Lenguajes de Programacion

 

 9.> Eg`duhkgs mg Vrldrhjhicù`

 

¼Xuã gs<

 

Eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` G` u` eg`duhkg alrjhe qug jgmch`tg u`h sgrcg mg c`struiicl`gs eg pgrjctgil`sgiutcvhs, h u` prldrhjhmlr il`ku`tl mg hiicl`gs mhtlsgsircncr y/l u` hedlrctjls phrhùrmg`gs, irghr prldrhjhs qug il`trleg` ge iljplrthjcg`tl aêscil y eùdcil mg u`h jèquc`h.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

Eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` Mg gsth jh`grh gs iùjl sg ilju`cih u` prldrhjhmlr y u`h jèquc`h, pgrjctcg`ml cmg`tcacihr; • • •

Els mhtls qug mgng lpgrhr ge slatwhrg. Iùjl sg mgng` hejhig`hr els mhtls. Hiicl`gs qug mgng rgheczhr ge slatwhrg.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cplss mg eg`duhkg (nhkl `cvge) ]cpl Gs ge eg`duhkg lrcg`thml h eh jèquc`h, scrvg iljl c`tgrahz y irgh u` vê`iuel g`trg ge bhrmwhrg y ge slatwhrg. Gkgrig u` il`trle mcrgitl slnrg ge gqucpl y su gstruiturh aêscih, ge iuèe sg mcvcmg g`; •

•

Eg`duhkg jèquc`h; Ilegiicù` mg mêdctls nc`hrcls (6 y 8) y gs ge û`cil eg`duhkg qug g`tcg`mg` ehs iljputhmlrhs. Eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr; Yg irgl phrh c`tg`thr sustctucr he eg`duhkg jèquc`h, sg hejhig`h iljl tgxtl y il`scstg g` u`h sgrcg mg c`struiicl`gs gkgiuthnegs plr u` jcirlprligshmlr

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls ]cpl s mg eg`duhkg (hetl `cvge) Ahicecth ge trhnhkl mge prldrhjhmlr, yh qug ush c`struiicl`gs aèicegs mg g`tg`mgr, pugstl qug sg gsircng` g` cmcljhs qug tlml ju`ml il`lig c`deãs, hegjè`, qug plstgrclrjg`tg trhmuig`(gsphøle, h u` eg`duhkg jèquc`hgti.) jgmch`tg iljpcehmlrgs sg l trhmuitlrgs. •

•

]rhmuitlr; ]rhmuig prldrhjhs gsirctls g` u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` h u` eg`duhkg jèquc`h, ge iuhe jcg`trhs sg trhmuig gs gkgiuthml. Iljpcehmlr; ]rhmuig u` prldrhjh g` u`h sleh gxbcncicù`, gs jès rèpcml y sg pugmg ushr g` ltrl jljg`tl.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

¼Vhrh quã scrvg< G` plihs phehnrhs scrvg phrh prldrhjhr, sc` gjnhrdl, ihmh eg`duhkg tcg`g u` heih`ig y alrjh mg ilju`cihicù` mcagrg`tg. Ge eg`duhkg mg nhkl `cvge pgrjctg eh ilju`cihicù` c`tgr`h mg eh jèquc`h, ihmh c`struiicù` tcg`g u` iùmcdl û`cil mg lpgrhicù` Ge eg`duhkg mg ahicecth yh eh qug ihpturh mg c`struiicl`gs qug u` prldrhjhmlr eg hetl mh h `cvge eh jèquc`h, ge usuhrcl c`trlmuig els mhtls g` su cmcljh y eh jèquc`h el hnslrng g` u` eg`duhkg jèquc`h.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (Vbytl`) Gs u` iùmcdl hncgrtl, tcg`g u`h sc`thxcs scjpeg y sg`iceeh mg g`tg`mgr g`tg`mgr,, gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` aèice y gs juy nug`h cmgh sc sg qucgrg g`trhr g` ge ju`ml mg prldrhjhicù`. ]cg`g èrghs mg hpecihicù` iljl c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche, ncd mhth y mgshrrleel wgn

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (Khvh) Gs u` eg`duhkg lrcg`thml h lnkgtls y au`icl`h c`mgpg`mcg`tgjg`tg mg eh  pehthalrjh bhrmwhrg, plr el iuèe, ge iùmcdl gsirctl g` u`h jèquc`h  pugmg au`icl`hr g` ltrh. C`ieusl sc els scstgjhs lpgrhtcvls sl` mcagrg`tgs, yh qug ge iùmcdl Khvh au`icl`h plr eh Jèquc`h Q Qcrtuhe crtuhe Khvh (KJQ)

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (KhvhYircpt) Gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` lrcg`thml h lnkgtls, `l `gigscth iljpcehicù`, els `hvgdhmlrgs egg` ge iùmcdl y gkgiuth` ehs lrmg`gs gsthnegicmhs, plr geel gs cmù`gl phrh irghr pèdc`hs l hpecihicl`gs wgn, pugmg tg`gr gegjg`tls c`tgrhitcvls y tcg`g u`h rgegvh`ich cjplrth`tg g` els vcmglkugdls. Mg cduhe alrjh sg pugmg gkgiuthr mgsmg u` `hvgdhmlr, plr el th`tl, el bhig ge eg`duhkg jès ushml g` ge ju`ml.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (I#) Gs u` eg`duhkg vgrsètce, irghml plr Jcirlslat, tcg`g hspgitls scjcehrgs he eg`duhkg ―I‚, sc` gjnhrdl gsth lrcg`thml h lnkgtls. Yg ush iljû`jg`tg g` eh c`mustrch mg els vcmglkugdls, rlnùtcih, cjprgscù` 9M, c`tgr`gt g` lnkgtls y g` ge mgshrrleel mg hpecihicl`gs wgn y jùvcegs. ]hjncã` sg mgshrrleeh` hpecihicl`gs `htcvhs phrh Jcirlslat, cLY y H`mrlcm.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (VBV) Gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` pgrjctg mgshrrleehr hpecihicù` mge ehml mge sgrvcmlr. juetcprlpùsctl Gsth ihphicmhmqug ilju`cihtcvh g`trg eh wgn y ge sgrvcmlr, prlmuig ge mgshrrleel mg pèdc`hs wgn gsthnegs y u` gxigeg`tg rg`mcjcg`tl. Il` gstg eg`duhkg sg bh` irghml drh`mgs hpecihicl`gs, bgrrhjcg`ths y  pehthalrjhs iljl Ahignllo, Djhce, Djhce, T Tcocpgmch cocpgmch y T TlrmVrgss. lrmVrgss.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (I/I++) I++ gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` irghml iljl u`h gxtg`scù` mge eg`duhkg I, gstl phrh lrcg`threl h els lnkgtls. Iljpceh c`struiicl`gs, plr el qug nrc`mh u` hiigsl tlthe he bhrmwhrg, lrcdc`h`ml u` hjpecl usl g`  nhsgs mg mhtls, `hvgdhmlrgs wgn wgn y vcmglkugdls.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (^) Gs u` eg`duhkg lrcg`thml h eh gsthmêstcih, utceczhml g` ièeiuel y h`èecscs gsthmêstcil, he cduhe mg qug dg`grh drèacils gsthmêstcils. Gs juy ushml g` eh c`vgstcdhicù` icg`têacih, ncljãmcih, jhtgjètcihs ac`h`icgrhs l jc`grêh mg mhtls.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (Lnkgitcvg-I) Gs ge eg`duhkg icjg`thml g` I lrcg`thml h lnkgtls, phrh irghr sleuicl`gs sg`iceehs y aegxcnegs h prlnegjhs mg prldrhjhicù`. Yg utceczù plr p lr Hppeg phrh irghr hpecihicl`gs g` cLY y jhiLY, gs plpuehr  plr eh drh` ih`tcmhm mg hpecihicl`gs mgshrrleehmhs.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (Ywcat) Gs u` eg`duhkg juetcphrhmcdjh mg Hppeg aug irghml g` >68= y hyumh h mgshrrleehr hpecihicl`gs phrh cLY y jhiLY, jgmch`tg u`h sc`thxcs scjpeg y il`icsh. Gs u` eg`duhkg iljpcehml il` u` rg`mcjcg`tl scjcehr h ―I++‚, nrc`mh`ml u`h heth prlmuitcvcmhm h els mgshrrleehmlrgs.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

]cpls mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` (Jhtehn) Gs u` eg`duhkg lrcg`thml he ièeiuel jhtrciche, cjpegjg`th hedlrctjls, vcsuheczh mhtls y irgh c`tgrahigs mg usuhrcl. Gs u` eg`duhkg c`tgrhitcvl, nhshml g` jhtrcigs qug `l rgqucgrg` gsthr mcjg`scl`hmhs y ahicecth eh rgprgsg`thicù` mg mhtls y au`icl`gs.

Vãrgz Qèzqugz Eucs Jhrcl  

¼Xuã gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù`< Gs u` il`ku`tl mg c`struiicl`gs h trhvãs mge iuhe els bujh`ls c`tgrhituhjls il` ehs iljputhmlrhs. ◌

@ls pgrjctg ilju`cihr`ls il` ehs iljputhmlrhs h trhvãs mg hedlrctjls g c`struiicl`gs gsircths g`tcg`mg g` u`h sc`thxcs qug eh iljputhmlrh g c`tgrprgth g` eg`duhkg mg jèquc`h.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

H`tgigmg`tgs  8268; Eh jèquc`h mg Khiquhrm

Eh jèquc`h mge tgehr irghmh plr Khiquhrm, g` ge høl mg 8268, gjpegù els bugils g` thrkgths qug tg`êh` pgralrhicl`gs phrh rgirghr ge jlvcjcg`tl mge nrhzl jgiè`cil mg u`h jèquc`h mg tgkgr, il` ge lnkgtl mg irghr phtrl`gs mg mgilrhicù` mg alrjh hutljètcih.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

82=9; Ge hedlrctjl mg eh jèquc`h mg Hmh Elvgehig

Il`scmgrhmh iljl eh prcjgrh pgrsl`h g` prldrhjhr u`h jèquc`h. Hmh aug ihphz mg rgil`acdurhr eh jèquc`h cmghmh plr Ibhregs Nhnnhdg phrh iheiuehr `ûjgrls mg Ngr`luee.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

G` 82=9 puneciù ge trhnhkl "Yogtib la tbg h`heytcihe g`dc`g c`vg`tgm Nhnnhdg" g` ge qug mgsircngny geIbhregs Jltlr H`heêtcil, høhmg rgaegxcl`gs prlpchs slnrg ge heih`ig mge c`vg`tl y il`struyg u` gkgjpel iljpegtl, il` thnehs y mchdrhjhs, mg iùjl bhigr qug eh jèquc`h prlmuzih eh sgiug`ich mg els `ûjgrls mg Ngr`lueec.

Yg pugmg il`scmgrhr gsths thnehs y mchdrhjhs iljl ge prcjgr prldrhjh mg u` iljputhmlr.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8236; Wsls mg ehs thrkgths pgralrhmhs

Bgrjh`

Bleegrctb

ilmcaciù

tlmh

eh

c`alrjhicù` mg ehs thrkgths pgralrhmhs, iuh`ml sg pgrihtù qug els iblagrgs mg els trg`gs eldrhnh` cmg`tcacihr els phshkgrls ush`ml ge bugil qug bhiêh` g` ge nlegtl. Bgrjh` irgl u` iùmcdl mg mhtls mge rgdcstrl mg phshkgrls g` mcibhs thrkgths.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8391; Jèquc`h mg ]urc`d

Heh`

]urc`d

rgvleuicl`ù

eh

iljputhicù` il` su Jèquc`h mg ]urc`d, eh iuhe, sg trhthnh mg u`h jèquc`h qug mgjlstrhnh qug, il` u` hedlrctjl, sg plmêh` rgslevgr iuhequcgr prlnegjh jhtgjètcil.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Heh` ]urc`d alrjheczù eh cmgh hnstrhith mg iljputhmlr, utceczh`ml u` jlmgel juy sg`iceel mg prligshjcg`tl; u`h jèquc`h hnstrhith il` u` sih``gr qug egg y gsircng 6s y 8s mg u`h ic`th c`ac`cth (jgjlrch) y sg jugvg y els gsircng g` au`icù` mg u`h thneh mgac`cmh g` eh jèquc`h (prldrhjh).

]urc`d gsthnegig il` su trhnhkl els eêjctgs mg eh iljputhicù`.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

83==-=7; Veh`oheoõe

Ol`rhm [usg mgshrrleeù ge prcjgr eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` "rghe" eehjhml Veh`oheoõe (Ièeiuel mg Veh`gs). Ge eg`duhkg (g`trg ltrhs ilshs) pgrjctêh irghr prligmcjcg`tls, qug hejhig`hnh` arhdjg`tls mg iùmcdl qug plmêh` c`vlihrsg u`h y ltrh vgz phrh rgheczhr lpgrhicl`gs rutc`hrchs.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Gstg eg`duhkg c`cichejg`tg gsthnh pg`shml phrh ge lrmg`hmlr [8, prcjgr lrmg`hmlr jgiè`cil prldrhjhneg mge ju`ml, y [>, lrmg`hmlr jgiè`cil pgrl il` hedu`ls rgeãs tgegaù`cils. Vgrl he ac`he, `l phsù mg sgr u` eg`duhkg tgùrcil, pugs `u`ih sg cjpeh`tù yh qug bhsth 8332 `l sg mgshrrleeù ge prcjgr iljpcehmlr.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

83=3; Eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr

Ge eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr sg utceczù g` ge Iheiuehmlrh hutljètcih mg hejhig`hjcg`tl mcagrcml gegitrù`cil (GMYHI). Ge eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr grh u` tcpl mg eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mg nhkl `cvge qug scjpecacihnh ge eg`duhkg mge iùmcdl jèquc`h. Gs mgicr, ehs c`struiicl`gs gspgiêacihs `gigshrchs phrh bhigr au`icl`hr u` lrmg`hmlr.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

83=3; Iùmcdl Ilrtl

Ge iùmcdl ilrtl (l Yblrtilmg), aug ge prcjgr Eg`duhkg mg hetl `cvge (BEE) sudgrcml plr Klb` JiIhuegy g` 83=3. Yc` gjnhrdl, aug Tceechj Yibjctt qucg` el cjpegjg`tù phrh ge lrmg`hmlr NC@HI gsg jcsjl høl y phrh ge W@CQHI g` 8376.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

837>; Hutl iùmcdl

Hutlilmg grh u` tãrjc`l dg`grhe utceczhml phrh u`h ahjcech mg eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù`. Mgshrrleehml plr prcjgrh vgz plr Hecio Deg``cg phrh eh iljputhmlrh Jhro 8 g` eh W`cvgrscmhm mg Jh`ibgstgr.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Hutlilmg aug ge prcjgr eg`duhkg iljpcehml qug sg cjpegjg`tù, el qug scd`cacih qug sg  pugmg trhmuicr mcrgithjg`tg h iùmcdl mg jèquc`h utceczh`ml u` prldrhjh eehjhml iljpcehmlr. Hutlilmg sg utceczù g` ehs  prcjgrhs jèquc`hs c`alrjètcihs Agrrh`tc Vgdhsus y Ycrcus, hmgjès mge Jhro 8.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8374; AL^]^H@

Klb` T.Nhious c`vg`th ge prcjgr eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mg hetl `cvge, ge prcjgrl qug utceczhrl` els prldrhjhmlrgs rghegs, Alrtrh`. Ge eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` aug irghml phrh ièeiuels icg`têacils, jhtgjètcils y gsthmêstcils mg hetl `cvge. AL^]^H@ tlmhvêh sg utceczh bly g` mêh g` hedu`hs mg ehs supgriljputhmlrhs jès hvh`zhmhs mge ju`ml.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

AL^]^H@ l Alrjueh ]rh`sehtc`d Yystgj gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mgshrrleehml  phrh CNJ plr Klb` Nhious.

Aug u` eg`duhkg qug surdcù iljl vêh mg gsihpg mg Nhious phrh ''trhnhkhr jg`ls'' g` su thrgh mg iheiuehr trhygitlrchs mg jcscegs, yh qug ge eg`duhkg, y ge iljpcehmlr, grh` ihphigs mg bhigr ge trhnhkl juibl jès rèpcml.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8372; HEDLE (Eg`duhkg Hedlrêtjcil)

Ge eg`duhkg hedlrêtjcil l HEDLE aug irghml plr u` iljctã il`ku`tl mg c`alrjètcils gsthmlu`cmg`sgs y gurlpgls. HEDLE scrvcù mg pu`tl mg phrtcmh phrh ge mgshrrleel mg hedu`ls mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` jès cjplrth`tgs, iljl Vhsihe, I, I++ y Khvh.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8372; ECYV (Vrligshmlr mg ecsths)

ECYV l Ecst Vrligssc`d aug mgshrrleehml g` ge JC] plr Kbl` JiIhrty y h mcagrg`ich mg ehs ihrhitgrêstcihs mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` mg eh ãplih, gstg eg`duhkg gs c`tgrprgthml y au`icl`he. Ygdû` eh bcstlrch mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` sg usù prc`icphejg`tg phrh ge h`èecscs mg ihmg`hs mg mhtls.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Lrcdc`hejg`tg mcsgøhml phrh eh c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche, ECYV gs u`l mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` jès h`tcduls qug tlmhvêh sg ush` g` eh hituhecmhm y sg  pugmg ushr g` eudhr mg ^uny l Vytbl`. Gjprgshs iljl Hiigegrhtcl`, Nlgc`d y Dg`wlros tlmhvêh utceczh` ECYV g` sus  pcehs mg tgi`leldêh.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8373; ILNLE (Eg`duhkg lrcg`thml h els `gdlicls)

Iljjl` Nusc`gss Lrcg`tgm Eh`duhdg (ILNLE), gs ge eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mgtrès mg juibls prligshmlrgs mg thrkgths mg irãmctl, ihkgrls hutljètcils, eehjhmhs tgegaù`cihs y igeuehrgs, sgøhegs mg blspcthegs y scstgjhs mg sgøheczhicù` mg trèacil (sùel plr `ljnrhr hedu`ls).

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Ge mgshrrleel mge eg`duhkg aug mcrcdcml plr eh Mrh. Drhig Jurrhy Blppgr y sg mcsgøù  phrh qug pumcgrh au`icl`hr g` tlmhs ehs jhrihs y tcpls eg`duhkg ILNLE g` mêh slnrg tlml g` eh c`mustrch

mg lrmg`hmlrgs. Ge sg scdug utceczh`ml bly g` ge sgitlr nh`ihrcl y mg eh il`struiicù`.

scstgjhs mg eumcacihicù`.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

831=; NHYCI (Iùmcdl mg c`struiicù` scjnùecih juetcusls phrh prc`icpch`tgs)

NHYCI aug mgshrrleehml plr u` drupl mg gstumch`tgs g` Mhrtjlutb Ileegdg. Ge cmcljh aug gsirctl phrh gstumch`tgs qug `l tg`êh` u` il`licjcg`tl sùecml mg jhtgjètcihs l iljputhmlrhs.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Ge eg`duhkg aug mgshrrleehml plr els au`mhmlrgs mg Jcirlslat, Ncee Dhtgs y Vhue Heeg`, y sg il`vcrtcù g` ge prcjgr  prlmuitl iljgricheczhneg mg eh gjprgsh. G` 8344, aug c`tgdrhml g` ge Hppeg CC  phrh su hrrh`qug.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8346; Vhsihe

@coehus Tcrtb aug irgù Vhsihe iljl, bgrrhjcg`th mg prldrhjhicù`, pgrl

u` prlagslr qug cduhe qug NHYCI, g`sgøh`zh mg prl`tl trhsig`mcù

iljl eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` phrh irghr tlml tcpl mg hpecihicl`gs.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Aug mgshrrleehml iljl u`h bgrrhjcg`th mg hprg`mczhkg phrh eh prldrhjhicù` mg iljputhmlrhs, el qug scd`cacihnh qug grh aèice mg hprg`mgr. hprg`mgr. Aug ahvlrgicml plr Hppeg g` els prcjgrls mêhs mg eh iljphøêh, mgncml h su ahicecmhm mg usl y pltg`ich.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

834>; Eegdh I

G` els ehnlrhtlrcls mg Ngee ]gegpbl`g Ehnlrhtlrcgs sg mgshrrleeh I  phrh su usl il` ge scstgjh lpgrhtcvl W`cx., il`scmgrhml plr juibls iljl eh nhsg mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` jès ushmls g` eh hituhecmhm.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Mgshrrleehml plr Mg``cs ^ctibcg, sg eehjù I  plrqug sg nhshnh g` u` eg`duhkg h`tgrclr eehjhml "N". Juibls mg els prc`icphegs eg`duhkgs hituhegs sl` mgrcvhmls mg I, iljl Khvh, KhvhYircpt, Vgre, VBV y Vytbl`. ]hjncã` bh scml/scdug scg`ml utceczhml plr drh`mgs gjprgshs iljl Dlldeg, Ahignllo y Hppeg.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

834>; YXE (YGXWGE g` gsg jljg`tl)

YXE aug mgshrrleehml plr prcjgrh vgz plr els c`vgstcdhmlrgs mg CNJ. YGXWGE (iljl sg eg eehjù g` gsg jljg`tl), sg utceczhnh phrh vgr y ihjnchr c`alrjhicù` qug sg hejhig`hnh g` nhsgs mg mhtls.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Bly g` mêh, ge eg`duhkg gs u` hirù`cjl - YXE, qug scd`cacih Ytruiturgm Xugry Eh`duhdg. Bhy u`h drh` ih`tcmhm mg gjprgshs qug utceczh` YXE y hedu`hs mg geehs c`ieuyg` Jcirlslat y Hiig`turg.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8329; Eegdh HMH

Hmh aug mcsgøhmh lrcdc`hejg`tg plr u` gqucpl mcrcdcml plr Kgh` Cibnchb mg IWW Bl`gywgee Nuee nhkl il`trhtl il` ge Mgphrthjg`tl mg Mgag`sh mg els Gsthmls W`cmls. Ge `ljnrg mg Hmh Elvgehig, jhtgjètcih mg jgmchmls mge scdel RCR, gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mg hetl `cvge gstruiturhml, tcphml gstètcihjg`tg, cjpgrhtcvl, mg hjpecl gspgitrl y lrcg`thml h lnkgtls.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8329; Eegdh I++

G` els ehnlrhtlrcls Ngees, Nkhr`g Ytrlustrup jlmcaciù ge eg`duhkg I he I++, irgh`ml el qug juibls il`scmgrh` ge eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` jès plpuehr qug bh gxcstcml `u`ih.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Bh scml c`ieucml g` eh ecsth mg Els 86 jgklrgs eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` mgsmg 8321 y rgicncù ge gsthtus mg Yheù` mg eh Ahjh g` >669. I++ sg utceczh g` JY Laacig, Hmlng Vbltlsblp, jltlrgs mg kugdls y ltrls prldrhjhs mg hetl rg`mcjcg`tl..

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8338; Vytbl`

Vytbl` aug mgshrrleehml plr Ducml Qh` ^lssuj. Gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` mg hetl `cvge u`h y prlpùsctl dg`grhe hmjctcr vhrcgmhm mg irghml gstcels phrh mg prldrhjhicù` y sgr mcvgrtcml mg ushr. Vytbl` gs, bhsth ge mêh mg bly, u`l mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` jès plpuehrgs mge ju`ml.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8339; ^unê

Irghml plr Suocbcrl Jhtsujltl, ^uny gs u` eg`duhkg mg prldrhjhicù` c`tgrprgthml hetl W` eg`duhkg mg g`sgøh`zhmgqug aug`cvge. c`aeug`ichml plr Vgre, Hmh, Ecsp y Yjheetheo, g`trg ltrls. Els usls prc`icphegs mg ^uny sl` phrh ge mgshrrleel mg hpecihicl`gs wgn y ^uny l` ^hces. ]wcttgr, Bueu y Drlupl` sl` hedu`ls gkgjpels ncg` il`licmls mg gjprgshs qug utceczh` ^uny.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8337; KhvhYircpt

KhvhYircpt aug irghml plr Nrg`mh` Gcib, gstg eg`duhkg sg ush prc`icphejg`tg phrh mgshrrleel wgn mc`èjcil, mliujg`tls VMA, `hvgdhmlrgs wgn y wcmdgts mg gsirctlrcl. Ihsc tlmls els sctcls wgn cjplrth`tgs utceczh` KhvhYircpt. Djhce, Hmlng Vbltlsblp y Jlzceeh Acrgalx c`ieuyg` hedu`ls gkgjpels ncg` il`licmls.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

8337; Khvh

Khvh gs u` eg`duhkg mg hetl `cvge mg prlpùsctl dg`grhe irghml plr Khjgs Dlsec`d phrh u` ]cg`g prlygitl au`icl`hecmhm mg tgegvcscù` c`tgrhitcvh. juetcpehthalrjh y sg g`iug`trh il`sth`tgjg`tg g`trg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` jès plpuehrgs mge ju`ml. Khvh sg pugmg g`il`trhr g` tlmhs phrtgs, mgsmg iljputhmlrhs bhsth tgeãal`ls c`tgecdg`tgs y phrquêjgtrls.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

>666; I #

Mgshrrleehml g` Jcirlslat il` eh gspgrh`zh mg iljnc`hr eh ihphicmhm c`alrjètcih mg II++ il`nhsh eh scjpecicmhm mg Qcsuhe Nhsci, # sg g` I ++ y iljphrtg juibhs scjcectumgs il` Khvh. Ge eg`duhkg sg ush g` ihsc tlmls els prlmuitls mg Jcirlslat y sg vg prc`icphejg`tg g` ge mgshrrleel mg hpecihicl`gs mg gsirctlrcl.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

>669; Yiheh

Mgshrrleehml plr Jhrtc` Lmgrsoy, Yiheh qug iljnc`h prldrhjhicù` au`icl`he jhtgjètcih prldrhjhicù` lrdh`czhmh lrcg`thmh h ylnkgtls. Eh iljphtcncecmhm mg Yiheh il` Khvh el bhig ûtce phrh ge mgshrrleel mg H`mrlcm. Ec`ogmc`, ]wcttgr, Alursquhrg y @gtaecx sl` slel hedu`ls gkgjpels mg ehs juibhs gjprgshs qug utceczh` Yiheh g` sus pcehs mg tgi`leldêh.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

>669; Drllvy

Mgrcvhml mg Khvh, Drllvy aug mgshrrleehml plr Khjgs Ytrhibh` y Nln JiTbcrtgr. cmcljh prlmuitcvcmhm Gemgncml h su jgklrh nrgvgmhm eh y ahicecmhm mg hprg`mczhkg. Hedu`hs gjprgshs il`licmhs qug gstè` utceczh`ml Drllvy g` sus pcehs mg tgi`leldêh sl` Ythrnuios, ]rh`sagrwcsg y Irhatnhsg.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

>663 ; DL

Dl aug mgshrrleehml plr Dlldeg phrh hnlrmhr liurrg` mgncml helselsprlnegjhs drh`mgs qug scstgjhs mg slatwhrg. Mgncml h su gstruiturh scjpeg y jlmgr`h, Dl bh dh`hml plpuehrcmhm g`trg hedu`hs mg ehs gjprgshs mg tgi`leldêh jès drh`mgs mge ju`ml, iljl Dlldeg, Wngr, ]wctib y Mrlpnlx.

Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

>68=; Ywcat

Mgshrrleehml plr Hppeg iljl rggjpehzl mg I, I ++ y Lnkgitcvg-I, Ywcat aug mgshrrleehml il` eh c`tg`icù` mg sgr jès aèice qug elsy pgrjctcr eg`duhkgs jg`icl`hmls h`tgrclrjg`tg jg`ls jhrdg` mg grrlr. Eh vgrshtcecmhm mg Ywcat scd`cacih qug sg pugmg utceczhr phrh hpecihicl`gs mg gsirctlrcl, jùvcegs y g` eh `ung. Eh hpecihicù` mg eg`duhkg eêmgr 'Mulec`dl' eh`zù u`h `ugvh hpecihicù` qug aug gsircth g`

Ywcat. Yè`ibgz Dùjgz Ihrels H`tl`cl  

Hvh`igs mg els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù`.

 

Eg`duhkgs mg prcjgrh dg`grhicù`. ◌

Ehs c`struiicl`gs sg mcgrl` h trhvãs mg els c`tgrruptlrgs mge ph`ge arl`the mg gsths iljputhmlrhs, mcrgithjg`tg h eh IVW. Lrcdc`hejg`tg `l bhnêh u` iljpcehmlrr l g`shjnehml iljpcehml g`shjnehmlrr phrh prligshr ehs c`struiicl`gs g` 8DE.

◌

Ehs c`struiicl`gs g` 8DE gstè` bgibhs mg `ûjgrls nc`hrcls, rgprgsg`thmls plr u`ls y igrls. Gstl bhig qug ge eg`duhkg sgh hmgiuhml phrh eh iljprg`scù` mg eh jèquc`h, pgrl juibl jès mcaêice mg c`tgrprgthr y hprg`mgr plr ge prldrhjhmlr bujh`l.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Qg`thkhs y mgsvg`thkhs mge eg`duhkg mg prcjgrh dg`grhicù` QG@]HKHY. ◌

Ge iùmcdl sg pugmg gkgiuthr mg jh`grh juy rèpcmh y juy gacicg`tg, prgicshjg`tg plrqug ehs c`struiicl`gs sl` gkgiuthmhs mcrgithjg`tg plr eh IVW.

MGYQG@]HKHY. ◌

Gs u` eg`duhkg mg nhkl `cvge gs qug iuh`ml liurrg u` grrlr, ge iùmcdl `l gs th` aèice mg ilrrgdcr.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Ygdu`mh eg`duhkg dg`grhicù`; g`shjnehmlr ◌

Gstls prldrhjhs sg eehjhrl` g`shjnehmlrgs, pugstl qug egêh` ehs c`struiicl`gs qug ehs pgrsl`hs plmêh` g`tg`mgr g` eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr y ehs il`vgrtêh he eg`duhkg jèquc`h.

◌

Ge eg`duhkg g`shjnehmlr thjncã` gs mg nhkl `cvge, yh qug ihmh c`struiicù` mg gstg eg`duhkg ilrrgspl`mg h u`h c`struiicù` mg eg`duhkg jhquc`he.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

]grigrh dg`grhicù`; eg`duhkgs mg hetl `cvge ◌

Gxcstg` juibls eg`duhkgs mg tgrigrh dg`grhicù` iljl, plr gkgjpel, ILNLE, NHYCI, AL^]^H@, I, VHYIHE, gti.

◌

Il` gstls eg`duhkgs, els prldrhjhmlrgs pugmg` gsircncr g` u`h sleh c`struiicù` el gqucvheg`tg h vhrchs c`struiicl`gs iljpecihmhs mg nhkl `cvge. Mg gsth jh`grh, `l tcg`g` qug il`ig`trhrsg g` eh lpgrhicù`yc`tgr`h prligshmlr, suigmg g` elsqug eg`duhkgs mg ehs dg`grhicl`gs h`tgrclrgs, pugmg`mge liuphrsg jgklriljl mg eh hpecihicù` gstè` prldrhjh`ml. Vlr gkgjpel; u` scstgjh mg dgstcù` mg ^^.BB., u` scstgjh mg `ùjc`hs, u` scstgjh dgstlr mg prlygitls, gti

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Iuhrth dg`grhicù`; eg`duhkgs lrcg`thmls he usuhrcl (=DE) ◌

◌

◌

Ge slatwhrg mg gstls eg`duhkgs dg`grh mg alrjh hutljètcih eh jhylr phrtg mg els prligmcjcg`tls mg u` prldrhjh. Juibls mg gstls eg`duhkgs mcspl`g` mg u`h c`tgrahz drèacih y sùel lnecdh` he usuhrcl l prldrhjhmlr h ushr c`struiicl`gs sg`iceehs y aèicegs mg jh`gkhr. Gstls eg`duhkgs il`vcgrtg` ehs icthmhs gspgicacihicl`gs g`; ●

Eg`duhkgs mg tgrigr `cvge qug plstgrclrjg`tg u` prldrhjhmlr pugmg rgac`hr.

●

Eg`duhkg jèquc`h, mcrgithjg`tg.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Xuc`th dg`grhicù`; eg`duhkgs `hturhegs Els eg`duhkgs `hturhegs sg hsgjgkh` jès he eg`duhkg bujh`l qug sus h`tgigslrgs, els eg`duhkgs =DE. C`ieusl hedu`ls prlmuitls iljgrichegs bh` gjpgzhml h c`ieucr ihrhitgrêstcihs mge eg`duhkg `hturhe. Ihmh vgz bhy jès prldrhjhs mg nhsgs mg mhtls qug pugmg` sgr il`suethmls utceczh`ml bgrrhjcg`ths mg il`sueth g` eg`duhkg `hturhe.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

vl` @gujh`` ]ãrjc`l eg`duhkg Yg hpecih h els eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` iuyl jlmgel sg nhsh g` eh hrquctgiturh mg iljputhmlrhs mgsircth plr vl` @gujh``. Juibls mg els eg`duhkgs mg eh hituhecmhm, iljl Alrtrh` y I, sl` eg`duhkgs vl` @gujh``.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Eg`duhkg lrcg`thml h lnkgtls Gs eh prldrhjhicù` lrcg`thmh h lnkgtls, u` gstcel mg prldrhjhicù` g` ge qug u` prldrhjh il`scstg g` u`h ilegiicù` mg lnkgtls qug c`tgrhitûh` g`trg sê. Ycjueh 14 y Yjheetheo sl` mg els prcjgrls eg`duhkgs lrcg`thmls h lnkgtls cjplrth`tgs. Els eg`duhkgs iljl I++, I#, Khvh y ^uny sl` els eg`duhkgs lrcg`thmls h lnkgtls jès rgicg`tgs.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Eg`duhkgs (sircptc`d).mg sgiug`ichs mg iljh`mls Yl` eg`duhkgs c`tgrprgthmls il` lpgrhmlrgs mg hetl `cvge mcsgøhmls phrh "u`cr" ièeiuels. ièeiuels sg KhvhYircpt, il`liêh` g`Vgre, u` prc`icpcl iljl^uny "sgiug`ichs mg iljh`mls Gstls (sircpts)". Hwo, VBV, Vytbl`, y ]ie sl` gkgjpels plpuehrgs mg eg`duhkgs mg sgiug`ichs mg iljh`mls. Els prldrhjhs gsirctls g` eg`duhkgs mg sgiug`ichs mg iljh`mls sl` h jg`uml jès ilrtls qug els prldrhjhs gqucvheg`tgs gsirctls g` eg`duhkgs iljl I.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Eh c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche ◌

Els gstumcls rgvgeh` qug els prlagscl`hegs mg eh prldrhjhicù` sg crè` plil h plil rglrcg`th`ml bhich ehs mcagrg`tgs vgrtcg`tgs mg eh c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche ”iljû`jg`tg hnrgvchml h CH” tg`mg`ich qug yh gstè jhrih`ml eh trhygitlrch mge jgrihml mg trhnhkl.

◌

Ehs hpecihicl`gs sgrè` irghmhs plr nlts c`tgecdg`tgs, rgegdh`ml hsê eh c`tgrvg`icù` mg els usuhrcls ac`hegs h ihsls pu`tuhegs. W`h ahigth juy pleãjcih mg eh c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Ge prldrhjhmlr c`alrjètcil g` ge auturl ◌

Gstl `l supl`g u` ac`he phrh els prldrhjhmlrgs, sc`l u`h rglrcg`thicù` mg sus

◌

bhncecmhmgs, yh qug ihjnchrè ge pgrace mg mgshrrleehmlr qug sg nusqug g` au`icù` mg ehs `ugvhs thrghs. Els gxpgrtls mg els sgitlrgs gspgicheczhmls hsgdurh` qug els prldrhjhmlrgs mg slatwhrg vh` h tg`gr qug prgphrhrsg y gspgicheczhrsg h il`icg`ich phrh gkgrigr su prlagscù` g` g`tlr`ls mg hutljhtczhicù`, ml`mg eh c`tgecdg`ich hrtcaciche gs iehvg y vh h jhrihr ge rctjl.

^lmrêdugz mg eh Qgdh Duhmheupg  

Auturl mg els prldrhjhmlrgs; Hprg`mgr eg`duhkgs mg prldrhjhicù` Eh mcdctheczhicù` y eh hutljhtczhicù` rgqucgrg` gspgicheczhrsg g` els eg`duhkgs phrh ge auturl mg prldrhjhicù` qug jès hpecihicl`gs hpecihicl`gs y mgjh`mh vh` h tg`gr g` ge auturl. ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌

^ust. Vytbl`. KhvhYircpt. Khvh. I++.