Lecture 2d Hypothesis

RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum  English Department Wijaya Kusuma University Universi ty,, Surabaya

By the end of this course, you will be able to :

mention the definition and types of hypothesis

What is Hypothesis?

Hypothesis

 A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment.

Hypothesis is a tentative prediction about the nature of the relationship relationship between two or more variables.

 A research question is essentially essentially a hypothesis asked in the form of a question.

Every Every true true experim experiment ental al design design must have this statement at the core of its structure, as the ultimate aim of any experiment.

DEFINITION Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good hunches— hunches —assumed for use in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct experimental test when possible (Rogers, 1966)

DEFINITION  A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables (Kerlinger, 1956)

DEFINITION Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable (Creswell, 1994)

DEFINITION  A hypothesis can be defined defined as a tentative explanation of the research problem, a possible outcome of the research, or an educated guess about the research outcome (Sarantakos, 1993)

DEFINITION  A hypothesis is a statement or explanation that is suggested by knowledge or observation but has not yet been proved or disproved (Clark & Hockey,1981)

NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS

1. It can can be test tested ed— — verifiable or falsifiable 2. Hypoth Hypothese eses s are are not not moral or ethical questions 3. It is is neithe neitherr too specific specific nor too general 4. It is is a pred predic ictio tion n of consequences 5. It is consi consider dered ed valuable even if proven false

EXAMPLE You are an English teacher teaching students of  junior high school school level. You would like like to know what motivates them to read. You know that students of that age love some characters of motion pictures and stories to be told.

So you will offer some kinds of reading to them. You design an experiment to find out which type of reading that attracts the students most that they will take to read.

You can formulate formula te an experimental hypothesis :

When offered all five types of reading, the students will preferentially take comics.

Incorrect hypothesis will be: When offered all five types of reading, the students will preferentially take the type they like best.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESES NULL HYPOTHESES It is designated by Ho or H N

 ALTERNATIVE  ALTERNA TIVE HYPOTHESES It is designated by H1 or H A

The Null Hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward, either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a basis for argument, but has not yet been proved. Note: Note: It has serious outcome if incorrect decision is made.

The Alternative The Alternative Hypothesis is a statement of what a hypothesis test is set up to establish. - Opposi Opposite te of Null Null Hypoth Hypothesi esis s - Only Only reache reached d if Ho is rejec rejected ted - Frequently “alternative” is actual desired conclusion of the researcher.

EXAMPLE In a trial of new curriculum, the NULL HYPOTHESIS might be that : the new curriculum is no better, on average, than the current curriculum.

The AL The ALTERNA TERNATIVE TIVE HYPOTHESIS might be that: The new curriculum has a different content, on average, compared to that of the current curriculum. We would write H1: The two curriculums have different contents, on average.

The AL The ALTERNA TERNATIVE TIVE HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS might be that: The new curriculum is better, on average, than the current curriculum. We would write H1: The new curriculum is better than the current curriculum, on average.

Rida Wahyuningrum  English Department Wijaya Kusuma University Universi ty,, Surabaya