Learning Arabic Language of the
UR'AN
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Learning Arabic Language of the
Qur'an ~
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ill electtQ1IW;tJr~h~ca1,in9Cl" , ,,',,' ", ,',' " ,'"" byany;itlfOl:lt tc==~ stdrage'ahltietr1evalsystetnf\\\Mootthewmten penni$si()lltit~,tnIDlisher:
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DEDICATED T-G H MVPARENTS
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c) Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 2009
Maktaba Dar-us-Salam Learning Arabic Language of the Our'an- Riyadh-2009 484 p, 14x21cm ISBN: 978-603-500-065-9 1-0uran-language-study and teaching 2-Arabic I-Title Language-Ouranic teaching 224.407dc 1431/362 Legal Deposit nO.1431/362 ISBN: 978-603-500-065-9
~~)----------~~~~~~p----------~?
Learning Arabic Language of the
Qur'an By
Izzath U roosa
iJ
DARUSSALAM
GLOBAL LEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS
Riyadh. Jeddah. AI-Khobar .Sharjah Lahore. London • Houston. New York
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Learning Arabic Language
0
the QUR'AN
----~-~
I CONTENT I
Fore word .................................................................... ,.............. 17 Preface ........................................................................ ,.............. 21 Introduction ................................................................................ 25 Acknow ledglnent ........................................................ ".............. 29
Word, Noun, Verb .................................................................... 31 Word-~I ............................................................................. 31
Noun - r)'I .............................................................................. 33 lUlca"tor 2
Numher - ;.:>...;JI .......................................................................... 41 Singular - ;).:JI, duals - jDl.. ................................................ .41 Plurals -
~I ............................................................... ,.............. 41
Sound Plural- ~UI ~\.. ........................................... ,.............. 43 Broken Plural- ~I ~\ ......................................... ,............. .43 CAa"tor 3
Pronouns -
)~I
...................................................................... 51 5
Content
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;...........;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;.... Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Third person - ~W\ ................................................................. 52 Second person -
~Ih.:.l\
............................................................ 56
First person - ~\ .................................................................... 60 O"aptllr
.. ~i "" j~\
Hamzah as first radical -
1"1 .)
§\ ........ .......... .. ............................ 131
Han1Zah as middle radical Hamzah as third radical -
...............................................
JL. .............. .
.. ....................... 132
b .................................................. 133 ltAaptl1t lfj
Weak Verbs \- ;k:11
jL;j\l1 - Assimilated V';rb- J'4\ .......... 135
The Assimilated waw - s))1 J~\ ......................................... 136 The Assimilated yaa - 01,:-11 J~\ ............................................. 138 7
Content
;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0-=-0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0;;;;;;;;;;;0. . . . .
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
eA"pttlr 16
Weak Verbs 11- ;k:\\ j:.;j'J1 - Hollow Verb - J~'JI ............. 141 The Hollow Wa'A - 0.J\j1 J~'JI .............................................. 141 The Hollow Yaa - - J\~I J~'11 .................................................. 146 eA"ptor 11
Weak Verbs III - 1\;::.1\ j:.;j'J1 - Defective Verb - ~UI ......... 149 The Defective W, w- 0",,\j1 The Defective Ya
1-
j\;;JI
~UI ............................................ 149
~UI
............................................... 151
eA"ptor 18
Doubly Weak Verb -
~~g\\1 ..................................................... 159 eA"ptor 19
Double Lettered \-erbs - ..J..c~1 ........................................... 163 eA"ptor 20
Verbs with tixed prepositions - .:~;:11j..1 ~)?
Ej:.;j~I ......... 167
eA"ptor 21
The Present Tense - t-d~1 ~I ............................................. 177 Consonant Verbs - .i;.~1 J:.;j 'lI ............................................ 177 eA"pttlr 22
The Imperfect Tense ................................................................ 185 Hamzated Verbs - j~1 b~' .
...-"'- -;.
J'
............................................ 185
f
Hamzah as first radIcal - §I :§~ ........................................... 185 8
COlltellt
.......--------------------------- Learning Arabic Lang:.1age of the QUR'AN
Hamzah as second radical- jL : jb Hamzah as third radical-
..................................... 187
b :f~ ........................................... 188 el!captor 23
The Imperfect Tens .................................................................. 191 Weak Verbs - ik:l1 JW~I UW\
.......................................... 191
Assimilated Verb - j'4l1 ......................................................... 191 The Assimilated Waw
-15~1)1
J'4lI ......................................... 191
The Assimilated Yaa - JYI J'4l1 ............................................. 195
.J;..~1 ............................................................... 196 The Hollow Waw -15-J1).\1 .J;..~I .............................................. 196 The Hollow Yaa - J\JI .J;..~I .................................................. 198 Hollow Verb -
Defective Verb - Ji9UI ........................................................... 200 The defective Waw -15-J1).\1 ~UI ............................................ 200 The defective Yaa - Jl;jl ~UI ................................................ 201 el!captor
2~
The Imperfect Tense ............................................................... 209 Doubly Weak Verb -
/
,..,/<
"{ L.,.>\ji 0~ J.wlo~G ~.J~ ~
A )t
"Then glorify your Fosterer by praising Him and seek His protective forgiveness. He is certainly the acceptor of repentance." (110:3) 61
3: Pronouns
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
~at.j\J -;....~(~I\~ sk ~J'~ t;~~ "Certainly 1 turn my attention towards Him Who initiated the creation of the skies and the Earth." (6:79)
"We certainly gave you abundance." (108:1)
~;@\ ~\ .:J ~L~ "You are certainly the All-Knowing, the All-Wise." (2:32) Examples of detached pronouns - ~\ )I-h\\:
Masculine
Feminine
We two are Muslims
We all are Muslims
~Jo-:
0" 0>We two are Muslims
~
~U\,
~
I am a Muslim Examples of detached pronouns
Masculine/Feminine
0~:;
~';~il2', "For 1 rim is the kingdom and to Him is due (all) praise." (64: I)
"We" iII bring out for them a living creature from the Earth." (27:82)
~l1S~~0jt, "Did We not expandfor you your bosom." (94: I)
72
4: Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I.!...ly
?
c:-
Feminine
~ Singular
Dual
~\c
~
~
~
For her
For them both
For them all
~
\.:S:J
J=J
For you
For you both
For you all
r
d
person
~~ nd
2
person
~
d
1 person
Forme
5t
Plural
IJ -
For us all
Examples: ~ ,:~/~.,.....'~,. / r '-.r"..-3 7
"And from the evil of the envier \\ hen he envies." (113:5) • The last letter of the
,;Jl 0WI
wili alvays have tanwin
kasrah (-:;;-) or kasrah (,,/) i.e it will always be dqd (genitive).
• 4l0WI can also be in the form of a p'·onoun. However the pronoun will not bear kasrah (,,/) on It.
Examples: ~ .?--:i'': " . " ~ /J., "{~~ .;~ .37
"So that I may complete Afy favor on you." (2: 150)
"His wealth and that which he earned \\ ill not save him." (111:2) ~ /.J. ;.J.i"l ~/:/i~ ""''''1;::': \/j.-!\/ );;"1/ J.,
"{ u~.".... '-f ~ jlI\(J"'3
~.J.per noun (.ij,;..J\). If it is not a proper noun then
the article
'jl·
will be
prefi~ed.
The Qur' an is a book.
It is in the nominative case, ~)\ .u~
(.5:. or 2..).
It will be in agreement with the predicate in terms of number (~~\) and gender (~\).
"And you were unjust." (2:92) J
i\~:~l\ can be a word or a phrase but it cannot be a verb or a
genitive phras..::.
"The
IIIOS!
honored ofyou with Allah is certainly the one
who gl[ards most (against evil)." (49:13)
"The)ree lor the free." (2:178) 108
11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
THE PREDICATE -~\:
It is always a common noun (;~\). The..f.3..1 is
t~~
(_ ~or ~).
The predicate generally agrees with the subject in number (singUlar, dual or plural) and in gender (masculine or feminine). When i\~: :11 is a broken plural of non-human objects (Jf~
;.c.)
the predicate will be feminine singular. For example, '" r~ " "t ~ ~
~ -"~J::'. -"-"}" r+' r
"Their houses fallen down." (27:52) The ..f.3..1 can be a proper noun when it is not an adjective.
"You are our Gaurdian." (2:286)
c..;\ is the subject (\1:::: 11), and
V~~ is the predicate (..f.3..I).
~ J;I rh~' 1-:'~ t19 "I am Yusuf and this is my brother." (12:90) In a nominal sentence that has a predicate as a proper noun a detached pronoun (which is in accordance with the subject in
gender and number) is placed between the subject and the predicate. 109
11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
'"And those are the persons who are successful." (2:5)
;.E--\ can
be a word, phrase or a sentence. It can also be a genitive
phrase.
"AJI Praise is due only for Allah, the Fosterer of the world"." (1 :2) '~~ /~~/
_t--~:I
/}"
~, ~~J.:l~~~-'Y
"And your God is One God." (2:163) If the predicate is a sentence, then a pronoun is used which points towards the subject.
"Those who are humble during their worship (sa/at)." (23:2)
"And who is more unjust than one who bides a testimony which he has from Allah?" (2: 140) 110
11: Simple Nominal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And Allah is the Mighty, the Inflictor of retribution: , (3:4)
"Those are the limits (imposed by) Allah." (2:229)
~4\~\~\:~' "Those are the signs of the Qur'an." (27:1) ~ '-t
~".
\~~
"Z~~_r
"This is clear magic." (27:l3)
111
11: Simp!e Nominal Sentence
~~~~~
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I I I
It
112
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
·1~ ______C_ha_p_te_r_t_2J_____~~. r
~
VERB ~I
Verb is an action word in relation to time that is past, present and future. According to tense, the verbs can be divided into: Past tense (~W\ ~\) : Here the action has been completed,
therefore it is past tense. Present tense (t-d~\ ~\): It is also called imperfect tense
because the action is incomplete i.e. it is being done in the present or will be done in the future.
Past Tense - ~U.I ~I In Arabic, verbs are mostly tri-literal i.e. three lettered. They are oftwo kinds: 1. Consonant Verbs - ~\ jl;j~\ : They are based on three
sound consonants. This chapter deals with these kinds of verbs. 113
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2. Weak Verbs - ;\~:~l\ J\;j~: These are called weak verbs and may hav~ one or more of the vowels (IS - -"' -I) i~ their triliteral formation. These vowels (IS--", -I) are called ~\ JJ~' For example:
.:Ji:.j - to promise
JIj - to say J~
-
to throw
We will deal with the weak verbs in subsequent chapters.
Consonant Verbs - ~:"':t.;'"~' JWa~1 •
The basic or root word is based on the verb
J;j (J-t-0 )
giving the meaning "He did". 0 represents the first radical,
t
the second and
J
the third radical. The root verb is always
masculine-third person-singular. Likewise some other examples are: ~J.1
-
e ~
•
To hit To open
-
Tohelp
The a'raob ('-7"I.):.)'I~) of letter 0 and
J is not variable
in the root, but the a'raab ('-7"1.):.)'1 ~) on
t
is variable,
i.e. it can bear fatha (...::::..), kasrah (-;:::-) or dammah (2..). 114
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
~ )b
t:'
f:J
to deny
to listen
to be genorous
~
w' ·r
~
to see
to drink
to be far distant
j.;-)
0~
~
to enter
to grieve
to be good
Past tense table of J;J
~
3 person mascurme ~\ccJj-o rd
3 person feminine
~U:. ~l.o nd
2
erson masculine
2
~
~ He did ,!
\;J
She did
,::
1;~
They both did
They all did
\~\ ;J
~
They both did They all did
.
\:..'1;< -
~
You did
You both did
cJj-o
': I ;~
\:..'1;< -
~
person feminine
You did
You both did
You all did
~U:. nd
J
~
(J-t-J ) is as follo\\ s:
~\c~l.o rd
J
~
.
You all did
~
,! 1;~
\~\;;
First person (Masculine/F eminine )
I did
We did
115
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
From the above t"ble we note the following important points: •
j;J (-0
With the addition of letters i.e. suffixes to the root
J-t),
the meaning of the verb will change. There are no
prefixes used. In every verb there is a corresponding pronoun hidden in the word. Therefore, we do not need to use explicit pronouns to specify the doer. The following table shows the corresponding pronoun hidden iI' each verb formation. Also note the suffixes added to
.)yA.o
J!..o
~
,
Singular
Dual
Plural
\,
j;j
)\;j
~
He did
They both did
They all did
~\c~~ 3 rd person Masculine
j;j to make the pattern.
Su:"fix-
Hidden pronoun
Suffix
\
~ j
~
Hidden pronoun
~
Suffix
Hidden pronoun
\ j
,
')
j
r'
~ ~\c rd
cJy.
3 person Feminine
She did
They both did
They all did
------,----~~----,-----~-----,----~
Sur~fiIX
l.:" L - -_ _ _ _--'-----_
Hidden I pronoun
Su ffiIX
C!
G
I
I'
116
Hidden pronoun
Suffix
Hidden pronoun
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Lan luage of the QUR'AN
I::
~~.J~ nd
2 person Masculine
You did Hidden pronoun
Suffix
~~ -.:J~
You all did
Hidden pronolITl
Wo
d
Hidden pronoun
Suffix ' t-
o ,
\,""",0
~\
r-'
cJ;j
1:;\;.1
~
You did
You both did
You all did
nd
2 person Feminine
~
You both did Suffix
' ~\ c...;
00
\:..!\;.1
'\;.1
Suffix
Hidden pronoun
00
~\
;C:
,~
Suffix
Hidder pronoUlI
Suffix
Wo
LS\
.:r
Hidden pronow1
::: !
.... ;.o"f.
~\
0
I~\ ;.1
'\;.1 -
I did
We did
~ First person (Masculine/
Suffix
Feminine) J
00
Hidden pronoun
Suffix
d
~o
Hidden pronow1
:?-
----
tr is on the pattern of 1J and
117
is on the pattern of ~.
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The past tense table of
&: is as follows:
\ oj
~\c~~ rd
3 person
ma~cu
~
~
I'me
He heard
They both heard
They all heard ~
3
2
rd
nd
person feminine
.
person masculme
She heard
They both heard
They all heard
You heard
You both heard
You all heard ~!o
,;'
~
~~cJ~
2 nd person feminine
You heard
First person (Masculine/Feminine)
I heard
118
You both heard
You all heard
We heard
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QiJR'AN
The Past tense table of ~ is as follows: "
~
~
~";
','
:'
,Singular, "
~lc~~ 3 person mascu rme
Plural
\~
I)~
They both became distant
They all became distant
"
/J/
rd
~
He became distant
\,3/ J o
~lc cJj-o
3
rd
person feminine
~~~~ 2
person masculine
... J ...
u~
She became distant ,....
nd
0
J ...
u..u...." You became distant , J /
~~ cJj-o nd
2
person feminine
t:-
Pual
'?~
You became distant
~
u~
First person (Masculine/F eminine)
1 became distant
J
0
"~
They both became distant
\.J~
I
I I
'''~
Thevall became dista~
You both became distant
\.J~
0-'~
You both became distant
You all became distant
, J '5/
~ ~ 0 -'~ ...
U~ -
II
u..u~
~~ You all became distant
J,....
119
/
I I
We became distant
12: Verb
I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples: dt,
I
",II. :~t ~/ \-::~ ::g/~ .111,
,~
y--;-
".J_~_
•
..r~
y
"Did you not consider, how your Fosterer dealt with the owners 0 f the elephant?" (l 05: 1)
"Who be lie\ c in the unseen and establish worship (salat) and spend h"om that which We have providedfor them." (2:3 )
~ 53¥- ~ ,>,\~~f\~.:; ; (I;~' ~
J,
"That A Ilah is displeased with them and they will stay in the punishment." (5:80)
"They s, lid, 'Did you do this to our gods, 0 Ibrahim'?'" (21 :62)
~6+~ \jt~J~~U;W, "So the r commerce is of no gain, and they do not receive guidanc '." (2: 16)
~ ~~ ~~ \:;}~~ t~~ \.,~\ t';Ul
a ~~~ ,
"And "hell We (Allah) said to the angels, 'Bow down before / ,dam,' they bowed down except Iblis." (2:34) 120
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Lanquage of the OUR'AN
"Though earlier they were seeking a \ ictory over those who did not believe." (2:89) j{
-: .11/\ ' ~//
I-::-i . . ',
"t -..JY ~ I.JJ..r:' ~-' ,
"And when they went out against Jail, and his forces." (2:250)
"Until when he reached the setting olacc of the sun (west)." (18:86)
"Then, do those who do not belie\e tllink that they can take My servants as guardians besides \1e?" (18: 102) Sometimes in second person masculine plural "_," is added for the flow of pronunciation. It does not imply any meal~ ing to the word.
~ ~;I~ ~2s-:'~ t.;.~ :~~; , "And now you have come to Us Alone _is We had created you." (6:94)
121
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"It is the same to you whether you invite them or you be
silent." (7:193)
~~" ,W'Bt~\-J~8-'>( '~~~~~~j~J~ "And w len vou withdraw from them and that which they serve (\orship) except Allah, then seek refuge in the '() cave. "( 8 : 1,) If the third pers m masculine plural
I)i;J comes with a pronoun,
the alif, 'I' of~"W will be dropped.
"Nor did they (usually) forbid one another the iniquities which tlley committed." (5:79)
~ Z;~~ ~ "To us
~hey
i;fJ)J~ c;.r( c;~,
did no harm, but they harmed their own souls."
(2:57) 6!
J.//":"_
.'-:""/~,1'.J./.-;.I/> >/-:'//
"\ ,.u...Jjl L;;UljJ.lI~\J
O-'J
0>//
.-::~-:'~
,,0.'-' O-'jy-,,,-~1j...o1~6~\ir
"Then those who believe in him and honor him and help him and tallow the light that is sent down with him." (7: 157)
The Use of 'jJ ': The word '.)j' gives the meaning of certainly/verily/has/have/ indeed. It is used before the past perfect tense. 122
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Allah has indeed heard the statement of her who pleads with you concerning her husband." (58: 1)
"And We indeed sent down clear signs." (58:5)
"Successful indeed are the believers." (23: 1)
"We indeed know that which the Earth reduces from them." (50:4)
~ ~,:{I~§J~\.JJ~, "Allah has indeed appointed for you (the procedure for the) dissolution of your oaths." (66:2) Sometimes an additional 'J' is prefixed to 'Jj' which further emphasizes the meaning of the verb and is written as '~'. Examples:
"We had indeed created man in the best form." (95:4) 123
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN /' /'
/'
""'--;'
~J~~Lri~w~\
, I
//
~
at)!'
"W ( had indeed taken a pledge from the children of Israel." (5:7 ))
,~ ~?C~~\ ~~ ~ , "Allah has indeed turned (mercifully) to the prophet." (9:117)
"Ani he had indeed led astray a large group of people fron among you." (36:62)
~ ~;J;J]~\~:@;, "An.! he indeed saw him (Jibreel) in another descent." (53: 3)
124
12: Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 13
VERBAL SENTENCE J
J....
0
"1......',MI (I' ~>jl .
_
'"
0
0
J
....
In a verbal sentence, the sentence begins with
....
"
J
0
IS
called
0 ....
~W\ and the object is called J~\ or ~ 0~\. 125
13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
The subject (~~W\) is always in a nominative state i.e ~-'\ tl~ bearing dammah (2..) or tanwin dammah (.£..) on it. Example: JJ\~ .)j .)
The object (~ J~~ U\) is always in an accusative state i.e." bearingfatha (....:::...) or tanwinfatha
(~)
aq\\ tl~
on it.
Example:
When the noun follows a preposition it will be in the genitive state i.e. yL\.H\"'" with a kasrah (-:;-) or tanwin kasrah (-;-). Examples:
~!o~ ~~ It\~ i)li~ "They said, 'We believe in Allah Who is One. '" (40:84)
~ F!'#:- ~\ ~S ~ "Allah took awa.v their light." (2: 17) Pronouns are not required to be mentioned separately as subject
(~W\) because they are hidden in the verb itself. For example: ,!
In
',!
n;. -- I created.
~1;.' the hidden pronoun is "I".
126
13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Lc"nguage of the QUR'AN
"And when We parted the sea for you and delivered you." (2:50) In
'8)' the hidden pronoun is
'we',
When the object (~ J~~ ;:II) is a pronoun, it 1 sually precedes the subject
(~W'i) aft;r the verb.
"Except the one who is pennitted by the Beneficent and he speaks aright." (78:38)
"So Musa struck him with his fist thus killing him." (28: 15) If the subject is in the fonn of a broken plural of non-human objects, the verb used will be feminine singuLir.
"Those are the persons whose deeds have become fruitless in the world and the hereafte' ." (3 :22) If the subject (~WI) is given in a sentence (not in the form of hidden pronoun) then a singular verb is used irrespective of the subject (singular, dual or plural). If a second verb is required, then it should be according to the subject.
127
13: Verbal Sentence
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"When the hypocrites come to you they say, 'We bear witness tha:. you are certainly a Messenger of Allah.'" (63: 1) Here, .. ~ is a singutlr verb even though the object -5~d\ is plural. J
J
0
The second verb I) ~ is a plural verb in accordance with -5~L.J\. Examples:
"And respo!1d~ to its Fosterer, a duty incumbent on it." (84:2)
~0~t;~~~, "(Every) soul (everyone) will know what (deeds) it has brought for presentation." (81: 14)
"He (Muhammad)fi'owned and turned his back." (80:1)
"He raised its height and then set it in equilibrium." (79:28)
"And We created you in pairs." (78: 8)
128
13: Verbal Sentence
I!
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And We made your sleep for rest.'· (78:9)
4~6A~~\4?, "Allah sets forth an example for thost who do not believe." (66:10)
~~~S~t w~~?:/
"
~~~&.r'of:}' "So Musa struck him with hisfist thus killing him." (28: 15) d£ -;:/. \.;; " ~ '-"/ --::," ~\ J.j( ~~"""
"{~ Y~J~~,AJ~'
"And We granted him Ishaq and Ya'jub in addition (as a grandson)." (21:72)
,''\ ~(i\ ~; \~\)\ . . .'Y _ / _ ~, "When the event befalls." (56: 1) 137
15: Weak Verhs-I
r
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,~~I J\4l1 : Here 1..5 comes in place ofthe first radical 0.
Examples: ~ ~.~
~
~
- To become easy - To dishearten - To become dry
Past tense C0njugation of the verb ~ is as follows:
w\c
;-.
3rd person mascu rme ~\c c.Jj-a
3
rd
person :eminine ~~
2
nd
~
).)..A
S'.:u
.~
~
He lost hope ,~
. . 12
She lost hope
{::
0
12
person masculine You lost hope o .. ~
J~cJ· . 'Y
~
2 nd person feminine
You lost hope
~
~
First per"on (Masculine/F ~minine)
J
o~ .....
I lost hope
138
\ ~ !l
\ 0
They both lost I:: ~
~:;
0
0
They all lost hope .... c
l2
$.""
They all lost hope o!
0
" ....
~
You both lost \:!
$."
~
They both lost hope \:!
J
~
You all ~!
12
(I
$.""
~
You both lost
You all lost hope \~
0
~2
We lost hope
15: Weak Verbs-I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Examples: .-(-:" . "{A r; ~
i ~~c/ j\ /' / /'/i\k 'J.;U
J.. / w-f.. i.Y.:'
)?
"This Day, those who do not believe have lost hope, (due to the success) of your religion." (5:3)
"Those have lost hope of My mercy." (29:23)
"And for those of your women who have passed the age of menstruation." (65:4)
139
15: Weak Verbs-l
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
140
Learning Arabic Langu2ge of the OUR'AN
~~ _______C_h_a_p_te_r__16 J'8
WEAK VERBS-II
Hollow Verb - ~.j~Y~!I Verbs with a weak middle radical i.e. ~ or IS are
t~rmed
as hollow
verbs. They come in place of t., the middle radical. The middle letters) or l5 are replaced with alif, 1for easy pronunciation. They are of two types:
,
"
(5)1)11 J;' '11: Here ~ comes in place of t., the !niddle radical as
J; and is changed to a long alif, an become jIJ Past tense conjugation ofthe verb 'ii'
l 3~
~\c~l.A person mascu I·me
jIJ is as follows:
.)~
~
Singular
t.:-
Dual
Plural
JIJ
'lIJ
IjJIJ
He said 141
They both s, iid They all said 16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~\c~y
3
rd
person feminine
~~~iJ,
\3J~
~~ She said (~
jj
They both said They all said
H
2nd person masculine You said
\:..~1.i You both said
"",,0,
~~~y
~
\:..!o\;
2 nd person feminine
You said
You both said
~
..::...J..j
, J
J
First person (Mascul ine, Feminine)
1~
-
I said
rill
You all said
0ili You all said
lili We all said
Some other verbs on the pattern of J~ are:
j\S - To taste
t~ -
To become hungry
SIC -
To seek refuge
J~
-
To fear
Examples or~ the pattern of J~
"He (Allah) said, '0 Adam! Inform them of the names of these (things).'" (2:33)
.. /i\D/·\d~ ~-~ . &r::l~~.& ~,"" .....;\~~ "db -t~ ! / _-_.J-Y" 0-! - _ ........ ~_~_jt 142
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"They said, 'Glory be to Allah above all! We did not know (find) any evil on his part. ,,, The Aziz's wife said... (12:51)
"Before that (i.e. in the worldly life) they were well-off." (56:45)
,,{ i -~\ ..,1/ i ~15 :-- J\ -:l\"'7 ~ "{ ~J ~ ·:..C "Except those who repent and make amends." (2: 160)
"J certainly turn to You and I am certainly of those who
submit (as Muslims)." (46:15)
"So they tasted the evil result of their conduct; and they had a grievous penalty." (64:5)
~ ~liJ\f.;j J;.. , "Till you come to the graves." (102:2) Here
J\,;... (J;") deviates slightly from the pattern of J~ because
the middle radical 3 has a kasrah (-:::-) on it. Past tense conjugation of J\,;... is as follows: 143
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~lC
'-:--'
.)~
J!-o
~
Singular
Dual
Plural
~~
~~
They both feared
They all feared
8~
~
They both feared
They all feared
\:!b~
\'...! b?-
You both feared
You all feared
\:!b~
~
You both feared
You all feared
J:'
J~
":..0
3rd person mac-cu I'me
He feared
~k~~ -
~~
rd
3
person feminine
She feared
~~~..v> 2
nd
person mac;culine
0 /
'.
~
You feared
~~~~
~
2 nd person feminine
You feared
~ First pers()n (Masculine/F emin me)
J
~ •
~
I feared
-
..
0 /
/JO
.' . l1;.. We feared
The second radical bears kasrah (-:;-), therefore the feminine third person plural becomes
t.
~ which has a kasrah (-:;-) on the
The remaining words will follow the same pattern with the
kasrah (-:;-). 144
16: Weak Verhs-/I
I I I
Learning Arabic Lallguage of the OUR'AN
Some other verbs with similar behavior are:
fG - To sleep ~tS' - To be about to
Examples on the pattern of 0'G..
:
"But he who fears from him who bequeaths, some unjust or sinful (clause)." (2:182)
"But when you fear about him (that they may slaughter him) then cast him into the river." (28:7)
~ ..s;G~~J9\,~ ~?::- ~~J ~ And I fear my heirs after me." (19: 5)
~ 0;t ~~ ~~ !(~ "While they were more close to, not doing it. (2:71) Here o~ (0;:') and
(or)
is on the pattern of
jlj and 0'G..
respectively. Therefore, the third person feminine plural will be in both forms ~ and::;':" and thereby the table will carryon forward with the kasrah (-:;-) and dammah (__ ) respectively.
145
16: Weak Verbs-ll
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"What! When we die and become (part of the) soil and bones, will we (then) be raised." (37: 16)
"Ami whether you die or you are slain, (in any case) you will he gathered towards Allah." (3:158)
"She said, 'I wish I had died before this. '" (19:23)
"Thm;e who did not believe and died while they were infidels." (2:161)
~ l;;J \ uy, ~\: Here LS comes in place of l, the middle radical as
Ei and is c;langed to a long alif, and becomes t ~ . Some other verbs on the pattern of t ~ are:
in
0~
- To pass the night
J~L:.
- To move
t\) - To tum aside t
Past tense con] ugation of ~ is as follows:
146
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~\c.J~
r d person mascurme ~\ccJy rd
3 person feminine
~G:. .J~
t~
\.Ct;
nd
2
cJy
person feminine
~ First person (MasculinelF eminine )
~"
He sold They both sold They all sold
,
t;
~
c...c- "
~
~t;
,
~
She sold They both sold They all sold , ~
o J
~
~
2nd person mascu I"me You sold You both
~G:.
t;
\' J
,
~old
~
You sold You both sold
J
,
You all sold ~j ()
\:~;;
': .;
0
~
You all sold
~
~
I sold
We sold
Examples on the pattern of
t~ :
~~~L!~~;Gr~j~J.-- ~~5, "Then from among them is he who says, 'Which of you has this (chapter of the Qur'an) increased in belief?'" (9:124) 147
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~ ~ ~ ;}~) ~~;;'.!1~L;-\S~J' "And when they come to you, they greet you with (a greeting) with which Allah does not greet you." (58:8)
"They (her iJeople) said, '0 Maryam! You have come with a stranfe thing. '" (19:27) if, .~ ;,.
t·-- \--: : . ~}"
"'r~~
j?
"And eat from it freely from wherever you like." (2:58) L ~
-.>~ ~.J;jJ " ~~ . . , , ~\: ~~ =! ~l}" \ " . . 'Jl ---
"They were young men (who) believed in their Fosterer, and We lnCr, ?ased them in guidance." (18: 13)
~~)i~\&\~0~, "So when [he}' deviated from the right, Allah (also) deviated their hearts from the right." (61 :5)
"Then wher M usa fulfilled the term and was traveling by night with his family." (28:29)
148
16: Weak Verbs-II
Learning Arabic language of the QUR'AN
Chapter 17
WEAK VEIl8! -III Defective Verb -~lin Verbs with a weak final radical are called del;:;ctive. Here 3 or LS comes in place of J, the final radical in the root
j;.1. They are of
two types:
Here J comes in the place of last radical
J ant:
is written with an
alif, like in ;c.~ -7 lC~ - to pray/to call
The past tense conjugation of lC~ is as follows:
~\c .J~ 3~ person mascu l'me
..)~
~
t:
Singular
Dual
Plural
lC~
~~
~~
He called They both cal led They all called 149
17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
w\c~~
3
II
2
nd
j
They all called
LJ§-:;
~~.)
You called
You both called
You all called
'?§-:;
LJ§-:;
Lr~.)
You called
You both called
You all called
U..c.) -F I
person mascuh ne
I
~~~~
2
They both called
c:" She person lemml11e _ C~~l~~
rd'
~~.J~
nd
c:'
0§-:;
u:;
.
person Jemmme
J
0 ....
"'"
u~.)
First person \ I called (Masculine/F emin i ne) I
oJ
::z
0 ........
~ 0 .........
'G.J.C:;
We called
Some other verbs on the pattern of \C.:; are: ~.J
-
W -
To hope To be hard
)IJ - To r~cite Examples on the pattern of
\C:;:
~ (':~jL;;, "They both pray to Allah their Fosterer." (7: 189)
150
17: Weak Verbs-III
Learning Arabic Langliage of the QUR'AN
"He said, 'My Fosterer! I invited my people (towards You) night and day. '" (71 :5)
"This was the procedure of Allah which has passed among His servants (in earlier gen erations too)." (40:85)
"Then We pardoned you even after that.' (2:52)
"Then your hearts hardened even after that." (2:74)
"But when alone, some of them say to oHlers." (2:76)
"(That was) Allah's procedure with those who passed away earlier." (33:38)
Here 15 comes in the place of last radical -J~
J.
- To throwlblame 151
. 7: Weak Verbs-llI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
The past tense cOlljugation of J~ is as follows: .)~
J!.o
t:
Singular
Dual
Plural
\' G/ J~ ~ J 'YJ He threw They both threw They all threw /
3rd person m,
3
rd
SClI line
~\.c"::"'::J-'> person t"emil 1111e
,
/
G.,:,/
/
\[J T~\ / oW i--'~ \j~j \~
./
4
,/ /' '\
~~~.
"That was because they disobeyed and t:ley exceeded the limits." (5:78)
~ ~ J;Jl0;:~ J~~';\, "Go to Fira'wn, he has certainly rebclle( '." (20:24) ,.--;
/ , / ' / / /. . . "
/'.J.
//
~ ;;:~~ __),...J J..:-)/\ lS"y~
L:t, ///
"Then when Musafit(fzlled the term and was traveling by night with his family." (28:29)
~\~~\~G, 153
17: Weak Verbs-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And 'vhen He decrees an affair." (2: 117)
"Say, . I fcar the punishment of the Great Day, if J disobey my Fo.;terer. ", (6: 15) In ~ the second radical bears kasrah (7) and therefore we observe a change in the pattern as compared to the base pattern ~~
in which tIe second radical bearsfatha ('-::::").
Past tense con. ugation of ~ is as follows: J~
Ji.o
t:-
Singular
Dual
Plural
w\c . J ~i.A
~
91
3 person masculine
Hemet
rd
0\c
~~j-o
I
,~ :~
i
\~:gl
I
!
3
rd
person feminine ~'J:. )--r~-l
1 _______-i_____-L__~il~Vl~ 2'd
t:-
Plural
person feminine
~ First person (Masculine/Feminine)
,
I
..-
You hoth liwd
You all lived
~
\:~:=;.
I lived
We lived
~
161
i
lived ~!o
You lived
,
r
~
~
': -:=>
j
I
18: Doubly Weak Verbs
...........;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;~~~~
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
162
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
1i~ ____·_]_C_h_ap_t_er__19______ r
THE DOUBLE LETTERED VERB
In some verbs the second and third radical arc identical. In such cases the second radical will have shaddah (~) on it and hence it will be pronounced twice. Example: ~ (0-0- J:,) - to think/to suspect
Some grammarians categorize double lettered verbs as tri-literal and some as bi-literal. Past tense conjugation of ~ is as follows: ~~ I
Singular
~~~~ 3rd person mascu rme
~ He thought 163
?
e::-
Dual ..
Plural
a
~
They both thought
They all thought
19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
;!.\c, .
yd
8 .. ~
-::;!.
~y'
'-:-'-'
person fern inine
She thought
They both thought
.. .. . ~
...... ~
You thought
You both thought
You all thought
.. .. . ~
.. " .. \:;~~lb
...... 3tt
You thought
You both thought
You all thought
~I.s:. ~l., 2
nd
person mas,:uline
JI.s:. . 2
nd
~> 'Y 0
person feminine
r-L First persall (Masculine/Fern inine)
. .. ~
S
,!
They all thought
?
H~&
:~lb
I thought
We thought
In the third person feminine plural the shaddah
(~)
is removed
and the letters will be written individually. In the remaining table this pattern is carried forward. Some words on tile pattern of ~ are:
~ - To ~trel1gthen .; - To p~lSS ~ - To run away
Examples:
164
19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Lailguage of the OUR'AN
"Nothing indicated his death to thelli except a moving creature of the earth." (34: 14)
"( will not follow your desires, (and in case I did) then indeed I would go astray and I would not be of those who are guided." (6:56)
~ ~\ ~ ~(~ d- \.,~ 1;'7 5:JI ~~ "Those who do not believe and tllrn ('way (people) from the way of Allah." (4:167)
~~~-::;\},-:: rJI e-~' "So whoever is on a pilgrimage (llajj) to the house (Ka'bah) or pays a visit (Umrah)." (2: 158)
"And that which she worshipped besides Allah, had hindered her (earlier)." (27:43)
~ ~$~\~ W~ ~~\ j~ J
.:ru: tt)
"And we thought that mankind and jilin never speak a lie against Allah." (72:5)
~ \~~\,~~JJP G'i;1~t: "And they (too) thought as you thol,ght that Allah will never raise anyone (to life after death '." (72:7) 165
19:
/Jollble~Lettered
Words
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"May the hands of Abu Lahab perish. And may he perish." (111:1)
~f~tf~\G:~\:~~, "(Such) hann and happiness did afflict our forefathers (too)." (7:95)
"But when We remove from him that which harmed him, he passes on as if he had not prayed to Us for the harm that had afflicted him." (l 0: 12)
"So when he covers her she bears a light burden and moves about with it." (7: 189)
"So when the night covered him he saw a planet." (6:76)
"And messengers about whom We did mention to you earlier." (4: 164)
166
19: Double-Lettered Words
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
.~
~ ~-------- ~-- -~--~~--~
Chapter 20 I ~
VERBS WITH FIXED
PREPt~SITIONS
Some verbs are found with prepositions attached to their object. Verbs with such prepositions sometimes convey different meanings. For example: ~ means "to judge", "to fulfill", "to decree" but when
it comes with the preposition
jC it J aeans "to bring to an
end", "to kill".
~0NJ,~j~W~\~~\~~)~ "And when He decrees an affair, 'Be,' so it is." (2:117)
thi..~n
He says to it only,
~ ~;:';~;:0, "So Musa struck him with his fist thus killing him." (28: 15)
Y means "to bear witness", "to be present". When it comes with Jc it means "to bear witness against"I"give testimony against". 167
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So whoev:r among you is present in the month of (Ramadan), let him then fast." (2:! 85)
"'They will s ly,~/e bear witness against ourselves, m (6: 130) ~G
with or withOl t
with
jc it means, " 0 ;(
'7).."'''''-
~,!
means "to repent" but when it comes
accept repentance"/"to forgive". ._
".:
,...,..-;
~ ~~ ~ • ~ ~-' I:i ~ "But
whoev~r
"
;ft
repents after his injustice," (5:39)
"Then Alla;l lviil turn to him (mercifully)," (5:39) When
~~
comes vithout any preposition it means "to come",
However, when it is used with the preposition
y
it means, "to
get"/"to bring",
"So when he come to him and narrated (his) narrative." (28:25)
~ ~; ~~ {~ ~J\, ~ \::s;rf .1):;
ji,
"Say, 'Who (then) sent down the book with which Musa had come?'" (6:91) 168
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Lan]uage of the OUR'AN
The following table shows verbs with fixed prlpositions: Preposition
Meaning with Preposition
J
He ',aid, to speak, to in~pire, to indicate
J
To give as a gift, to grailt, to bestow on, dedicate
J
To forgive, pardon
J
To realize or acknowledge one's favor, to thank, be grateful
J
T (l prostrate, to be submissive
J
T\) bear, perceive, respond, listen, allow, give permission
'~
J
Be witness, be present
Be witness, be present
Jc
To bear witness, give testimony against
Verb with meaning
J~ He said, to speak, to inspire, to indicate
0j To give as a gift, to grant, to bestow on, dedicate
)l To cover, veil
~ To realize or acknowledge one's favour, to thank, be grateful "
,
~
To prostrate, to be submissive
0)\ To bear, perceive, respond, listen, allow, give permiSSion
169
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
\ji.
To pass over, to 'orgo
To forgive, to pardon
::J-
To abound
::J-
To pull away, to remove, take off, to open up, lay open, to bare
::J-
To prevent, forbid, prohibit, restrain
::J-
To stray, disappear, gone away, failed
Jc
To recite
Jc
To pass on , by
y
To pass with, carry
Jc
To indicate, point, show, guide, discover
Jc
To bring to an end, i.e. to kill
i
~ '
::J-Iy
~
To remove
~
I
To forbid
J.b Err, wasted, go forgets
I
a~tray,
~ To follow :;;~
r
To pass, move, pass on
j~ Indicated, showed, pointed at, guided, discovered
~ To fulfill, to judge, decide
170
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN :: ::
~
To communicate, narrate (a story), to follow one's track y..~
To enter
Jo:J:-
Jc
To communicate, narrate (a story), to follow one's track
Jc
To enter
Jc
To show, to set before, propound a matter.
~
To offer, to present
To happen, to take place
uG
Jl
To seek forgiveness, to repent
To seek forgiveness, to repent
Jc
To accept repentance, to forgive
Jl
To agree, to make up, to reconcile, to arrive at, to reach a place.
:-J-/Jc
To depart from
~j To reach a place, to arrive at, to seek friendship, to reconcile
~
To appear, rise, to ascend
171
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~~ To be pleased, satiE flcd, content, chosen, pl·~ fe
l
~~
He came
'.J;. / '-' ;
To be pleased
y
He brought, he got
'-'
He brought, he got, he gave
U
~,
JI He came, arrived :;;
~
~ To interest, regar j , concern, worry, Cl re
I
'-'
To have in mind, intend, desire
'-'
To come out, produce
y
To command
y
To seek protection, take refuge
'-'
To hide, to refuse, to deny, reject. To disbelieve, denied ungratefully
~--
...-
.....
-;
Cr To come out
r~ ~i To command ~\C
To seek protectiol1, take refuge
~ To be ungrateful negligent, thankle .;;s
172
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Lar,guage of the OUR'AN
--- ...--;
u
Took away
y
Is gone away, departed
~
To Jesire, long for
y
To :1ave no desire, 10 be averse
l.-..I'l:>')
He went, is gone
~.J To long
Jl
supplicate
uy ,
To prefer( one thing ('ver another)
Jl
To come back to, to return
u
To bring, lead back, to bear
jC
To be unjust, to oppress
;
~t;
Settled, incurred, earned
10
~,
~
To seek, wish for, desire, oppress
~
,. ,..,-:
With ')U.; : to coin a
To strike, to beat
similitude, give a parable, set an example
Yr
173
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"When his Fosterer said to him (Ibrahim), 'Submit.' He replied, '[ submit before the Fosterer of the worlds.'" (2:131)
"And grant us mercy from Thine Own Presence; for Thou art t he Grantor of bounties without measure." (3 :8)
"He said, 'My fosterer! I have been unjust to myself so protectively forgive me.' So He protectively forgave him." (28: 16)
"The Day their tongues and their hands and their feet will bear witness against them as to that which they used to do." (24:24)
"But when We remove from him that which harmed him." (10: 12)
174
20: Fixed Prepositions
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"Then We bring out through it fruits of every kind." (7:57) A
~~' ~~ u')-'L'
You both You all say/ say/ will say will say
23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Langua'Je of the QUR'AN
--
nd
2
person feminine
~'1)S
~'~:; M-'~
~~cJy
You say/ will say
~
j~\
First person (Masculine/F eminine)
I say/ will say
jJs
You both You all say/will sav say/will say
j~ -
We say/ will say -
In the third person and second person feminine plural, the 3 is dropped and they will become ~ and
JJs rcsp,xtiveiy.
Exception: As mentioned earlier, 0G-. is an exception to the rule. Hence it will not follow the pattern of j~ : j~. The imperfect tense conjugation of 0G-.: '". .h~ is as follows: "-
r:-
;)~
~
Singular
Dual
Plural
')
-
We see/will see
There is an irregularity in the pattern of l>t: l> 'j. 204
23: The Imperfect Tense-Ill
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
~~;;L~:tI->lt5) ;:;Jt, "And those who join that which Allah has commanded to be joined." (13 :21 )
"Nor do they adopt as their religion, the religion of truth (Islam)." (9:29) L AJ "t ,,;-
('
-f; ~f'-:' !.J\ ~-:: J" J".:P .. ..r 7
r'~ - /
"Who is the god other than Allah who could bring them (back) to you?" (6:46) L ,- ~ ~ II . ~ i:; ~ \ J" "t /. ~~-' - .. 7
"When they transgressed in (the matter oj) the Sabbath." (7: 163)
"Wby do you not come to us witb the angels, if you are of the truthful ones?" (15: 7)
-t;j ~~ / ! '/:1 /',-'/1, iY.-')t
j[ -:' ~)- ~"i~'6~ )0 :\'~ ~~. "{ u~'Y ;.-~-","="" ~
"And the day they did not keep the Sabhath, it (fish) did not come to them. Thus did We test them because they transgressed. " (7: 163)
205
23: The imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Why do you admonish a people whom Allah would destroy." (7: 164) d£ ~L.:;.-,/. ~
'" /'
>1 ~(;~'}l
/ '.r!.. .y
If'
"Say'] seek the protection of the Fosterer of the day break. '" ( 113 : 1)
~Yl.s\~GC~~ "He will enter flaming fire." (111 :3)
~~k~~i~~\~j;,~~ "A messenger from Allah, reading clean pages." (98:2)
"And as f()r him who comes to you striving hard." (80:8)
~~;; J~ "And he/ears." (80:9)
"And the Hell will be made manifest/or him who sees." (79:36) d£:L/
"{ -~
C::;\/,,'.5 (G~ 'i~ - :J '"f':':- ~ r '}l 206
23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arac'c Language of the OUR'AN
"For them therein, there will bevhat they will for, and more from Us." (50:35)
44~ /~~~~}~L: ~~i~ "So be patient over what they say, and glorify by praising your Fosterer." (50:39)
"The Day We will say to Hell, 'j\re you filled?' And it will say, "Are there any more?'" (50:30)
"But (He involves you in such situations) that He may test some ofyou by means of others." (47:4) A ~y]\ (I.!.) . --- \ J. N . / ~l (I.!.) .'" \ J.. //~ "'Z /Y' .~~::J .~Y1:r 7
"He grants females (daughters) to whom He wills and He grants males (sons) to whom He wills." (42:49) A
"'Z
.'/,i; '''~'/ ~.:; :t11iI-:·a0(~.
~u-~~/
~
-/ 1-'7
"And many of the partners certainly wrong one another." (38:24)
207
23: The Imperfect Tense-III
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
208
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
:~ ,..
Chapter 24
~-~
THE IMPERFECT TENSE - IV J
...
.
J
.
J. "
t;~tJ.a;Ut IJI
0
0 ......
Doubly Weak Verb - ~I ~ ~~I
Here we will study the imperfect tense conj ugation of verbs that ~
,
have more than one weak verb (~\ 03~\) in their formation. Verbs with the first and third radicals as weak letters follow the same pattern as the defective verb (Jj : ~~). The 3 is dropped in the formation of the imperfect tense.
Example:
l1;: :.f: -
to save
l.t; : :.f::
Imperfect tense conjugation of ..
~~
Singular ~\c.).l~
3rd person mascu rme
:.f;
?
~
Dual
Plural
. LA:;
-: () !...u~
~
-,-
They all They both He saves/ will save save/will save save/will save 209
24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN ,---
I
~lc cJ~
-,, rd
person feminine
:J}
She saves/ They both They all will save save/will save save/will save
:J?
,---1U:. ~~ ",nd L.
",;ld
-
.
\~-~
--:
- --
u~
0
~~
u~
You savel You both You all will save save/will save save/will save
pc:rson masculine
~--1 U:.
~
.,~
i..} -~
~
cJj.o
. L::..i
~
i..} --
You savel You both You all will save save/will save save/will save
rerson feminine
•
~
~\
First person (Masculine/Feminine)
I savel will save
:J} -
We savel will save
Verbs wIth the second and thIrd radIcals as weak letters follow the pattern of
J: ft
Example:
ci : ~/~ - to live ,'"
wlc~~ 3 rd person masculine
Singular '
l*
Dual
Plural
~
.\n~
i..} -- -
0~
He lives/ will live
They both live/ will live
210
~
"
ct
.".'
They all live/ will live
24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
~\ccJy
3rd person feminine
~~.J~ nd
2
person mascurme
~~cJy nd
2
person feminine
~
~
y. t:.i ~~
~
They all She lives/ They both will live live/ will liv~ live/will live
;i You live/ will live
s;;;You live/ will live ~.
~
y. t:.i ~~
You all live/ You both will live live/will hv~
·d Y ~~
211
~
You all live/ You both will live live/ wi 11 Ii" e
i
First person I live/ will (Masculine/F eminine) live
0~
-
J?We live/will live
24: The Imperfect Tense-IV
~~~~
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I I
\ \
212
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Chapter 25
I
THE IMPERFECT TENSE - V ~
;'
J
J
0
e;~I~1 o
17
0 ....
The Double Lettered Verbs - ~~I ~ ~~I
Verbs in which the second and third radicals arc identical and bear a
shaddah (:':.. ) on them, will be pronounced twice. For example:
0lb : ~ -
To think!to suspect
Imperfect tense conjugation of
01 : ~ : ?
,)~
0\c~~ rd
3 person masculine
0\ccJj-o rd
3 person feminine
t:-
Singular
Dual
Plural
~
o..
o~~~~~ ..
He thinks/ will think
They both tllink / will thin k
They all think! will think
~/lb..~
.' . ~
\~~~~
~
?
~
She thinks/ They both tllink / will thin k will think 213
They all think! will think
25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~~~l.4 nd
~
You both think!will think
o~~~lb~ .. -
2 person masculine
You think! will think
~~cJy
~
........
~\~lb~
~
2 person feminine
You think! will think
You both think! will think
You all think! will think
~
~\ -
We think! will think
nd
First person (Masculine/ Feminine)
I think!will think
You all think! will think
~
Note: Usually there is a dammah ( .2..) on the second radical in the conjugation of the imperfect tense. For example: To strengthen To pass To touch To make happy ,.., "
J
,,.
.:Y : ~~
To favor/gift To lighten To intend
Sometimes the second radical may bear kasrah ("7) or fatha (..::::...). Here are some examples: )
: ~ - To run away/escape 214
25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Languaqe of the OUR'AN
,
: ~ - To stay permanently/dwell in
,
: ~ - To be cool
Examples from the Qur'an:
"And those who deny Our signs, the punishment will afflict them because they used to transgress." (6:49)
"They consider it their favor on you that the; have accepted Islam." (49:17)
"And they do nothing but guess." (2:78)
"A Day when man will run away from his brother." (80:34)
215
25: The Imperfect Tense-V
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
216
Learning Arabic Lanuuage of the OUR'AN
t~
Chapter 26 r----PAST CONTINUOUS ,
~
I)
....
C)
C)
"
~
(1
~~~ttl ~UI ~I
-str is a helping verb meaning '·was/were". Howe\ er, when it comes before the imperfect tense it will make it a past c )ntinuous verb. For example:
~ .j\5' - He was doing. Past continuous conjugation of ~
~\c~~ rd
3 person mascu rme ~\ccJj-o rd
3 person feminine
.j\5': ~
.)~
~
~
Singular
D ual
Plural
~. u~\5'
~ ~\,; 5' They bot h were doil Ig
\'!\5' u~ ;\;J.:;.'Y
He was doing
j;l3 CJ\5' She was doing 217
/
/
/
c,
:
'\5' ~ They bot h were doil ig /
They all were doing
. . j;L~ They all were doing
26: Past Continuous
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
---~- --~,:~ ,
\:..o?"'.
'.~
I....-....b\.:-
.
v
..r
person maseu
2
nd
;:!;
,~
I
person femin
. "
i I
You were d' omg
i
In,;! _
I
I
i
\'I':~ \:~:!; ,~\);i0,,,~!::(j
v yuuu
v
You both d . were omg
r&~;~ 41~)Ws d I
~
-
You all d . were omg
j;~ ]3
You were You both You all doing were doing were doing ---~----~~--~~~--~+-~~~~ / vl~:'-;' :,~~ ~ __ ~~jO;' ~w I
lk
II'
~\~
First person . I I We were ., . I I was domg I (Masculme/Femm:nc dOll1g The conjugation flir 2,'$" is in the past tense though it is used along with the imp,.Tfe--:t tense ~.
I'
I
I
Examples.' If /
}/"/
J.,.
"""
'/"
~' --:....>-'~ ~.~\~j ~ D
;'
"..
/ ~.,'
4 dl'::';r;
"That was ')ecause of their disobedience and they were the persons who exceeded the limits." (2:61 ) l'
~
/
t 'J."''';
/
~ 0-".1 -'~)_0~~~~~ If.
. / "
./
"'-:;:"
---.
'7
_
II)
'"
-' -;
• "'\ /
"
u-',
"And that you fast is better for you {[you know." (2:184)
~ ;:\~~\i ~:)i;-
"t (Ie
~
"They hoth Ilsed to eat food." (5:75)
~,~
::ilJ:i ~~J\~~\~;\-:.~~~ /
"And We delivered him from the town which practiced bad things." (21 :74)
~ ~\':-,,;;f t! Gt~ ~ if
e:: G5'j i,ilG ~
"And they will say, 'Had we hut listened or understood, we would not have been among the inhabitants of blazing fire. '" (67: 10) 218
26: Past Continuous
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR' AN
~~
_______C_h_ap_t_e_r_2_7_______
r
MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE - I
The imperfect tense by slight changes may be in two forms . • The Subjunctive Mood -
y~ ~~ :II ti~\.
• The Jussive Moods - r-,~I
UWl.
01
When a particle such as (that) precedes the simple imperfect tense ~ (he does/ will do), it changes the case ending of the imperfect verb to fatha or nasab (....::::...). The meaning differs from what it has in its absolute case. This is the sUbjunctive mood of the verb. For example:
j;l; 0\ - That he does/ will do. Similarly, if a particle such as
01 (it) precedes the simple imperfect
tense ~ (he does/will do) it ~ill change th~ case ending of the imperfect verb to sukoon or jazm (_. ) and the meaning will differ from its absolute case. This is the jussive mood of the verb. 219 27:Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~ 0~ - ifhe does/will do. These two forms of the imperfect tense, the subjunctive and jussive moods call be made by slight changes to the imperfect tense verb.
The Subjunctive - ~~I f;t~t The prefixed particles ~W\
J..,j-I
change the mood of the
imperfect tense to the subjunctive. They are listed below: ,
0
~
'~J-\
Meaning
will never
0\
that/that not
~\
01+ 'J=
'X$
So that/so that not
Until
So thatlin order to
\
Therefore/then
220 27:Moods of the lmpeifect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Below is a table demonstrating, the action of (0\) on the imperfect tense (~):
~Ie~l-o rd
3 person mascu rme
'Ie c..;y ~
~
rd
3 person feminine
~~ ~l-o 2nd person mascu I'me ~~cJy nd
2
person feminine
~
~~
~
~
Singular
Dual
Plural
~_ u~\
~~\ _u
I)J;~_ u~\
that they both that he doeslwill do dol will do
~0\
)Wj u~\
that they both that she doeslwill do dol will do
~ u~\
)Wj
that you that you both dol will do dol will do
zl; ;~ 0\
)Wj
01
that you that you both dol will do dol will do that r dol will do
j;;; 0\ I hat
they all dol will do
I)J;~
01
that you all dol will do
J; . ;~ u~ 1 Lhat you all dol will do
~0\
j;J10\
First person (Masculine/Feminine)
01
t.hat they all dol will do
-
that we dol will do
Points to note from the above table: The fathah (..::::..) which is evident in the imperfect tense is seen only on the singular third person masculine and leminine, the singular second person masculine and on the first person singular and plural. i.e.
~ , ~ , j.Jf , ~ . For all other forms, the 0
of duals and plurals are dropped except in the feminine plurals. 221
27 :Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples of ~UI J--,y:L1 found in the Qur'an. Example
'oi' (that):
"Nor should they themselves go out, unless they commit aturpen inuecenc)1." (6S·.\) o
As '~~' is feminine plural, the' 0' is not dropped.
''It is most nateful to Allan that you say tnat which you do not do." (61:3)
'3)~ , due to the addition of' 0f..
The \ / is dropped irom o
$:...
:: -;.
• 01 +':1 ~ ':11 - (that not): Example: db ~ -- /~ ~~:( "{-...;,.)J~Y
"Do not fear nor
j\.(:ll i ~ :l" i>--;"";: 1" i~a ~h"j?
~".;.~~~~...,~
but receive the good news of the garden which you are promised". (41 :30)
• y+ 01~ 0~
g1 .eve
- (for that):
Example: db ~\Jf 0~i"~ "{ -,,~ u 0-'("(5!Y JY ~ ~'.J 'Ji"
"And I am commanded that 1 should be the first of those who submit (as Muslims)." (39:12) 222 27:Moods ofthe Impeifect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Lan9uage of the QUR'AN
• .)J : It
gives the meaning of will never and is a strong
negation of the future. When
,jJ is prefixed
to the t.d~\' it
will indicate the future tense. For example: "C
'4-:1\/·7/ .\~)?, ~ U"" ~
:l{ ('"'"
"Allah will never jc)rgive them proketi, ely." (9:80) ~.>
/. ..• ~~\ / -'.- ,~ -.:...:....>y;--;; j.)-
/'
j.
-:;,/
~ ~
,.,.,~" I> . J : . , / /
,/
··q\\UJ~ -.r.: _J'_ _ ,
"You will never attain righteousness unless you spend from that which you love." (3:92)
• 6'- In order to/so that: "That we may glorifj' You much." (20:3))
• ')\$ - So that notlin order not to: For example:
"So that the (wealth) may not become an item of circulation (only) between the rich among you." (59:7)
• ~ - So that not:
"So that he does not know anything (even) after (having
had) knowledge." (16:70) 223 27 :Mootls of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
• J.;. - Until: ~ 5~~~~~;)S1;, "And 10 not go near them till they are clean." (2:222) 4,......':131 -:' ,~,/l\.
.. ,~: , ;.11 ~\ H/) ~ / ~
,./
-"
"That Alah may separate the bad ones from the good ones."
(~:37\
"That He' may cut off a portion from among those who did not believe." (3:127)
226
27:Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN A~-::'f"'I",,,,/.r'"
"'~"'//~-:'///~~;~
"{.f-u ~-' ~~ ~ r..l.A)t:. All\~~r
"That Allah may protect you from (every) sin of yours which you (could) send in advance and which you (could) leave behind." (48:2)
"And We taught him the (art of) making coats of mail for you that they might protect you in your wars." (21 :80) A "{
I~\·\/·/·)
~I..;.J ~
'-rl
.~n~~-::"'i~/-::
~'%-
,a'-' \~-' 'W --:....> I'
.....~i-:!"/.·--''''-;\~
~'.~~ J..:....,Q~.uI
r
"And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a hindrance in your righteousness and guarding (against evil) and effecting reconciliation betwecn human being." (2:224) In the last example, we see that the conjunction '_/ (~I 31)) meaning "and" carries forward the effect of thc "~WI J 3 JlI" Therefore, the following imperfect verbs joined by '.J' will be affected in the same manner as the first verb and will be in the SUbjunctive form. When ~\.:.ll J 3 JlI come before weak verbs (~\~:~ll jw~\), hamzated verbs (;3~1 jw ~\) and doubled letters verbs ( jw ~ L.cW:JI) we will observe the same changes as in the consonant verbs, therefore, they do not need to be dealt with separately.
227
27:Moods of the Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"He c.)flnnands thaI you serve no one but Him Alone." (12:4( )
"Do n It F
nor grieve but receive the good news of the gardel wlch you are promised." (41:30) Ii'
:;:s: -j~ I?'; -;~ r d:.i d\ I;)'~;::~~ _
~
't-:'"'
_..f_-_
_
~
..f
Y
"i'hus We returned you to your mother that her eye might be cae led and (that) she might not grieve." (20:40)
"And jo not go near them till they are clean." (2:222)
"And t 1ey will not enter the garden until the camel passes througi i the eye of the needle." (7 :40)
"That \lIah may separate the bad ones from the good ones." 8::;7)
"That He may cut off a portion from among those who did not believe." (3:127)
226 27:Moods ofthe Impeifect Tense-/
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"That Allah may protect you from (every) sin of yours which you (could) send in advance and which you (could) leave behind." (48:2)
"And We taught him the (art of) making coats of mail for you that they might protect you in your wars." (21 :80) A
"\. ~
8\ ~ ~~/i~\ ~!-:/i~:-;:/i~/:: .1·{-_~_---_J ~J IJP..'--"':""> Ii
·'---:Nt./.·~d1\~
___ ~, ~t/'
r
"And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a hindrance in your righteousness and guarding (against evil) and effecting reconciliation between human being." (2:224) In the last example, we see that the conjunction '_/ (~I 31)) meaning "and" carries forward the effect of the "~\.::.ll J3~1" Therefore, the following imperfect verbs joined by '~/ will be affected in the same manner as the first verb and will be in the sUbjunctive form. When ~\.::.ll J3~1 come before weak verbs (J\~::ll J~'J\), hamzated verbs (;5~1 J~'J\) and doubled letters verbs (J~~\ i.ia..bjl) we will observe the same changes as in the consonant verbs, therefore, they do not need to be dealt with separately.
227
27:Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-I
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
228
Learning Arabic language of the QUR'AN
.~~ _______C_h_ap__t_e_r_2_8 r
MOODS OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE - II
The Jussive - r~'~1 ~~I The prefixed particles which are called ~}::-I mood of the imperfect tense to the jussivc
~
0 3 J-\
change the
'1ere the tlnal radical
takes a sukoon orjazm (_0 ). These are listed below: J
Q
)
Q,...
~.\.;l..\J~\ ~ . ')
Meaning 1
~
Was no,/did not
~
Not yet
~
-----
I
u~
lf
~
Should
'1
Dono t/Should not
229
28: Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Table with ~
01: J.1A~
.)~
Singular
3rd person mascu rI ne ~\c ~j-o
3 rd person feminine
P.1uriil •. ~ ·
~0~ Ifhe doesl will do
~~\ . u~
9;~. u~ ~\
If they both dol will do
If they all dolwill do
~~\ u~
~~\ u~
j;;~ ~\ . . u~
0,... 0;:::;
~\c5~
Duai
r:: . .
0
\
If she doesl If they both dol will do will do
If they all dolwill do
~~\ u~
~~\ u~
9;1~ U; ~\
If you dol will do
If you both dol will do
If you all dolwill do
j; ;~ ~ \ '.~ u~
~~\ U;
2 nd person femmll1e l' .
If you dol will do
If you both dol will do
~
J;jl u;~ \
First person (Masculine/F emini ne)
If I dolwill do
~~5~ 2 nd person masculine ~~~j-o
j;;~
01
If you all dolwill do ~~\ u;
-
Ifwe dol will do
Points to note from the above table: The sukoon (_') which is evident in the imperfect is seen only on the singular third person and second person masculine and feminine and on the first person singular and plural. i.e.
j.;l; ,
~ , J;jl and ~. For all other forms, the' 0' of duals and plurals are dropped as in the subjunctive, except in the case of feminine plurals. 230
28: Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-II
Learning AraOlc , anguage at the OUR'AN
~ - was not/did not: It is used to deny a s ,atement. It changes the present future tense to past tense.
/ \-;;._/ /" ...r.'~, ~.~, -:J \ -::; ';', u--:- ~,
~
"We did not assign (this) name to my one befixc." (19:7)
Ij - not yet:
"And (will do so to) others (tOO) fron among those who
have not yet joined them." (62: ::
/ 't". ~~
~
/
.~
~ o/\-;;i/':k ..
~ r;>",li ~ ~~ \ -}>-~ L..J-' ~ "And belief has not yet entered into y, lur hearts." (4li: 14) In the above example, we see that ~ of
jJ.. ~ bears kasrah (-;:;-)
on it (instead of sukoon (_0_). The genera rule is that sukoon (--.:..) is changed to kasrah (-;:;-) to join the it Howing letter.
Note: When
LJ
is followed by the imperft ct tense it gives the
meaning of not yet. When it comes before tI ,e past tense it means 'when' without any efiect on the harakah (~ .::.) of the past tense.
~~j ~~0)l1~Q;, "So when Talut departed with the forces". (2:249)
:
0~ It is a conditional particle and gives the meaning of "if'. It
usually comes in the beginning of a conditional sentence and is followed by two imperfect verbs in the jussive case. 231
28: Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"lfyol help Allah, He will help you and make your feet firm." 47,7) if .-t'~
~
"."
,,>-: ' >/ "
> • /.."'»
-" ,//,.}. ././
r--'""' ~_~ ~u~.J ~\~;~..LU~0~
}" jt
"If yo 1.
wonted a decision then the decision has come to you, Q1 cd ilvou desist then it will be better for you." (8: I 9)
It can also come along with
01 + \j
~
If + no
~
'1. For example:
'11 ifnotlunless
"And IF You do not protectively forgive me and have mercy on me I will be of the losers." (I 1:47)
J - should:
It is also called "lam of command
C; '11 r'1)".
We
will deal with this in detail in the imperative fonn. 4,>-;;;"I.}.'~I/T";; jp'~i~ >~~ ,:1':/ ~ , n ' , . / / • • " / ~ :~!t}" .o\:.j .. ~_/_._,~j-d ~j:f' 0""~ 1 ~\,=c='t./~"~':'~ ~c?- 4..\1
•
oJ.., J?
4,~01 ~ ~~/ "And do not make Allah, because of your oaths, a hindrance in your righteousness and guarding (against evil) and effecting reconciliation between human beings." (2:224) There is one more '1 named QWI '1, whicl' is used for negation and means "no". This '1 will have no em:ct on the verb that follows it. It is just used as a statement.
"Allah will not catch you for what is vain in your oaths." (2:225) L
. .1'11
,,~..J
! G~/.
.--:
! if ~/,·r
~ .~~J ~/
~.*
"They cannot travel in the land." (2:273)
~ ~\~t -;1lC~\~~~ "Allah does not task a soul but (h) the extent of) that which He has given it." (65:7)
. ?-;\" uj(.-:;,\\ .. '-- >\'/ ~i \~&, "L ~\ -:1\.::.:;J\ ~ . - --t..J ~ / ~ 0"" ~_ '-'" r "Say, 'No one in the skies and the Earth knows the unseen except Allah.'" (27:65) 233
28: .Woods ofthe lmperfect Tense~ll
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
WEAK VERBS - ~\::;~i\ J~~\ Assimilated verDS on the pattern of .:ll:.j and
~
and hamzated
verbs will char ge \vhen prefixed with ~~ \:#-\
J 3?
same effect as tLat of the basic consonant pattern
j;J.
Hollow verbs en the pattern of
JIJ
and
with the
t ~ will undergo the
following change:
w\c
J
S'l.,
3 rd person mascu rme
0k.
~~Q
.)~
~
t:
Singular
Dual
Plural
~;J "
'1'!~ y..: ~
~~~
\
He did not say
'1~~
~~
3 rd person fenlinine
She did not say
J\s. ~. . y_,.o
~~
2
nd
person
ma~culine
~\s. ~_~
2
nd
person feminine
~
You did not say
First person I did not say (Masculine/F emini ne) 234
\J~~
You both You all did did not say not say
'1~~
~~~
J1;~
They both They all did did not say not say
'1~~
You did not say
Jjl ~
They both They all did did not say not say
ji3~
You both You all did did not say not say
-
~~ We did not say
28: Moods ofthe Imperfect Tense-II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table for
&- ~ :
~\c .Jl.o
~~
&-~
He did not sell
~\c~y
&~
3rd person feminine
She did not sell
~~ .Jl.o
&~
nd
person mascu rme ~~~y
nd
2
person feminine
;
They hoth They all did not sell did not sell
3rd person mascurme
2
\'" ~ ~
~~
;' ~ ~ ;
They hoth They all did did not sell not sell
~~
\'Jo :; ~ ~
You did not You both You all did sell did not sell not sell
~~
" :;~ ~
~
&~ First person I did not sell (Masculine/F em in in e) In the table above we see that ',)' and
~~
You both You all did not sell did not sell
You did not sell
, ~~
It
We did not sell
'
" ~
\ili..:
.. J?
3 person feminine
She was asked
They both were asked
They all were asked
~I..;;:.j~
" ~
. l:ilL
2 person masculine
You were asked
You both were asked
. ~ You all were asked
~I..;;:. c,.;j.->
': I:':
. l:ilL
~
2nd person feminine
You were asked
You both were asked
You all were asked
~
" ~
First person
I was asked
rd
nd
.
.
.
270
.
"
"
"
."
"
.
.. Iik: We were asked
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Lanpuage of the OUR'AN
)..;,...
3rd person mascu rme
Plural
,
, \~ They both were ridiculed
,
They all were ridiculed
G~;
0~
3rd person femmme l· .
They bot:1 were ridiculec
They all were ridiculed
~~ ~l.a
WI;
(J!;
He was ridiculed
'
u~ She was ridiculed
,,~
J
2 person masculine
~~~~
':?~
;;
2
j
u~ You were ridiculed
nd
nd
;;
~
,
~\c~~
person feminine
First person
J
You were ridiculed
J
~
e
Dual
;;
~\c~l.a
?
Singular
~
271
/ ~
You both were ridiculeLl
WI} You both were ridiculed
j
u~ I was ridiculed
-
Gt; J
You all were ridiculed
".. J-;'
J
-Y~ You all were ridiculed
Gt; We were ridiculed
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN J.
J
(J)
J.
0
...
WEAK VERBS - ~I J~~I
,
Assimilated Passive Verb - J~\: When,) comes as the first radical in place of J in the active voice, the pattem will be the same as ~ and we will not observe any changes. Table of ~3:
c:
--P
~ Singular
Dual
Plural
~,)
\~3
1)4-3
He was promised
They both were promised
They all were promised
0i.c' -:J
\3i.c' -:)
u~,)
She was promised
They both were promised
They all were promised
u~,)
\.j~: ~:)
i'~,)
2 nd person masculine
You were promised
You both were promised
You all were promised
~>~ ~j.o
uJ..c.' ~ ~:)
\.jJ..c.' ~:)
lr~,)
2 person feminine
You were promised
You both were promised
You all were promised
~
u~,)
~Ic~~ rei
3 person masculine
,
~
--
'-;-Vic
~j.o
rd
3 person feminine \~~...Lo
~
~
0
,
-:
o
0
!.
,
0
,
-
nd
-
First person (Masculine IFcminine) ---
'0
~
!.
0
J
G~3
,
-
I was promised 272
We were promised 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Verbs with the first radicle '~' are usually intran',itive verbs -2 )u \ ~\) Hence passive voice of these verbs cannot he formed. Example:
(f
~ Hollow Verbs -
0fi-:11 : J
"
When) comes as the second radical in place of t as in Jli (J), the passive should be J) according to the rule but it is read as ~ for easy pronunciati~n. Table for~: ~~
~\c~l..o rd
3 person mascu rme ~\ccJy
3
rd
person feminine
~~~l..o 2nd person mascu rme ~~~y nd
2
person feminine
~
?
~
Singular
Dual
~ "-
)I~
~
He was told
They both were told
They all were told
\~~. ~~
Jj
She was told
The) both were told
They all were told
,:: \j
l:ill
fU
You were told
You both were told
You all were told
~
\.:.ill
0=ill
You were told
You both wen~ told
You all were told
,~
,!
\ ~j
273
J
. . . ,0,
Iili
0\j
First person I was told (Masculine/F eminine)
Plural
-
We were told 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
As we see from the above table, the passive voice of the third
jj.
person feminine plural is
The pattern will then carry
forward as the past tense table. Table for, ~:=::-
: .:l~
~
Singular
Dual
-:'0 _
~Ie}'l.o
I
rd
3 person masculine I I
Ie c-;y. ~ ~ 3
rd
,
I
nd
person fern ini 'le
i
I
\;, :-=::-
He was feared
They both were feared
They all were feared
(~ ~~?--
\::;;:.=::-
04-
She was feared
They both were feared
They all were feared
\:~;>
\: ~ ;=::-
You both were feared
You all were feared
l:.U>
~
You both were feared
You all were feared
(::
~?-
You were feared
person mascuJ :ne I
': 1?I I You were
~\.!::.~y.
2
nd
person feminine
feared
~
~
First person (Masculine/F eminine)
I was feared
As
us.. (Ur)
.J
\ 0
0
•
~
IS
.' . \i1;..
~.
-
We were feared
exception to the pattern of
person feminine plural will be forward as in the
~
~
I
~\.!::. }'l.o 2
r:
Plural
pa~t
JIJ,
the third
04- and then the table will carry
tense. 274
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
When IS comes as second radical in place of t as in ~
t ~ (&. ),
J
the passive voice should have been If according to general rule. However it is written as Table for
& for easy pronunciati')n.
&:
~\c .}l.o
l:t
3rd person mascu rme
He was sold
~\c~y
, ~ ~,
3rd person feminine
She was sold
~~ .}l.o
, ~ ~
nd
2
person masculine
You were sold
~~~y
2
person feminine
~ First person (Masculine/F eminine)
They both were sold
\" J
0
~
They all were sold
~
, ~
They both were sold
They all were sold
\~~
,
\ .... JO
~
~
, J'
n
You both were sold
You all were sold
,: -;
\ :.~;;
~
You were sold
You both were sold
You all were sold
,
nd
~
J
,
~
1 was sold
;;J"
~ We were sold
From the above pattern, we see that the passive verb of the third person feminine plural is ~ and the pattern following it is the same as in the past tense. 275
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Defective Verbs: 1.~\.::J\ When.J comes in place of J as in \C~ c;:.~) then its passive verb instead ofbeing-*~ will be written as C:f~. Table of C:f~:
J!.o
Singular
Dual
Plural
\.;.f~
IJ.C~
, C:f:;
~~}'l.A 3 rd person mascu ]"me
He was called o
~~cJy> rd
3
person feminine I
~~ }'l.A 2
person masculine ~~cJy>
2
nd
person feminIne
~
~
,
They both They all were called were called ~o
,
~:;
\S.:.c' ~ ~ ~ :;
~:;
She was called
They both were called
They all were called
~
nd
e
';).,;-4-0
0
j
~:;
You were called
':
0
,
~~:;
You were called ,
0
l:.t.c~ ~ :;
0'0
,
~:;
You both You all were were called called y
l:.t.c :; ~~~
~~
You both You all were were called called
,
~:;
~' .~ ~ :;
First person I was called (Masculine/Feminine)
-
When 15 comes in place of J as in ~j and
cfj, the passive verb
,
We were called ~
pattern follows ~~ and ~ respectively as according to the standard pattern of ~. 276
32: Past Passive Verb
I....eaming "'-m'oic I....ar.guage 0\ \ne OUR' "'-N ~
PASSIVE VOICE OF DOUBLY WEAK VERBS - ~I -;
Jj
Doubly weak verbs such as become ~j according to will follow the standard pattern.
JJ and
J
DOUBLE LETTERED VERBS - ~~I Double lettered verbs like
Jai:-
becomes ~ and follow the
standard pattern. Table for
JJ:.: Singular ~
~\c .Jl.o 3rd person mascu1·me ~\c rd
3
~8:. .Jl.o
2nd person mascu 1·me ~8:.
2
nd
,
~
He was bitten
c.:;y
person feminine
~
First person (Masculine/Feminine)
Dual
Plural
~ Those two were bitten
~b.c.
\; b~
c.:;y
person feminine
She was bitten ,-
.'
,
They all were bitten ;'
,
~
They all were bitten JI _ 0• • C
0'
I....
o.~
You both were hitten
You all were bitten
You both were hitten
You all were bitten
,
,
.a.~
You were bitten ,"
Those two were bitten
~Q QC
You were bitten
,-
t:-
?
.)~
~
a
.' OC
I was bitten 277
~ We were bitten 32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And when it is said to them, 'Do not cause corruption in the Earth.'" (2:11)
':"
A .I-.t..f'''\ ".~" J'i/j-", < ." _'~I\-:/ .1.:\/ :\':', ~;f,..:- '\ :'}., "{.r~ ~..J .. l4J ~..J~" '!J~"\..4u;':' U"'..J~~.J jl ---
"And it was said, '0 Earth! Swallow your water and 0 sky! Withhold (the rain).' And the water was absorbed (in the earth) and the affair was decided." (11 :44)
A ;'-:'" .-!, Jl;11\"~~',~lt~-l:'/,;-:(f\/ . .I-/}" "{ ~. ~J / '..J;::- :- (.$ ..!-'. " t:!-'-' j? "And the record (of deeds) will be laid down and the prophets (informers) and the witnesses will be brought, and it ·will be judged between them with justice." (39:69)
~5)~.l-i\ ~;
Jf ~j!;,
"A similitude of the garden, which is promised to those who guard (against evil)." (47:15)
"And the Book (of Deeds) will be placed (before you); and thou wilt see the sinful in great terror because of what is (recorded) therein." (18:49)
278
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Lan~uage of the OUR'AN
"Say, '1 am forbidden to serve, those \\ hom you pray to, besides Allah.'" (6:56)
JI -:
d! (/~ /-::// ;II i'"":--'-:: L- --: /~ "\ Y"..J ~ G~ :.J..r-=- J. / ~:.J r
"And those who did not believe will be driven to hell in troops." (39:71) d!
"r., >:;~
,,\4U.w
/ld"~~r }~>J"
. _/ _
"Then (if) he is oppressed, Allah wili de:'initely help him." (22:60) d! ~{"~1 ~\ ,,\~.J /
\ .< . ~--'+; ..i" J"r
~~_/_q;'.J
"And whether you are slain in the wa'; of Allah or you die." (3: 157)
~;j~!o~~J;;\~h:~~~'~' "That is because, when Allah Alone W(lS prayed to ( i.e. invoked), you did not believe." (40: 12)
"And when His signs are read to them. it increases them (in) faith." (8:2)
279
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"When the Llrth will be shaken (with) a shaking." (56:4)
"And the mountains will be crumbled (with) a shaking." (56:5)
280
32: Past Passive Verb
Learning Arabic LanQuage of the OUR'AN
Chapter 11
THE IMPERFECT PASSIVE TENSE
The imperfect passive is formed by giving Jammah (-::..) to the sign of the imperfect tense, and fatha C:::-) on th e second radical.
Example:
Table of
efl : ~
Singular
Dual
Plural
. \;j" f-.
I..)~f-.
They both are being raised/will be raised
They all are being raised/ will be raised
J -:
~\cJl-o 3rd person mascu rme
e-
~~
0
J
l:f-.
He is being raised/will be raised 281
i..)
-; " j -: 0 j
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN ----
j
-:
~-!
l!J' ~\c ~~~A
3
rd
person teninine
0~'j J
0 -; 0 j
'"
~y?
~
She is being: They both They all are are being being raised/ raised/ will raised/ will will be be raised be raised raised J -:
0
~
l:J'
0 Wj
--:
0
J -:
0
~
u~J'
You are You both You all are being raised/ are being being raised/ person ma..,cuiine will be raised/ wili will be raised be raised raised
~~}~
I
')nd
t~
1--
I
--: 0
-:
o~
J.&J'
,~,!
Y
'y'
,..-
0 -: 0
~
yJr
I I
I I I
~~c.:Y'
2nd personemnme fi' .
You are You both You all are being raised/ are being being raised/ will be raised/ will will be raised be raised raised j ,
rL
First person (Masculine/F emin ine)
J -:
-: 0 \
l!J I am being raised/will be raised
282
0
~
l!J'
-
We are being raised/will be raised
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
HAMZATED VERBS - jj~q ·S' I Table of ~~:
J""
(J
. \, ... ~,
J
-:
0
J'" ~J
yJ.:
Y'J".J:!
I.J)y.J:!
3 person masculine
He is being ordered/will be ordered
They both are being ordered!will be ordered
They all are being ordered/ will be ordered
~\cc.:;j-o
yy
LlL;~
uY.J:!
3 person feminine
She is being ordered/wi 11 be ordered
They both are being ordered! will be ordered
They all are being ordered! will be ordered
~~ ~l.o
yy
J'" i~
LlL;~
You are being ordered!will be ordered
You both are being ordered! will be ordered
u3YY You all are ordered/will be ordered
~;~
~L;~
Llyy
2nd person feminine
You are ordered/will be ordered
You both are ordered/will be ordered
You all are ordered/will be ordered
~
, ... ~,
~\c~l.o rd
J'"
rd
nd
2 person masculine ~~c.:;~
0
J
--:
-:
....
0 ""
0
~J
J""
0 .... 0
i!
J
J
Y3 First person I am ordered/ (Masculine/ will be Feminine) ordered
J ... ~!
YY Weare ordered/ will be ordered 283
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN J~
J
Table of J~. : ~~
~
r::::
Singular
Dual
Plural
-:o,w ,~
uy _
~\c~~
t Ie is being They both are a~ ked/will be being asked/will asked be asked
rd
3 person masculine
They all are being asked/ will be asked
- - r--- - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - i
j~
~\c cJj-o
They both are S he is being ked/will be being asked/will asked be asked
rd
3 person feminine
a~
~~~~ nd
2 person masculine
They all are being asked/ will be asked
Jt.:3
~';lt.:3
0jG
You are b 'in~ asked/ \\ ill he asked
You both are being asked/will be asked
You all are being asked/ will be asked
f---
~15 cJj-o
Y pu are I You both are You all are >ing asked/ being asked/will being asked/will b be asked be asked \\ i II b~ asked
nd
2 person feminine
~~
~ First person
(Masculine/ Feminine)
{
Jl:I
We are being asked/ wi II be asked
am being skcd/ will be asked
I' I
•
284
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN j
Table of~:
~\c ~Jv, rd
3 person masculine
Plural
Dual
Singular j ..
e::-
?
~~
j
~
0~~
He is being ridiculed/will be ridiculed
Those two are being ridiculed/ ill be ridiculed
oj
I
-:
J
0 \ ...... 0
0Yft-=
They all are being ridiculed/ will be ridiculed
j
~
0b~
0 j
o
.Y~ ~\ccJy. They all are Those two are She is being rd 3 person ridiculed/will being ridiculed/ : being ridiculed/ feminine be ridiculed will be ridiculed wi II be ridiculed j ..
~~ ~Jv, nd
2 person masculine
~~cJy.
I
~b~
oj
~
i
t. . ~ 0-,~ j
-:
0
0
I
You all are You are being You both are being ridiculed/ being ridiculed/ ridiculed/ill be ridiculed will be ridiculed will be ridiculed
~b~
~~~
o
'S!'"
,j
...
0-'~
You are being You both are nd 2 person ridiculed/will being ridiculed/ feminine be ridiculed will be ridiculed
You all are being ridiculed/ will be ridiculed
-j
~
j
j
t;f
~
First person I am being (Masculine/ ridiculed/will Feminine) be ridiculed
-
285
We are being ridiculed/will be ridiculed
33: lmpl rfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
J
rjJ
J
0
,.-
WEAK VERBS - ~I J~~I The pattern of ~j : ~ -7 ~~ .
~~ is according to the passive imperfect tense ~. As mentioned in the previous chapter, there will be no passive voice for the verbs beginning with lS as they are intransitive verbs. The pattern of J\j : j~ -7 J
jU;. The.) is changed to long alif, 'I'.
~ J
Table of J\A.:.,:
Singular
~\c~~ 3rd person masculine
f
u~~~"
jU; He has been to Id/will be told
They both have They all have been told/will be been told/will be told told
------'
~\c cJj.A rd
3 person feminine
~~~~ 2nd person masculine
j~
~
~~~
"
She has been They both have They all have told/will be been told/will be been told/will be told told told
j~
~~~
0jW
You have been told/ will be told
You both have been told/ will be told
You all have been told/ will be told
286
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Lar';Juage of the QUR'AN
~IJ:. nd
2 person feminine
0~li3
Jdli3
cJj-a
You have been told/ will be told
Ii
You all have You both ha\e been told/wili be been told/will be told told
jw
}
~
~~ u19\
First person (Masculine/ Feminine)
I have been told/will be told
I
I
We have been told/will be told
-
I'
I II
I
I
In the third person and second person femininL' plurals, the a/if, '\' will be dropped.
t ~ :&
The passive Verb of
t~
~
The l5 is changed to a long al?!; '\'. This al( is dropped from second and third person feminine plurals. The passive verb of \E,:; : I).C~ ~ J:-~ Table of J-~
: -,
~~~~ rd
3 person masculine
~~cJy
.)~
J!.o
Singular
Dual
~
I
Plural
OJ J \.::..C 0 J Lf-J.:. 0§-J.:. ~ J.:. They all are He is called/ They both arc will be called called/will be called called/will be called
o
~
~
0 J
Lf-..Aj
o\.::..CO}..Aj ~
I
-;
0"""
0
;'
0"'"
0
J
0§-J.:.
rd
They all are 3 person She is called/ They both are feminine will be called called/will be called called/will be called 287
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
~
~~~~
"
I.} ti:." ~ J:;
0§-.:J
You both are called/will be called
You all are called/will be called
u.ti:.'! .>,,;
0§-.:J
You both are called/will be called
You all are called/will be called
-.fJ:;
You are 2 nd person c, died/will be masculine ca!led /' :;; - , o J
~J:;
~~cJy
~
You are 2 nd person c; dleeJiwill be feminine called
~
~
}
j:-;\
First person (Masculine/ Feminine)
~
-
I am called/ \\
"
-.f~
Weare called/ will be called
ill be called
• Passive verb of
Jj : ~~
• Passive verb of
~
:
~ J~.
Jl; ~ ft· ~
DOUBLY WEAK VERB-~I -~
• Passive voice of
jj : :.f:. ~ j~.
DOUBLE LETTERED VERBS - ~wJ.1 .
-;
.....
~,.....
~/'
• PaSSIve verb of ~ : ~ ~ ~
288
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table of
j;; : ;l~
~
Singular
Dual
o~ .-
~ ..... J
~\c..Jl."
~
3rd person masculine
He is bitten/ will be bitten
~\c.cJj-a
0\
~
3rd person She is bitten! feminine will be bitten
0\
~
~\s. ..:JjA
~
You are 2nd person bitten/will be masculine bitten 0
~
....
i
,
0\
~;~
0
f, ,.
J
fhey all are hitten!wIIl be bitten I .....
0
J
~ They all are bitten/will be bitten
I I
You all are bitten/will be bitten ..
~
--: o!
~
You both are bitten/will be bitten
You all are bitten/will be bitten ~ --!
~\ First person I am bitten/ (Masculine/ will be bitten Feminine)
I
__
J~
-; 0 ~ ..... !. u~
~;~
{
c:-
Plural
o
You both are bitten/will be bitten
!.
You are 2nd person bitten/will be feminine bitten
h;~
They both are bitten/will be bitten
~ ---!.
~\s. .Jl."
~
They both are bitten/will be bitten
~ ---!.
~
I
-
289
~
Weare bitten/ will be bitten
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
~ S--'~ ~/ ~~; ~1 Jh'Yr ~\J:j~, "And the punishment of the hereafter will be more disgracefl and they will not be helped." (41: 16)
"And on the Day the enemies of Allah will be gathered towards He fire, then they will be formed into ordered ranks." (4' :19)
"Do not fear nor grieve but receive the good news of the garden whch you are promised." (41 :30)
"Nothing i" said to you except that which was said to the before you." (41 :43)
messenger~
~ 5-,~~~~;:1\ j~5~~ Q'6) "As if they were being driven towards death and they were seeing (it)." (8:6)
"On the Day (the covering) will be removed from the ankle (there being a calamity), and they will be called for 290
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
prostrations, but they will not be able to (prostrate)." (68:42)
~~-,~~~~j~~~~~~'t'k~'~~'i~, "Nor will recommendation be accepted for him nor will compensation be taken from him nor will they be helped." (2:48)
"And guard (yourselves against) a Day in which you will be returned to Allah, then every soul will be paid back in full that which it had earned, and injustice will not be done to them." (2:281)
"And how would you reject, when you are those to whom the statements of Allah are read." (3: 101) .J,
"Z
r :1\"\'"t;'-'':J,.,. ..-; -..
{ />~
~~ ~ ~ 7'
"Boiling water will be poured over their heads." (22: 19)
291
33: Imperfect Passive Tense
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
292
Learning Arabic
Langua~:e
of the OUR'AN
Chapter 34
DOUBLE EMPHASIS
j is added as a prefix to the imperfect tense (t/~) and ;J:¥j\ -.)J.D\ (0) or To emphasize the meaning of the imperfect tense J~:rl\ J.JD\ (0) as the suffix. For example:
J;;:1;j;~:1
-
Table with ;iI:§::l\ -.)J.D\
Indeed he will do. (0):
?
.)~
~ I I
t:
Singular
Dual
Plural
j;H-
u~)I;H _
j;U
3 person masculine
Indeed he does/will do
Indeed they both do/will do
Indeed they all do/will do
~b~y
j;H . -
0)1; b;)
0\~\; b:1
person feminine
Indeed she does/will do
Indeed they both do/will do
Indeed they all do/will do
~~~~
. j;H
0)1;b;)
. J;H
Indeed you do/will do
Indeed you both do/will do
Indeed you all do/will do
~b}~ rd
yd
nd
2 person masculine
293
34: J)ouhle Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
d.; ~~1
0)\;b;;1
'f rl; b~l u'
2 person feminine
Indeed you do/will do
Indeed you both do/will do
Indeed you all do/will do
~
SW~
~~cJj-o nd
First person (Masculine/ Feminine)
•
M
M
J;b~l · .
-
Indeed I do/will do
Indeed we all do/will do
Table with .i~:i:l.\ 0:,i.l\ (.)): ocr:
~
,:)~
or:!'
;,';
Singular
;,Dual
J;b~l
u~)\; b~l
j;b:\
3 person masculine
Indeed he does/will do
Indeed they both do/will do
Indeed they all do/will do
~lccJy.
J;b~l
0')1;b;;1
0\-;I;b:\
3rd person feminine
Indeed she does/will do
Indeed they both do/will do
~~JlA
J;H
o')1; ~;;1
Indeed they all do/will do
2 person masculine
Indeed you do/will do
Indeed you both do/will do
Indeed you all do/will do
~~cJj-o
0')1;b;;1
~~ u'
2 nd person feminine
~ Indeed you do/will do
Indeed you both do/will do
Indeed you all do/will do
~
J-J~
~lc JlA rd
nd
First person (Masculine/ Feminine)
M
•
•
•
M
M
M
,
M
;l>lural.;
j;b~l •
.-J
M
0
0
.....
M
· . J;H
-
Indeed I do/will do 294
Indeed we do/will do 34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Lcnguage of the OUR'AN
~pl
r'1 and ~?I 0~ can also come attacl!ed to the imperative
•
J
(/'11) and the passive (J~\) fonns of the verb.
Examples: 4, -:, :.,~t\:'·I-:Y":\/ ~~:.' 'J:t n"\,\:: ~/~/:{ .. j/,\\_ J~ ~uJ"--::lJ_~_. __ ,OJ"" ..J-U: ~ ~J7'
"'t
"And if he does not do what 1 comrland him to do, he will definitely be imprisoned and he \\'ill be of those who are degraded." (12:32)
;l:¥JI 0;DI (0) can be attached without Jto the imperfect (tJ~) for emphasis.
Example:
"0 children of Adam! Do not let the de\ il tempt you." (7:27)
"0 children of Adam! Whenever ;here come to you messengers from among you, narrating to you My signs." (7:35)
~ G3~~;>JJ r&;;i;-~ ~~P,:;:,~\~r1:~:j~~
,
"Then if you dominate them in war, disperse them (in such a manner that) those who succeed (them not being present with) them, they (too) may be mindful." (8:57)
295
34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And if you fear betrayal from a people then throw back to them (their agreement) on equal terms." (8:58)
J can come without 0
~ ~*:f.
attached with a noun, pronoun or preposition.
J \iJ '5 GS\~J,
"What! wt,en we become (part of the) soil (after our death) shall we imieed he (created) in a new creation'?" (l3 :5)
"Man is cel·tainly at a loss." (103:2)
"And whoever strives, he strives only for (the benefit of) his own soul. Allah is certainly Independent of the worlds." (29:6)
Examples:
"No, if he does not stop, We will drag him, seizing him by his forelilck." (96: 15) d1, -". ;U> . . / ~U//:'i y:;;n~.~,f,:. / . , / < / >-;;/~/{/& ,.0i ~~ - J J~~\ J\ \...I:P y\J.v ,~~';j r J
----
----
----
"1 will definitely punish him with a severe punishment or slaughter him or he should definitely come to me with a clear authority (justifying his absence)." (27:21)
296
34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic LangLJage of the QUR'AN
d!/~~T~: J.~/ :~\/I/
!i 't-...j .':'~
"\ / '1""':::1~>-:rJ~r~ -,,~;..\"
J.~/·tt ~ ,.:1\ ~ :.:.
-I}"
~-~cr-J '}?
"Return to them, and we will definiteZl' come to them with armies which they will not be able to oppose, and we will definitely drive them out from there, disgraced." (27:37)
"That you will definitely cause corrupt:on in the earth twice and you }vill definitely transgres\' (with) a great transgression." (17:4) d! ~., ~J.i\:j ~\ ~ \ / (1)'';.•>~/ ,::\ G i )- /,/ ~ ~\/}., "\ ~ C 0j:J . r-r-'~ -/.')~0j/.') Y
"And those who strive for Us, We will definitely guide them to Our ways, and Allah is certainly with the doers of good." (29:69)
~ 0~J: S~ ~ j):)9 "They will definitely say, 'Allah.' HO\v then are they turned away (form the truth)?" (29:61)
~~. ~~/ >~~ ~/\~~~~\~2'~:'0j\~~,~\}., -" / ~ .:J'.) r-:/- ~ / ~ / ('"'--1_;.. ~')?
~:;~((~.t-JtJ~\:~\~ ~W\ ~~~ ~/~~/;:l~ "He (Musa) is certainly a great (expert I among you all who has taught you the magic. So I will jefinitely cut off your hands and your feet from opposite sides and I will definitely crucify you on the trunks of the palm trees, and 297
34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
you will deJinitely know which of us has more severe and more lastint: punishment." (20: 71)
a"If you do not desist I will definitely stone you, now go away from ;ne for a long time." (19:46)
"Then shali we question those to whom Our message was sent and those by whom We sent it." (7:6)
"Then We will definitely narrate to them with knowledge because We were never absent." (7:7)
"Because You have removed me from the way, 1 will definiteZv sit waiting for them (human beings) on Your straight path." (7:16)
~~j-1A01~~~0H~ "Certainly there are signs in that for a people who believe." (30:37)
298
34: Double Emphasis
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
,;Chapter
35J
ACTIVE PARTICIPLL
In Arabic, the noun used for the doer of an action (subject), is called jf-WI It is formed by adding an alif, (I) to the first
r:l.
radical of the verb ~. The middle letter is given a kasrah (-:::-) and the last radical is given tanwin
(J}5!-=- ~
-'~J\~~j\;LU\~~lJ..ru~;U~y /"J
1./J
./
'
:;J./
"And those vho do not believe in the signs of Allah, those are the perS(lnS who are the losers." (39:63)
"Say, 'Then do you advise me to worship (something) other than Allah, 0 you ignorant people?'" (39:64)
~ yGt ~~~:;,~~)~,"~, "So he soug:lt the protective forgiveness of his Fosterer and fell dow,l bowing and turned (to Allah)." (38:24) L
~\/i'
jo./
'"
./'"
//./
Jo.
~
"t: ~~\ " ,. ~ '~\~~ ~ J.>~:,~ Y
"When (horses of high breed, which were) still when standing and sH'ifi while running, were presented to him in the evening." (38:31)
"Strike with your foot, this (water which thereby gushes out, is for a) >00/ bath and a drink." (38:42)
"Or do they S~ly, '( He is) a poet, for whom we are waiting for an accide'lt of time?'" (52:30) 308
35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lar guage of the OUR'AN
d£ / . ...... -//
"'~
>J.
~ ---:...:~;J\?->~\ ?~~
"Those who repent, who serve (Him), vho praise (Him), who fast, who bow dmvn, who pros1ra e themselves, who enjoin that which is recognised (a~ good) and stop (people) from that which is not recogn. sed (as good) and those who protect (themselves by rem lining within) the limits (imposed by ) Allah; so com ey the good news to the believers (described above)." (9: 1 J:)
d£sVfj(1 .~~ /~L£;- G~}} G ~~J'»]J ~!Y-> IJ-';:'J -- -./;. "No! They say, 'Confused dreams. he forged it, he is a poet,' so let him bring to us a sign like that which was sent through the earlier (prophets)." (21 :5)
"Then perhaps you will kill yourself wil '] grief, sorrowing after them." (18:6)
"They said, 'These two are surely !liag/oians. '" (20:63)
"And those who are active (23:4) 309
ll1
gi\ing charity (;:akat)."
: ;5: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"(Other) faces that Day will be happy." (88:8)
4W (' ~.J--.-.: -i:~ -, -r.;~ : "Herein yeu wi II not hear useless talk." (88: 11)
310
35: Active Participle
Learning Arabic Lmguage of the QUR'AN
.~~ _____~__C__h_a~p~t_e_r~_3__6~ ____~~. r
~
THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
We have seen that ~ j~\, simple oc,eCl bears the action of the verb. But the passive participle L;-~\ r:~
follows the
@
pattern of J:'; ~.
j;J
-7
j~
c?
-7
[Jj; -
Opened
t:
-7
tr-f' -
Gathered
~
-7
r~
/,'
tj
0
J
-
Done
0,.-
-
Known
311
36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
For masculine get der:
(Case)
-
J!.A
Singular
Dual
Plural
J~
,/i~
u~
Done
(two) Done
(all) Done
~~
0l~
~"~'
Done
(two) Done
(all) Done
J" ~, }~~
~~L.
~"~'
Done
(two) Done
(all) Done
Ij
,-
Nominative (~ '~ I ,;j,>-) L--'
e
.)~
,
-:~O, ~
..
-
I Accusative
(~ jIL~)
~;~
--
Genitive ()ll
Db )
~..'~
For feminine gend 'r:
(Case) Nominative (~)
" ,;j~)
Accusative (~ I iJ\~)
J!.A
Singular
Dual
Plural
~~
~lil~L.
0'l~
Done
(two) Done
(all) Done
D~
~OJ~/ >~~
9~~
Done
(two) Done
(all) Done
Jj
0
J
~"
~~
Genitive (~I Db)
e
.)~
Done
r. '
~OJ~/
>~~
9~~
(two) Done
(all) Done
~.--
312
36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic L 'lnguage of the OUR'AN
Examples: ,"':'t/ ->./ ). /,
~, i~t:;'
~t.:b~ ~I...\; .}.
\"Ii
J' "i ).,r /\:;'/}" 4/ ~-' r-r-~ ...::.J.C 3:..w ~I ...I.;. ')..Jt:'1 sJ~Jr ;~
~
.~> ~,
h/
-:;J j./
~
"The Jews say, 'Allah's hand is tied ur ' Their hands be tied up and they be cursed because of what t, ley say. No! Both His hands are spread out, He spends as de' ,ills." (5:64)
~ ;?}-;l\ ~;J~ ~ "And the promised Day." (85:2) j{,
Go' ,
). ;0
"'Z j.Jt-"J ~ 'J
jlJ
"And the witness and the witnessed.'· (85:3) .JJ./.J. ... '}
>
~4j~.)~Q' "Therein are raised couches." (8~: 13
~t;.~~(tt, "And drinking cups placed ready (fOl use)." (88: l4)
~t;. ;~Jda;, "And cushions set in rows." (88: 15)
~tx~Gj~, "And carpets spread." (88:l6)
~ ~);;~; ': '~_~ J~ 0y;~j , "All will be gathered at the appointee time on the known Day." (56:50) 313
36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
T~e
passi,ve part
JL
and
9) an(
cip;l~
of hamzated verbs (on the pattern of
fit
a~~;imilated verbs (on the pattern of .:l.i:.j and
~) will also bem the pattern of jy; ~.
j$'\ ~ ~:f;, ' - Eaten
JL ~ J.~'. - Asked
9
~ ~j:J;.
~ ~ ~3 ~
-
Read
- Feasible
HOLLOW VERBS- ~~~ When the secon 1 radical is the weak letter 3, as in J~ then its passive particip\!- will be in the form
j~.
For masculine gll1der: ,)~
(Case)
"b. ) Nominative (~)I ~
Accusative (~I .Db.)
Genitive (?-I ~b.)
?
c:-
Singular
Dual
Plural
j;L
l)~
.'l' !,
Said
(two) Said
~~' !, uy.-o (all) Said
~;L
~;L
~o!,
Said
(two) Said
(all) Said
J' !, /~
~;L
~o!,
Said
(two) Said
(all) Said
314
~;y.-o
~;y.-o
36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
For feminine gender: ~~~~~~~~~~--I
Nominative (~)\ ti~) Accusative (~\ ti~)
Genitive
(?.\ ti~)
rl~
~\iJ~
~~~
Said
(two) Said
(all) Said
iJ~
u;J0!~
~""~
'?~;;,
Said
(two) Said
(all) Said
ii' !.~
u;J0!~
~""~
'?~;;,
Said
(two) Said
(all) Said
When the second radical is the weak letter IS, as in passive participle will be in the form
c:r. fio
t ~ then its
,
For masculine gender:
t:
Plural rio ...
Nominative (~)\ ti~) Accusative (~\ ti~)
.~
(two) Sold
I;:;:;
0-";
Sold
(two) Sold
~ Sold
0-"; "
, , ~
(two) Sold
(all) Sold
l) ";
0 ..... 0
0 ..... 0
Genitive
(?.\ ti~)
JI
c:r Sold
315
.... 0
....
-:
0
0
,....
u~
(all) Sold
- -
, , 0:!!";
0
(all) Sold ~
~
36: Passive Participle
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
For feminine
gend~r:
~ Singular
(Case)
~ ....
Nominative (~~ \ -U\.:> ) ,
C).l\ -U\,;-)
Plural
. \~;' :,
o"~ ";
(two) Sold
(all) Sold
___ 0
";
0 ....... 0
~
0"'"; "
0;:; ~ .. ;
Sold
(two) Sold
(all) Sold
"~
Genitive
Dual -'.'j
-'"
"We hear and we obey, (we seek) Your protective forgiveness our Fosterer and towards You is the destination." (2:285)
4 5( :~iI; jJ--~i~;sJ\,~~:5j, "And He has made infidelity and transgression and disobedience (items of) dislike to you." (49:7)
~ 5~iii ,~ T>'~~ G~, "And We have the power on its removal." (23: 18)
/, Y'J
~
"Yet is he the most rigid in opposition." (2:204)
j~
4,;1:; J~ Sill.:0J j~, "He (Dawood) said, 'He has been unjust to you by demanding your ewe.'" (38:24) ~
q. ..
""
~W
>/"
,,~/.»-
-//,
zAY..)J ~\ ~ o;\.r.
"A (declaration) of immunity from Allah and His Messenger." (9: 1)
Ii"
~~
~ C2 'WttL~, ~ . "Do you make (one who) gives drink to pilgrims." (9: 19)
jjj
4';:"'Jr;.r'\j..;9
.'J
/0//
~~ fo _ .\ ~
"",
~.
"Before the rising of the sun and before its setting." (50:39) 323
37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~
" J~
~/ \ 0->o f .£
"So her I''osterer accepted her with a good acceptance." (3:37) ~ \~
"/
~~
j&
"We malIe you a party more numerous." (17 :6)
~G~~
"/
~~
"And of the cattle some are for carrying burden and some for slaughter (food)." (6:142) (j~
r-:l. It is used to specify
0
Note: The pattern .u.;j is called §~\ the number of times an act is committed.
There is a kind of ~ ~~\ - called - ($:~1\ ~~\. (j
Its pattern can be -
(j
0
.~
-
rj
0
~
-
F
0
J
"My Fosterer! Cause me to enter the entrance of truth." (17:80)
~ ~~ ~ ~i';:~, "And cause me to exit the exit of truth." (17:80) If, c"'{
t::U;/ \~-;': ~-" ,: -::~:'\::i .6~ J" OJ~ _/ _// )?
"They will stay therein; excellent will be the dwelling place/time for slaying." (25 :76) 324
37: Verbal Noun
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
·1~ ____
C_h_ap_t_e_r_l_8_ __
¥-
TRILITERAL DERIVED VERB
The verb in which there is an increase in letter or letters is called:
J)W\~)\~\. Letters are added to the tri-literal root verbs (J)W\ ,)~\ ~\) to increase the vocabulary and to fulfill the demands of the language. Due to the increase in letters to the tri-literal root verb in the form of prefixes, suffixes and infixes, derived verbs are formcd and their meaning can be: •
Similar to the root
•
Changed from transitive to intransitive, etc.
For example: the root verb ~ is "to kill". •
By adding a long vowel alif, 'I' after J of ~, the derived verb
jh is formed and gives the meaning "to fight another person". •
If the second radical of this verb is doubled it will become
JEj which means "he massacred". 325
38: Triliteral Derived Verb
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
There are 15 forms of verbs. The three lettered form ~ which is the root, is considered as the first form. The other 14 forms are the derivatives of the first form. Form I:
j;J,
~, ~
With the addition of one letter to the first form of the verb, the following verbs are derived. Formll : ~ Form III :
J.c.\j
Form IV:
Jji
With the addition of two letters to the first form of the verb, the following verbs are derived. FormV
.~
Form VI :
J.c.W
Form VII : ~~ Form VIII: ~~ Form IX : ~~ With the addition of three letters to the first form of the verb, the following verbs are derived. Form X: J;;~ ',~ Form XI : j~~ 4-letter root verbs: ~l:»\ .)~\ ~\..J;? Form XII : j1;J Form XIII: jJ;;;~ Form XIV : Jtj~ FormXV : jJ~;;l 326
38: Triliteral Derived Verb
Learning Arabic Language of thE QUR'AN
Chapter 39
~
.-
Form II-J,d It is formed from the tri-literal root by doubling thE" second J
radical. The imperfect tense (~~\) sign of this pattern will bear a dammah (2.0). Table of J.!j:
,'~tLS"i (:mJl}~ctlmperT~ns~r',1frJ'lse 'alive,
~
rk
~
~
~
1(:erbtllActfve
,p~sive
Past Imperfect)
lY~UJ!: J~ifi:i:p(~ l:atJifiI?{ePq.ysi~ Passive tJ o 0"../ ~ -~
tj,....
0
j:~
j;;:
~::
p::
.r \ "! p:;
~ ~ "-
i~ ~ j;J
Points to note: 1. Some words of this form have a causative meanmg. For example:
To know
To teach (to cause someone to know) 327
39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"And He taught Adam all names, then He presented them (thillgs) before the angels." (2:31) 2. This form rna) be adopted to strengthen the meaning. An act is done with grea violence or continued for a longer duration. ~ ~;~
'-
\.
To cut
10
To kill
10 massacre
Cit
into pieces
3. To shorten: S('me verbs of this form give the complete sense of a sentence.
J$ ~
To say "Allahu Akbar" - To say "SubhanAllah"
4. To change from intransitive ((-d')\jl) to transitive (-5~;~JI). Words that are intransitive in form I become transitive in fonn II.
fU
~
fy
To sleep To put to sleep 5. Same meaning as in tri-literal.
In this form the meaning ofthe derived verb is the same as the root.
J~ ~ J~ To change To change 328
39: Form II
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then those who were unjust changed the word to other than what was said to them." (2:59) 6. Verbs formed from nouns. Some verbs in this form are made from nouns. "",...,...
.)~
- To make a Jew. (from the noun
:j
0
J""-
C>?-*- meaning Jew)
~ -To make a Christian. (from the noun G~ meaning
Christian) 7. Totally new meaning are gIven to the derived form. For example: /. /
~
~
/q /
~
To mock To subjugate
..1i'
j{, / . !J- J-.t\~~ \//\--:/ U// / ~ " j!'
"{ ,,-
"The neighborhood of which We have blessed, that We might show him (some) of Our signs." (17:1) The verbal noun ofa defective verb (~\.::JI j.u.JI) will be on the !J;
pattern of
JJi.\l.:.
Example:
'iJ~(}St Imperfect Imper- VerDaZ ..
:Tense j~
TenSe ,-~
~
-
/A
five
pfa'ii§}l$list Noun· Participle Pa;d(J~~ p~~iV~
-~~ 334
40: FormlII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"{ was expecting that I would certainly encounter my account (of deeds)." (69:20)
"And fight with them till there is no persecution." (2: 193)
"Fighting is prescribed for you and it is (a matter of) dislike for you." (2:216)
"So now associate with them, and seek what Allah hath ordained for you." (2: 187)
"For that there is the garden for them, they fight in the way of Allah." (9: 111)
"And whoever strives, he strives on ly for (the benefit of) his own soul." (29:6)
335
40: Form 1//
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Did you nut consider him who argued with Ibrahim about his Fo"terer?" (2:258)
~ G~ \~ 1.,0\ 6JI;, "And there are those who chose the mosque to cause harm." (9: 1(\7)
"When the hypocrites come to you." (63: 1)
"I do not inknd to go towards that from which T (myself) forbid you." (11 :88)
336
40: Form III
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
t ~ ___~_C a_p~t_e_r~4~1~ -~I__h__
-- ..
r
~
.
/
Form IV-~l
J;Ji is made by prefixing hamza ( i) withfatha (~) to the root form ~. This hamza ( i ) is not the hamza of joining
The form (J.oJI
;..?), as in the other forms hence it i~ always pronounced.
The imperfect sign ofthis pattern bears dammah on it. Table of J;Ji:
Past Imperfect Imper- Verbal Tense
Tense
ative
Active
Pas.,ive
Past Imperfect
Noun PartiCiple Parti ciple Passive Passive
~i
~
~i
JWl
0, ~
~i
(+~
~\
1J)l:\
~: ~
i
~
~
IJ
j
~ j
/
q ....
,
j
~i
~
~t
~,:,~
Points to note:
l. Some words of this form have a causative meaning. For example:
t? - To go out J; - To descend
tjti - To dflve out J)i - To take or bring down 337
41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN //~/
.:' / / ;,,,,/>
-;--// / .... / ........ "'".,/
,.,./~/-::
",/~,.p
~ ~~--'~ '; 1d.:LJ l..JJj ~~--' 4.::J) Ci~J' "And We he. ve sent it down in reality and it has come down in reality, and We have not sent you but as a conveyer of ,~ood news and a warner." (17: 105) 2.
Some Transitiye verbs (~~;:::JI) are made from the intransitive verbs (~-d )UI).
Example:
To el ter
jJ..~i
~ - To fO"get
~i
jJ..:; ~S
-
1
To gc:
-
w~i -
To make to enter To make to forget To remove
"Praise is due only for Allah Who has removed grief from us." (35:34) 3.
Sometimes verb~ of this form might have a complete new meaning from tl:eir tri-literal root. For example:
~j - To cut
~ - He md
vb)i - To lend
J,JI - To cast down, to fling
~ \:,/::, ~4~\~)L)l' "If you loan til Allah a good loan." (64:17)
338
41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"He said, 'You throw (first).' So when they threw ... " (7:116) 4.
Some verbs of this form are from nouns.
~ - Morning ~L::..; - evening
~ - Forenoon
~i
- To enter upon morning ~i - To enter into evening ~i - To enter into forenoon Ij,
5.
0
In hollow verbs, the verbal noun will be on the pattern of .uwb.
Example:
flit Table of flii
-7
Llil
to establish, to straighten:
J~
i 6.
In defective verbs, the verbal noun will be on the pattern of
~t;jl· Example: To establish, to straighten
\
~.'.\ -7 ~u.: ~-!;
\..:)J
Table of Jji :
339
41: Form IV
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"And do not say to one who offers you peace, (or salutation), . You are not a believer. '" (4:94)
~ .;~\ It:1; ~; ~'i, "Their hearts (being involved) in pastime. And those who are unjust talk in secret." (21:3)
"And We sent before you only men." (21 :7)
"And delivered them and him whom We willed and We destroyed those who committed excesses." (21 :9)
~ 8j-\:t:~ ~~
Gt;;r;,
"And We pn )duced after them other people." (21: 1])
"Whenever they will intend to go out from it." (22:22) ,It, i
/-;;,4 /""
--:~
.J.//
~
"'I. ~t::Jj\ ~\y..J.) ~ lJ~\ ~;U\ J.::... 7
"The likeness of those who have taken guardians besides Allah." (29:41) 8.
If the weak lettn J comes in place of 0, the first radical, the J will chang.: to
0
and the pattern will be as shown in
the example.
Table of ~1 to communicate, to connect: Past Impe1frct Irnper - Verbal Tense
~1
Tense
J 9~':
ative
Active
Passive
Past Imperfect
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive (;
~. J'~l
j
9~:
j
o~:
~
~\
J .o.~~
-~--
9.
When the final radical is IS as in the case of ~, the verb in this form will be ~l. 356
45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Table of j.sJ~ to meet: Past Imperfect Imper- Verbal Active Pa' sive Past Imperfect Tense Tense ative Noun Participle Part,;ciple Passive Passive
~~ ~~~ . \~:--l.\ --:.::., o/J.,
JJ~ ~ o
L
0
M
~ ~
~ ,
,
MM
,1:
O~
~\
fl
. J;J iY.7
"On the day the two armies met," (3: 155)
In doubly weak verb where 3 comes m place of 0 and \..S
10.
in place of J as in jj, the 3 will change to 0 to make
-Pl.
Table of -P~ to save one self: Past Imperfect Imper- Verbal Active Pa\sive Past Imperfect Tense Tense ative Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive ~~\
d-'~
~
M~\
~~
~li3\~
;..
~J
~
-;c;:;}
~
'-'
~i
.... ::;:;J
~
"So that you may save yourselves (from the punishment)." (2:21 ) Examples:
"So the waters met for (the cxe.::ution of) an affair already programmed." (54:12)
357
45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And for you therein, will be what your souls desire for." (41:31)
d:) --:::" ~ ,\"'.:t"}" "'\ ~ ! ,,?-~Jr "And flesh of birds from that which they desire." (56:21) d ~~i ~ II '~r;-:- //1\ l£J:: .\1" }"
"'\ ".
~
_/_lJr
"And the good and the evil are not equal." (41:34)
~ &:;J ~ :1l0;';'~~ 1;, "And they cannot mediate except for him (with whom) He is pleased." (21 :28)
~ ~;\~j;\ 5~\:-, , "And (there are) others who have acknowledged their sins." (9: 102) d
"\
Gh:C-:~·::\\S":':J~}" _:-!..J __r .'.)~
"So that tht: torrent bears (on its surface) a swelling foam." (13: 17) ~ -:;',,,},, "'d\ ~ -" ."~\ ~ ".:- \~~ r
"And hold together (and be united) through the rope of Allah." (3:103)
~ ::{/~«~~; ,='t\'\:;Q, "Gets every good that it earns, and it suffers every ill that it earns." (2:286)
~~; ::,~\ i' ~l' "Except he who takes in the hollow of his hand." (2:249) 358
45: Form VIII
Learning Arabic Lc;nguage of the QUR'AN
Chapter 46
G'
•
Form IX-~l Prefixing ~ and doubling the
J
makes :~~ This form is used
only to express colors and defects. Table of J;j~:
Past
Imperfect
Tense
Tense
~~
j;l;
/~
~
Verbal
Imperative (
Toun
~~/~~ ~/'
J>WI ~
I /' /' I
"
"I' 'I
J?~
/ " J/"
~
Active Participle
~ (j
oj
J-r
,
As this form of verb is intransitive (r~ ')U I ~) there will be no passive participle and passive voice.
Example:
~~ - To become white ~~b
- To become black 359
46: Form IX
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~l
- T) become yellow - 1 0 become green
Examples:
~ i;~~;"~ ,:.t~\ ZtJI c:~, "Then as f( 'r those whose faces will be black." (3: 106) .,/
/, //
~ 1;6 'y'-~~~}' .i.JI ct;, "And as fc'r those whose faces will be white." (3: 1(7)
"And his eyes became white due to grief." (12:84)
360
46: Form IX
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
.~~______c_h_ap_t_er_4_7_1 r
It is fonned by prefixing Ll to Table of J;;~'
j;J.
l:
Past Imperfect Imper- Verbal Active Pm,sive Past Imperfect Tense Tense ative Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive J;~;
,1 J~ ~~ 'l
)l~'
1~ '
•
~
::
0 ....
~\ , , j~\, j~~;' '
, . ~; ,
:
j;~:'
:
J
J~;~' i
J; ~~
0
~
J
\
~~
~\ih.:,\
J
'"
{i •
~,....
0
,
~
J-:~
,
J
yIU-:..........o
~~l~' i
~~l:: o~
Points to note:
1.
The main characteristic of this foml is that it often expresses the seeking, asking or demanding as t.:xpressed in the root form.
~-Topardon
)1~
,l
- To ask for pardon
o
0?\ - To permit
0~t::...:~ - To (lsk for permission
~-Toknow
~;~ ',l
~-Tohelp
- T 0 s~ek knowledge ~l - T 0 ~cek help 361
47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2.
This form indi.:ates a certain quality which a person mayor may not have.
Example: ,~\be
~::: ~ - To regard as great
- To bl.? great
\;5 - To C~ generous ~ - To
3.
fj:i:~ - To regard as generous
re good
~~ - To regard as good
This form is th~ retlexive of the form IX
~\ -
To in oml
~~ -
J.;Jl.
To seek or gather information
~i - To give up/to deliver ~'~ ',~ - To surrender 4.
When \..S comet in rlace of J as in
J;:: ' ~ then the pattern is
observed as belOW: Table of J;:: ' ~ - Tel ask for legal opinion: Past !fmpeifect Imper- Verbal Active Passive Past !fmpeifect Tense Tense ati1-e Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
J h~' 1 ~h~ ''i ,-- h:. :1
~
J
~\;: ~- " \
-
~
~ ..... c
J
~
;:::: ~,... " J
~
~ h~' \
~ ..... 0 J
~
Examples:
"You Alone do we serve and (from) You Alone do we seek help." ( 1:4) 362
47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
db ::- >.... ~.... .- :::" >
.... ~.... /-:
~
"Z 0~ ~~\ "":'" -~~ Wlr
"Only those will respond, who listen" (6:36)
"-t
db~// \f~'''' .~ I'";:. ~ t'-."t\ > -;:'",}., "Z ~ i~ '-t - u ~ 0'! r::'~ ~ J?
"Respond to your Fosterer before thl: coming of the Day from Allah, for which there is no tuming back." (42:47) db i ~;.. i'"
"Z
~-,"=,J
J... if. -;-... -: :
~~i; ~ -
r
"Let them also, with a will, Listen to My call, and believe in Me." (2: 186)
~~~30f~ "But if they do not respond to you." i,28:50)
"I would have had abundance of gocid." (7: 188)
·r
db ((~...:.I i.J"',%; i ~1" ~""'G i< ~-:: ·i 'A "Z ~ ~!) IJJ"""'J r-t= -.. ..,..-.-...'J r
"And covered themselves with garments and persisted (in refusing) and considered themselves great (due to) pride." (71:7) db .-" ...... 'f-:'
.-:.- ..! .-.- ",-:'\'" ~ ...(iJJr
"Z ~I!G~ cud' '~.)J)
"And 1 did seek to make him yield himself to me but he abstained." (12:32)
363
47: Form X
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Then why do they not tum to Allah (in repentance) and seek His profectiveforgiveness." (5:74)
"And those who ask for protective forgiveness early hours of morning." (3: 17)
364
III
the
47: Form X
Learning Arabic Ldnguage of the OUR'AN
Chapter 48
Form XI - JCdJ c%i
•
'"
JWl is formed by
prefixing
and J and doubling the intensity in color.
J.
~
and infixing alif ( \ ) between
t.
Verbs of this form usually describe
Table of jw~: Past 1< Tense
Imperfect Tense
Imperative
Verbal Noun
Active Participle
JWl
jL;l:
JJW~
J~~
j~
i~ \.i',)~\
r~~
~
IiW~\
~~~
Example: r~;~
-
,
~'\
,)~
i --
~
To be deep green/black
Example/rom the Qur'an: ~~8t:1:
,
"Both, dark green in colour." (55:64)
365
48: Form XI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
366
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
.~~
_______ C_ha_p_t_e_r_4_9
r FOUR LETTERED VERBS
Form XII-~
These verbs are formed from four letters, tr.e root of which is
Jl;J. They are not derived from the tri-literal form j.;J. Tableof~: mperfect It1JPer- Verbal Tense
'"
"'"
J
"",,'
(j.>j [j>~
atiYe
[h "
"
Active
Passive
Past Imperfect
Noun Participle Participle Passive Passive
(j ",..
~j.>j 0
i"
Cr·Y j
!i . . . " __
J
[j>)-4
,...
"J
[j>j
'".. " ",J
[j>~
Examples:
367
49: Form XlI
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"Who whi,\pers into the bosoms (hearts or minds) of mankind." i 114:5)
~aOJ .;.}~\
-;3).$
q,
"When the Earth is quaked with its quaking." (99: 1)
"But to liv~ (so long) would by no means remove him from the punishment." (2:96)
~ 4:>~ r1~~~';'; !5~ (.:L.;J.j, "So their Fosterer destroyed them due to their sin and thus balanced it (the destruction was equal to their crime)." (91 :14)
"And the night when it comes (and goes)." (81: 17)
368
49: Form XII
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
{ffi •~
_~~. ~
Chapter 50 ~----------------------
~
DERIVED FORMS OF 4·LETTERED VERBS
FORM XIII -
JI"";,'j
Table of J1;~~: Past Tense
Imperfect Tense
Imperative
~
j1; ~::;
~
.
~
Verbal Noun
Active Participle
~
j.l; ~:::
FORM XIV - J':'~l Table of jl;j1:
Past Tense
Imperfect Tense
Imperative
Verhal Noun
Active Participle
JW}
~
Jl;JUJW}
j~\;
];~
0tJ;}
~~b~
~.lJ;\; /~\;
j\2~1
03:1;:
/
~
~
/
369
/
.-
50: Derived FormsOj 4-Lettered...
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
"(Ibrahim I said, 'Why not, but for the satisfaction of my heart, '" (2' 260)
"While hi~, heart is peaceful with belief." (16: 106)
:6 ~~ "k"iI ~
l...
I...
~i (~.~ J\, ~-y
"0 you pwce/,ul soul!" (89:27) '7/"//~,§~..)4
,/
c."
.}/"/
'~-"''''~.' 'jJ\~YA;....··-·J\, j ,--,..:..:s: -:.c ~ '" ./ y
" r-r-
Q \
"The skim of those who fear their Fosterer tremble (in response t(l the effect produced) by it." (39:23)
FORM XV - Jly;.~j
I
Past Imperfect i Imperative Tense Tense !
J1~;j~
JI~;~~ ,
-
~\ , !'o
Verbal 'b~0\/> :\J,.. - ~~ u~r
"t ~-
"It is notl'ing but a reminder for the worlds." (12: 104)
"And Munammad is no more than a messenger." (3:144)
"And they say, 'The fire will not touch us except for a counted numher of days. '" (2:80) ~:;. CI~. ~\ ..-:;'.\:;;~}" "t~ _':.. -' '-..;...) ~ r
"Who do not (even) know (what is written in) the book (their religion is nothing) but hearsay (idle tales or lies)." (2:78)
~ 41\~~SJ1~';,-1, "Do not serve anyone except Allah." (2:83) ~ "t
-:LJ; '1 \~~y/~ ~{(r}" ~/ ~
"Then you turned back except a few among you." (2:83)
378
52: Exception
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
I Chapter 5 3
.-:&.. "'"
~--r ABSOLUTE NEGATION
~t~~a~) ~ ~
"There is no god except Allah." (37:35)
"This is the book in which there is nothing doubtful. (2:2)
'1 in the above examples is used for total negation.
l.
The
2.
It is absolute denial of the species in the circumstance( s) defined by the sentences.
3.
There will be no nunnation (J~/';; ~ ~
noun following the 0~ ;~\ ~ 4.
This
'1 precedes
r
-:.)
on the common
'1.
a common noun and makes it accusative
(Y~i). 379
53: Absolute Negation
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
5.
The predicate of the sentence will be nominative
(lJ.-Jr.JI).
For example:
~; ~~ ~L-':Jf "There is
110
god except Him." (2:163)
Examples: ".'Z)~l '0/ . ~i\ l..~~"""", :~l -::;\~ _
.q ~~~jt
"There is
110
!>~
portion in the hereafter." (3:77)
~ f~\~:j,~ -§~~l1 fur, "Allah, there is no god except Him, the Ever Living, the Eternally J :xisting." (2:255)
~ ~\~j\~ "i;6;:S'1J~~~' "Then tht.Te is no approaching (your wives), nor transgression /lor disputing during the Hajj." (2: 197)
~:;J~'~ 1lP1'1;~s~~\I~, "And no/hin,'.!, less than that nor greater but it (recorded) in a clear record." (10:61)
IS
"We do not have knowledge except of that which You taught us." (2:32)
"There is
'lO
sin on you." (2:236) 380
53: Absolute Negation
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
·1~ ____
C_h_a_p_te_r_5_4_ _ _
r
~ I-
~
THE NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME
l.
Noun of place expresses the place where the action of the verb is committed.
2.
Noun of time expresses the time or occasion of that action.
.
These nouns are on the pattern of one of the following:
3.
~
~
l$. -
j~ -
Gathering Destination
~- Mosque
.
J~
- East
o
~ ~.L - Religion !i
0
~
- Battle-field 381
54: J\'oun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
2.h.,:. -
Time of rising
8- - Place of meeting!Junction "4:;: ~ :. 4.
Left side
Mostly, when the harakah of the second radical in the , J
J.U= ) then the noun for time or place will be on the pattern of j;J;. imperfect form bears a dammah (
0 ".,
Example: J J
tJ _0..,
0....
~~~
He kills/wi 11 kill 5.
Battle field
When the harakah of the second radical in the imperfect J
form bears a kasrah
,~
(~)
then the noun for time or place
", will be on the pattern (if~. Example:
He sits/will sit Gathering 6.
Sometimes though the second radical of the imperfect bears J J dammah (J.U=) , the noun of tIme or place WIll be on the D ...
IJ
•
•
,
pattemof ~. 382
54: Noun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic language of the OUR'AN /
~-
0?.
-7
,jr-a
~
-7
~ ,
j~
~ /
/
!..
.
"
-7
~
J
J. ~ ....
j
(j
,
Ij
~ ,.-
/
Mos(lue
-
East
-
Place of rising
/
'-?j--o - West
'-?fi -7
'-?..?
7.
J
J
~
/
~
ma~culine
The plural of both the patterns for
and feminine
will be on the pattern of ~U;. .)~
Singular Ij , ~
i
Dual
I
\
/
8.
?
~~
'/
A mosque
~~ Two mosques
~
~~
A battle field
Two battle fields
The passIve participle
/
d;; L,)
e
Plural
I
I
,
Mosques
~~ Battle fields
of the derived verbs IS
considered as the noun of place and time.
Example:
y,;\
J...o
-7
~:..;. - Entrance
-7
flk. -
Place
~
Place of prayer
-7
-
- Place of turmoi I
t~;:':l
-7
t~:'::': - Warehouse, Storehouse 383
I
54: Noun of Place and Time
I
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Examples:
~ ~~ t.; J:~t ~ G~ ~;, "And We indeed made the children of Israel settle down a real set! ing " (l 0:93) ; - " /~)',J.
~ ~/ \//
~.
~
-
-» I'
C
,~,J. / ,
\. ,'. ~ ..... -,
"And We will make you to enter an honored entry." (4:31)
"For every news there is a (fixed) place/time, and you will come to know." (6:67)
~~;';:/y'~;, "Then (appointed for you) a place/time for staying (life) and a place/time for departure (death)." (6:98) 4 )-
h / , : ' . . {/ .
.
,~ r~-;t ~,J.t
"{'........:.~J.~....l.4
.:~
J.. '7
"He will definitely make them enter an entry, with which they will be pleased." (22:59)
~(~«~~~~j~, "And I Cdn never find besides Him, (any source of) refuge." (72:22)
~ ~ j~~ ~~:: .~ ~--j\ ~:PJ' "And there is a place of stay and provision for you in the Earth till a time." (7:24)
~~f~~2~~':';J' "And who is more unjust than one who prevents (people from) the mosques of Allah." (2:114) 384
54: Noun of Place and Time
Learning Arabic Lang uage of the QUR'AN
·1~ ____
C_h_ap_t_e_r_5_5_----
--~ ~.
r
~
NOUN OF INSTRUMENT
~\tl~! 1.
The noun of instrument describes the instrument with which the action of the verb is carried out.
2.
It begins with the letter i as the noun of place and time, but the i bears kasrah (-;:::-) instead ofJatha
(~.).
3.
These nouns are on the pattern of one of the following:
•
J~ ,..,,,,,-:
~
-7
To open
c;o
Keys -7
Morning
0jj
[~ q~
L'
~
Lamp -7
To weigh
~ \-:0 u~
Balance 385
55: Noun of Instrument
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
• •
"/ ,
~ " ~ /
The plurals of
r \;; ~, J~ and
j;;~
are on the pattern of
~U; and ~li~. Examples:
"The Para:1le of His Light is as if there were a Niche and within it a Lamp." (24:35)
"And with Him are the keys of the unseen, no one knows it but He." (6:59) ~ ~u~ (. i\l-'_~~ l' ..1.:.:Jt ~::/i\l~/ "{ '3r:;:- I.J __ __:- "':"')JJ' ~~-;..J
}" '}!'
"And establish the balance in a just manner and do not reduce the balance." (55:9) ~.J.~
.
./;:~
//
"o-:}"
"'t ,.. .'../'Y'..::..l:iU......:....r ... u '}!' • //
__
''Then as for him whose weights (of good deeds) are heavy." (JOJ:6)
386
55: Noun of Instrument
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
..1
Chapter 56
KINDS OF FEMININE GENDER
There are two genders in Arabic - Masculine
CS::Wi)
and
Feminine (~j.:Ji). Except for the following categories of words, all other words indicate masculine gender. 1.
Words that are feminine by meaning. ", ~ ~;.
- A G·Ir1
0
oly.ol- A Woman
ri - A Mother ~ ~~J~00ftoI;\sJ\ij, "And the wife of Firawn said, 'Comfort of the eye for me and you,'" (28:9)
~ ~_:: :3j~;j cllJ~::JG, 387
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"So We communicated to the mother of Musa, 'Suckle him. '" (28:7) 2.
Words ending with" (; " (i1;~~\ ~I.il\).
Example: {j.,..,
~
Paradise
b~- Prayer ~'6j
Charity
iJ::;:;
.;J-d {§ ....
Hum iliation
~
Community
;G,\
"And on the Day when We will raise a witness from every community." (16:84)
~ aJ ti~\~l~ ~ "And when the Garden is brought near." (81:13) Feminine nouns arc also formed by adding" (; " (U~~\ ~\;.J\) to masculine nouns and adjectives as can be seen from the following: ~.:, ~
:
-7
~:.L~:O
Muslim woman
~
0 \
l.r.~
-7
P?
-7
~
-7
GI .
~
~~t$ 0_ .. :-
~
-
Girl Big Night 388
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"We certainly sent it down during the nit:ht of AI-Qadr." (97:1)
~&,:;,i\~ ~b~~QtJ' "And this is certainly difficult except for the humble ones." (2:45) Though some words end with " ;; ", they are considered masculine such as:
h:l~
-
Vicegerent/Successor
"1 am going to make a successor in the Earth." (2:30)
3.
Words ending with " ~\"
(;:;jl.:.:J\ JJ\1I)
Examples: ~Ipb;.
Green
~\:;y:
Black
k:;
White
~\
~I/
Red
~I)w,
-
Yellow
~I.:..:
-
Sky
~.:t?[GJ\\~0' "And when the sky has its covering removed." (81: II) 389
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~ ~~~f.)\.J ~\ ~j ~~ [~~;o~; ~!Ql' "A yellow colored cow, its color should be intensely yellow, delighting those who look at it." (2:69) Though some words end with ... 1, they are considered masculine. For example:
~lli
L~amed
~I.)J
Poor
~ I \~, -
Martyrs
d,
-:;1
Jo
, t - / / { · Jo~ ..--~
"{~\ '-J~;) ~ r-'~\~ ~~\J r
"And call your witnesses besides Allah." (2:23)
"Alms are only for the poor and the needy." (9:60) 4.
Words ending with l5 i.e
~~:,. ~~:ll JJ~\.
Example: l5st - Big ~ 0, l5A - G 00 d news
"And the good news came to him, he began to plead with Us." (11:74) 5.
Words feminine by convention like geographical names of towns, villages, countries, etc such as: 390
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
~ - Egypt
r3~\
-
Rome
{/,.,
,/ .,. '"
,}
//.,,4
-::;~
,/ / , / "
~ z~~'t ~ ~ .0~\->;.l\Jl;.) ~.
"And the Egyptian who purchased him said to his wife." (12:21)
"The Romans have been defeated." i 30:2) 6.
Parts of the body that are in pairs.
'/ .>..:
- Hands
0;.c -
Eyes
1--} - Feet y ~J.~
0)\ - Ears 7.
Names given to fire.
"And you will not be questioned about the inhabitants of the Hellfire." (2: 119) A /;-::.
.w.::r.. 1,j!' ~
~~-~
"I will make him enter Hell." (74:26) 391
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
8.
Names given to wind. Scorching wind Furious and intensely cold wind Wind Violent wind i' ~
ut:1 (/J"'" ,/ ~-~ \;,-1~ ~ ;- __ ~4U. -'q -'.r'" __ Ct:/:~ 7' '!.)
"So We sellt a furious wind on them during the days of loss." (41: 16) r
".. . .
.
J.
,~
~ ......~~
~,) 9~ ./;' ~&\ ~ 0~\ ;L.J"'']? tII,I
".,
-:;; ......
"On which the wind blows hard on a stormy day." (14:18) 8.
Certain other nouns are also considered feminine. ~
Earth
0 \
~.J .j
0
::
~ j
~ ';'
~ !'§o-:'
./ ~~
:)un Self Wine
fi..
Well
3\~
House
"'G
Fire
.J
392
56: Feminine Gender
Learning Arab'c Language of the QUR'M
~\~,~;~t, "By the sun and its light." (9\: \)
"(It is a) very hot fire." (101: I \ )
~u0J j}il .;1).$ \~l' "When the Earth is quaked with it s quaking." (99: 1) L ~\':;\i
"'\/
·~\C
).1"t& 'Jr
~ ~~
"No! And I do swear by the conscience)." (75:2)
393
~elf-accusing
soul (th<
56: Feminine Gende
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
394
Learning Arabic
~anguage
of the QUR'AN
·1~ ____C_h_a_Pt_e_r_5_7~----~i· r
~
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
There are two parts in a conditional sentem:e - The Condition or Protasis (~f!J\~) and Apodosis (~f!J\ y~ /~f!J\ ~~). In a verbal sentence, sometimes the protasis (~f!J\ ~) and the apodosis (~f!J \ Y~ ) have the verb in the p~rfect or jussive mood.
"If you help Allah, He will help YOd." (47:7) A conditional sentence is introduced by \me of the following particles. ,
u~
n
~
If
When
If
L:J
~
~ \
~
~ >f !~'j~;'>~ ~j :J /
U ~ 'J ~ j?
"If We
had sent down this Quran on a mountain, you would have seen it fallen down splitting asunder due to the fear of Allah." (59:21)
An unlikely negative condition is often expressed by
'131
(if
not/had not)
4;~\~~5; ~I.~K~l~jJ ~ "And if Allah had not decreed exile for them." (59:3) L . '» -:,." / "t ~ ~ V"
G\...~\ t:! » : ~ '1 .\" _Y_.J!3l
"And had Allah not repelled some human beings with others." (2:251)
Examples:
~ ~j jl'l~~ ',I ~;) 5l~, "And if you intend to exchange one wife in the place of another." (4:20)
397
57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"And if good befalls them they say, 'This is from Allah. '" (4:78)
"So whoever does good equivalent in weight, even to a small partick, will see it." (99:7)
"And whoever does not believe in it, then those are the persons who are the losers." (2: 121 ) £',~ ~ ~> \~-" "{ "''' ~.Y"
j::; ./}" ~ ;:,r j?
"Whoever does evil, he will be requited with it." (4:123)
"And whoever does that, he will meet (the punishment of his) sin." (25:68)
"And they said, 'Whatever sign you may bring to us, to influence us with its magic, we will not believe in you. '" (7:132)
tJ
~ ~ ~>if ~t~::-j\ ~ ~~ ~ ~ "(By) whichever (name) you call (Him), His are the best names." (17110)
398
57: Conditional Sentences
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"So when he provided them with their prm ision." (12:70) ~ ~\ ~ ..\ .~~~ i)-; ~;,~~,
"And whatever good you do Allah knows it." (2: 197)
A:;I~-::~ . " . ·{K·'> 6'''- il,t--J ~J 5t~\; ~J' "Sorrowful is your state, believe, Allah's promIse IS certainly true." (46: 17)
~5~\&..~:Z~J' "Ah! The ungrateful are not succes"ful." (28:82)
~ Jjt (!JLJ) , "Sorrow upon sorrow for you." (7::;:34) 3.
~j ~ (with feminine ending ;; instead of 15 of the first
person pronoun) is also used for the same type of expression. 429
63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
L }!
>/
"{ J~
"GI/'J ]t .~Y~~/./ ..;j~~ / }l
"She said, 'Sorr-mrful is my state, shall I have a child when I am an oid woman. '" (11 :72) 4.
,; :J~ is used to express desire or wish after expressing some grief or angwsh as in: L
r//~
"{ 4'.1
>y -:::/
>.;;/"
}~//~
~~_jb-.JI J~-'}l
"And the infide will say, 'I wish I were dust. '" (78:40)
~\~j:i~ J.::!:d~, "She said, '1 wi.h I had died before this. '" (19:23)
~ 0;'1::~~G~J~, "He said, '1 wish my people could know.'" (36:26) 5.
Some other words used for expressing grief are:
All these words come from the same root ~.
~~t:.J\~~~ " (Let there be) regret on My servants." (36:30)
"They say, 'Alus! Our regrets on our neglecting it. '" (6:31)
~;t\,/~~~C:&J~, "My regrets on being negligent towards Allah's side." (39:56) 430
63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
6.
.":. ,1.&:;;' is used as ~ to express the distant or rare possibility of an occurrence. For example: ~;;J~j Q';~ .;~,
"Far, far is that which you are promised." (23:36) 7.
-Sd
gives the same meaning as ~ 'yes' but is always
followed by a promise. For example:
"Say, ' Yes! And by my Fosterer, it is certainly true. '" (10:53) 8.
~ 'yes', 'indeed' answers with a certainty a question of
doubt which contains a negative word For example:
"" t -Yf"_G""' - ;: ";1. i'Y1~ ('"';:'..J;....:;.......J ~-t""•." ~. "t1 }" "\ j? "Am I not your Fosterer? They saId, 'Why not, we bear witness.'" (7: 172)
~~~JJ.ji~Jj tr7~J\~ ~ "Those who do not believe, claim that they will never be raised (after their death). Say, 'Why' not! By my Fosterer! You will definitely be raised.'" (64:7) .... -;.
9.
~
"..
,
wI and wi, 'only' are words of restriction ~I u-'.?} ,
"Say, 'I am a man like you. It is communicated to me that your God is One God. '" (18: 1 ! 0) 431
63: Interjections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
~l also gives the same meaning. For example:
"You Alone do we serve and (from) You Alone do we seek help." (l:5)
~ ;>~.Y~ :AG~~ "And then fear \lie alone." (2:40) 10. When;J~ and ~l are lIsed in the beginning of a sentence, it will mean "indeed" or "as a matter of fact". (They do not give the literal meaning of the word i.e. indeed he, indeed she).
~5;'!"1\ ~~ '~l~" "The unjust wili not be successful." (6:21) d£ "~-::. G't/ >,/ ;'--11 ,,~-:: .ql"-::Ud'., ~~~J~
~
~r
"Then certain~}, the eyes are not blind but the hearts." (22:46) II. A word ofwarninr- is ~ meaning "Ah, be aware". d£ -'~
~l ~ ~~." ,-- ~{-r'~.tG.
~ r-o~~ r-~
-/ ~ ~
~
d'.,
f"'- r
"Yes, you are 1hose who disputed about that of which you had knowledge." (3:66) d£.~»..:i,.h-'~
"I-·>t,,:'d'.,
~ ~~ ~J rr~ ~JJ\ P~r
"Ah! You are those who love them but they do not love you." (3:119) 432
63: Inteljections
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
t ~ ____
C_h_a_p_t_er_6_4____
r
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words that describe the qualil.y, color or defect of the other noun. They are usually derived fwm intransitive verbs which denote a state or condition, rather than an act. There are certain patterns to denote an adjective. - Active participle (This is detailed in chapter 35).
CJI....O - Righteous/good ~Ie. -
Knowledgeable
.i., Ie. - Worshipper
"And I am not a server of that which you serve." (109:4)
2.
~o_1
~
;::} -
Noble 433
64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
Great Merciful Powerful
"And Allah is the All-Knowing, the All- Wise." (9: 15)
"For them there are ranks with their Fosterer and protective fllrgiveness and an honored provision." (8:4) 3.
j~ Cireat wrong-doer Forgiver Compassionate
~ ~~ ~~ tJ ~'i\ 6~, "Man is certainly unjust, ungrateful." (14:34)
~~;~~~\-" "And Allar, is Protectively Forgiving, Merciful." (2:218)
"And Allah isfull ofpity for (His) servants." (3:30) 434
64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic L3nguage of the OUR'AN
4.
0~ ~r
bb - Angry
0r;..~
-
~ ~:;)\
Most gracious
PJI,
"The Beneficent, the Merciful." (1 :2)
"So, Musa returned to his people angry and (in) grief." (20:86)
5. j~ ~~ - Strong/powerful
.{, "'~ ;:/--::"'ir -"c:.;J\, -!' " --'
. __ ';'
jt
"And in the mountains there are white and red layers, (and others) of different colors and (still others) intensely black." (35:27)
"Deaf, dumb and blind, therefore they cannot return (to the light)." (2:18)
436
64: Adjectives
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
Chapter 65J
NOUN FOR PRE-EMINENCE
It is a noun which is used to compare another noun. The
comparison can be between two persons, things, groups or with one person to a group of people, etc. The noun of pre-eminence
J: ~~~l\ t:l is of two types: t:l J: !?~~\\ t:l
1.
Comparative - 0~1.i:J\
2.
Superlative -
~
J
THE COMPARATIVE - ~L.al.I~! 1.
When two nouns are compared, :he first noun which is called
J ~;:l\ is greater in quality, quantity or relation to
the second noun which is ~ ~\. The particle used to compare is ~. 2.
The sentence structure is as below: 437
65: NOlin for Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
j. t,~'\\ +
\' :..~~'\':":I + u--'.,.., + ~ _..
~,;
j. ;,;'\\
~ ~\~~b1~: :~iI~, "And persecution is a greater (sin) than slaughter." (2:217) 3.
In a comparative sentence of Arabic
~
is used as against
"than" in English. Pattern of the noun of pre-eminence
?;~l\
J
r-:d is as follows:
..
.).A..o
~
Singular
Dual
c:Plural
Jti\
0)lJ\
~
~
t..}-
. \/lj
~
J~ Masculine
}
~
,.
;;: .... j
C-jj-o
Feminine 4.
These are formed from the three radicals and their pattern is the same as that of colors and defects. The following are some examples: (Q
,~
fi.? - "great" J
5.
~
-7 . ;:..;. . \- "more beloved, dearer" is formed. -7;51 - "greater" is formed. j
: ;;... - "beloved"
0~
...
J
J
0;:
The feminine of ~ \ is ~ but the form ~ \ is used for feminine comparative adjectives.
438
65: Noun/or Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic Language of the QUR'AN
"The rising at night (for righteous work) certainly gives rise to more strength of co-ordination and firmly established speech." (73:6) 6.
If
J t~'l\ or ~:Ic. J tk'l\ are singular, dual or plural in a
sentence, the comparative ~ ( 0-J I.iJ \
, o· singular on the pattern of ~\ such as: ..1,
J..;jf .,-
~
~ ".1.] ~v:
r:n
used will be
.J" .::::i-~' ~ ")., "-,;.2 . .-'..~J·j?
"And We are nearer to him than his life vein." (50:16) Examples:
"The night of AI-Qadr is better than a thousand months." (97:3)
~L~ ,:~i&~~J' "And who is better than Allah In coloring?" (2: 138)
"And persecution is a greater (sin) than slaughter." (2:217)
"He prays to him whose harm is nearer than his benefit.' (22:13)
439
65: Noun for Pre-eminenc
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
It means the highest degree of comparison between humans, animals and objects through which the superiority of one IS shown against all the others.
There are two methods used to form the superlative. 1.
J~ ?;~\\
r-:l is made definite by prefixing the article, jt
During its formation we have to keep the gender and number in mind.
;.5~\ ~b.
- Hamid is the greatest.
l>;.S:J\ ~~ ~\S'~\ 2.
J~ ?;~l\
;\ \~ ~ II
Khadijah is the greatest.
-- The greatest martyrs.
r-:l can be formed by using a possessive phrase.
This type of formation takes place when the
J ;.,~~\\ is the
best in quality among a group of people possessing the same or different quality.
"And you are the Best Judge of (all) the judges." (11 :45) 4,": JI\}o/1/}o/}., '" ~J' J ~~ j!'
r--
"And He is the Most Merciful of the merciful ones." (12:64) 440
65: Noun/or Pre-eminence
Learning Arabic L.anguage of the QUR'AN
"Is not Allah the Best Judge, of all the judges?" (95:8) dt, -:-.
(\, .J-.-'·i..--!-.-'}"
"\. ~ t::'
y..Jr
"And He is the Swiftest in (settling) lhe account." (6:62) The comparative and superlative pattems ar~ derived from three radicals as mentioned. Therefore we observe the change as:
';}'
~;.5\
~ ~
Bigger
-
Smaller
.
~~ "'.
-
j -:
'\
In case of participles of the derived fom1s, \\ ords with more than three consonants, and wo:ds ofth~ pattem l.-~\, the comparative is formed either by
j5i
or
.1J,\
followed by a noun in the
accusative. For example: ~/,.\
~
White
~
\--:'/~--::1 I
6
IE ~
II
7
"
~
Also written as
~w
and
~
8
9
10 The feminine is made by adding" 0 " (.u;~.rJI
scui ) to
the
masculine. From 3 to 10 the phrases are in a possessive (~w,~I) construction. The number (;.:;.;JI) will be the possessor,
(0WI) and can be declined. The counted noun (.)j~l) is the possessed (~l0WI) and will always be genitive, plural and indefinite. 450
67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
If the counted noun (,;-'~\) (always plural) is masculine, the number (';,i;JI) will be feminine and vic~: versa.
"Your sign is that you will no speak to mankind for three nights (though) in sound health." (19: 10)
"Then the testimony of one of them (maybe accepted if) he bears witness (by swearing) four times by Allah that he is certainly of those who arc truthful." (24:6)
"But whoever does not find (the means to do any of the above three) then he should fast 1ar three days." (5:89)
:::iI j Q:Gt \::~ ~ :j ./~}" -0 e:z- /! - _/_i - / ;-- r- u- y
d!J~I_\? ;/~/ ~ ,~.// \~\~/
"'t ~
~
/ ~J
"But one who cannot find (anything for offering) should then fast for three days during the Hajj and seven days when you return, these (make) ten (days) complete." (2: 196)
~ /J ~j .q Q;fI ~~~~, "And He destined in it its food in four periods." (41: I 0)
451
67: Numbers and its Usage
Learning Arabic Language of the OUR'AN
"(Some) will say, '(They were) three, their dog being the fourth of them,' while (others) will say, '(They were) five. '" (18:22)
8
4 -1 " ~ A: " I..?.. '~J>~'->'J. ~t\
"And do not let those of you who possess grace and (financial) capability (to help), swear not to give to relatives." (24:22)
~~sJj~~9 "And if they are pregnant." (65:6)
~ ~d;;;J0:~1-J~\i\~j~, "And for the pregnant women, their prescribed term is till they lay down their burden." (65:4)
~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~:Y:lJ 9 "And call to witness twojust men from among you." (65:2)
~ ~(J'i~ #.1 ;~ ~~ ~J ~J' "And there will remain the Face (Person) of your Fosterer, Possessor of glory and honor. (55:27)
"Blessed is the name of your Fosterer, Possessor of glory and honor." (55:78)
483
70: Five Magnified Nouns
~p\ 0T~\;.ro ~.rJ\ WJ \ ~ (~#.~\ iiJJ4) The message of the Qur 'an is addressed to all creation, conveyed in the Arabic language. Allah Almighty says: "We have sent it down as an Arabic Qur' an so that you may understand." (12:2) Acquiring command over the Arabic language can be relatively easy for those who are native speakers, but can prove difficult for the non-speakers. The study of Arabic, therefore, cannot be taken lightly. The books that can impart knowledge of the Qur ' anic Arabic are rare. The present book is specifically designed for learning the language of the Qur'an. All examples used in the explanation of Arabic grammar have been taken straight from the Holy Qur ' an. This approach aids the beginning student to enter the world of the Qur' an, allowing simultaneous understanding of Arabic grammar and the Qur'an, which is a very special feature of this book. Other components that make this book attractive and useful are the simplicity of the language used, and its clarity and effectiveness of expression in achieving its objective. This book can be used by students of different ages whose intention is to learn Arabic with an eye toward proper understanding of the Qur'an. The author has profound knowledge of both the Arabic and English languages. She also possesses a deep insight into Qur'anic expressions. She studied Arabic in Saudi Arabia and in India. This comprehensive book is the result of her diligence and commitment to learning and teaching the Qur 'anic Arabic. May Allah reward her for this valuable service to the understanding of the Qur'an and make it popular among the students and the academic world at large. Prof. Mohsin Usmani Nadwi, Professor of Arabic and Dean at English and Foreign languages Univenity (formerly CIEFL) Hyderabad, India.
~ DARUSSALAM GLOBAL lEADER IN ISLAMIC BOOKS
