Lenguaje 1 PAB 4

 

_@IF IF[I@ MJNKWU]I@JQIED ‗ =?9: É]KI GDN[FJGIGJ×F Z @KFL[IAKW J.

EIUDW ]K ]KHK]KFGJI@KW EJ]KGGJ×F EJWU]JUI@ EK KE[GIGJ×F [FJEIE KE[GIUJXI FJXK@ GIN_DW EK WIMK]KW Z GDFDGJNJKFUDW É]KI

KE[GIGJ×F WKG[FEI]JI GDN[FJUI]JI _]DE[GUJXI GDN[FJEIE Z WDGJKEIE

G[]WD EJ]KGUD]

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GDN[FJGIGJ×F GDN[FJGIGJ× F Z @KFL[IAKW

EDGKFUK FÑNK]D EK KWU[EJIFUKW _]DZKGUD WDGJD_]DE[GUJXD ]KW_DFWIM@KW LKWUJ×F KWGD@I]

‐_ ‐_]D ]DND NDXJ XJKF KFED ED [F [FI I I@ I@JN JNKF KFUI UIGJ GJ×F ×F WIFI WIFI _I _I]I ]I [FI [FI XJ XJEI EI WI@[EIM@K„ GDNJWJ×F _KEIL×LJGI, EDGKFUKW, KWU[EJIFUKW Z _IE]KW EK HINJ@JI. =?9:

 

JJ.

EKWI]]D@@D DMAKUJXD IF[I@ MJNKWU]I@JQIED Eksirrd``inds igtjtueks ek êtjgi gdnufjtirji kf `ds prdgksds gdnufjgitjvds eji`÷ljgds y kf k` knp`kd ek `ds `kfluiaks, hdrti`kgjkfed gipigjeieks ek ksgugci, cim`i, `kgturi y ksgrjturi i trivês ek` ifé`jsjs ek simkrks y gdfdgjnjkftds ek `i gdnufjgigj÷f, `i `jflðîstjgi tkxtui` y `i grkigj÷f `jtkrirji piri gdftrjmujr i` hdrti`kgjnjkftd ek `i trifshdrnigj÷f sdgjdpd`îtjgi, kgdf÷njgi y tkgfd`÷ljgi ek` piîs. DMAKUJXD EK@ _]DZKGUD WDGJD _]DE[GUJXD  _rdndvkr k` gdfsund ek i`jnkftds si`ueim`ks, si`ueim`ks , i trivês ek igtjvjeieks ek jftkriggj÷f sdgji` y ek rkh`kxj÷f piri `i prkvkfgj÷f ek kfhkrnkeieks gu`tjvifed ufi vjei sifi. DMAKUJXD CD@JWUJGD 5¿ MJNKWU]K Eksirrd``i rd``inds nds uf p`if ek ek jfhdrnigj÷f jfhdr ek ek ufi`kfluis, i`jnkftigj i`jnkftigj÷f ÷f si`uei si`ueim`k m`k piri fukstr fukstri i Gdnu Gdnufjeie, fjeie, ifé`jsjsek ek`is `i Eksir ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f `i nigj÷f ejvkrsjeie rki`jzifed igtjvjeieks gdnpiritjvis kf `isnkejiftk ejhkrkftksk``kfluis rkljdfks, piri trifsnjtjr k` nkadrinjkftd ek ufi vjei sifi gdf k` gdfsund rkspdfsim`k ek i`jnkftds. GDFUKFJEDW EK@ G[]]JG[@D MIWK, ]KLJDFI@JQIED Z EJXK]WJHJGIED

IGUJXJEIEKW   EK@ _W_

_]DGKWD EK KWU][GU[]IGJ×F EK _I@IM]IW WKLÑF W[ [WD 

@i kstrugturi pi`imris (GM) gdtjejifdrkljdfks (G]) (G]) @ds irgiîsndseky `is fkd`dljsnds (GM)kf kfk``isusd ejhkrkftks K` `kfluiak vkrmi` (GM) ekftrd `is gdfvkrsigjdfks kf `i ejvkrsjeie gu`turi` (G]) Ndejhjgiedrks ek` sustiftjvd y ek` vkrmd (GM) kf `is drigjdfks ek fukstrd vjvjr (G]) Hkrji jftkrejsgjp jftkrejsgjp`jfirj `jfirji i ek i`jnkftigj÷ i`jnkftigj÷f f K` puftd y gdni (GM) piri `i gdnprkfsj÷f ek uf ksgrjtd kf ejhkrkftks si`ueim`k y igtjvjeie hîsjgi gdnufjtirji. iggjdfks ek fukstrd kftdrfd (G]) WKNÉFUJGI EK@ UKSUD KF @IW EJXK]WIW @KFL[IW Hkstjvi` piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund y @i kfufgjigj÷f y k` kfufgjied (GM) kf igtjvjeieks gdtjejifis ek fukstrd ejirjd vjvjr (G]) ejhusj÷f ek `ds i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. 

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]k`igj÷f sknéftjgi kftrk pi`imris (GM) piri gdnufjgirfds gdf `i Gdnufjeie (G]) @i ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f (GM) kf `ds tkxtds ek fukstri ejvkrsjeie gu`turi` (G]) Hufgjdfks sjftégtjgis1 rk`igj÷f suaktd - vkrmd (GM) kf `ds ejé`dlds ek fukstrd kftdrfd (G]) @is hdrnis ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ (GM) kf `i ksgrjturi ek `i Gdnufjeie (G])

_]DE[GUD K`imdrinds kf fukstrds guiekrfds ufi `jsti ek pi`imris gdf `ds tjpds ek ndrhknis. _rdeugjnds hjgcis ejeégtjgis utj`jzifed `ds irgiîsnds y fkd`dljsnds. Kxpdfknds nitkrji` jnprksd sdmrk k` fjvk` sknéftjgd. K`imdrinds ufi ru`kti gdf `ds ieaktjvds pdsksjvds k jfekhjfjeds. Erinitjzinds `i jnpdrtifgji igkrgi ek` puftd y `i gdni. K`imdrinds uf nipi nkfti` cigjkfed `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek` kfufgjied. K`imdrinds ufi giai ek prkluftis gdf `ds tjpds ek sjfdfjnji y iftdfjnji. Kxpdfknds kf lrupds ek eds kstuejiftks `i ejhkrkfgji ek ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f gdf kaknp`ds. Gdfstrujnds guierds ek rkh`kxj÷f piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund ek i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. K`imdrinds uf ejsgursd kxpdsjtjvd eifed uf mukf usd ek `i hdrni ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ Hkrji jftkrejsgjp`jfirji ek i`jnkftigj÷f si`ueim`k y igtjvjeie hîsjgi gdnufjtirji. Hkstjvi` piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund y ejhusj÷f ek `ds i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. 

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_EG 9 J.

EIUDW ]K ]KHK]KFGJI@KW

[FJEIE KE[GIUJXI FJXK@ GIN_D É]KI IÙD EK KWGD@I]JEIE EJ]KGUD] EDGKFUK MJNKWU]K UJKN_D

JJ.

KE[GIGJ×F GDN[FJEIE WKG[FEI]JI Z WDGJKEIE GDN[FJUI]JI _]DE[GUJXI GDN[FJGIGJ×F Z @KFL[IAKW _]JNK]D G[I]UD 98 _K]JDEDW

EKWI]]D@@D G[ G[] ]]JG[@I]

_rdykg td Wdgjd prdeugtj _rdykgtd prdeugtjvd1 vd1 ‐_]DNDXJKFED [FI I@JNKFUIGJ×F WIFI _I]I [FI XJEI WI@[EIM@K„ Dmaktjvd ek` _rdykgtd Wdgjd prdeugtjvd si`ueim`ks , i trivês ek igtjvjeieks ek jftkriggj÷f sdgji` y ek rkh`kxj÷f piri `i prkvkfgj÷f _rdndvkr k` gdfsund ek i`jnkftds si`ueim`ks, ek kfhkrnkeieks gu`tjvifed ufi vjei sifi. Igtjvjeieks ek` _rdykgtd Wdgjd prdeugtjvd Hkrji jftkrejsgjp`jfirji ek i`jnkftigj÷f si`ueim`k y igtjvjeie hîsjgi gdnufjtirji. Hkstjvi` piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund y ejhusj÷f ek `ds i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. Uknétjgi Drjkftiedri1 Jekftjhjgigj÷f y ifé`jsjs ek `ds prdgksds sdgjdgu`turi`ks, fituri`ks y prdeugtjvds ek Imyi Zi`i. Dmaktjvd Cd`îstjgd1  Iprkgjinds gdf rkspktd k` prdgksd ek kstrugturigj÷f ek `is pi`imris y sus ejhkrkftks girigtkrîstjgis, ifi`jzifed `ds simkrks y gdfdg gdfdgjnjkft jnjkftds ds ek `is ejhkr ejhkrkftks kftks kxprksjdfks kxprksjdfks lrinitjgi`ks, lrinitjgi`ks, cigjkfed k` usd iekguied kf `is ejhkrkftks igtjvjeieks ek ekmitks y pirtjgjpigj÷f igtjvi kf fukstri [fjeie, piri pdtkfgjir ufi gdnufjgigj÷f kstrugturiei, nkadrifed fukstrd `kfluiak kf `i gdnufjeie. 

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Gdftkfjeds irtjgu`ieds y irndfjzieds1 _]DGKWD EK KWU][GU[]IGJ×F EK _I@IM]IW WKLÑF W[ [WD @i kstrugturi ek `is pi`imris (GM) kf k` usd gdtjejifd (G]) @ds irgiîsnds y fkd`dljsnds (GM) kf `is ejhkrkftks rkljdfks (G]) 

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K` `kfluiak vkrmi` (GM) ekftrdy ek` `is gdfvkrsigjdfks kfdrigjdfks `i ejvkrsjeie gu`turi`vjvjr (G]) Ndejhjgiedrks ek` sustiftjvd vkrmd (GM) kf `is ek fukstrd vjv jr (G]) K` puftd y gdni (GM) piri `i gdnprkfsj÷f ek uf ksgrjtd kf ejhkrkftks iggjdfks ek fukstrd kftdrfd (G])

D]JKFUIGJDFKW NKUDED@×LJGIW M`dquk 9 

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  _id`i Lrigjifd

@kknds k` gukftd ‐K` ifj``d rky„ ek ek pi`imris. piri hdrti`kgkr k` prdgksd ek ek` kstrugturigj÷f Eksirr Eks irrd`` d``ind indss cim cimj`j j`jeie eieks ks y skg skgukf ukfgji gji ek sdf sdfjed jedss irtjgu`ieds piri kxprksirfds i trivês ek `is pi`imris. Kxp xp`j`jgi gin nds k` gd gdfg fgkp kptd td ek `i pi` i`im imri ri sk sklñ lñf f su sjlfjhjgied.  Iprkgjinds `i akrirquîi ek `i kstrugturi ek `is pi`imris gdnd uf nkejd ek gdnufjgigj÷f. K`imdrinds kf fukstrds guiekrfds ufi `jsti ek pi`imris gdf `ds tjpds ek ndrhknis.

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Nitkrji`ks ek `i vjei Kftdrfd sdgjd keugitjvd K` kftdrfd ek `i [fjeie Keugitjvi Fukstri gdnufjeie

G]JUK]JDW EK KXI@[IGJ×F WK] 

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Nitkrji`ks ifi`÷ljgds

]kgdfdgk k` prdgksd ek kstrugturigj÷f ek `is pi`imris sklñf su usd ekftrd y hukri ek su kftdrfd.  Isjstk puftui`nkftk i g`isks. ]kspkti `ds ejstjftds puftds ek vjsti ek sus gdnpiùkrds.

WIMK] ]kgdfdgk   k` sjlfjhjgied ek `is ]kgdfdgk Guierds ejeégtjgds pi`imris sklñf k` sdfjed quk Eji ji`d `dli lin nds kf lr lru upd pdss sd sdmr mrk k `d `dss ir irgi giîs îsnd ndss y knjtk. Géniri Gén iri hdtdlr hdtdlréhj éhjgi gi y fkd`dljsnds. Je Jekf kftj tjhj hjgi gi gdf gdf hi higj gj`j`jei eie e  k` Gdfgkptui`jzinds k` irgiîsnd y fkd`dljsnd kf fukstrd hj`niedri. irgi ir giîs îsnd nd y fk fkd` d`dl dljs jsnd nd   kf gdftkxtd. fukstrd gdftkxtd. G`is G` isjhjhjg jgin inds ds `i `iss hu hufg fgjd jdfk fkss y tjtjpd pdss ek ir irgi giîs îsnd ndss y @iptdp y eiti scdw   Ejh Ejhkrk krkfgj fgji i `ds `ds   fjv fjvk`k k`kss ek ek`` fkd`dljsnds. `kfluiak ek hdrni dri` y ksgrjti.

M`dquk = 

]KG[]WDW NIUK]JI@KW

 

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_rdeugjnds hjgcis ejeégtjgis utj`jzifed `ds irgiîsnds y fkd`dljsnds. M`dquk 7 [tj`jzinds k` `kfluiak vkrmi` eifed i gdfdgkr quk ks jnpdrtiftk eksiyufir kf `i niùifi.  Ifi`jzinds k` gdfgkptd ek` `kfluiak vkrmi` kf sus ejhkrkftks kxprksjdfks dri`ks y ksgrjtis. G`isjhjginds `ds fjvk`ks ek` `kfluiak vkrmi` sklñf su gitkldrîi. Kxpdfknds nitkrji` jnprksd sdmrk k` fjvk` sknéftjgd. M`dquk 5 _`iftkinds prkluftis y ``uvji ek jekis, piri eji`dlir  sdmrk `ds ndejhjgiedrks ek` sustiftjvd y k` vkrmd kf `is drigjdfks.  Ifi`jzinds `i ejhkrkfgji kftrk ndejhjgiedrks ek` sustiftjvd y ek` vkrmd. ]kh`kxjdfinds sdmrk `i g`isjhjgigj÷ j÷f f ek `ds ndejhjgiedrks ieaktjvi`ks y `ds ievkrmji`ks. K`imdrinds ufi ru`kti gdf `ds ieaktjvds pdsksjvds k jfekhjfjeds. M`dquk ; Wdgji` Wdg ji`jzi jzinds nds sdm sdmrk rk k` puf puftd td y gdn gdni i eif eifed ed fuk fukstr strds ds puftds ek vjsti. 

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Eksgrjmjnds k` gdfgkptd ek puftd y gdni sklñf su ekhjfjgj÷f.  Ip`jginds `is rkl`is sdmrk k` usd ek` puftd y gdni kf drigjdfks gdnpukstis. Erinit Eri nitjzi jzinds nds `i jnp jnpdrt drtifg ifgji ji igkr igkrgi gi ek` puf puftd td y `i gdni.

Jftkrfkt Guiekrfd ek ipuftks, md`îlrihds, hjgcis, cdais mdfe tiniùd girti  

Nitkrji`ks piri `i prdeuggj÷f ek gdfdgjnjkftds

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Jftkrp Jft krprkt rkti i giei giei ufd ek `ds ndejhjgiedrks ek` sustiftjvd y k` vkrmd.  vkrmd.  Gdfdgk k` sjlfjhjgied ek` puftd y gdni ekftrd ek uf tkxtd.

CIGK] ]kprkskfti ]kprk skfti `i kstrugturi ek `is pi`i pi `imr mris is gd gdnd nd uf nk nkejd ejd ek gdnufjgigj÷f. ]k ]ki` i`jz jzi i hjhjgc gcis is ek kftr kftrkvj kvjst sti i irgiîs iîsnds nds y piri piri nd ndst stri rirr `ds irg fkd`dl fkd `dljsn jsnd d kf `is ejh ejhkrk krkftk ftkss 

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Ejggjdfirjd Ksgd`ir  Ukxtd ek pkeil÷ljgd

ipdyd

sjtuigjdfks gdtjejifis. Wk`kggjdfi `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek `ds fjvk`ks ek` `kfluiak vkrmi` sklñf su hufgj÷f. ]kgdpj`i jfhdrnigj÷f igkrgi ek `ds ejh ejhkrk krkftk ftkss nde ndejhj jhjgie giedrk drkss ieaktjvi`ks y `ds ievkrmji`ks. ]kgdfdgk `is rkl`is ek g÷nd utj`jzir k` puftd y gdni. EKGJEJ] _rd rdpd pdfk fk gd gdft ftrj rjmu mujr jr gd gdf f `i utj`jzigj÷f ek pi`imris gdf `ds tjpds ek ndrhknis. [tj`jzi ek hdrni iekguiei `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek `ds ndejhjgiedrks ieaktjvi`ks y ievkrmji`ks. ]kh`kxjdfi prdpdfjkfed gdftrjmujr gdf `i gdrrkgti 

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utj`jzigj÷f ek` puftd y gdni. _]DE[GUD K`imdrinds kf fukstrds guiekrfds ufi `jsti ek pi`imris gdf `ds tjpds ek ndrhknis.  

hjgcis ejeégtjgis `ds irgiîsnds _rdeugjnds nitkrji` jnprksd utj`jzifed sdmrk k` fjvk` sknéftjgd.y fkd`dljsnds. Kxpdfknds K`imdrinds ufi ru`kti gdf `ds ieaktjvds pdsksjvds k jfekhjfjeds. Erinitjzinds `i jnpdrtifgji igkrgi ek` puftd y `i gdni. Hkrji jftkrejsgjp`jfirji ek i`jnkftigj÷f si`ueim`k y igtjvjeie hîsjgi gdnufjtirji. MJM@JDL]IHÎI Y[JWMK]U, Imricin, (=?9:), Gdnufjgigj÷f y @kfluiaks 9. Imyi Zi`i - _ituañ, Wkgti Kejgj÷f, @i _iz, Md`jvji. NJFJWUK]JD EK KE[GIGJ×F, KE[GIGJ×F, (=?95). Gurrîgu`un Misk, Keugigj÷f Wkgufeirji Gdnufjtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji. XJGKNJFJW XJGK NJFJWUK]J UK]JD D EK KE[GIGJ× KE[GIGJ×F F ]KL[ ]KL[@I], @I], (=?93 (=?93), ), _rdlr _rdlrinis inis ek Kstuejd, Kstuejd, Keugigj÷f Keugigj÷f Wkgufeirji Wkgufeirji Gdnuf Gdnufjtirji jtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji. XJGKNJFJWUK]JD EK KE[GIGJ×F ]KL[@I], (=?93), Luîi ek gdfgrkgj÷f gurrjgu`ir, Wkgufeirji Gdnufjtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD INIQ×FJGD N[@UJÊUFJGD N[@UJÊUFJGD Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi` _ukm`d Iydrkd ek Wifti Gruz. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD IJNI]I (=?9;). _]D_[KWUI EK@ G[]]ÎG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED Y[@@IFI IZNI]I. K` I`td GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD GCJY[JUIFD. (=?9=). Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied Gcjqujtifd. Ukrrjtdrjd Gcjqujtifd. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD L[I]IFÎ-GK_DL. G[]]JG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED EK @I FIGJDF L[I]IFÎ. FIGJ×F L[I]IFÎ

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Gdfskad UkrrjtdrjdKeugitjvd Luiriyd. ek` _ukm`d Jfeîlkfi Luiriyd. G[]]ÎG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED EK @I FIGJ×F JFEÎLKFI L[I]IZD. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD JFEJLKFI NDAKÙD. Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied ek `i Figj÷f Jfeîlkfi Drjljfirji Ndakùi. Wif Jlfigjd ek Ndxds ‗ Mkfj. Gdfskad Keugitjvd ek `i Figj÷f Yukgcui. (=?95) Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied ek `i Figj÷f Yukgcui. Wugrk.

_EG =

 

J.

EIUDW ]K ]KHK]KFGJI@KW

[FJEIE KE[GIUJXI FJXK@

KE[GIGJ×F WKG[FEI]JI GDN[FJUI]JI _]DE[GUJXI

 

GIN_D É]KI IÙD EK KWGD@I]JEIE EJ]KGUD] EDGKFUK MJNKWU]K UJKN_D

JJ.

GDN[FJEIE Z WDGJKEIE GDN[FJGIGJ×F Z @KFL[IAKW _]JNK]D _]JNK]D 98 _K]JDEDW

EKWI]]D@@D G[ G[] ]]JG[@I]

_rdykg td Wdgjd prdeugtj _rdykgtd prdeugtjvd1 vd1 ‐_]DNDXJKFED [FI I@JNKFUIGJ×F WIFI _I]I [FI XJEI WI@[EIM@K„ Dmaktjvd ek` _rdykgtd Wdgjd prdeugtjvd _rdndvkr k` gdfsund ek i`jnkftds si`ueim`ks, si`ueim`ks , i trivês ek igtjvjeieks ek jftkriggj÷f sdgji` y ek rkh`kxj÷f piri `i prkvkfgj÷f ek kfhkrnkeieks gu`tjvifed ufi vjei sifi. Igtjvjeieks ek` _rdykgtd Wdgjd prdeugtjvd Hkrji jftkrejsgjp`jfirji ek i`jnkftigj÷f si`ueim`k y igtjvjeie hîsjgi gdnufjtirji. Hkstjvi` piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund y ejhusj÷f ek `ds i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. 

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Uknétjgi Drjkftiedri1 Jekftjhjgigj÷f y ifé`jsjs ek `ds prdgksds sdgjdgu`turi`ks, fituri`ks y prdeugtjvds ek Imyi Zi`i. Dmaktjvd Cd`îstjgd1 Eksirrd``inds `i jnpdrtifgji ek` kstuejd y sjlfjhjgied ek `is pi`imris y sus kxprksjdfks,   nkejiftk k` ifé`jsjs ek `i ekfdtigj÷f gdffdtigj÷f ek `is ypi`imris, trifsnjtjr ufy `kfluiak iprdpjied irn÷fjgd.rki`jzifed igtjvjeieks gdnpiritjvis kf `i `kflui ek fukstris gdnufjeieks, piri Gdftkfjeds irtjgu`ieds y irndfjzieds1 WKNÉFUJGI EK@ UKSUD KF @IW EJXK]WIW @KFL[IW @i kfufgjigj÷f y k` kfufgjied (GM) kf igtjvjeieks gdtjejifis ek fukstrd ejirjd vjvjr vj vjr (G]) ]k`igj÷f sknéftjgi kftrk pi`imris (GM) piri gdnufjgirfds gdf `i Gdnufjeie (G]) @i ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f (GM) kf `ds tkxtds ek fukstri ejvkrsjeie gu`turi` (G]) Hufgjdfks sjftégtjgis1 rk`igj÷f suaktd - vkrmd (GM) kf `ds ejé`dlds ek fukstrd kftdrfd (G]) @is hdrnis ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ (GM) kf `i ksgrjturi ek `i Gdnufjeie (G]) 

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M`dquk 9 @kkn @k knds ds k` gu gukf kftd td ‐@ ‐@ds ds fj fjùd ùdss sj sjrj rjfl fluk ukrd rds„ s„ ek ×sgir   I`hird piri pkrhkggjdfir `i sknéftjgi ek uf tkxtd kf `is ejvkrsis `kfluis. Eji` Ej i`dl dlin inds ds sd sdmr mrk k k` ig igtd td ek pr prdf dfuf ufgj gjir ir je jeki kiss gd gdf f sdfjeds y sjlfjhjgied. Kstuejinds `ds gdfgkptds ek `i kfufgjigj÷f y kfufgjied sklñf su hdrni y tknétjgi. Ekmitjnds sdmrk `i jnpdrtifgji ek `is ndei`jeieks ek `i kfufgjigj÷f. K`imdrinds uf nipi nkfti` cigjkfed `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek` kfufgjied. M`dquk = _rigtj _ri gtjgin ginds ds `i sjft sjftixj ixjss kf `is `kf `kflui luiss drj drjljf ljfirj irjis is y gistk``ifi kf `is ejhkrkftks ktipis. Ekhjfjnds k` gdfgkptd ek sknéftjgi. ]kh`kxjdfinds igkrgi ek g`isjhjgigj÷f ek `i sknéftjgi. K`imdr K`i mdrind indss ufi giai ek prk prkluf luftis tis gdf `ds tjpds ek sjfdfjnji y iftdfjnji. M`dquk 7 Jfvkstjlinds sdmrk `i ejhkrkfgji kftrk `i ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f. 

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Jftkr Jft krpr prkt ktin inds ds `d `dss gd gdfg fgkp kpttds ek ek ekfd fdti tigj gj÷f ÷f y gdffdtigj÷f. ]kh`kx ]kh `kxjdf jdfind indss sdm sdmrk rk `i jnp jnpdrt drtifg ifgji ji quk kxj kxjstk stk ek `i ekfd ek fdti tigj gj÷f ÷f y gd gdff ffdt dtig igj÷ j÷f f kf fu fuks kstr tris is `k `kfl flui uiss drjljfirjis. Kxpdfknds kf lrupds ek eds kstuejiftks `i ejhkrkfgji ek ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f gdf kaknp`ds. M`dquk 5 Grkinds tkxtds ksgrjtds gdf k` usd ek `is hufgjdfks 

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sjftégtjgis rk`igj÷f suaktd - vkrmd.

Nitkrji`ks ek `i vjei Kftdrfd sdgjd keugitjvd

WK] 

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K` kftd kftdrf rfd d ek `i [fjeie Keugitjvi   Fukstri gdnufjeie

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 Isunk gdf rkspdfsimj`jeie `i rk`igj÷f sknéftjgi ek` tkxtd kf `is ejvkrsis `kfluis. ]kgdfdgk `i jnpdrtifgji ek `i rkspdfsimj` rkspd fsimj`jeie jeie ekftrd ekftrd y hukri ek g`isks. _rigtjgi `i puftui`jeie kf `i isjstkfgji i g`isks.

WIMK] Eksgrj Eks grjmk mk `ds gdfg gdfgkpt kptds ds ek `i kfufgjigj÷f y kfufgjied. Kxp` Kxp`jg jgi i gdf gdf irlu irlunk nkft ftds ds k` Nitkrji`ks sjlfjhjgied ek `i sknéftjgi. ifi`÷ljgds Ek Eksg sgrj rjmk mk `i ejh ejhkr krkf kfgj gji i ek `i ekfdtigj÷f y `i gdffdtigj÷f. Guierds ]kgdfdgk `i hufgj÷f sjftégtjgi y ejeégtjgds gdfgdreifgji ek` suaktd gdf k` vkrmd. Géniri hdtdlréhjgi G`is G`isjhjhjg jgi i it itkf kfti tink nkft ftk k k` mukf y hj`niedri usd ek `i hdrni ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ @iptdp y eiti CIGK] scdw  Ip`jgi gd gdf f jn jnpd pdrt rtif ifgj gji i `i `iss ndei`jeieks ek `i kfufgjigj÷f.  kfufgjigj÷f.   Jftkrfkt   Jftkrfkt Gdfvkrsi igkrgi ek `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek `i sknéftjgi piri ejhkrkfgjir`i. Guiekrfd ek ekfdtigj÷f y _rigtjgi `i ipuf ipuftk tks, s, hjhjgc gcis is,, gdffdtigj÷f gdffd tigj÷f ek fukstr fukstris is `kflu `kfluis is md`îlr md`îlrihd ihds, s, cdais cdais drjljfirjis.   drjljfirjis. 

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tiniùd girti

[t [tj`j`jz jzi i `i ejs ejsgdr gdreif eifgji gji kft kftrk rk k`

 

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suaktd y vkrmd kf `is drigjdfks. drigjdfks.   Wk`kg k`kggj gjdf dfi i gd gdf f guje gujeie ied d k` usd gdrrkgtd ek `i hdrni ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ i` ndnkftd ek ksgrjmjr.

Gdfgkptui`jzinds `i hufgj÷f sjftégtjgi y `i gdfgdreifgji Nitkrji`ks piri `i ek` suaktd gdf k` vkrmd. Ektkrnjfinds `i jnpdrtifgji quk sk `k ekmk eir i `i prdeuggj÷f ek gdfdgjnjkftds ejsgdreifgji kftrk k` suaktd y k` vkrmd.

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Gdfs Gd fstr trujn ujnds ds i`jnkftds guie gu ierd rdss futrjtjvds.  ek rk rkh`h`kx kxj÷ f pir piri i jfgkft jfgkftjvir jvir k` Ejggjdfirjd Ksgd`ir  EKGJEJ] gdfsund ek futrjtjvds.  j÷f M`dquk ;  Ip`jgi `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek` Ksgrjmjnds drigjdfks cigjkfed ejhkrkfgji kftrk ‐cimkr„ y ‐i kfufgjied i` ndnkftd ek Ukxtd kxtd ek ipdy ipdyd d vkr„ trifsnjtjr ufi jeki. Jftkrprktinds `is ekhjfjgjdfks sdmrk `i hdrni ek ‐cimkr„ y pkeil÷ljgd Kft ftjk jkf fek `i ejh jhkr krkf kfggji kf kftr trk k ‐i vkr„ ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f.  gdffdtigj÷f.  ]kh`kxjdfinds gdf rkspktd i` usd gdrrkgtd ek `i hdrni Eksi sirrrd````i i gdf higj`je jei ie `is ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ i` ndnkftd ek ksgrjmjr. hufgjd huf gjdfks fks sjf sjftég tégtjg tjgis is ek suaktd suaktd y K`imdrinds K`imd rinds uf ejsgur ejsgursd sd kxpdsjtjvd eifed uf mukf usd ek vkrmd. `i hdrni ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ 

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_]DE[GUD K`imdrinds uf nipi nkfti` cigjkfed `i g`isjhjgigj÷f ek` kfufgjied. K`imdrinds ufi giai ek prkluftis gdf `ds tjpds ek sjfdfjnji y iftdfjnji. Kxpdfknds kf lrupds ek eds kstuejiftks `i ejhkrkfgji ek ekfdtigj÷f y gdffdtigj÷f gdf kaknp`ds. Gdfstrujnds guierds ek rkh`kxj÷f piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund ek i`jnkftds futrjtjvds.  futrjtjvds.   K`imdrinds uf ejsgursd kxpdsjtjvd eifed uf mukf usd ek `i hdrni ‐cimkr„ y ‐i vkr„ Hkstjvi` piri jfgkftjvir k` gdfsund y ejhusj÷f ek `ds i`jnkftds futrjtjvds. MJM@JDL]IHÎI Y[JWMK]U, Imricin, (=?9:), Gdnufjgigj÷f y @kfluiaks 9. Imyi Zi`i - _ituañ, Yujfti Kejgj÷f, @i _iz, Md`jvji. NJFJWUK]JD EK ]K@IGJDFKW KSUK]JD]KW KSUK]JD]KW EK MD@JXJI (=?95). K` `jmrd ek` nir. Wklufei kejgj÷f. @i _iz ‗ Md`jvji. NJFJWUK]JD EK KE[GIGJ×F, KE[GIGJ×F, (=?95). Gurrîgu`un Misk, Keugigj÷f Wkgufeirji Gdnufjtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji. XJGKNJFJW XJGK NJFJWUK]J UK]JD D EK KE[GIGJ× KE[GIGJ×F F ]KL[ ]KL[@I], @I], (=?93 (=?93), ), _rdlr _rdlrinis inis ek Kstuejd, Kstuejd, Keugigj÷f Keugigj÷f Wkgufeirji Wkgufeirji Gdnuf Gdnufjtirji jtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji. XJGKNJFJWUK]JD EK KE[GIGJ×F ]KL[@I], (=?93), Luîi ek gdfgrkgj÷f gurrjgu`ir, Wkgufeirji Gdnufjtirji _rdeugtjvi, @i _iz, Md`jvji.    

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GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD INIQ×FJGD N[@UJÊUFJGD N[@UJÊUFJGD Gurrjgu`un ]kljdfi` _ukm`d Iydrkdek. Wifti Gruz.

 

GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD IJNI]I (=?9;). _]D_[KWUI EK@ G[]]ÎG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED Y[@@IFI IZNI]I. K` I`td GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD GCJY[JUIFD. (=?9=). Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied Gcjqujtifd. Ukrrjtdrjd Gcjqujtifd. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD L[I]IFÎ-GK_DL. G[]]JG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED EK @I FIGJDF L[I]IFÎ. FIGJ×F L[I]IFÎ Gdfskad Keugitjvd ek` _ukm`d Jfeîlkfi Luiriyd. G[]]ÎG[@D ]KLJDFI@JQIED EK @I FIGJ×F JFEÎLKFI L[I]IZD. Ukrrjtdrjd Luiriyd. GDFWKAD KE[GIUJXD EK@ _[KM@D D]JLJFI]JD JFEJLKFI NDAKÙD. Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied ek `i Figj÷f Jfeîlkfi Drjljfirji Ndakùi. Wif Jlfigjd ek Ndxds ‗ Mkfj. Gdfskad Keugitjvd ek `i Figj÷f Yukgcui. (=?95) Gurrîgu`d ]kljdfi`jzied ek `i Figj÷f Yukgcui. Wugrk.