Learn Sanskrit

LEARN SANSKRIT Through English Medium A SYSTEMATIC TEACHING AND SELF-LEARNING TOOL

Ratnakar Narale

KALIDAS SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY NAGPUR, INDIA

1 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

INDEX

anukramant>ubh metre

AnauP@uBa`-Cnd:

xvii

BOOK 1 LEARN TO READ & WRITE SANSKRIT Lesson 1 The Sanskrit Alphabet sa>s˜tavaNa|maaLaa

3

Lesson 2 Reading Sanskrit (Pronunciation)

qccaara:

5

Lesson 3 The Sanskrit Characters

sa>s˜tavaNaa|:

8

Vowels

svara:

8

Consonants

vyaØjanaaina

10

maaheovaraiNa saU%aaiNa

12

oabdantaa:

15

vyaØjanaaina

17

Sound Strings from S}iva Word endings Lesson 4 Writing the Sanskrit Consonants

va, ba, k (va, ba, ka) ; pa, Pa, f, Na (pa, sha, d%a:

398

saamaanyaXaanama`

399

The Days of the Week

vaasara:

399

The Names of the Months

maasaa:

400

The Measurements

pairmaaNaaina

401

The Names of the Directions

idoa:

402

Time

samaya:

403

Relationships

sa>banZaa:

405

Lesson 36 Antonyms

ivalaemaoabda:

408

Lesson 37 Words with Suffixes

paRtyayaantaoabda:

409

Words with Primary Suffixes

×tapaRtyayaantaoabda:

810

Words with Secondary Suffixes

tai&ta`-oabda:

415

naamaZaatau:

422

Lesson 35 General Knowledge

Using Nouns as Verb Roots Amazing Sanskrit Creations

423

APPENDICES :

(i) Charts of conjugations of the Tenses

429

Ten Parasmaipad& tenses, Active voice

429

Ten Ètmanepad& tenses, Active voice

438

Ten Passive Voice tenses

445

(ii) Charts of declensions of the Cases

448 7 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

rama (A), vana (A), gaaepaa (Aa) 448; maaLaa (Aa), kiva (}) 449; vaair (}), maita (}), sauZaI (}|) 450; nadI (}|), gauw (q) 451; maZau (q), Zaenau (q), svaBaU (Q) 452; vaZaU (Q), ipata\ (/) 453; kta\| (/), Zaata\ (/), maata\ (/) 454; rE (]e), gaae (Aae), gLaaE (AaE) 455; naaE (AaE), oak‘ (k`)456; iLaSa` (Sa`), vaaca` (ca`) 457; raja` (ja`), Qja|` (ja`), Äja` (ja`) 458; paRaØca` (Øca`) 459; SaØja` (Øja`), mawta` (ta`),Bagavata` (ta`) 460; Bavata` (ta`), kÖva|ta` (ta`), jagata` (ta`) 461; mahta` (ta`), sairta` (ta`) 462; sauÊd` (d`), Êd` (d`), xauZa` (Za`) 463; oaioana` (na`), Baaivana`` (}na`) 464; Aatmana` (na`), kma|na` (na`) 465; gaupa` (pa`), LaBa` (Ba`) 466; car` (r`), vaar` (r`) igar` (r`) 467; idva` (va`), naoa` (oa`), ivaoa` (oa`) 468; idoa` (oa`), icakIPa|` (Pa`), ZanauPa` (Pa`) 469; AaioaPa` (Pa`), ca>dRmasa` (sa`) 470; OaReyasa` (sa`), payasa` (sa`) 471; garIyasa` (sa`), pau>sa` (sa`) 472, mauh` (h`), qpaanah` (h`) 473. (iii) Declensions of Pronouns

474

Asmad`, yauPmad`, tad` (asmad, yussa` 594; þnand`, þnaoa`, þnaI 595; þpaca` 596; þpad` 597; þpaa, þpauPa` 598; þpaUja`, þbauZa` 599; þpaRcC`, þbaRU 600; þBaxa`, þBaja` 601; þBaa, þBaI 602; þBauja` 603; þBaU, þBa\, þBaRma` 604; þBaR>sa` 605; þmana`, þimaLa` 606; þmauØca` 607; þma\, þma\oa`, þmLaE, þyaja` 608; þyaa 609; þyauja`, þrxa` 610; þrma` 611; þwca`, þwd` 612; þwZa`, þLaa, þiLaSa` 613; þpad`, þivaja` 614; þivad` 615; þivaoa`, þva\ 617; þva\ta` 618; þvaRja`, þvah` 619; þoauca`, þoauBa` 620; þoauPa`, þÃu 621; þsad`, þsau, þsaU, þsa\ja` 622; þsYaa 623; þsnaa, þÄ>sa`, þhna` 624; þhsa`, þha 625; þih>sa`, þhu, þÊ 626; þÊPa`, þÉI 627, þÌe 628. (viii) Chart of Participles

×dnta>

629

(ix) Breakdown, Transliteration and Meaning of the Verses

630

(x) Answers to the Exercises References

qTaraiNa

647

inade|oa:

653

8 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

LESSON 1

Prathamah< abhya@sah< paRYama: AByaasa:_ THE SANSKRIT ALPHABET

sam~skr A:

a

m[ hha

dh, dta: (god), sa>jaya (Sanjaya), sa>gar: (battle), sa>za: (group), saØca: (gathering), sa>ta: (saint) , ma>d (slow), Ana>tar> (after) 5. C>d: (meter), d>Ba: (pretending), r>k: (poor), sa>gama: (meeting), sa>kr: (admixture).

28 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

RULES FOR PROPER TRANSLITERATION OF SANSKRIT CHARACTERS INTO ENGLISH with diacritical signs m~ (A>),

m[, m (ma`);

ma (ma),

n[ (G`),

n~ (Øa`),

n< (Na`),

n (na`), na (na)

Character m~ (A>) or m[ (ma`) is the nasal dot (Anausvaar:) placed over any chacter in a word : (i) m[ Within a sentence, when character m (ma`) comes at the end of any word that is followed by a word that begins with any consonant, only that nasal dot means m[ (ma`) eg\ aham kim kromi = aham[ kim[ kromi Ahma` ikma` kraeima = Ah> ikä kraeima_ (ii) m Within a sentence, when m (ma`) comes at the end of the sentence, it stays as ma` (m). eg\ kim kromi aham = kim[ kromi aham ikma` kraeima Ahma` = ikä kraeima Ahma`_ (iii) m[ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any consonant from p-class (p ph b bh m pa f ba Ba ma), then that nasal dot means half character ma` (m). eg\ sam[pada@ sa>pada = sama`pada = sampada_ gum[phana gau>fna = gauma`fna = gaumfna, am[bara A>bar = Ama`bar = Ambar_ dam[bha d>Ba = dma`Ba = dmBa_ sam[mati sa>maita = sama`maita = sammaita_ (iv) m~ Within a word, when the nasal dot is followed by any non-class consonant (y r l v s{ s< s h ya r l va oa Pa sa h), that nasal dot means m~ A> (just a nasal sound, even though it is generally inaccurately transliterated as m[). eg\ sa>s×ta> pa# = sam~skrha NOT sam[skr>tam[ pat>ha sams×ta> pa# or

sanskrha sans×ta> pa# (NOTE: the nasal dots in sams sa>sa` and in kr both have different pronounciations, and thus must be transliterated differently (as m~ and m[), but NOT both as m[)

Similarly, sa>yama = sam~yama, not sama`yama sam[yama; sa>rxaNa = sam~rakshar = sam~hara, not sama`har sam[ha@ra ...etc. (v) m The half character m ma` may come (1) at the end of any word that is followed by any word that is starting with a vowel, eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! or (2) it may come at the end of a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma ma@m[ uddhara tvam! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r tvama`! 29 Learn Sanskrit Through English Medium

(vi) The full character ma ma (ma` + A = ma m + a = ma) may come anywhere in a sentence. eg\ bho Ra@ma

ma@m[ tvam uddhara! Baae rama maa> tvama` q&r! Baae rama maa> tvamau&r! Baae rama maama` q&r tvama`! Baae rama maamau&r tvama`! Baae ramaae&r tva> maama`_ Baae rama tvamau&r maama`_ AGAIN REMEMBER Anuswara = n[ (G`),

n~ (Øa`),

n< (Na`),

n (na`),

m[ (ma`),

m~ (A>)

For transliterating the nasal dot (anusva@rah< Anausvaar:) within a word, into English, following six rules apply. (1) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from k-class (k‘, Sa`, ga`, za` k, kh, g, gh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n[ (G`) (2) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from c{-class (ca`, C`, ja`, Ja` c{, c{h, j, jh), that nasal dot is transliterated as # n~ (Øa`) (3) When the nasal dot is followed by any character from t>-class (@`, #`, D`, $` t>, t>h, d na Bavaita? (5) ]tata` Ah> na jaanaaima_ maatar> namaaima_ (6) mama ga\he ]k: oauk: AasaIta`_ saItaa ]ka cataura baaiLaka_ (7) sa: Avadta` mama LaeSanaI na iLaSaita }ita_ (8) ˜payaa tasmaE inajaLaeSanaI> deih_ Ahma` }danaIma` qpaivaoaaina ikma`? (9) sada mahaBaarta> ca ramaayaNa> ca pa#_ (10) tava vaEvaaihkjaIvana> sauSamaya> BaUyaata`! (11) mayaa sah Baaejana> caayapaana> ca kÖw_ (12) maU$vata` va\Yaa maa vad_ ga>gaa paavanaa nadI_ (13) baIjama` Ah> BaUtaanaa> sanaatanama` }ita k’oava: qvaaca_ (14) paRyaaNakaLae manasaa AcaLaena yaaegabaLaena ca par> pauwPama` qpaEita_ (15) ramae vanae gatae tae sakLaa: Aipa wwdu:_ (16) taata! k: Ayama`? Aya> yaacak:_ yaacak: ikä kraeita? (17) kaiLadasa: mahakiva: AasaIta`_ (18) paura imaiYaLaayaa> janak: naama mahana` rajaa baBaUva_ ANSWERS TO THE PREVIOUS EXERCISE

(1) aham a@va@m vayam ma@m maya@ me mama nah< mayi tava sah< tam tena te sa@ ta@m yah< yau ye yam ya@n yena ya@ ya@h< ya@m yaya@ es