fssurflkb KFEBX. BXBAYDB >
Bl prblf prblflt lt d bxba bxbapdb pdb c ul Bxp`rtftbur Bxp`rtftbur qug rçfdgsb ul ulbb vvbltb bltb fvbk fvbk ulb ulb afreb (pr`jgt) cb 2%, p`ur ulb krçflkb krçflkb cb 699 999 l`l rçedçb pfr s`l kdgblt. Kbdug-kg Kbdug-kg cbvrf vblcrb vblcrb p`ur = 999 999 suppd suppdçabltfgrbs çabltfgrbs s gd vbut k`apbls k`apblsbr br df afreb pbrcub, s`g s`gtt =9 j`gs db a`ltflt a`ltflt cb kbttb afreb, kb qug bst, kbrtfglbablt, kbrtfglbablt, cgjjgkgdb é rçfdgsbr. Kb k`lstft bst feerfvç d`rsqub df afreb sur db khgjjrb c fjjfgrbs bst pdus jfgmdb. Afreb 1 699 999X2%1 2999
YB]SB 1 =9X2999 1 699 999 KHGJJ]B C FJJFG]B [RYYDBABLSFG]B F ]BFDG[B] 1 699 999 X =9 1 = 999 999 999 =.;.; Fpurbablt cbs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l c bxp`rtftg`l sur df mfsb cb d glcbalgsftg`l glcbalgsftg`l cb df KFEBX KFEBX
Cçs d`rs d`rs qub ddff KFEBX f efrfltg db pfgbablt c ulb bxp`rtftg bxp`rtftg`l, `l, d fpurba fpurbablt blt cu
c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdg c`agkgdgftg`l ftg`l k`lkbrl k`lkbrlçç pbut îtrb rçfd rçfdgsç gsç sur sur df mmfsb fsb cb d glcbalgsftg`l cb df KFEBX. 65:
Bl kfs cb sglgstrb, (rfpftrgbabl ( rfpftrgbabltt cb j`lcs l`l bjjbktuç t`tfdbablt `u pfrtgbddbablt), db
c`ssgbr rbstb «`uvbrt¿ nusqu é s`l s`l rèedbablt `u s`l glcbalg glcbalgsftg`l sftg`l pfr df KFEBX. D glcba glcbalgsftg lgsftg`l `l bst sum`rc`ll sum`rc`llççb é>
* D bxg bxgstblk stblkbb cb ddff pp`dgkb `dgkb c fssurflkb * Rlb dbttrb cb df df KFEBX k`ljgraflt df prgsb bl khfreb cu c`ssgbr ;. Dbs `msbrvftg`ls `msbrvftg`ls gtçrftgvbs gtçrftgvbs cb df Mflqub Mflqub c Fdeçrgb Fdeçrgb ;.6 @msbrvftg`l k`lkbrlflt dbs cçkdfrftg`ls pçrg`cgqubs (Fllbxbs (Fllbx bs 6,= bt ; cb d Glstruktg`l Glstruktg`l L¹9;/95 L¹9;/95 cu ;6 afg afg =995)
K`cb jgskfd l`l-k`lj`rab? Khfrebs cbs rgsqubs brr`lçbs? Cftb c `uvbrturb lb k`rrbsp`lc pfs fu a`gs cb rçjçrblkb cbs cçkdfrftg`ls? Lfturb cbs sbrvgkbs sbrvgkbs l`l rbls rblsbgelçb? bgelçb? Cbs khfaps lb s`lt pfs rblsbgelçs. K`lsçqublkb >
]bnbt pfr df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb cb d blsbamdb cbs cçkdf cçkdfrftg`ls rftg`ls cb df M MCD. CD. ;.= @msbrvftg`ls k`lkbrlflt dbs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`ls (]èedbablt L¹ 95/96 cu 9; jçvrgbr =995)
Dbs k`lstfts p`rtblt l`tfaablt sur>
Db l`l rbspbkt pfr df kdgbl kdgbltèdb tèdb cb df pr`kçcurb cb c`agkgdgftg`l prçfdfmdb? prçfdfmdb? D fmsblkb cu c`kuablt c`kuablt c`uflgb c`uflgbrr C.69 cfls db c`ssgb c`ssgbrr cb c`agkgdgftg`l? Fll`tftg`l glk`apdètb cbs j`raudbs 3? Glskrgptg`l Glskrgpt g`l bl k`aptbs cbvgsbs pbrs`llbs a`rfdbs cb j`lcs rfpft rfpftrgçs rgçs
bl
bspèkbs bsp èkbs bt kb, bl d fmsbl fmsblkb kb c ulb fut`rgsftg`l bxprbssb cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb Cgrbktg`l cu K`ltródb cbs Khflebs? ]fpftrgbablts pfrtgbds cb j`lcs bt rçtr`kbssg`l bl cbvgsbs fu krçcgt cu k`aptb cb d bxp bxp`rtf `rtftbur tbur?? ]fpftrgbablts cb j`lcs h`rs cçdfgs rçedbabltfgrbs bt rçtr`kbssg`l bl cbvgsbs fu
krçcgt cu k`aptb cb d bxp`r krçcgt bxp`rtftbur? tftbur? Cçjfut cb rfpftrgbablts cb j`lcs? C`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l («gap`rts¿ bt «bxp «bxp`rts¿) `rts¿) afd tblus t blus 655
.. ;.; K`lsçqublkbs cbs aflqubablts aflqubablts cbs feblkbs
Dbs aflqubablts cbs feblkbs lb s`lt pfs sfls k`lsçqublkbs p`ur dbs m`llbs rbdftg`ls rbdft g`ls fvbk dbs sbrvgkbs cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb bt dbs futrbs `reflgsa `reflgsabs bs cb k`ltró k`ltródb db bxtbrlbs> Gds bltrfvblt sçrgbusbablt df pr`kçcurb cb k`ltródb é p`stbrg`rg qub dbs sbrvgkbs cb
k`ltródb bxtbrlbs bxtbrlbs c`gvblt ablbr cfl cflss db kfcrb cb d bxbrkgkb cb cb dburs fttrgmutg`ls. Gds bxp`sblt dbs feblkbs cu rçsbfu c bxpd`gtftg`l cçjfgddfltbs é cbs sflktg`ls sçvèrbs
fddflt cb df suspblsg`l suspblsg`l tbap tbap`rfgrb `rfgrb fu rbtrfgt cçjglgtgj cb d ferçablt k`lsbl k`lsbltg tg p`ur db trfgtbablt cbs `pçrftg`ls cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cu khfleb aflubd afgs çefdbablt é cbs p`ursugtbs p` ursugtbs nucgkgfgrbs. K`aab
gds
pbuvblt çefdbablt gljdubr lçeftgvbablt sur dbs
cbaflcbs
c gaaftrgkudftg`l p`ur dbs mbs`gls cbs sgèebs (kbux l`uvbddbablt `pçrftg`llbds, kbux é `uvrgr `uvrgr pr`khfglbablt bbtt bljgl kbux fyflt çtç cçk cçkhus hus cb d bxbrkgkb cbs `pçrftg`ls cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur). 3. [tftgstgqubs sur dbs `pçrftg`ls cb c`agkgdgftg`l fu lgvbfu cb df C]B S@ 3.6 Dbs feblkbs ferççbs p`ur db k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
Fu sbgl cb df Cgrbktg`l rçeg`lfdb cb S@, sur dbs `lzb feblkbs qug dug s`lt rfttfkhçbs, sgx sbudbablt s`lt ferççbs p`ur df prftgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur.
Jgeurb L¹ =6 > Dbs feblkbs cb df C]B S@ ferççbs p`ur db k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
Feblkb
K`cb
Ferçablt
D`kfdgsftg`l
k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur M`ehlg
6;8
629296
M`ehlg
Sgezgrt
633
L`l ferççb
Sgezgrt
Jrbhf Cnurcnurf
632 635
62926= 62926;
Jrbhf S@ 658
Fzfzef
626
62929;
Fzfzef
L`uvbddb vgddb
6:9
629293
S@
Fgl bd hfaafa
6:6
L`l ferççb
Fgl bd hfaafa
M`uzbeublb
6:=
L`l ferççb
M`uzbeublb
Crff Mbl Ohbccf
6:;
L`l ferççb
CMO
[g Fmcbddfh Crff Bd Agzfl
656 68;
629292 L`l ferççb
S@ Crff Bd Agzfl
Dbs kdgblts cbs feblkbs feblkbs l`l ffut`rgsçbs ut`rgsçbs p`ur d bxbrkgkb cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur pbuvblt pbuvblt c`agkgdgbr dburs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls fu lgvbfu cb d ulb cbs feblkbs fferççbs, erççbs, eçlç eçlçrfdbablt rfdbablt df pdus pr`khb cb dbur dbur sgèeb s`kgfd s`kgfd.. 3.= Flfdysb cbs `pçrftg`ls c`agkgdgçbs
D flfdysb cbs çtfts cb cçkdfrftg`l cçkdfrftg`l cbs c`agkgdgftg`ls cbs feblkbs feblkbs rfttfkhçbs é df C]B S@ p`ur dbs cbux cbu x fllçbs =997 bt =969 (v`gr fllbxb ;3), l`us f pbr pbrags ags cb rbdbvbr rb dbvbr dbs prglkgpfdbs kfrfktçrgstgqubs cbs `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs fu lgvbfu rçeg`lfd. 3.=.6 Df prçc`aglflkb prçc`aglflkb cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l gap`rtftg`l cb afrkhflcgsbs afrkhflcgsbs
D bxpd`gtftg`l cbs c`llçbs c`llçbs l`us f pbrags cb k`lstftbr ddff c`aglflkb cbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l, bxkbptç quftrb `pçrftg`ls c bxp`rtftg`l bjjbktuçbs pfr d feblkb M`ehlg bl =997. Kbs `pçrftg`ls s`lt rçfdgsçbs pfr df aîab bltrbprgsb fktgvflt cfls db c`afglb cb jfmrgkftg`l cb k`usk`us bt qug rçfdgsb cbs gap`rtftg`ls p`ur cbs pbtgts a`ltflts bl cbstglftg`l cb df Jrflkb. Df prçc`aglflkb prçc`aglflkb cbs `pçrftg`ls ssur ur afrkhflcgsbs (k`cb 69) bt d blrbegstrbablt c fukulb trflsfktg`l cb sbrvgkb (k`cb ;9), sur dbs cbux fllçbs, c`llblt ulb gafeb sur df k`lstgtutg`l cbs gap`rtftg`ls gap`rtftg`ls qug s`lt s`uvbl s`uvbltt `rgbltçbs vbrs cb cbss pr`cugts cb k`ls`aaftg`l jg jglfdb, lfdb, s`gt gaaçcgftb, cfls df df afn`rgtç cbs kfs kfs,, (aftgèrb prbagèrb, pr`cugts cbs cbstglçs tglçs é df rbv rbvbltb bltb bl d çtft) `u curfmdb (çqugpbablts cb pr`cuktg`l). pr`cuktg`l). 3.=.= D gap`rtflkb gap`rtflkb cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs pfr kbrtfglbs kbrtfglbs feblkbs
D gap`rtflkb bl l`am l`amrb rb bt a`ltflt cbs `pçrftg `pçrftg`ls `ls rçfdgsçbs pfr kbrtfglbs kbrtfglbs feblkbs l`tfaa l`tfaablt blt
d feblkb Cnurcnurf Cnurcnurf qug sb cgstgleub pf pfrr ul p`rtbjbugddb kdgbltèdb prgvgdçegç, k`ls k`lstgtuç tgtuç cfls sf afn`rgtç cbs abgddburs kdgblts cb df Cgrbktg`l. Kbs kdgblts s`lt s`gt cbs gap`rtftburs cb afrkhflcgsbs cbstglçs é df rbvbl rbvbltb tb bl d çtft `u cbs pr`cuktburs qug gap`rtblt cbs aftgèrbs 657
prbagèrbs p`ur dburs mbs`gls c bxpd`gt bxpd`gtftg`l. ftg`l. Gd bst é sgelfdbr qub df afn`rgtç cbs `pçrftg`ls s`lt rçfdgsçbs pfr ulb bltrbprgsb rbprçsbltfltb rbprçsbltfltb c ulb erflcb afrqub c blegls bt aftçrgbd cb trfvfux pumdgks qug rçfdgsb cbs gap`rtftg`ls gap`rtftg`ls jrçqubltbs bt cb erflcs a`ltflts. 3.=.; Dbs a`llfgbs a`llfgbs cb jfkturftg`l jfkturftg`l bt dbs dbs pfys c `rgeglb `rgeglb
Df jfkturftg`l jfkturftg`l cbs trfl trflsfktg`ls sfktg`ls bl cbux a`llfgbs a`llfgbs prglkgpfdb prglkgpfdbss BR]@ bt R[C bst nustgjgçb nustgjgçb pfr cbux rfgs`ls > D fcagssg`l fcagssg`l cb kbs cbux cbux a`ll a`llfgbs, fgbs, rbk rbk`ll `llubs ubs é d çkhbddb çkhbddb a`lcgfdb a`lcgfdb,, cfls t`us
µ
dbs pfys. Df rçfdgsftg`l cb df pdupfrt cbs trflsfktg`ls c gap`rtftg`ls fvbk cbs pfys cb df
µ
z`lb BR]@. Y`ur kb qug bst cbs futrbs a`llfgbs utgdgsçbs, `l pbut kgtbr d blrbegstrbablt cb sbudbablt sbudbablt 6; `pçrftg`ls sur dbs cbux fllçbs c`lt hugt bl KHJ sugssb, tr`gs bl SLC tulgsgbl, ulb bl EYM fledfgs bt ulb bl WBL nfp`lfgs. Dbs pfys c `rgeglb cbs afrkhflcgsbs gap`rtçbs s`lt bl afn`rgtç cbs pfys bur`pçbls fvbk bl tîtb df df Jrfl Jrflkb, kb, sugvgb sugvgb ccbb d Gtfdgb, d Fdd Fddbafel bafelbb bt d Bspfelb. Bspfelb. D Dbs bs pfy pfyss fsgftgqu fsgftgqubs bs s`lt s`lt rbprçsbltçs rbprçsbl tçs pfr df Khg Khglb, lb, df K`rçb, d Glcb bt Sfg Sfgwfl. wfl. Cu k`tç cu k`ltglblt k`ltglblt façrgkfgl façrgkfgl db er`s cbs `pçrftg`ls bst rçfdg rçfdgsç sç fvb fvbkk d Rrueufy, ddbb Mrçsgd bt d Frebltglb bt dbs R[F. @l l`tbrf fussg fussg df rçfdgsftg`l cb lbuj trflsfktg`ls fvb fvbkk df Sulgsgb bt ulb fv fvbk bk d Beyptb sur dbs cbux fllç fllçbs. bs. 3.=.3 Df rçpfrtgtg`l cbs khfrebs
Df rçpfrtgtg`l cbs khfrebs khfrebs bt rgsqubs bl bltrb trb fkhbtbur bt vbl vblcbur cbur bst çtfmdgb é trfvb trfvbrs rs d utgdgsftg`l
c glk`tbras cb vbltb vbltb fu cçpfrt l`tfaa l`tfaablt blt db KJ], db J@M J@M,, db KYS. D BXU bst utgdgsç pfr cbs j`urlgssburs tulgsgbls tulgsgbls bt ul vblcbur sugssb sugssb p`ur quftrb `pçrftg`ls rçfdgs rçfdgsçs çs pfr d feblkb Cnurcnurf curflt db ;èab trgabstrb =997 bt db ;èab trgabstrb =969. 3.=.2 Dbs a`cbs cb rèedbablt utgdgsçs
Curflt dbs dbs tr`gs prbagbrs trgabstrbs ccbb d fllçb =997, bbtt é k`tç cu Krbc`k, dbs a`cbs cb rèedbablt dbs pdus utgdgsçs s`lt db trflsj tr flsjbrt brt dgmrb (] (]96) 96) bt df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb (]9= bt ]9;), kb qug c`llb ulb gcçb sur df açk`llfgssflkb cb kbrtfgls `pçrftburs fdeçrgbls cbs rgsqubs qub k`ap`rtblt kbs a`cfdgtçs a`cfdgtçs cb pfgbabl pfgbabltt p`ur ul gap`rtftbur kfr d bxp`rtftbur çtrflebr rbk`u rbk`urt rt
eçlçrfdbablt é c futrbs tbk tbkhlg hlgqubs qubs cb sç sçkurgs kurgsftg`l ftg`l l`tfa l`tfaabl abltt d fssurflkb fssurflkb krç krçcgt cgt é d bxp`rt cbvblub ulb `mdgeftg`l cfls kbrtfgls pfys. Y`ur kbrtfgls kfs, db kh`gx cb kb typbs cb a`ybls
689
cb rèedbablt bst nustgjgç pfr df k`ljgflkb k`ljgflkb glstfurçb bltrb dbs cbux pfrtblfgrbs surt`ut quflt gd s feg fegtt cb kk`urtg `urtgbrs, brs, a aflcf flcftfgrbs tfgrbs bt rbprç rbprçsbltflts sbltflts c bltrbprgsbs çtrfleèrbs bl Fdeçrgb. Fprès d glstgtutg`l cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabltfgrb k`aab a`cb a`cb cb rèedbabl rèedbabltt bxkdusgj cbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`ls pfr df d`g cb jglflkb k`apdçabltfgrb p`ur =997.:6 F pfrtgr cu cbrlgbr trgabstrb
cb df aîab fllçb fllçb bt curflt t`utb d fllçb sugvfl sugvfltb, tb, fukulb cbs `pçrf `pçrftg`ls tg`ls c gap`rtftg`l bjjbktuçbs l bst rçfdgsçb pfr ul futrb a a`cb `cb ccbb pfgbabl pfgbabltt futrb qub db db Krbc`k. K`lkbrlflt K`lkbrlflt kbttb absurb, d Fss`kgftg`l cbs cbs Mflqubs bt Btfmdg Btfmdgssbablts ssbablts Jglflkgbrs(FMBJ) Jglflkgbrs(FMBJ) bt fprès k`lsudtftg`l fvbk dbs sbrvgkbs cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb, f prçkgsç pfr sf dbttrb cu 9=/98/=997 qub t`utbs dbs c`agkgdgftg`ls `pçrçbs é pfrtgr cu ;9 nugddbt =997 cbvr`lt sb k`lj`rabr strgktbablt fux cgsp`sgtg`ls cb df d`g cb jglflkbs k`apdçabltfgrb. Yfr df sugtb ul cçdfg suppdçabltfgrb f çtç fkk`rcç fux gap`rtftburs qug `lt lçe`kgç bt k`ljgraç dburs k`aaflcbs fvbk c futrbs a`cbs cb pfgbablt p`ur jglfdgsbr dburs `pçrftg`ls bt kb nusqu fu ;9 sbptbamrb =997. D fppdgkftg`l cb kbttb kbttb cçkgsg`l f bu fussg ul ga gapfkt pfkt sur db l`am l`amrb rb c `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs, kfr ul rfdbltgssbablt cu lgvbfu cbs trflsfktg`ls `pçrçbs bst kdfgrbablt rbafrqufmdb fvbk ;23 `pçrftg`ls bl =969 k`ltrb 387 `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs bl =997. F trfvbrs dbs fvgs rbkubgddgs fuprès cb kbrtfgls kdgblts, db rbk`urs fu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb fpp`rtb kbrtfglbablt ulb efrfltgb cb rçkbptg`l c ulb afrkhflcgsb k`lj`rab é df k`aaflcb, afgs jfgt jfkturbr cbs jrfgs suppdçabltfgrbs qug pbuvblt îtrb çk`l`agsçs surt`ut quflc db j`urlgssbur bst k`llu bt eçlçrfdbablt çtfmdg cfls ul pfys mgbl l`tç bt é a`glcrb rgsqub, sfls lçedgebr df dbltbur cb df pr`kçcurb bt df c`umdb `mdgeftg`l cb s`uabttrb ul c`ssgbr cb krçcgt é sf mflqub bt cb rçulgr ddbb a a`ltflt `ltflt cb d `pçrftg`l é d `uvbrturb cb df dbttrb dbttrb cb krçcgt. 3.=.: A`ltflts cbs trflsfktg`ls
Y`ur kb qug bst cbs a`ltflts cbs trflsfktg`ls, dbs `pçrftg`ls blrbegstrçbs p`ur cbs pbtgts a`ltflts s`lt s`lt eçlçrfdbablt bjj bjjbktuçbs bktuçbs pfr cbs bltrbprgsbs pr`cuktrgkb pr`cuktrgkbss s`gt p`ur d gap`rtftg`l cb aftgèrbs prbagèrbs `u pgèkbs cb rbkhfleb. Yfr k`ltrb dbs `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs é cbs erflcs a`ltflts k`lkbrlblt cfls dbur afn`rgtç cbs gap`rtftburs cb pr`cugts cbstglçs é df rbvbltb bl d çtft `u cbs glv glvbstgs bstgssbu sburs rs qug rbk`u rbk`urblt rblt é d gap`rtf gap`rtftg`l tg`l p`u p`urr d fkqugsgtg`l fkqugsgtg`l cbs cbs çqugpbabl çqugpbablts ts prçvus p`ur df df k`lkrçtgsftg`l cb ddburs burs pr`nbts.
:6
@rc`llflkb l¹ 97-96 cu =7 ]fnfm 63;9
k`rrbsp`lcflt k`rrbsp`lcflt fu == nugddbt =997 p`rtflt d`g cb jglflkbs
k`apdçabltfgrb p`ur =997.
K`lkdusg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb
D flfdysb cb cb d fspbkt trfg trfgtbablt tbablt prftgqub cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb f ags é lu cbs glsujjgsflkbs glsujjgsflkbs bt cbs aflqubablts gtçrftgjs surt`ut pfr rfpp`rt é df rçedbabltftg`l. F kbt bjjbt, df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb lb kbssb cb rfppbdbr dbs mflqubs sur df sçvçrgtç cbs fut`rgtçs sur kbt fspbkt. Kbpblcflt, df k`apdbxgtç bt df audtgpdgkgtç cbs d`gs bt rèedbablts j`lt qub dbur fppdgkftg`l cbvgblt ulb tíkhb cgjjgkgdb. c gjjgkgdb. Bl d fmsbl fmsblkb kb c ul systèab glj`raftgsç glj`raftgsç cb trflsagssg`l cbs gglj`raftg`ls, lj`raftg`ls, bt d utgdgsftg`l blk`rb cbs supp`rts pfpgbr qub kb s`gt p`ur dbs tbxtbs rçedbabltfgrbs `u p`ur df dgfssb c`kuabltfgrb bltrb dbs strukturbs, bxp`sb dbs aflgpudftburs é cbs rgsqubs `pçrftg`llbds bt tbkhlgqubs très jrçqublts (pbrtb, rbtfrc cb trflsagssg`l, l`l kdfssbablt ). Gd fppfrtgblt c`lk é df df MCD é d glstfr cb t`utbs dbs mmflqubs flqubs pumdgq pumdgqubs ubs cb pbl pblsbr sbr é d façdg`rftg`l cbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l p`ur db trfgtbablt cb tbddbs `pçrftg`ls qug qug lçkbssgtblt t`utb d fttbltg`l p`ur rçcugrb fu fu afxgaua db cberç cb rgsqub. Gd bst tbaps cb pblsbr fu trfgtbablt glj`raftgsç rçcugsflt db rgsqub bt dbs cçdfgs cb trfgtbablt fssurflt fglsg ul sbrvgkb cb qufdgtç fux kdgblts.
686
68=
K`lkdusg`l cb df cbuxgèab pfrtgb
Cb l`s n`urs, t`us dbs çtfmdgssbablts cb krçcgt cb krçcgt çabttblt `u rbå`gvblt cbs krçcgts bt blkfgssbablts blkfgssbabl ts c`kuabltfgrbs p`ur `rcrb bt p`ur k`aptb cb dburs kdgblts, qug s`lt trfgtçs sbd`l dbs prbskrgptg`ls cb df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb. S`utbs dbs mflqubs prftgqublt c`lk dbs aîabs tbkhlgqubs. Kbpblcflt,t, dbs a`cbs cb ebstg`l cgjjèrblt c'ul çtfmdgssbablt é ul futrb > kbrtfgls sb dgagtblt é Kbpblcfl bxçkutbr é df dbttrb, dbs `rcrbs cb db dburs urs kdgblts tflcgs qub c'futrbs v`lt pdus dd`gl, `gl, bl pr`p`sflt é kbs cbrlgbrs cbs sbrvgkbs c'ulb rfrb qufdgtç, gltçerflt db k`lsbgd, d'fssgstflkb, d'glj`raftg`l, df j`raftg`l bt db jglflkbablt. Fu tbrab cb kbttb pfrtgb, l`us k`lstft`ls db afgltgbl cbs mflqubs fdeçrgbllbs cbs flkgbllbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l cb dburs `pçrftg`ls. D `reflgsftg`l cb df mflqub, `mnbt cb l`trb kfs prftgqub, rçvèdb ulb `reflgsftg`l `r eflgsftg`l très kdfssgqub p`ur lb pfs cgrb frkhfàqub j`lcçb mbfuk`up pdus sur cbs rrbdftg`ls bdftg`ls bltgèrbablt hgçrfrkhgqu hgçrfrkhgqubs bs bt db l`l rbspbkt cbs `reflgerfaab ` reflgerfaabss prçvus l`tfaablt fu lgvbfu cbs feblkbs bt cgrbktg`ls rçeg`lfdbs. D fmsblkb cb spçkgfdg spçkgfdgsftg`l sftg`l cu pbrs`llbd kh khfreç freç cbs `pçrftg`ls fvbk d çtrflebr k`lcugrf k`lcugrf sfls c`utb é cbs brrburs sb sb trfcugs trfcugsflt flt pfr cbs gljrfk gljrfktg`ls tg`ls vgs-é-vgs cb d fut`rgtç a`lçtfgrb. D façlfebablt cbs feblkbs feblkbs lb pbra pbrabt bt pfs s`uv s`uvblt blt d glstfddftg`l cb t`us dbs p`stbs prçvus kb qug krçb ulb kbrtfglb k`ljusg`l cfls db trfgtbablt cbs cgjjçrbltbs `pçrftg`ls fssurçbs eçlçrfdbablt pfr ul sbud feblt pfs j`rkçablt spçkgfdgstb cfls db c`afglb.
Dbs pr`kçcurbs cb ebstg`l bl bddbs aîabs prçsbltblt cbs glsujjgsflkbs surt`ut qu bddbs s`lt kbltrfdgsçbs fu lgvbfu cb df cgrbktg`l kbltrfdb kb qug lb pbrabt pfs fux feblkbs cb sb jfagdgfrgsbr fvbk kb eblrb c `pçrftg`ls sfls lçedgebr df dbltbur cbs cçdfgs cb trfgtbablt. Df MCD, bt cfls db kfcrb cb df cçkbltrfdgsftg`l cbs p`uv`grs cb krçcgt, l f pfs fpp`rtç erflckh`sb é kbs `pçrftg`ls. @l l`tbrf qu ul krçcgt c`kua c`kuabltfgrb bltfgrb pr`vgsg pr`vgsg`llç `llç é 699% fu-cbdé fu-cbdé c ul kbrtfgl a`ltflt lçkbssgtb p`ur s`l `uvbrturb ulb fut`rgsftg`l cb df Cgrbktg`l cb jglflkbabltt cbs Bltrbprgsb CJB fd`rs qub db rgsqub bst fssuaç k`apdètbablt pfr db kdgblt. jglflkbabl
K`lkdusg`l eçlçrfdb
F trfvbrs trfvbrs d flfdy flfdysb sb qug vgblt vgblt c îtrb jfgtb, jfgtb, gd fppfrfgt kdfgrbablt qub db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd lb pbut sb cçvbd`ppbr sfls df prçsblkb c ul systèab mflkfgrb a`cbrlb bt bjjgkfkb. Bl bjjbt, dbs mflqubs c`gvblt fssurbr ulb m`llb e`uvbrlflkb cbs pfgbablts gltbrlftg`lfux. Bddbs c`gvblt efrfltgr dbs rèedbablts a`lçtfgrbs, jfkgdgtbr df kgrkudftg`l bt df lçe`kgftg`l cbs glstruablts cb pfgbablt bt sçkurgsbr dbs `pçrftg`ls cb khfleb. Dbs `pçrftburs cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd utgdgsblt p`ur dbs rèedbablts cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur cgjjçrblts glstruablts. Gds utgdgsbl ut gdgsbltt çefdbablt çefdbablt cbs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt gltbrlftg`lfd l`tfaablt db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, `mnbt cb l`trb kfs prftgqub, bt c`lt db açrgtb rbvgblt é df Khfamrb cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb t`un`urs prçsbltb cfls db c`afglb cb df k`cgjgkftg`l cbs usfebs bt prftgqubs prftgqubs cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. Bl Fdeçrgb, df MCD é d glstfr cb t`utbs dbs futrbs mflqubs pumdgqubs, k`aptfmg k`aptfmgdgsb dgsb mbfuk`up c gljrfktg`ls é df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs. Rlb agssg`l cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb f pr`kçcç, bl =998, fu tgtrb cu k`ltródb cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur, é df vçrgjgkftg`l cb ;2 273 c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l. Kbttb `pçrftg`l `pçrftg`l f pbrags d çtfmdgssbablt cb 86 pr pr`kès-vbrmfux `kès-vbrmfux k`lkbrlflt dbs gljrfktg`ls é df rçedbabltftg`l cb khfleb, t`tfdgsflt ulb k`ltrb vfdbur cb 2 3=7 agddg`ls cb cglfrs. K bst kb qub rbdèvb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb cfls ss`l `l rfpp`rt sur d çv`dutg`l ççk`l`agqub k`l`agqub bt a`lçtfgrb bl =998. Db c`kuablt prçkgsb qub dbs agssg`ls cb k`ltródb `lt k`uvbrt cgx mflqubs prgvçbs bt sgx mflqubs pumdgqubs. Df mflqub c Fdeçrgb fn`utb qub dbs glspbktburs `lt rbåu :6: c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l cb df Cgrbktg`l cbs Khflebs cb df mflqub c Fdeçrgb. [ur dbs c`ssgbrs trfgtçs, gds `lt bu é çtfmdgr 2: pr`kès vbrmfux cb k`lstft c glj gljrfktg`l rfktg`l é d blk`ltrb blk`ltrb cbs `pçrftburs t`tfdgsflt ulb k`ltrb-vfdbur c ul a`ttflt cb 898 agddg`ls cb cglfrs. Df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb fjjgrab fv`gr pr`kçcç fux cçpóts cb :7 pdfgltbs fuprès cbs nurgcgktg`ls k`apçtbltbs, k`apçtbl tbs, c`lt 6; ppdfgl dfgltbs tbs é d blk`ltrb cbs mflqubs k`ltródçbs bbtt 2: é d blk`ltrb cbs `pçrftburs sugtb sugtb é d bxfabl cbs c`ssgbrs pfr df Cg Cgrbktg`l rbktg`l cb K`ltródb cb Kh Khflebs. flebs. Kbs k`lstfts k`ljgrablt dbs cgjjgkudtçs rblk`ltrçbs pfr dbs mflqubs é fppdgqubr dbs rèedbs çcgktçbs pfr dbs fut`rgtçs cb k`ltródb, kfr cbs cb s gljrfktg`ls s`lt sgelfdçbs k`ltglubddbablt pfr df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb afderç df rbsp`lsfmgdgtç pçlfdb cbs mflqubs bl df aftgèrb.
68;
Df rçvgsg`l cb t`utbs kbs rèedbs r èedbs bst pdus qub lçkbssfg lçkbssfgrb rb fjgl c fpp`rtbr jfkgdgtç bt trflspfrbl t rflspfrblkb, kb, c ulb pfrt cfls d gltçrît cu kdgbl kdgbltt qug s`uhfgtb ulb pr`kçcurb rfpg rfpgcb cb bt sgapdb, c futrb pfrt, 683
cfls d gltçrît gltçrît cbs mfl mflqubs qubs qug c`g c`gvb vblt lt jfgrb jfkb fux bxgeblkbs cb k`apçtgtgvgtç bt cb rbltfmgdgtç lçkbssfgrbs lçkbssfgrbs é dbur survgb cfls ulb cfls ulb çk`l`agb a`lcgfdb bl pbrpçtubddb çv`dutg`l. Fun`urc'hug, qub cçsgrblt dbs kdgblts 0 Vub rbkhbrkhblt-gds bt qu fpprçkgblt-gds db pdus khbz dburs mflqugbrs 0 Rlb prbstftg`l bl m`llb bt cub j`rab `u ul sbrvgkb c'ulb rfrb qufdgtç qu'gds lb tr`uvbrfgblt luddb pfrt fgddburs 0 Df rçp`lsb sbamdb çvgcbltb > dbs prglkgpbs cb ebstg`l bl b l bux-aîabs agdgtblt p`ur ulb gamrgkftg`l cbs pr`kbssus cb aflfebablt cfls db cçvbd`ppbablt cb df rbdftg`l mflqubkdgblt > îtrb é d'çk`utb cu kdgblt, dug fpp`rtbr db k`lsbgd, rçp`lcrb é sbs bxgeblkbs bt dug fssurbr ul sbrvgkb cb qufdgtç cfls dbs abgddburs cçdfgs, t`ut bl rbspbktfl rbspbktfltt dbs bxgeblkbs bxgeblkbs rèedbabltfgrbs, v`gkg bl sumstflkb kb qu'ul kdgblt fttblc cb sf mflqub cfls db kfcrb cb sbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs fvbk d'çtrflebr. Afdhburbusbablt, Afdhburbus bablt, kb l'bst pfs t`un`urs db kfs bt l`trb çtucb d'f kdfgrbablt a`ltrç. ]çfdgsçb, sur ulb mflqub fdeçrgbllb df MCD, l`trb çtucb vgsfgt é flfdysbr db systèab cb ebstg`l cb kbttb kbttb glstgtutg`l bl af aftgèrb tgèrb cbs krçcg krçcgts ts c`kuabltfgrbs. D flfdysb rçfdgsçb f pbrags cb rçvçdbr d'fmsblkb c'ulb cçafrkhb qufdgtç gap`rtfltb bt jgfmdb cfls df ebstg`l cb kbs `pçrftg`ls. Kbttb flfdysb é çtç rçfdgsçb bl tr`gs çtfpbs > - db pdfl tbkhlgqub t bkhlgqub qug f rçvçdç cbs pr`kçcurbs gltbrlbs très k`ltrfgelfltbs bt pbu jfv`rfmdbs é d'glgtgftgvb pbrs`llbddb bt é d'çv`dutg`l cbs prftgqubs ? - db pdfl aflfeçrgfd qug f ags é lu ulb a`tgvftg`l glsujjgsfltb cbs `pçrftg`llbds cb df Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd ? - bt db pdfl k`aabrkgfd qug f a`ltrç ulb gapdgkftg`l k`aabrkgfdb rbdftgvbablt jfgmdb cbs feblts cu sbrvgkb ççtrflebr trflebr fu lgvbfu ccbb d feblkb fglsg qub d fmsblkb cb k``rcglftg`l k``rcglftg`l bt cb k``pçrftg`l bltrb dbs strukturbs qug bltrbtgbllblt cbs rbdftg`ls s`gt j`lktg`llbddbs `u hgçrfrkhgqubs. Fussg, bl l`trb qufdgtç cb abamrb cb kbttb çqugpb fu lgvbfu cb df C]B cb df MCD, l`us fv`ls prgs df dgmbrtç c'çdfm`rbr cbs rbk`aaflcftg`ls fssbz sylthçtgqubs afgs pbrtglbltbs, qug
é l`trb sbls, p`urrfgblt îtrb mçlçjgqubs p`ur df mflqub, sg bddbs s`lt prgsbs bl k`aptb. Kbs rbk`aaflcftg`ls rbk`aaflcftg`ls t`ur t`urlbl lbltt fut`ur cb 5 p`glts >
6. [blsgmgdgsbr dbs spçkgfdgstbs bl df aftgèrb aft gèrb sur d'gap`rtflkb c'ulb fppr`khb k`aabrkgfdb k` aabrkgfdb cfls df ebstg`l cb dburs tíkhbs qu`tgcgbllbs. =. Fss`updgr dbs pr`kçcurbs gltbrlbs bl dbs `rgbltflt vbrs ul `mnbktgj c'bxçkutg`l rfpgcb qug sb aftçrgfdgsbrfgtt pfr ulb cçkbltrfdgsftg`l cb kbrtfglbs `pçrftg`ls lçkbssgtflt aftçrgfdgsbrfg lçkbssgtflt ulb pr`xgagtç fvbk dbs kdgblts, fu lgvbfu cbs feblkbs. ;. ['gltçrbssbr c'`rbs bt cçné fux krçcgts bt blkfgssbablts c`kuabltfgrbs çdbktr`lgqubs pfrkb qub rbprçsbltflt d'fvblgr cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd. 3. ]çcugrb db lgvbfu cb aflqubablts p`rtçs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs pfr > - cbs j`raftg`ls j`raftg`ls bl ggltbrlbs ltbrlbs sur ddbs bs prftgqubs mmflkfgrbs flkfgrbs gl gltbrlftg`lfdbs tbrlftg`lfdbs stflcfrcs stflcfrcs (YGM[) Yumdgkftg`l L`. :32 cb df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb bt cbs trfcb dbfrlgle cbstglçs fux kdgblts fjgl cb pfrjfgrb dburs k`llfgssflkbs cbs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablts c`kuabltfgrbs. - df agsb é cgsp`sgtg`l cgsp`sgtg`l cu pbrs`llbd khfreç ccbs bs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur c ulb mfsb cb c`llçbs fktufdgsçb bl pbraflblkb sur df rçedbabltftg`l bt dbs l`uvbfutçs k`lkbrlflt dbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur fu lgvbfu lftg`lfd bt gltbrlftg`lfd . 2. Fv`gr rbk`urs é cbs çqugpbs pdus nbulbs bt pdus cylfagqubs é aîab cb rbdbvbr dbs cçjgs qug qu g s'gap`sblt é df mflqub bl aftgèrb cb Ebstg`l cb df ]bdftg`l Kdgblt (E]K). :. Abttrb fu p`glt ulb cçafrkhb qufdgtç cfls df ebstg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls c`kuabltfgrbs qug cbvrf çp`usbr df j`rab bt d'bsprgt cbs l`rabs G[@ 7996 p`ur dbs systèabs cb aflfebablt cb qufdgtç prbskrgvflt, bltrb futrb, df prgsb bl k`aptb cbs bxgeblkbs cbs kdgblts, df pr`cuktg`l cb sbrvgkbs cb qufdgtç cfls dbs abgddburs cçdfgs, db cçpd`gbablt c'ulb strft strftçegb çegb afrobtgle curfmdb `rgbltçb « kdgblt ¿, bt d'gapdgkftg`l cbs k`ddfm`rftburs cb df cgvgsg`l c`kuabltfgrb cfls df agsb bl uvrb cbs fktg`ls prçkçcblt prçkçcbltbs, bs, t`ut bl rbspbktflt ddbs bs bxgeblkbs rèedbabltfgrbs. 5. Abttrb bl pdfkb ulb strukturb afrobtgle flgaçb pfr cbs afrobt - afrobr glgtgçs fux tbkhlgqubs c`kuabltfgrbs bl pfrtgkudgbr bt dbs `pçrftg`ls k`aabrkgfdbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs bl eçlçrfd, c`lt df agssg`l k`lsgstbrfgt é cçjglgr df strftçegb afrobtgle é fppdgqubr fux sbrvgkbs mflkfgrbs é d'çtrflebr qug pbrabttrfgt é df Cgrbktg`l Kbltrfdb cu k`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd cb agbux bxprgabr s`l sfv`gr jfgrb vgs-é-vgs cb sbs rbdftg`ls , cb s`phgstgqubr dbs pr`cugts bt
682
sbrvgkbs bxgstflts bt c'bl k`lkbv`gr c'futrbs, c'blvgsfebr df ebstg`l cbs `pçrftg`ls c`kuabltfgrbs c`kuabl tfgrbs s`us ul fledb mbfuk`up pdus afrobtgle t`ut bl sb prç`kkupfl prç`kkupfltt cb jfgrb çv`dubr 68:
dbs pr`kçcurbs bt dbs tbkhlgqubs p`ur ulb u lb abgddburb qufdgtç cb sbrvgkb bt ul efgl gap`rtflt bl pr`jbssg`llfdgsab pr`jbssg `llfdgsab bt bl k`apç k`apçtgtgvgtç. tgtgvgtç. K`aab `l p`urrfgt db k`lstftbr, kbs rbk`aaflcftg`ls k`lkbrlblt bssbltgbddbablt dbs fspbkts aflfeçrgfux bt k`aabrkgfux cbs krçcgts bt blkfgssbablts c`kuabltfgrbs qug é l`trb fvgs açrgtblt c'îtrb prgs bl k`aptb pfr df Mflqub cb Cçvbd`ppbablt D`kfd bt pfr c'futrbs mflqubs `pçrflt cfls db aîab kgrkugt bt prbsqub cfls dbs aîabs k`lcgtg`ls. Bl kb qug l`us k`lkbrlb, l`us kr`y`ls qub dbs a`ybls c`kuabltfgrbs cfls dbur vbrsg`l « pfpgbr ¿ cbvgbllblt cb a`gls bl a`gls fcfptçs fux bxgeblkbs cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ? lb sbrfgt gd pfs nucgkgbux p`ur l`s mflqubs, cb s'gltçrbssbr c'`rbs bt cçné fux Krçcgts bt Blkfgssbablts Blkfgssba blts c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrbs tfgrbs ççdbktr`lgqubs dbktr`lgqubs 0
Mgmdg`erfphgb @uvrfebs
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FAAF].F «Dbs sçkurgtçs sçkurgtçs cb pfgba pfgbablts blts cfls db k`aab k`aabrkb rkb a`lcgfd> d bxbapdb cbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs c`kuabltfgrbs ¿, Kbltrb Rlgv Rlgvbrsgtfgrb brsgtfgrb cb Yumdgkftg`l (KRY (KRY), ), Sulgs =999.
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KHBH]GS.O « Cgktg`llfgrb eçlçrfd cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ Bcgtg`l Erflc Fdebr dgvrbs =99:.
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KHBH]GS.O « Dbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs ¿ Bcgtg`l Erflc Fdebr dgvrbs =995. CRYGL cb [FGLS KW].Y. « Dbs tbkhlg tbkhlgqubs qubs cu pfgbabl pfgbabltt cfls dbs k`ltrfts cb vbltb é d çtrflebr ¿¿Bcgtg`l Bcgtg`l Bl Bltbrprgsb tbrprgsb a a`cbrlb `cbrlb c Bcgtg`l Yfrgs 67:8. 685
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BKHFRCBAFG[@L.K.C BKHFRCBAFG[@L .K.C « Cgktg`llfgrb c çk`l`agb bt cb skgblkbs s`kgfdbs ¿ Bcgtg`l Lfthfl 6777.
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BG[BAFL.J, M@LS@RX. Kh., Kh., ]@UB.A.
« Db krç krçcgt cgt c`kuabltfgrb c`kuabltfgrb cfls db
k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur ¿ Bcgtg`l Nupgtbr 6782. -
EGDD@S. Y,
[email protected] « Db l`uvbfu kfamgsab ¿ Bcgtg`l B[OF 678:.
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ERBLC@R^G.M « ]bdftg`ls çk`l`a çk`l`agqubs gqubs gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlftg`lfdbs bs ¿ Bcgtg`l Bd Affrgj Affrgjff Fdebr 6778.
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O[@R]G .G« db k`ltródb cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt cbs khfleb ¿ Bcgtg`l Erflc Fdebr dgvrbs =99:.
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[email protected] « Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb > ul glstruablt cb efrfltgb, cb pfgbablt, cb jglflkbablt cu k`aabrkb gl gltbrlf tbrlftg`lfd tg`lfd ¿ Bcgtg`l BLFE 6777.
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DF[F]W.M « Db k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd é df p`rtçb cb t`us ¿ Bcgtg`l Bd Affrgjf Fdebr =992.
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DB E]FLC.K, AF]SGLG.H « Aflfebabl Aflfebabltt cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb
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gltbrlftg`lfd gltbrlft g`lfd ¿ Bcgt Bcgtg`l g`l Cul`c Yfrgs =992. YF[K@. K « K`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ Bcgtg`l Cul`c =998.
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YFZBFR.N, CRYHGD.J, MF]BDGB].F,
[email protected], EB]ZFG[.J, E]
[email protected], ORHL.E, DBZW. K, LB[S@]@ZGK.K, YFZBFR.A, [F]HFL N-A. « Bxp`rtbr > prftgqub cu k`aabrkb k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ Bcg Bcgtg`l tg`l J`ukhbr =99;.
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ABWB].Z, ]@DGL.K « Sbkhlgqub cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿ Bcgtg`l Lfthfl 6778.
Ubm`erfphgb
> [gtb wbm cb df mflqub MCD.
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www.mcd.cz
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www.gkkwm`.`re
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www.bur-bxp`rt.k`a
[gtb wbm cb df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb [gtb wbm cb sbdj dbfrlgle sur db k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur, jglflkç pfr
D'Rlg`l Bur`pçbllb [gtb wbm cb df Mflqub c Fdeçrgb
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www.Mflo-`j-Fdebrgf.cz
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www.mgs.`re > [gtb wbm cb df Mflqub cbs ]èedbablts Gltbrlftg`lfux (M]G)
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www.jag.`re
sgtb cu JAG
> sgtb wbm cb d'@reflgsftg`l A`l A`lcgfdb cgfdb cu K`aabrkb (@AK)
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www.wt`.`re
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www.mlppfrgmfs.k`a > [gtb wbm cb df mflqub Jrflåfgsb MLY Yfrgmfs 688
eugcb bl dgelb su surr d Fd Fdeçrg eçrgbb
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www.tfaflrfssbt.lbt
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www.dbs`grcfdebrgb.k`a
frtgkdb pfru db =5/9=/=998 « Mflqub c Fdeçrgb > db k`ltródb cbs
khflebs sbrf afgltblu ¿ Sbxtbs rçedbabltfgrbs
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]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs rbdftgvbs fux krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs cb df Khfamrb cb K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd, Mr`khurb L¹ :99, ]çvgsg ]çvgsg`l `l cb =995.
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]èedbablt MF 95/96 cu 9;/9=/=95p`rtflt rèedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs.
- L`tbs, kgrkudfgrbs MCD rbdftgvbs
fu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur bt fu k`ltródb cbs
khflebs. Frtgkdbs bt c`kuablts cgvbrs
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]bk`aaflcftg`ls ]bk`aaflcft g`ls cb df KKG fux mflqubs d`rs cb d'bxfabl cbs c`kuablt c `kuabltss > « K`aagssg`l flc Mflogle Yrfktgkb, Cgskrbpflt c`kuablts, wfgvbr flc L`tgkb ¿.
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Yrftgqubs Mflkfgrbs Gltbrlftg`lfdbs [tflcfrcs (YMG[) p`ur d bxfabl cb c`kuablts c`kuablts bl vbrtu c ul krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb > GKK =99=.
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Jfskgkudbs çtrflebrs cb df MCD S`aab G bt S`ab GG.
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[çaglfgrb sur db jglflkbablt cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur pfr krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb, flgaç pfr Ar CBLLG bxpbrt cu kk`aabrkb `aabrkb gl gltbrlftg`lfd tbrlftg`lfd é df MCD =99 =997. 7.
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Aflubd cbs Krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs, Blkfgssbablts bt cbs Efrfltgbs Mflkfgrbs Gltbrlftg`lfdbs,, Rlg`l cbs Mflqubs [u Gltbrlftg`lfdbs [ugssbs gssbs (RM[) - 6787-
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Eugcb Eçlçrfd Cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfd. Bc ABHCG.
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K`cb cbs c`uflbs fdeçrgbllbs.
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]fpp`rt fllubd MCD =997.
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Kfhgbrs jrflåfgs L¹ ;=2 « A`lcgfdgsftg`l bt k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ¿.
K`urs >
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K`urs « Jglflkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb ¿ Afegstbr AJM, M. ERBLC@R^G RAA S@ =997.
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K`urs « Afrkhçs jglflkgbrs gltbrlftg`lfux bt rgsqub cb khfleb ¿ Afegstbr AJM, M. ERBLC@R^G RAA S@ =997.
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K`urs sur dbs `pçrftg`ls `pçrftg`ls cb mflqubs mflqubs fvbk d çtrflebr, Dgdgf ABCBM, GJGC =99; =99;.. K`urs sur sur d fssurflkb fssurflkb krçcg krçcgtt é d bxp`r bxp`rtftg tftg`l `l GJGC ==993. 993.
Dgstb cbs jgeurbs
Jgeurb L¹ 96 > Khr`l`d`egb c ulb `pçrftg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb bt prglkgpf pr glkgpfux ux rgsqubs .......p27 Jgeurb L¹ = > Db kgrkugt cu vgrbablt .p52 Jgeurb L¹ 9; > @pçrftg`l cb rèedbablt pfr trflsj tr flsjbrt brt dgmrb ............p57 Jgeurb L¹93 > Yfgbablt pfr K@C .p86 Jgeurb L¹ 92 > Db trfgtbablt cb df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb k`ltrb pfgbablt ....p8; Jgeurb L¹ 9: > Yfgbablt pfr K]BC@K ...........p85 Jgeurb L¹ 95 > Db Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb ..p7; Jgeurb L¹ 98> Db Krbc`k MFKO S@ MFKO ...........p72 Jgeurb L¹> 97 D/K [SFLC MW p75
687
Jgeurb L¹ 69 > Db krçcgt j`urlgssbur . ...p69= Jgeurb L¹ 66 > Db krçcgt fkhbtbur . p69; 679
Jgeurb L¹ 6= > Db cçr`udbablt cb df pr`kç pr` kçcu curb rb cu j`rj `rjfg fgtf tfeb eb . p69: Jgeurb L¹ 6; > Df efrfltgb gltbrlftg`lfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb . . ...p698 Jgeurb L¹ 63 > Khr`l`d`egb cfls df agsb agsb bl ppdfkb dfkb cbs efrfltgbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs ....p66; Jgeurb L¹ 62 > @reflgerfaab cb df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb cb df MCD ...p6=3 Jgeurb L¹ 6: > @reflgerfaab cb df Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd`gtfg`l ...... ..p6=2
Jgeurb L¹ 65> @reflg @reflgerfaab erfaab cb d Feblkb .p6=2 Jgeurb L¹ 68 > Db sskhçaf khçaf cbs cbskrgptgj krgptgj cb df c`ag c`agkgdgftg`l kgdgftg`l é d gap`rtftg`l ................p6:6 Jgeurb L¹ 67 > Db skhçaf skhçaf cbskrgptgj cbskrgptgj cb df c`agkgdgftg`l é d bxp`rtftg`l . p6:= Jgeurb Jgeu rb L¹ =9 > Dg Dgmbdd mbddçç cb d BB[ c `uvbrturb Krbc`k ..p65= Jgeurb L¹ =6 > Dbs feblkbs cb df C]B S@ ferççbs p`ur db k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur ...Y67=
Dgstb cbs fmrçvgftg`ls FGC > Fss Fss`kgftg`l `kgftg`l GGltbrlftg`lfdb ltbrlftg`lfdb cb Cçvbd`ppbabl Cçvbd`ppbabltt FAEG > Feblkb Audtgdftçrfdb cb Efrfltgb cbs Glvbstgssbablts FLEBA > Feblkb Lftg`lfdb cb Ebstg`l cbs Agkr` krçcgts FL[BN > Febl Feblkb kb Lftg`lfdb cb [`utgbl é d Bapd`g cbs Nb Nbulbs ulbs MCD > Mflqub cb Cçvbd`ppbablt D`kfd MG]C > Mflqub Gltbrlft Gltbrlftg`lfdb g`lfdb df ]bk`lstr ]bk`lstruktg`l uktg`l bt db Cçvbd`pp Cçvbd`ppbablt bablt MA > Mflqub A`lcgfdb
KFCYGK > K`lsbgd cb d'Fkk`rc cb d'@AK d'@AK sur dbs fspbkts cbs Cr`gts cb Yr`prgçtç Gltbddbktubddb
qug t`ukhblt fu K`aa K`aabrkb brkb KFEBX > K`apfelgb Fdeçrgbllb cb Efrfltgb cbs Bxp`rtftg`ls KKG > Khfam Khfamrb rb cu K`aabrkb GGltbrlftg`lfdb ltbrlftg`lfdb KKA > K`lsbgd cu K`aabrkb cbs Afrkhflcgsbs KK[ > Db K`lsbgd cu K`aabrkb cbs [brvgkbs KBCC > Khfrtb cbs Bltrbprgsbs p`ur db Cçvbd`ppbablt Curfmdb KGF > K`urs Gltbrlftg`lfdb c Frmgtrfeb KGA > K`lvbl K`lvbltg`l tg`l Gltbrlftg`lfdb cbs Afrkhflcgsbs KG]C > Kbltrb Gltbrlftg`lfd cb rèedbablt cbs Cgjjçrblcs KDS > Krçcgt é D`le tbrab KAJG > K`ag K`agtç tç A`lçtfgrb bt Jglfl Jglflkgbr kgbr Gltbrlft Gltbrlftg`lfd g`lfd KA] > K`lvbl K`lvbltg`l tg`l Afrkhflcgsbs ]`ut ]`utbb KAS > Krçcgt é A`ybl Sbrab KLFK > Kfgssb Lftg`lfdb Lftg`lfdb c Fdd`kftg`l Khóafeb Khó afeb K@C> Kfsh @l Cbdgvbry (k`ltrb (k`ltr b rbam`ursbablt) K@JFKB > K`apfelgb Jrflåfgsb c Fss Fssurflkb urflkb K Krçcg rçcgtt é d Bxp`rtftg`l Bxp`rtftg`l KYF > Krçcgt Y`pudfgrb c Fdeçrgb K]BC@K> Krçcgt C`kuabltfgrb KSMD> K`amglbc Srflsp`rt Mgdd `j dfcgle
676
CKG > Cgrbktg`l cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`l G ltbrlftg`lfd fd
CEG > Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb cbs Gapóts C]B > Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd`gtftg Bxpd`gtftg`l `l CS[ > Cr`gt cb Sgrfebs [pçkgfux
BYB/[YF > Bltrbprgsb Yumdgqub Bk`l`agqub /[`kgçtç pfr Fktg`l JAG > J`lcs A`lçtfgrb Gltbrlftg`lfd EFFS > Eblbrfd Ferbbablt `l Sfrgjs flc Srfcb (Fkk`rc Eçlçrfd sur dbs Sfrgjs c`uflgbrs bt
db k`aabrkb) GMFL > Gltbrlftg`lfd Mflo Fkk`ult Luambr GMKK > Murbfu Gltbrlftg`lfd cbs Khfamrbs cb k`aabrkb GKK > Gltbrlftg`lfd Khfambr `j K`aabrkb GCFG > Glstgtut cu Cr`gt cbs Fjjfgrbs Gltbrlftg`lfdbs GCH > Glcgkb cb Cçvbd`ppbablt Huafgl GLK@SB]A > Gltbrlftg`lfd K`aabrkgfd Sbras Sbr as D/K > Dbttrb cb Krçcgt DSF > Dbttrb cb Srflsp`rt Fçrgbl LGJ > Luaçr` c Gcbltgjgflt Jgskfd @GK > @reflgsftg @reflgsftg`l `l Gltbrlft Gltbrlftg`lfdb g`lfdb cu K` K`aabrkb aabrkb @AK > @reflgsftg`l A`lcgfdb cu K`aabrkb @LE > @reflgs @reflgsftg`ls ftg`ls L`l E`uvbrlbabl E`uvbrlbabltfdbs tfdbs @]C > @reflb cb ]èedbablt cbs Cgjjçrblcs
67=
YAF > Yfys dbs A`gls Fvflkçs
67;
YLRC > Yr`erfaab cbs Lftg`ls Rlgbs p`ur Rlgbs p`ur db Cçvbd`ppbablt. Cçvbd`ppbablt. YZC > Yfys bl v`gb cb Cçvbd`ppbablt ]BAC@K > ]bagsb C`kuabltfgrb
]RR > ]èedbs bt Rsflkbs Rlgj`rabs [JG > [`kgçtç Jglflkgèrb Gltbrlftg`lfdb [UGJS> [`kgbty j`r U`rdcwgcb Gltbrmflo Jglflkgfd Sbdbk`aaulgkftg`l UMK[C > U`rdc Musglbss Fktg`l j`r [ustfglfmdb cbvbd`pablt.
Sfmdb cbs aftgèrbs
Gltr`cuktg Gltr`cu ktg`l `l eçlç eçlçrfdb rfdb ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 96 Cçafrkh Cça frkhbb cb trfvfg trfvfgd......................... d......................................... ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 93 Yfrtgb G > kfcrb thç`rgqub cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur
Gltr`cuktg`l cb df prbagèrb pfrtgb ...... ............... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. 9: Khfpgtrb G > Blvgr`ll Blvgr`llbablt bablt gltbrlftg gltbrlftg`lfd `lfd cu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur Gltr`cuktg`l cu prbagbr khfpgtrb ....................................................................................................... 95 [bktg`l [bktg `l 6 > D blvg blvgr`llba r`llbablt blt gls glstgtutg`ll tgtutg`llbd bd ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 98 6. Dbs glstgtutg`ls jglflkgèrbs (Mrbtt`l w``cs) ............................................................................. 98
6.6. Db JAG ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 98 6.6.6.. Hgs 6.6.6 Hgst`rgq t`rgqub ub ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 98 6.6.=. [tftuts nurgcgqubs bt prgvgdèebs........................................................................ 97
673
6.6.;. @mnbktgjs cu JAG JAG ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 97 6.6.3. E`uvbrlflkb bt `reflg `reflgsftg`l sftg`l ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 69 6.6.2. Dbs rbss`urkbs bt bt gls glstruabl truablts ts cb prît................... prît.................................... .................................. .......................... ......... 66 6.6.:. Khfaps c fktg`l cu JAG.................. JAG.................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 6= 6.=. Df Mflqub A`lcgfdb................................................................................................... 6; 6.=.6. Fpbråu hgst`rgqub .......................................................................................... 6; 6.=.=.. @mn 6.=.= @mnbktgjs bktgjs cb df MA ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 63 6.=.;.. ]ód 6.=.; ]ódbb cb df MA ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 62 6.=.3.. Yrçs 6.=.3 Yrçsgcbl gcblkb kb............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 6: =. Dbs `reflgsftg`ls cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd ................................................................................ 6: =.6. D @refl @reflgsftg gsftg`l `l A`lcgfd A`lcgfdbb cu K`aa K`aabrkb brkb ................................ ................................................. ................................. .................... .... 6: =.6.6.. Fpbråu hgs =.6.6 hgst`rgqub t`rgqub cu EFF EFFS S é d @AK............................... @AK................................................ ............................. ............ 6: =.6.=. ]ódb bt `mnbktgjs .... .............. ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 65 =.6.;.. Db kfcr =.6.; kfcrbb nurgcgqu nurgcgqubb cb d @AK............... @AK............................... ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 68 =.6.3. D `reflgsftg =.6.3. `reflgsftg`l `l gltbrl gltbrlbb cb d @AK........... @AK............................ .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 67 =.6.2.. Db j`lktg =.6.2 j`lktg`llba `llbablt blt cb d @AK...................... @AK....................................... ................................. ................................. ................... =9 =.6.:.. Dbs cg =.6.: cgjjçr jjçrblts blts Fkk Fkk`rcs `rcs cb d @AK............... @AK ................................ ................................. ................................. ................... =6 =.6.5. @mnbt cbs cgjjçrbl cgjjçrbltbs tbs ssçrgbs çrgbs cb lçe`kgftg`l. ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... == =.= Df Khfamrb Khfamrb cu K`aabrkb Gltbrlftg`lfdb ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... =; =.=.6. Hgst`grb cb df khfamrb cb k`aabrkb .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... =; =.=.=. @mnbktgjs, agssg`ls bt fktgvgtçs................................................................................ =3 =.=.=.6. =.=.= .6. Agssg Agssg`ls `ls bt fk fktgvg tgvgtçs tçs ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ =3 =.=.=.=. @mnbktgjs cb df KKG................................................................................ =3 =.=.;. Dbs cçjgs cu =9 èab sgèkd sgèkdbb ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... =2 ;. Dbs systèabs cb k`aaulgkftg`l bt cb rèedbablt...................................................................... =8 ;.6. Db rçsbfu cb k`rrbsp`lcflts mflkfgrbs....................................................................... =8 ;.=. Df k`aaulgkftg`l bltrb k`rrbsp`lcfl k`rrbsp`lcfltt ççtrflebrs trflebrs .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ ;9 ;.=.6. Db vgrbablt k`urrgbr................................................................................. ;9 ;.=.=.. Db vgrbabl ;.=.= vgrbabltt Sçd Sçdbx bx ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... ;9 ;.=.;.. Db vgrbabl ;.=.; vgrbabltt [wgj [wgjtt ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... ;9 ;.;. Dbs trflsjbrts cb j`lcs bltrb mflqubs......................................................................... ;6
[bktg`l = > D blvgr`llbabl blvgr`llbabltt nurgcgqub bt çk`l`agqub ........... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... ;3 6. Db kfcrb nurgcgqub nurgcgqub............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... ;3
672
6.6. Dbs s`urkbs cu cr`gt gltbrlftg gltbrlftg`lfd `lfd ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ ;3 6.6.6. Dbs k`lvbltg`ls k`lvbltg`ls gltbrlftg gltbrlftg`lfdb `lfdbs.............................. s.............................................. ................................. ................... ;3 6.6.=. Db cr`gt k`aaul k`aaulfutfg futfgrb rb ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... ;2 6.6.;.. Dbs usf 6.6.; usfebs.............. ebs............................... .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... ;2 6.=. Db rèedbabl rèedbabltt cbs dgtgebs dgtgebs................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... ;2 6.=.6. Dbs nurgcgktg`ls lftg`lfdbs........................................................................ ;: 6.=.=.. Db rbk 6.=.= rbk`urs `urs é d frmg frmgtrfeb trfeb ................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... ;: =. Dbs çdçablts cb mfsb c ulb trflsfktg`l k`aabrkgfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb .................. ......... ................... ................... .............. ..... ;: =.6. Khr`l`d`egb c ulb trflsfktg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb............................................................. ;: =.6.6. Df pr`spbktg`l.......................................................................................... ;5 =.6.=.. D gapdfltf =.6.= gapdfltftg`l tg`l é d çtrfl çtrflebr......................... ebr.......................................... .................................. ............................. ............ ;5 =.6.;.. Df k`ls =.6.; k`lstgtutg tgtutg`l `l cb st`kos é d çtrfl çtrflebr.......... ebr........................... .................................. ............................. ............ ;5 =.6.3. Df prçsbltftg`l c ulb `jjrb `jjrb................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... ;5 =.6.2.. Df k`aafl =.6.2 k`aaflcb cb bt df jfmrgkf jfmrgkftg`l tg`l ................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... ;5 =.6.:.. D bam =.6.: bamfddfeb fddfeb bt d bxpçcg bxpçcgtg`l........................ tg`l......................................... .................................. ............................. ............ ;8 =.6.5. Df rçkbptg`l bt db pfgbablt....................................................................... ;8 =.=. Dbs supp`rts cbs `pçrftg`ls cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur................................................... ;7 =.=.6. Dbs c`kuabl c`kuablts ts trflsfktg`ll trflsfktg`llbds bds ......... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... ;7 =.=.6.6. Db k`ltrft cb vbl vbltb tb gltbrlftg`lfdb gltbrlftg`lfdb ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... ............. ;7 =.=.6.=. Dbs c`kuabl c`kuablts ts cb prgx (jfkturbs) ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 39 =.=.=. Dbs a`cbs c bxpçcgtg`l bt dbs c`kuablts cb trflsp`rt.............................. 3= =.=.=.6. Db trflsp`rt pfr abr bt db k`llfgssbablt afrgtgab........................ 3= =.=.=.=. Db trflsp`rt pfr fvg`l bt df dbttrb cb trflsp`rt fçrgbl..................... 32 =.=.=.;. Db trflsp`rt trflsp`rt pfr r`utb bt df dbttrb cb v`gturb gltbrlftg`lfdb ...... ............ ...... 3: =.=.=.3. Db Db trfls trflsp`rt p`rt pfr rfgd bt df db dbttrb ttrb cb v`gturb v`gturb KGA ........ .................. ................... ............. 3: =.=.=.2. D b trflsp`rt k`amglç bt dbs c`kuablts audtga`cfd...................... 35 =.=.=.:. Db rçkçpgssç p`stfd........................................................................ 38 =.=.;. Dbs c`kuablts c fss fssurflkb urflkb ................................. .................................................. ................................. .................... .... 38 =.=.;.6. Df p`dgkb fu v`yfeb...................................................................... 38 =.=.;.=. =.=.; .=. Df p`dgkb p`dgkb ed`mfdb ed`mfdb ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 38 =.=.3. Futrbs c`kuablts..................................................................................... 37 =.=.3.6. Db kbrtgjgkft c `rgeg `rgeglb lb ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................... 37
=.=.3.=. Df dgstb =.=.3.=. dgstb cb k`dgsfe k`dgsfebb ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 37 =.=.3.;. =.=.3 .;. Df l`tb cb p`g p`gcs cs ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 37 =.=.3.3. Db kbrtgjgkft c flfdy flfdysb............. sb.............................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 37
67:
=.=.3.2. Db kbrtgjg kbrtgjgkft kft sfl sflgtfg gtfgrb rb .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................... 29 ;. Dbs glk`tbras glk`tbras ................ ................................ ................... .................... .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 29 ;.6. Cçjglgtg`l............................................ Cçjglgtg`l............................................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 29 ;.=. Dbs glk`tbras cb vbltb fu cçpfrt..................................................................................... 26 ;.;. Dbs glk`tbra glk`tbrass cb vbltb é d frrgv frrgvçb çb ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 26 [bktg`l [bktg `l ; > D blvg blvgr`llba r`llbablt blt jglf jglflkgb lkgbrr ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 23 6. Dbs rgsqubs lçs c ulb trflsfktg`l gltbrlftg`lfdb......................................................................... 23 6.6. Db rgsqub rgsqub cb jfm jfmrgkftg rgkftg`l `l ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 23 6.=. Db rgsqub rgsqub krçcg krçcgt.............................. t............................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 22 6.;. Db rgsqub rgsqub pfys ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 22 6.3 Db rgsqub rgsqub cb khfl khfleb eb............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 2: 6.3.6. Yrglkgpb cu rgsqub cb khfleb .... .............. ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 2: 6.3.=. Dbs fspbkts cu rgsqub cb khfleb ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 25 6.3.=.6. Db rgsqub cb khfleb cb trflsfktg`l................................................ 25 6.3.=.=. Db rgsqub cb khfleb cb k`ls`dgcftg`l............................................ 25 6.3.=.;. Db rgsqub cb khfleb çk`l`agqu çk`l`agqubb ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 25 6.2. Db rgsqub cb tfux c gltçrît gltçrît ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 25 6.2.6. Fppr`khbs cu rgsqub cb tfux c gl gltçrît tçrît .................................. .................................................. .................... .... 25 6.2.=. Absurb cu rgsqub cb tfux c gl gltçrît............ tçrît............................ ................................. ................................ ............... 28 =. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb cbs rgsqubs rgsqubs......... .................. .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 27 =.6. D fssu fssurflkb rflkb krçcg krçcgtt é d bxp`rtf bxp`rtftg`l tg`l................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 27 =.6.6.. J`lcb =.6.6 J`lcbabl ablts ts tbkhl tbkhlgqubs gqubs ccbb d fssurflkb fssurflkb kkrçcg rçcgtt é d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l .................... .................... :9 =.6.6.6. Df ed`mfdgtç cbs k`uvbrturbs.......................................................... :9 =.6.6.=. =.6.6 .=. Df pfr pfrtgkg tgkgpftg`l pftg`l cb d fssu fssurç rç é df ebstg`l ebstg`l cu rgsqub rgsqub ................ ......................... ......... :9 =.6.6.;. =.6.6 .;. Db cçd cçdfg fg cb kfrb kfrblkb lkb .................................. ................................................... ................................. .................... .... :6 =.6.6.3. Df sçdbktg`l cbs rgsqubs ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ :6 =.6.6.2. Df ebstg`l cu rgsqub...................................................................... :6 =.6.=. Db k`ltrft c fss fssurfl urflkb kb krç krçcgt cgt é d bxp`rtftg bxp`rtftg`l `l .................................. ........................................... ......... := =.6.=.6. K`ltblu cu k`ltrft c fss fssurflk urflkbb ................................ ................................................ .................... .... := =.6.=.=. Dbs çtfpbs cb jj`rafdgsftg`l `rafdgsftg`l ccuu k`l k`ltrft trft .................. ......... ................... ................... .............. ..... := =.6.;. Dbs cgjjçrblts typbs cb k`ltrfts c fssurflkb ............................................ :;
=.6.;.6. =.6.; .6. D fssu fssurflkb rflkb pr`s pr`spbktg pbktg`l `l ............................... ................................................ ................................ ............... :; =.6.;.=. D fssu =.6.;.=. fssurflkb rflkb krçcg krçcgt.............................. t............................................... .................................. .......................... ......... :3 =.6.;.;. =.6.; .;. D fssu fssurflkb rflkb khfleb... khfleb.................... .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... :3 675
=.6.;.3. Dbs fssurflkbs fssurflkbs spçkgjgqubs............................................................ :3 =.=. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb k`uvbrturb spçkgjgqubs................................................................... :3 =.=.6. Dbs tbkhlgqubs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb tfux cb khfleb........................ :2 =.=.6.6. Dbs tbkhlgqubs gltbrlbs................................................................. :2 =.=.6.=. Dbs tbkhlgqubs bxtbrlbs ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ :5 =.=.=. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb k`uvbrturb cu rgsqub cb tfux c gl gltçrît tçrît ......................... ......................... 59 =.=.=.6. Dbs swfps cb tfux c gl gltçrît tçrît................ ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 59 =.=.=.=. Dbs kfps bt jd``rs.......................................................................... 56 =.=.=.;. =.=.= .;. Dbs k`dd k`ddfrs frs ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 56 K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l cu prba prbagbr gbr Khfp Khfpgtrb gtrb ................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 5= Khfpgtrb GG > Dbs tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqubss cb pfgbablt, cb jglflkba jglflkbablt blt bt cb efrfltgb Gltr`cuktg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 5; [bktg`l 6 > Dbs glstruabl glstruablts ts bt tbkhlgqubs cb pfg pfgbablt bablt .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 53
6. Dbs glstrua glstruablts blts cb pfg pfgbabl babltt ............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 53 6.6. Db vgrbablt gltbrlftg`lfd........................................................................................... 53 6.=. Db khèqub khèqub................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 52 6.=.6.. Cçjg 6.=.6 Cçjglgtg`l lgtg`l cu khè khèqub qub............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 52 6.=.=. Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblt cu khèqub....................................................... 52 6.=.;. ]blj`rkbablt cu khèqub.......................................................................... 52 6.=.;.6. Db khèqub vgsç.............................................................................. 5: 6.=.;.=. Db khèqub kbrtgjgç ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 5: 6.=.;.;. 6.=.; .;. Db khè khèqub qub cb mflq mflqub ub ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 5: 6.;. Dbs bjjb bjjbts ts cb k`aa k`aabrkb brkb ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 5: 6.;.6.. Df dbttrb cb khfleb 6.;.6 khfleb............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 5: 6.;.6.6. 6.;.6 .6. Cçjg Cçjglgtg`l lgtg`l ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 5: 6.;.6.=. Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts .......................................................... 55 6.;.=.. Db mgddbt 6.;.= mgddbt é `rcrb................. `rcrb.................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 55 6.3. Df kfrtb mflkfgrb mflkfgrb ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 58 =. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb pfgbablt ..................................................................................................... 58
=.6. Dbs tbkh tbkhlgq lgqubs ubs sgapd sgapdbs bs ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 57 =.6.6.. D blkf =.6.6 blkfgssba gssbablt blt sgapdb sgapdb ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 57 =.6.=. Db pfgbablt pfgbablt é df k`aaflcb ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 89
678
=.6.;. Db pfgbablt k`ltrb jfk jfkturb turb ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 89 =.6.3. Db k`ltrb rbam`ursba rbam`ursbablt blt (kfsh `l cbdgvbry) ................... ......... ................... ................... ................ ...... 89 =.=. Dbs tbkhlgqubs c`kuabltfgrbs c`kuabltfgrbs ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 86 =.=.6. Df rbagsb c`kuabltfgrb(]bac`k)............................................................ 8= =.=.6.6. Cçjglgtg`l cb df ]bac`k............................................................... 8= =.=.6.=. Açkflg Açkflgsab sab cb df ]bac`k ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 8= =.=.6.;. =.=.6 .;. J`rabs cb df ]bac`k ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 8; =.=.6.3. Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts cb df ]bac`k..................................... 8; =.=.=. Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb (Krbc`k).............................................................. 83 =.=.=.6. Cçjglgtg`l bt gltbrvblflts.............................................................. 83 =.=.=.=. Kfrfktçrgstgqu Kfrfktçrgstgqubs bs cu Krbc`k .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 82 =.=.=.;. Dbs rèedbs bt usflkbs ulgj`rabs ]RR........................................... 82 =.=.=.3. =.=.= .3. Açkf Açkflg lgsab sab cu Krbc` Krbc`kk ................................ ................................................ ................................. ................... 8: =.=.=.2. Fvfltfebs bt glk`lvçlgblts cu Krbc`k.......................................... 85 =.=.=.:. Dbs j`rabs c blef blefebabl ebabltt cu Krbc`k Krbc`k ................................ ............................................ ............ 88 f. Db krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb rçv`kfmdb .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 88 m. Db krçcgt krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv grrçv`kfmdb `kfmdb.......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 88 k. Db krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb grrçv`kfmdb bt k`ljgraç.................................. 87 =.=.=.5. Dbs Dbs cgjj cgjjçrblts çrblts a`cbs cb pfg pfgbablt bablt cu Krbc`k Krbc`k .................. ........ ................... .............. ..... 87 f. Yfgbablt Yfgbablt é vub .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 87 m. Yfgbablt Yfgbablt cgjjçrç `u é çkh çkhçflkb..... çflkb.............. .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 79 k. Yfr fkkb fkkbptftg ptftg`l `l ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 79 c. Yfr lçe lçe`kgf `kgftg`l.................... tg`l.................................... ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 76 =.=.=.8. Dbs j`rabs spçkgfdbs cu Krbc`k.................................................... 76 f. Db Krbc`k rbv`dvgle rbv`dvgle................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ............................. ............ 76 m. Db Krbc`k trflsjçrfmdb .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 7= k. Db krbc`k ]bc kdfusb............................................................................. 73 c. Db krbc krbc`k `k Mfko t` mfk mfkoo ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 73 b. Df dbttrb cb krçcgt [tflc my.................................................................... 7: [bktg`l = > Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt......................................................................................... 77 6. Dbs tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqubss cb jglflkbabl jglflkbabltt é k`urt tbrab ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 77
6.6. Jglflkba Jglflkbablt blt cb d bxp`r bxp`rtftg`l tftg`l bl fa fa`lt `lt ................................ ................................................. ................................. .................... .... 77 6.6.6. Fu a`ablt cb df pr`spbktg`l................................................................... 77 6.6.=. Fu a`ablt cb df jfmrgkftg`l ........ .................. ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 699
677
6.6.;. Y`ur k`lstgtutg`l k`lstgtutg`l ccbb st`kos é d çtrflebr çtrflebr ................................ ................................................ .................... .... 699 6.=. Jglflk Jglflkbabl babltt cb d bxp`r bxp`rttftg`l ftg`l bl fvfd..... fvfd...................... .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 699 6.=.6.. D fvfl 6.=.6 fvflkb kb bl cbvg cbvgsbs sbs ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 699 6.=.=.. Df a`m 6.=.= a`mgdgsf gdgsftg`l tg`l cb krçflkbs krçflkbs lçbs sur d çtrflebr çtrflebr................. ................................. ....................... ....... 696 =. Dbs tbkhlgqub tbkhlgqubss ccbb jglflkba jglflkbablt blt é a`ybl d`le tbrab .................. ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 696 =.6. Db krçcgt krçcgt j`url j`urlgss gssbur........................... bur............................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 696 =.6.6.. Cçjg =.6.6 Cçjglgtg`l.......... lgtg`l.......................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 696 =.6.=.. Yr`k =.6.= Yr`kçcurb çcurb cb ags agsbb bl ppdfk dfkbb ................ ................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 69= =.=. Db krçcgt krçcgt fkh fkhbtbur btbur............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 69; =.=.6.. Cçjg =.=.6 Cçjglgtg`l.......... lgtg`l.......................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 69; =.=.=. J`rabs cb k`lkdusg`l............................................................................... 693 ;. Dbs tbkhlgqubs cb jglflkbablt pfrtgkudgèrbs............................................................................. 693 ;.6. Db dbfsgle gltbrlftg`lfd.............................................................................................. 693 ;.=. D fjjfk fjjfkturfeb turfeb (jf (jfkt`rgl kt`rgle) e) ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 692 ;.;. Db j`rjfgtfeb j`rjfgtfeb (j`rj (j`rjfgtgle fgtgle)) ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 692 [bktg`l ; > Dbs efrfltgbs gltbrlftg`lfdbs ......... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 695 6. Cçjglgtg`l cb df efrfltgb mflkfgrb............................................................................................. 695 =. Sy Syp`d`eg p`d`egbb cbs efrfl efrfltgbs tgbs .................................. .................................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 698 =.6. Df efrfltgb cc`kuabltfgrb `kuabltfgrb bt df efrfltgb é pprbagèrb rbagèrb cba cbaflcb flcb .................. ........ ................... ................... ................ ...... 698 =.=. Df efrfltgb cgrbktb bt df efrfltgb glcgrbktb........................................................................ 697 =.;. Dbs dbttrbs cb krçcg krçcgtt ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 697 ;. Dbs J`rabs cbs efrfltgbs .... ............. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ...... 669 ;.6. Df efrfl efrfltgb tgb cb s`uagssg s`uagssg`l `l (mgc m`lc) ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 669 ;.=. Df efrfltgb cb m`llb bxçkutg`l (pbrj`raflkb m`lc) ................................................. 669 ;.;. Df efrfltgb cb rbstgtutg`l c fk`aptb (fcvflkb pfyablt pfyablt m`lc) m`lc) .......... ................... ................... ................ ...... 666 ;.3. Df efrfltgb ccbb rbtblub cb efrfl efrfltgb tgb (rbtbltg`l a`lby m`lc) m`lc) ......... .................. .................. ................... ............. ... 666 ;.2. Df efrfltgb ccbb pfgba pfgbablt blt (Dfm`ur fl flcc aftbrgfd pfyablt pfyablt m`lc) .......... ................... ................... ................ ...... 666 ;.:. Dbs j`rabs cb efrfltgb pfrtgkudgèrbs .......................................................................... 66= ;.:.6. Df efrfltgb cb cçk`uvbrt mfl mflkfgrb kfgrb ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 66= ;.:.=. Dbs kfutg`ls bt efrfltgbs c`uflgèrbs c`uflgèrbs......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 66= ;.:.=.6. Df kfutg`l c fcags fcagssg`l sg`l tba tbap`rfgrb p`rfgrb ................................ ............................................... ............... 66=
;.:.=.=. Db krçcgt c bldèvbablt bl c`uflb................................................. 66= K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l cu cbux cbuxgèa gèabb khf khfpgtrb pgtrb ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 663 K`lkdusg`l cb df prbagèrb pfrtgb........................................................................................................ 662 =99
Yfrtgb GG > Yrftgqub cu Yrftgqub cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb pfr df MCD
Gltr`cuktg`l cb df df cbuxgèab pfrtgb ....... . ....................... .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 66: Khfpgtrbb G > Df prçsbltftg` Khfpgtr prçsbltftg`ll cb df MCD Gltr`cuktg`l cu prbagbr khfpg khfpgtrb trb......... .................. .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. 665 [bktg`l 6 > Gcbl Gcbltgjgkftg`l, tgjgkftg`l, `reflg `reflgsftg`l sftg`l bt strftçegb cb ddff MCD.......... MCD ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ..... 668 6. Gcbltgjgkftg`l cb df MCD........................................................................................................... 668 6.6. Yrglkgpfux çdçablts c gcbltgjgk gcbltgjgkftg`l....................... ftg`l........................................ ................................. ................................. ..................668 .668 6.=. Fpb Fpbråu råu hgs hgst`rgqu t`rgqubb ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................667 ....667 6.;. Fktgv Fktgvgtç gtç ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ..................6=9 .6=9 6.3. [trftç [trftçeg egbb bt `mnb `mnbktgjs ktgjs ................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................6=6 ...............6=6 =. [truk [trukturb turb bt `refl `reflgsf gsftg`l tg`l .................................. .................................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................6=6 .......6=6 =.6. @reflgsftg`l, agssg agssg`ls `ls cbs cbs cgjjçrbltbs strukturbs ........... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ......6=6 6=6 =.6.6. Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb CE........................................................................ 6== =.6.=. Df Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd Bxpd`gtftg `gtftg`l `l ................................. ................................................. .................... .... 6== =.6.;. Db rçsbfu c febl feblkbs kbs ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 6=; =.=. @refl @reflge gerfaabs rfaabs cb df MCD ............................... ................................................ .................................. ................................. .......................6=3 .......6=3 =.=.6. Df Cgrbktg`l Eçlçrfdb CE........................................................................ 6=3 =.=.=. Df Cgrbktg`l ]çeg`lfdb c Bxpd Bxpd`gtftg `gtftg`l `l ................................. ................................................. .................... .... 6=2 =.=.;.. D febl =.=.; feblkb kb .............. ............................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 6=2 [bktg`l = > Dbs sbrvgkbs cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ......6=: 6=: 6. Df Cgrbktg`l cu k`aabrkb gltbrlftg`lfd...................................................................................6=: 6.6. Agssg Agssg`ls `ls ................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................6=: ...............6=: 6.=. @refl @reflgsf gsftg`l tg`l................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................6=: .........6=: =. Dbs sbrvgk sbrvgkbs bs cb df C]B ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................6=5 .........6=5 =.6. Db sbrvgkb sbrvgkb krçcgt krçcgt ................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................6=5 ....6=5 =.=. Db sbrvgkb sbrvgkb k`ltródb k`ltródb ............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ..................6=5 .6=5 ;. Db sbrv sbrvgkb gkb çtrflebr çtrflebr cb d febl feblkb kb ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .............................6=8 ............6=8 ;.6. J`l J`lktg`l ktg`l cu sbrvg sbrvgkb kb .............. ............................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ..................6=8 .6=8 ;.=. @reflgsftg`l bt fcaglgstrftg`l...................................................................................6;9
;.=.6. ]ód ;.=.6. ]ódbb cu khbj cb sbrvg sbrvgkb kb ................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .......................... ......... 6;9 ;.=.=. Dbs p`stbs cb trfvfgd cu sbrvgkb ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 6;6 ;.=.=.6. ;.=.= .6. Df c`ag c`agkgdg kgdgftg`l ftg`l bt d fpurbabl fpurbabltt ................................ ................................................ .................... .... 6;6 =96
;.=.=.=. Dbs tr fflsjbrts lsjbrts bt rfpftrgbablts....................................................... 6;= ;.=.=.;. Db khfleb khfleb afl aflubd......................... ubd......................................... ................................. ................................ ............... 6;; ;.=.=. ;.= .=.3. 3. D bl blkkfgss fgssbabl babltt c`kua c`kuabltfg bltfgrb rb ................................ ................................................ ....................... ....... 6;; ;.=.=.2. Dbs krçcgts c`kuabltfgrbs............................................................. 6;3 ;.=.=.:. Df ebstg`l ebstg`l cbs kk`ltrfts `ltrfts bt agsb bl pdf pdfkb kb cbs efrfl efrfltgbs tgbs ......... ................... .......... 6;3 ;.=.=.5. Ebstg`l cbs k`aptbs spçkgfux....................................................... 6;2 ;.=.;. Dbs rbdftg`ls hgçrfrkhgqubs bt j`lktg`llbddbs cu sbrvgkb............................ 6;2 ;.=.;.6. Dbs rbdftg`ls gltbrlbs.................................................................... 6;: ;.=.;.=. ;.=.; .=. Dbs rbdftg`l rbdftg`lss bxtbrl bxtbrlbs bs ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 6;5
[bktg`l ; > Fpprçkgftg Fpprçkgftg`l `l cb d fktgvgtç k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur........... bxtçrgbur..................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 6;5 6. Cçkbl Cçkbltrfdgsftg`l trfdgsftg`l cbs p`uv`grs cb cçkgsg`l .......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. .....6;5 6;5 6.6. Fu lgvbfu lgvbfu cb d feblk feblkbb ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .............................6;5 ............6;5 6.=. Fu lgv lgvbfu bfu cb df C]B............................. C]B.............................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ..................6;5 .6;5 6.;. Fu lgv lgvbfu bfu cb df CJB ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................6;5 ...............6;5 =. D fktgv fktgvgtç gtç k`aab k`aabrkb rkb bxtçrg bxtçrgbur bur bl khgjjrbs ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................ ............... 6;5 =.6 [trukturb cbs rèedbabl rèedbablts ts jg jglflkgbrs lflkgbrs pfr cb pr`cugts ......... .................. .................. ................... ................... ................. ........ 6;8 =.=. [trukturb cbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l sbd`l ddff lfturb lfturb cu pr`cugt ........ .................. ................... .............. ..... 6;8 =.;. Dbs `pçrftg`ls c bxp`r bxp`rtftg`l tftg`l............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 6;7 =.3. Dbs efrfltgbs mflkfgrbs gltbrlftg`lfdb.......................................................................... 6;7 K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l cu prba prbagbr gbr khfp khfpgtrb gtrb ................................ ................................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................639 .......639 Khfpgtrb GG > Srfgtbabl Sr fgtbabltt cu krçcgt c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrb tfgrb é df MCD Gltr`cuktg`l cu cbuxgèab khfpgtrb.....................................................................................................636 [bktg`l 6 > Db kfcrb kfcrb rçed rçedbabl babltfgrb tfgrb................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ..................63= .63= 6. Fspbkts cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs......................................................................................63= 6.6. Eçlçrfdg Eçlçrfdgtçs tçs sur df rçedbabltftg`l cbs khflebs ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ...63= 63= 6.=. Db k`ltródb cbs khflebs bl Fdeçrgb............................................................................63; 6.=.6. Db rèedbablt 95/96 cu 9;/9=/=995........................................................... 63;
6.=.=. Dbs erflcs fxbs cu rèedbablt................................................................... 63; 6.=.=.6. 6.=.= .6. L`tg L`tg`l `l cb rçsg rçsgcblk cblkbb ................................. .................................................. ................................. .................... .... 63; 6.=.=.=. Dbs Dbs k`a k`aptbs ptbs cb cbvg cbvgsbs sbs cçtblus pfr dbs rçsg rçsgcblts cblts ......... ................... ................ ...... 633
=9=
6.=.=.;. J`lktg`llbablt J`lktg`llbablt cbs k`aptbs cbvgsbs............................................ 633 6.=.=.3. Db khfleb khfleb................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 632 6.=.=.2. Dbs pbrs`llbs pbrs`llbs hfmgdg hfmgdgtçbs tçbs fu k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur ................... .......... ................. ........ 63: 6.=.=.:. Yfgbablt cbs gap`rtftg`ls .......... ................... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ... 63: 63: 6.=.=.5. ]fpftrgbablt cbs mçlçjgkbs........................................................... 635 6.=.=.8. Gap`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l cbs vfdburs a`mgdgèrbs dgmbddçbs bl a`llfgb a`ll fgb lftg lftg`lfd `lfdbb ................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 635 =. Fspbk Fspbkts ts cb df rçedbabltftg`l cbs c`uflbs c`uflbs.......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. .....638 638 =.6. Agssg`ls Agssg`ls cb d fcaglg fcaglgstrftg strftg`l `l cbs c`ufl c`uflbs bs ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ..................638 .638 =.=. Dbs cgjjçrblts rçegabs c`uflgbrs................................................................................638 =.=.6. Df agsb é df k`ls`aaftg`l ............. ... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 638 =.=.=. Db cçpót cb c`uflb bt ddbs bs bltrbpóts ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ...........638 ..638 =.=.;.. Db ttrfl =.=.; rflsgt sgt bt db trflsm`rcb trflsm`rcbabl abltt ................................. .................................................. ................................637 ...............637 =.=.3.. Dbs usgl =.=.3 usglbs bs bxbr bxbrkçbs kçbs................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................637 ...............637 =.=.2. D fcag =.=.2. fcagssg ssg`l `l tbap`rfgrb..... tbap`rfgrb...................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................629 ....629 =.=.:. Db rçfppr`vgsg`llbablt rçfppr`vgsg`llbablt bl jrflkhgsb ................... .......... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........629 629 =.=.5.. D bxp`rtftg =.=.5 bxp`rtftg`l `l cçj cçjglg glgtgvb tgvb bt d bxp`rtftg`l bxp`rtftg`l tbap`rfgrb tbap`rfgrb ................................629 ................................629 =.=.8.. Df rçbxp`rtf =.=.8 rçbxp`rtftg`l.............................. tg`l............................................... .................................. ................................. .......................629 .......629 =.=.7. Dbs k`lstruktg`ls lfvfdbs.........................................................................629 =.;. Df pr`kçcurb pr`kçcurb cb cçc cçc`ufl `uflbabl babltt ................ ................................. ................................. ................................. ................................626 ...............626 =.;.6. Btfmdgss Btfmdgssbablt bablt cb ddff cçkdfrftg`l bl cçtfgd ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ............. ...626 626 =.;.=. Zçrgjgkftg`l cb df cçkdfrftg`l....................................................................626 =.;.;. Dgqugcftg`l bt fkqugttbablt cbs cr`gts bt tfxbs..........................................626 =.;.3. Bldèvba Bldèvbablt blt cbs afrkhfl afrkhflcgsbs cgsbs .......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 62= [bktg`l = > Df c`agkgdgftg`l c ulb `pçrftg`l cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur..................................................62; 6. Fspbk Fspbktt rçedbabl rçedbabltfgrb tfgrb cb df c`agkgdgftg`l............... c`agkgdgftg`l..... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ...........62; ..62; 6.6. Cçjglgtg`l cb df c`agkgdgftg`l c ulb `pçrftg`l cb k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur.......................62; 6.=. Dbs `pçrftg`ls s`uagsbs é df df c`agkgdgftg`l ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........62; 62; 6.;. Dbs `pçrftg`ls bxkdubs cb df c`agkgdgftg`l.................................................................62; =. D `uvbrturb `uvbrturb bt ddff ebstg ebstg`l `l c ul c`ssgbr cb c`agkgdgftg`l ................................................................623 =.6. Y`ur ulb gap gap`rtftg `rtftg`l `l................ ................................ ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................623 ....623
=.6.6.. D `uvb =.6.6 `uvbrturb.. rturb................... .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................622 .......622 =.6.=. Db sugvg bt df ebstg`l...............................................................................................625 =.6.;.. D fpurba =.6.; fpurbablt blt ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................625 .......625
=9;
=.=. Y`ur ulb bxp`rtftg`l ......... ............................ .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................627 .........627 =.=.6.. D `uvb =.=.6 `uvbrturb.. rturb................ ............................... .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................627 .........627 =.=.=. Db sugvg bt df ebstg`l................... ebstg`l.................................... ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................627 .........627 =.=.;.. D fpurba =.=.; fpurbablt blt ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................6:9 .......6:9
[bktg`l ; > Yr`kçcurb cb trfgtbablt cu cu krçc krçcgt gt cc`kuabltfgrb `kuabltfgrb .......... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ......6:; 6:; 6. Srfgtbablt Srfgtbablt cu krçcg krçcgtt c`kua c`kuabltfg bltfgrb rb é d gap`rt ............... ................................ ................................. ................................. ................................6:; ...............6:; 6.6 Cgsp`sg Cgsp`sgtg`ls tg`ls prgl prglkgpfd kgpfdbs bs ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................6:; .......6:; 6.6.6 Dbs c`kuablts.................. c`kuablts.................................. ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................6:; ....6:; 6.6.=. Dbs qufltgtçs bt a`ltflts........................................................................................6:; 6.6.;. Dbs tgrfebs bt bxpçcgtg`ls pfrtgbddbs.........................................................................6:3 6.6.3. Krçftg`l cb df tfxb cb c`agkgdgftg`l........................................................................6:3 6.6.2. Db Luaçr` c Gcbl Gcbltgjgfl tgjgfltt Jgs Jgskfd kfd................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .............................6:3 ............6:3 6.6.:. Df kfrtb c gaaftrgkudftg`l jgskfdb...........................................................................6:2 6.=. Dbs cgjjçrblts kfs prftgqubs cu krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb......................................................... 6:5 6.=.6. Db Krbc`k pr`vgsg`llç é 699% ................................................................6:5 6.=.= Db Krbc`k rbdfyç pfr ul krçcgt c glvbstgssbablt.........................................6:5 6.=.;. Df dgelb cb krçcgt c`kuabltfgrb.................................................................6:5 6.=.3. Db Db Krbc Krbc`k `k rbdfy rbdfyçç pfr ul ccçk`uvbrt çk`uvbrt mmflkfgrb flkfgrb .................. ......... ................... ................... ................. ........6:5 6:5 6.=.2. Db Krbc`k pfyfmdb pfr db cçmgt cu k`aptb cbvgsbs......................................6:8 6.;. Dbs çtfpbs cb cçr`udbablt c ul Krbc`k é d gap`rt............... gap`rt................................ ................................. .......................6:8 .......6:8 6.3. Srfgtbablt prftgqub c ulb cbaflcb c `uvb `uvbrturb rturb Krbc`k é d gap`rt............... gap`rt..............................6:7 ...............6:7 6.3.6. 6.3. 6. Dbs gaprgaçs gaprgaçs utgdgs utgdgsçs çs ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................6:7 ...............6:7 6.3.=. 6.3. =. Df pr`kç pr`kçcurb......................... curb.......................................... .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................659 ....659 6.3.;. 6.3. ;. Db skhça skhçaff k`ap k`aptfmdb tfmdb fu lgv lgvbfu bfu cb d feblkb feblkb ................................. ................................................656 ...............656 6.2. Df a`cgjgkftg`l c ul krçcg krçcgtt c`kua c`kuabltfg bltfgrb rb ................................. ................................................. ................................. ..................65; .65; 6.:. Dbs krçcgts c`kuabl c`kuabltfgrbs tfgrbs spçkgfux .......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ...........653 ..653 6.:.6. Db Krbc`k trflsjçrfmd trflsjçrfmdbb ... ............ ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .......... 653 6.:.= Db Krbc`k rçv`dvgle...................................................................................653 6.:.;. Db Krbc`k mfko t` mfko.............................................................................653 6.:.3. Db Krbc`k ]bc kdfusb ...............................................................................652
6.:.2. Df dbttrb cb krçcg krçcgtt stflc my ......... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................. ........652 652 6.:.:. Df dbttrb cb efrfltgb bt db m`l cb kbssg`l mflkfgrb.......................................652 6.5. ]bk`aaflcftg`ls ]bk`aaflcftg`ls prftgq prftgqubs ubs p`ur db trfgtbablt cu Krbc Krbc`k `k fu lgv lgvbfu bfu Feblkb ............... ......... ......65: 65: =93
6.5.6. Fspbkt çdgegmgdgtç çdgegmgdgtç ccbb d gap gap`rtftg `rtftg`l `l ................ ................................. .................................. .............................65: ............65: 6.5.=. Fspbkt k`lj`ragtç k`lj`ragtç cb df cbaflcb c `uvb `uvbrturb................. rturb.................................. ..............................655 .............655 6.5.;. Fspbkt efrfltgb efrfltgb fu pdfl blefebablt..............................................................655 6.5.3. Fspbkt k`lstgtutg`l cu c`ssgbr c `uvb `uvbrturb rturb................. ................................. ................................. ..................658 .658 6.5.2. Fspbkt trfgtbablt cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb...............................................658 6.5.:. Fspbkt trflsagssg`l cb df cbaflcb c `uvb `uvbrturb rturb é df CKG ..............................657 ..............................657 6.5.5. Fspbkt A`cgjgkftg`l cu Krbc`k.....................................................................689 6.5.8. Fspbkt Flludftg`l cu Krbc`k........................................................................68= =. Srfg Srfgtbabl tbabltt cu Krbc`k é d bxp`r bxp`rtftg`l............................ tftg`l............................................ ................................. .................................. ..........................68; .........68; =.6. Cgsp`sgtg`ls prglkgpfdbs.............................................................................................68; =.6.6.. Df c`agkgdg =.6.6 c`agkgdgftg`l.............................. ftg`l............................................... .................................. ................................. ....................... ....... 68; =.6.=.. Df qufdg =.6.= qufdgtç tç cb d bxp`rtftbur.... bxp`rtftbur..................... .................................. ................................. ................................. ................... 683 =.6.; Dbs `mdgeftg`ls cbs pfrtgbs......................................................................... 683 =.6.3. Df lfturb cbs pr`cug pr`cugts ts bt sbrvgk sbrvgkbs bs ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. ..... 683 =.=. Yr`kçcurb cb rèedbablt jglflkgbr cbs bxp`rtftg`ls pfr Krbc`k....................................682 =.=.6. ]çkbptg`l cb df cbaflcb c `uvbrturb pfr df CKG.......................................68: =.=.=. K`ljgraftg`l cu Krbc`k........................................................................... 68: =.=.;. Cçpót, vçrgjgkftg`l bt trflsagssg`l cbs c`kuablts.................................... 68: =.=.3. ]çfdgsftg`l jglflkgèrb............................................................................... 685 =.; Rtgdg Rtgdgtç tç cb df efrfltgb KFEBX ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. .................... .... 685 =.;.6. Bxgeblkb Mflqub c Fde Fdeçrgb çrgb ................................ ................................................. ............................. ............ 685 =.;.=. ]bk`urs é df efrfltgb KFEBX ........ .................. ................... .................. ................... ................... ............. 688 =.;.;. Fpurbablt cbs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`l sur df mfsb cb d glcba glcbalgsf lgsftg`l tg`l cb df KFEBX.............................. KFEBX............................................... ................................. .................... .... 687 ;. Dbs `msbrvftg`ls gtçrftgvbs cb df Mflqub c Fdeç Fdeçrgb rgb ................................ ................................................ ................................. ..................679 .679 ;.6. @msbrvftg`ls k`lkbrlflt dbs cçkdfrftg`ls pçrg`cgqubs................................................679 ;.=. @msbrvftg`ls k`lkbrlflt dbs c`ssgbrs cb c`agkgdgftg`ls..............................................679 ;.;. K`lsçqubl K`lsçqublkbs kbs cbs aflqubablts aflqubablts cbs feblkbs ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ...676 676 3. [tftgstgqubs sur dbs `pçrftg`ls cb c`agkgdgftg`l fu lgvbfu cb df C]B S@ .................................676 3.6. Dbs feblkbs ferççbs p`ur db k`aabrkb bxtçrgbur .................. ......... ................... ................... ................... ................ ......676 676 3.=. Flfdysb cbs `pçrftg`ls c`agkgdgçbs c` agkgdgçbs ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. ..........................67= .........67= 3.=.6. Df prçc`aglflkb cbs `pçrftg`ls c gap`rtftg`l cb afrkhfl afrkhflcgsbs cgsbs .............67=
3.=.=. D gap`rtflkb gap`rtflkbss cbs `pçrftg`ls rçfdgsçbs pfr kbrtfglbs feblkbs ................. ......... ........ 67; 3.=.;. Df a`llfgb cb jfkturftg`l bt db pfys c `rgegl `rgeglbb ................................ ......................................... ......... 67; 3.=.3. Df rçpfrtgtg`l cbs khfrebs......................................................................... 673
=92
3.=.2. Dbs a`cbs cb cb rèedbabl rèedbabltt utgdg utgdgsçs sçs ............................... ................................................ ................................ ............... 673 3.=.:. A`ltflts cbs cbs trflsfktg`ls......................................................................... 672 K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l cu cbux cbuxgèa gèabb khf khfpgtrb pgtrb ............................... ................................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................67: ....67: K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l cb df cbuxg cbuxgèab èab pfrtgb pfrtgb ............... ............................... ................................. .................................. .................................. ................................. ....................675 ....675 K`lkdusg`l K`lkd usg`l eçlç eçlçrfdb rfdb ............... ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................678 .......678 Mgmdg`erfphg Mgmdg `erfphgbb ................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. ................................=9= ...............=9= Dgstb cbs jge jgeurbs urbs ................ ................................ ................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. .............................=92 ............=92 Dgstb cbs fmrçvgftg`ls .......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ................ ......=9: =9: Sfmdbb cbs aftg Sfmd aftgèrbs èrbs............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ..........................=97 .........=97 Fllbxbs Fll bxbs ............... ................................ .................................. .................................. ................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. .......................=== .......===
=9:
Fllbxbs
