Lectura de Ácido-Base 2

 

Ak pM (pjtahlc (pjtahlcnk nk ea mce mcerjf rjfahj) ahj) Ak pM checln kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas  cjhas mcerüfahj YM+_ prasahtas ah eatarochnens ecsjkulcjhas as uhn uhcene ea oaecen qua scrva pnrn astngkalar ak hcvak ea nlceaz j nklnkchcene ea uhn sustnhlcn. \a axprasn ljoj ak kjfnrctoj hafntcvj ea gnsa ea >2 ah kn nltcvcene ea cjhas ea mcerüfahj. Lunkqucar sjkulcüh luyn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj sa axprasa ljoj > x >2h, ak pM sarî cfunk nk vnkjr huoãrclj ea ‛h‟, pjr a`aopkj, sc kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj qua san > x >2 -1 ojk/K taherî uh pM ea 1.  1. 

Gîsclj   Gîsclj Hautrj Hautrj   lcej   lcej

Waknlcüh ahtra kns ljhlahtrnlcjhas pM, YM+_, YJM-_ y p JM ah ecsjkulc jhas nlujsns nlujsns   + pM pM   YM _ ojk/K  ojk/K  YJM-_ ojk/K  ojk/K  ->5 >5.2   Y>2 _  Y>22_  >5.2 >2.2 >2.2   Y>2->2_  Y>2-5_  6.2 6.2   Y>2-6_  Y>2-6_  1.2  1.2  Y>2-1_  Y>2-3_  7.2   Y>2-7_  Y>2->7_  7.2

pJM pJM   2.2 2.2   5.2  5.2  6.2  6.2  3.2  3.2  >7.2  >7.2 

\u düroukn sa aslrcga ea kn scfucahta onharn0  

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Rjeaojs mnlar kn ljhvarscüh ahtra YM+_ y pM oaecnhta kns scfucahtas alunlcjhas0

pM?∗kjfYM +_

YM+_?>2∗pM 

Rjeaojs mnlar kn ljhvarscüh ahtra YJM∗_ y pJM oaecnhta kns scfucahtas alunlcjhas0 pJM?∗kjfYJM ∗_ YJM∗_?>2 ∗pJM   

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Rnrn lunkqucar sjkulcüh nlujsn n 71 L0 pM+pJM?>5 Iw ? YM5. Nklnhznr ak 2 (larj) as checlnejr ea oîxcon nlceaz, pjr su pnrta, >5 as ak jpuastj, gnsa. Ak puhtj chtaroaecj as ak 6, ljoj su hjogra checln, as kj hautrnk. A`aopkjs A`a opkjs ea îlcejs Îlcejs ea gntarïns0 \a ahluahtrnh ahtra ak 2 y ak >, su hcvak ea îlcej as tnh duarta qua as par`ueclcnk pnrn kns aspalcas.    Kkuvcn îlcen0 As uh dahüoahj qua sa prjeula pjr kn nluouknlcüh ea îlcejs prjvahcahtas ea düsckas y ljogustcgkas. Ah kn aslnkn ea îlcejs sa puaea ugclnr ahtra ak 1 j 7 nprjxconenoahta, scahej ak prcoarj ak qua lnusa oahjr enþj (pjr a`aopkj, ndaltnr kn raprjeullcüh ea palas). Sn qua nklnhznr ak 7, puaea faharnr kn ouarta ea aspalcas nluîtclns. Ea kn ocson djron kn dkjrn y

 

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dnuhnea oîs eakclnen. @ufj kcoüh0 \a ugcln ahtra ak 7 y ak 2 y >>. Asta prjeultj as ea ljhsuoj oaeclchnk.  

Ka`ïn j lkjrj0 Hcvak ea nklnkchcene >2, ah sjkulcjhas îlcens paronhala chljkjrn pjr trntnsa ea uhn sustnhlcn îlcen, ocahtrns ocahtr ns qua ah sjkulcjhas gîsclns lnogcn n ljkjr dulscn. Ak hnrnh`n ea oatckj as uh checlnejr gîsclj ah rnhfjs ea pM ea nk >5 ea nluarej ljh kn ljkjrnlcüh. Ak pnpak checlnejr uhcvarsnk as uhn tcrn ea pnpak ngsjrgahta coprafhnen ljh uhn oazlkn ea checlnejras qua lnogcnh ea tjhnkcene safðh ak pM ea kn sjkulcüh. pMoatrj As uh chstruoahtj qua sa utckczn ljoðhoahta ah kjs kngjrntjrcjs quïocljs, ah kn nfrclukturn, ah ak trntnocahtj ea nfuns rasceunkas, ah kn purcdclnlcüh ea nfun, ah kn dngrclnlcüh ea pnpak, ah kn cheustrcn nkcoahtnrcn, patrjquïocln, dnronlãutcln y oulmns jtrns. As uh oãtjej akaltrjquïoclj qua sa duhenoahtn ah ak usj ea uh ockcvjktïoatrj (ljh uh rnhfj ea -7222 n +7222 oT) y ea ejs akaltrjejs0 uhj ea lnkjoak j ea radarahlcn y jtrj ea vcercj sahscgka nk cjh mcerüfahj, qua nogjs nk sar suoarfcejs kn ecsjkulcüh faharnh ljrrcahta akãltrcln ljh uhn ecdarahlcn pjtahlcnk ahtra akaltrjejs, ah kn lunk as oaecen pjr ak uhn ockcvjktïoatrj y ak rasuktnej eapahearî eaea kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj ea kn ecsjkulcüh, kn aqucvnkahlcn ea uhn uhcene ea pM as cfunk n 13 oT. Asta aqucpj eaga ea sar lnkcgrnej nhtas ea usnrsa pnrn nsafurnr nsafur nr uh guah duhlcjhnocahtj, oaecnhta gðdaras ea lnkcgrnlcüh. º^uã º^ uã sjh kns sjku lcjhas gðdar: \jh utckcznens pnrn onhtahar ak hcvak ea nlceaz j ea nklnkchcene ea uhn sustnhlcn axpuastn n ranllcjhas quïoclns, astj avctn qua sa faharah ranllcjhas cheasanens.

 

  Entjs lurcjsjs… 

Ak ljkjr ea kns dkjras ea kn mjrtahscn puaea vnrcnr safðh ak pM eak suakj. Dkjras ea ljkjr nzuk faharnkoahta prjvcahah ea suakjs îlcejs ljh uh pM oahjr n 4 y kns dkjras rjsnens ea suakjs ljh uh pM suparcjr n 4.

Ak RM eak tjrrahta snhfuïhaj as ea 6,==5 ahuhlcnhej qua0  qua0    Qh

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îlcej ea Nrrmahcus as lunkqucar aspalca qua nuoahtn kn

ljhlahtrnlcüh ea M+ ah uhn sjkulcüh nlujsn.  nlujsn.    Qhn

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kn  gnsa ea Nrrmahcus as lunkqucar aspalca qua nuoahtn kn 

ljhlahtrnlcüh ea JM- ah uhn sjkulcüh nlujsn.  nlujsn.  Ah sjkulcüh nlujsn, kjs cjhas M+ ranllcjhnh choaecntnoahta ljh kns ojkãlukns ea nfun pnrn djronr cjhas mcerjhcj M2-6 ojk/K y YJM-_ ? > x >2-6 ojk/K  ojk/K   Neaoîs, nhîkcscs ravaknh qua, ah ak nfun prjeultjaseacfunk kn n ljhlahtrnlcüh ea neclcjhnkas cjhas mcerjhcj y kn ljhlahtrnlcüh eapurn, cjhasakmcerüxcej uhn ljhstnhta (Iw) eahjochnen ljhstnhta eak prjeultj cühclj eak nfun y as cfunk n > x>2->5  x>2->5  Iw ? YM+_ YJM-_ ? (> x >2-6) (> x >2-6) ? > x >2->5 n 71 ²L  ²L   Lunhej ah uhn ecsjkulcüh sa tcahah kn ocson ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj YM+_ qua cjhas mcerüxcej YJM-_, sa ecla qua kn ecsjkulcüh as hautrn. \c sa neclcjhn uh îlcej nk nfun ahtjhlas nuoahtn kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj YM+_ y kn ecsjkulcüh as îlcen. \c sa neclcjhn uhn gnsa nk nfun, nuoahtn kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüxcej YJM-_ y kn ecsjkulcüh as gîscln.  gîscln.   \c sa ljhjla kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüfahj YM+_, as pjscgka lnkluknr kn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas mcerüxcej YJM-_ y vclavarsn.

 

>. ºLuîk as kn YJM-_ ea uhn kcojhnen luyn YM+_ as ea 2.22>2 O:   7. Ah kjs entjs eak eatarfahta qua vjy n utckcznr pnrn knvnr oc rjpn ecla qua tcaha uhn YJM-_ ea >x>2 -4ojk/K, lnklukn kn YM+_.  YM+_.  YM+_   x >2 < O, lnklukn YM+_ A`aopkj0 Lnklukn ak pM ea uhnas ecsjkulcüh eaprcon îlcejgîscln sukdðrclj (M7\J5) ea ljhlahtrnlcüh 2.7 O. Ak îlcej sukdðrclj kn ontarcn pnrn kn onyjrïn ea kjs eatarfahtas utckcznejs ah ak mjfnr y kn cheustrcn.  cheustrcn.   \jkulcüh0  \jkulcüh0 

Nk kaar ak prjgkaon hjs enojs luahtn ea qua ak entj qua hjs prjpjrlcjhnh as kn ljhlahtrnlcüh eak îlcej sukdðrclj, pjr kj tnhtj, halasctnojs sustctucr ah kn düroukn ea pM pM   pM ? -kjf Y M+ _ _  \ustctucojs0 pM ? -kjf Y2.7_  Y2.7_   Wasuktnej0 Wasuktnej0  

pM ? 2.6 Kj qua scfhcdcln qua sa trntn ea uhn sjkulcüh îlcen, pjr kj tnhtj, ljoprjgnojs kn nlceaz eak M7\J5.  M7\J5.  scfucahta0   \c hjs pcecarnh tnogcãh lnkluknr ak pJM, utckcznraojs kn alunlcüh scfucahta0  >5  pM + pJM ? >5  Easpa`nojs pJM

pM   pJM ? >5 - pM pJM ? >5 - 2.6 ? >4 nþjs sa mn parlntnej qua sudra ejkjras ousluknras, sjohjkahlcn, lnknogras, nsï ljoj mcpjtarocn. Rjr kj qua ealcea cr nk oãeclj uhn vaz qua ka rankczn sus axîoahas asta jgsarvn ah kjs nhîkcscs lkïhcljs uh nuoahtj ljhscearnej eak pM ljh uhn ljhlahtrnlcüh ea cjhas (JM-) cfunk n 14x>2 -3, pjr kj qua ka sufcara lnogcnr ea ecatn y rankcznr a`arlclcj. ºLnklukn ak pM y pJM snhfuïhaj ea Wugãh: