Lecture 6-Stress in Complex Words Suffixes 2

Mohamed Kheider University of Biskra__Section of English__Second Year LMD__Phonetics

Lectures 6 :

STRESS PLACEMENT IN COMPLEX WORDS Stress-Carrying Suffixes & Stress-Shifting Suffixes

2.2 Stress-carrying suffixes: the suffixes which attract the primary stress placement to the final syllable, they are also called stress-attracting suffixes, the most common ones are:

Rule-1: English words ending in -ade, -aire, -ain, ee, eer, ese, -ette, esque, ique, oo, oon; the stress will be on the last/final syllable –ULT STRESS- so the stress falls on the suffix. Suffixes –ade –aire –ain –ee –eer –ese –ette –esque –ique –oo –oon

Examples for Transcription Persuade /pəˈsweɪd/, Dissuade/dɪˈsweɪd/, Questionnaire /ˌkwestʃəˈneə/, Millionaire /mɪljəˈneə/, Japanese /ˌʤæpəˈniːz/, Journalese /ˌdʒɜːnəˈliːz/ Coffee /ˈkɒfi/, Committee /kəˈmɪti/ (council), /ˌkɒmɪˈtiː/, Absentee , Referee, Engineer/ˌenʤɪˈnɪə/, Volunteer /ˌvɒlənˈtɪə/ Vietnamese /ˌvɪetnəˈmiːz/ , Portuguese /ˌpɔːtjʊˈgiːz, -tʃʊ-/ Silhouette /ˌsɪluˈet/, Marionette /ˌmarɪəˈnet/, Launderette /lɔːnˈdret/ Romanesque/ˌrəʊməˈnesk/, Picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/,Arabesque /ˌærəˈbesk/ Critique /krɪˈtiːk/, Technique /tekˈniːk/, Unique /juːˈniːk/ Kangaroo /ˌkæŋgəˈruː/, Shampoo /ʃæmˈpuː/ , Waterloo /ˌwɔːtətˈluː/ Typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/ , Balloon /bəˈluːn/,

Exceptions: Igloo /ˈɪgluː/, Cuckoo /ˈkʊkuː/, Decade /ˈdekeɪd/, Comrade /ˈkɒmreɪd/.

2.3. Stress-shifting suffixes: the affixation of the suffix causes a change of the primary stress from one syllable of the stem to another one, but the stress remains in the stem, it often moves immediately to the syllable before the suffix. So the stress falls on one of the stem syllables before the suffix added to the stem. 2.3.1. Stress-shifting suffixes causing PENULT STRESS:

Rule-2: English words ending in –ic, –sion, and –tion; the stress will be on the second syllable from the end –PENULT STRESS– so on the syllable just before the suffix. Suffix-ending

Examples for Transcription

–ic

Athletic /æθˈletɪk/, Economic /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ , Graphic/ˈgræfɪk/, Geographic /ˌʤiəˈgæfɪk/, Philosophic/ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪk/, Psychologic /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒʤɪk/, Specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/, Scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/, Syntactic /sɪnˈtæktɪk/, Semiotics /ˌsemiˈɒtɪks/ , Theoretic /θɪəˈretɪk/, Linguistics /lɪŋˈgwɪstɪks/, Semantics /sɪˈmæntɪks/, Phonetics /fəˈnetɪks/,

–sion

Television / telɪˈvɪʒṇ/, Revision /rɪˈvɪʒṇ/, Elision /ɪˈlɪʒṇ/, Erosion / ɪˈrəʊʒṇ/

–tion

Relation /rɪˈleɪʃṇ/, Association /əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃṇ/, participation /pɑːˌtɪsɪˈpeɪʃṇ/

Most common exceptions: Arabic/ˈærəbɪk/, Arithmetic/əˈrɪθmətɪk/, Arsenic/ˈɑːsənɪk/, Heretic /ˈherɪtɪk/, Catholic /ˈkæθəlɪk/, Lunatic /ˈluːnətɪk/, Politic/ˈpɒlɪtɪk/, Rhetoric /ˈretərɪk/.

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2.3.2- Stress on the 2nd from the end:

Penult Stress

The ‘’ LION’’ rule, English words ending in letter i , letter e or letter u followed by any number of vowels ( V n°) , optionally followed by any number of consonants (C n°) and optionally by silent letter e , stress the will be on the penult syllable; 2nd syllable from the end Suffixes beginning with: letter i+ V n° + (C n°) + (Silent e) –ion –ia –ial –ian –iance –iar –ience –ient –ious –ior –iom / –iot –ium

Generation / ˌdʒenəˈreɪʃṇ/ , Investigation Columbia /kəˈlʌmbɪə/ , Media /ˈmiːdɪə/ Industrial /ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl/, Serial /ˈsɪə-,ˈsɪriəl/ Historian /hɪˈstɔːrɪən/ Algerian /ælˈdʒɪərɪən/ Luxuriance /lʌgˈʒʊərɪəns/ Familiar /fəˈmɪlɪə/ Experience /ɪkˈspɪərɪəns/ Proficient /prəˈfɪʃənt/, ancient /ˈeɪnʃənt/ Ambitious /æmˈbɪʃəs/ , cautious /ˈkɔːʃəs/ Inferior /ɪnˈfɪərɪə/, Senior /ˈsiːnɪə/ Idiom /ˈɪdɪəm/ Gymnasium /dʒɪmˈneɪzɪəm/ ; Aluminium /ˌælʊˈmɪnɪəm/ , Aquarium /əˈkweərɪəm/

Constitution /ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃṇ/ Cafeteria /ˌkæfəˈtɪərɪə/ Residential /ˌrezɪˈdenʃəl/ Librarian /laɪˈbreərɪən/ Insouciance /ɪnˈsuːsɪəns/ Peculiar/pɪˈkjuːlɪə/ Impatience /ˈɪmpeɪʃəns/ Sufficient //səˈfɪʃənt/ Superstitious /ˌsuːpəˈstɪʃəs/ Superior/suːˈpɪərɪə,/sjuːˈpɪərɪə/ Idiot/ˈɪdɪət/ Museum/mjuːˈziːəm/,Medium /ˈmiːdɪəm/,Uranium/jʊˈreɪnɪəm/

Suffixes beginning with: letter e+ V nr + (C nr) + (Silent e) –ea –eal –ear –ean

Area /ˈeərɪə/ Cereal /ˈsɪərɪəl/, Lineal /ˈlɪnɪəl/ Linear /ˈlɪnɪə (r)/ Mediterranean /ˌmedɪtəˈreɪnɪən/

Guinea /ˈgɪni/ Laryngeal /ləˈrɪndʒɪəl/ Chilean /ˈtʃɪlɪən/; European /ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/;

Korean /kəˈriːən/. –eous Courageous /kəˈreɪdʒəs/ Simultaneous /ˌsɪməlˈteɪnɪəs/ Common Exceptions: Idea /aɪˈdɪə/; Ideal /aɪˈdɪəl/; ordeal /ɔːˈdiːl/. Suffixes beginning with: letter u+ V nr + (C nr) + (Silent e) –ual –uar –uous

Habitual /həˈbɪtʃuəl/ Perpetual /pəˈpetʃuəl/ Jaguar /ˈdʒægjʊə(r)/ Superfluous /suːˈpɜːfluəs/ Ambiguous /æmˈbɪgjuəs/ 2.3 The verbal suffix –ish: Penult stress . This is a stress-shifting suffix found only in verbs (we can find the suffix –ish with adjective, but it is a neutral suffix like in: Child – Childish /ˈtʃaɪldɪʃ/ ) . Rule: English verbs ending in –ish carry the stress on the penult syllable, before this suffix. E.g: Banish /ˈbænɪʃ/, Nourish /ˈnʌrɪʃ/, Polish /ˈpɒlɪʃ/, Cherish /ˈtʃerɪʃ/, Publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/. Abolish /əˈbɒlɪʃ/, Distinguish/dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/,Demolish/dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/,Establish/ɪˈstæblɪʃ/, Fetish /ˈfetɪʃ/ Exception: The only one exception to this rule is the verb ‘impoverish’ /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃ/ which is stresse on the 3rd syllable instead of the 2nd one from the end.

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Mohamed Kheider University of Biskra__Section of English__Second Year LMD__Phonetics

2.4. Stress on the ante-penultimate syllable: (ante-penultimate = third from the end) Rule 3: English words ending in –acy, –al, –ity, –ety , –itude and ending in –try; the stress will be on the third syllable from the end –ANTEPENULT STRESS–

Examples: –acy –al –ity, –ety –itude –try

Aristocracy //, democracy / dɪˈmɒk.rə.si /, Pharmacy / /, Prophecy / ˈprɒfəsi/ , Supremacy / suːˈpreməsi/ Critical /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/, Geological /ˌdʒiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/, Environmental, Political Ambiguity, Creativity, Humanity, credibility /ˌkredɪˈbɪlɪti/, dependability /dɪpendɪˈbɪlɪti/, necessity /nəˈsesɪti/, Opportunity, purity, Reality, University /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsɪti/, society, propriety /pr/, variety /. Attitude //, Aptitude /, Gratitude, Latitude, Magnitude. Geometry /, Infantry //, Poetry, Peasantry //.

2.4.2. Stress on the ante-penultimate syllable: (ante-penultimate = 3rd from the end) Rule 4: English words ending in –graphy, –logy, and –meter, will receive the primary stress on the antepenultimate syllable ( 3rd syllable from the end).

Examples: –graphy –logy

–meter

Bibliography /ˌbɪblɪˈɒgrəfi/, Demography /dɪˈmɒg.rə.fi/, Geology /ʤɪˈɒləʤi/, Geography /dʒɪˈɒgrəfi/, Orthography /ɔːˈθɒgrəfi/, Photography /fəˈtɒg.rə.fi/, Xerography /zɪəˈrɒgrəfi/ Apology //, Archeology //, Anthology //, Geology /ʤɪˈɒləʤi/, Methodology //, Psychology /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/, Phonology /fəʊˈnɒlədʒi/, Sociology /səʊiˈɒlədʒi, si-/ Barometer /, Parameter //, Thermometer /

2.4.3. Verbal endings causing Antepenult stress: ( 3rd from the end) Rule 5: English verbs of three syllable or more ending in –ate, –ize (ise) or –fy, will have the primary stress on the antepenultimate syllable ( 3rd from the end).

Examples: –ate –ize (ise) –fy

Calculate //, Discriminate /dɪˈskrɪmɪneɪt/, Evaluate /ɪˈvæljueɪt/, Generate //, Hibernate //, Investigate /ɪnˈvestɪgeɪt/, Legitimate /ləˈdʒɪtɪmeɪt/, Participate /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt/, separate /ˈsepəreɪt/. Analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/, Civilize //, Democratize //, organize //, Paralyse /ˈpærəlaɪz/, publicise, utilise /ˈjuːtɪlaɪz/ Clarify, dignify, identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/, electrify, exemplify, nullify /ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/ purify //, qualify /ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/, signify, simplify, solidify /

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Time for practice: Exercise 1: Transcribe the following words (stress-carrying suffixes) and marks the stress

Examples Limonade Canonnade Millionnaire Refugee Detainee Devotee Velveteen Careen Mountaineer Journalese Grotesque Tattoo Cigarette Antique Cartoon

Transcription …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… ……………………

Examples Barricade Cascade Questionnaire Trainee Employee Interviewee Seventeen Halloween Pioneer Japanese Evacuee Taboo Cassette Boutique Ascertain

Transcription ……………………….. ……………………….. ……………………….. ……………………….. ………………………. ………………………. ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ……………………… ………………………

Exercise 2: Transcribe the following words (stress-shifting suffixes) and marks the stress

Examples

Transcription

Examples

Transcription

Problematic

…………………….

Poetic

………….…………….

Gigantic

…………………….

Magnetic

…………….………….

Electric

…………………….

Basic

……………….……….

Occasion

……………….……

Illusion

……………………….

Communication

……………….……

Publication

……………………….

Fiction

……………….……

Civilisation

…………….…….……

Further practice Consider the following examples then state the rules of stress placement: Educate – educating – education /ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃṇ/ Adapt – adapted – adaptation /ˌædəpˈteɪʃṇ/ Diagnose – diagnoses – diagnostic /ˌdaɪəgˈnɒstɪk/ Interrogate – Interrogated– Interrogation Standardize – standardization

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