Lecture 4-Sentence Patterns

UNDERSTANDING BAHASA INDONESIA AND ENGLISH SENTENCE PATTERNS

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this lecture, you will be able to answer questions about: 1. Components that build up a sentence in English 2. Components that build up a sentence in Bahasa Indonesia 3. Common errors found in writing sentences in Bahasa Indonesia

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

THE ENGLISH SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

English sentences have two basic components: a subject and a predicate

SUBJECT

PREDICATE

Winters in Maine

can be extremely difficult.

Temperatures

frequently drop below zero.

Heavy snowfalls

make travel risky.

Being self-reliant and resourceful

helps a person to survive through the winter.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

In its simplest form, an English sentence has two parts: a subject and a verb that express a complete thought when they are together.

ENGLISH SENTENCE

Subject

A COMPLETE THOUGHT

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Verb

SUBJECT The subject is sometimes called the naming part of a sentence or clause. The subject usually appears before the predicate to show (a) what the sentence is about, or (b) who or what performs the action.

SUBJECT The subject is commonly a) a noun b) a pronoun c) a noun phrase d) compound subject e) a noun clause Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

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VERB The verb shows the action or the state of being

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VERB I must make an ‘A’ in this class.

VERB PHRASE

Auxiliary Verb

We grew apart after high school.

Main Verb

Running on the wet floor, she slipped and broke her arm. Finally, I have saved enough to buy a car.

Functioning as Adverb or Adjective

COMPLEMENTS OF ACTIVITY VERBS

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COMPLEMENTS OF LINKING VERBS

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SENTENCE

SIMPLE

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

COMPOUND

SUBJECT AND VERB

COMPLEX

S +V

SENTENCE

SIMPLE

COMPOUND

S +V

(S + V) coordinate conjunction

(S + V)

COMPOUNDCOMPLEX

COMPLEX

Main Clause + Sub Clause

(S + V) subordinate conjunction

(S + V)

S + V (+ Clause) + coordinate conjunction + (S + V)

(S + V) containing clauses

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, NOUN CLAUSE, OR ADVERB CLAUSE

SIMPLE SENTENCE Mr. Potato Head eats monkeys.

I refuse.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

COMPOUND SENTENCE Mr. Potato Head eats them for breakfast every day, but I don’t see the attraction. Eating them makes him happy; however, he can’t persuade me.

COMPLEX SENTENCE He recommends them highly because they taste like chicken when they are hot. Although chicken always appeals to me, I still feel skeptical about monkey. Mrs. Potato Head, because she loves us so much, has offered to make her special monkey soufflé for us.

She can cook it however she wants. Although I am curious, I am still skeptical.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

Mr. Potato Head said that he would share the secret recipe; however, if he does, Mrs. Potato Head will feed him to the piranhas, so we are both safer and happier if I don’t eat monkeys or steal recipes.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

The man looked angry few minutes ago. The man with a scar on his face looked angry few minutes ago. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

The man is calm now. The man with a scar on his face is calm indeed now. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

The man is in his office. The man with a scar on his face is in his ofice near the park. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

The girl understood my instruction easily. The pretty girl in the red sweater understood my instruction about how to set the table without dificulty.

ADJECTIVE AND PHRASE

The girl cried loudly. The small girl in the back of the room cried loudly. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

APPOSITIVE PHRASE An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.

CLAUSES The building looked empty last night. The building that sits across from the park looked empty when we drove past it.

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CLAUSES The building is a museum now. The building that used to belong to the Briggs family has been a museum since Mr. Briggs died in 1986. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

CLAUSES The building is on Fifth Avenue. The building which contains the legislative offices is on Fifth Avenue because the senators need to be able to walk to the State Building across the street. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

CLAUSES The child cried loudly. The child who was sitting in the back of the room cried loudly so that the teacher could hear him. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

CLAUSES The child understood my question easily. The child who was wearing the red sweater understood my question easily although it was very difficult. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

COMPOUND SUBJECT Javier and his colleagues collaborated on the research article.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

COMPOUND VERBS

Javier conducted the experiment and documented the results.

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COMPOUND SUBJECT AND VERB Javier, his colleagues, and their advisor drafted and revised the article several times.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

THE SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION OF BAHASA INDONESIA Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

In Bahasa Indonesia, sentence construction refers to several types which are based on either form or meaning.

MEANING

FORM

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE SIMPLE SENTENCE

COMPOUND SENTENCE

(Kalimat Tunggal)

(Kalimat Majemuk)

(KALIMAT BERITA)

INTEROGATIVE SENTENCE (KALIMAT TANYA)

PREDICATE Nouns/Noun Phrase (nomina/frasa nomina) Verbs/Verb Phrase (verba/frasa verba) Adjectives/Adjective Phrase (Ajektiva/frasa ajektiva) Other categories (kategori lain)

COMPUND SENTENCE Kalimat Majemuk Setara

COMPLEX SENTENCE Kalimat Majemuk Bertingkat

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE Kalimat Majemuk Campuran

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE (KALIMAT PERINTAH)

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE (KALIMAT SERU)

The following is the examples of simple sentence (kalimat tunggal) with its various kinds of predicates. SUBJECT

PREDICATE

Bapak

menulis.

Wanita itu

cantik.

Rumahnya

di atas gunung.

Ia

dokter.

Ayamnya

lima ekor.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

The following is the examples of compound sentence (kalimat majemuk setara) S+P Sisca anak yang baik Bapak minum teh Dia sangat rajin,

CONJUNCTION lagi pula atau tetapi

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S+P ia sangat pandai. Bapak makan nasi. adiknya sangat pemalas.

The following is the examples of complex sentence (kalimat majemuk bertingkat) S+P

CONJUNCTION

S+P

Diakuinya

bahwa

ia yang memukul anak itu.

Katanya

bahwa

ia tidak sengaja menjatuhkan gelas itu.

Mereka sudah mengetahui

bahwa

saya yang mengambilnya.

Ayah pulang

ketika

kami makan malam

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

The following is the examples of compound-complex sentence (kalimat majemuk campuran)

Major Pattern Ketika ia duduk minum-minum,

Minor 1 datang seorang pemuda berpakaian bagus

Minor 2 dan menggunakan kendaraan roda empat.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

There are some conditions that may lead to common errors when writing sentences in Bahasa Indonesia.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Influenced by local languages Influenced by foreign languages Ambiguity Ineffectiveness Fragments Illogical Sentences Reduncance/Pleonasm

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

INFLUENCED BY LOCAL LANGUAGES a. Buku itu dibeli oleh saya  buku eta dipeser ku abdi b. Apa kamu sudah membacanya  Opo kowe . . . . c. Atas perhatian Saudara kami haturkan terima kasih. d. Teknologinya Jepang jauh lebih maju dari kita e. Kita punya kemampuan terbaik. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

INFLUENCED BY FOREIGN LANGUAGES a. My name is Farah b. He knows a restaurant where we can get a drink. c. Aeroplanes which cross the Atlantic are jets. d. The man to whom the letter was addressed had died months before. e. The travelers with whom I had spoken came from distant town.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

Translated as follows: • Nama saya adalah Farah. • Dia tahu rumah makan di mana kita bisa mendapatkan minuman. • Pesawat-pesawat yang mana mengarungi Lautan Atlantik itu adalah jet. • Orang kepada siapa surat itu dialamatkan telah meninggal beberapa bulan lalu. • Para pelancong dengan siapa saya telah berbicara datang dari kota yang jauh.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

AMBIGUITY a. Lukisan Jamilah dipajang juga dalam pameran itu. b. Garasi mobil yang mewah itu selalu terpelihara. c. Ibu Indra sakit

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INEFFECTIVE SENTENCES 1. Sejumlah desa-desa yang dilalui Sungai Citarum dilanda banjir. 2. Dalam pembangunan jembatan Pasupati, banyak persoalanpersoalan ekstern yang muncul. 3. Bersama surat ini saya lampirkan daftar nama-nama calon anggota DPR.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

a. diperlebarkan b. Seringkali c. dan lain sebagainya d. Kadangkala e. zaman dahulu kala

dilebarkan/diperlebar sering-sering/ berkali-kali dan lain-lain/dan sebagainya kadang-kadang/Adakala zaman/kala

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f. Dalam seminar itu membicarakan . . . . Dalam seminar itu dibicarakan . . . . Seminar itu membicarakan . . . . (X) Pemakalah seminar itu membicarakan . . . . g. Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepat tergantung dari pemimpinnya. (X) • Pada dinding itu tergantung lukisan. • Permasalahan negara dapat diatasi dengan cepat bergantung pada pimpinannya. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

FRAGMENTS a. Jika tidak ada dukungan masyarakat, tidak akan terwujud. b. Film produksi dalam negeri yang kurang bermutu yang tidak mampu bersaing di pasaran. c. Dua orang mahasiswa jurusan Mesin yang sedang mengadakan penelitian ke Bontang.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ILLOGICAL SENTENCES a. Yang kencing harus disiram  orangnya yang disiram b. Dilarang keras membuang sampah ke sungai c. Kepada yang tidak berkepentingan dilarang masuk Siapa yang tidak berkepentingan? Kepada d. Daerah bebas parkir  berarti boleh parkir di mana saja. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

ILLOGICAL SENTENCES e. Waktu dan tempat kami persilakan. f. Bapak/Ibu/Saudara …, kami persilakan.

g. Mereka tidak paham dan mengerti masalah politik.

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

REDUNDANCE Adalah merupakan Mulai sejak Ulang kembali Naik ke atas Turun ke bawah Amat sangat sekali

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REDUNDANCE Berdasarkan pada

Berdasar pada . . . . Berdasarkan . . . .

Disebabkan karena

Disebabkan . . .

Membicarakan mengenai/tentang

Berbicara tentang/mengenai Membicarakan . . . .

Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

a. Hasil daripada penjualan saham akan digunakan untuk memperluas bidang usaha. b. Baik pedagang ataupun konsumen masih menunggu kepastian harga sehingga tidak terjadi transaksi jual beli. c. Bukan harga sembilan bahan pokok yang mengalami kenaikan harga tetapi harga produk yang menggunakan bahan baku impor. d. Sebagian pedagang tidak menaikkan harga melainkan menimbun sebagian barang dagangannya. e. Antara kemauan konsumen dengan kemauan pedagang terdapat perbedaan dalam penentuan kenaikan harga. Note: seperti baik…maupun; bukan…melainkan; tidak…tetapi….; antara…dan…. Rida Wahyuningrum English Department Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

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