Lepenski Vir

)1,parOCJ1aB CpejoBHli

JIEllEHCKM

ΒΗΡ

ΗΟΒΑ nPAHCTOPHJCKA KYJITYPA Υ nO,lJ,YHABJbY

CKYJInTVPA ΒΡ. 43 (JIEnEHCKH ΒΗΡ τη

ΒΕΟΓΡΑ.Ζ\

1969

ί

! ;.

H3~aBaH::>e OBOr ~eJIa oMoryheuo je Η φΜΗaΗCΗjCΚΟΜ fiOMohH Peny6JIWiKOr ΦΟΗΆ2 3a yHanpe!jMBaH>e XYJI'lΎPHtoC: ΆeJI2ΤΗΟCTJf Η "Peny6JIW!KOr ΦΟH,lξa 3a HayΕ ΠΡΟCΤΟΡΑ OCMHIΠJbABAH>E

CBETΑ

'ΙΥΒΑΡΗ ΟΓΗ>ΗΙΠΤ Α Η3ΜΕ'ΒΥ ΙΠΥΜΕ, ΚΑΜΕΗΑ Η BO;ιrE HACJIE;ιrHHIιH

©

Srpska knjizevna zadruga, Beograd 1969.

llPE.r\FOBOP 11..0 oTKpαιs.a JIeneHcKor BJ1pa, 1965. rο,φrne, HCTOpnja 'BepAana 6J1JIa je HejacHa 11 KpaTKa. ApxeoJIorJ1ja Η J1CTopHja Μcτnι:ι;aJIe cy BroκHOCT OBOr rtoP;PY"ιija CaMO Υ

B€3Π ca oCBaja1beM ,Ii;aΚMje 0,11; CTpaHe PY1MJbaHa (Ι:-ΙΙ BeK) Η OJl;6paH0!4 CeBepHHX rpa~a PHMCKe ΉMπepHje OΊJ,. BapBapa HaCeJbe:m:ι:x l!.Y)Κ. JIeBe o5a.ne )J;YHaBa (III-IV BeX).

CBe IIlTO ce 3HaJIO ο .n;oraljajJ1Ma KOjH cy ce ,n;eIIIaBaJI* π~

Η

nOCJIe OBor BpeMeHa (MarJIOBHTH nO)J;aJ.J;H ο ΠYTO~

Basy AproHaYTa, OCKY}J;HM TparOBH npaπcTopMjCΚMX KYJ1Typa, YCaMJ.beHM -Cpe,lξH:>OBeXOBJαι CΠOMeHJιIqJιI) YTBpi)MBaJIO

.. -.'"

-je :rvnn:αJhelbe ,n;a je "ttOBeK -PeTΚO 3aJIaSMQ Υ no,rφyqje 'BepAana, p;a je ΤΥ je):ξMHO KaO H3perJIJ11'(a HJIM npOJIa3:m:tK QCTa·BJbaO HeBa1ΚHe Η HenOBe3aHe TparOBe CBora ΠPU:CYCTBa.

V1

rra3Ji1B 3a HajBehy ΚJm:Cypy EBpOne "I'Bo3fζeHa BpaTa" KaO.-',n;a nOTBpljyje ,rι;a je OHa caMO MOHYMeHTaJIml ΟΚΒΗΡ ,!I;YHaBa, BMCQIrn n.πam:mCΚJ1 MaCΠB npeCeqeH BeJIMΚOM peΚΟΜ r~e HeMa MeCTa 3a qOBeKa π :rnerOBO ~eJIO~ ι' ...J!eneHCΚH Β.ΗΡ Η3 OCHOBa MeH:ιa ΟΒΟ CXBaTaH>e. ApXeOJIOIIIKa

HCTproκJ1BaIba

BpnieHa Ha

ΟΒΟΜ

MeCTY

"3MeJ:;y 1965. " 1968. rOll"He nOKa3a.πa cy i1a je 'Bepi1an MaTWiHO nOΆP~je' je,φre o,n; Haj-qy,1J';HJijHX 11: Haj6JIJ1CTaBJ1jπx ΚYJITypa nPaJ1CTOpnje y-τznjHM cy OΚBHpHMa, 3Ha-

'"'

ΤΗΟ npe nοη:eτκa- HeOJΠ1TCKe enoxe; OCTBapeHe ΦΟΡΜe J1

{ i

)

HCKa3aHe n,n;eje KOj-e 3aY3J1Majy HCTaΚHYTO MeCTO Υ οπ­ UlTOj HCTOp~jn Jby,u;cKor .z:tYXa. Ha JIeneHCKO'M ΒΗΡΥ, 113Meljy IIIyMe,' KaMeHa π BO,n;e nOHHΚJIa je npBa MOHYMeHτa.η:Ηa YMeTHOCT Cpep;H>e Η -jyroHCTO'!He EBpOne Η HaCTaJIJ1 cy HajcTapHjH _06JU1ψ:[ _OpraHJίf30BaHOr JψymTBeHor, ΠPJίf-

.πeneκcκu

Bup llpeotαsop

epeAHor Η pe~ffi'H03HOr :IΚJ1BOTa Υ llo.n;YHaBJbY. Beh Υ me~ CTOM :MHJIeHnJY CTape epe JIeneHcΚH B:~Ip 6ΗΟ je TpajHo HaCeJ:be JIOBaIJ;a Η CKyn.π:,a'tJa XpaHe" BeJIHΚH ΒeΡαιαι- Η YMeT~ n;eHTap XOMe cy OCTa.πe ΠPHBp:ate~e Η npBe reHe. ·paψ!Je nO,D;YHaBCΚ1ίrX CTOqapa Η 3eMJhOpaΆ.HHΚa Η3 neτor MHJIemήa CTape epe. ΟΒΟΜ MeCTY ca XHJb3ΆY!'O,lI;HIIΠDOM Tpa~HI(HjoM, 06e.πe:ateHOM CTpMHM JI~H:D;aMa Η 3aCTpa~ myJyiu1M BMpOBMMa, Bpahao ce Η 1IOBeX xaCHH]ωc enoxa, CBe ΆΟ VI BeKa HOBe epe, .n;a xpaj IΌera 2ΚΗΒΗ HJIH caxpatrn: cBoje MpTBe. 3aTO je JIeπeHcκn ΒΗΡ Υ CTBapM BeJΠ1Κa HeKpOllOJIa ΚYJlTYpa Η HapO.n;a. IbeIlliM HClΠ!TJma­ EbeM YΠ03Haje Ce HCTopHja "Bep.n;ana .n;yra πpeKO cep;aM ~a;:x,a rop;HHa, YTBpljyje ce HOBa AHMeH3Hja OΠUITe KCTO~ pHJe YMeTHOCTK Κ OTlψΠBa ce fiOCe6HO nOrJIaBJbe eBpOll~ CKe ΠPaHCTOpHje. APXEOJIOillKA

HCTPA1ΚHBA1bA 'Υ':δΕΡΠΑΠΥ

JIeneHCΚJ1 BJ>tp je npOHa1)εm Η HCTproκeH 3aXBaJbyjyfl.H HHTepeCOBal-bY 3a KopmιrheH::ιe BeJIJι!Κe ΚΟΗn;eΗΤΡaΙΙΗje BO~ .n;eHHX CHara ,!Ί;ΥΗaBa Υ 'Bep,D;aπy. llO,1:ξJί331heM :xκ,rι;pOeJIe­ KTpaHe ΚΟΡ; Cmza, πΡΗ H3JIa3Y J13 Τ3Β. ,n;:OH::ιe KJΠίCype, 06~a30Bahe ce 1970. ro,D;JίIHe BeJIHKO BeΠITa'flΚQ je3epo

""3" lie """ο Υ 'Bepl\any 6"Τ>! Υ πpoceκy 3a 12 m

B>!I.W<

O,l:t ,ιιaHaIInber mmoa ):(YHaBa. OCTBapeEbe OBor npoj'eΚTa MMalie HeI1po:o;eH::ιJ1B πpmψep;HH, cao6pahaj HJ1 Η TypHCTH:qΚH 3Ha.'fIaj, aJIH Η je,n;HY ΤΥ2ΚΗΥ llOCJIe;ψm;y. ,D;y60KO πο;::ι; BO,D;aMa Η MYJheM 6Υ;::ι;yiier je3epa oCTahe ~e lI1TO je 'q0BeK BeKOBJ1Ma OCTBapJ1BaO Ha πο,υ;ΡΥη:jΥ "8ep,zι;aπa. BmIIe Heh: nocrojaTH nyT KOjH cy H3rpa,I(HJI~ Tn6epHjeBe Η Tpa)aHOBe JIerHje, ΗΗΤΗ CJIO:ateHa Mpe:m.a PJίMCΚMX Η ΒΚ3aHTHjCK~ YTBpijeI-ba; HeCTahe pJ1MCKe .Ta.nHjaTe Ή ΤΡaΗC;::Ι;Η)eΡΗe, 6e3JιIMeHJ1X BH3aHTΚjcΚHX κaCTeJIa, KaO Η :arnsOrrn:CHe ιφΚΒΗu;e Η3 ΧΙΧ BeKa Ha llOpeqKoj a,rι;n; 3aYBeK he 6ΗΤΗ nOTOnJbeHH 11 CBH ΆPyrn 3HaHI1 11 He3HaHH CllOMemπ:ι;n llP3.J1CTopKjcKe, aHTw::rKe Η cpe,u,H>OBeKQBHe ΚYJIType.

~ 6Η ce y6π~~H ΟΒΗ Te~ 11 H€ΠOBpaTHM 'ry6J1I.J;1i, 1964. rO,D;HHe o6pa30BaHa je Peπy6JIJflΚa KOMHCnja 3a HC:Im:TJma1be Η 3aIIITΚTY CnOMeHJ1Κa KYJIType Υ 'Bepl1.any Koja je, npeKO Apxeo~owκor JmCTΉTyTa Υ Beorpa,υ;y, Opramr30BaJIa n~aHCKY aKqJ1jy OTκpHBa1ba Η ΉCTpa­ ~BaI-ba apXeO~OWltHX Ha.na3mIITa Ha YTpO:JΚθHOM Te-

peHY. -Υ ΟΚΒΚΡΥ OBe aXII,Hje BpmeHa cy Η 11CKonaBaI-ba Η3 JIeneHcKOM ΒΚΡΥ xojJ1Ma je PYΚOBO,D;HO ayrop OBe 1QbKre. ΦJ1HaHCΗjcκa

Cpe~CTBa

3a

HCTproκHBa'lKe

J1CTPA2ΚJ1BAH>A ΗΑ JIEΠEHCKOM ΒΗΡ'Υ

pap;OBe

06e36el\""" cy .D:πpeΚI1"ja XΠ,l\pOeJIeKTpaπe 'Bepl\aπ, Peπy6JIWH (HeM3eTJ1 MY3ej, BY,lt.HMΠemTa), 30OJIor; ]ψ Α. ΓΗΤΟΒ (Beorpa,υ;), nOJIeHMCT; ,lt.P Β. Mmmdi, Α. ,n;:mπ:t:h (MHCTY1TYT 3a 6HOJIOmκa 11CTpaJllliBalba, Beorpa,rύ 11 ,rι;p ,Ι!;. "t!o.1IJ1h (Peny6JIH'lKH 3aBO,!!; 3a 3aU1THTY ΠΡΗ­

pOl\e CP Cp6"je, BeOrpa,l\), 60Ta>Πf'!ap" " ιιρ J. MapKOBπli-MapjaHomdi (Beorparo, ΚBaρTap"" reOJIOr. MarHeTCKa 11 eJIeKTpWΠia HCm1THBa1ba TepeHa 06aBJ1JIJιI cy CTPytnf>aU.J1 reoMameTcKOr J1HCTHTyτa Υ ΓpOItΚoj Η .zt.p Ρ. MY""'jeBπli

(Y""Bep3"TeT, Beorparo. MaJI>13Y rpaj;eB""-

CKOr M3Tep11ja.n:a H3BPIW10 je ,1.ψ C. ΚapaMaTa (Ymmep3HT€T, Beorpa.u;), a 'HCnHTJ1Balbe Y30paKa paW10aΚTHBHQr yrJbe1U1Ka πpeY3eJIJ1 CY ΆΡ Χ. ΚBHTa (1iIHCTmyT 3a npa-

"CTOp"jy " paHY "CTOp"jy, BepJI""), I\Ρ Χ. 111Ba6e,l\ΠceH (YHJ1Bep3Jί1TeT,

KeJIH)

Η JIa60paTopKja BPJ1T3HCKOr ΜΎ-

3eja (J!OH,I\OH). "Υ ΤΟΚΥ ΉCKOπaBaIba npe,n;aHO CY pa,rι;wnr:

Jb. Cy6oJ1 "8. MJ1TPOBHh Ha apxwreKToHcKoj ,n;OKYMeHTa:o;njH, Μ. JIeXHep Η Α. lliBe,rι;Hh Ha YMeTH:J1'lΚJ1M I3;pTe:aσma, 'Β. ra6pw::reBΉB. Ha KOH3epBaIJ;1ί1jH, Β. AyΚMh Ha φοτο­ rΡaΦ:njΉ, a Ha TepeHCΚJιIM 3a~a Ο. Cffi\rIJιήι, Α. BaCJ1h, τΜ

Μ.

Rr""I!i,

Π

Ma,l\ac,

)Κ. Mπlllih, ΤΙ. TpajKoBπli, Π

Βπ!Ι, Ρ. POM'IeBπ!i, Β. MπpKOBπ!i, Α. Ba'!κaJIOB,

ωπli, Π

CaC. Ka-

Orpyrap, Η. 2ΚπBaHOBπli " Μ. CTojπli, cTYl\eHTΠ

apxeOJIomje, apXJι!TeKTyρe :Jι! reO,D;e3Hje Beorpa,IξCKOr ym1Bep3HTeTa.

10 11

.π eneκcκu

Bup CBJ1M HaBe,ι:ιeHJ1M J1HCTHTYψfjaMa, YCTaHOBaMa, CTPyq~ fbaqyrMa Η capap;HJfi.:(MMa ,υ;ΥrΥjeΜ HajTOnm:ι:jy 3axnaJ1HOCT. Be3 fbJ1XOBe ΠΟΜοΒπ Η -nOJKPTBOBaHOr SaJIaraH.a, HCKOnaBaH:.e Ha JIeneHCKOM ΒΗΡΥ He 6Η ce ca ycnexoM OKOWiaJIO HJ1':TH 6Η OBa ΚH.Jfi'a 6HJIa HaI1HCaHa.

flOMO'll

Η

noce6HY 3axBaJ!HOCT ayrop Ayryje προφ. 'Β. BOUIΚO­

ΠOΠPlliΚA

BJ1:hy, ,φ1:ΡeΚΤΟΡΥ ApXeOJIOIIIΚOr JlliCTHTj1Ta Υ Beorpa,!W, sa CTapaa.e Ο CTρyςnfoj Η TeXHWmoj OpraHJί3~jH MCTpa>Κm3aIf,a; ΑΡ JI. Τρ"ΦΥΗΟΒ.rn.Υ, ΠPOAoe,!\1U!Κy Peπy6JI!eΡJ1Ma Π. JaKOBJbeBMY, 'Β. ΓΟΤΥΗ, Ο. llaBJIOBM Η C. KaneJIaπy.

'ΒeΡΆaπa 1if o6JΠoDKEbe nOTKOBJιftIaCTe ynaJIe H3Meljy ΆeCΗe

Υ'1ΚΗ KPyr .cTpyqH:.aκa 06aBeWTaBaH je ο peSYJITaTMMa llVBJIJ.UUίTET

HCKOnaBaH:>a npeKO KpaTΚHX HSBellITaja Koje je ay-

τορ TO)J;J1:Ilnbe o6jaBJbMBaO Υ ApXB040UΙΚO.M. nΡeΖ.ιιeΟΥ

_

6ρ. 6 (1965), 7 (1966) " 8 (1967). lIIJφa jaBHOCT, MeljyrHM, CaSHaJIa je ο OTKpJdiy Ha JIeneHcKoM ΒΗΡΥ ,πpeKo Υο6:Ζ:.:ι:­ qajeHHX cpe,n;cTaBa v1Η:ΦΟΡΜ~ja τεκ 16. aBrycTa 1967. rop;mIe. JaΉyapa 1968. rO;n;mIe Peny6JIJ1:'C:tΚa KOMJ1Cnja Η ApXeOJIOWΚH 11HCTJίTYT Opramι:30Bam:ι: CY Υ 6eοrΡaΆCΚΟ.Μ: HapOp;HOM Mysejy J:tSJIΟ:ΣΚ6Υ CKYJIΠTypa ca JIeneHcKOr Bπpa. Maja MeCeD;a MCTe rO,lJ;11He OBe cXYJIIIType 6HJIe cy J1SJIOXeHe J:t Υ 3arpe6y. 06ε H3JIOx6e 6HJIe cy ΠPOnpalieHe KaTaJIOrOM KOjH je ca,rι;p1ΚaΒaο OCHOBHe J1Η:ΦΟΡΜaψιje Ο JIeneHcKOM ΒΗΡΥ. ΑΥΤΟΡ je TaKolje rrn:cao Ο HajBa1ΚHHjHM pe3YJITaTJ1Ma HCTpaJΚJ1BaH:>a Υ CJIeAehnM -τraCOmrCHMa:

JugoslOVen8ki istorijski zbornik, Ρα3Βuτaκ, CTaPUnap, Ατ­ chaeologia lugoslαvica, lllustrated London News, Archαe­ ology, Bild der Wissenschajt, Rαggi Η Archαeologiα. OBa Κ1f.>Hra je, MeljYTHM, ΠΡΒΗ D;eJIOBJ1T npnκa3 ΚYJIType JIelleHCΚor Bπpa, J1JIH, Taτnrnje, OHJίfX H>eHHX ca,τu>maja l!.0 KOjJ1X ce ,lJ;OlIIJIO Υ ΤΟΚΥ Ρ;οcaΆaIII1bJ1X J:tCKOnaBaH:.a.

12

o6aJIe )J;YHaBa " CTp= JIHTHqa Κορωο 6pAa. Γpyπa CTpyApXeOJIOWKOr HHCTHTYTa Υ ΒeοrΡaΆΥ, Koja je πpε,rι; κpaj JIeTa 1960. ro,υ;JiίHe πΡΒΗ πΥΤ o6:fnIIJIa ΟΒΟ M€CTO, 3aπa3HJIa je Υ o6aJIJ1, Υ ImCKOM ΠΡΟΦΗΠΥ, HeJ13pa3HT CJIoj ca YJIoMqHMa nocy,u;a cTapτxeBa'tJKe rpyπe, HajCTapHje ΚYJI­ TYPe MJIaljer κaMeHOr Ao6a (HeOJIHTa) Υ nOAYHaBJ1>Y. Ha OCHOBY ΠPOrι;eHe πpocTopa norO,n;Hor sa CTaHOBaIbe Η jep;HOCTaBHor KYJITypHor CJIoja 6es 6pojHJ1X HaJIa3a, 3aκJhY­ "IeHO je ,u;a HeOJIJ1TCKO HaCeJDe Ha JIeneHcKOM Β*ΡΥ HHje HMaJIO Bεm:tΚJί 06ΗΜ, ,n;a je 6HJIO κpaTKoTpajHo Η BeOMa CHpOMaIIIHO. ιm.aKa

Ι

HCTOPHIAT

MCTPAΈMBAH:ιA

HCTe YTJ1CKe CTeKao je Η ayTOp Kap;a je aBryCTa 1965. ro,φme 'Άοwaο Ha JIeneHCKK ΒπΡ ca 3ap;aTKOM p;a Ha ΟΒΟΜ

MeCTY HSBpnαι COH,Z:ta2ΚHO HCKonaBίUbe. C.m:ι:Ka KOjy je-" Ta,u;a 3aTeKao 6HJIa je jow MeHH p;eo ysaJIe; KYJITYPHH CJIoj Υ ΠΡΟΦΚΠΥ 6ΗΟ je jOlII HejacHHjJ1:j npJ1MeheHO je p;a cy TeMeJbH je,φre pMMCKe KYJIe MeCTJ1MJflHO OΠITeTHJIH CJIojene μ,ο 3HaTHe p;y6JiίHε, a KaMeHa opylJa Η 6pojmr ΦΡarΜeΗΤΜ xepaMV!Κe paCYTH ryCTo ΠΟ 06aJIJ1 yκa3HBaJI1ί! cy lJ.a je rι;eH­ Tpa.Jl1iH lJ.eo HaCeJba ΠΟΤΠΥΗΟ YHUllITeH. Jι!CKonaBaH:>a cy 3aTO OTnOqeJIa ca y6eljeH:>t:M ,lJ;a ce npHcTyna HCTPa2ΚH-

13

JIeneucκu

Bup

TAe u BaI-bY KpajH:.e nep11Φ1:tP.!Ije je,ηHOr MaH:ιe _~τmjH9Γ HeO11 3HaTHO y~aJbeHO o~ BeJΠ:tΚJ1X ~eHTapa CTapτreBaτrXe ΚYJIType Υ llaHoHcKoj paBHHQH Η llOMOPaBJhY.

~Tcκor-HaCeJkaι-Eoje je, Υ3 ΤΟ,

Ποωτο

ce HHCY OqeKHBaJIH 3HaτrajHHjH pe3YJITaΊ'H,

06ΜΜ HCKOnaBaH:>a 6ΗΟ je CKpOMaH: aBrYCTa Mece~a

1965.

rO,I(HHe oTBopeHe cy CaMO )~Be COH,lJ;e, Tj. npHCTyrIHJIO ce 2 MCImTJ1BaIbY nOBpmHHe Ο,!!; 51 m • ΟΤΚΡΗ'1'ι.Ε ΗΟΒΕ

KYJ1TYPE

'Υ6Ρ30 je yc.πe,rι;HJIO H3HeHai';;eH:....!::. Jι!cTe rO,D;:mre, HCnO,D; CJIojeBa KOjH cy 6H~ BH,n;JbJ1BH Υ ΠΡΟΦHJIΥ Η KOjH CY ~a­ ,lψ:»l:aBaJIH OCTaTKe HaCeJba 113 BpeMe.ua cTamrier HeOJIHTa, ~eH3-j.e-je,n;Ha-1:!2B~~y...P..~qpHI'HHaJIHa 11 CHa1ΚHa ~πpe.rwQ.Y. KOMe je polj~~o 1beHHX OCHOBHJ1X ca,n;p:»l:aja, Ο,!!; KOjJ1X je CBaIrn npe,n;CTaBJbaO nOCe6HO Η Υ36yljyjyfie OTΚPMfie, ,n;OJIa3HJIO ce nOCTyrIHO: 1~66. roΠΗ:Ηe O!!onaHi~ehH_~HaCeJba ca MMII03aHTHHM OCT.~_

apxwreK::ιΎJ!J), 19~a~eHe

τ~~s...ΚΥJlI!~..ιΞ...QtL~aΜeHa! a

ΚΥΠΠΡΑ J1EΠEHCKOr ΒΗΡΑ

cx 6poiHe MO~-=­ 1968. rO)'.(HHe HCTProκe~.1~._

je,n;aH ,n;eo HeXpOnOJIe. Ma,n;a HCKonaBma JIeneHcKor BHpa jom 1llicy OKOWIaHa, ~HTaHe llOBptIIHHe ΟΑ 2 ~Q!Ι.!!f.Ji~~yjΥ ):(a_ oTKpΚBe~~~YJITypa -npeztCTaB~ -riΟτπ:nιο_{ΙQ!!., cg,zm~~Ι..Υ.: e~~nc~j_!lP~!'!QΊ'9Q~j11:·_ ~-KYJITypa JIeneHcκo;BΠPaje πperJIe,n;Ho 11: ):(eTaJbHO p;oKYMeHTOBaHa: ΥΤΒΡΊ)eΗ je 1beH CTΡaΤΜrΡaΦcΚΗ ΠΟΠΟΜ .m:aj, ΠΟ3Η3ΤΜ cy CBM OCHOBffi1 eJIeMeHTM H>eHe CTpYKTYPe Μ jacHH cy TQKOBH 1beHOr κpeTθ.1b3. lla mraK, OHa ):(aHac

.ηEL~je....κaο--ποjaBa M~~JI?~!-i~_X_B~~t.:~...~.!Ij?QCTOPY. 06JIV!qM je,n;He BHCOKe KYJIType - TρajHo HaCeJbe ca fiJIaHCKOM apXHTeK-TypoM KOj3 nop;pa?YMeBa CJIom:eHe ΑΡΥΙΠΤ­ BeHo-eKOHOMCKe 0.11.HOCe Η CfiQ!"l~~_r,τ;n..MQHYM~~~MH:e Y14~- _ THOCTH CBaKaKO Ha.11.aXHYTH Ρ;Υ60ΚΟΜ ΡeJIΗrΗq;Ι~.oJghΥ HaCTamr- 'CY-Ha JIeneHcKOM Bupy Υ Ha M3rJIep; npa3;]:OM πpocropy, 6e3 ΜΚθΚΒΗΧ HajaB37 'I'pa,n;~a Η npHπpeMe. C ,Iφyre CTpaHe, CBe qHT.~e O.11.JI:q;~~ )tΥ:ΠΊ'~_..JI~~~~ρ.r

B~11a ΠΟΤηΥΗΟ o,n;yp;~p~jy ο,n;_ΡIDIIτe 1FΥJ.;IΤΥΡ!!.Ο-J.!~.'!'QpΗjc:κ:e­

:§HTY@!!i~-..Y Ρ3Η01 IIP3HCT~l?~f~:"~Qρ~ 't{JiOOr

14

ce

~B. CBe-·

THj3 p;eJIOBa1ba H1ίf :Ha J\orai)aje KOjM joj Henocpe,n;HO CJIeAe (HaCTaHaK HajCTapHje ΚYJIType MJIai)er KaMeHOr p;o6a

Tmta CTapqeBo-Kepem-Kpron). KYJITypa JIeneHCKOr BMpa ΗΜ3 cBoje npeTXOAHHXe,. a.πH He 11: Henocpep;He ΠPeT­ Ke; I-bem1 HaCJIe~ cy n03HaTH, aJIM He Μ 1bemr πο­ TOMqΚ.

Qne -qmbeHH:qe OTe:m:anajy H3yqHH ΠP11CTYΠ ΚΥΠ-ΤΥΡ* JIeneHCΚor BMpa 11 3axTeBajy πpeHCΠHTHBa1be OCHOBHHX TOKOBa ΚYJITYPe Υ paκoj npaHcTopHjM nOAj1HaBJba Η ΕΒ­ pone. 3a ΟΒΥ npC'l'Y Mc.rpaJΚMBaxba nOCToje, Meijj1TJ1lIι!, 06jeKTHBHe Tewκ:ofie. 06JIaCTH llO,D;YHaBJba, nOCe6HO 'Bepμ.aπ Η H>erOBa 6JIJΩΚ3 OKOJIΚHa, ΉHCY P;OBOJbHO TepeHCXH HCTpaxeHe. Ακο Ce πο noc.πep;Hψί cyJ1J!I. ο Υ3ΡΟΚΥ, OH,n;a ce Ha OCHOBY JIeneHcKor BHpa Mopa 33ΚJbj"lliTH ;ιtθ je ΚYJITYPHa ΠPOIIIJIOCT llOp;yHaBJba AaJIeKO 60ra-THja Μ CJIO:m:.eHMja Hero ΙΙΙΤΟ ce το ,ΖιΟ ,D;aHac πpeTnOCTaBJbaJIO. MeΊ)ΥΤΗΜ, JIeneHCΚJ1 ΒΜΡ AeJIyje H3Y3eTHO He caMO 360r j01U neOTΚPHBeHMX p;OKYMeH3Ta Μ3 ΚYJI~ypHe HCTopMje ΠΟΆ,Υ­ HaBJba Befi Η 360r H3BeCHJ1X orpamrqe1ba Ca,zψ2ΚaHHX Υ HeKJ1M OCHOBHHM nOCTaBKaMa aPXeOJIOIllΚe Hayκe, npe CBera Υ ΚJIacwmoj, oΠllITeΠPHXBsheHoj nop;eJ.W paHe πpa­ MCToPHje EBpone Η3. cTapHje (naJIeomrr)7 cpe,!tff>e (Me30JIJi1T). Π MJIaije KaMeHO ):(06a (HeoJIHT). Υ ΟΒΟ] CxeM:H, Koja .n:mrn:jCKOM ΤΟΚΥ ΚYJIType, m:ι:je OCTSBJbeHO MeC-Ta 33 Φmte npeJIa3e, 3a M3Y3eTHe TOKOBe, ,!(J1:CKOHTMHYΠTeTe J1JIH Ha~ rJIe πpeo6proκaje - 3a CBe OHe 6pojHe MOryliHOCTM KojeΥ ce5M ΚPHje :»I:J1BOT, a ΟΡ; KOjMX cY HeKe OCTBapeHe ΥΠ­ paBO Ha JIeneHcKOM ΒΜΡΥ. Kao 1U-T0 he ce 113 KacHHjκx H3JIaraH:ιa BH,n;eTH~ OTKPJ1BeHa Κ:YJITypa JIeπeHcKor BYipa o6jeAΚI-byje Υ ce6M ςρ."Ρ':Ρ.m:aie ΚOjH ce noj~J.1.HH3τrHO Mory; προn:e}bJ1Barn~κ'ε~~ο';;JIe()JIJ1ΤCΚΗ (yMeTHOCT; peJIHfHj,a), Me- -

30JΠϊTc~-(eKOH~_~~j:=~~~ ~~_q~τc~Ίπ>~ΗΟ

HaCeJbe).

rfocQ:;p~;i~36~HO, ΜeΊ)yrΗΜ, Olili ΑeΦmnnπy jeAHY ΗΟ-

ΒΥ Φa3Υ

.

paHe

~paHCT~P1!je .ΠOAYH~!..~ j~ce6HO"

c.raϊbe ΚYJITyPe- KoTe'je ΠPJ1IIpeMaHO cToJIelruMa Υ προ­

paH:.a KYJITYpe JIeneHcKor Bupa· (o6JIHψί KYJIType CTapHjer Η cpep;l'ber KoαιeHor p;06a) He o6jaml'baB3 l'beHO 113Υ3eTHO ΤΚΗΒΟ Ι1: ,zιa HΠje Moryhe YTBPWlTM H>eH3 I1:3pa3H-

IIIJIOCTH Μ 6e3 Kojer He 6Η 5HJIO Moryhe ΗΗ ΠPJαBaTaIbe ):(Be Haj3HaτrajHHje TeKOBHHe "HeOJmTCKe peBo.πyφήe Υ 6YAylrnOCTH: 3eMJbopaAfbe π ·CTOqapCTBa.

J-:[

πPHCTY1I

K"YJ!TYPU J1EΠEHCKOrBHPA

Υ OCHOBH Ji3proκsBa KpajH>e yπpomheHY M):(ejy Ο πpano­

Υ BpeMe ΦΟΡΜΗ­

ΙΙΙΤΟ je OCTB3peHO Υ llO,n;YH3BJbY npe

ΚοΡeκu

II

15

J1eneκcκu

TAe u

Bup

CTPΑ'l'1fi'ΡΑΦCΚΗ nOJIO~J

CΤΡaτurΡaΦcΚΗ llOJIo:m:aj XYJIType JIeneHcKOr BMpa nOKa3yje ,!:{a je OHa OCTBapeHa npe nοηeτκa CTap.ujer H~ OJI>!Ta Υ llOl\YHaBJbY, Tj. προ 5000. r. cTape ορο. MeI)yΤΜΜ, 1beHe 60raTe .u opurmra.rrHe ca,υ;p:m:,aje TeΠIΚO je ΠΟ, ΜΙ1ΡΜΤΠ ca o6JIMψtMa. HeroBa.HHM Υ ΠPM6JIillΚHO HCTO Bpe.. Me Υ oΚBMpMMa Me30JIHTC;ι:rnx ΚYJITypa llO,ίξyHaBJba .u _Υ KOHTeKcTY HajpaHJ1:jMX HeOJIJ1TC1OIX KYJITypa Ha jyry Ba.rrκaHcKor nOπyocTpBa, Υ MaKe,!:{om!ju (Hea HHΚOM€­ )\eja), Tecam!j>, (ΠPOKOpaMWΠili HeoJIHT Aprn:ce) ",,,, Υ cpe,l1H>oj Γρ'πωj (EJIaTeja). Υ Oi\Hocy Ha JIeneHcΚH Bnp Me30JIY1TCKe ΦΟΡΜe OBor no,zφyτrja p;eJIyjy a. KYJITypa ΠοΙΙΥ­ HaBJba Υ ΟΒΟ ,ι:ι;ο6a p;o6J1ja BJIacTwry ΦU3ΗΟΗοMHjΥ Μ, mι:ι:ο je nOCe6HO 3ΗaηajΗΟ, Υ 1boj OTΠO'tJJΠbY 'IIpOD;eCH Μ OC'l'Bapyjy ce ΦΟΡΜe. Ba1ΚHe 3'a pa3j1MeBaHιe HeΚHX 6HTHJ1X ορ;­ JmΚa xYJIτype JIeneHcKOr Bκpa: ocmmajy ce HaCeJ1:,a Ha OTBOpeHOM npOCTOPY, sanoτ.rnn:.e YMe'rH}fqKO CTBapaJIaWTBO Η _ΦΟΡΜΙ1ΡajΥ ce jacm:τje peJIill'H03He KOHu;:eIτηHje, TaKO ce Beh Υ cTapHjoj Φa3Η MJIal)er naπeOJIHTa (Ορπ­ H>aK) jaBJhajy HaCeJba Ha OTBOpeHOM ΠPOCTOPY Η -ΠΡΒΗ ΠΡΗΜθΡΜ oκpyrJIe ΠJIaCTHΚe. A.m!, TeK Υ Cpe;φDI1M J1 πο3ΗΜΜ φaSaMa MJIaljer naJIeOJΠ1Ta, ο,ι:ι; BpeMeHa no.jaBe rpaBeTHjeHcKe XYJIType (ΠPH6JU:DΚH0 ΟΚΟ 25000. r. C'l'ape . epe), iI03HaTa cy 6pojHa HaCeJba Ha oTBopeHoM ΠPOCTOpy, qeCTO llO,ι:ι;HrHYTa KaO Η JIeπeHcΚM Bup Ha JIecy κpaj Ρeη-­ ΗΙ1Χ o6aJI3" ca CTaHHI.IlTHMa rpaljeHHM ΟΑ ]:ι;pBeTa, ;ι:ι;Υraη­ ΚJ1X Kocmjy MaM"JTa J1JIH ·KaMeHHX ΠJIoqa. HajBehH 6poj aHΤΡΟΠΟΜΟΡΦm:rx J1 300ΜΟΡΦΗΗΧ ΦΗrΥΡmra TaKolje ΠΡΗ­ naAa rpaBeTHj,eHcKoj KYJITYPH, a Η3 I-:beHHX oΚBHpa πο3HaTYI cy Η ΠPBJ1 HaJIa3H KOjJ1 jaCHHje HΠYCTpyjy peJIJ1rn03Ha CXBaTaFba llOp;ytIaBCKOr CTaHOBHmIITBa (:m:PTBOBaH>e 2ΚHBOTmba, ΚYJIT BaTpe J1 OrH>J1IllTa, fiOBe3J1BaFb€ nOKojHHΚa ca OΠbI1I.IITeM, fiOCe6HO caxpaH:ιJ1BaH:ιe no6aH:ιe). HJ1lllTa HJ1CY MaH:ιθ 3ΗaηajΗΠ ΗΗ ycπec* llOCTJ1I'HYTJ1 Ha npHBpep;HO-;Ι:Ι;PynITBeHOM ΠJIaHy: 3a rpaneπIjeHcκy κΥπ­ ΤΥΡΥ ce nesyj-e HajpaHJ1ja nojaBa MI1Κpo.mrra Η npJ1I'JIaQaΗΗΧ KaMetmX opylja; pH60JIOB fiOCTYΠHO rIOTHcKyje ΠΟΒ Ha

Υ

ilPyr"

ΠOΤΙ€TKY

ΠJIaH;

o6pa3yjy ce

rpyπe

Belrnx nopo=a; YJIO-

ra :m:.eHe Υ ,I:ι;pymTBY πpecTaje ,ι:ι;a 6Yl1.e ,ι:ι;ΟMJ1HaHTHa, a πο­ je,rtJ1Ha HaCe;?a J1Majy Η 6pojHe )ΚHTeJbe KOjH ,rι;yxe 60pcme Ha jeΡ;ΗΟΜ MecTY. ΟΒΗ ca.z:ι;p:aαιjH rpaBeTHjeHcKe KYJIType Bec~ cy HOBor A06a. ΟΗΗ Υ ce6H Hoce 3aηeTκe 06JIHΚa KOjH he ce ·pa3BHTY1 Υ 6y,ι:ι;yhHOCTH Η llOC'l'aTH TpajHa o,n:JIκκa θΒΡΟΠ­ CKe RyJIType Η H:>eHOr cπeΙ:Ι;U-Φ-WlHοr CTJ1JIa. CaMO, AoraljajH KOjH cy YCJIe,n.HJIH - ΦΟΡΜΗΡaI-De Me30~CΚHX XYJITYJ!a Ha llOτ.reTKY nOCTrJIat:ι;HjaJIHOr nepuo,n.a ΥηΗΗΗΠΗ 2; JIeneHcΚH ΒΗΡ

KVJITVPE MJIA,:&Er ΠAJIEOΠMTA

rPABETMJEH

JIeneκcκu

TAe

Bup

CY

Άa

ce πpeBH,lξM H>WCOB 3Haqaj HCTopnjM EBpOne.

Η

YJIOra

Υ κacH11j-oj KYJI~

TYΡHoj :ME30Jrn:TCΚE Κ'ΥΠΤΥΡΕ

TAP.D:EHOA3HJEH

A3HJIHJEH

18

Ha.na3n 113 OΚBHpa Me30JIHTCKMX ΚYJlTypa, l'ΟΤΟΒΟ HCΚJbyτπmO MYrΚpOΠMTcΚa opyija 11 KOillTaHe aJIaTXe, ΥΤΒΡ­ ,tf;J1:JIH cy CnaTaH:.e Ο HarnOM nap,y, a 3aTMM Η ΆaJheΜ OCJ1POMaIIIaBaFbY eBpOnCXe ΚYJIType Koje ce ΠΡΟ~2ΚaΒa ΤΟ,­ ΚΟΜ HeKOJIHΚO MHJIemιja, πpπ6JΠΩΚHO Ο;ι::ξ; 8000. 11.0 5000. r. CTape epe. KYJITypHO ·jeΆJ1HCΤΒΟ, nOCTJ1l'Hj'TO κpajeM naJIeOJIHTa, ΟΆ ,D;oHa Η KpMMa ΊJ,O ropn:.er ΠO~a. pa3~ 6J1ja ce Υ Me30JIUTY Η 3aMe1byje ΗΗ30Μ JIOKaJ1HJ1X, H3pa311ΤΟ KOH3epBaTHBHHX ΚYJITypa. Ha OCHOBY 1bHXOBMX CKP0MIill:X ca,n;p:araja On;en:.eHO je ;ι::ι;a ce na.πeOmrrCKa peJI_I1I'M03Ha y:MeTHOCT KOHa'tffiO yraCMJIa, ΊJ,a cy ce Beh.e sajep;mru;e pacYJIe Υ MaH:oe rpyne JIOB~a KOjU cy .πyTaJIU 3a ΠJIeHOM πο ryCTm.t IIIy:MaMa, ,n;a je I1Sry6JheH CBaΚH CMJ1cao 3a rpa~eBHHCΚY ΊJ,eπaTHOCT Η CfiOC06HOCT ΊJ,a ce OCTBap* 6J1JIO Koja CJIo:.m:emι:ja ΦΟΡΜa Ha nJIaHY ΠPHBpeijn­ BaH>a Η ,Ζ:φymΤΒeΗΜΧ O,n;HOCa. Ha ΟΒΟΜ MeCTy HI1je Moryhe I13HeT11 a ΚYJIType JIeneHcKOr BMpa, ΠΟΤ­ pe6HO HCTalill ,ItBe OCHOBHe cTPyje Koje ce ΊJ,aHaC MOry carJIeΆ:aΤJ1. llpBa, YOqJbMBHja, Be3yje ce 3a κ.πaCYf'iHΥ Me30~ JD1TCKY ΚYJITYPY TmIa ΤaΡ;ι::ξ;eΗΟa3J1jeΗ (MMΚpOJΠ1TI1 reoMeTpHjCΚJ1X o6JD1Κa), Koja 6Ρ30 3aXBaTa rOTOBO U;eJIy ΕΒ­ ΡΟΠΥ, llOCe6HO n:.eHe paBHJ.feroBJ1M cTeHOBMTJ1M 06aJIaMa Koje ce CTPMO ,1J;illΚY lJ.O BHCJ1He Η3Meljy 350 Η 700 m. Ha ;φ3a KMJIOMeTpa ceBepHo U "'IeπrpH ΚMJIOMeTpa jy1ΚHO BHCOΚY! rpe5eHJ1 Cy-2ΚaBajy peKY, 3aTBapajy ΒΜ,u;11Κe Η ΦΟΡΜΜΡajΥ οκο JIeneHcKor Bκpa Η30JIOBaH BeJIHΚH aMΦΗΤeaτaΡ. Y3BO,u;HO ce 113 peoqHor KOpJ1Ta ,υ;~ ,u;Be orpOMHe nΟΡΦΗΡΗe CTeHe Υ -06JIJ1KY 6HBOJIa KOjH ce 60pe, ,n;OK ΗΜ3ΒΟ,ψΙΟ )J;YHaB xyqHO npeJIa3H πpeKO AYraqκor nO,D;BO,D;HOr rpe6eHa Η HarJIO ce ry6H; Kao,rι;a προ­ πaΆ;a Υ aM6HCMMa, 113a BUCOKe J.illTHu;e BOJbeTJ1HCKOr 6p,n:a. Be.r.mKa peκa Υ ΟΒΟΜ nPOCTOPY Ηε ηmrn ππφΟΚ πΥΤ KOj» OTBapa .z:taJIexe xopU30HTe Η He pa3JIMBa ce ,u;a OnJI0,D;J1 cBoje 06a.ιre, Beh npel\CTaBJba CaMO 3aCTpamyjyhy CHJIY Υ CTaJIHOM nOKpeTY, Koja .n-eBO Η ,n;eCHO ry-Ta 3eMJbY Η rpH3e cBoje KaM€HMTe OΚBMpe. rope, Υ BHCJi1HaMa, YCTaJIaCaHH BHCOBM jYΉαiliX KapnaTa 3aTBapajy Kpyr ΟΚΟ peKe U Ka,n;a ce 06J:taφ1: MJIJ1 MarJIe CΠYCTe Ha fbJ1XOBe BpXOBe :qeo προ­ CTOP ce 3aTBopH Μ nocTaje jom τεΙΙΙΗ>Η 11 5e3H3JIa3HHjH. YπpaBo OBa H30JIOBaHOCT "qJ1HH ,D;a cy KJIJ1Ma, BereTaqHja Μ :t:(eo pUTaM ;}ΚΜΒΟτa ΟΚΟ JIeneHcKor BΉpa ,D;pyra-ιrn:jH HeΓΟ Υ OCTaJIHM ,u;e.πOBMMa ΚJIJ1cype. 06JIaCT 'Bep,rι;aπa Η3JIΟ2ΚeΗa je yτ:m:ι;ajy CTencκe Km:tMe ca 11CTOKa 11 KOHT:mIeHTaJIHe ca 3anap;a, a.r.m je Υ qe.mπrn: 3aωTJ1i'ieHa BHCOΚΉM orpa1iψ1Ma KapnaTa KaKO ΟΆ; πpo,u;opa XJIaj.:(HHX CTpyja ca ceBepa TaKO Μ Ο)); jaΚHX JIeTΗ>ΗΧ 3arpeBaH>a ca jyra. MeljYTHNr, Υ no,zφ)"i"jy r,u;e ce HaJIa3H JIeneHCΚJ1 BHF, 360r HarJIor CΚP€TaH>a ,I(YHaBa npeMa jyry, πpeΚH,1\ajy ce" HOpMaJIHa CTpyja1ba Υ cMepy 3aπa,!ξ­ J1CTOJt, O,φIOCHO MCTOK-3anap;.. 360r Tora oBaj npOCTOp HMa CBOjy noce6HY MHΚpO~ OKapaXTepHcaHy paBHOMep-

HJ1M -na,u;aBMHaMa, 5JIan1M npeJIa3J1Ma H3Me'ijy rop;:mtUbΚX ,n;o6a, 3HaTHOM peJIaTJ1BHOM BJIa2ΚHOnmy Ba3AYXa, o'P,CY~ CTBOM CHa1ΚHJi!jUX Ba3AYJIIHHX CTpyjaH>a Μ OαιTp:rιrx κο­ JIe6ίlli>a T€MΠepaType (Β. ,I(op;aTaκ π Β). Anco~Ha 3aK~

'JIo:a:.eHocT, κpe1fiba-τm:a nop;JIora Koja -qyna TOΠJIOTY Η peKa ca MarJIaMa, Koje ce ,n;yro 3a,zφ1ΚasajΥ πΡΠ ΒΟΑΗ Μ CΠopo κpehy lJ.Y1Κ YBaJIa, OMoryllliJI:H cy p;a ce Υ ΟΒΟΜ p;eJIY 'Bep;ιJ;aπa oqysajy ρετιαι: Μ BeOMa apxawnrn: 05ππφf :au1BOTa. JIeneHcΚY! ΒΗΡ Π€)ΚJf Υ cpe,u;mnTY myMCKor nojaca, ΊJ.Yror ΟΚΟ ΤΡ11 ΚJ1JIOMeTpa, ca 6pojHΠM peJIHKTffi1M BpCTaMa paCTHH>a, Koje cy Υ HenOCpe,1:ζHOM cyce,rι;CTBY H3YMpJIe YCJIe,rι; eXCTpeMHHX KOJIe5aH:>a ΚJDίfMε ΤΟΚΟΜ JIe,u;eHor ,u;o6a J1 nOCTrJIaψtjaJIHOr nepJ1o,u;a. Mep;HTepaHCKe BpCTe Koje OB,t(e p;aHac 6yjajy, noce6HO KOΠPMBJ1i'i, paCJIe cy ΟΚΟ JIeneHCKor Bupa Η Υ BpeMe npe6opeaJIHor nepHop;a, 11 ΤΟ 3aje,D;HO ca 6pe30M, ΚJleKOM, 60ΡΟΜ, jeJIOM, ~rOM Η 6YΚSOM (Β. ;Π:ο,u;aτaκ ΤΙ Α). OCTaTaκ OBe peJIJίΚTHe myMe nOKa3yje ,rιa Υ ΟΒΟΜ npep;eπy nOCTOjM KOHTY!HJΠ1TεT :arnBOTa 0]3; TepU;Jι1japa '1,0 p;aHac, O,11;HOCHO p;a cy ΚJIJι1MaTCKe ΠΡΟΜεΗε KBapTapHor ,u;06a, Koje cy mraoqe npep;CTaBJbaJIe KaTaKJΠ13Me 3a je,u;aH ));eo 1ΚJ1B0! CBeTa Υ OCTaJIJι1M 06JIaCTUMa llOp;yHaBJba, Υ πο,τφyqjΥ JIeneHcκor Bupa CaMO ,u;eJIHMYft!HO CΥ2ΚaΒa:ιre HJIM' npoIIIHpMBaJIe Beh nocTojehe :aαιBOTHe 3ajep;lΠίqe. Ka,rι;a j-e qOBeK CTymtO Υ oBaj ΠPOCTOP, nej3a1Κ ce HMje 6ΗΤΗΟ pa3JIMΚOBaO ΟΡ; Aa.HaIillber. llp11CYCTBO 3HaTHe KOJIJ1qJ1He nOJIeHa 6pe3e 11 cnopap;J1'qfla nojasa nOJIeHa qyre, Υ HajcTapMjeM ,u;eπy XYJITypHor CJIoja JIeneHcKor BJψa, yκa3yje Ha OJ1lTPHjy KJΠ1lIι!Y, CHrYPHO 11 BeOMa XJIaΑΗΥ Ha BpXOB:mι:τa OKOJIHHX 6pp;a, ΜΗ je Kpaj Bo,u;e 5J1JI0 P;OBOJbHO BJIare Η TOIIJIMHe, nrro nOKa3yje nOJIeH KOΠPJ1B:ώia J1 6YKBe HaljeH Υ KCTOM Υ30ΡΚΥ (Β. ,I(o,u;aTaK ΤΙ Α). PeKa, o6aJIa, CBH 05JIHφI Υ npOCTOPY 11 Η>ΜΧΟΒΗ Meijyco6HJif 0AHOC* 6mm: cy, "Meljy-TMM) HCTH. ΠΡΒ11 P;OCeJb€HJ.f:D;M HanIJIJ1 cy Ha JIeneHcKoM ΒιφΥ He caMO Y3,D;JifrHYTY Tepac-y 3amTώieHY ορ; OlUTpHjMX Ba3ΊJ.Y­ UIHJ1X cTpyjaH.a Η B11COΚJifX B9p;a ,I(yHasa, Βεπ 11 ryCT CΠJIe'f :aσmOTa Υ myMJ1 Η BO;n;u. MeCTO Koje je o,u;a5paRo 3a -πο­ -,D;H331be Hace.π.a jaCHo je HCTaΚHj1TO "Υ OKOJIHOM nej3ωκy: ca jyxκe Η ceBePHe CTpaHe OrPaHW:leHO je Ήf1CΚΠM rpe-

BErETAnMJA

ΤeMY no,rι;pa3y-MeBa CTaJIHY ncHXHqKY nanpeIΉYTocT. Ha JIenencKOM BJ.ψy Μ Υ 1beroBoj OKOJΠιIHH rOTOBO CBaΚH TpeΠYTaK HCΠY1beH je 1];oral)ajHMa Υ Koje "qOBeK HHje YKJbyη:eH, a KOjH ynpaBO HajHeπocpe,D,HHje op;peljyjy :ffie. rOBY MJ1cao Η CY1];5HHY. QBaj npOCTOp HeMa πpa3HHHa. "Υ 1beMY HHje,ZJ;aπ 06JIHΚ He MJ1pyje Η HΠje CTaJIHa HHje,tξHa BeJIWUffia, HHjewra 60ja Η HHjep;aπ 3ΒΥΚ. ΤΟΚΟΜ ;D;aHa ΠPOMeHe ce πο HeKOJIHΚO nyTa O,D;HOCM 113Meljy 06a.πa Η peKe, H3Meljy Bop;e Μ He6a: Υ paHO jyrpo 06aJIe cy 6JIH3Y, a He60 je BHCOKO; Υ llO,D,He ce τurnM p;a ce peKa rr:n:φM Η ;ιι;a ce CBO,rι; cπyπrra, a κap;a cym:ι;e npelje CBOj KpaTaK nyT 113Meljy CTpMHX 06aJIa, ceHΚe, Koje 6Ρ30 paCTY,_ ΠPM6JIJΩΚe 1bHXOBa ΠΟ;D;Ηωκja Η yτπre:e p;aJIeΚJ1M 1bJiIXOBe Cj1HD;eM jom 06acjaHe BpXOBe. A.JIH ce HJ1 OBa CJΠ1Ka He nOHaBJba Η3 ,n;aπa Υ ,D.aH. "t{eCTO MarJIe cToje l1.Yro Ha,rι; BO;ι:J;OM, KaTKap; Μ ΤΟΚΟΜ lJ;eJIor ,rι;aπa, a Ka,u;a ce Pa35Mjy, OHe ce cnycTe Υ UIyMe, npeKpHjy o6aJ1e, Te cy 3a HeKO BpeMe peKa Η He60 je,u;J1He BeJIWΠ1He Υ nPOCTOPY. MeljYTMM, OB,rι;e cy nOjMOBJι1 ο pa3p;aJbHHaMa Η BeJIWUffiaMa YBeK Kpaj1be peJIaTHBHJ1. Οπο πιτο ce noxa3yje Kao πajΥ;ΙΙ;aJbeHJ1je Ρe.π;ΟΒΗΟ je JIaKO ΠPHcTyna"IHO, a peaJIHO p;aJ1eκM 06~ ocehajy ce Kao 6J1HCKH, Ha ,n;OMaxy pyκe: ca JIeneHcKor BHpa cym:ξe xoje J13JIa3H TaqHO HacnpaM HaceJba, H3a όrΟJIeJIe JIMTHIJ;e "TpeCKaBr:ι;a, 'Ufilli ce 6JIHΚ{e Hero rpe6eH BOJbeTHHCKOr _6pp;a; nyTa1ba cym.τa 113Mel)y ,rι;Be o6aJIe Kpaha je Hero BHp;JbHBM ΤΟΚ pexe; ,n:yra τreCTO CaMO πpeMomliyje ΠΟΒΡΙΙΙΗΗΥ Bop;e Η ΒΡΧ o6JlJiΩΚH:ιer 6p;ι:J;a, a Υ Be,n;pJ1M HoliHMa 3Be3p;e JIexe CaCBJ1M 6JIH3Y, πο YCTa.πaCamIM KOHTypaMa 6peroBHTe

25

JIeneκcκu

ΟΚΒUΡU J!CUBOTa

Bup

o6aJIe. CBe BeJIHtUlHe Υ ΟΒΟΜ πpocτopy 3aBHCe ΟΡ; OCBeT:" JbeJ:ba, .O):(HOCHO ΟΡ; KpeTaH:ιa cemrn: πο pa3Hl'paHOM pe.n.eΦΥ. t.IaK Η ΒΡΧ TpecKaBIJ;a, Te HajcTaJIIffije Η HajMOHYMeHTammje ΦHrYPe Υ nej3ωκj' JIeneHcKOr Bnpa, paCTe Η CMa1byje ce 3aBJ1CHO ΟΡ; yrJIa OCBeTJbeHOCTJ1, O,ι:tHOCHO ΟΡ; ,tty6rora CeHΚJ1: Υ paHO jyτpo Η ΠPJ1 3aJIaCKY cyHl'(a ΟΗ Ha.paCTa Η Υ BJ1CHHY Μ Υ ,n;y6miY. a Υ fiO,ltHe ce CTaH:.M; OJIaKωa Μ CBep;e- Ha paεaH ,z:ιBO,IJ;JfMeH3MOHa.7IHΠ tψrex. CBe OBe npOMeHe BpΠIe ce HarJIO, xao lII"l"0 Ha J13HeHacTaje 11 HecTaje CBeTJIOCT Υ ΟΒΟΜ ΠΡΟ­ CTOPY. Ha JIeneHcKOM Β11ΡΥ HeMa ,n;yrκx 'CBJ1TaH:ιa Η cyTOHa; ,n;aH ,n;OJla3H Haje,n;aHΠYT, Υ πyHOj CBeTJIOCTH, a Hoh Kpaj pexe no~e Υ TpeHYTΚY Ka.,n; cymJ;e npeCTaHe ,n;a HenOCpe,n;HO 06acjaBa BpXOBe HCTO"tJHe 06aJIe. HeO'"qeΚHBaHO OB,n;e cηΟΚΥ κ KHIIIe. TaMm! o6JIa~ 3a TpeH nOKPHjy He60, 3aMpa-qe HarJIO ΠPOCTOP Η cpyqe Υ H:ιera ΚJιΠIIy Jί rpoMOBe. Je,n;JιIHO ce rO,n;HIIIH:ιa ,u;06a CMeH:ιyjy fiOCτynHO. OHa ce OCeTe Hajnpe ΠΟ 60jaMa: πpoJIehe πο ΠJIaBoj 60jH joprOBaHa, a jeceH πο SaπaJheHJ1M lψBeHΠM Η ΧΥΤΗΜ 60jaMa pyja. ΤΟΚΟΜ 3V!Me 60je J13MeHe TOHOBe. Ha MeCTO japxe :m.YTe""H IψBeHe, ΚΡ03 OTOJIeJIe rρaHe ΠP0611jy Η3 fi03a):(11He, Η3 ,n;y60KO 3aCe-qeHΠX o6a.πa, naCTeJIHe nJIaBκqaCTe, C11B€ J1 PYMeHe 60je Ha6paHJ1X Kpe"tfibaκa Η neIiPiapa. IbHMa ce ΠΡJ1;ιφΥ:m.yjΥ CB€TJI01ΚYTH ΤΟΗΟΒΗ neCKa, jep ;n;yπaB ΟΡ; HOBeM6pa Άό MapTa HarJIO Ona)1;a Η OTKpMBa cBoje l1.yre neurqaHe CnpY,1J;OBe. "Υ :qeJIOM nej3roκy je,:φmo OBe 1:JHCTe, XapMOHW!He 60je p;eJIyjy YMlψyjyhe. CBe OCTaJIO je Heo,n;pel)eHo Η HecTaJIHO, npO:m:eTO aKTMBHHM eHeprnjaMa "qHje ce ,n;eJIOBaH:ιe J1JIH ΒΜ,!{Η HJIH qyje. ΗΗ Υ jeAHO ,n;06a ro,n;rore Η 1m Υ je,n;HOM qacy ,n;aHa ΟΧΟ JIeneHCKOr Bnpa He BJIap;a Tmmma, jep HJ1.Ka):(a HeMa MJ1pa Υ IΠyMJ1 Η cnoKojCTBa Ha BO,t(11. Heπpe­ ~o 6pyjaEbe peKe Η TajaHCTBeHO ηerΡΤaEbe o6πyτaKa Υ ,tty60ΚI1M BHpOBHMa MeWa ce ca rJIaCOBHMa ΠTm:ι;~1 ca UIyMOM JrnD.Iha Η 6e36pojHJ:1M HeO,zφe~eHHM 3Byψ1Ma KOjH CTroκy ca BeTpOM, ca CTeH:ιa HJIH Η3 TpaBe. ΟΗΗ "'iHHe aTΜοcΦeΡΥ ΟΚΟ JIeneHcKOr B"l'a jom rywIiOM >r lIajy jom ;n;paMaTWiHJήn ΤΟΗ ΠPOMeHaMa Koje ce OBl1.e CTaJIHO "}1.eWa.Bajy Ha pe:φr J1 06am:t. H~HO 6Ρ3 Ha1Π1H

ΠΡΗΡΟΠΗΗ

QKBHPM

26

"Υ ΟΒΗΜ HeMJφHMM ΠPHPO,D;HMM OΚBHρJ1Ma 'lOBeK 1\e o6JIJ.1Κa ΚYJIType.

27

ΙΙΓΤΟΚΟΒΗ

0]1; 1700 m'. Carνι:o 3axBaJ:&yjyirn: HHCΚJ1M rpe6eHJί!Ma Ha CE':SepHoj Η jyElioj CTpam:t KojH y6JIa1ΚaBajy CHary p;yRaBcΚJί1X MaTm:ι;a, 1bem1: :u;eHTρa.JIHH Η saπa.wm p;eJIOBH OCTaJII1 2 cy HeTaκrryTH. Ορ; 5 500 m πpeo~Taπe ΚYJITyρHe nOBpWJιJHe, ορ; 1965. Ρ,Ο 1968. ro,φme, Υ ΤΟΚΥ meCT apxeoJIom~ ΚΗΧ κaMΠa1ba, HCTpax.eHo je 2 500 m~. OBp;e cy Υ CJIojy ταιja πpoce'tffia ;n;e6JbJίffia H3HOCJίJ: 3,5 m HaijeHH OCTaφ:ι: p;eBeT c~eCHBHHX rpaljeBJίffiCΚHX XOpJίI30HaTa KOjH BpeMeHCΚH KOHTJί!Hj'J1PaHe TOKOBe κymype AeJIe Ha neT oc· HOBHJιIX eTana. J1cTOpJ1ja. JIeneHcKor BHpa .noτ:mlDe nope,n; Bop;e, Υ3 CaMY o6a.πy .n;yHaBa. ΠΡΒΗ p;OceJbeHJίID;Jί.t HaCeJIJίIJIJί! cy caMO Hajmmy llPno6aJIHY Tepacy ΦΟΡMJ!JaJIa (Dryas 2-3) Ha Iη>BeHoM ΠΟΡΦ"Ρ"ΤΥ naJIeo30jcKe ·cTapOCTH. CaMO Υ ΟΒΟΜ ,n;eJIY YBaJIe, Υ JI~CY "tfHja._

KYJITYPE

I{pTe~

2, 3

KYJITypHa HCToPMja JIeneHcKOr B:r.:ιpa OCTBapeHa je Kpaj ;φ1ΒJbe Η KaMem:tTe

YBaJIJ1

τπrja

I.lU1pHHa

50

HajBeha m.

o6a.ne,

~a

Υ

npOcropHO OrpaHWieHoj

H3HOCH 170 rn,

a HajBeha

ΟΒΚ HenOBOJbHM Η YCIσ! CIIOJbHΠ OΚBHpJί1

ΣlliCY cpa3MepHM 1beHOM pyrOM TρajaIbY Η ΚPymrn:M OCTBa-

pe1bHMa. CTa6J1JIHoCT :aσmOTa Ha JIeneHcKOM ΒπΡΥ o6e36eijeHa je CaMO 6P3J1M paCTOM KYJIType: TeCK06HJiΣ aM6njeHT YBaJIe npeTBOpeH je Beh J13rpa,φbOM I1pBJ1X HaCeJba Υ CJI060lJ:aH npOCTOP πΥΗ CBeTJIOCTJi! 11: Ba3.zιyxa, a 06JIJιIΚOBaIf:ιeM YMeT-

HJ1"Κ>JBOT Υ

",eMY HHje I\yro TpajaO.

~OBe ΚYJIType Ha JIeneHcKOM BJψY HajaBJbyjy__ ca,lψ:m:ajH ,u;Ba nOCe5Ha HaCeJba (JIeneHCΚJ1 BJψ Illa Η IIIb), J!EΠEHCKH ΒΗΡ m

··,..d-----ΛΒ 111

--+""'~-- ΛΒ 1-11

-

Byj~~ :aαιBOTa u: $peJIOCT 'Ky'.J!!Yllii...lIa JI~neHcKo~

JIEllEHCKJ.:t QpTe~

4

ΒΜΡ

1

.]?Η1?Υ ΆΟκΥΜeΗ:χjΥ Ηace~~..~~QLC..nοja,'(."lIeπ~μ~Μ ΒΗΡ Ι) 'tIu:ja npOCe,lHa Ae6JbmIa w3 HO cκ_l,1i m. OBaj CJIoj

πpeΚPHBa p~je HaCTal-beHY llOBPIIIilliY Υ ,roτ~ o,u; ΟΚΟ

60 m, aJIH 3Ha~Ho npeJIa3H H>eπy ΙΙΙΗΡΗΗΥ Η 3axBaTa ro-

Ι

ΤΟΒΟ qe.πy YBaJIY. ~JJΆ1!!!.!fYYa ~~e 1IyHaBa πpeMa 'y3BHΠIeHOM Η cμeΗΟΜ ,n;eJIY j1BaJIe., 3Ha'lajHo je ;zι;a ce Υ -OΚBMρYIMa OBOrCJIoja pa3BOJ~~_~I!.~npa­ ΤΗΤΗ He CaMO Ha OCHOBY 1IIJ:ψe1ba HaCeJba πο xopJ130HTaJIY!'·

30

---

---"--

...

4. ΠPUΚα3 naceJbeue nospuιuue κa J1enencκoλt Bupy.

31

J1eneκcκtι

I.{pTe;:rίC

ΤΟΚΟΒU ΚYJI:rype

Bup Hac ce Mo:m:e ,D,aTH CaMO πpn6mΩΚaH O,D,rOBOp. meHY "peJIaT>!BHY xpoHOJIOrMjy nOY31\aHO YTBpJ;;yje CTΡaΤHrpaΦHja ΚYJITypHor cJIoja; aπCOJIyTHe p;aTyrde, MeljYTJ1M, MOryh~ je Ca.MO ΟΚΒΗ.ΡΗΟ Ha3Ha-ιrn:TH, yrJIaBHOM nOMohy eKCΠepTH3a CTpyιm:.aκa 3a np:up0,D,He Hayκe Η Ha _OCHOBY cepHje MepeH>a pa,φιoaκTHB:mrx: J13OTOna yrJbemm:a (C-14) Η3 nojeΊJ,.J1HHX CJIojeBa.

-ιrn:jH OCTaψ! ΦΟΡΜΗΡajΥ HajMJI::U)H CJIoj, ΠPO~..Ά..!Ξ:: JbHHe ΟΡ; 1,2 m. HaceJbe ma 1JoIψHBa Υ u;eJI:JίΠiH CTapHja HaceJba, πpeπa3H Ib:HXOBe oΚBHρe 11: !IIHpn ce lJY1Κ. 06a.πe JJ:jTHaBa Υ npaBI1Y ceBepa " jyra. llOCJIel\H>e HaceJbe (ΠΙΡ) HeIΠTO je Beher 06HMa Η 1berOBH CTaHOB~ HaCTaH:oyjy

4

ΠOBpπnmy ΟΡ;

5500 m"'._

2ΚJ.mOT Ha ..J!eneHcKoM ΒΗΡΥ πpeΚHHYT je HarJIO, Υ TpeHj'"TΚY HajBeher ycnoHa KYJIιrype caJI,p:ataHe Υ CJIojy ΙΙΙ HaceJbe lIIb nOΚPHBeHO je κaMeH>eM Η rmmaCTOM 3eMJIE!IEHCΚM ΕΚ?

ΚACm1JMM ΕπΟΧΑΜΑ

V

JbOM KOjy cy 6yjHqe CπpaJIe ca CTpMHX na.n;HHa ΚοΡΙΙΙΟ 6pp;a. Map;a ΟΒΟ MeCTO Bmπe H:HΚa)J;a Illije 6HJIO TpajRo HaCeJbeRO, nOBpπnmCΚH CJIoj je Ha BJιIIlIe MeCTa πpeCeqeH rp060BHMa Μ3 KacHI1jHX ΠPaRCTOpJί!jCΚΚX Η HCTOpnjCΚRX enoxa. ΟΒΗ rp060BJi nOKa3yjy J1.a J!eneHCΚH ΒπΡ HJ1je 3a60paBJbeH. GaXBaJbyjy!rn CBOj_ 60raTmιr Tp"lllfi\HjaMa Η J:f.3Y3eTHOM ΠΟJIΟ2ΚajΥ Υ OKOJIHOM nej3axy, ΟΗ je Υ MaIΠT1ίf κacmιjux reHepaψ:ι:ja ΠOCTaO TajaHCTBeHO Η CBeTO MeCTO, P;OCTo-jHO 60paBΠIIITa ΜΡΤΒ:ΗΧ. 3a HaCeJba ce o;a;a6npajy ΠΡΗΡΟ,Ι!;ΗΗ 3aKJIOHJ:i Μ MaH>e YB3.JIe Υ HenOCpe;r:ςHoj 6JIH3mrn: Υ JIeneHCKOM a6pπjy, KOjn je y;o;aJbeH CBera ne-;a;eCeTaκ MeTapa ΟΑ JIeneRcKOr BH.pa, πΡοφ. Β. raseJIa HC.Iη1TaO je ΚYJITYPHJ1 CJIoj ~H CaJI,p2Κajn nOκa3YJY p;a je oBaj 3aΚΠΟΗ 6ΗΟ ιrpajHo HaCTaH>eH Ο,Ι!; ΠΟ3ΗΟΤ eHeo.mrra ll.0 [JOqeTKa MCTopHjcKe enoxej HCTe rop;mre, Ha 300 m Υ350,D,HO, OTKpJ1Bemι cy OCTaw1 HaCeJba Η3 6pOR3aHOr 11: rBO3]:\e:ia rpaljeBJ1HCKa XOpJ130HTa HaCeJba Ι (JIeneHCΚJ1 ΒΜΡ Id,e) MJIJ1 Μ3 cJIoja ca HaCeJheM Π rl1.e llOCTOj~ 6POjHH yπa,n;M Μ3 cJIoja ΠΙ. CTora ce J1 l1.06HjeHJ1 ,n;aTYMH, noce5Ho 3a HaCeJbe JIeneHCKM Β:νφ Π. Mopajy CTaBHTM no;a; YΠMTHJ1Κ. llpeMa C-14 ,n;aTj1MJ1Ma xpoHOJIOrJ1ja JIeneHcKor BMpa ΙΙ ηpM6JIJiDΚHO ce no,u;yl1.apa ca πpou;eHoM cTapocTM CTapqeBa'iΚor HaCeJba Υ rOP:Eboj Ty3JIM. MeljYTJ1M, HaCeJbe Υ rOP1boj TY3JIM je Jι!JΠιf MCToBpeMeHo ca JIeneHCΚHM BJιψOM IIlb ΜΠΜ je qaK Μ Hεμ.rrO MJIalje. OTy,n;a Μ ΦΜΗaJ1Ha Φa3a ( 1 KYJIType JIeneHcKor BMpa Mopa 6ΗΤΜ MJΠf cTapMja o,tζ ) ... 4000-4700. r. cTape ορο ,,",ΠΙ je HaCeJbe Υ TOP1boj Ty3JII< ! . 3HaTHO MJIalje o,tζ ;a;aTYMa 4690 75 cTape epe. l

"

5000

"

4950

"

"

CTAPtIEBAt[KA

" "

4850 :-

4700

" "

" "

JIeneHcΚM Bnρ Ie

• 4870 ± 100 (4670 ±)ΟΟ)

JIeneHcιrn ΒιIp;a nmpmra HaCeJha Υ I:(eH-

42

1

-~-

CTAHJ1llITA

.CTH):- llPOCTOPH 3a CTaHOBa1be HHCY jacHo orpaHWIeHH ΟΑ OKOJIJ1He: HHrp;e HHje BJ1p;JbJ1Ba orpa,π;a Η ΗΗ Υ jep;:HOM c.πy­ 'tiajy HHCY HaljeHM TparOBH 3H,D;OBa ΗΠΜ oCTaψl ΚPOBa. 3aTO OBe "Kyhe" ,AeJlyjy Kao HenpaBMJlHe MaJIe ΠΟΒΡΙΙ.ΙΗΗε

43 ;:,

.Ι

,i";λ,;;" "

06.ιι.UΚΟΒa1be

JI~neκcuu

CnMKa 10

npOCTopa

Bup ca XYJITYPHJ1M ca.n;Ρ1ΚajΜΜa, Koje ce ry6e Υ npOCTpamιM HaHQCHMa CTepΚJIHOr XYTOr necκa. "Ύ 1bMMa C;) caMO HCTWlY 6PmκJbHBO H3Be,n;eHe ΚΟΗCΤΡΥ:κφ!je OrH>mIITa; OHe Cy J{ je,n;mm jacHH e.τreMeHTH ap~eKType πpBOr HaCeJba. ! 'Υ CBHM OTΚPHBeHHM CTaHHIIITHMa Ol'1b:rιmrra CY H3rpaljeHa ορ; HacaTWIHO llOCTaBJheHJ1X KaMemα fiJIotJa Koje ΦΟΡ>αιΡajΥ jel\HY BpCTy ΠPaBoyraOHJ1X 6aCeHa Ι\Υ= 0,8(1-1 m " nnφOIαιX ΟΚΟ 0,2Q,.,-O,25 m.Ι3a Η>ΚΚΟΒΥ rpap;:EbY Y3MMa ce HCΚJbyqHBO i:HBJiI κpeτm:.aK KOjH ce npaBJίfJIHO D;ena Υ 6JIOKOBe Η fiJIOqe, a KOjK HHaqe qmrn: OCHOΒΗΥ CTpYΚTyPY CTpMMΚ

=""a

Υ

HenOCpel\HOM 3aJIe!;y

y.aaJIe. .IJ;HMeH3Hje ΟΒΜΧ fiJIOqa Hajqemhe .M3HOCe 30 χ 25 χ χ 10 cm, a ΠΡΚ rpaΆH>.M ce Kao cnojmn:ι;e KOpHCTe Η MaIbH TpoyraoHH :ωm: Tpane30Jί!;ι:(HH 0.zι6~ Ο.Ζι KaMeHHX 6JIOKOBa. Ποωτο Cy fiJIOqe HaCaTΚtIHO nOCTaBJbeHe, Ol'fbJ1IllTa

Haj'!eIIIlie MMajy I\Υ6ΗΗΥ 01\ ΟΚΟ 30 cm. J13HeHaljyje, MeljYTHM, je,l\Ha m1:lbemru;a: rpa~TeJb npBM;X KOHcTpyκψ!ja Ha JIeneHcKoM ΒΗΡΥ 3Ha 3a Heκy BPCTY Mepelba Η nOCeAYje TaHaHO oceii31be 3a προ­ ΠΟΡ:φιje. 'Υ CBHM n03Ha~MM CJIY"lajeBHM'a Im:tp.1ί1Ha OrlbH':" _ m,Ta ca,n;Ρ1ΚaHa je rOTOBO 6e3 OCTaTKa Υ Η>θroΒΟ] ,l(y1ΚHHH, Η ΤΟ YBeK Υ O.D;HOCHMa 1:4 HJIH 1:3. np3.Boyraomm: ,n;o6H':'-je:H Ha oBaj HaτrHH eJIeIaHTHO je H3;qy1ΚθH ~ Υ n;eHTpaJIHOM ΊJ..eJIΎ HaCeJha opHjeHTMCaH je ~ cTpaHaMa Υ ΠΡ3.ΒΙ:ξΥ J1:CTOK-3aπap;, a Ha jy:m:.Hoj Η CeBepHoj πeΡ~φeΡJ1:jκ jyroHCTOK-CeBep03aπap;, O,n;HOCHO CeBepoKcTOK-jyro3aπap;. OrH>Jι1IllTa cy fiOCTaBJbeHa Ha pacTOjaH:oJ1:Ma- 0)1; 8 l1.0 12 Μθ­ Tapa, ·a ΠΟωΤΟ YBeK 3a,n;p1ΚaBajΥ ΠPH6JUιΩΚHO HCTa Ο;::Ι;CΤΟ­ jalba Ο,!( .nyτmo nOBHjeHe 06a.πe ,I(YHaBa, OHa' ΦΟΡr.m:pajΥ ρερ; KOjJ{ Υ fiPOCTOpy ;::ι;eJIyje Kao ΙΙΠψΟΚΟ oTBopeHa ΟΒΗΧ

JIeπe3a.

llpaBHJIHa opHjeman;nja Ol'fbJι1IllTa, YBeK Υ cMepy 06aJIa-p;HO YBaJIe, fi0l1..Pa3yMeBa Η j1TBpljeκy OpJiIjeHTan;H]y CTaHJiIIIITa. MeljYTHM, TeIIIΚO je fiOBe3aTH ΟΒθ 3Ha.πaτnαι .M3Be}];eHe KOHCTPyκn;Hje Η IDJ.fXOBe jaCHe, CTporo nρonop­ qnOHJiICaHe o6mm:e ca Ha I13rJIe,u; κpajH>e KOJIe6JbHBHM J.1 CaCBHM HeO,ItpeljeHHM OCHOBaMa "κ:yha'I. OqmoJIep;HO je .D;a CTa.HJ1IIITa HJiICY J1MaJIa nO,!(OBe Η BePTHKaJIHe 3U,JJ;OBe, aJIH je ΚΡΟΒ, KOjH je HeπOCpe,φiO _HaJIeraO Ha OCHOBY, MOpaO jaCHo ,u;a 06eJIeXaBa lbeHe KOHTYpe. ηmbeH~a ,n;a m! 0,1.1;

roplbHX KOHCTp~ja m:tcy H~θHM HHΚaκB~ OCTa~ He 3HaτrH p;a cy OrH>HIIlTa GHJIa ~eπOΚPI.fi3eHa, TJ. ~a C~ ::arnBeJIO 6e3 3aΚJIOHa, Ha OTBopeHOM npoCTOPY. ΚΡΟΒ Je ΜΟ­ rao 6ΗΤΗ Ο,!!; H3Y3eTHO JIaκe rpWJe, BepOBaTHO caMO ΟΡ; Jι!C­ πpeΠJIeTeHOr npyha Η Ko:m:e, Koja je BPeMeHOM ΠΟΤπΥΗΟ HeCTaJIa. Ha HeCTa6HJIHOM neCKOBHTOM -repeHY πaκo cy 36pucamt TparOBH CBHX l1.PBe:mα nop;ymφaqa ΙΙ: BepOBaTHO ce caMO 3aTO Η ηmπ.{ ,n;a .CTammITa npoTo-JIeneHcKor BHP~ Hel\rIajy ΚPOBHJ.1X KOHcTpyκn;πja ΙΙ: p;a cy .mnπeHa jacHo on;pTamrx OCHOBa. ΤΟΚΟΜ ,-J{cκona:salba νmaK je 3amuκeHO HeKOJIHKO ,u;e-

TaJba KOjH oMoryhyjy πpH6JImκHY peKOHCTPYΚD;Hjy πΡΒΥιΧ CTammrra Ha JIeneHcKOM ΒΗΡΥ. ΚapaκTepHCTWiHO je }];a) cy :κylurn: romeHTap π JΚJiIBOTMIbCKe KOCTH KOHIξeHTpHCaIU1 CaMO ΟΚΟ yme CTpaπe- Or1bJlIlITa oκpeHYTe npe:Ma 3aπa)'.l;y, O,D;HOCHO p;a HMΚa,n;a HHCY ΗaJIa1Κem:τ Υ3 IDeroBY HCTOτmy CTPaHY. OBa mIITa 6JiIJIO 6Η HajJIorw:ιmι:je ΠPeTnOCTaBHTH ,n;a je Η OHa HMaJIa npaBoyraoHJ1 HJIJiI ΚBa,n;paTHJiI 06πJ1Κ. ΜθΊ)ΥΤΗΜ. mαnθ xoje ΦΟΡΜΗΡajΥ CTeHe Υ n033.W1HI1, a Υ jewrOM CJIyqajy J1 oτryBaHH .D;eo ΠyτnI0 noBHjeπe orpa.D;e ΟΡ; KaMeHa, HarOBemTaBajy saoGJheHe KOHType OCHOBe: KPyr, eJIJi!Πcy .MJIJ1 113 lbe 113Bep;eHe ό6JIHκe. Ha OCHOBY apXJ1TeΚType ,n;OKj7MeHTOBaHe Υ

PEKOHCTP'YΚnHJA

OBJΠ1Κ OCHOBE

Hapel\Hoj Φa3Μ (JIeneHcΚM ΒΗΡ Ia) MO>Ke ce ca Aocra

cmypHOCTH ΠPeTllOCTaBJiITH }];a cy DCHOBe ΠPBJ.:tX CTaHJiIlliTa Ha JIeneHcKOM ΒΗΡΥ J1MaJIe jajOJImt: 06πJifΚ 11 p;a cy 6HJIe

45

44

,

JIeneκcκu

Bup OKpeHYTe

y:tΚO~

CTP,aHOM npeMa

na,rι;MHaMa

jlB3JIe, a IIlJ1-

ΡΟΜ πρεΜΒ peIJ;H. OBaKaB o6JIHκ M,rι;eaJIHO Υπε1Κε Υ ρε­ JbeΦ TepeHa, ,Υ llOMeHYTe I,IenOBe JιI HmlIe Koje CΤΒaΡ"ajΎ

CTeHe Η3 no,rι;JIore}1 πa,φαιe YBaJIe. Mel)YTJ1M, BepOBaTHO je OCHOBa "YBeK KOHqκπMpaHa ΚΒΟ npaBJ1JIaH κpyr KOjM ce TeK Υ ΤΟΚΥ rpa,Il;1be 360r HepaBHOr TepeHa Hy.mΉO ,rι;eΦοΡ­ MJ1I.IIe"J1 npeTBapa Υ jajOJIJ1K 05.1ΙΗΚ. HOBO,rι;o6MjeHa ΦΟΡΜa 3aΆP2ΚaΒa Υ OCOBmn:t ,I.J;y2ΚHHy πpετnmκa npB06HTHO saMYIlIIJbeHOr κpyra, a ΗΒ _πpe,rι;lboj ΨΡaHJιI Η BehH fJ,eO, lberOBor JIyκa. TaKoije ce 'tJ:J1HJιI πa je J1 Be.:r.rnτπmB OI'H>J1I11Ta H3Be,rι;eHa Μ3 npe'tJ:HJ1Κa ΊφΥΓΒ jep ce 1berOBa p;y:m:mra ca,ι:φ:m:JιI πpH6JllΩΚHO ηεηφΗ nyTa Υ HajBehoj Άyxmrn: ja]OJU1Ke oCHOBe. Taκo ce OB,l];e OneT nojaBJhyje O.D;HOC 1:4 KOjJ1 je npMMeI-beH J1 ΠΡΗ pa3MepaBa,I-b-Y orI-bJ1IIIHJ1X KOHcTPYΚI.I)-:!ja. KOHCTPYΚD;MJE

Ι

JIeneHcltH

ΙΙ

Kyha

ΒΗΡ

Ι

-

H3rJleJt HaCeJba ca

ceBep03a,na;lξHe

CTpaHe.

KpYΉiliB J1JIJιI jajoJIJ1Κa OCHOBa CTaHillIITa llpoTo-JIe-

Η3ΓΠΕΠ ΚΡΟΒΗΕ

neHCKor ΒιφΒ MorJIa je 6JιITJιi ΠΟΚΡΗΒεΗΒ ΗΒ pa3JIWH1Te Ha-qJ1He-. Je,l\Ji!Ho je H3BeCHO Ρ;Β 3M,rι;OBH HJ1cy 6HJIJιi BepTH- ' KaJIllli Beh KOCJ1, O.D;HOCHO ,ΖΙ;Β je. ΚΡΟΒ Henocpep;HO ηoτrn­ I-bao ΟΆ TepeHa. Ποωτο HJ1je OTKpHBeH HMjeJ.ξaH Tpar ropH:ιe KOHcTpyκD;J1je, OHa ce Mo:m:e CaMO T€OPJ1jCΚJ1 peKoHcTpyncaTJ1. Han!6 3J1,rι;OBa Mopao je 6HTJ1 3HaTaH, BepoΒΒΤΗΟ ΟΚΟ 60", jep OCHOBe 'saXBaTajy peJIaTMBHO MaJIe πο­ BpWJ1He na je 3ΒΤΟ nOTpe6Ha MaκCHMaJIHa YlliTe):ξa ΎΗΎΤ­ paI.I.llber npoCTopa. IIπTalbe je, MeijYTHM, ,ΖΙ;Β JIH cy Hocaτrn KpoBHe KOHcTpYΚIJ;J1je 6HJIJ1 ΠΡaBό yκomeFrn J1 cnojeHJ1 Υ IJ;eHTpy ΠΟΡ; OWTPMM yrJIOM ΜΠΜ cy Υ JIYΚY npeMomhaBaJIJ1 pacnOH OC;iOBe. "Υ ΠΡΒΟΜ cJIyqajy Η::οΜΧ je MOrJIa 'tJ:BPCTO ;Ζχ:Β cnaja conCTBeHa Teliti1Ha J1 saTO IJ;eHTpa:.πHJ1 CTo:m:ep J1JIJ1 CJIeMel-b-a'tJ:a HJ1CY 6MJIJ1 HeoΠXOAHO nOTpe6mr. JIyιmo nOBJ1jeH ΚΡΟΒ 3axTeBa no,rr;yπlψa'tJ:. ΒΚΟ je OCHOBa KOjy ΠΟΚΡΗΒΒ ΚΡΥ2ΚΗΒ, O,rι;HOCHO CJIeMeibaqy, ΒΚΟ je jajc:ι­ JIJ1ΚOΓ 06JIMKa. BepTMKaJIHJιI nOTYfCIJ;M, Me}jYTJ1M, ΜΟΓΠΜ cy

Υ

O~3 cJIyτ:ι:aja )1;a 6yΊl.Y ΠΒΚΟ caBJI3A3HJ1 yrJIaBJbJ1BaH:.eM rJlaBHJ1X Hoca-q-a κpOBHe KOHCTPYΚIJ;J1je Υ HepaBHJ1He CTeHOBMTe nO,tι;JIore.

3aBJ1CHO ΟΑ OCHOBe (ΚPYJΚBIί HJIJ1 jajOJΠ1K 05JIJ1K) Μ ΟΑ

Hoca-qa ropH:.e KOHcTpyκIJ;Mje (fIaBHJιi :mm: nOBHjeHJ1) CTa-

HJ1IIITa llpoTo-JIeneHcKor

BHpa

MorJIa cy ;zx:a :MMajy caMO

ΦΟΡΜΥ MaI-b-e :t1JIJ1 B:mrre npaBYfJ1He κyπe, nOJIYJIOfiTe HJIH llOJIYJIeBKa. BaJΚHo je) l\.'leqYT:t1M, ΊJ,a ΗΗ Υ je;ZX:HOM ΟΡ; ΜΟ-

46

6ρ.

24 -

ΤΜΠCΚίli! 05pa3atι

apX!1TeKType JIeneacKOr Bnpa Id

J1

Ie.

νιιι

YKpaCn€

i1i'Jle (JlB 1), aMYJIeT (ΠΒ ΙΙ) Η

νι ",:ι:ι;aΗΥ6ΠΥc" cκYJIllTYpa U3 npoetroM-

'--aT"""MoC~ C~~J1o-TaMHor Koja Υ HCTO BpeMe πpym:a o~e----1'ia1be ΤΟΠJI~ϊΞΗrΥΡΗΟCΤΗ"ΗΙΪό;Ψ;;ΞjrMeΒa MOryi;.HOCT ,tta ce ΚΡΟ3 ~OKO oTBOpεHJι1 YJIa3 carJIep;ajy

caa 36HBωna Υ cno~:ffieM CBeTY. Ha JIeneHcKoM ΒΜΡΥ oBaj "ΠΡΟ30Ρ Υ CBeT" 6ΗΟ je O'l'BOpeH Ka BeJIHKoj pεφr κ CymΌT Koje ce pai;a. ApXΠTeKTypa llpOTo-JIeneHcKor Bnρa MeH:ιa ce' '1'0ΚΟΜ ΒΡeΜeΗa~'-,~ο-'nοκa3ΥΙΥ->όrΗ.HD1Τai'ΚQ]~'·CΥ~Η~Έ~Η,-:je,φ~riΓ

ΠΡΒΕ προμ:ΕΗΕ

'~~~~~:~~T_#a]aH eJIeMeHa-r:~ _ ,3~qajHO' -j~ Άa:" ce-'oribHlli:ra-Υ jyroHCToτreoM

)1.eiiy HaCeJba

πο 'TeXHJ1W:( rpaijeH>a Κ npo-

nopψIjaMa yπap;JbJ1BO pa3JIΚΚyjy 0)1. orH>:mIITa OTΚPJ1Be­ HJ1X Υ

ceBep03ana,n;HOM lJ,.eπy. 'Υ, npBOM c.πyη:ajy ηροπορ­ 1:4. a KaMeHe ΠJIoqe, Koje cy nOCTaBJbeHe ΗacaTJr'lHΟ~2Κe Ha CBOjOj Hajyxoj CTpaili:1:-:-l.(e-jIa· ~κje Or:fbI1IIITa H3Hoce

KOHcTpYΚWfja ,je CTora HeCTa6HJIHa, a ΠPaBoyraoHHΚ ;0;0-

6vrjeπ Υ OCHOBH BH3yeJIHO je 6e3 'qBpCTmIe.

Meljy-THM, Υ

ceBep03ana)I.HOM l1.eJIY HaCeJba OrH>HIIITa cY rpaijeHa Υ o,n;,ΊiOCY 1:31 a KaMeHe fiJIoqe nOCTaBJbeHe cy CTa6HJIHo, YBeK ~-je~οj""'-όΆ"UmpΗΧ CTpaHa. AκoCeOBe~ KOHCTpyκψ1je ynope,rι;e ca "CTHJIOM" Or~HIl1Ta Υ KyhaMa HaCeJ.ba JI-eneH-

CΚH ΒΗΡ_ Ι, Koja cy j1BeK cTa6HJIHO rpaijeHa Υ 0AHocy 1 : 3, oH,n;a ce ΜΟ2Κe 3aΚJ.byqHTJι! l1.a cy CTamm.rra oTKpHBeHa Ha ceBepo3anaAHoj CTpaHJι1 YBaπe MJIaija ΟΡ; CTaHJ1IIITa Ha jy-

!

~ΟJι1cτοηΗοj C~PaHJι1. OBe npoMeHe Υ TeXHΚψ1 rpap;me 31 nponopW1jaMa OrH>mπTa CmγpHO HHCY 6ΗΤΗΟ Κ3Μemure OCHOBHy CTPYΚTYPY CTaHHIIITa, aJlli je H3B_e~HP )1.a ce ,n;o 1bπx HHje lJ,.OΠIJIO ΗΗ JIaKO ΗΗ 6Ρ30. OHe noκa~yjy p;a je Mopa.no )1.a npolje -AOCTa BpeMeHa πpe Hero m'l'O je Υ Ha-

47

XIV

ΟrΡΠΙ1.u;a

113 "OCTaBe"

6ρ. Ι (JIeneHCΚJ1 ΒI1Ρ

IIIb).

JIeneκcκu

06Αuκοβα1όe

Bup

,,---- JIEIIEHCΣσ:t .ΒΗΡ Ι

"---

-_.,-~---'''--''

CJIHΚa Ι, ΠΙ,

4, 5

.l{pTe;)IC 7

>'

ceJ:bY- ~eneRCΚH ΒκΡ Ι HaljeHa HOBa ΦΟΡΜΥJIa ::3αιΒΟΤΗΟΓ npocTopa. "τrr" Bym τ cacToJ'W ce ΟΑ rycTor CΠJIeTa rpai)e- .. JIeneH

,-BPE@!O~ ,n;O.K9j~ ~e~~o~~ ~ 1!~!3~Ja"HWf"""e"HY>L.!!n=O~B~pIImHY==~::O~l',,::O::K=O~2,,O::O;,;O~_ m 2 • )1;0 -ca,u;a je οτκ.ρΗΒeΗό Υ ~eJIJfllli ,YfJIΗ-'.Jφ~ο 85

re:H:epaQHj~. __ ~mrn: ce ,lζa cy ~a_~Y,"irP!illieTa_,~~ . ~cΚYCTBa"'·­ HaroMM:πaΉi:l Υ npOJΠJIOCTI1, CB11 npe~a:qΚH--qy.iιHJ.i ΥΤΗciiΗ~"Μη YKyήHa-~CyMa -paHπjer· He3a;ι:ι;oBOJbCTBa :arnBOTOM Η" '/1.a cy je 6a~ ΟΒΗ TelIIΚJ.ί τeΡeη:t ΠPHHY;ψ1:ΠJ1 jlJ;a CTΒόΡΗ ).e'/1.aH CBeT -lWyra~jH o,n; peaJIHor. KOjH je Hajπpe ,n;eφ:mmCaH Υ HOBJί1M 06~a. apXΠTeKType. CBe je CTBopeHO 3a-qy-

iyha KOJe Υ ΟΒΟΜ TeCHOM npΔC'r~pece- __ l\ajy ,,:ιrn nOΚPHBajy jelJ,Πa ;ιψΡΥ: Γpal)eBΠHcKa AMιrrHΌC: . je Υ κyhe

.,J,yrOM

BpeMeHcKoM Ρa3,D;ο6,π;;Υ neOMa mιTeH~HB~a.

ce HeπpeΚΠlJ,ΠO fiOlJ,IΩΚy,06HaBJbajy, πpoπnφYJY, nperpaijyjy JιIJIH ΠΟΗΟΒΟ rpa,n;e. -'tfecTo 06HaBJb~e nOA~Ba~

\;yjyliOM

CJ!HKa 7, 13

e nOKa3 "e)I,a ce Υ cBaKoJ MeijY?Q9HO πpece~aH>e .