Leprohon - Use of Royal Titulary in 12 Dyn

The Programmatic Use of the Royal Titulary in the Twelfth Dynasty Author(s): Ronald J. Leprohon Source: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 33 (1996), pp. 165-171 Published by: American Research Center in Egypt Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40000613 Accessed: 15/02/2009 15:08 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=arce. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

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The Programmatic Use of the Royal Titulary in the Twelfth Dynasty* Ronald J. Leprohon It has long been maintained that the Horus Name of AmenemhatI, whm-mswt, "Repeatingof Births,"reflected that king's desire to inaugurate a new era.1 The expression whm-mswt was certainly used again in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties to express the concept of new beginnings,2 as well as in the Twentieth Dynasty to inaugurate a Renaissanceof its own.3 However,an examination of the royal titulary of the whole of the Twelfth Dynasty indicates that, in fact, every king of that period wished to announce a given policy of his own; a particular situation in Egypt at the time; or simply follow in the footsteps of his predecessors.4Such pro* A version of this paper was read at the ARCE meeting in Atlanta,GA,in April 1995. 1 See L. Berman, "AmenemhetI" (Yale University.UMI DissertationSeries,1985), 3, and 26, n. 12;see also E. Blumenthal, Untersuchungenzum AegyptischenKonigtum des Mittleren

Reiches(ASAW61:1.Berlin,1970;henceforthto be referredto as Untersuchungen), 438;J. von Beckerath,ZDMG126 (1976), 7; P.Vernus,Or48 (1979), 178, n. (d); and A. Awadalla,GM 115 (1990), 10, n. 3. 2 Cf. the epithet used by ThutmosisIII in a text writtenfor the well-being of his subjects (= P. Vernus, Or 48 [1979], 178-79, n. [d]); by Horemheb in his famous Edict, which certainlyshowed the king's intent to start a new era (= Urk. TraducIV,2161:6;and J.-M. Kruchten,LeDecretd'Horemheb. tion, commentaireepigraphique,philologiqueet institutionnel[Brus-

sels, 1981], 189, 191);and in the Nebty-Nameof Seti I, whose reign also inaugurateda new beginning in Egyptianhistory (J. von Beckerath, Handbuchder dgyptischenKonigsnamen [MAS20. Berlin, 1984; henceforth to be referred to as Konigsnamen]),89. For these, see L. Berman,op. cit., 3, and references there; and K.A. Kitchen,ASAE71 (1987), 131-33. 3 On this Renaissance,see particularlyK. A. Kitchen, The ThirdIntermediate Periodin Egypt(2nd edition, Warminster, 1986), §§209-12; and N. Grimal,Les termesde la propagande (Paris,1986), 587, n. 144. royaleegyptienne 4 For similar investigations, see V. Dobren, BIFAO93 (1993), 179-204, on the royaltitularyof the FourthDynasty. For the Ramesside Period, see K. A. Kitchen, ASAE 71 (1987), 131-41; and idem, in: Civilizationsof the Ancient NearEast,J. M. Sasson,ed. (NewYork,1995), vol. II, 764.

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grammaticuse of the royaltitularymayhavebeen particularlysignificantat the time, since the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty are recognized as the monarchs who codified the classic five-fold titulary used by every subsequent ancient Egyptian king5 (see fig. 1). Amenemhat I6 Amenemhat I used an earlier Horus Name, shtp-ib-tjwy,"He Who Pacifies the Mind of the Two Lands,"7which resembles his Prenomen of shtp-ib-rc,"He Who Pacifies the Mind of Re,"as well as a Golden Horus Name of sm?, "The Uniter."The expressions shtp-ib-t?wy and smSno doubt reflected the fact that, with the advent of the Twelfth Dynasty,the Two Lands could now rest easy, safe in the notion that a new and vigorous family,fully in charge of the whole of the country, would set things right.8 Amenemhat I's Prenomen, "He who Pacifies the Mind of Re,"perhaps reflected the notion that not only the country, but also its creator, could now rest easily. And here, one wonders whether the verb ship perhaps had a double meaning. When used with regard to the mind of Re, the verb presumablysimplymeant "topacify, 5 See S. Aufrere,BIFAO 82 (1982), 19, n. 1, and 54ff;J. von Beckerath,LdA111:4(Wiesbaden,1979), 540; idem, Konigsnamen,5; and S. Quirke, WhoWerethe Pharaohs(London, 1990), 29ff. 6 For the full titularyof Amenemhat I, see J. von Beck65. erath, Konigsnamen, 7 G. Posener,Litterature etpolitique(Paris,1956), 58; J. von Beckerath,Konigsnamen, 65; L. Berman,op. cit., 5. 8 In this respect, it is noteworthy that King Teti of the Sixth Dynasty,also the founder of a new dynasty,had called himself shtp-tjwy, "HeWho Pacifiesthe TwoLands,"as well as the Golden Horus smj, "the Uniter."See J. von Beckerath, 56; S. Aufrere,op. cit., 53-54; and L. Berman, Konigsnamen, op. cit., 8-9.

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166

HORUS

TWOLADIES

GOLDENHORUS

PRENOMEN

sm3

shtp-ib-lf

whm-mswt

shtp-ib-F?

I AMENEMHAT

shtp-ib-Uwy

whm-mswt

//IH*

whm-mswt

//H-

/IR*

(°H3

SENWOSRETI

cnh-mswt

ft^

cnh-mswt

cnh-mswt

fill-*

hpr-k3-FF

(^MJ

f!

II AMENEMHAT

hkn-m-m^t

hkn-m-m3°t

m^-hrw

nbw-k3w-tf

stfi-m?t

htp-ntrw

hci-hpr-lf

ntri-mswt

hpr

hci-k3w-Ep

it-irf:t-t3wy

w3h-cnh

ni-m3ct-Ff

SENWOSRETII

ssm-t3wy

SENWOSRETIII

ntri-hprw

III AMENEMHAT

c3-b3w

jc^

n

^

/'

V

^H ...

AMENEMHAT IV

hpr-fcprw

shb-t3wy

slm-ntrw

m^-hrw-Ff

s3t-shm nbt-t3wy

ddt-lfw

k3-Sbk-Rc

SOBEKNOFRU

mryt-B?

^i;-

s

^

THE PROGRAMMATIC

USE OF THE ROYAL TITULARY

to put at ease."9 However, since Amenemhat I did have a few military skirmishes within Egypt during his reign,10 perhaps the reference to "pacifying" the hearts and minds of the Two Lands had a more euphemistic bent, a slight aggressive overtone, which showed Amenemhat I's own vision of a new world order.11 At one point in his reign, and perhaps coinciding with the move north to the new capital at Itj-tawy,12 Amenemhat I changed his Horus Name to the aforementioned whm-mswt, also the same for his Two Ladies choosing expression and Golden Horus Names, thus leaving no doubt that he had a full Renaissance in mind for Egypt. Since the verb msw could also be used to refer to "making," or "fashioning,"13 the use of the substantive mswt in Amenemhat I's Horus Name could, by extension, perhaps be said to mean "A Renewal of the Fashioning (of a new era)." Senwosret I14 After reigning for 20 years, Amenemhat I installed his son Senwosret I on the throne with him as a full coregent.15 The younger king took the expression cnh-mswt as his Horus, Two Ladies, 9 Wb.IV, 221-22; Faulkner, Dictionary,239; see also D. Meeks, Annie Lexicographique I (Paris, 1980), 77.3767; II (Paris,1981), 78.3725;III (Paris,1982), 79.2701. 10Cf. the phrase "... after he had expelled him from the Two Banks. . . ," from the tomb of Khnumhotep I at Beni Hasan,withthe pronoun "him"(sw)referringto an unnamed, probablyEgyptian,enemy (= Urk.VII, 12). See also Berlin stela 22820, belonging to an Overseerof DesertHunters and Overseer of the Western Deserts named Kay (= R. Anthes, ZAS65[1930], 108-14; and K.-H.Priese,ed., Stattliche Museen zu Berlin. AgypischesMuseum und Papyrussammlung [Mainz,

1991], 53), which mentions chasinga refugee into the "Western Oasis,"presumablyDakhleh;for the datingof this stela to the reign of AmenemhatI, see R. E. Freed, Studiesin Ancient Egypt,theAegean, and the Sudan (Boston, 1981), 68-76. And of

course, the fallen soldiersof Deir el-Bahariare indicativeof militaryaction during the earlypart of the TwelfthDynasty (= H. Winlock, The Slain Soldiersof Neb-hepet-RecMentu-hotpe

[NewYork,1945]) ; I am gratefulto J. P.Allen for pointing out the dating of these soldiersto the reign of AmenemhatI. On this aggressiveuse of the verb shtp,see particularly G. Kadish,/£A52 (1966), 29ff.; and D. B. Redford,JARCE23 (1986), 140. 12See Do. Arnold, MM/26 (1991), 5-48. 13 Wb.II, 138:12-14; Faulkner, Dictionary,116. 14For the full titulary of SenwosretI, see J. von Beck65. erath, Konigsnamen, 15On this coregency,see particularlyW.K. Simpson,JNES 15 (1956), 214-19; W.J. Murnane,AncientEgyptianCoregen-

167

and Golden Horus Names, and hpr-kj-rc as his Prenomen. The phrase cnh-mswt is interesting as it seems to me to reflect Senwosret I's desire to uphold his father's legacy. By repeating the word mswt, which referred to the fashioning of a new era, and adding the verb "to live" as a Prospective sdm.f before it, the young king seemed to be proclaiming "(Long) Live16 the (Re) birth," i.e., "(Long) Live (my father's) Renaissance." This royal name left no doubt that Senwosret I would pursue his father's policies. As for his Prenomen, hpr-kj-rc, "May the Ka of Re manifest (itself)," the operative word here seems to be k3. If the logistics of a coregency and the varying functions of the two kings are recalled,17 one can easily imagine the elder statesman Amenemhat I taking care of the affairs of state in the Palace, while the younger Senwosret I travelled within the country, inspecting his domain, and also went out on military campaigns. That may explain Senwosret I's use of the word kB,"life force,"18 to refer to himself as the younger and more vigorous partner in the new association.19 In that respect, the pairing of the words cnh "to live," and k3, "life force," in the titulary of a single king is noteworthy. Amenemhat

II20

Senwosret I's successor, Amenemhat II, chose the phrases hqn-m-m3% "Rejoicing in Maat," as cies (SAOC 40. Chicago, 1977), 2-5, 245-53; W. Helck, LdAIV:1 (Wiesbaden,1980), 155; M. Eaton-Krauss,MDOG 112 (1980), 35-51; E. Blumenthal,ZAS110 (1983), 104-21; L. Berman,op. cit., 173-203; D. Franke,Or57 (1988), 11516; and N. Grimal,A HistoryofAncientEgypt(BasilBlackwell Ltd., 1992), 160. See, however,R. D. Delia, BES4 (1982), 5569; C. Obsomer, RdE 44 (1993), 103-14; and C. Vandersleyen, UEgypteet la valleedu Nil (Paris,1995), vol. II, 50ff., who have arguedagainstcoregenciesin the TwelfthDynasty. 16For the Englishrendering, cf. French "Vivele roi!" 17W. K. Simpson,op. cit., 217-18. 18See P.Allen, in: S. d'Auria,ed., Mummiesand J. Magic. TheFuneraryArtsof AncientEgypt(Boston, 1988), 43-44. 9 Viz. the expression "Horus,the Avengerof his Father" in lines X+ 13, X+35, and perhapsX+31, of SenwosretI'sTod Inscription (= D. B. Redford,JSSEA17 [1987], 44). This was of course a common phrase (cf. E. Blumenthal,Untersuchungen,104), but, given the turbulenthistoryof the earlyTwelfth Dynasty,the expression may have been more than simple repetition of a stock phrase on the part of SenwosretI. 20For the full titularyof Amenemhat II, see J. von Beck66. erath, Konigsnamen,

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his Horus and TwoLadiesNames;mjc-hrw, "Righteous of Voice,"as his Golden Horus Name; and "The Life Forces of Re are Radiant," nbw-kjw-rc, as his Prenomen. The significance of his Horus and Two Ladies Names may lie in the fact that the inaugurating work of his grandfather and father could now be said to be truly accomplished, and that, by the time of Amenemhat II, maat-harmonyfinally reigned over the Two Lands. Thus, the new king could trulybe said to be "Rejoicingin Maat."21 This use of the motif of maat is further reinforced by his Golden Horus Name, mSc-hrw, "Righteousof Voice."Perhapsthe reference here is to an individualwho, like King Osirislong before him,22had undergone difficult travailsand passagesand had emerged triumphant,a perfect symbolfor the stateof Egyptat the time.23It might also be said that Amenemhat II was also sending out a signal that, unlike the preceding one, this family- the TwelfthDynasty- would survive. Amenemhat IPs Prenomen pursued his father's theme of the "life force of Re;"here, the word kSis pluralized and is said to be "golden, radiant."Given the use of the word nbw,it is tempting to connect this symbolismof gold with the fact that a young crown prince Ameny, the future Amenemhat II, had gone out in search of gold into the EasternDesert with Ameny of Beni Hasan, one of the great provincial overlords in the land.24 Perhaps this episode in the young king's life had had a lasting impression on him.

was ssm-tjwy;his Two Ladies Name shci-mjct;his Golden HorusName htp-ntrw;and his Prenomen hci-hpr-rc.

Although it is difficult to ascertain the exact chronology of the reclamation works in the Fayumarea,26perhaps SenwosretII was the first king to accomplish major works there, and this is what his Horus Name, ssm-tjwy,"The Planner of the TwoLands,"wished to represent. Senwosret II was certainly the first king to be buried there, so perhaps the Fayum connection is not so far-fetched.27 With his next name, Senwosret II continued his father's theme of maat-harmony in a Two Ladies Name, but this time he is said to "cause it to appear,"shci-m3ct. Perhapsit is this Two Ladies Name that occasioned the Golden Horus Name, because once Senwosret II was said to have "causedmaat-harmonyto appear,"the gods were now said to be "satisfied";thus, his Golden Horus Name of htp-ntrw?8 Senwosret II's Prenomen continued his own theme of h% "to appear,"as well as his grandfather'smotif of "manifestation"in a Prenomen, in the expression hci-hpr-rc, "Maythe Manifestation of Re Appear."The concept of hcihad certainlybeen used before in royaltitularies,e.g., in the Fifth Dynasty,29and of course the verb hci was well known to indicate the appearance of a king.30Hence, SenwosretII's claim to represent

26The early Twelfth Dynastywas certainly represented there. For Amenemhat I and Senwosret I's works in the Fayum,see PM IV, 99; Vandier, ManuelII, 610-11; and D. SenwosretII25 Arnold, LdA11:1(Wiesbaden,1975), 91. 27The use of the word ssmin the Book of TwoWaysto reThe next king in the dynasty,SenwosretII, was fer to an architectural entity (= CT Spell 1146,wherewe read the first king to choose different designations ssmhwt,"Theplan of the mansion")mayperhapsunderscore for every part of his titulary. His Horus Name the tie to the Fayumarea,if SenwosretII meant to refer to his new city at Illahun. 28In that 21Forthe respect, another connection to the Fayummay expression,see also E. Blumenthal,Untersuchunbe the name of SenwosretII'snew city there, which he called Amenemhat II's with connection 443. Another tempting gen, use of the maattheme in his titularyis the fact that he was htp-s-n-wsrt. 29 Sahure buried at Dahshur.Might this hearken back to Snefru, who proclaimedhimself the Horus nb-hcw,"Lordof "Lordof had proclaimed himself to be the Horus nb-m,j% Appearances";Neferirkarewas wsr-hcw,"Strongof Appear"Powerfulof Appearances"; ances";Shepseskarewasshm-hcw, Maat,"(J. von Beckerath,Konigsnamen, 52) and who was also Neferefre was nfr-hcw,"Fine of Appearances";Menkauhor buried at Dahshur? 22For this view of Osiris as a living king, see especially "Firmof Appearances";and Djedkarewasdd-hcw, wasmn-hcw, "Stable of 145-49. BIFA011 (on these, see J. von Beckerath, (1977), Appearances" J. Yoyotte, 23For the use of the op. cit., 54-55). Note the use of a given theme running expression in the hymns extolling SenwosretIll's great deeds, see E. Blumenthal, Untersuchun- throughout one dynasty.On the word hcwin royal titulary, see also S. Aufrere,BIFAO 82 (1982), 43. gen,218. 30 See D. B. Redford, 24 Urk.VII, 15:4-6. History and Chronologyof the Eigh25 For the full teenthDynastyofEgypt(Toronto, 1967), 3-27; and S. Quirke, titularyof SenwosretII, see J. von Beck66. erath, Konigsnamen, op. cit., 11.

THE PROGRAMMATIC

USE OF THE ROYAL TITULARY

a manifestation of Re appearing on the throne was such an obvious one that one wonders why this particular theme was not used more often in royal titularies. Senwosret III31 The next king, Senwosret III, preserved his father's notion of "divinity"32 in both his Horus and Two Ladies Names. The former also comprised part of his father's Prenomen, with the word hprw, "manifestations." Senwosret III called himself the Horus ntri-hprw, "Divine of Manifestations," an expression he partly repeated in his Golden Horus Name of hpr, "The One who Manifests (himself)." His Two Ladies Name again pursued the theme of divinity as he called himself ntri-mswt, "Divine of Births," with the second word of course recalling the first two kings of the dynasty, and, like them, perhaps indicating that a new Egypt was on the way. Since Senwosret Ill's foreign policy turned out to be unique in the dynasty, perhaps this motif of "birth," or "fashioning," was not coincidental, as he did end up creating different circumstances for the kings who followed him. The terminology of Senwosret Ill's Prenomen, hci-kjw-rc, "May the Life Forces of Re Appear in Glory," was borrowed from his father's own Prenomen, with the verb h% as well as from his grandfather Amenemhat II33 and greatgrandfather Senwosret I's Prenomen, this time with the use of the word kS, "life force." Senwosret Ill's vigorous military activities to the south of Egypt may help explain his choice of word, since only a vital life force such as his could have pursued such a policy. Amenemhat

III34

III succeeded Amenemhat his father Senwosret III into an Egypt irrevocably changed. Senwosret Ill's foreign adventures meant that 31For the full

titularyof SenwosretIII, see J. von Beck66. erath, Konigsnamen, 32 Cf. SenwosretIPs Golden Horus Name. 33With his own Prenomen using two elements- kSwand Rc- from Amenemhat II's Prenomen, might this have had something to do with SenwosretIll's choice of Dahshuras a burial place, given that his grandfatherwas buried there? 34For the full titulary of Amenemhat III, see J. von Beckerath,Konigsnamen, 1, 66.

169

Egyptians could now look at the areas south of as somewhat of an extension of Elephantine their own country, where the people, resources, and all riverine trade coming from the south were now part and parcel of a new "pan-Egypt." Thus, Amenemhat III was inheriting a country that was wealthier and more secure than ever, and also a country where his father's internal policies had given him the kind of control over the population not seen since the days of the high Old Kingdom: an Egypt with mastery over a river trade that stretched all the way up to the Second Cataract, and now free of troublesome provincial overlords. It should not be surprising, then, to see Amenemhat III calling himself the Horus cj-bjtv, "Great of Might," which, in itself, needs little explanation. There might also have been a theological meaning here with the word bSw. The bS of a god was the physical manifestation of his power;35 since Senwosret III had used the expression "Divine of Manifestations" as his Horus Name, perhaps his son was also simply continuing this theme of divine manifestation when he used the word bS. Amenemhat Ill's Two Ladies Name may perhaps be the best indicator of his new status as lord over the most centralized state since the Old Kingdom. Indeed, the expression it-iwct"The Seizer of the Inheritance of the Two tjwy, Lands," showed Amenemhat Ill's ability to reap the rewards of his father's internal and external policies. He had, in effect, inherited a new Egypt, and he was now ready to seize it.36 And, of course, the combination of the verb it and the substantive tSwy reminds us of the name of the capital city in the Twelfth Dynasty. As for Amenemhat Ill's Golden Horus Name, wjh-cnh, the first impression here is to assume a fairly young man coming on to the throne, given that he reigned for forty-six years.37 Hence a 35 L. Zabkar, A Study of the Ba Conceptin Ancient Egyptian

Texts(SAOC34. Chicago, 1968), llff.; P. Vernus, RdE 23 (1971), 221; G. Posener, UEnseignement loyalistsSagesseegyptiennedu MoyenEmpire(Geneva, 1976), §4, 1. See also E. Blumenthal,Untersuchungen, 32-33, and references there. The phrase was certainlywell-known,as we read of SenwosretI in the storyof Sinuhe (B 46-47) that he had "enteredinto the palace, having seized the inheritance of his father (it.n.f.iwctnt it.f)." 37 See D. Franke,Orbl (1988), 126.

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170

name like "Enduringof Life"made perfect sense. Another, perhaps less likely, rendering of the name is to take the first word wdJinot as an adjective but as a Prospective sdm.f,then adding a suffixat the end of the nominal subject,and thus rendering the name as w?h cnh(.i), "May(my) life endure."Such a negativerendering of Amenemhat Ill's Golden Horus Name might seem surprising at first but could perhaps have been a reaction to his father's life. The representations of Senwosret III with an older, care-worn face are well known. If this was indeed a true rendering of SenwosretIll's physiognomyand not simply an artisticconvention to show an aging good shepherd,38then perhaps Senwosret III had indeed been an older man on the throne. If what certainly appears to be a short nineteen-year reign for SenwosretIII is also taken into consideration,39then perhaps his son's wish for a long reign may not have seemed so unusual. Amenemhat Ill's Prenomen, ni-mjct-rc,reiterated the theme of maatthat his grandfatherand great-grandfatherhad used. Indeed, the key to the name may have hearkened back to his greatgrandfather Amenemhat II. Like the latter, Amenemhat III had inherited a new Egypt. As such, he surely felt justified in declaring that he "Belonged to the (cosmic) harmony of the (creator god) Re,"in effect proclaiming his own version of this new world, at the helm of which he now sat. Amenemhat IV40 In Amenemhat Ill's forty-fourth year, he installed his son on the throne as his coregent.41 By this time, Amenemhat IV might have been fairlywell on in years, which makes it tempting to think that his Horus name, hpr-hprw,meant something like "(The one whose) Manifestations have (finally) Occurred."Byrepeating his grandfather Senwosret Ill's motif of /^bra-manifesta38 Cf. D. B. Spanel, ThroughAncient Eyes:Egyptian Portrai-

ture(Birmingham,1988), 15. 39 D. Franke, cit., 117-18, 126. op. 40 For the full titularyof AmenemhatIV,see J. von Beck66. erath, Konigsnamen, 41 On this, see particularlyM. Valloggia,RdE21 (1969), 107-33; and the author, "The Reign of Amenemhat III" (Universityof Torontodissertation,1980), 195ff.

tions in his titulary,and if the earlier assumption that Senwosret III was an older man is correct, perhaps Amenemhat IV felt a certain affinity with his grandfather. However, the next three names seem to proclaim a strong Egypt,where the Two Landswere in joy and the gods more powerful than ever. The reign of Amenemhat III had brought unprecedented prosperityin the land, and Amenemhat IV therefore felt justified in choosing shb-tjwy,"The One who Makes the Two Lands Festive," as his Two Ladies Name. Similarly, Amenemhat Ill's unceasing building activities throughout the country allowed Amenemhat IV to proclaim that shm-ntrw,"The Gods are Powerful,"as his Golden Horus Name indicates. And finally, Amenemhat IV's Prenomen, mjc-hrw-rc, again announced the land's prosperity and uprightness by affirming that "The Voice of Re is Righteous!"42 Sobeknofru43 AmenemhatIVdied after a short reign of nine years, to be followed by his sister Sobeknofru. She, in turn, reigned a short three years, perhaps indicating advanced age for her as well. Her Horus Name, mryt-rc,"Belovedof Re,"is unlike any other name within the Twelfth Dynasty titulary.The designation "the beloved one" had formed partof one of the titles of Queen Nofret, wife of SenwosretII,44and the expression does follow a common Middle Kingdom pattern of " having a woman often being "belovedof a deity, when she is the principalfigure in a scene.45 42 Noteworthyhere is the use of the word hrw,"voice,"to refer to the creator god Re, given the later Memphite Theology, where a creator god needed only to utter the name of an entity for it to be created. 43 For the full titulary of Sobeknofru, see J. von Beck67. erath, Konigsnamen, 44 smjytmrytNbty,"the beloved one, who joins the two crowns,"for which see L. KuchmanSabbahy,"The Development of the Titularyand Iconographyof the Ancient Egyptian Queen from DynastyOne to EarlyDynastyEighteen" (University of Toronto dissertation, 1982), 186ff. And of course, the phrase remindsus of PepyI's Prenomen, mry-rc. See the discussionby D. M. Doxey, "ASocial and HistoricalAnalysisof EgyptianNon-RoyalEpithets in the Middle Kingdom"(Universityof Pennsylvania.UMIDissertation Series, 1995), 295.

THE PROGRAMMATIC

USE OF THE ROYAL TITULARY

Her Two Ladies Name contained two phrases, with two elements found in her brother Amenemhat IV's titulary. She was said to be sBt shm, nbt tjwy, "Daughter of the Powerful One" and "Mistress of the Two Lands," shm being found in Amenemhat IV's Golden Horus Name and tBwy in his Two Ladies Name. This might simply have indicated borrowings on her part of certain themes from her brother's titulary. However, if the two phrases are taken as the subject and the predicate in a non-verbal sentence with nominal predicate,46 her Two Ladies Name suddenly has much more impact: the shm in the name referred to the great Amenemhat III himself, and her Two Ladies Name was then a declaration that "The Daughter of the Powerful One is (now) Mistress of the Two Lands." The substantive hcw in her Golden Horus Name, ddt-hcw, "Stable of Appearance," might have reflected part of her grandfather Senwosret Ill's Prenomen. Her Prenomen, kj-sbk-rc, "The Life Force of Sobek is (no other than) Re,"47 might simply have been a reflection of her personal name "The God Sobek is Happy." 46 This constructionwas

prevalentin personalnames;see Gardiner,EgyptianGrammar, §§125, 127. Or perhapsalso "TheLife Force is Sobek-Re,"using the syncretisticentity Sobek-Re.

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Conclusion Thus, it can be seen that royal titularies reveal a number of patterns from one ruler to another, which can sometimes reflect a given monarch's personal family ties, or also announce some of his policies and particular situation at the time. The fact that these patterns occur through the whole of a given dynasty can surely not be a coincidence. Although little is known of the logistics of choosing a royal titulary,48 the various names were presumably determined before the accession ceremonies, so that the full titulary could be proclaimed and inscribed at that time.49 But who chose the names? Official dogma stated that the sun god himself inspired the selection of names, which were then inscribed by the divinities Thoth and Seshat,50 or, more prosaically, by the assembled lector priests.51 However, given the various components of the Twelfth Dynasty royal titulary as detailed above, one would like to think the king himself played a significant role in choosing his full titulary. University of Toronto 48 On this, see W.Barta'sScene 20 in ZAS112 (1985), 11, n. 82; and S. Quirke,op. cit., 14-15. 49 Cf. the author in Civilizations theAncientNearEast, M. of J. Sasson, ed. (New York, 1995), vol. I, 277. 50 Urk.IV, 252:3, 252:6. 51 Urk.IV, 260:15-261:11.