Le Traite Du Samourai

 

[MJJANSF  7

Bfs Floalts gu [mbfnb ft gf ba Bulf

37

Bf pays gfs gnx jnbbf omrtulfs

?

Bf jmlgf gf Smiuhal

36

Bfs Kbals Jadfurs

8

Bfxnquf

3?

Bf Kbal gu Kracf

10  

Smiuial kmllaìt audmurg„eun ulf Smiuial pîrnmgf g„nlstacnbntî

35

Bf Kbal gf ba Hruf

;0

Bf Kbal gu Grahml

;3

Bf Kbal gu Bnml

;7

Bf Kbal gu Peîlnx

Kmlkfpt gf Oakf (Ml)

;?

Bf Kbal gu [kmrpnml

Bfs suoxfs Bfs sajmuraís ft ba smknîtî

;5

Bf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf

70

Bfs Oajnbbfs Njpîrnabfs

75

Bfs rmlnls

60

Bfs kbals jnlfurs

6;

Nlspnramls

67

Krîgnts

11 13 17

16  

1? 18

1>

Ba vmnf gfs knlq allfaux Bf kmgf gu Cusengm Bf kmlnt nltîrnfur g„ul sajmuraí

Hmuvfrlfjfltt ft pmuvmnr Hmuvfrlfjfl Krnjf ft keãjflt

Kmjjfrkf ft jmllanf

30

B„mrgrf kîbf kîbfstf stf

33

Ba vnf g„ul sajmuraí

;

 

Bfs Floalts gu [mbfnb ft gf ba Bulf  Gfpuns b„aucf gfs tfjps, [nrf Bulf pmurkeassant pmurkeassan t Gajf [mbfnb autmur autm ur gu jmlgf. Vl dmur, nb lnt par ba rarapfr, rarapfr, ft bf gîkbnl gf ba bujnårf gf ba gîfssf prmvmqua bf krîpuskubf gfs rakfs gf dagns.

Au b g„nllmjcracbfs sansmls, Gajf [mbfnb gmlla lanssalkf à lfuo floalts 4 Enga, Gmdn, Wmhasen, Aimgm, [enca, Cayusen, [enldm, Ou Bflh ft Ealtfn. [nrf Bulf savant quf sn ba omrkf gu smbfnb ft gf ba bulf kmubant gals bfs vfnlfs g„ul floalt, kfbun-kn gfvnflgrant pbus punssalt quf bun. Aussn, jabhrî bfs prmtfstamls g„Ajatfratsu, nb avaba sfs rfdftmls, ul par ul.

Wfrrassîf par bf keahrnl fl vmyalt sfs floalts gîvmrîs, Gajf [mbfnb sf jnt à pbfurfr, ft sfs barjfs gfvnlrflt bf krnstab ft bf dagf fl tmjcalt sur ba tfrrf. Fbbf kakea Ealtfn ft bf omrja aux arts jaraux al qu„ul dmur, nb fllf tätf à sml pårf dabmux. Bmrsquf vnlt bf dmur g„armltfr [nrf Bulf, bf kmjcat îcralba dusqu„aux Knfux fux-jäjfs. Bf bslnt par îvfltrfr bf pårf, bncîralt tmus sfs orårfs ft sśurs. Nbs tmjcårflt gu paragns ft afrrnrflt tmus sur bf Jmlt [fppul, sntf gf ba outurf kapntabf njpîrnabf. Wmus, sauo ul. [nrf Bulf tflgnt ba janl au gfrlnfr jmjflt ft arapa Ou Bflh. Ealtfn acat ulf gfrlnårf omns sml îpîf ft tralkea bf cras gf sml pårf. Ou Bflh tflta gf sf rakkrmkefr à sml orårf, ft nbs tmjcårflt tmus bfs gfux. Gals sa keutf, Ou Bflh travfrsa ba tfrrf dusqu„au Dnhmiu ft s„y pfrgnt. Bf salh gf [nrf Bulf, fl sf rîpalgalt sur ba tfrrf, sf hfa pmur omrjfr b„mcsngnfllf. Par flgrmnts, nb sf jäba aux barjfs gf Gajf [mbfnb, ft gf kff ulnml laqunrflt bfs prfjnfrs eujanls.

Bfs autrfs Iajns pbfurårflt bfur orårf gnsparu, jans nbs gurflt oanrf oakf à gf lmuvfbbfs îprfuvfs. Gîsmrjans jmrtfbs, nbs partahfranflt kf jmlgf avfk bfs ätrfs eujanls, ft nbs gîkngårflt qu„nb oabbant bfs hungfr. K„fst anlsn qu„nbs mrhalnsårflt ul hralg tmurlmn al gf gîtfrjnlfr bfqufb g„fltrf fux kmjjalgfrant à kfux qun vnvanflt gals kf pays capsî Smiuhal. Gajf[enldm prnt [nrf Enga gf vntfssf, jans [nrf Cayusen sf jmltra pbus jabnl qu„fbbf. [nrf [enca vnt kbanr gals ba rusf gf sml dujfau, jans ba hrãkf gf Gajf Gmdn fut ransml gf bun. [nrf Aimgm vanlqunt kff gfrlnårf, ft bmrsqu„nb sf tmurla pmur kmjcarf Ealtfn, nb sf banssa fjpmrtfr par sa ourfur hufrrnårf. Ealtfn ubnsa kff rahf kmltrf bun ft rfjpmrta ba vnktmnrf. Pflgalt kf tfjps, Wmhasen mcsfrvant ba skålf gf bmnl. Nb kmllanssant gîdà b„nssuf gu tmurlmn. Aprås sml kmurmllfjflt, Ealtfn Ea ltfn kmla à keakul gf sfs orårfs ft sśurs ulf tãkef gnîrfltf. Enga prmtîhfrant b„Fjpnrf gfs tîlåcrfs qun sf rîpalganflt au-gfbà gf sa ormlårf jîrngnmlabf. Gmdn flkmurahfrant bfs arts ft ofrant rîhlfr ba panx. Aimgm jålfrant g„njjflsfs arjîfs pmur gîoflgrf Smiuhal. [enca s„mkkupfrant gfs fsprnts gf ba tfrrf ft gf b„ãjf gu pays. À Cayusen, b„fjpfrfur kmla ul bmurg oargfau 4 oanrf kf quf bunjäjf lf pmuvant akkmjpbnr sals sf sabnr bfs janls. [enldm ba vahacmlgf s„avflturfrant au-gfbà gfs ormlårfs, hufalt gf outurfs jflakfs. Wmhasen sf rfra jystîrnfusfjflt gals bfs jmltahlfs pmur vfnbbfr gf bmnl sur Smiuhal. Bfs Iajns kmjjflkårflt à njpmsfr b„mrgrf au jmlgf ft à rîulnr bfurs prfjnfrs gnsknpbfs au sfnl gf bfurs kbals. Jans pfu gf tfjps aprås, Ou Bflh surhnt gf sml altrf smutfrranl. Ba kmrrupml gu Dnhmiu s„îtant rîpalguf autmur gu trmu qu„nb qu„ nb avant krfusî fl tmjcalt gfs knfux, ft gfs gîjmls bf sunvanflt sunva nflt gals sml mjcrf. « Pmurqumn lf j„as-tu pas nlvntî à parknpfr à vmtrf hralg tmurlmn = ¹ gfjalga Ou Bflh à Ealtfn. « D„auran pu sals jab vflnr à cmut gf keakul g„fltrf vmus. ¹ Bfs Iajns rfhargårflt bfur orårf gîkeu ft kmjprnrflt quf ba dabmusnf ft bf gîsnr b„avanflt kmrrmjpu. « Lmus nhlmrnmls kf qu„nb îtant agvflu gf tmn, lmus t„avmls kru pfrgu, pauvrf orårf. Jans à prîsflt...à prîsflt, lmus smjjfs sùrs quf tu b„fs cfb ft cnfl ¹, gîkbara Ealtfn. « Bfs Flofrs, bf Dnhmiu, t„mlt jarquî. Wu lf ofrans quf kmlgunrf kfs eujanls à bfur pfrtf. ¹

7

 

« Jflsmlhfs ! _mus l„avfz jäjf pas pflsî à jf kefrkefr qualg df suns tmjcî. K„fst tmn qun l„fs pas gnhlf gf rîhlfr sur kfs jmrtfbs, tmn qun lf tflgrans jäjf pas ba janl à tml orårf. Df tf gîf ! ¹, vmknoîra Ou Bflh. Ealtfn rîîkent à ba prmpmsnml, puns akkfpta bf gufb. « Wmhasen sfra jml keajpnml. ¹ Wmhasen s„avalèa. [ur sfs trants g„mrgnlanrf njpîlîtracbfs sf bnsant ba gmubfur. « Kemnsns ulf arjf, jml orårf. ¹ gnt Ou Bflh. « À jml tmur janltflalt gf t„apprflgrf kf quf df sans gf ba gfslîf. ¹ « Df kemnsns tmut kf qun vnt à Smiuhal ¹, rîpmlgnt Wmhasen. « Qu„nb fl smnt anlsn, rîtmrqua Ou Bflh. Df jålfran bfs omrkfs gfs Flofrs au kmjcat kmltrf tfs stupngfs gnsknpbfs, ft tmus vfrrmlt qun gf lmus fst bf pbus punssalt, qun gf lmus jîrntf gf rîhlfr. ¹ Ft k„fst anlsn quf gîcuta ba Hufrrf kmltrf Ou Bflh. À ba l gf kff hufrrf, sfpt Wmllfrrfs jmrtfbs rîussnrflt à trnmjpefr gf Ou Bflh hrãkf aux kmlsfnbs gf [enlsfn, bf Pft Jaìtrf. Kmjcarflt flsfjcbf ba kmurahfusf Gmdn Imlnsenim, ba kmjîgnfllf [emsurm, Nsawa bf seuhflda, Jatsu ba kmjcaaltf omrkflîf, Jnrujmtm bf gufbbnstf, Vtaiu ba vnfrhf gf catanbbf ft bf hufrrnfr Enga Atarasen. Vl jnbbnfr jnbbn fr g„allîfs s„fst s„fst îkmubî. Bfs prmpeîfs gf b„ b „mrgrf gfs [fpt Wmllfrrfs prîtflgflt, prîtflgflt , qu„ul dmur, bf kykbf sf rîpîtfra ft bfs Wmllfrrfs rfvnflgrmlt. Enstmnrf rakmltîf par Cayusen Iakenim, Kmlsfnbbårf Njpîrnabf

6

 

BF JMLGF GF SMIVHAL    Bf Pays g„Îjfraugf, « Smiuhal ¹ gals ba balhuf gf sfs eacntalts, mrf ul vastf ft jadfstufux paysahf qun s„îrf sur prås gf 1 600 inbmjåtrfs, gfpuns bfs vabbîfs gf pnls ft bfs pnks fllfnhîs gfs Jmlts gf ba Hralgf Juranbbf [fptfltrnmlabf [fptfltrnmla bf dusqu„à b„austårf Juranbbf Ianu qun prmtåhf bfs îtflgufs gîsmbîfs gf ba ormlårf jîrngnmlabf. Au-gfbà sf trmuvf b„Mutrfjmlgf, ulf rîhnml kmrrmjpuf par b„nluflkf gfs Flofrs, ft pîrnbbfusf jäjf pmur bfs pbus vabfurfux eîrms. Smiuhal jfsurf prås gf 1 000 inbmjåtrfs à sml pmnlt bf pbus barhf, fltrf ba jfr gf ba Gîfssf Gîfs sf [mbfnb à b„ b „fst ft bfs Wfrrfs Wfrrfs Crùbîfs à b„mufst. À b„nltîrnfur gfs tfrrfs, gfs pbanlfs oîkmlgfs mlgubflt smus ba bujnårf gmrîf gu smbfnb, ft gfs

omräts alknfllfs acrntflt gf jystîrnfux fsprnts aussn cnfl quf gf galhfrfusfs krîaturfs. Gfs smurkfs keaugfs danbbnssflt gfs keaìlfs gf jmltahlfs ft gfs kmbbnlfs rnkefs fl pnfrrfs prîknfusfs ft fl jnlfrans.

G„nllmjcracbfs rnvnårfs, baks ft runssfaux sf oranflt ul kefjnl vfrs b„mkîal, mþ pbmlhfurs ft päkefurs rîkmbtflt pmnssmls, abhufs ft pfrbfs. Gfs tmrnn îkarbatfs jarquflt b„fltrîf gf bnfux sakrîs, vmnsnls gfs kntîs tfltakubanrfs tfltak ubanrfs ft gfs eajfaux ornbfux gfs eujanls.   Keakul gfs sfpt kbals jadfurs agjnlnstrf ulf rîhnml gnîrfltf gf b„Fjpnrf, vfnbbalt sur sml earjmlnf laturfbbf ft sur bfs iajns qun y rîsngflt. Gfs salktuanrfs ft gfs tfjpbfs s„îbåvflt

ul pfu partmut, jarqualt bfs sntfs njprîhlîs gf pmuvmnrs spnrntufbs ft prmpnkfs à ba jîgntaml. Gfs omrkamls gf tmutfs tanbbfs prmtåhflt bfs rmutfs, bfs pmlts, bfs kmbs gf jmltahlf ft bfs gmjanlfs gfs hralgs sfnhlfurs. Gals b„mjcrf gf kfs keãtfaux, vnbbfs ft Fl vnbbahfs prmspårflt hrãkf aux fmrts gfs arsals. gfemrs gfs kntîs, bfs paysals s„îkenlflt gals bfs rnznårfs ft bfs keajps gf kîrîabfs, mu keassflt ft fxpbmntflt bfs rfssmurkfs gfs omräts. Pmur knrkubfr sur bfs rarfs rmutfs gf Smiuhal, bfs sajmuraís gmnvflt mctflnr gfs gmkujflts mknfbs ft akqunfr ulf taxf gfslîf à bfur fltrffl. Bfs kearrffs ft bfs kefvaux gfs jarkealgs smlt qualt à fux nltfrgnts sur bfs hralgfs vmnfs njpîrnabfs. njpîrnabf s. Bfurs prmprnîtanrfs gmnvflt gmlk sf rfpbnfr sur gfs rmutfs

kmjjfrknabfs spîknqufs pmur tralspmrtfr bfurs prmgunts. Kmjptf tflu gf ba tanbbf gf b„Fjpnrf ft gfs gnkubtîs qu„njpmsflt bfs vmyahfs, kfux qun mlt bf prnvnbåhf ba gnvfrsntî gf sfs paysahfs au kmursgfgfkmltfjpbfr bfur vnf smlt cnfl pfu lmjcrfux.  

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Bfs eacntalts vnvflt fl earjmlnf avfk bfs

kykbfs laturfbs gf bfurs bnfux gf rîsngflkf. Bfs Knfux mlt hraî Smiuhal gf quatrf sansmls, tmutfs kîbîcrîfs par gfs oätfs ft gfs mfuvrfs g„art. Au prnltfjps, bf parouj gîbnkat gfs furs gf kfrnsnfr mf gals bfs dargnls crujfux. B„îtî appmrtf avfk bun bfs avfrsfs ft ulf keabfur mpprfssaltf, pmur

banssfr flsuntf ba pbakf aux ofunbbfs îkarbatfs, aux strngubamlss gfs knhabfs ft aux typemls gf b„autmjlf. strngubaml b„autmjlf. B„envfr rfkmuvrf ba tfrrf g„ul îpans jaltfau gf

lfnhf, cbmquf bfs kmbs gf jmltahlf ft pmussf bfs eacntalts vfrs ba gmukfur ft bf rîkmlomrt gu omyfr.

 

BFUNQVF GF SMIVHAL  Aimgm 4 Iajn omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Bnml.

Ganimiu 4 Omrtulf gf ba rnkefssf, assmknîf à ba jmrt.

Asenharu

4  kmjcaalts paysals smus bf

kmjjalgfjflt g„ul sajmuraí.

Ganiyũ 4 ul 4 ul ark bmlh.

Cayusen 4 Iajn omlgatfur gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml.

GanjyŊ 4 sfnhlfur 4 sfnhlfur g„ulf oajnbbf, g„ul kbal mu g„ul tfrrntmnrf.

Cfltfl 4  Omrtulf gf b„ajmur rmjalquf ft gfs arts.

CnsfltŊ 4 ulf bmurgf arjf g„east tfrjnlîf par ulf bajf barhf.

GanseŊ 4 gum g„arjfs qun nlgnquflt bf statut g„ul sajmuraí, tragnmllfbbfjflt kmlstuî g„ul iatala (sacrf bmlh) ft g„ul wainzasen (sacrf kmurt).

Gmdn 4 Iajn omlgatrnkf gu Kbal gf ba Hruf. Cnseajml 4 Omrtulf gf ba omrkf. Gmdm 4  bnfu gf omrjaml, g„fltraìlfjflt ft Cnwa 4 bute à orffs gmtî g„ul jalkef kmurt.

g„îtugf.

CŊ 4 ul 4 ul cãtml.

Fcnsu 4 Omrtulf gu travanb emllätf.

Cmiifl 4 ul sacrf g„fltraìlfjflt fl cmns.

Ou Bflh 4 Bf Iajn pfrgu ft sfnhlfur gfs gîjmls.

Cmlhf 4 ba kastf gfs travanbbfurs (ko. efnjnl).

Ouiurmiudnl 4  Omrtulf gf ba sahfssf ft gf ba kmjpassnml.

CugŊia 4  bfs sunvalts arjîs pfrsmllfbs g„ul sajmuraí.

Handnl 4 ul îtralhfr à Smiuhal.

Cuif 4  ba kastf gf sajmuraíqun lf gîflt pas

Hfnsea 4  ulf e÷tfssf ft ulf arstf flhahîf par

b„autmrntî sur g„autrfs g„autrfs sajmuraís. « Kfux Kfu x qun sfrvflt ¹.

ul sajmuraí pmur bf pbansnr gf gf sa kmjpahlnf. kmjpahlnf.

Hfjpuiu 4 ba kîrîjmlnf gf passahf pa ssahf à b„ãhf agubtf Curaiujnl 4 ba kastf ba pbus cassf gu « lml-

gfs sajmuraís. Prflg pbakf fltrf 1; ft 31 als, fl

pfupbf ¹. Ko. enlnl.

hîlîrab à 1? als.

Cusen 4 ul hufrrnfr.

Eaiaja 4  ulf dupf gnvnsîf fl gfux, pmrtîf sur

Cusengm 4 

bf kmgf gu sajmuraí, gîkbnlî fl

sfpt prnlknpfs 4 kmjpassnml, kmurahf eîrmíquf,

ul injmlm, prnlknpabfjflt par bfs emjjfs ft bfs kmjcaaltfs oîjnlnlfs.

kmurtmnsnf, emllfur, grmnturf, bmyautî ft snlkîrntî.

Ealtfn 4 bf prfjnfr fjpfrfur gnvnl gf Smiuhal.

KemiutŊ 4 ul sacrf grmnt à ul sfub tralkealt.

Eamrn 4  ulf vfstf s„arrätalt à ba tanbbf mu aux

Knjftfrrf 4 ul sacrf nlkurvî mrnhnlanrf gfs Wfrrfs Crùbîfs.

Kmursal 4 ul sajmuraí qun prnlknpabfjflt sfs gfvmnrs à ba kmur.

ealkefs, ft pmrtîf pargfssus g„autrfs vätfjflts.

Efnjnl 4  « Bf pfupbf ¹, mu bfs paysals qun kmlstuflt ba kastf gfs cmlhf.

rfjpbnt

Enga 4 Iajn omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Kracf.

 8

 

Enlnl 4 bf « lml-pfupbf ¹, mu bfs jfjcrfs gf ba

Ifldutsu 4 b„art gu jalnfjflt gu sacrf.

kastf ba pbus cassf gfs curaiujnl. IneŊ 4 ulf tfkelnquf jysquf ubnsîf par bfs

Emtfn 4 Omrtulf gu kmltfltfjflt.

jmnlfs.

Nandutsu 4 ulf omrjf gf kmjcat au sacrf kfltrîf

Injmlm 4 ul vätfjflt à kmb ft à jalkefs barhfs

sur ba rapngntî gu gîhanlfjflt ft ba prîknsnml.

tmjcalt dusqu„aux kefvnbbfs, prnlknpab eacnt gu

Dn 4 ulf arjf g„east tfrjnlîf par ulf bajf fl

sajmuraí.

omrjf gf krmkeft.

Insfru 4 ulf pnpf à oujfr.

Dnal 4 ul sacrf à bajf grmntf ft à gmucbf tralkealt.

InsseŊtfl 4 Omrtulf gf ba dmnf, gf ba ofrbntî ft gf ba cfautî.

Dnf 44   ul mub fl omrjf gf krmkeft ubnsî pmur gîsarjfr ul agvfrsanrf juln g„ul sacrf, ft pmrtî

Iuhf 4  ba kastf gfs sajmuraís gîtflalt b„autmrntî

fl hîlîrab par bfs hargfs ft bfs omlkmllanrfs.

(njpîrnaux, ganjyŊ, keajpnmls gf kbal, ftk.). « Kfux qun kmjjalgflt ¹.

Dn-sajmuraí4  rassfjcbfjflts gf sajmuraís pbus pfts, kmjjf bfs oajnbbfs vassabfs, bfs kbals

Iucn cuiurm 4 ul bft à trmpeîf, ubnsî pmur

jnlfurs appmnltîs.mu bfs hrmupfs gf rmlnl mknfbbfjflt

tralspmrtfr bfs tätfs tralkeîfs gfs agvfrsanrfs.

Iusarn-haja 4 ulf arjf kmjpmsîf g„ul iaja Dnudntsu 4 ulf omrjf g„art jarab qun l„ubnsf pas

aakeî à ulf bmlhuf keaìlf.

g„arjf.

Iyũdutsu 4 stybf gf kmjcat kmlsakrî au r à b„ark.

Dnhmiu 4 bf rmyaujf gu jab. Bn 4 ulntî gf gnstalkf îqunvabalt à flvnrml 660 DurŊdnl 4 Omrtulf gf ba bmlhîvntî.

jåtrfs.

Iacuin 4 omrjf gf teîãtrf stybnsî kmlsakrî à

JaeŊ 4 jahnf gu salh.

b„eîrmísjf mu à ba vnf trahnquf gfs sajmuraís.

Iacutm 4 bf kasquf g„ul sajmuraí.

Jasaiarn 4 ulf eakeff. Jfngm 4 bf rmyaujf gfs jmrts mþ bfs ãjfs sf

Iaja 4 ul mub ahrnkmbf fl omrjf gf oaux smuvflt

rflgflt pmur ätrf duhîfs avalt bfur rînlkarlaml.

ubnsî kmjjf arjf.

Iata 4 ulf tfkelnquf jarabf.

JfnseŊgŊ 4 « Ba vmnf gfs lmjs ¹, bf stybf gf jahnf gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf ubnsalt bf lmj g„ul fsprnt pmur b„assudfr ft bf kmjjalgfr.

Iatala 4 ul sacrf bmlh, b„arjf gu sajmuraí. Jml 4 bf cbasml mu bf syjcmbf g„ul kbal mu g„ulf iajn 4 fsprnts gf ba laturf.

oajnbbf.

Iajn 4 bfs gnfux qun smlt tmjcîs gfs Knfux ft mlt

Lahnlata 4 arjf g„east tfrjnlîf par ulf bajf.

omlgî bfs kbals jadfurs. Lnlhfl-gŊ 4 bf jmlgf peysnquf gfs jmrtfbs.

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Lmgaken 4 ul îlmrjf sacrf à gfux janls.

[euhflda 4 ul prätrf cîlîknalt g„ul bnfl punssalt avfk bfs iajn, ft qun pfut akkmjpbnr gfs fxpbmnts

Lulkeaiu 4 ulf arjf kmlstuîf gf gfux cãtmls

surlaturfbs.

rfbnîs par ulf pftf bmlhufur gf keaìlf mu gf kmrgf.

[eũdn 4 ulf tfkelnquf reîtmrnquf.

Mjajmrn 4 ulf pftf ajubff rfktalhubanrf gf

[eurnifl 4 ulf arjf gf balkfr tralkealtf ft oaknbf

cmns mu gf papnfr krîîf pmur mrnr ulf angf mu ulf prmtfkml spnrntufbbf.

à gnssnjubfr.

Wam gf [enlsfn 4 bf tfxtf sakrî qun rappmrtf ba Mln 4 ul gîjml gu Dnhmiu.

kmlvfrsaml fltrf [enlsfn ft bf prfjnfr Fjpfrfur.

Mlm 4 ulf eakef.

Wflhmiu 4 bf rmyaujf Kîbfstf.

Ŋtsuken4 ul njjflsf jartfau gf cmns.

Wfssfl 4 ul îvfltanb gf hufrrf.

Myujn 4 ulf arcabåtf.

WftsucŊ 4 ul 4 ul hralg hmurgnl kbmutî.

Smiuhal 4 bf jmlgf gf Ba Bîhflgf gfs Knlq

Wmhasen 4 Iajn omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Grahml.

Allfaux, pays gfs sajmuraís, gf b„emllfur ft gfs fsprnts.

Wmrnn 4 ul pmrtanb jarqualt ba tralsnml fltrf bf prmoalf ft bf sakrî, smuvflt pbakî à b„fltrîf gfs

Smlnl 4 ul sajmuraí sals sfnhlfur, ul parna.

salktuanrfs.

[aiî 4 ulf cmnssml abkmmbnsîf pmpubanrf à casf gf

^arn 4 ulf balkf.

rnz ofrjfltî. ^ŊdnjcŊ 4 ul hargf gu kmrps. [ajmuraí 4 bfs jfjcrfs gf ba pbus eautf kastf, appfbîs cuif mu iuhf fl omlkml gf bfur pmsnml au sfnl gf kff kastf.

[eaiu 4 ulf ulntî gf bmlhufur g„flvnrml ;0

^ujn 4 ul ark kmurt. Xainzasen 4  ul

sacrf kmurt pmrtî par tmus bfs

kfljåtrfs.

jfjcrfs gf ba kastf gfs sajmuraís pmur nlgnqufr bfur statut.

[eajnsfl 4 ul bute à trmns kmrgfs (nlstrujflt gf

TalcatŊ 4 ul 4 ul sacrf barhf à gmucbf tralkealt ubnsî pmur bf kmjcat à kefvab.

jusnquf).

[enca 4 Iajn omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Peîlnx. [enldm 4 Iajn omlgatrnkf gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf. [enlsfn 4 « Bf Pft Jaìtrf ¹, bf sahf qun parba au prfjnfr Fjpfrfur ft nlspnra ba kmjprîeflsnml

penbmsmpenquf gf ba rînlkarla rînlkarlaml ml ft gfs îbîjflts.

[enlmcn 4 ul fspnml ft ul ahflt nlbtrî.

>

 

SMIVHAL KMLLAÌW AVDMVSG„EVN VLF PÎSNMGF G„NL[WACNBNWΠ

 

Bfs kmjpbmts pfrlnknfux pfrlnknfux,, bfs katastrmpefs

kf quf gnktf bfur kmfur ft kf quf ba smknîtî (ft bf kmgf

laturfbbfs ft bfs trmucbfs qun cmubfvfrsflt bf

gu cusengm) bfur njpmsf. Kfs enstmnrfs pfrsmllfbbfs gf trnmjpef ft gf trahîgnf rîsmllfrmlt gals Smiuhal ft oaèmllfrmlt b„avflnr gu pays tmut tmu t flfr. flfr.

jmlgf gfs fsprnts jfflt fl pîrnb b„îqunbncrf pmbnquf, jnbntanrf ft spnrntufb gu pays. G„alqufs rnvabntîs ft gfs traensmls rîkfltfs mlt fu gfs rîpfrkussnmls njpmrtaltfs à ba kmur ft sur bf keajp gf catanbbf. Bf tr÷lf gu kerysalteåjf

fst jflakî gf b„fxtîrnfur kmjjf gf b„nltîrnfur. B„emllfur gfs sfpt kbals jadfurs sfra cnflt÷t jns

à rugf îprfuvf. Qufbs sajmuraís sf jmltrfrmlt assfz omrts pmur hungfr Smiuhal fl kfs tfjps tujubtufux = Bfurs lmjs îbfvîs mu au jäjf ralh quf kfux gf bfurs sfrmlt-nbs vîlîrîs alkätrfs, rfdmnlgrmlt-nbs kfux gfs pnrfs skîbîrats gf b„Fjpnrf =   Gals Ba Bîhflgf gfs Knlq Allfaux 4 bf Dfu gf S÷bf, bfs dmufurs nlkarlflt gfs pfrsmllahfs gmlt b„emllfur ft ba bmyautî sfrmlt îprmuvîs. Nbs sfrvflt bfurs sfnhlfurs fl talt quf hufrrnfrs, kmursals, prätrfs mu jmnlfs. Nbs vnvflt gfs avflturfs fjprfnltfs gf grajf, gf suspflsf, g„eujmur,

g„ajmur ft g„emrrfur. Nbs gmnvflt gals bf jäjf tfjps bufr kmltrf bfurs îjmmls, ft kemnsnr fltrf

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  Ba Bîhflgf gfs Knlq Allfaux 4 bf Dfu gf S÷bf omurlnt aux dmufurs ft aux jaìtrfs gu dfu tmus bfs mubs lîkfssanrfs pmur vnvrf gfs rîknts grajaqufs gals b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf. Kft muvrahf prîsfltf bfs råhbfs lîkfssanrfs pmur krîfr ul pfrsmllahf ayalt durî gf sfrvnr b„ul gfs sfpt kbals nltrnhufs jadfurs, ft ft kmlnts. pmur jflfr gfs îvfltanb parfs mþ furnssflt Vl barhf gf kmjpîtflkfs, gf tfkelnqufs ft gf karaktîrnsqufs pfrjft aux dmufurs gf pfrsmllabnsfr bfur abtfr fhm g„ul pmnlt gf vuf jîkalnquf ft larrao. Hrãkf au syståjf casî sur gfs gîs spîknaux, bf dmufur fst kapacbf gf kmltrncufr à b„nltrnhuf ft gf kemnsnr sn sml pfrsmllahf rîussnt, gals qufbbf jfsurf… ft kf qu„nb bun fl kmùtf. Qualt au oaltasquf ulnvfrs oîmgab gf Smiuhal, nb mrf ulf tmnbf gf omlg spbflgngf ft jadfstufusf à kfs îpmpîfs.

 

BA _MNF GF[ KNLQ ALLFAVU    À b„b„aucf aucf gf ba knvnbnsaml, b„eujalntî kefrkeant à kmjprflgrf ba krîaml qun b„fltmurant. Bfs pbus hralgs penbmsmpefs kmlkburflt quf bf jmlgf sf kmjpmsant gf knlq îbîjflts 4 b„anr, ba tfrrf, bf ofu, b„fau, ft fll bf vngf, qun fst bf knjflt gfs quatrf autrfs. Kfs îbîjflts, qu„ml appfbbf îhabfjflt « bfs allfaux ¹, sf rftrmuvanflt

Bf vngf fst ba vakuntî gu knfb

lmkturlf mu bf lnrvala, à ba omns prîsflt ft tralskflgalt. Gals tmut Smiuhal, bfs sflsfn flsfnhlflt aux outurs sajmuraís kmjjflt mcsfrvfr kfs gnîrflts îbîjflts ft bfs fxprnjfr gals keakul gf bfurs hfstfs.

parjn bfs fsprnts sakrîs gf ba tfrrf ft gf ba laturf, jans aussn gals ba smknîtî ft ba psykeî eujanlf.

ft

B„anr rfprîsfltf bf kbnjat bf vflt, b„nlvnsncbf ft bf

smus-fltflgu,

anlsn

quf

ba

rapngntî g„ul mnsfau gf prmnf.

 

  Gals Ba Bîhflgf gfs Knlq Allfaux 4 bf Dfu gf S÷bf, bfs pfrsmllahfs sf gîlnssflt par b„nltflsntî gfs gnîrflts îbîjflts qun bfs kmjpmsflt. Fbbf fst rfprîsfltîf par ulf vabfur lujîrnquf kmjprnsf

fltrf 1 ft 6, ba vabfur g„allfau gu pfrsmllahf. Pmur keaquf tãkef fltrfprnsf, bf pfrsmllahf gfvra kemnsnr ulf « apprmkef ¹ îbîjfltanrf, qun bun gmllfra b„avaltahf mu bf ealgnkapfra fl omlkml gfs sntuamls auxqufbbfs nb b„appbnqufra.

Ba tfrrf kmrrfspmlg à ba

pnfrrf, au cmns ft au jîtab,

à b„mcslaml g„ul ãlf ft à ba paflkf g„ulf tmrtuf.

Bf ofu syjcmbnsf ba gmukf keabfur gu smbfnb ft ba ourfur g„ul nlkflgnf, jans îhabfjflt b„îlkfbbf gf b„nllmvaml, ba passnml ba gîvmml ft ba oîrmkntî gfg„ul keat sauvahf.

B„fau

sf

rftrmuvf

gals b„îbaskntî ft ba smupbfssf g„ulf pnfuvrf 9 aquf, rnvnårf mu jfr nllnf, fbbf prflg ba omrjf gf sml kmltflalt.

11

 

BF KMGF GV CV[ENGM    Pmur prmtîhfr kf pays ft sml jmgf gf vnf, bfs sajmuraís au sfrvnkf gfs hralgs sfnhlfurs mcînssflt aux prîkfptfs gu cusengm. Kff « vmnf gu hufrrnfr ¹ bfs îbåvf au-gfssus gu rfstf gf ba smknîtî, tmut fl bfs flkeaìlalt à gfs ngîaux prfsquf njpmssncbfs à rfspfktfr. Nbs gmnvflt nlkarlfr ba grmnturf ft b„emllfur, ba bmyautî ft bf gfvmnr, gfvmnr, ba kmurtmnsnf ft ba kmjpassnml, kmjpassnm l, anlsn quf bf kmurahf oakf à ba jmrt. Ml aflg g„ul sajmuraí qu„nb rfspfktf kfs vfrtus fl parmbfs ft fl aktfs, jäjf bmrsqu„nb fltrf fl kmlnt avfk ul panr. B„ageîsnml g„ul sajmuraí au kmgf gu cusengm nluflkf lml sfubfjflt sa rîputaml pfrsmllfbbf, jans aussn kfbbfs gf sa jansmllîf, gf sa oajnbbf ft gf sml kbal. [„nb sf rîvåbf nlkapacbf gf vnvrf sfbml kfs prîkfptfs, sfub ul sunkngf rntufb, bf sfppuiu, sfppu iu, pmurra bavfr sml emllfur. G„aprås G„aprås bf cusengm, rnfl lf gmnt gmn t sf jfrf fl travfrs gf kfs ngîaux. B„ajmur ft b„ajcnml, ba frtî ft b„avngntî, ft jäjf bf cmlefur, gmnvflt ätrf sakrnîs fl sml lmj. Pmurtalt, bfs sajmuraís rfstflt gfs eujanls, lîs gf b„ulnml gf Gajf [mbfnb ft gf [nrf Bulf, gf b„mrgrf ft gu keams.

  Bfs prîkfptfs gu cusengm lf sfranflt pas gfs ngîaux s„nbs îtanflt sn oaknbfs à rfspfktfr au qumgnfl. K„fst ba vabfur g„Emllfur gfs sajmuraís qun jfsurf bfur omn ft bfur rfspfkt flvfrs bf cusengm. Cusengm snhlnf bnîrabfjflt « ba vmnf gu hufrrnfr ¹ ft bfs sajmuraís gf Smiuhal fssanflt gf vnvrf sfbml sfs prîkfptfs. Bfs kbals fl prmpmsflt tmutfomns gfs nltfrprîtamls nltfrprîtam ls bîhårfjflt gnîrfltfs. Ml flsfnhlf flsfnh lf à tmus bfurs jfjcrfs qu„nb oaut fjcrassfr bfs ngîaux gu cusengm ft s„fmrkfr gf bfs afnlgrf sals dajans pflsfr à sml nltîrät pfrsmllfb. Jäjf bfs Iajns lf smlt pas parvflus à bf rfspfktfr sals oanbbf. Nb fst prfsquf njpmssncbf gf sf kmlomrjfr à tmutfs bfs kmltranltfs njpmsîfs par Aimgm, ft bfs sajmuraís passflt bfur vnf à tfltfr g„y ageîrfr.  

Ba kmjpassnml kmjpassnml (dnl) ( dnl)

Sfjpbakfz ba pfur par bf rfspfkt ft ba prugflkf. ¹

« Bf sajmuraí hahlf rapngntî ft omrkf par ul fltraìlfjflt nltflsf. Kf l„fst pas ulf pfrsmllf mrgnlanrf. Ba punssalkf qu„nb gîvfbmppf gmnt ätrf jnsf au sfrvnkf gu cnfl kmjjul. Nb oant prfuvf gf kmjpassnml. Nb angf bfs snfls gås qu„nb bf pfut. [n aukulf mkkasnml lf sf prîsfltf, abmrs nb oant tmut sml  pmssncbf pmur fl trmuvfr ulf. ¹

 

  Bf rmyaujf Kîbfstf gîsnhla bfs sfnhlfurs ft bfs sajmuraís gf Smiuhal pmur kmjjalgfr aux kastfs nloîrnfurfs. Mr pmuvmnr ft rfspmlsacnbntîs vmlt gf panr. panr. Ba lmcbfssf, nlkarlîf nlka rlîf par bfs cuif ft bfs iuhf, a ul gfvmnr gf kmjpassnml flvfrs bfs cmlhf. cml hf. Ba pbupart gfs kbals nltfrpråtflt kf prîkfptf kmjjf

ulf mcbnhaml gf prmtfkml peysnquf à b„îharg gfs paysals, jans kfrtanls vmlt flkmrf pbus bmnl.

Bf kmurahf eîr e îrmíquf míquf (yþ) « Îbfvfz-vmus au-gfssus gfs jassfs kranlvfs. Vl sajmuraí gmnt oanrf prfuvf gf kmurahf eîrmíquf. Bf rnsquf fst acsmbu. B„aktf fst galhfrfux galhfrfux.. Kf l„fst qu„fl qu„fl akkfptalt ba jmrt quf bf sajmuraí vnt pbfnlfjflt ulf fxnstflkf îpalmunf ft gîbfktacbf. Bf kmurahf l„fst pas avfuhbf 4 nb fst nltfbbnhflt nltfbbn hflt ft omrt.

13

Vl sajmuraí passf keaquf sfkmlgf gf sml

fxnstflkf à ba pmrtîf gf sacrfs ft gf ba jmrt. Nb gmnt ätrf prät à tmut nlstalt à sf sakrnfr pmur sml sfnhlfur, sml kbal ft b„Fjpnrf. Pîrnr au sfrvnkf gf sml ganjyŊ oant prmhrfssfr bf iarja g„ul nlgnvngu, ft bfs sajmuraís fjcrassflt avfk fltemusnasjf

b„ngîf gf jmurnr lmcbfjflt pmur bfur oajnbbf.

Ba kmurtmnsnf (rfn) « Bf sajmuraí l„a aukulf ransml gf sf jmltrfr krufb. Nb l„akmurtmns pas à  prmuvfr sa omrkf. Nb rfstf jäjf flvfrs sfs fllfjns. [als kff gîoîrflkf, lmus lf smjjfs quf gfs alnjaux. Ml rfspfktf bf sajmuraí pmur sa punssalkf au kmjcat, jans aussn pmur sml atugf flvfrs autrun. Nb gîjmltrf sa vîrntacbf omrkf nltîrnfurf gals b„agvfrsntî. ¹   À Smiuhal, b„mrgrf smknab l„fst pas snjpbfjflt njpmrtalt. Nb kmlstuf, au sfls prmprf, ba omlgaml sur baqufbbf s„appunflt bfs Knfux. Ml aflg g„ul sajmuraí qu„nb prîsfrvf bfs flgurfjäjf bfs gnkubtîs ft oassfapparflkfs, prfuvf gf qu„nb kmurtmnsnf, bmrsqu„nb fst kmlormltî à ba pbus jîprnsacbf hrmssnårftî. K„fst ba ransml pmur baqufbbf bfs kmursals praquflt b„art gf b„nlsubtf nlgnrfktf ft gf b„nlsnluaml sucbf.

 

Bf gfvmnr ft ba bmyautî (keþhn)

Ba gr g rmnturf (hn)

« Pmur ul sajmuraí, oanrf mu gnrf ‒qufbquf kemsf‚, k„fst sf b„apprmprnfr. Nb fl fst rfspmlsacbf, tmut kmjjf nb fst rfspmlsacbf gf tmutfs bfs kmlsîquflkfs qun s„flsunvflt. Vl sajmuraí fst bmyab flvfrs kfux gmlt nb prflg smnl. Nb fst  oîrmkfjfltt gåbf à kfux gmlt nb fst rfspmlsacbf. ¹  oîrmkfjfl

«Oantfs prfuvf g„ulf paroantf emllätftî gals tmus vms rappmrts avfk autrun. Krmyfz fl ba duskf, lml pas fl kfbbf gfs autrfs, jans fl kfbbf quf vmus appbnqufz. Bf kmfur g„ul vîrntacbf sajmuraí sant quf bf hrns l„fxnstf pas qualg ml parbf g„emllätftî ft gf  duskf. Nb l„y a quf kf qun fst fst cnfl ft kf qun fst jab. jab.

  Ml aflg g„ul sajmuraí qu„nb akkmjpbnssf sml gfvmnr flvfrs sml sfnhlfur ft sfs sucmrgmllîs sals eîsntaml ln rîsfrvf, qufb quf smnt bf prnx pmur sa prmprf rîputaml. Cnfl fltflgu, bfs mrgrfs qu„nb rfèmnt gmnvflt rfspfktfr bf kmgf gu cusengm ft kmuvrnr g„emllfur kfbun qun bfs fxîkutf. Wmutfomns, s„nb fsjf quf sml gfvmnr fltrf fl kmlnt avfk bfs autrfs vfrtus gf ba vmnf gu hufrrnfr, bf sajmuraí pfut oanrf sfppuiu fl snhlf gf prmtfstaml, s„acstflalt fxkfpmllfbbfjflt gf ba pfrjnssnml rfqunsf gf ba part gf sml ganjyŊ pmur jfrf l à sfs dmurs. Kf hfstf fst gîpmurvu g„ajcnhuítî 4 bf sfnhlfur a sakrnî b„emllfur gf sml sajmuraí, ft ul nlgnvngu gîsemlmrî l„fst pbus aptf à sfrvnr.

Ba grmnturf fst kmjjf b„îkbat gu smbfnb sur ba

B„emllfur (jfnym) « Bf vîrntacbf sajmuraí fst sfub duhf gf sml prmprf emllfur emllfu r. Bfs gîknsnmls quf vmus prflfz, ft ba jalnårf gmlt vmus bfs appbnqufz, rfåtflt vmtrf ngfltî rîfbbf. _mus lf pmuvfz  pas vmus kakefr gf vmus-jäjf vmus-jäjf.. ¹

bajf gu iatala, îkbatalt ft avfuhbalt. Nb l„y a quf ba vîrntî ft bf jflsmlhf, ba duskf ft b„nlduskf. Ba tãkef gu sajmuraí kmlsnstf à vnvrf gals bf rfspfkt gf ba duskf ft à s„assurfr quf kfbbf-kn prîvaut.

Ba snlkîrntî snlk îrntî (jai (jaimtm) mtm) « Qualg ul sajmuraí arjf qu„nb ofra qufbquf kemsf, k„fst kmjjf s„nb avant gîdà ahn. Snfl l„arrätfra sa janl. Nb l„a pas à ‒gmllfr sa parmbf‚ ln à ‒prmjfrf‚. Bf snjpbf oant gf b„fxprnjfr fst bf prfjnfr pas vfrs b„aktf. Arjfr, k„fst ahnr. ¹   Bf sajmuraí s„nlvfst pbfnlfjflt gals kmlluntî gf sa parmbf ft sfs aktfs. Nb ahnt avfk ulf kmlvnkml flårf, pfu njpmrtf quf kf smnt pmur sml sfnhlfur mu pmur bun-jäjf. À Smiuhal, ml akkmrgf pbus gf vabfur à ulf atugf îbmqufltf qu„à ba vîrntî acsmbuf, kar bmrsqu„ul nlgnvngu parbf avfk snlkîrntî, ml sant qu„nb s„fst

flhahî tmtabfjflt gals kf qu„nb a fxprnjî.

 snjpbf ft _mnkn ba pbus sucbf, ft pmurtalt ba pbus ba pbus ulnvfrsfbbf gf tmutfs bfs vfrtus. Vl sajmuraí sals emllfur lf pfut pas vranjflt sunvrf

bfs autrfs prîkfptfs prîkfptfs gu cusengm, kar nb ahnt sfbml bfs afltfs g„autrun ft lml sfbml sa kmlsknflkf. [n sml emllfur fst sals takef, bf sajmuraí rfspfktfra

ba vmnf gu hufrrnfr, sa quätf gf duskf sfra sals oanbbf ft tmudmurs kmurmllîf gf sukkås, jäjf sn sml sfnhlfur bun mrgmllf g„ahnr autrfjflt.

1;

 

BF KMLOBNW NLWÎSNFVS G„VL [AJMVSAÌ   

À Smiuhal, gf trås lmjcrfusfs pnåkfs gf teîãtrf rfbatflt bfs gnbfjjfs auxqufbs oant oakf ul sajmuraí qualg b„flsfjcbf gf sfs sfljflts eujanls, bf lnldŊ, s„mppmsf à sfs mcbnhamls flvfrs ba smknîtî, bf hnrn. Kfs îbîjflts, qun pmurranflt oanrf mcstakbf au cusengm, smlt gfs omrkfs cnfl rîfbbfs. Sarfs smlt bfs nlgnvngus kapacbfs gf bfur rîsnstfr tmtabfjflt. Bfs enstmnrfs ft bfs grajfs

gf Ba Bîhflgf gfs Knlq Allfaux 4 bf Dfu gf S÷bf tmurlflt autmur gf ba tflsnml fltrf kfs gfux omrkfs mppmsîfs. B„ul gfs kemnx omlgajfltaux quf gmnt ffktufr keaquf dmufur fl krîalt sml pfrsmllahf kmlsnstf à gîtfrjnlfr bf lnldŊ ft bf hnrn gf kf gfrlnfr 4 nb s„ahnt gf kemnsnr g„ulf part sml pbus prmomlg gîsnr, ft g„autrf part bfs afltfs quf sml sfnhlfur ft bf gfsl pbakflt fl bun. Pfu njpmrtf gf savmnr kf qun, gu cmlefur mu gu gfvmnr, b„fjpmrtf. B„ul kmjjf b„autrf mlt gfs

kmlsîquflkfs talt larravfs quf jîkalnqufs, lml sfubfjflt sur bf pfrsmllahf, jans îhabfjflt sur tmut b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfra ugf. Ml kealtfra bfs fxpbmnts gfs sajmuraís qun s„nbbustrfrmlt au sfrvnkf gf bfur sfnhlfur aux quatrf kmnls gf Smiuhal. Ml bfs kmlsnhlfra paromns jäjf gals bfs kermlnqufs. Ba rîputaml ft ba kîbîcrntî g„ul sajmuraí sf jfsurflt à b„ulf gf sa vabfur gf Hbmnrf.

KMLKFPW GF OAKF (ML)   

Kf qu„ml appfbbf ba oakf prîsfltf ul

aspfkt kfltrab gf ba kubturf sajmuraí, nltrnlsåquf

à ba kmlvnkml gfs sajmuraís g„ätrf gfs nlgnvngus fxkfpmllfbs, kemnsns à ba lanssalkf pmur sfrvnr b„Fjpnrf g„ulf jalnårf njpflsacbf pmur gfs

paysals. sf gmnt gm ntgf gf lf oanrf prfuvf g„autmgnsknpbnlfBf à sajmuraí keaquf nlstalt, dajans pfrgrf bf kmltr÷bf, gf lf dajans sf banssfr sucjfrhfr par bfs îjmmls ft kmjpmrtfjflts gîpbakîs, qun karaktîrnsflt bfs « pfrsmllfs nloîrnfurfs ¹. Bf sajmuraí qun lf jaìtrnsf pas sfs îjmmls lf pfut sfrvnr sml sfnhlfur gals b„emllfur ft ba kmlalkf, kar sml duhfjflt ft sa bmyautî sfrmlt cnansîs. Anlsn, bf kmltr÷bf gf smn ft ba gnhlntî smlt fssflfbs à b„fxnstflkf gfs sajmuraís. Ba oakubtî gf hargfr bf kmltr÷bf gf smn, gf lf dajans jmltrfr sfs vrans

sfljflts, kmrrfspmlg à kf qu„ml appfbbf hargfr sml ml mu ba « oakf ¹. Bf sajmuraí qun hargf ba oakf lf pfut jalnpubî pfut b„fllfjn, gmlk ul ätrf sajmuraí qun ft sfrt smltrmjpfr Kbal sals oanbbnr.  

A

b„nlvfrsf,

bf

sajmuraí

qun

pfrg

ba oakf, qun kmltr÷bf jab sfs îjmmls, smjcrf gals ba emltf, jans kff gnshrãkf tmukef abmrs aussn sa oajnbbf ft sml Kbal.   Ba oakf fst ul kmlkfpt rîsfrvî aux s ajmuraís, quf b„ml lf pfut aflgrf gf ba part gfs paysals ft autrfs rmturnfrs. Hargfr ba oakf sf kmjparf paromns au pmrt g„ul jasquf quf b„ml gmnt hargfr à tmutf efurf gf ba dmurlîf pmur gnssnjubfr sfs sfljflts. Bf jasqufs kbal gu [kmrpnml anjf rappfbfr quf sfs prmprfs peysnqufs

lf

rfprîsfltflt

aukulfjflt

ul

gîhunsfjflt, jans dustf b„akkfptaml gf ba vîrntî 4 aukul sajmuraí lf sf jmltrf smus sml vran dmur. « Lmus pmrtmls tmus ul jasquf. Ba gnîrflkf rîsngf gals bf oant quf lmus autrfs gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml bf rfkmllanssmls. ¹

17

 

BF[ [VOONUF[  Vf

[aja

Gmlm

[al

Vbnsî bmrsquf vmus vmus agrfssfz à ul Keajpnml gf Kbal mu à ul Ganjym gf oajnbbf. Vbnsî pmur s„agrfssfr à sfs supîrnfurs. Vbnsî fl snhlf gf hralg rfspfkt mu g„agjnraml. Gals ulf sntuaml smknabf omrjfbbf, appfbfz tmut bf jmlgf «-saja¹. [nhlnf [fnhlfur/Gajf ft fst ba oaèml ba pbus kmuraltf gf parbfr à ul Ganjym, nb pfut îhabfjflt ätrf ubnsî gals ulf kmlvfrsaml lmrjabf pmur îbfvfr qufbqu„ul. Nb njpbnquf ba gnhlntî ft ba hralgfur, jans lf pmrtf pas bf tml g„agjnraml quf «-saja¹ pfut avmnr.   Bf suxf bf pbus kmurajjflt ubnsî gals bfs nltfr nltfrakmls akmls pmbnfs, b„ubnsaml gf «-sal¹ avfk ulpmbnautrf nlgnquf ul rfspfkt à smlnlgnvngu îharg.

Iul

BF[ [AJMVSAÍ[ FW BA [MKNÎWΠ   À Smiuhal, ml prîtflg quf b„emllfur fst pbus omrt quf b„ b „aknfr aknfr.. Jäjf ba bajf baj f ba pbus rîsnstaltf sf tmrg ft omlg gals bf ofu gf ba omrhf, jans ba smknîtî gf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf fst lîf gals bfs ajjfs gf ba pmbnquf ft gf ba hufrrf, ft fbbf a rîsnstî tmus kfsakîrî îvîlfjflts, qunjnbbnfr b„mltr g„allîfs. oaèmllîf kmjjfàul sacrf pflgalt ul jnbbnf g„ allîfs.   Fbbf mcînt à ul mrgrf gnvnl îtacbn par bfs eunt Iajns qun mlt hraî bf rmyaujf gfs jmrtfbs gf bfur prîsflkf kîbfstf. Smiuhal fst ul jmlgf smujns à ulf strakaml smknabf rnhngf, mþ ul rfharg gîpbakî au jauvans jmjflt pfut vmus kmùtfr ba vnf. B„njpassncnbntî g„ul sajmuraí ft

b„apparfltf jaìtrnsf gf sfs îjmmls fst appfbîf sa « oakf ¹. Kf kmlkfpt fst g„ulf njpmrtalkf kapntabf à Smiuhal. Pfrgrf ba oakf rfvnflt à pfrgrf sa pmsnml ft sa rîputaml fl smknîtî, ft paromns jäjf sa vnf.

Vbnsî pmur gîsnhlfr bfs harèmls

  Bf jmt sajmuraí snhlnf bnîrabfjflt « kfbun qun sfrt ¹. Bfs sajmuraís smlt bfs lmcbfs ft bfs sfnhlfurs qun gnrnhflt b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf, jans

qun l„mlt pas flkmrf passî bfur

nbs sfrvflt aussn bfs autrfs eacntalts gu pays, qu„nb

hfjpuiiu, ft fst paromns ubnsî par bfs dfulfs ofjjfs pmur gîsnhlfr bfs emjjfs gmlt fbbfs smlt trås prmkefs.

Nb pfut îhabfjflt ätrf ubnsî par ul supîrnfur njjîgnat qun s„agrfssf à ul sucmrgmllî gf b„ul mu b„autrf sfxf, auqufb kas nb fst pbus oajnbnfr quf «-sal¹.

s„ahnssf gu pft pfupbf gf Smiuhal mu gfs sfnhlfurs auxqufbs nbs mcînssflt. Ba pbupart apparfllflt à b„ulf gfs trmns hralgfs katîhmrnfs sunvaltfs 4 bfs cusen, qun gîvfbmppflt bfurs kmjpîtflkfs

jarabfs 9 bfs kmursals, qun sf balkflt gals gfs dfux pmbnqufs jmrtfbs 9 ft bfs seuhflda, qun omlt mkf gf prätrfs ft g„nltfrjîgnanrfs fltrf bfs eujanls ft bfs rmyaujfs gfs fsprnts.

Kea eal l

Vb bnnsî avfk bf bfss bb bbfs fs qu qunn l„ l„ml mltt pas flkmrf tfrjnlî bfur hfjpuiiu mu tmutf pfrsmllf quf qufbqu„ul trmuvf

aakealtf. Bfs orårfs ft sśurs trås prmkefs vmlt paromns b„ubnsfr. B„ubnsfr avfk l„njpmrtf qun gals l„njpmrtf qufb kmltfxtf omrjfb fst ulf hravf vnmbaml gf b„îquff.

16

 

HMV_FSLFJFLW FW PMV_MNS    Ba smknîtî gf Smiuhal fst ulf smknîtî oîmgabf. Wmutfs bfs tfrrfs apparfll apparfllflt flt à b„Fjpfrfur, qun fl gîbåhuf b„nltflgalkf aux keajpnmls ft aux sfnhlfurs gfs kbals jadfurs. Kfux-kn jalgatflt à bfur tmur gfs sajmuraís vassaux pmur bfs agjnlnstrfr.

Kfba gnt, tmutfs bfs hufrrfs lf sf hahlflt pas sur bf keajp gf catanbbf. Gfs sajmuraís omrjîs aux arts sucbs gf ba kmur pmrtflt gfs kmups jmrtfbs hrãkf à gf snjpbfs parmbfs mu à gfs rnrfs jmqufurs, gnssnjubîs gfrrnårf bfurs îvfltanbs. Bfur arålf, k„fst ba kmur, kfbbf gfs kntîs gf prmvnlkf

mu gfs ganjyŊ gf oajnbbf, kfbbf gfs keajpnmls   B„autmrntî njpîrnab njpîrnabf f ft bf stybf gf vnf gfs eacntalts gîkmubflt gfs gîknsnmls gf b„Fjpfrfur

Ealtfn, gfskflgalt gnvnl qun snåhf sur bf Wr÷lf g„Îjfraugf. [fs prnlknpaux kmlsfnbbfrs smlt bfs keajpnmls gf b„Fjpnrf (fl parkubnfr bf Keajpnml g„Îjfraugf), qun rfjpbnssflt gfs omlkmls spîknqufs au sfnl gf b„agjnlnstraml, ft bfs keajpnmls gf kbals jadfurs. Jaìtrfs gfs sfpt kbals jadfurs, kfs gfrlnfrs supfrvnsflt bfs oajnbbfs qun bfur mlt prätî sfrjflt g„abbîhfalkf. Kfbbfs-kn gfskflgflt gfs eîrms jmrtfbs qun mlt durî gîbntî aux Iajns. Bfs gnîrfltfs oajnbbfs g„ul kbal smlt gnrnhîfs par gfs ganjyŊ (bnîrabfjflt, « bfs hralgs lmjs ¹), bfurs sfnhlfurs gu grmnt gf tîjmnhlf vnf ft gf jmrt sur sudftsgnspmsalt ft auxqufbs keakul ulf bmyautî acsmbuf. Bfurs tfrrfs smlt gnvnsîfs fl

prmvnlkfs (b„ulntî tfrrntmrnabf gf casf gf Smiuhal), agjnlnstrîfs par gfs ganjyŊ gf ralh nloîrnfur. Kfs gfrlnfrs mlt autmrntî sur gfs hmuvfrlfurs gf gnstrnkt ft gf vnbbf, qun kmltr÷bflt gfs gmjanlfs ofrbfs ft gf rnkefs kntîs. Bfs kbals ft bfurs rfprîsfltalts sf

gnsputflt bf pmuvmnr gals bfs kmurs gf kfs ganjyŊ, rfkmuralt pmur kf oanrf à ba sucbntî mu à ba b a omrkf crutf.   Ba vmnf gu sajmuraí fst ba vmnf gu hufrrnfr. Ba pbupart gfs sajmuraís s„fltraìlflt gås bfur pbus  dfulf ãhf à kmjcarf pmur bfur sfnhlfur ft à sf sakrnfr pmur bun sn lîkfssanrf. Bmrsqu„ul tfrrntmnrf fst kmltfstî, mu quf gfs jflakfs fxtîrnfurfs jfflt fl pîrnb b„fxnstflkf jäjf gf b„Fjpnrf, bfs ganjyŊ gf kbal rassfjcbflt bfurs arjîfs. Nbs omlt ba hufrrf au lmj gf bfur keajpnml, mu au lmj gf b„Fjpfrfur au sfnl gfs bîhnmls njpîrnabfs. Ealtfn autmrnsf sfs vassaux à kmlsfrvfr ulf parf gfs rîkmbtfs allufbbfs gf rnz, al qu„nbs punssflt s„arjfr ft gîoflgrf bfs tfrrfs qu„nb bfur a kmlîfs.  

1?

gf kbal, mu cnfl flkmrf ba pbus kîbåcrf ft ba pbus

pîrnbbfusf 4 kfbbf gf b„Fjpfrfur. Bf sajmuraí qun s„avflturf gals kfs bnfux mþ råhlf b„art gîbnkat gu gnskmurs nlgnrfkt apprflg qu„ulf îquff njpfkkacbf rfstf ulf gîoflsf pbus fkakf quf ba pbus lf gfs bajfs. Bfs kmursals s„y krmnsflt pmur gfs rîulnmls prnvîfs, fxprnjflt à jmts kmuvfrts bfs gîsnrs gf bfur kbal, ft prîoårflt kmlkburf bfurs trantîs fl îkealhfalt g„emlmracbfs prmjfssfs pbut÷t qu„avfk gf b„flkrf sur ul parkefjnl.

  B„envfr gf Smiuhal fst parkubn parkubnårfjflt årfjflt rugf, ft b„ml lf pfut pas bnvrfr catanbbf gals bf ormng ft ba lfnhf. K„fst sansml quf bag„autrf kmur fstà ba pbus akvf, kargmlk nb l„yàakff pas hralg-kemsf oanrf. [fubs gf rarfs îbus parknpflt à ba kmur g„envfr gf b„Fjpfrfur, mþ bfs fldfux ft bfs hrakamls smlt

pbus

njpmrtalts

quf

partmut

anbbfurs.

 

KSNJF FW KEÃWNJFLW   

Bf sajmuraí qun agjnlnstrf bfs tfrrfs au

lmj gf b„Fjpfrfur gmnt akkmjpbnr sa vmbmltî. Nb oant gmlk rfspfktfr bfs bmns njpîrnabfs, rassfjcbîfs ft

appbnquîfs par bf Keajpnml g„Îjfraugf. B„ulf gfs prnlknpabfs rfspmlsacnbntîs gfs sajmuraís kmlsnstf

à janltflnr b„mrgrf, ft à oanrf rfspfktfr ba bmn ft ba  duskf (gals kft mrgrf). À Smiuh Smiuhal, al, bfs krnjfs lf smlt huårf gnîrflts g„anbbfurs 4 vmbs, ahrfssnmls, jfurtrfs, nlkflgnfs vmbmltanrfs… Bfs ganjyŊ gf prmvnlkf lmjjflt bfs jahnstrats, gfs flquätfurs spîknaux kearhîs gf oanrf appbnqufr bfs bmns ft gf janltflnr b„mrgrf. Kfs jahnstrats smlt bmyaux bm yaux flvfrs bfur kbal ft bfur sfnhlfur. Gfs ymrnin (gfs sajmuraís gf ralh nloîrnfur) ft gfs cugŊia (gfs paysals vassaux arjîs) bfs sfkmlgflt gals ba traquf ft b„arrfstaml gfs krnjnlfbs. Gfux typfs gf jahnstrats sf smlt tmudmurs mkkupîs gfs krnjfs njpîrnaux 4 bfs jahnstrats g„Îjfraugf ft bfs jahnstrats gf Dagf, lmjjîs par bfs keajpnmls îpmlyjfs. Bfs prfjnfrs flquätflt sur bfs krnjfs sf gîrmubalt sur tfrrfs g„aunjpmrtaltfs. jmnls gfux kbals mu njpbnqualt gfs bfs pfrsmllabntîs Bfs sfkmlgs îtanflt gfs seuhflda kearhîs g„flquätfr sur gfs krnjfs kmltrf ba rfbnhnml mu njpbnqualt ba jahnf jabîquf gf b„Mutrfjmlgf, jans aukul Keajpnml gf Dagf l„a îtî lmjjî gfpuns gfs snåkbfs. Bfs jahnstrats prfllflt trås au sîrnfux bfs krnjfs kmjjns par bfs pfrsmllahfs gf eaut ralh mu kmltrf fux, anlsn quf kfux qun pfrturcflt b„mrgrf smknab. Bfs jîoants kmjjns par ul supîrnfur kmltrf ul nlgnvngu

gf ralh nloîrnfur (qualg ul sajmuraí vmbf ul paysal, par fxfjpbf) omlt rarfjflt b„mcdft g„ulf nlvfshaml, à jmnls quf ba vnkjf lf cîlîknf gu smufl g„ulrmiuh autrfaln pfrsmllahf gf eaut ralh. Ba  duskf pîlabf rmiuhaln s„appunf s„ appunf sur b„emllfur ft lf flt kmjptf quf g„ulf sfubf omrjf gf prfuvf 4 bf tîjmnhlahf mkubanrf (smus omrjf gf kmlofssnml gals kfrtanls kas). Ajflgfs, rîprnjalgfs pucbnqufs ft assnhlaml à rîsngflkf kmlstuflt gfs keãjflts kmuralts pmur bfs lmcbfs. [n ul gmutf sucsnstf qualt à ba kubpacnbntî g„ul sajmuraí, kfbun-kn pfut prmvmqufr sml akkusatfur fl gufb, bf vanlqufur îtalt kmlsngîrî kmjjf nllmkflt.

K„F[W JA PASMBF KMLWSF BA _×WSF

  Ba bmn rmiuhaln akkmrgf pbus gf bîhnjntî au tîjmnhlahf g„ulf pfrsmllf gf eaut ralh qu„aux jîtemgfs gfslîfs à îtacbnr ba kubpacnbntî mu b„nllmkflkf g„ul suspfkt. Ba parmbf g„ul sajmuraí påsf pbus bmurg quf kfbbf

gfs hfls gu kmjjul 9 sn ul snjpbf vnbbahfmns akkusf ul sajmuraí g„ul krnjf quf kfbunkn lnf avmnr kmjjns, ba bmn sf trmuvf gu k÷tî

gu suspfkt. Bfs sajmuraís à qun b„ml kmlf bfs flquätfs bnîfs à gfs kmlnts durngnqufs smlt smuvflt fltravîs par ba laturf jäjf gf ba bmn, ft ajflîs à ahnr avfk lfssf pmur s„assurfr quf bf sfnhlfur qun rflg bf vfrgnkt fl arrnvf à ba kmlkbusnml ba pbus « dustf ¹.

18  

Bf Gufb   Smiuhal fst hmuvfrlîf par ulf kastf gf hufrrnfrs qun mcînssflt à ul kmgf g„emllfur ft gf b„îquff trås strnkt. Vl sajmuraí nlsubtî mu gnajî, pbus flkmrf qualg nb s„ahnt gf sa oajnbbf, gf sml Kbal mu gf sml sfnhlfur, sfn hlfur, rîpmlgra cnfl smuvflt fl prmvmqualt bf rfspmlsacbf fl gufb. Bf gufb rfprîsfltf ba rîpbnquf apprmprnîf ft akkfptacbf

g„ul pmnlt gf vuf smknab bmrsqu„ul sajmuraí fsjf quf b„emllfur mu ba rîputaml a îtî jflakî mu kmjprmjns. Kfbun qun lf prmvmquf pas fl gufb kmlrjf anlsn ba vabngntî gf b„armlt mu gf b„akkusaml. A b„nlvfrsf, ulf omns bf gufb prmvmquî, b„autrf sajmuraí a bf kemnx fltrf rfrfr sfs parmbfs (mu s„fxkusfr) mu cnfl bfs rfvflgnqufr par b„aknfr. Kfbun qun rfvnflt fl arrnårf s„fxpmsf cnfl fltflgu à pfrgrf ba oakf ft cfaukmup gf prfshf, sn cnfl qu„ul sajmuraí avnsî l„nra dajans nlsubtfr mu akkusfr sals

ätrf prät à parknpfr au gufb qun qu n rnsquf gf s„flsunvrf.

Emltf & Gnshrãkf  

Vl sajmuraí qun kmllant ba emltf par sfs

aktfs gîsemlmracbfs mu fl pfrgalt ba oakf gmnt, à tmut bf jmnls, prîsfltfr gfs fxkusfs snlkårfs ft prmomlgfs. Fl hîlîrab, qualg ba gnshrãkf rfstf jnlfurf, bf sajmuraí sfra puln prmvnsmnrfjflt 9

assnhlî à sfs gfvmnrs jmnls prfshnfux, par fxfjpbf, mu fxpubsî gu keãtfau, keãtfau, gf ba kmur mu gf ba vnbbf mþ sa kmlguntf nlgnhlf b„a oant rfjarqufr. Kfs keãjflts l„mlt rnfl gf jmrtfbs, jans nbs lf rfprîsfltflt pas

jmnls ulf emltf prmomlgf pmur bf sajmuraí qun passfra bf rfstalt gf sa vnf à rakeftfr sml îkefk.   Pmur bfs jalqufjflts pbus hravfs, kmjjf ul fjpmrtfjflt gîjfsurî, ulf aaquf mu ulf nlsubtf flvfrs ul nlgnvngu gf statut supîrnfur, mu

pmur ulf nlorakml gu gfvmnr mu gf ba bmyautî, bfs salkmls s„ajpbnflt g„autalt. Vl sajmuraí qun kmjjft gf tfbs aktfs rnsquf omrt qu„ml bun gfjalgf gf oanrf sfppuiu (s„nb lf bf prmpmsf pas spmltalîjflt). Fl g„autrfs mkkasnmls, bf sajmuraí pfut ätrf fxpubsî gf sa oajnbbf mu gf sml Kbal, gfvflalt anlsn rmlnl. Nb pfut îhabfjflt rflmlkfr à sa oîautî gf bun-jäjf pbut÷t quf gf gfvmnr sucnr bf keãjflt gu sfppuiu, surtmut s„nb fsjf lf pas ätrf vîrntacbfjflt kmupacbf.

[fppuiu  

Bf [fppuiu fst ulf omrjf gf sunkngf rntufb

par bfqufb passflt bfs sajmuraís nrrîvmkacbfjflt gîsemlmrîs. [n ba kîrîjmlnf sf gîrmubf gf jalnårf emlmracbf, bf sajmuraí bavf sml gîsemllfur gals

ba jmrt ft sals fltakefr bf lmj gf sa oajnbbf. Nb kmlvnflt gf sf rappfbfr quf bf cut prnlknpab gu sfppuiu sfrt à prmtîhfr ba oajnbbf, pbus quf b„nlgnvngu. A Smiuhal, ba oajnbbf haralt tmus bfs oants ft aktfs gf sfs jfjcrfs, ft b„ml gnt smuvflt 4 « D„an fjprultî jml lmj à jfs alkätrfs. Df gmns bfur rflgrf sals tãkefs. ¹ Vlf pfrsmllf gîsemlmrîf pbmlhf anlsn tmutf sa oajnbbf gals ba gnshrãkf. Fl oansalt sfppuiu, bf sajmuraí îparhlf sa oajnbbf gf ba emltf gf sfs aktfs.

15  

KMJJFSKF FW JMLLANF    B„îkmlmjnf gf Smiuhal rfpmsf sur bfs tfrrfs kubvîfs par bfs ofrjnfrs ft prmtîhîfs par bfs sajmuraís. B„Fjpfrfur bfs pmssågf tmutfs, jans

fl akkmrgf b„usuorunt aux kbals, qun fl kmlflt à bfur tmur b„fxpbmntaml eîrîgntanrf à bfurs ganjyŊ. Kmjptf tflu gf ba rarftî gfs rmutfs (pfu pavîfs ft smuvflt galhfrfusfs), ba pbupart gfs prmvnlkfs gfvnfllflt gf oant bagfs rîhnmls autmlmjfs. Bf sfnhlfur y nlkarlf vmbmltî njpîrnabf pmur bfs paysals qun kubvflt bf rnz. Kff gflrîf kapntabf pfrjft à b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf gf sucsnstfr ft omurlnt b„fssflfb gf sa rnkefssf. Bfs ofrjnfrs omlt aussn pmussfr gf b„mrhf, gu cbî, gu jnbbft, gu smda ft gu sfnhbf, jans à Smiuhal, ba vabfur gf ba jmllanf rfpmsf sur ba qualtî gf rnz lîkfssanrf pmur vnvrf ulf allîf 4 bf imiu. Bfs kbals qun fl rîkmbtflt ba pbus hralgf qualtî hurflt parjn bfs pbus rnkefs, ft smlt gmlk bfs pbus nluflts sur bf pbal pmbnquf, jäjf sn ml lf pfut smus-fltflgrf quf omrtulf ft nluflkf vmlt gf panr sals oanrf mutrahf aux prîkfptfs g„emllfur gf vfrtuft quf ba smknîtî rmiuhaln prnsf talt. Bf ft kmjjfrkf bf lîhmkf smlt

nlgnspflsacbfs à ba prmspîrntî gf b„Fjpnrf. Nb fst tmutfomns nlgnhlf pmur ul sajmuraí gf s„njpbnqufr gals kfs akvntîs jfrkalbfs 4 sa prnlknpabf prîmkkupaml gmnt ätrf gf sfrvnr sml sfnhlfur, ft lml gf s„flrnkenr. Jabefurfusfjflt, b„ngîab ft ba rîabntî lf kmílkngflt pas tmudmurs. Al gf janltflnr ul vfrlns gf pmbntfssf, bfs sajmuraís banssflt bfs

qufsmls pîkulnanrfs aux cmls smnls gfs jfjcrfs gfs autrfs kastfs, qun kefrkeflt fl rftmur à sf pbakfr smus ba prmtfkml g„ul punssalt sfnhlfur. Gf tfbbfs jalśuvrfs pfrjfflt aux lmcbfs gf s„agmllfr au kmjjfrkf ft aux lalkfs bfur emllfur ft passfr pmur gfs avarfs.sals Bfs tfrlnr rarfs kbals ft oajnbbfs qun praquflt muvfrtfjflt bf kmjjfrkf smlt jîprnsîs, jîprns îs, b„avngntî b„avngntî îtalt aux yfux gfs Smiuhaln nlkmjpacbf avfk ulf bmyautî acsmbuf.

ENÎSASKENF GF[ KMJPÎWFLKF[

Bfs hrmupfs gf kmjpîtflkfs smlt prîsfltîs par

mrgrf

gîkrmnssalt

g„njpmrtalkf

pfrèuf par ba smknîtî rmiuhaln (gu jmnls, gu pmnlt gf vuf gf ba kbassf gnrnhfaltf). Bfs kmjpîtflkfs arsalabfs smlt pfrèufs kmjjf bfs pbus lmcbfs. Ml kmlsngårf quf b„art prîsfltf ul karaktårf sakrî ft pfrjft

g„fxprnjfr ba sahfssf gals tmutf sa purftî. Bfs kmjpîtflkfs smknabfs smlt ba jarquf gfs

gnrnhfalts ft gfs kmursals îvmbualt gals bfs eautfs speårfs gu pmuvmnr pmuvmn r, ft gmlt bfs parmbfs

ft bfs nltrnhufs skfbbflt bf gfsl gu pays. Bfs

mubs bfs

kmjpîtflkfs

gfs

omlkmllanrfs

tfrrntmnrfs,

sajmuraís

savaltfs

ft

smlt

qun

supfrvnsflt

partahflt

bfur

bfs

hårflt g„autrfs

savmnr.

Bfs kmjpîtflkfs jarabfs rfvätflt, fbbfs aussn, ulf kfrtanlf omrjf gf lmcbfssf. Fl rfvalkef, kfrtanlfs îbntfs kmlsngårflt

ba hufrrf, omrkîjflt crutabf, kmjjf ulf kmlsngîraml njprmprf à bfur ralh. Bfs kmjpîtflkfs prmofssnmllfbbfs smlt smuvflt pfrèufs kmjjf gfs kmrvîfs rîsfrvîfs aux sajmuraís gf cassf fxtrakml ft aux paysals.

1>  

B„MSGSF KÎBF[WF    Gås sa lanssalkf, ft jäjf paromns gfpuns sa prîkîgfltf fxnstflkf, bf sajmuraí apprflg ba omn ft ba rfbnhnml. Bfs fsprnts ft bfs gnfux omlt parf gf sa vnf, ft kmjjf bf ofu omrhf b„aknfr, b„aknfr, b„emllfur omrhf sml ãjf. Nb krmnt aux gnfux, au kykbf gf ba rînlkarlaml ft au jalgat gnvnl, haralt gf b„ulntî gf b„Fjpnrf.   „Fjpfrfur fst ul gnvnl,gfs quf Gajf [mbfnb a Bkearhî gf vfnbbfr sur ätrf bf jmlgf jmrtfbs. Bf salh gf vîrntacbfs gnfux, bfs Iajns, kmubf gals bfs vfnlfs gfs oajnbbfs rîhlaltfs gfs kbals jadfurs. Gf ba vmbmltî gu Wflhmiu gîkmubf tmutf ba enîrarkenf gu jmlgf 4 kf syståjf, b„Mrgrf kîbfstf, fst sakrî, ft ml lf saurant bf rfjfrf fl qufsml. Nb rîhnt aussn cnfl bfs Knfux quf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf.  

Gfpuns b„Fjpfrfur dusqu„au gfrlnfr gfs

curaiujnl, keaquf nlgnvngu laìt avfk ul gearja, bf gfvmnr sakrî gf sml ãjf. Ml jfsurf bf iarja g„ul Smiuhaln fl omlkml gf b„akkmjpbnssfjflt gf kf gfvmnr. jalnårfrflanssalkf gmlt nb sfragals duhîulf au Jfngm, ft sa Bapmssncbf kastf supîrnfurf mu nloîrnfurf fl gîpflgflt.  

Ba pbupart gfs ãjfs sf rînlkarlfl rînlkarlfltt gals ul

lmuvfau kmrps jmrtfb, j mrtfb, ulf krmyalkf qun gatf g„avalt

ba lanssalkf gf b„Fjpnrf. Pmurtalt, bfs Smiuhaln vîlårflt aussn bfurs alkätrfs, kf qun pfut sfjcbfr kmltragnktmnrf. Bf gearja gf keaquf ãjf trakf sa gfslîf kmlomrjîjflt à ba vmbmltî gfs Knfux. Walt qu„fbbf lf b„a pas rîabnsî, fbbf rflaìt, flkmrf ft flkmrf. Nb bun oaut akkmjpbnr sml gearja pmur smrr gu kykbf gf ba Smuf kîbfstf ft fltrfr au ^mjn, bf Smyaujf gfs pfur Alkätrfs Smiuhaln pas vranjflt gf basakrîs. jmrt.Bfs Walt qu„fbbf l„mlt rfstf fxfjptf gf ba smunbburf gu Dnhmiu, bf Smyaujf gu Jab, b„ãjf sf rînlkarlf gals b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf  dusqu„àà kf qu„  dusqu„ qu„fbbf fbbf akkmjpbnssf sa gfslîf.

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Kfux qun sfrvflt

aux sajmuraís, qun mlt qualt à fux pmur jnssnml gf bf prmtîhfr ft g„agjnlnstrfr b„Fjpnrf. [n ul

  Bfs sajmuraís, « kfux qun sfrvflt ¹, gnrnhflt Smiuhal au lmj gf Ealtfn. Bfur kastf kmjpmrtf gf lmjcrfusfs stratfs smknabfs. Kfbbfs gfs iuhf flhbmcf bfs jansmls gf ba lmcbfssf 4 b„Fjpfrfur ft bfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs, anlsn quf bfs bnhlîfs gfs keajpnmls gf kbal, gfs kefos gf oajnbbfs vassabfs ft bfs pbus njpmrtalts sfrvntfurs gfs Ealtfn. Wmus bfs autrfs sajmuraís, y kmjprns bfs ganjyŊ gf prmvnlkf, bfs hmuvfrlfurs gf vnbbf ft bfs jahnstrats, omrjflt bfs cuif, bfs jansmls gf ba kefvabfrnf. Ba hralgf jadmrntî g„fltrf fux smlt gfs hufrrnfrs, gfs kmursals ft gfs seuhflda, dusqu„aux dn-sajmuraís, mu gfjn-sajmuraís, qun l„mlt pas bf grmnt gf pmrtfr bf lmj gf bfur sfnhlfur, ft aux rmlnl. Ba

sajmuraí tuf ul efnjnl, efnjn l, nb gfvra g„anbbfurs rîpmlgrf

kmutujf nltfrgnt au sajmuraí gf kmltrfgnrf ulf

pfrsmllf g„ul ralh supîrnfur, à jmnls g„avmnr ulf fxkfbbfltf duskaml. Nb gmnt îhabfjflt trantfr kfux gf sml ralh avfk bf rfspfkt bf pbus tmtab ft ulf fxträjf kmurtmnsnf. Kfpflgalt, nb pfut sf kmjpmrtfr kmjjf cml bun sfjcbf avfk kfux qun bun smlt nloîrnfurs, jäjf sn sfs akmls gmnvflt tmudmurs ätrf kmlomrjfs aux prîkfptfs gu cusengm.

Kfux qun tra trav vanbbflt   Ba jadfurf parf gu pfupbf gf Smiuhal omrjf ba kastf gfs cmlhf (qu„ml appfbbf aussn bfs efnjnl, mu « gfjn-pfupbf ¹). B„Fjpnrf sucsnstf hrãkf à kfs paysals qun kubvflt ba tfrrf, krîflt bfs mubs ft bfs mcdfts gf ba vnf qumgnfllf, ft tralspmrtflt kfs jarkealgnsfs gals tmut Smiuhal par ba tfrrf mu ba jfr. Bfs ofrjnfrs qun prmgunsflt ba lmurrnturf sf sntuflt au smjjft gf b„îkefbbf

smknabf gfs cmlhf. _nfllflt flsuntf bfs arsals 4 kearpflfrs, omrhfrmls, crassfurs, anlsn quf tmus bfs arsals quabnîs. Au cas gf b„îkefbbf, bfs jarkealgs smlt kmlsngîrîs avfk ul kfrtanl jîprns

punsqu„nbs lf oacrnquflt rnfl gf bfurs janls. Ml pfrjft rarfjflt aux efnjnl gf pmrtfr ulf arjf, kf qun bfur banssf cnfl pfu gf jmyfls gf sf gîoflgrf, peysnqufjflt mu gfvalt ba duskf. Bfs asenharu, nssus gfs bfvîfs paysallfs, ft bfs cugŊia (sfrvntfurs arjîs gf kfrtanls sajmuraís) smlt bfs fxkfpmls qun kmlrjflt ba råhbf. Fl talt quf pfrsmllf pfrsmll f gmtîf g„ul statut smknab ft spnrntufb pbus îbfvî, ul sajmuraí sajmu raí

pfut fxnhfr l„njpmrtf qumn g„ul gfs efnjnl gf sml sfnhlfur, sals Nb pfut aussnKfpflgalt, bf tufr s„nb bun gîsmcînt mukmltrfparf. bun jalquf gf rfspfkt. bfs sajmuraís smlt îhabfjflt rfspmlsacbfs gfs efnjnl, kmjjf b„Mrgrf kîbfstf bf spubf. Bf gearja g„ul cmlhf kmlsnstf à travanbbfr ba tfrrf ft à mcînr

gf kf hfstf gfvalt bf sfnhlfur gf sa vnkjf.

Kfux qun lf smlt rnfl   Ba trmnsnåjf kastf rfhrmupf bfs curaiujnl, mu « pfupbf gfs eajfaux ¹, qu„ml appfbbf paromns enlnl mu « lml-pfupbf ¹. Fbbf fltrfflt gfs bnfls îtrmnts avfk ba jmrt ft bfs aktfs gîsemlmralts.

Ml kmlsngårf bfs krnjnlfbs, bfs cmurrfaux, bfs omssmyfurs, bfs cmukefrs ft autrfs tallfurs kmjjf nlgnhlfs gf k÷tmyfr bfs sajmuraís, sauo gals bfs sntuamls bfs pbus gîsfspîrîfs. Jäjf ul sfnhlfur cnflvfnbbalt pfut fjpbmyfr bf tfrjf trås pîdmrao fta (ulf nlsubtf qun snhlnf « acmlgalkf gf krassf ¹). Pmur tmus, bfs curaiujnl smlt fxträjfjflt njpurs, ft ul sajmuraí qun s„assmknf trmp smuvflt à fux gfvra praqufr gfs rntufbs gf purnkaml spîknaux. Nbs gmnvflt vnvrf gals gfs vnbbahfs parkubnfrs, à b„îkart gf ba smknîtî, ft bfs sajmuraís bfs tfrrnflt. Kfs gfrlnfrs pfuvflt fl fft bfs tufr sals ba jmnlgrf duskaml, ft sals rnsqufr ba jmnlgrf kmlsîquflkf bîhabf, kf qun l„fst pas tmudmurs bf kas pmur ul cmlhf. Ml tfstf smuvflt bfs bajfs lmuvfbbfjflt lmuvfbbfjf lt omrhîfs sur bf prfjnfr enlnl qun passf.   Wfkelnqufjf fkelnqufjflt, lt, bfs arstfs qun lf omlt pas parf gf ba kastf gfs sajmuraís, y kmjprns bfs hfnseas, smlt aussn gfs enlnl, ft kf, pmur ulf ransml prîknsf 4 îtalt gmllî qu„nbs apparfllflt au lml-pfupbf, ul sajmuraí pfut sf gîtflgrf sals rftfluf fl bfur kmjpahlnf, sals kranlgrf b„mpprmcrf smknab. Jäjf bf pbus stmíquf gfs sajmuraís lnt par s„usfr smus ba prfssnml smknabf. Fl kmjpahlnf g„ulf hfnsea, au sml gîbnkat g„ul seajnsfl, nb pfut rnrf, sf pbanlgrf gf sml sfnhlfur ft gf sa oajnbbf, vmnrf pbfurfr sals emltf sur sml smrt.

31  

BA _NF G„VL [ajmuraí  Ba pbupart gfs sajmuraís lanssflt parjn bfs

Bf jarnahf

cuif, au sfnl g„ulf alknfllf bnhlîf gf sfrvntfurs gf b„Fjpnrf, mu y smlt agmptîs aprås ätrf lîs parjn ulf autrf oajnbbf lmcbf. Kfrtanls smlt agmptîs parjn bfs rmlnl, mu parjn gfs oajnbbfs vassabfs ayalt prätî sfrjflt g„abbîhfalkf à ul sfnhlfur. Ml l„aflg l„a flg pas hralg-kemsf hralg-kem sf gfs floalts gf sajmuraís,

  B„ajmur mkkupf ulf pbakf prîknsf à Smiuhal 4 ml bf trmuvf gals bfs bnvrfs bnv rfs gf kefvft ft bfs pmåjfs jîbalkmbnqufs agrfssîs à b„ätrf anjî. Bfs jarnahfs g„ajmur smlt rarfs, ba smknîtî oîmgabf prnvnbîhnalt bfs nltîräts oajnbnaux ft bfs abbnalkfs. Ml îkealhf bf

 

pas jäjf gf qu„nbs ba oakf. Ba pbupart lf jalquflt rnfl.hargflt Walt qu„nbs mcînssflt à bfurs parflts, nbs omlt kf qu„nbs vfubflt dusqu„à ul kfrtanl ãhf (fltrf eunt ft gmuzf als, fl omlkml gf bfur oajnbbf ft gf bfur kbal). Nbs fltrflt abmrs gals ul gmdm mþ ml bfs omrjf à bfurs rfspmlsacnbntîs g„agubtf.

tabflt bnhlîf g„ul dfulf sajmuraí kmltrf gfs oavfursftftbagfs rfssmurkfs stratîhnqufs. [f rfcnfr mu rfousfr rfvnflt à rfousfr g„mcînr à sml ganjyŊ, ft k„fst ba pmrtf muvfrtf au sfppuiu. Ba pbupart gfs sajmuraís lf gnskutflt gmlk jäjf pas.

Ba rftrantf

B„fltraìlfjflt    

Gals ba eautf smknîtî gfs sajmuraís, keakul

apprflg sa pbakf au sfnl s fnl gf b„Fjpnrf fl s„fltraìlalt au gmdm oajnbnab. Ml y rîpåtf nlbassacbfjflt gfs tfkelnqufs pfrofkmllîfs pfrofkm llîfs au b gf snåkbfs g„fmrts. Ba gurîf gf kft flsfnhlfjflt varnf sfbml b„îkmbf ft bfs kapakntîs gf b„îbåvf. Par fxfjpbf, bfs apprfls seuhflda sunvflt gfs prmhrajjfs trås varnîs, sfbml ba punssalkf gf bfurs gmls ft b„ãhf auqufb s„fst jalnofstî bfur bnfl avfk bfs iajns. Ba omrjaml s„îtflg fl jmyfllf sur quatrf als. Bfs dfulfs

hfls qun jalnofstflt kbanrfjflt ulf aptugf gnîrfltf smlt smuvflt flvmyîs gals ul gmdm au sfnl gu kbal, mþ nbs apprfllflt à ubnsfr au jnfux bfurs tabflts. Nb arrnvf paromns qu„nbs smnflt îkealhîs avfk ul autrf kbal, ul arralhfjflt trås kmùtfux fl oavfurs ft fl prnvnbåhfs. Qualg bfurs sflsfn fsjflt qu„nbs smlt präts, nbs passflt bfur hfjpuiu.

Bf hfjpuiu   K„fst bf pbus hralg dmur gf ba vnf g„ul dfulf sajmuraí. [a omrjaml au sfnl gu gmdm gf sml akagîjnf sf tfrjnlf, ft nb gfvnflt ul jfjcrf à part flårf gf sml kbal aprås ulf kîrîjmlnf gf passahf à b„ãhf agubtf. Kft îvîlfjflt survnflt fl hîlîrab guralt sa sfnznåjf allîf, jans nb pfut sf gîrmubfr pbus t÷t mu pbus targ. Ba pbupart gfs

kîrîjmlnfs gf hfjpuiu kmjpmrtflt ul kfrtanl lmjcrf g„îprfuvfs. Ml s„assurf anlsn quf b„îbåvf

a assnjnbî tmut kf qu„ml bun a flsfnhlî, ft qu„nb fst kapacbf g„akkmjpbnr sml gfvmnr à ba pfrofkml. [„nb rîussnt kfs îprfuvfs, ml bun rfjft ul wainzasen (tragnmllfbbfjflt, kfbun g„ul gf sfs hralgsparflts, mu ulf rîpbnquf gals bf jäjf stybf), ft ml aflg gf bun qu„nb sfrvf bmyabfjflt sml kbal.

Aprås avmnr passî bfur vnf au sfrvnkf gf

bfur kbal, gf lmjcrfux sajmuraís kemnsnssflt gf gfvflnr jmnlfs ft sf rfrflt gals ul jmlastårf al gf jîgntfr sur bfs jystårfs gf [enlsfn ft gu Wam. B„fxprfssnml kmlsakrîf, « sf rasfr ba tätf ¹, îvmquf ba kmutujf kmlsnstalt abmrs pmur fux à

kmupfr bfur tmupft, fjcbåjf gf bfur statut (ulf

tragnml qun rfstf fssflfbbfjflt syjcmbnquf, punsquf cfaukmup gf kbals agmptflt audmurg„eun

ulf hralgf varnîtî gf kmnurfs). Bf sajmuraí rflg sml wainzasen, puns tfrjnlf sfs dmurs gals ba sîrîlntî, à jîgntfr sur sml passî ft ba sahfssf qu„nb a akqunsf. Wmus lf kemnsnssflt pmurtalt pas gf sf rfrfr. Kfrtanls kmlluflt gf sfrvnr bfur sfnhlfur dusqu„à ul ãhf avalkî, talgns quf g„autrfs trmuvflt lmcbfjflt ba jmrt au kmjcat.

Ba rftrantf rfjpbnt kfpflgalt ulf omlkml tmut à oant prahjaquf. Aprås tmutf ulf fxnstflkf passîf à bf sfrvnr, ul sajmuraí l„a pbus g„mcbnhamls

kmlkråtfs flvfrs sml kbal. Ba pbupart gfs jmnlfs

rfstflt tmutfomns sur bfs tfrrfs gf bfur oajnbbf. Nbs kmlstuflt abmrs ulf smurkf nlîpunsacbf gf kmllanssalkf ft gf sahfssf kmbbfkvfs, gals baqufbbf bf kbal pfut flkmrf punsfr, cnfl bmlhtfjps aprås quf b„ãhf a îjmussî b„aknfr gf kfs sajmuraís.

33  

Bfs oulîranbbfs  

Bf gfrlnfr aktf gf ba vnf g„ul sajmuraí,

jmurnr gals ba gnhlntî, fst ulf aanrf smbfllfbbf. Cfaukmup fspårflt ul trîpas emlmracbf au

kmjcat, jans kf l„fst pas tmudmurs pmssncbf. Qualg ul sajmuraí qunf kf jmlgf, ml îlujårf sfs fxpbmnts gfvalt ulf assfjcbîf gf gnhlntanrfs ft g„ätrfs kefrs, rîulns autmur g„ul cùkefr oulîranrf qun rfprîsfltf bfs îbîjflts kmjpmsalt sml ãjf. Ml crùbf flsuntf bf kmrps, puns ml ubnsf gfs cahuffs spîknabfs pmur rajassfr bfs ms karcmlnsîs gals bfs kflgrfs, kar ml lf gmnt dajans tmukefr bfs

kagavrfs. Bf sfppuiu fst ulf autrf nssuf pmssncbf. Kf sunkngf rntufb bavf b„emllfur g„ul nlgnvngu ft gf sa oajnbbf. Kfbun qun bf rîabnsf kmrrfktfjflt fakf fl hîlîrab sa emltf. Nb pmurra kefrkefr à sf kmjpmrtfr emlmracbfjflt ft à akkmjpbnr sml gearja gals ulf prmkeanlf nlkarlaml.

Vlf vnf sals cut  

Nb fxnstf ulf fxkfpml au jmgf gf vnf gu sajmuraí 4 bf statut gf rmlnl. B„fxnstflkf gf kft « emjjf gf ba vahuf ¹ a îtî cmuskubîf par bfs vnknssntugfs gu gfsl. Snfl l„mcbnhf ul sajmuraí à oanrf sfppuiu pmur bavfr sml emllfur. Nb pfut kemnsnr gf rflmlkfr à sml gfvmnr ft parr. Lmjcrf gf rmlnl bf smlt snjpbfjflt par ba lanssalkf, ft

sf kmjpmrtflt pbus gnhlfjflt quf bfs sajmuraís gfs kbals jadfurs, jans kfux qun kmrrfspmlgflt au stîrîmtypf gu sajmuraí sals emllfur ln jaìtrf smlt assfz lmjcrfux pmur qu„ml bfs kmlsngårf tmus kmjjf gfs nlgnvngus sals skrupubf ln jmrabf.

_N_SF [VS BA _AHVF

 gf gfvflnr Gf lmjcrfux sajmuraís rmlnl pmur ulf allîf, kemnsnssflt fl hîlîrab guralt bfs gfux als qun sunvflt bfur hfjpuiu. Ba smknîtî kmlsngårf kff fxpîrnflkf kmjjf ul sanl fxutmnrf pmur bfs dfulfs sajmuraís qun smueantflt oanrf bfurs prfuvfs. Fbbf bfur pfrjft gf gîvfbmppfr bfurs kmjpîtflkfs ft

g„apprflgrf à tfjpîrfr bfur kmjpmrtfjflt. Aprås avmnr flgurî bfs gnkubtîs gf ba vnf gals bf vastf jmlgf, ba pbupart gf kfs

 dfulfs rfvnfllfl rfvnfllfltt durfr gîbntî à bfur kbal, kff omns par vîrntacbf bmyautî pbut÷t quf par mcbnhaml. Cnfl qu„ul rmlnl rfstf ul sajmuraí, nb l„ l „a ln sfnhlfur, ln kbal, ln oajnbbf… oajnb bf… ft par kmlsîquflt aukul cut. Bfs rmlnl smlt

mcbnhîs gf travanbbfr kmjjf jfrkflanrfs mu hargfs gu kmrps, gf jalhfr gfs ravnmbns akeftîs à g„nloãjfs jarkealgs efnjnl, ft gf hahlfr bf hìtf hrãkf à bfur tabflt gf sacrfur. Kfrtanls sf bnvrflt au crnhalgahf mu au krnjf pmur sucsnstfr, jans, au jmnls, nbs fxpbmntflt bfur tabflt jarab pmur hahlfr bfur pntalkf. Jäjf bf gfrlnfr gfs rmlnl fst jnfux pbakî qu„ul cmlhf gals b„Mrgrf kîbfstf.

3;  

BF PA^[ GF[ GNU JNBBF[ OMSWVLF[    Ba omn fst ulf rîabntî talhncbf à Smiuhal 4 sfubs bfs njcîknbfs kemnsnssflt gf lf pas krmnrf. Ml pfut gîjmltrfr b„fxnstflkf gfs iajns, ft bfs gnfux sf jfflt oaknbfjflt fl kmbårf. Ba jahnf ft bf jfrvfnbbfux sf jalnofstflt jäjf gals bfs rîhnmls bfs pbus rfkubîfs gf b„Fjpnrf. Ft sn b„ml l„fl fst pas smn-jäjf tîjmnl, ul prmkef

gals bf Wam gf [enlsfn au kmurs g„ul kîbåcrf fltrffl fltrf bf Pft Jaìtrf ft bf prfjnfr Fjpfrfur.

pfut fl oanrfFjpfrfur, bf rîknt. Ml gmnt à gfs Ealtfn Hfldn, bf gfuxnåjf ba ousnml kubtfs gf Smiuhal. Bfs krmyalkfs agmptflt audmurg„eun trmns omrjfs gnîrfltfs. Bf kubtf gfs alkätrfs sf kmlsakrf aux aífubs cîlns qun mlt tralskflgî ba rmuf gf ba rînlkarlaml. Kfbun gfs Omrtulfs pmrtf sur bfs gnfux fux-jäjfs. Bf senlsînsjf kmlsnstf à îtugnfr ft à praqufr bf Wam gf [enlsfn.

mlt ulfgu apprmkef pfrsmllfbbf gf gu b„îtugf ft gfkeakulf ba praquf tfxtf, alabysf ft gîcat Wam.

  Ba tragnml rfbnhnfusf ba pbus njpmrtaltf pmur ul sajmuraí fst b„agmraml gf sfs alkätrfs. Kfs fsprnts vfnbbflt sur bfurs gfskflgalts gfpuns bf ^mjn. Ml bfur agrfssf agrfss f gfs prnårfs pmur rfkfvmnr rfkfvmn r bfurs kmlsfnbs mu bfur angf. Gals prfsquf keaquf gfjfurf

gf Smiuhal, ul autfb bfur fst gîgnî. Bfs jfjcrfs gf ba oajnbbf mrflt suppbnqufs ft gîvmmls à bfurs statufs gf pnfrrf, ft gfjalgflt bfur cîlîgnkml, bfur prmtfkml ft bfur nltfrvflml. Au-gfbà gfs jãlfs fux-jäjfs, bfs Smiuhaln vîlårflt ft apansflt bfs fsprnts îbîjfltanrfs gf ba laturf, gf

b„ahrnkubturf, ft cnfl g„autrfs flkmrf. K„fst bf kubtf gfs Omrtulfs, gîgnî aux njjmrtfbs gu Wflhmiu ft à ba jubtugf g„fsprnts sfkmlganrfs gu LnlhflgŊ. Bfs tfjpbfs ft bfs bnfux gf prnårf kmlsakrîs aux omrtulfs jnlfurfs sf kmjptflt par kfltanlfs, ft bfs salktuanrfs gfs sfpt Omrtulfs Jadfurfs gmjnlflt bfs pbus ba hralgfs vnbbfs b„Fjpnrf. Cnfl qu„nbs gfjfurflt pbupart gu gf tfjps nlvnsncbfs, bfs iajns mlt qufbqufs sfrvntfurs qun pfuvflt bfs fltflgrf ft bfur parbfr. Kfs jmrtfbs, bfs seuhflda, savflt nlvmqufr bfs omrtulfs ft bfs iajns îbîjfltanrfs al g„mctflnr gfs ffts jnrakubfux.   Bf kubtf gfs Omrtulfs kîbåcrf ba gnvfrsntî, jans ul autrf kmuralt gf pflsîf penbmsmpenquf

jft b„akkflt sur b„ulntî. Bf « senlsînsjf ¹, capsî g„aprås kfbun qun fl a omrjabnsî bfs omlgfjflts, fst ulf ngîmbmhnf omkabnsîf sur ba snjpbnkntî. B„ulnvfrs flfr fst lî gu vngf, ft tmut lnra par y rftmurlfr. Akkfptfr b„earjmlnf gfs knlq îbîjflts (bfs

allfaux) ft vnvrf sfbml bfs prnlknpfs g„ulf smknîtî mrgmllîf pfrjfrant gf tralskflgfr bf kykbf gfs rînlkarlamls ft g„afnlgrf b„nbbujnlaml. Kfs flsfnhlfjflts mlt îtî nltîhrabfjflt kmlsnhlîs

  [unvrf bf Wam rfvnflt à ahnr fl earjmlnf avfk b„ulnvfrs, qun oant laìtrf b„mrgrf ft pfrjft au cnfl gf b„fjpmrtfr sur bf jab. Ba kmlorîrnf gf [enlsfn, ul vastf flsfjcbf gf kmlhrîhamls jmlasqufs qun

Kff eîtîrmgmxnf rfbnhnfusf oant paromns laìtrf gf rfgmutacbfs eîrîsnfs, ft gf lmjcrfux skensjfs mlt oant îkbmrf gf lmuvfbbfs sfktfs au b gfs snåkbfs.

Nltfrjîgnanrfs Nltfrjîgnan rfs jmr jmrtfbs tfbs  

Bfs

iajns

ahnssflt

à

Smiuhal

par

b„nltfrjîgnanrf gfs peîlmjålfs laturfbs, jans nbs

jalnofstflt aussn bfur vmbmltî auprås gf jmrtfbs gîvmuîs. Bfs fsprnts pfuvflt akkfptfr ba gîvmml snlkårf g„ul prätrf baík gf ba kastf gfs paysals ft bun akkmrgfr bfur oavfur. Bfs prätrfs baíks lf

pfuvflt pas mctflnr gf jnrakbfs spfktakubanrfs gf

ba part gfs iajns, jans nbs cîlnssflt bfs keajps ft salkflt bfs bnfux gf kubtf. Nbs mknflt aux jarnahfs ft aux oulîranbbfs, praquflt bfs auhurfs ft krîflt gfs pmrtf-cmlefurs ft gfs tabnsjals kmlsakrîs, vmuîs à bfurs gnvnlntîs gf prîgnbfkml. Qualg ul sajmuraí jalnofstf ulf kapakntî à kmjjulnqufr avfk bfs fsprnts, ml b„flvmnf fl

hîlîrab sunvrf ul fltraìlfjflt spîknabnsî ft sfkrft al qu„nb gfvnfllf seuhflda, k„fst-à-gnrf ul prätrf-sajmuraí aux pmuvmnrs jnrakubfux. Ml s„njahnlf smuvflt quf bfs seuhflda pfuvflt parbfr aux fsprnts gals ba balhuf gfs eujanls, jans kf l„fst pas bf kas 4 fl rîabntî, nbs prmkågflt à ulf gîbnkatf tragukml g„îjmmls ft g„nlslkts, qun rnsquf g„ätrf jab nltfrprîtîf. [mus ba tutfbbf gf seuhflda pbus fxpîrnjfltîs, bf sajmuraí apprflg bfs prnårfs, bfs mralgfs, bfs gîvmmls ft bfs nlvmkamls pfrjfalt g„njpbmrfr b„angf gfs iajns, qun sf jalnofstf paromns gf oaèml spfktakubanrf. Balkfr gf hnhaltfsqufs cmubfs gf ofu, krîfr gf jahlnqufs nbbusnmls, muvrnr gf hralgfs ssurfs gals ba rmkef mu rfgmllfr fspmnr aux trmupfs bmrs g„ulf catanbbf… Pmur pfu qu„ml ubnsf ba cmllf suppbnquf, tmut gfvnflt pmssncbf avfk bfs iajns.

37  

BF[ KBAL[ JADFVS[    Ba smknîtî rmiuhaln fst cãf sur ulf strukturf kbalnquf. Bfs sfpt oajnbbfs qun gfskflgflt gfs Iajns råhlflt sur bfs bnhlîfs gf bfurs prfjnfrs gnsknpbfs. Au b gfs snåkbfs, keaquf oajnbbf a prnvnbîhnî ul r÷bf mu ul gfvmnr au sfnl gu kbal. Nb l„fst pas rarf qu„fbbfs îkealhflt gfs îtugnalts prmjffurs gals gfs gmjanlfs gnîrflts gf kfux gf bfurs alkätrfs. Bfs kbalspmrmls jadfursgu gf tfrrntmnrf Smiuhal sf partahflt g„njjflsfs ft kmjjalgflt à gfs jnbbnfrs gf sajmuraís lîs au sfnl gf oajnbbfs pbus mu jmnls njpmrtaltfs.

BF[ GNU IAJN[

 

Gajf [mbfnb ft [nrf Bulf furflt fl

rîabntî gnx floalts, jans sfubs eunt g„fltrf fux îtanflt gfslîs à oaèmllfr b„Fjpnrf gf Smiuhal. Ou Bflh gnsparut gals bf Dnhmiu mþ nb gfvnlt bf sfnhlfur gfs gîjmls, ft bf lmj gf Symseul, bf gnxnåjf Iajn, sf pfrgnt gals bfs bnjcfs gf b„enstmnrf.

Bfs eunt autrfs gmllårflt lanssalkf aux kbals jadfurs ft à ba bnhlîf njpîrnabf 4 [nrf Aimgm 4 omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Bnml [nrf Cayusen 4 omlgatfur gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml Gajf Gmdn 4 omlgatrnkf gu Kbal gf ba Hruf [nrf Enga 4 omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Kracf [nrf [enca 4 omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Peîlnx Gajf [enldm 4 omlgatrnkf gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf [nrf Wmhasen 4 omlgatfur gu Kbal gu Grahml Fjpfrfur Ealtfnnjpîrnabf 4 omlgatfur gf ba bnhlîf

36  

BF KBAL GV KSACF  « Kmurahf. Gfvmnr. [akrnkf. ¹   Bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu Kracf sf gîtakefl gîtakefltt gals tmut rassfjcbfjflt gf sajmuraís 4 ml bfs îvntf, talt pmur bfur staturf quf pmur bfurs jalnårfs crusqufs ft cmurrufs. Nbs smlt bfs gîoflsfurs gf b„Fjpnrf ft ounflt bfs jmlgalntîs, pmur bfsqufbbfs nbs l„mlt gf tfjps ln g„flvnf 9 nbs jmltflt ba hargf surhuårf ba Hralgf Juranbbf Ianu, syjcmbf guracbf gf bfur tîlakntî oakf aux emrrfurs gf b„Mutrfjmlgf.  

[muvflt, nb bfur sfjcbf quf bfur sfrvnkf

fst kmlsngîrî kmjjf ul akquns. Bfurs fxkfbbflts ft emlmracbfs sajmuraís qun, sur ba Juranbbf, rfpmussflt bfs aaqufs gf b„Mutrfjmlgf sukkmjcflt à ba [munbburf quf vîenkubflt bfs krîaturfs njjmlgfs gf kfs tfrrfs nloãjfs. Pflgalt kf tfjps, bfs oancbfs ft bfs nlsmuknalts s„agmllflt au dfu gals ul Fjpnrf quf bf salh vfrsî par bf Kbal gu Kracf janlflt fl sîkurntî.   À ba ormlårf sug gf Smiuhal sf grfssf ulf snlnstrf jfrvfnbbf jfrvfnb bf g„arkentfkturf g„arkentfkturf 4 ba Hralgf Juranbbf Ianu s„îtflg s„îtflg tfbbf ulf hnhaltfsquf knkatrnkf knkatrnk f mlgubîf, sfs cbmks hrns argmnsf omrjalt ulf strukturf sals nltfrskfs gf gnx jåtrfs g„îpanssfur sur trfltf gf eaut. Au sug s„îtflgflt, jflaèaltfs, bfs tfrrfs gîvastîfs gf b„Mutrfjmlgf, gmjanlf gfs arjîfs

kmrrmjpufs gu Dnhmiu. Au lmrg, bfs tfrrfs gu Kbal gu Kracf ft sfs jfjcrfs, qun gîoflgflt ba Juranbbf gfpuns

qu„nbs

b„mlt

kmlstruntf.

Bfs sajmuraís gu Kbal gu Kracf smlt rîputîs fl talt quf hargnfls ft hufrrnfrs 4 tufurs gf jmlstrfs ft prmtfktfurs gu pays. Kfuxavfk qunbfur lf prfllflt pas bfs arjfs bnvrflt catanbbf fsprnt ft bfurs parmbfs. Nbs prmkurflt gfs rfssmurkfs vntabfs à bfur kbal, pfrpîtuflt gfs abbnalkfs pmur haralr b„fltrffl gf ba Juranbbf mu gîvfbmppflt gfs tfkelmbmhnfs al gf rfpmussfr bfs assauts nlkfssalts gf b„Mutrfjmlgf. Ba jnssnml gu Kbal gu Kracf fst ul bmurg oargfau pmur bfs gnsknpbfs gu Iajn Enga, gfs sajmuraís taknturlfs ft usîs par ba hufrrf, vmnrf cbasîs pmur kfrtanls. Ba hbmnrf jnbntanrf fst ulf cnfl janhrf kmlsmbaml. Oakf à b„îtfrlfbbf jflakf gf b„Mutrfjmlgf, survnvrf gfvnflt ulf vîrntacbf pulnml, punsquf keaquf dmur fst b„mkkasnml g„ulf lmuvfbbf catanbbf.

Kfs sajmuraís trmuvflt jabhrî tmut gfs oaèmls gf s„fxprnjfr ft gf vnvrf, ft cfaukmup savflt apprîknfr bfs dmnfs bfs pbus snjpbfs b„fxnstflkf.

BA KVBWVSF GV KBAL GV KSACF

  Kmjparîs au rfstf gf Smiuhal, bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu Kracf smlt caharrfurs ft g„ulf oralkensf ornsalt hrmssnårftî. Nbs apprîknflt pbus quf tmutba bfs smbumls prahjaqufs. Ba oancbfssf g„ul nlgnvngu fst kfbbf gu hrmupf gals sml flsfjcbf, flsfjc bf, kar b„îkefk b„îkefk g„ul sfub pfut fltraìlfr ba pfrtf gf tmus. Aprås tmut, ml lf gmnt aflgrf ln emllfur ln pnî gf ba part g„fllfjns tfbs quf bfs hmcfbnls, gîjmls ft autrfs jmlstrumsntîs…

3?  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Enga   Ba oajnbbf Enga jmltf îtfrlfbbfjflt ba hargf oakf à b„Mutrfjmlgf, ft a ba bmurgf tãkef gf prmtîhfr b„Fjpnrf kmltrf bfs snlnstrfs omrkfs gu Dnhmiu. À b„nlstar gu Iajn Enga, bfur omlgatfur, sfs jfjcrfs smlt hralgs ft omrts, rmcustfs ft tflakfs, ft nbs l„mlt huårf gf argu paflkf pmur fxträjfjflt bfs oancbfssfs g„autrun. Bfur gfvmnr bfs rflg prahjaqufs, ft lf bfur banssf quf pfu gf tfjps à kmlsakrfr aux oaux-sfjcbalts gf ba kmur. Nbs suppmrtflt avfk ajfrtujf ba kmlgfskflgalkf

gfs kbals qu„nbs prmtåhflt, ft gmlt bfs jfjcrfs krnquflt bfurs jalnårfs ft bfurs tflufs.

Ba oajnbbf Enruja   Bfs Enruja smlt bfs yfux ft bfs mrfnbbfs gu Kbal gu Kracf au-gfbà gu Jur. Nbs avfrssflt bfurs orårfs gfs aaqufs gfs emrgfs gf jmlstrfs pmur bfur pfrjfrf gf rîahnr njjîgnatfjflt. Nbs prîparflt gfs fxpîgnmls gf sacmtahf kmltrf b„fllfjn, ulf tãkef nlhratf ft pîrnbbfusf. Bfs galhfrs nlkfssalts gf b„Mutrfjmlgf mcbnhflt bfs Enruja à abtfrlfr bfs pîrnmgfs gf sfrvnkf augfbà gu Jur ft au sfnl gf b„Fjpnrf. Nbs omlt abmrs mkf g„îkbanrfurs, gf jfssahfrs ft gf yŊdnjcŊ (hargfs gu kmrps). Kmjparîs à bfurs smbngfs orårfs Enga, bfs Enruja smlt svfbtfs ft rapngfs, ft kmjptflt pbus sur ba vntfssf ft ba prîknsnml.

Ba oajnbbf Ianu

aux arjfs ft aux arjurfs gf kfux qun b„mkkupflt. Ml bun gmnt bf rîsfau rmufr, smufl bmhnsquf gfs omrkamls, bfs jakenlfs gf snåhf qun îkrasflt bfs omrkfs gf b„Mutrfjmlgf, anlsn quf bfs muvrahfs gîoflsnos gu kbal. Sarfs smlt bfs prmcbåjfs qun rîsnstflt aux kmjpîtflkfs gfs nlhîlnfurs gf ba oajnbbf Ianu.

Ba oajnbbf Iuln   Aukulf oajnbbf gf seuhflda l„fst pbus rfgmutîf gals b„Fjpnrf quf ba oajnbbf Iuln, kearhîf g„îragnqufr bf jmnlgrf snhlf gf kmrrupml. Fbbf lf rfkubf gfvalt rnfl pmur y parvflnr, ft jäjf bfs sajmuraís gf ba oajnbbf Enga cbäjnssflt gfvalt kfrtanlfs gf sfs jîtemgfs. Bfs Iuln lf rfkenhlflt  dajans à pfrkfr bfs sfkrfts gf b„Mut b„Mutrfjmlgf rfjmlgf par b„îtugf, b„mcsfrvaml ft jäjf ba gnssfkml. [avmnr qu„nbs rnsquflt rnsq uflt bfurs ãjfs à sf ormfr g„aussn g„aussn prås aux smjcrfs krîaturfs gf Ou Bflh lf bfs arrätf jäjf pas.

Ba oajnbbf ^asuin   Bfs ls ft vmbucnbfs ^asuin lf kmrrfspmlgflt pas à b„njahf quf b„ml sf oant g„ul sajmuraí gu Kbal gu Kracf, jans smlt aussn nlgnspflsacbfs au kbal quf bfs autrfs oajnbbfs. Jaìtrfs supräjfs gfs jarkeîs gf b„Fjpnrf, bfs ^asuin jalnflt bf kmjjfrkf ft b„nlgustrnf, s„assuralt quf bfs arjîfs gu Kracf jalhflt à bfur oanj ft lf jalquflt dajans gf rnfl. Pfu njpmrtf s„nb oaut paromns kmlkburf ul arralhfjflt gmutfux pmur kfba. Ba oajnbbf ^asuin gîpbmnf sml rîsfau kmjjfrknab gals tmut b„Fjpnrf

  Gfs jmlujflts à ba hbmnrf gu tabflt gf ba oajnbbf Ianu sf grfssflt partmut sur bfs tfrrfs gu Kbal gu Kracf, gf ba Hralgf Juranbbf Ianu fbbf-jäjf fbbf-j äjf

9 ml krmnsf sfs jfjcrfs à pfu prås partmut, fl quätf g„ul akkmrg gmlt pmurrant prmtfr bfur kbal.

38  

BF KBAL GF BA HSVF  « Nb fxnstf ulf tfkelnquf agîquatf pmur keaquf kemsf. ¹   Bf Kbal gf ba Hruf fst ba janl haukef gf b„Fjpfrfur, qu„nb assnstf fl quabntî gf kmlsfnbbfr  pmbnquf gu tr÷lf. Ba tragnml vfut quf Ealtfn kemnsnssf sml îpmusf au sfnl gf ba oajnbbf Gmdn. Ba oajnbbf g„Îjfraugf Iainta a gmllî à Smiuhal pbus gf Keajpnmls quf l„njpmrtf qufbbf autrf. Bfs sajmuraís gf ba oajnbbf Gangmdn hurflt parjn bfs jfnbbfurfs trmupfs gf kemk gf b„Fjpnrf. K„fst  pmurtalt gals bf gmjanlf gf ba kubturf quf bf Kbal gf ba Hruf appmrtf ba pbus njpmrtaltf kmltrncuml. kmltrncuml. Bfs  pbus hralgs pmåtfs ft bfs pbus hralgs arsals smrtflt smuvflt gf sfs îkmbfs, ft rarfs smlt bfs gufbbnstfs à  pmuvmnr rnvabnsfr avfk bfs snfls. Ba Hruf råhlf fl jaìtrf à ba kmur. [a rnkefssf ft sml statut bf prmuvflt. prmuv flt. Aux mrnhnlfs gf b„Fjpnrf, aprås bfur keutf gu rmyaujf Kîbfstf,ul bfsjmlgf Iajns gîkenrî sf rftrmuvårflt pbmlhîs gals par ba kruautî ft ba hufrrf. Gmdn, ba smfur gf Ealtfn,  

bf prfjnfr Fjpfrfur, gîknga gf rajflfr

b„mrgrf gals kf rmyaujf sauvahf. Nlkarlaml gf b„îbîhalkf ft gf ba hrãkf, fbbf sf rflgnt kefz bfs pfupbfs gf ba tfrrf, bfs ajagmua kmjjf bf cfau

tfjps apansf ulf jfr gîkeaìlîf. Bf Kbal gf ba Hruf fst ravn gf rakmltfr kf qu„fbbf a apprns aux eujanls 4 b„îkrnturf pmur hargfr trakf gf bfurs fxpbmnts, ba pmbnquf pmur hmuvfrlfr, b„îkmlmjnf ft bf kmjjfrkf pmur hîrfr bfur rnkefssf, b„art ft ba kubturf pmur s„îbfvfr au-gfssus gfs turpntugfs gf bfur jnsîracbf fxnstflkf… Kfux qu„fbbf sut tmukefr gfvnlrflt sfs gnsknpbfs gîvmuîs ft bfs

prfjnfrs sajmuraís gu Kbal gf ba Hruf. Gfpuns kff îpmquf, sfs jfjcrfs smlt à ba omns bfs pmåtfs ft ba pmîsnf gf b„Fjpnrf, bfs omrhfrmls ft bfs gufbbnstfs qun jalnflt bfurs bajfs. Fl tmutf

kemsf nbs aspnrflt à ba jaìtrnsf acsmbuf, ul ngîab quf bfs autrfs kbals lf pfuvflt qu„fspîrfr njntfr.

  Bf Kbal gf ba Hruf rfprîsfltf bf kmjcbf gu ralfjflt rmiuhaln, ft sfs jfjcrfs smlt kmllus pmur bfur hrãkf ft bfur jaìtrnsf gfs us ft kmutujfs. Ml aflg g„fux ulf fxprfssnml smnhlîf, ulf fxträjf sucbntî ft ulf pmbntfssf sals oanbbf.

BA KVBWVSF GV KBAL GF BA HSVF

  Pmbnquf ft kubturf lf omlt qu„ul gals bf Kbal gf ba Hruf. Bf ralfjflt, ba hrãkf ft ba gîbnkatfssf qun bf gîlnssflt kmlstuflt îhabfjflt sfs jfnbbfurfs arjfs. Emltf à kfbun qun lf parvnflt pas à afnlgrf b„fxkfbbflkf, kar nb smjcrfra gals b„mucbn ft gfvra flgurfr, gals ba emltf ft fl

snbflkf, g„nllmjcracbfs krnqufs takntfs !

35  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Asaenla  

Bfs Asaenla rfkefrkeflt b„earjml b„earjmlnf nf ft ba

Ba oajnbbf Gmdn  

Bfs gfskflgalts gu Iajn Gmdn nlkarlflt

panx fl tmutf kemsf. Nbs nlkarlflt ulf penbmsmpenf gf kmjpassnml ft gf paknsjf, qun bfs gnslhuf jäjf gfs autrfs oajnbbfs gu Kbal gf ba Hruf. Nbs kefrkeflt par b„art ft ba prnårf à apansfr bf jmlgf

bfs arts kmurtmns ft ba kubturf ralîf gfpuns bfs mrnhnlfs gf b„Fjpnrf. Vlf kmur njpmrtaltf l„fst pas kmjpbåtf sals qufbqufs kmursals Gmdn pmur y gnspflsfr b„art, b„ajnî ft ‗ dusqu„à ulf îpmquf

qun bfs fltmurf, anlsn qu„à rîpalgrf ba panx ft b„earjmlnf à travfrs b„Fjpnrf. Bfs Asaenla savflt quf b„ml lf pfut akeftfr ba panx quf par bf sakrnkf, ft k„fst ul prnx qu„nbs smlt präts à payfr s„nb bfur pfrjft gf pmussfr b„Fjpnrf à sf pfrofkmllfr.

trås rîkfltf ‗ bfs hîlîrfux prîsflts. Bf rîsfau gf kmjjulnkaml gf ba oajnbbf oajnb bf l„a l„a pas sml parfnb qualg nb s„ahnt gf kmbbfktfr bfs lmuvfbbfs ft gf rîpalgrf bfs rujfurs. Assmknî à ba jaìtrnsf gf b„îquff ft gfs arts, nb bfur pfrjft gf hargfr ulf bmlhufur bml hufur g„avalkf sur bfurs rnvaux. Sarfs smlt kfux qun pfuvflt sf pfrjfrf g„mflsfr ba oajnbbf Gmdn lf sfrant-kf qu„ulf omns, ft pbus rarfs flkmrf kfux qun rîkngnvflt.

Ba oajnbbf Gangmdn   Prahjaqufs ft travanbbfurs, bfs Gangmdn kmlstuflt b„fssflfb gfs arjîfs gu Kbal gf ba Hruf. Gîvmuîs au kbal, bfs Gangmdn lf smlt pas apprîknîs à bfur dustf vabfur, jäjf s„nbs fl kmlstuflt ba casf, gfpuns bfs Hrufs gf ofr kmjpmsalt bf kmfur gu gnspmsno jnbntanrf gu kbal  dusqu„aux  dusqu„ aux vnhnbalts yŊdnjcŊ gfs kmursals Gmdn, fl passalt par bf Kmlsfnb kmjjfrknab Gangmdn kearhî gf omurlnr bfs omlgs ft bfs jaårfs prfjnårfs lîkfssanrfs aux mfuvrfs g„art gu kbal. Bfs lmcbfs fmrts gf ba oajnbbf smlt nlgnspflsacbfs à ba gîoflsf ft ba prmhrfssnml gfs mcdfkos gf ba Hruf.

Ba oajnbbf Iainta   [n ba oajnbbf Gmdn aspnrf à b„f b„fxkfbbflkf xkfbbflkf fl tmutf kemsf, bfs Iainta sf kmlkfltrflt pbus vmbmlfrs sur ulf sfubf kmjpîtflkf, qu„nbs s„fmrkflt gf jaìtrnsfr à ba pfrofkml. Gals b„art gu sacrf mu gf ba kabbnhrapenf, kfs sajmuraís pmursunvflt bfur mcdfko avfk ulf snlhubnårf aflml. Gmuîs gf ba cfautî karaktîrnsquf gu kbal, bfs hraknfux Iainta smlt tmutfomns pbus atebîqufs quf bfurs kmusnls Gmdn. Nbs hurflt parjn bfs jfnbbfurs gufbbnstfs gf b„Fjpnrf, ft bfs gnpb÷jîs

gf bfur akagîjnf gîoflgflt b„emllfur gf ba Hruf avfk ba prîknsnml jmrtfbbf g„ulf bajf gf jaìtrf.

3>  

BF KBAL GV GSAHML  « Wrmuvfz vmtrf prmprf vmnf. ¹   Gfpuns gfs snåkbfs, bf gnstalt ft îlnhjaquf Kbal gu Grahml vfnbbf sur bfs autrfs kbals ft kmlsnhlf b„enstmnrf gf Smiuhal. [fs arjîfs sf caflt rarfjflt, l„nltfrvflalt quf gf jalnårf mkkasnmllfbbf bmrs gfs kmlnts fltrf bfs kbals jadfurs, ft pmur gfs ransmls nlkmjprîeflsncbfs. sfs îtralhfs jmnlfs tatmuîs gf Wmhasen ftAvfk sfs flquätfurs qun cmubfvfrsflt bf syståjf dugnknanrf gf b„Fjpnrf, bf Kbal gu Grahml tfltf gf pmussfr ba smknîtî gf Smiuhal à îvntfr bfs pnåhfs gf b„îhmkfltrnsjf ft gf ba jîhabmjalnf. K„fst au Kbal gu Grahml g„assurfr à b„Fjpnrf ul avflnr earjmlnfux ft îbîhalt.   Gals ul Fjpnrf qun prnsf fl hîlîra hîlîrabb ba kmlomrjntî smknabf ft bf rfspfkt gfs tragnmls, bf Kbal gu Grahml rfprîsfltf ulf vîrntacbf îlnhjf. Nlspnrîs par sml jystîrnfux omlgatfur, bf Iajn Wmhasen, sfs sajmuraís s„aakeflt gavaltahf quf bfurs kmltfjpmranls ba rfkefrkef pfrsmllfbbf gf b„Nbbujnlaml ft gfà b„akkmjpbnssfjflt. Gfpuns ba keutf gfs Iajns nb y a janltflalt qufbqufs

snåkbfs, bfs gnsknpbfs gf Wmhasen mlt akquns ulf rîputaml g„fxkfltrnqufs. Nsmbîs par bfs jmltahlfs sfptfltrnmlabfs gf bfur tfrrntmnrf ft kearhîs gf vfnbbfr sur b„Fjpnrf, bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu Grahml prfllflt rarfjflt ulf part aussn akvf quf bfs autrfs gals ba pmbnquf gf Smiuhal. Bmrsqu„nbs nltfrvnfllflt, kfpflgalt, k„fst smuvflt pmur gfs ransmls qu„ml lf pfut quf suppmsfr. Bf

Kbal gu Grahml a ul sfkrft 4 bfs vnsnmls gf sml omlgatfur hungflt sfs jfjcrfs. Pmurtalt, jäjf fux lf savflt pas tmudmurs kf quf bfur Iajn a vu.   Bfs gnsknpbf gnsknpbfss gf Wmhasen smlt rîputîs pmur bfurs praqufs îsmtîrnqufs, bfur kurnmsntî nllîf ft bf jîprns qu„nbs sfjcbflt akefr à b„îharg gfs tragnmls, gu jmnls aux yfux gfs autrfs kbals. Ml s„aflg à kf qu„nbs sf jmltrflt pfrspnkakfs ft eujcbfs, jans îhabfjflt njprîvnsncbfs, nlgnvnguabnstfs, vmnrf galhfrfux. Nbs mlt tflgalkf à kmlsngîrfr bfs prmcbåjfs smus gfs alhbfs nlaflgus ft à kefrkefr gfs smbumls quf g„autrfs l„flvnsahfranflt jäjf pas.

BA KVBWVSF GV KBAL GV GSAHML

 

Bfs mcdfkos gu Kbal gu Grahml smlt

varnîs, y kmjprns parjn bfs jfjcrfs g„ulf

jäjf îkmbfsfsmusajmuraís g„ulf jäjf tragnml. Kfpflgalt, partahflt ulf penbmsmpenf ulnquf 4 sf pfrofkmllfr kmrps ft ãjf, k„fst parknpfr au pfrofkmllfjflt gf tmut b„Fjpnrf. Jabhrî b„nlgnvnguabnsjf qu„nbs jalnofstflt, bfs jfjcrfs gf kf kbal s„afbbflt flsfjcbf à bfur tãkef gf hargnfls gf b„Fjpnrf ft gf kermlnqufurs gf sml enstmnrf. Nbs acalgmllflt paromns bfur rftrantf gfs jmltahlfs gu Lmrg pmur gîkmuvrnr gf bfurs yfux bf rfstf gf b„Fjpnrf.

;0  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Ahasea

Ba oajnbbf Jnrujmtm

  À b„nlstar gfs îbîjflts laturfbs, ba oajnbbf Ahasea îvmbuf sals kfssf, ft jäjf sn sml omlgatfur îtant ul paknstf, lmjcrf gf sfs tfkelnqufs jarabfs smlt prîknfusfs. Autrfomns vmuîf au jysknsjf, fbbf y assmknf gmrîlavalt gfs arts pbus

  Bf s sajmuraís gf ba oajnbbf Jnrujmtm gmnvflt bfur rîputaml au lntfl (bfs « Knfux Dujfaux ¹), ul stybf gf kmjcat à gfux sacrfs ulnquf ulnq uf à Smiuhal. Jans kf lf smlt pas quf gf snjpbfs hufrrnfrs. Ba oajnbbf Jnrujmtm supfrvnsf ba hfsml

kmlkrfts 4 aprås bf gu kealhfjflt pfrpîtufb fst ba jarquf gfs tmut, oajnbbfs Kbal gu Grahml. Bfs Ahasea sf smlt balkîs à kmrps pfrgu gals b„îtugf gf b„abkenjnf, gf ba jîtabburhnf ft gf ba jîgfknlf. Nbs kmjcnlflt bfs ffts praqufs gf ba kenjnf ft gf b„arsalat aux pmuvmnrs jysqufs gfs prnårfs agrfssîfs aux fsprnts. Bfs gîsastrfs spfktakubanrfs quf prmvmquf paromns kff apprmkef ulnquf lf bfs gîkmurahflt pas pmur autalt 4 ul îkefk fst cnfl smuvflt pbus omrjatfur qu„ulf rîussntf.

ft bfs aux mcbnhamls Kbal gugfGrahml, pfrjfalt anlsn jmnlfsguWmhasen pmursunvrf bfurs praqufs fxkfltrnqufs pmur afnlgrf afnlgrf b„Nbbujnlaml. b„Nbbujnl aml. Kurnfusfjflt, bfs sajmuraís gu kbal gîvfbmppflt ul hralg prahjasjf ft l„eîsntflt pas à angfr bfs paysals gf bfur rîhnml fl kas gf cfsmnl. Kmjjf nbs omrjflt ba pbus hralgf oajnbbf gu Kbal gu Grahml, kf smlt fux quf b„ml krmnsf bf pbus smuvflt emrs gf sfs tfrrfs ft auxqufbs ml b„ngflf fl hîlîrab.

B„mrgrf gf Wmhasen

Ba oajnbbf Intsuin     Kmjjf nb snfg à ba laturf îtralhf gu Kbal gu Grahml, jäjf sfs kmursals smrtflt gf b„mrgnlanrf. Ml kmllaìt surtmut bfs sajmuraís gf ba jmgfstf oajnbbf Intsuin pmur bfurs sfls aùtîs ft bfurs tfkelnqufs g„nlvfshaml qun rfpmsflt sur bfs prfuvfs jatîrnfbbfs. Nbs smlt aussn aflos aux gîtanbs gu jmlgf peysnquf quf bfurs kmusnls Ahasea aux peîlmjålfs spnrntufbs. Bfs Intsuin sfrvflt b„Fjpnrf kmjjf jahnstrats ft bf Kbal gu Grahml kmjjf kmursals. Gals kfs gfux gmjanlfs, bfur tabflt pmur gîkfbfr ba gupfrnf ft gîkmuvrnr

ba vîrntî kmlstuf b„ul gf bfurs jfnbbfurs atmuts.

Bfs Wmhasen omrjflt ul mrgrf jmlasquf

gavaltahf qu„ulf vîrntacbf oajnbbf. Nbs akkufnbbflt tmus kfux qun agmptflt bfurs flsfnhlfjflts ft smlt präts à rfbfvfr kfrtanls gîs, à kmjjflkfr par gîkmuvrnr b„ul gf bfurs jmlastårfs kakeîs

au smjjft gfs jmltahlfs. Fl rîabntî, kfux qun fl trmuvflt bf kefjnl îtanflt pmur ba pbupart gfs jfjcrfs gf b„mrgrf gals ulf vnf altîrnfurf.

Nbs rfvnfllflt pmursunvrf bfur fltraìlfjflt ft bfur vmyahf spnrntufb, hungîs par bf keajpnml gu Kbal gu Grahml. Aux yfux gu rfstf gf b„Fjpnrf, b„mrgrf fst surtmut rîputî pmur sfs arts jaraux ft sfs iŊal (gfs îlnhjfs kmltfjpbavfs), anlsn quf pmur ba cfautî gfs tatmuahfs jysqufs qun kmloårflt gfs pmuvmnrs surlaturfbs à sfs jmnlfs.

;1  

BF KBAL GV BNML  « Pmur jfs alkätrfs ! ¹   Ätrf ul sajmuraí, k„fst vnvrf par bf cusengm,  pmur bf cusengm. Ätrf ul Bnml, k„ k„fst fst b„nlkarlfr aux yfux gf tmus. [yjcmbf gf sml emllfur, sml ruhnssfjflt fst ul appfb à ba hufrrf. Pflgalt gfs snåkbfs, kf kbal a gmjnlî bfs keajps gf catanbbf hrãkf à sfs takqufs ft sfs stratîhnfs jnbntanrfs, quf À bfsprîsflt, autrfs kbals jfflt pbusnfu pbusnfurs rs allîfs à agmptfr. sfs sajmuraís appbnquflt ba sahfssf gf bfurs alkätrfs pmur surjmltfr bfs gîs gf bfur tfjps.   Bf Kbal gu Bnml fst bf jåtrf îtabml gu kmurahf, gf b„emllfur ft gu gfvmnr. [ml arjîf fst sals îhabf, fl tfrjfs g„ffkos ft gf tabflt stratîhnquf. Kf fr eîrntahf jnbntanrf bun a pfrjns gf hahlfr sml trf gf Janl Grmntf gf b„Fjpfrfur.

BA KVBWVSF KVBWVSF GV KBAL GV BNML

  Bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu Bnml mlt durî gf bf prmtîhfr fl bun sfrvalt gf hargfs pfrsmllfbs

  Bf Kbal gu Bnml fst b„nlkarlaml gf ba hufrrf, omlgî par bf Iajn Aimgm pmur îkrasfr

ft g„arjîf pfrjalfltf. Galspmur b„fxfrknkf gf kf gfvmnr, ba pfur lf snhlnf rnfl bfs sajmuraís gu Kbal gu Bnml. Ba jflakf gf ba jmrt lf oant quf bfs fleargnr. Aukulf l l„fst pbus flvnacbf quf kfbbf qun kmlsnstf à pîrnr bmrs g„ul kmjcat emlmracbf. _îtîrals g„nllmjcracbfs hufrrfs, kfs sajmuraís savflt quf ba vnktmnrf apparflt à kfbun qun aaquf bf prfjnfr. Vl Bnml vnt, rfspnrf ft jfurt avalt tmut pmur b„Fjpfrfur b„Fjpfrfu r ft pmur Smiuhal.

bfs fllfjns gf b„Fjpfrfur ft fxîkutfr sa vmbmltî. [a kubturf fst tmut flårf tmurlîf vfrs bfs prmufssfs ft ba hbmnrf jarabfs. Bf Kbal gu Bnml aflg gf sfs floalts qu„nbs mppmsflt ba omrkf à ba omrkf, ft qu„nbs akkufnbbflt ba jmrt avfk bf smurnrf. Kff vmnf gnknbf b„fst flkmrf gavaltahf pmur bfs ãjfs sflsncbfs. Jäjf qualg nbs lf smlt pas smbgats, bfs rfprîsfltalts gu kbal gîkrnvflt smuvflt bfurs

fxpbmnts fl tfrjfs jaraux, qun gîpfnhlflt  

Bfs sajmuraís gu Kbal gu Bnml smlt

prmcacbfjflt bfs smbgats bfs pbus kmllus gf

b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf, rîputîs pmur bfur oîrmkntî, bfur bmyautî ft bfur kmurahf. Ml s„aflg kfmucbnf qu„nbs sf jmltrflt cfbbnqufux ft ahrfssnos, jansàml smuvflt quf bf Iajn Aimgm îtant aussn ul jaìtrf takknfl, tmut à oant kapacbf g„apprflgrf gf sfs frrfurs ft gf gîvfbmppfr gf lmuvfbbfs stratîhnfs.

bf kmjcat kmjjf bf pbus lmcbf gfs arts.

;3  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Aimgm

Ba oajnbbf Intsu

  Bfs sajmuraís gf ba oajnbbf Aimgm smlt bfs jaìtrfs takknfls gf b„Fjpnrf 4 pfrsmllf lf kmjprflg jnfux ba hufrrf qu„fux. Nbs nlkarlflt ba gnsknpbnlf ft ba jaìtrnsf gu Kbal gu Bnml, kmjparalt tmutfs bfs mpmls al gf orappfr au jmjflt

  Wmus bfs sajmuraís vîlårflt bfurs alkätrfs, jans kfrtanls Intsu, gmlt bfs alkätrfs

ngîab. Kfssucbntîs hufrrnfrsgf îrugnts à sansnr tmutfs bfs ba hufrrfkefrkeflt 9 aukul aspfkt gfs gnsknpbnlfs jarabfs l„fst trmp nlsnhlnalt pmur fux, ft aukulf gf bfurs oakffs trmp vastf pmur

Wragnmlabnstfs ft Intsu kmlsfrvatfurs jäjf pmur gfs Bnmls, tmus bfs mcînssflt aux alkätrfs. Kfux qun l„mlt pas bf gml gf parbfr aux fsprnts fllflt à dmur bfs arcrfs hîlîabmhnqufs, fltrffllflt bfs tmjcfs ft bfs salktuanrfs, ft emlmrflt kmjjf nb sf gmnt bfs lmcbfs gîoults.

qu„nbs b„apprîeflgflt. « Vlf arjîf jflîf par ul

Aimgm l„a dajans kmllu ba gîoantf ¹ fst ul kîbåcrf agahf qu„aukul Aimgm lf saurant oanrf jflr.

Ba oajnbbf Nimja   Bfs sajmuraís gf ba oajnbbf Nimja smlt bfs pbus hralgs kmltfurs gf b„Fjpnrf. Nbs fxabtflt avfk mrhufnb bfs vfrtus gu cusengm, ft gmlk gu Kbal gu Bnml. Nbs smlt ba jîjmnrf gf bfur kbal, jans îhabfjflt kfbbf gf b„Fjpnrf tmut flfr 4 ul oant l„fst kmlsngîrî kmjjf ulf vîrntî enstmrnquf quf

s„nb hurf gals bfs kermlnqufs gf ba oajnbbf Nimja. [fs kmursals smlt bf vnsahf fxprfssno gu Kbal gu Bnml. [fs cargfs jmltrflt muvfrtfjflt bfs

îjmmls quf bfs autrfs sajmuraís gmnvflt kakefr. _altargnsfs, barjfs ft rîknts smlt bfs arjfs quf bfs Nimja jalnflt pmur sfrvnr sfr vnr ba kausf gu Bnml à ba kmur kmu r.

îpmusårflt

gfs

krîaturfs

surlaturfbbfs,

smlt

gmuîs gu pmuvmnr gf oralkenr bf vmnbf qun sîparf bfs jmlgfs pmur s„fltrftflnr avfk fux.

Ba oajnbbf Ja Jatsu tsu   Bfs Jatsu kmlstuflt bf kmfur vanbbalt ft njpbakacbf gu Kbal gu Bnml, ft ba oajnbbf ba pbus omurlnf gf tmut b„Fjpnrf. À kf trf, nbs omrjflt ba jadmrntî gfs njjflsfs arjîfs gf bfur kbal. Omlgîf

par Gajf Jatsu, b„ul gfs pbus hralgs sajmuraís gfs prfjnfrs tfjps gf b„Fjpnrf, ba oajnbbf pfrpîtuf gf lmjcrfusfs tragnmls jatrnarkabfs, gmlt ba jnsf fl pbakf gf pbusnfurs ulntîs g„îbntf fxkbusnvfjflt oîjnlnlfs. Bfs Jatsu nlkarlflt ba rnhufur jnbntanrf gu cusengm. Wrås lmjcrfux, kf smlt fux qun rfprîsfltflt bf Kbal gu Bnml gals ba kubturf pmpubanrf. Bf sajmuraí gu Kbal gu Bnml jmyfl fst kflsî ätrf parkubnårfjflt omuhufux, emlmracbf ft mcslî, gfs trants quf partahflt tmus bfs Jatsu.

;;  

BF KBAL GV PEÎLNU  « Jaìtrnsfz bfs îbîjflts ft rflanssfz. ¹   G„autrfs kbals prmtåhflt bfs ormlårfs gf b„Fjpnrf ft sf pmrtflt haralts gf sml avflnr jatîrnfb, jans sfub kfbun gu Peîlnx prmtåhf sml ãjf. Nb fst gf sml gfvmnr gf prîsfrvfr ba jubtugf gf vmnfs rfbnhnfusfs, gf bfs flkagrfr ft g„arcntrfr bfurs gnîrflgs. [fs ralhs kmjptfltgfs gavaltahf g„îrugnts îtugnalt bf Wam9 ft gf sfrvntfurs fsprnts quf tmus bfs autrfs kbals ba sahfssf qu„nb a rîf gf kfs gfux gmjanlfs spnrntufbs b„b„flkmurahf flkmurahf à appmrtfr ba panx ft ba kmjprîeflsnml aux autrfs kbals, jäjf s„nb gmnt sf sakrnfr pmur ba kausf.   Bf peîlnx fst ul syjcmbf gf kmltragnkml 4 ulf punssalkf fxpbmsnvf ft ulf hralgf rftfluf, ulf prmgnhnfusf nltfbbnhflkf ft ulf prmomlgf eujnbntî, b„aclîhaml ft ba hbmrnfusf rflanssalkf. Kfs vfrtus assmknîfs nbbujnlflt ba vmnf gu kbal jadfur bf pbus

BA KVBWVSF KVBWVSF GV KBAL GV PEÎLNU

jysquf gf Smiuhal, hargnfl gu Wam gf [enlsfn ft gf b„ãjf gf b„Fjpnrf. À b„nlstar gu parouj gf

  Bf Kbal gu Peîlnx akkmrgf cnfl pbus g„njpmrtalkf quf bfs autrfs à b„îqunbncrf ft

b„flkfls qunrmyaujfs mf, nlvnsncbf, auxsfquatrf g„ul tfjpbf, bfs gfs fsprnts jäbfltkmnls tmut aussn gnskråtfjflt au jmlgf gfs emjjfs. Bf Kbal gu Peîlnx oant mkf gf jîgnatfur fltrf kfs jmlgfs, ft fl appfbbf à b„ãjf gf ba tfrrf fbbf-jäjf. Nb N b sut à sfs jfjcrfs gf jurjurfr ft bfs jmltahlfs s„îkrmubflt, bfs rnvnårfs assîkeîfs sf rfjfflt à kmubfr, bfs îpngîjnfs gnsparanssflt, bfs oalt÷jfs tmurjfltîs

au Wambfgf [enlsfn gfs 4 nb rfkefrkef fltrf rmyaujf emjjfs ftb„earjmlnf kfbun gfs

trmuvflt bf rfpms, bfs rîkmbtfs acmlgflt gals gfs

tfrrfs autrfomns stîrnbfs. Nbs savflt lîaljmnls quf jäjf bf pbus pur gfs vmfux pfut fltraìlfr gfs kmlsîquflkfs nlaflgufs ft gfstruktrnkfs sn b„ml pfrturcf b„îqunbncrf gfs îbîjflts. Ml bfur rfprmkef

paromns ulf kfrtanlf îgfur gals bfs prnårfs qu„nbs agrfssflt aux iajns, jans rarfs smlt kfux qun msflt gmutfr gf bfur ajmur gf ba panx ft gf b„earjmlnf. Bf Iajn [enca ft bf prätrf Nsawa îtanflt gfux kefos cnfl gnîrflts. B„eujnbntî ft ba sahfssf sfrfnlf gu prfjnfr kmltrastanflt avfk b„mrhufnb ft b„nltfbbnhflkf oîrmkf gf b„autrf. Par kmlsîquflt, ml aflg gfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu Peîlnx qu„nbs smnflt kabjfs, rîîkens ft kubvîs… jans îhabfjflt passnmllîs, vmnrf arrmhalts, fl ransml gfs vastfs kmllanssalkfs gf bfur kbal. [enca ft Nsawa îtanflt tmus gfux prmomlgîjflt jysqufs, ft kft aspfkt kmjjul karaktîrnsf bf Kbal gu Peîlnx gfpuns sfs gîcuts. [fs jfjcrfs aurmlt gmlk gavaltahf tflgalkf à sf prîmkkupfr gf prmcbåjfs kmsjnqufs quf g„aanrfs mrgnlanrfs.

fsprnts, jans aussn b„earjmlnf nltîrnfurf. [fs jfjcrfs savflt quf keaquf pas prmgunt ul

îkem, ft quf kft îkem rîsmllf à travfrs bf jmlgf 9 k„fst pmurqumn nb oaut avalkfr avfk prugflkf ft bf kmfur sfrfnl, pmur îvntfr gf

sfjfr ba gnskmrgf ft bf keams. Wmutfomns, ulf tfbbf rftfluf passf smuvflt pmur gf ba bãkeftî mu gf ba passnvntî aux yfux gfs autrfs kbals.

;7  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Asaim

Ba oajnbbf Iantm

  Bfs Asaim smlt gfs nlgnvngu nlgnvnguss sfrfnls ft apparfjjflt ravns gf sf bnvrfr à bfurs rfkefrkefs sknflqufs ft penbmsmpenqufs talgns quf bfs Nsawa gnrnhflt bf kbal. Ba oajnbbf Asaim aakef ulf hralgf vabfur à ba kmllanssalkf, jans fbbf akkmrgf ulf pbakf

  Ba pftf oajnbbf Iantm s„fst vu kmlfr ba prmtfkml gfs lmjcrfux bnfux gf kubtf gfs prmvnlkfs gu Kbal gu Peîlnx. Fbbf fltrfflt aussn

flkmrf pbus njpmrtaltf à ba sahfssf. [fs îtugfs b„angflt à avalkfr sur bf pbal spnrntufb, jans sfrvflt îhabfjflt sfs ajcnmls pmbnqufs. pmbn qufs. Bfs Asaim smlt bfs kmursals gu Kbal gu Peîlnx, fxträj fxträjfjflt fjflt apprîknîs

gf rfjpbnr bfur jnssnml, bfs Iantm mlt îbacmrî gfs

kmjjf îrugnts gf kmur ft tutfurs gals tmut b„Fjpnrf.

Ba oajnbbf Nsawa   Bfs Jaìtrfs Îbîjfltanrfs qun snåhflt au Kmlsfnb gfs Knlq, bfs vîrntacbfs gnrnhfalts gu Kbal gu Peîlnx, smlt prfsquf tmudmurs gfs Nsawa, b„ulf gfs pbus alknfllfs oajnbbfs gf seuhflda gf b„Fjpnrf. À kf trf, fbbf a fu gfs snåkbfs pmur kmjjulnfr avfk bfs fsprnts ft gîkmuvrnr bfs jalnårfs bfs pbus fkakfs gf rfquîrnr bfurs cnfloants. Kfrtanls jfjcrfs gu kbal pfuvflt kmlomlgrf assuralkf ft arrmhalkf, jans nbs rfstflt au cmut gu kmjptf pnfux ft rfspfktufux, gîvmuîs au janlfl gf b„earjmlnf ft gf b„îqunbncrf.

cnfl bfs jmgfstfs autfbs acrntîs par ul arcrf

ulnquf quf bfs pbus njpmsalts salktuanrfs. Al åkefs flkealtîfs ft gfs prnårfs spîknqufs pmur prmtîhfr bfs tfjpbfs oakf aux pîrnbs spnrntufbs. Kmltrf bfs agvfrsanrfs jmrtfbs, nbs sf sfrvflt g„arks mrgnlanrfs. Kmjptf tflu gfs lmjcrfusfs tãkefs qu„nbs gmnvflt gmn vflt y akkmjpbnr, bfs Iantm Iantm qunflt rarfjflt bfs tfrrfs gu Kbal gu Peîlnx. Nb bfur arrnvf tmutfomns gf parr fl påbfrnlahf gals g„autrfs salktuanrfs.

Ba oajnbbf [enca  

Ba oajnbbf [enca gfskflg gu Iajn îpmlyjf

ft gmllf sml keajpnml au kbal. Fbbf s„fst pmurtalt

ahflmunbbîf gfvalt ba oajnbbf Nsawa trås t÷t gals sml enstmnrf, ft b„a tmudmurs sfrvnf avfk gnbnhflkf gfpuns. Bfs [enca sf kmlkfltrflt sur ba sîkurntî

gfs tfrrfs gu Kbal gu Peîlnx, ft nbs s„appunflt fl tmut prfjnfr bnfu sur ba gnpbmjaf avalt g„ubnsfr ba omrkf. Ml aflg g„fux qu„nbs smnflt vfrsîs gals bfs arts akagîjnqufs kmjjf gals bfs arts

jaraux, ft nbs kmjprfllflt cnfl jnfux quf bfs autrfs oajnbbfs gf cusen bfs seuhflda qu„nbs sfrvflt.

;6  

BF KBAL [KMPSNML  « Df sfran tml ãjf gajlîf, Ealtfn. ¹

 

Bfs gfskflgalts gf Cayusen smlt kmllus pmur

bfur nlsngnfux tabflt gf kmlspnratfur, jans aussn pmur   Gfrrnårf bfs jasqufs ft bfs vmnbfs gu Kbal gu bfs avaltahfs qu„ml mcflt fl bfs prflalt pmur abbnîs [kmrpnml, sfs sajmuraís akeflt ul oulfstf smurnrf 4 s„nbs lf savanflt pas kmjjflt sasoanrf sa soanrf gf tfjps fl bmrsqu„nb bfur oaut dmufr bf r÷bf qun bfur fst gîvmbu, kar tfjps bfurs smufls, nbs lf rfstfranflt pas bfs jaìtrfs bfur sakrnkf kmlsnstf à ätrf eaís abmrs jäjf qu„nbs gfs kmjpbmts gf b„Fjpnrf. Ml aflg gfs jfjcrfs fxîkutflt bfur tãkef à ba pfrofkml. Qufb autrf kbal gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml qu„nbs smnflt à ba omns sîgunsalts  pmurrant tflnr tflnr bmyabf ãjf ãjf gaj gajlîf = Bf Iajn Iajn  omlgatfur gf bf kfr÷bf kbalgfarjant quf bfslîf fllfjns lf ft pfrgfs… ft bmyaux flvfrs b„Fjpfrfur ft bun sfub. vnflgranflt pas tmus gf b„fxtîrnfur gf b„Fjpnrf, ft quf bf Kbal gu [kmrpnml kmjcarant gmlk bf ofu par bf ofu. Nb s„assurf gmlk quf tmus bfs kbals rfstflt ulns par ba eanlf qu„nbs bun vmuflt, jans susajjflt susajjflt gnvnsîs pmur qu„aukul g„fltrf g„fltrf fux lf punssf gîfr ba bnhlîf bnhl îf à baqufbbf BA KVBWVSF GV KBAL GV [KMSPNML tmus gmnvflt ulf bmyautî îtfrlfbbf 4 kfbbf gf Ealtfn.   Nb a su gf snx jmts tfrrncbfs pmur quf bf Iajn Cayusen fltraìlf sfs gnsknpbfs gu lmuvfau Kbal gu [kmrpnml sur ulf vmnf smjcrf ft pîrnbbfusf. Gfs jflakfs r÷ganflt kfrtfs au-gfbà gfs ormlårfs

  Bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml smlt ulns par gfs mcdfkos rnhmurfux 4 prmtîhfr ba vnf

gf jans aussn à b„nltîrnfur. Cayusen gf Smiuhal, prmtîhfr b„Fjpnrf kmùtf quf kmùtf. Qualgdura bf kmgf gu cusengm fltravfrant ba Janl Haukef ft ba Janl Grmntf gf b„Fjpfrfur (bfs kmursals gu Kbal gf ba Hruf ft bfs punssaltfs bîhnmls gu Kbal gu Bnml), sa Janl Kakeîf pmurrant tmudmurs ahnr. Pmur kmjcarf bfs jfltfurs, bfs vmbfurs ft bfs traìtrfs

fl tualt,pfrjfrf jans aussn,aux fl sf gîsemlmralt fuxjäjfs, autrfs gf rfspfktfr bfurs emlmracbfs ngîaux. Pmur prîsfrvfr bfur

au sfnl gfs autrfs kbals jadfurs, bfs gnsknpbfs gf

bfur jasquf, ft gfvnfllflt rîfbbfjflt bfs skîbîrats pmur bfsqufbs ml bfs prflant.

Cayusen rfkmurranflt à bfur tmur au jflsmlhf, au vmb ft à ba pfrgnf. Bf Kbal gu [kmrpnml kemnsnt pmur arjfs bf kealtahf, bf pmnsml ft bf sacmtahf.  

Nb abbant sf sabnr pmur prîsfrvfr ba purftî gfs

autrfs. Ft pmurtalt, fl gîpnt gf kff frmyacbf rîputaml, mu pfut-ätrf pfu t-ätrf à kausf g„fbbf, nb l„y a pas pbus bmyab qu„ul [kmrpnml. Gals ul kbal gf trmjpfurs ft gf

jalnpubatfurs, ba kmlalkf fst ul trîsmr gurfjflt akquns qu„nb kmlvnflt gf keîrnr ft gf prîsfrvfr. Ba

traensml fst prmjptfjflt keãîf 4 bfs ãjfs gfs oîbmls smlt flofrjîfs pmur b„îtfrlntî gals bfs bnjcfs gu Cmsquft gfs Wraìtrfs. Au jmnls kff nlgîofkcbf bmyautî fst-fbbf ulf janhrf kmlsmbaml, kmjptf tflu gu r÷bf galhfrfux jans vntab quf bf kbal dmuf au sfnl gf b„Fjpnrf gfpuns quf sml Iajn tutîbanrf a prmlmlkî kfs

jmts oagnqufs 4 « Df sfran tml ãjf gajlîf, Ealtfn. ¹

eujalntî, ba pbupart gfs sajmuraís gf kf

kbal sf rakkrmkeflt à ul ngîab emlmracbf, mu à ulf rfbaml qun bfs fjpäkef gf smjcrfr. Kfrtanls gnsparanssflt pmurtalt gfrrnårf

;?  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Cayusen Cayusen

Ba oajnbbf [msen

  « Df sans lahfr lahfr.. ¹ Ba gfvnsf gf ba prnlknpa prnlknpabf bf oajnbbf gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml fst rîf g„ul kmltf jmrab qun jft fl hargf sur ba laturf pfrgf gf sfs jfjcrfs. Kearjfurs, njpntmyacbfs, trmjpfurs ft oîrmkfs, bfs Cayusen omlt jnlf g„ätrf gfs skîbîrats

  Ml oant smuvflt pfu gf kas gf ba oajnbbf [msen, kf qun kmlvnflt paroantfjflt à sfs jfjcrfs 4 nbs smlt cnfl pbus fkakfs qualg ml lf bfs vmnt pas. Nbs fl prmtflt pmur prnfr fl snbflkf pmur bf Kbal gu [kmrpnml. Ba sucbntî fst bfur ransml g„ätrf

ft trmjpflt cnfl bfur jmlgf. bfs Nlkarlaml gu k÷tî snlnstrf gu pmuvmnr, nbs jalnflt arts gu kealtahf, gf b„fjpmnsmllfjflt ft gf ba sîgukml pmur kmltr÷bfr bfs fllfjns gf b„Fjpnrf. Nbs galsflt sur bf b gu rasmnr pmur lf pas smjcrfr fux-jäjfs gals ba vîrntacbf nloajnf. Pmur bfs Cayusen, ba l ‗ ul Fjpnrf stacbf ft prmspårf ‗ dusf bfs jmyfls.

4mukfqun smlt fux qun gmllflt bf pft kmup gf kmugf, keukemtflt bf snjpbf jmt kapacbf gf tmut gîkbflkefr. Gf tfjps fl tfjps, nb bfur oaut fl payfr bf prnx 4 à omrkf g„aflgrf bf jmjflt ngîab pmur ahnr, nbs omlt prfuvf g„ulf prugflkf fxkfssnvf ft passflt cnfl trmp gf tfjps à pbalnfr ft à sf rflsfnhlfr.

Ba oajnbbf [emsurm   Emrs gfs ormlårfs gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml, ml kmllaìt bfs [emsurm pmur bfurs tabflts g„aktfurs ft bfurs kmjpîtflkfs teîãtrabfs. Bfs

Ba oajnbbf ^mhm   Ba oajnbbf ^mhm fst ba pbus jabkealkfu jabkealkfusf sf gf tmut b„Fjpnrf. Keakul gf sfs floalts fst jaugnt ft kmlgajlî à traenr kfbun mu kfbbf qu„nb anjf bf pbus. Ft keakul g„fltrf fux tfltf g„nhlmrfr kff jabîgnkml

fl sf pbmlhfalt gals bf travanb ft fl sf gîvmualt gf ba vîrntacbf îtflguf gf bfur tabflt 4 lmjcrf à sml gfvmnr flvfrs bf kbal. Bfs ^mhm mlt fssayî gf gfs jfnbbfurs fspnmls gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml smlt bfvfr ba jabîgnkml, îtugnalt sals rfbãkef bfs prnårfs fl rîabntî gfs [emsurm vnvalt smus kmuvfrturf gf prmtfkml, ft fl parkubnfr bfs hbypefs. Hrãkf parjn g„autrfs kbals. Ml gfjalgf smuvflt à kfs à fux, nbs mlt jaìtrnsî gf lmjcrfusfs tfkelnqufs jaìtrfs gals b„art gu gnvfrssfjflt g„ubnsfr bfurs pmur ngflfr ft kmjcarf ba jahnf lmnrf. Bfs tabflts g„akrmcatf mu gf kmjîgnfls à gfs ls ^mhm smlt bfs sfrvntfurs bfs pbus pfrsîvîralts gu pbus snlnstrfs ft salhbaltfs, pmur bf cnfl gu kbal. Kbal gu [kmrpnml, jans aussn bfs jmnls apprîknîs. eacntalts gf b„Fjpnrf lf sf rflgflt pas kmjptf

;8  

BF KBAL GF BA BNKMSLF  « Lub lf saurant sansnr bf vflt. ¹   Bf Kbal gu _flt a passî gfs snåkbfs emrs gf b„Fjpnrf, puns nb fst rfvflu gals ulf hbmrnfusf kearhf gf kavabfrnf qun a prmomlgîjflt îcralbî bfs autrfs kbals. Bfs jalnårfs carcarfs qu„nb a agmptîfs bmrs gf sml fxnb kemquflt ft gîhmùtflt flkmrf bfs autrfs kbals, ft pmurtalt, bf Kbal ba Bnkmrlf rfjpbnt  oîrmkfjfl  oîrmkfjflt t sml gfvmnr ft lfgf banssf rnfl tfrlnr sml emllfur. Gf tmus bfs kbals, nb fst bf pbus à jäjf gf gîvmnbfr bfs jalnpubamls ft bfs nlbtramls g„ahflts îtralhfrs, kar nb a oant oakf à g„nllmjcracbfs emrrfurs ft à autalt gf traìtrfs guralt sfs allîfs gf vmyahf.

BA KVBWVSF GV KBAL GF BA BNKMSLF

  Nb y a jnbbf als, bf Kbal gf ba In-Snl flomur flomurkea kea sfs kefvaux ft quna Smiuhal, à ba rfkefrkef g„fllfjns r÷galt au-gfbà gfs ormlårfs gf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf. Au kmurs gf sml pîrnpbf, nb gîcusqua lmjcrf g„agvfrsanrfs îtralhfs ft tfrrnalts.    sfs takqufs Au b gfs kbal gîvfbmppa ft jmgna gfvnktmnrfs, kmjcat, bf sfs praqufs jahnqufs ft jäjf sa penbmsmpenf. Pmur trnmjpefr gf tmus bfs mcstakbfs ft survnvrf, survn vrf, nb gut s„agaptfr. s„agaptfr. Aprås eunt snåkbfs

g„frralkf, bf Kbal gu _flt rfvnlt à Smiuhal smus bf lmj gf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf. [fs jfjcrfs pmrtflt gfs omurrurfs, parbflt gfs balhufs îtralhårfs ft jalnflt gfs arjfs surprflaltfs. Cnfl qu„nbs vîlårflt tmudmurs

[enldm, nbs sf smlt kmlsngîracbfjflt îbmnhlîs gfs tragnmls ft gfs kmutujfs gf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf.  

Bfs gfskflgalts gu Iajn smlt rîputîs pmur

bfurs tabflts gf kavabnfrs ft gf jfssahfrs. Lmjcrf g„fltrf fux smlt omrjîs à gfs tfkelnqufs gf kmjcat mu à gfs îkmbfs gf pflsîf îtralhårfs. Ml s„aflg à kf quf kfs sajmuraís smnflt jatîrnabnstfs ft hrîhanrfs, jäjf s„nbs smlt ul pfu rustrfs sfbml bfs krntårfs gf b„îquff rmiuhaln. Aprås tmut, ba pbupart passflt prfsquf tmutf bfur vnf à kefvaukefr gals bfs îtflgufs sauvahfs gf bfur kbal, ft au-gfbà.

Bf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf aakef pbus

g„njpmrtalkf quf bfs autrfs[fs à b„îvmbuml ft à ba smupbfssf gfs tragnmls. jfjcrfs smlt fl hîlîrab trås rîkfpos aux lmuvfbbfs ngîfs ft aux îbîjflts kubturfbs nlîgnts, sals dajans kranlgrf gf vmnr bfur prmprf eîrntahf sf pfrgrf mu s„acãtargnr. Aprås tmut, nbs smlt parvflus à prîsfrvfr bfur kubturf au b gf bmlhs snåkbfs gf vmyahf. Kfpflgalt, ml bfur kmllaìt ulf ajcnml gnknbf à rîprnjfr, bfs pbus ahrfssnos g„fltrf fux îvnlèalt smuvflt kfux qun lf ba jalnofstflt pas avfk susajjflt g„îlfrhnf.

;5  

BF[ OAJNBBF[  Ba oajnbbf Ngf

rfjft smuvflt fl qufsml bfur eîrntahf ft bfur kubturf, ml lf saurant gmutfr gf bfur cravmurf.

  Bfs Ngf smlt bfs gnpbmjatfs, bfs jfssahfrs ft bfs jarkealgs nloahacbfs gf bfur kbal. Jfjcrfs gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf purs ft gurs, nbs mlt tmutfomns apprns à jäbfr bfurs kmutujfs îtralhårfs aux tragnmls gf b„Fjpnrf al gf trantfr pbus fkakfjflt avfk bfurs kmusnls. Ba oajnbbf Ngf oant fl smrtf g„nrragnfr bf kabjf ft ba kmjpîtflkf pmur lmufr gfs abbnalkfs ft gfs ajnîs gals tmut b„Fjpnrf.

Ba oajnbbf Nuken   Ba oajnbbf Nuken fst ulf oajnbbf gf prätrfs qun sf bnvrflt à gfs praqufs altîrnfurfs au rftmur gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf. Bf jfnseŊgŊ, omrjf ulnquf gf smrkfbbfrnf praquîf par sfs seuhflda, fst b„art g„ubnsfr gfs tabnsjals ft gfs lmjs pmur jalnpubfr bfs fsprnts. Bf passî tujubtufux gf ba oajnbbf Nuken a muvfrt b„fsprnt gf sfs jfjcrfs, kapacbfs g„arpfltfr sals prîduhîs gfs vmnfs jysqufs nlîgntfs qun s„îkartflt gf ba tragnml akkfptîf.

Ba oajnbbf Jmtm   Bfs Jmtm kmlstuflt sals kmltfstf (gu jmnls pmur b„Fjpnrf) ba oajnbbf ba jmnls knvnbnsîf gf tmut bf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf. Avfk bfurs snbemuffs trapufs, bfurs carcfs omurlnfs ft bfurs vätfjflts karaktîrnsqufs, nbs passflt pmur gfs îtralhfrs fxtravahalts aux yfux gf tmus bfs sajmuraís rmiuhaln. Ft fl fft, nbs l„mlt quf oanrf gfs gîbnkats arncuts gf kf quf kfrtanls appfbbflt ba « knvnbnsaml ¹. Kf smlt gfs hufrrnfrs lmjagfs fl quätf gf kmlnts îpnqufs, qun mlt agmptî avfk fltemusnasjf kff vnf gf rnhufurs. Kfpflgalt, jäjf sn b„ml

Ba oajnbbf [enldm   Ba oajnbbf [enldm fst bf kmfur gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf, bf kbal g„fxpbmratfurs qun a sunvn sml Iajn [enldm gals bf vastf jmlgf qun s„îtflg augfbà gf b„Fjpnrf. Kft ajmur gf ba gîkmuvfrtf l„a  dajans qunî bfs [enldm, qun vmyahfl vmyahfltt gås qu„nbs fl mlt b„mkkasnml. Nbs gnrnhflt bf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf, gmlt nbs assurflt ba kmeîsnml. Jaìtrfs kavabnfrs ft îkbanrfurs, bfs [enldm rfkefrkeflt ba panx, jans lf rfkubflt dajans gfvalt ba pfrspfkvf g„ulf hufrrf.

Ba oajnbbf Vt Vtaiu aiu  

Aukulf oajnbbf gu Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf

l„ageårf pbus îtrmntfjflt ft spnrntufbbfjflt au

kmgf gu cusengm quf bfs Vtaiu. Nbs fl nlkarlflt bfs prîkfptfs par b„nltfrjîgnanrf gf bfurs «

vnfrhfs gf catanbbf ¹, bfs [enmtmjf. B„mrhalnsaml jatrnarkabf gfs Vtaiu nltfrgnt aux emjjfs gf hufrrmyfr à kefvab 4 kfux gf ba oajnbbf sfrvflt gals b„nloaltfrnf, gals bfs îkurnfs ft bfs jansmllîfs, kf qun bfs snlhubarnsf jäjf au sfnl gf bfur prmprf kbal. Bfs vnfrhfs gf catanbbf omrjflt ba jfnbbfurf kavabfrnf bmurgf gf b„Fjpnrf, ft bfs emjjfs gf

ba oajnbbf Vtaiu smlt bfs jfnbbfurs pabforflnfrs.

;>  

BF[ OAJNBBF[ NJPÎSNABF[  « Akkmjpbnr ba vmbmltî gfs Knfux. ¹   Gfpuns trfltf-lfu trfltf-lfuoo hîlîramls gf Ealtfn, g„nllmjcracbfs orårfs ft smfurs mlt îtî bfs « puìlîs ¹, gfs eîrnfrs pmtflfbs qun lf smlt dajans jmltîs sur bf tr÷lf. Jäjf sur qufbqufs hîlîramls, nb aurant oabbu ul pabans gf ba tanbbf g„ulf vnbbf flårf  pmur bmhfr bfs prnlkfs ft bfs prnlkfssfs lîs gals ba  oajnbbf njpîrnabf. Gf pbus, sfubs b„Fjpfrfur ft sa  oajnbbf njjîgnatf pfuvflt pmrtfr bf lmj gf Ealtfn. Ealtfn. Pbut÷t quf gf kmltfstfr bf grmnt au tr÷lf gu prfjnfrlî gu smuvfranl, bfs autrfs eîrnfrs rfdmnhlflt b„ulf gfs oajnbbfs gfs prfjnfrs gnsknpbfs gf Ealtfn lm Iajn 4 bfs Jnya, bfs Mtmjm mu bfs [fppul. Kf smlt bfs eîrauts ft bfs omlkmllanrfs gf b„Fjpnrf, bfs hargfs gu kmrps ft bfs kmlsfnbbfrs spnrntufbs gf b„Fjpfrfur.

Punsquf bf oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs omlt parf gfs iuhf, ba eautf lmcbfssf gf b„Fjpnrf, fbbfs sf gnslhuflt gu hrms gfs sajmuraís, bfs cuif, kf qun sf tragunt gf pbusnfurs oaèmls. Ba pbus îvngfltf rîsngf gals bfur akkås oaknbntî à Ealtfn ft aux pfrsmllabntîs nlkarlalt b„autmrntî njpîrnabf (tfbbfs

quf bf Keajpnml g„Fjfraugf, bf Kmlsfnbbfr Njpîrnab ft bf Kealkfbnfr Njpîrnab), quf bfs kbals jnlfurs lf pfuvflt quf bfur flvnfr. Bfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs lf pmssågflt quf pfu gf tfrrfs ft gf prmprnîtîs,

jans kfs gfrlnårfs smlt prmtîhîfs par ul gîkrft njpîrnab pfrjalflt qun nltfrgnt aux kbals gf bfs aaqufr mu gf s„fl sansnr. Qufb quf kf smnt bf statut gf b„nlgnvngu qun s„agrfssf à ul jfjcrf gf kfs oajnbbfs, nb gmnt ubnsfr bf suxf emlmrnquf-saja. Gf jäjf, qufbbfs quf smnflt bfurs gnîrflkfs gf statut fltrf ul sajmuraí ft ul jfjcrf gf oajnbbf

  Flsfjcbf, nbs mlt durî gf prmtîhfr bf  pmuvmnr pmbnquf gf b„Fjpfrfur b„Fjpfrfur,, ft gf oanrf fl smrtf qu„aukul kbal lf gfvnfllf trmp nluflt. Kfrtanls sf gfjalgflt tmutfomns sn kfs oajnbbfs lf prfllflt pas trmp à kmfur bf gfvmnr qun fst bf bfur 4 sfjfr ba gnskmrgf.

njpîrnabf, bf prfjnfr trantf tmudmurs bf sfkmlgf

  Nb sfrant ansî gf kmlsngîrfr bfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs kmjjf gf snjpbfs kmjpbîjflts aux kbals jadfurs, gf jäjf quf bfs lmjcrfux kbals jnlfurs. Fl fft, quf kf smnt fl tfrjfs g„ffkos,

eaut pbakî mu, cnfl fltflgu, s„nb fst b„Fjpfrfur.

gf tfrrfs pmssîgîfs mu gf prmprnîtîs gîtflufs,

fbbfs smlt kmlsngîracbfjflt pbus pftfs quf bfs kbals jnlfurs. Kfpflgalt, fbbfs rfstflt cnfl pbus punssaltfs ft nlufltfs quf l„njpmrtf bfqufb g„fltrf fux, smus cnfl gfs aspfkts njpmrtalts. Kmjjf bfur lmj b„nlgnquf, bfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs mlt ul bnfl gnrfkt avfk bf tr÷lf, cnfl pbus îtrmnt quf kfbun gf l„njpmrtf qufb kbal jadfur.

Ba oajnbbf Ealtfn, qun kmjprflg b„Fjpfrfur ft sa oajnbbf prmkef, fst vîrntacbfjflt njpîrnabf gals ba jfsurf mþ tmus bfs Fjpfrfurs ft tmutfs bfs

Njpîratrnkfs qun mlt rîhlî sur Smiuhal fl smlt nssus. Nb fxnstf trmns autrfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs 4 bfs [fppul, bfs Mtmjm ft bfs Jnya. Bfur prmxnjntî avfk bf tr÷lf fst guf à bfurs bnhlîfs, bfurs gfvmnrs ft bfurs enstmnrfs. Keakulf gf kfs oajnbbfs gîflt ul pmuvmnr pmbnquf ft kubturfb kmlsngîracbf, sals kmjjulf jfsurf avfk bfs trakfs, pfu lmjcrfusfs,

qu„fbbfs banssflt gals b„enstmnrf gf Smiuhal.  

avfk bf jäjf rfspfkt ft ba jäjf fsjf quf s„nb parbant à ul lmcbf gf statut pbus îbfvî. Kfpflgalt, kfs råhbfs lf s„appbnquflt pas sn b„nltfrbmkutfur fl qufsml oant bun-jäjf parf g„ulf oajnbbf njpîrnabf, s„nb fst ul omlkmllanrf njpîrnab

70  

Ealtfn bf ;5nåjf

71  

Ba oajnbbf Jnya   Ba oajnbbf Jnya fst ba pbus rîkfltf gfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs 4 fbbf l'a îtî omlgîf qu'aprås bf gîkås gu prfjnfr Ealtfn. Jnya, ul bmyab gnsknpbf g'Mtmjm, îtant ul dfulf emjjf kearjalt ft à b'fsprnt vno, qun gfvnlt rapngfjflt ul gfs oavmrns gfs prmkefs gf b'Fjpfrfur. Kf out Jnya qun allmlèa au prfjnfr Ealtfn, sur sml bnt gf jmrt, ba vnktmnrf kmltrf Ou Bflh. B'Fjpfrur bun mrgmlla gf kmllufr à rîpalgrf ba lmuvfbbf gals tmut Smiuhal. Par ba jäjf mkkasnml, Jnya ft sfs sfrvntfurs angårflt bfs kntmyfls gf b'Fjpnrf gîvastî à rfkmlstrunrf, banssalt sur bfur passahf b'fspmnr ft ba gîtfrjnla gîtfrjnlaml ml gals bf kśur gfs Smiuhaln. Bmrsquf Jnya rfvnlt fl eîrms à Mtmsal Vken, bf rusî Mtmjm y vnt ulf mkkasnml à sansnr. Nb kmlvanlqunt bf lmuvfb Fjpfrfur, Ealtfn Hfldn, g'autmrnsfr Jnya (qun îtant tmudmurs bf gåbf gnsknpbf g'Mtmjm) à omlgfr sa prmprf oajnbbf 4 ulf lmuvfbbf oajnbbf njpîrnabf îtant lîf.   Bfs Jnya mlt tmudmurs omrjî ba pbus pftfs gfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs, ft cîlîknî gf ba jmnlgrf fjprnsf gnrfktf ft gf b'akkås bf pbus bnjntî au tr÷lf. Kfpflgalt, nbs smlt fl hîlîrab apprîknîs par bfs eacntalts gf b'Fjpnrf, ft nbs pmssågflt gmlk ulf nluflkf prmprf. Bfs eîrauts Jnya tralspmrtflt bfs gîkrfts ft bfs gîkbaramls gf b'Fjpfrfur gals tmut Smiuhal, talgns quf bfs kartmhrapefs Jnya omlt bf bfvî gfs tfrrfs al gf krîfr gfs kartfs qun gîbnjntflt avfk prîknsnml bfs gnîrfltfs prmprnîtîs gfs kbals. Bfs jfjcrfs gf ba oajnbbf Jnya smlt gmlk cnfl akkufnbbns par tmus bfs kbals, qun bfur akkmrgflt

hîlîrabfjflt bfur kmlalkf, bà mþ ul [fppul mu ul Mtmjm sfrant rfèu avfk pbus gf prugflkf.  

Kff kmlalkf pfrjft aux Jnya g'ätrf bfs yfux ft bfs mrfnbbfs gfs njpîrnaux 9 njpassncbfs, nbs lmtflt flrfhnstrflt avfk ul jnlnjuj gf par prns bfs îvîlfjflts qun afktflt b'Fjpnrf ft bfs rappmrtflt à Ealtfn ft aux autrfs oajnbbfs njpîrnabfs. Kff rfbavf kalgfur ft kff laturf muvfrturf kmloårflt aux Jnya ul gfhrî g'akkås sals sa ls îhab à tmut Smiuhal, tmut fl bfur assuralt gf lf pas kmurnr gf hralgs rnsqufs bmrsqu'nbs vmyahflt sur bfs tfrrfs gfs kbals.   Bfs Jnya pfuvflt aussn tflnr g'autrfs r÷bfs gals b'Fjpnrf, lmtajjflt gals bfs ralhs gfs bîhnmls njpîrnabfs mu parjn bfs jahnstrats g'Fjfraugf. bfur rîputaml gf sfrvntfurs bmyaux gf b'Fjpfrfur ft g'nltfrbmkutfurs njparaux bfur fst trås ubf gals kfs gfux omlkmls. Kfs quabntîs bfur vabflt aussn gf oanrf smuvflt mkf g'arcntrfs mu gf duhfs bmrs gf kmlnts abbalt gf ba snjpbf gnsputf au sudft gf tfrrfs ft gf prmprnîtîs

au gufb fl cmllf ft guf omrjf fltrf sajmuraís, fl passalt par bfs prmkås kmjpbfxfs suntf à gf hravfss tralshrfssnmls gf ba bmn njpîrnabf. Gf pbus, bf hravf pmstf gf Eîraut Njpîrnab fst eîrîgntanrf, ft rfvnflt tragnmllfbbfjflt au ganjym gf ba oajnbbf Jnya.   Bfs Jnya fllflt ul gfrlnfr r÷bf g'njpmrtalkf 4 b'arncuml gf ba Cîlîgnkml gf b'Fjpfrfur. Bf lmj gf kff praquf fst eîrntî gu vmyahf mrnhnlab gf Jnya à travfrs b'Fjpnrf. Ba Cîlîgnkml fst gfvfluf ul îvîlfjflt mknfb kmlsnstalt à rfkmlstrunrf ft rîparfr bfs zmlfs gals gal s bf cfsmnl. Wmus bfs als, gfs kearpflfrs ft gfs arsals jmcnbnsîs pmur b'mkkasnml smlt anlsn flvmyîs gals gfs rîhnmls hîlîrabfjflt tmukeîfs par ba hufrrf mu par ulf katastrmpef laturfbbf. Ba buff fst ãprf fltrf bfs kbals pmur akkufnbbnr ba Cîlîgnkml, jans ba gîknsnml gf sml arncuml rfvnflt à b'Fjpfrfur, fl kmlsubtaml avfk bf ganjym gf ba oajnbbf Jnya.

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kartmhrapef Jnya

7;  

Ba oajnbbf Mtmjm  

Ba oajnbbf Mtmjm out ba gfuxnåjf oajnbbf

njpîrnabf krîîf, aprås bfs [fppul. Bf prfjnfr

Mtmjm, bf pbus dfulf bs g'ul hralg sfnhlfur gf hufrrf trncab, îtant gîsnlvmbtf, jabnl ft sucb. Hrãkf à sfs omrjngacbfs kapakntîs gf pfrsuasnml ft gf jalnpubaml, nb îtant passî jaìtrf gals b'art gf gîsajmrkfr bfs kmlnts qun jflaèanflt gf gîtrunrf sa trncu. [ml astukf ft sa rusf gfvnlrflt

vntf nlfsjacbf pmur bf Iajn Ealtfn qun kefrkeant à ulnfr bfs pfupbfs gnsparat gnsparatfs fs gf b'Fjpnrf lanssalt. Mtmjm dmua ul r÷bf kruknab gals ba krîaml gf ba oajnbbf Jnya, ulf jalśuvrf qun lf t quf rflomrkfr sa pmsnml au sfnl gf ba rîkfltf kmur njpîrnabf. [ml apprmkef sucbf ft nlgnrfktf gf ba pmbnquf, jans aussn gf keaquf aspfkt gf ba vnf, karaktîrnsf ba oajnbbf Mtmjm gfpuns kff îpmquf.   Gals b'Fjpnrf, bf r÷bf sn parkubnfr gf ba oajnbbf Mtmjm kmlsnstf à sfjfr ba gnskmrgf fltrf bfs kbals. A gf lmjcrfusfs rfprnsfs gals b'enstmnrf gf Smiuhal, gfs kmlspnratfurs mlt kefrkeî à prflgrf bf kmltr÷bf gu tr÷lf. Al g'îvntfr quf bfs kbals s'ulnssflt ft hahlflt ulf nluflkf fxkfssnvf (vmnrf s'fjparflt gu tr÷lf), bfs Mtmjm fjpbmnflt gfs jîtemgfs mflsaltfs ft prîdugnknacbfs, paromns à b'flkmltrf gf bmyaux sajmuraís gf Smiuhal. Nbs lf smlt kfpflgalt dajans jabvfnbbalt pmur bf snjpbf pbansnr gf b'ätrf. Bfs Mtmjm rfkmllanssflt b'fxnstflkf g'ul nltîrät supîrnfur, kfbun gu tr÷lf, ft nbs s'y gîvmuflt kmrps ft ãjf 4 nbs sf sfrvflt gf afrnfs ft gf oavfurs, jans l'eîsntflt pas à rfkmurnr aussn à gfs takqufs smurlmnsfs, tfbbfs quf ba trmjpfrnf, ba kmrrupml mu bf kealtahf.   Gf lmjcrfux sajmuraís kmlsngårflt quf oanrf prfuvf g'autalt gf jalnpubaml ft g'njpbakacnbntî sals ba jmnlgrf emltf fst nlgnhlf g'ul lmcbf ft gfs sfpt prîkfptfs gu cusengm qu'nb fst kflsî rfspfktfr. Kfpflgalt, bfs Mtmjm duhflt bfur r÷bf acsmbujflt fssflfb 4 nbs fjpäkeflt bfs kbals gf s'abbnfr kmltrf bf tr÷lf fl bfs omrèalt à rfstfr sur bfurs hargfs ft, ngîabfjflt, mkkupîs par gfs tflsnmls, vmnrf gfs kmlnts avfk bfs autrfs kbals. Pfrsmllf lf sant kmjcnfl gf qufrfbbfs fltrf bfs kbals mlt gîjarrî suntf à ul pft kmup gf pmukf gf ba part g'ul jfjcrf gf kff oajnbbf. Jans ul galhfr 4 bfs fux-jäjfs rfstflt gfs jmrtfbsgfjfurf njparoants gfMtmjm laturf, ft gmlk suskfpcbfs gf sukkmjcfr à ba tfltaml gf b'ajcnml ft gu pmuvmnr. Cnfl sùr, tmus rîoutflt b'eypmteåsf qu'ulf tfbbf nloajnf ant gîdà pu survflnr, ft nbs arjflt

quf gfs jfsurfs smlt fl pbakf pmur b'fjpäkefr. Nb fst îvngflt quf bfs mcsfrvatfurs smlt fux-jäjfs survfnbbîs, kf qun pmrtf à krmnrf quf ba vnf au sfnl gf ba oajnbbf Mtmjm l'fst qu'nltrnhufs ft kmups g'mfnb par-gfssus sml îpaubf, à ul pmnlt prmkef gf ba paralmía, kf quf sfs jfjcrfs lf lnflt pas.

  Bfs Mtmjm rfjpbnssflt aussn g'autrfs gfvmnrs pmur b'Fjpnrf 4 nbs pmurvmnflt gf lmjcrfux pmstfs kbîs gf b'agjnlnstraml njpîrnabf. Ba oajnbbf rnvabnsf avfk bf Kbal gf ba Hruf fl talt quf hurf gf prmuf gals bfs gmjanlfs kubturfbs 4 gfs śuvrfs jusnkabfs, arsqufs ft bnîranrfs krîîfs par gfs Mtmjm omlt parf gfs pbus nlufltfs gf Smiuhal. Kfs gfrlnfrs kmjprfllflt quf keaquf lmtf g'ulf kmjpmsnml jusnkabf, keaquf orappf gu janbbft sur ul curnl ft keaquf kmup gf pnlkfau gmnvflt

sfrvnr ul mcdfko pmbnquf prîkns. Pmur kff oajnbbf, ba cfautî l'fst qu'ul mub gf pbus pmur kmlsmbngfr sa pmsnml mu s'assurfr quf bf pmuvmnr lf tmjcf pas aux janls gfs jauvansfs pfrsmllfs.   Vlf praquf njpîrnabf njpmrtaltf kmlsnstf à oanrf agmptfr bf lmj gf oajnbbf Mtmjm par bfs pbus  dfulfs floalts gf b'Fjpfrfur b'Fjpfrfur,, qun lf smlt pas kflsîs eîrntfr gu tr÷lf. A ba suntf gu rntf g'Acgnkaml, kfs jfjcrfs gf ba oratrnf njpîrnabf rfdmnhlflt fl hîlîrab bfs ralhs gf ba oajnbbf Mtmjm, ffktuflt bfur hfjpuiu qufb quf smnt bfur ãhf ft prfllflt bf lmj g'Mtmjm. Gf kff oaèml, ba oajnbbf angf à prîsfrvfr ba bnhlîf gf Ealtfn 4 sn ul Fjpfrfur jfurt sals eîrnfr, nb fst rfbavfjflt ansî gf rfjmltfr  dusqu'à sml parflt bf pbus gnrfkt. Lmrjabfjflt, nb s'ahnt g'ul Mtmjm, qun allubf abmrs sml acgnkaml ft jmltf sur bf tr÷lf 4 flkmrf ulf oaèml pmur bfs Mtmjm g'assfmnr bfur pmuvmnr sur b'Fjpnrf.

77  

kmurtnsal Mtmjm

76  

Ba oajnbbf [fppul   Kmjjf bfs Mtmjm, ba oajnbbf [fppul pfut rftrakfr sml mrnhnlf à b'aucf gf b'Fjpnrf. Bmrsquf bfs Iajns tmjcårflt gfs Knfux, eunt g'fltrf fux afrrnrflt afrrnrf lt sur kf qun abbant gfvflnr bf jmlt [fppul, qun pmrtf bf lmj gf ba prfjnårf jmrtfbbf qun bfs rflkmltra. Bfur arrnvîf smuganlf îjut tfbbfjflt

[fppul qu'fbbf prmpmsa gf sf jfrf à bfur sfrvnkf avfk sfsgfvnlrflt gnsknpbfs. Bf Iajn akkfpta kff mrf,tmus ft nbs anlsn bfsEaltfn prfjnfrs agfptfs jmrtfbs gfs Iajns. Gf oant, talgns quf g'autrfs gmnvflt sf gnsputfr ba oavfur gf b'Fjpfrfur, bfs [fppul fl dmunssflt gfpuns tmudmurs fl vfrtu gf

bfurs mrnhnlfs. Cnfl quf kfrtanls jfjcrfs gf kff oajnbbf smnflt kmursals ft lmjcrf g'fltrf fux omlkmllanrfs gals b'agjnlnstraml njpîrnabf, nbs smlt prnlknpabfjflt kmllus à travfrs Smiuhal pmur bfur omlkml gf prmtfktfurs gf b'Fjpfrfur.  

Bmrsquf bfs Iajns tmjcårflt gu rmyaujf

Kîbfstf gals kfbun gfs jmrtfbs, nbs akqunrflt kfrtanlfs gfs vublîracnbntîs gf kfs gfrlnfrs. Bfs

[fppul gîkngårflt abmrs gf hargfr ft gf prmtîhfr bfs Iajns. Kff gîvmml l'a pas oancbn gfpuns ft a kmlgunt bfs [fppul à gfvflnr bfs prnlknpaux gîoflsfurs gf b'Fjpfrfur, tmudmurs präts à sf sakrnfr à sml sfrvnkf. Nb lf s'ahnt pas snjpbfjflt gf oalasjf k'fst bà bfur gfvmnr ft bfur ransml jäjf g'fxnstfr gals b'Mrgrf kîbfstf. Pmur oaknbntfr b'fxîkuml gf bfur tãkef, bfs [fppul mlt jns fl pbakf gfux kmrps gf prmtfktfurs 4 ba Hargf gu Pabans, îhabfjflt appfbîf Hargf g'emllfur [fppul, omrjîf par bfs hargfs gu kmrps pfrsmllfbs gf Ealtfn, qun bf prîsfrvf gfs jflakfs peysnqufs, ft Hargf kakeîf,spnrntufbs qun gîoflg b'Fjpfrfur oakfba aux galhfrs ft surlaturfbs.   Bfs Hargfs gu Pabans omlt parf gfs hufrrnfrs bfs pbus akkmjpbns gf Smiuhal. Bfur nlkrmyacbf jaìtrnsf l'a qu'ul sfub mcdfko 4 prmtîhf prmtîhfrr Ealtfn. Nbs mlt anlsn krîî tmutfs bfurs tfkelnqufs ft takqufs gf kmjcat à kff l. Jäjf bfur njjflsf jaìtrnsf gu nandutsu l'a pmur sfubf vmkaml quf gf bfur pfrjfrf gf gîhanlfr rapngfjflt bmrs g'ulf aaquf smuganlf, pbut÷t qu'fl gufb mknfb. Ba Hargf kakeîf, qualt à fbbf, fst kmlstuîf gf cusen ft gf seuhflda vmuîs à ba kmjprîefls kmjprîeflsnml nml gfs iajns ft auxàflsfnhlfjflts gf [enlsfn. Nbs smlt aussn präts s'nltfrpmsfr fltrf b'Fjpfrfur fttmut bfs galhfrs spnrntufbs quf bfs Hargfs g'emllfur [fppul à oanrf oakf aux jflakfs peysnqufs. Gf lmjcrfux jfjcrfs gf kff mrhalnsaml smlt g'fxkfbbflts

jaìtrfs gfs hbypefs, kapacbfs gf grfssfr gfs gîoflsfs smbngfs pmur prmtîhfr bfs zmlfs quf orîqufltflt Ealtfn ft sa oajnbbf kmltrf bfs nltrusnml mu bfs aaqufs jahnqufs. Nb fxnst fxnstff ul bnfl îtrmnt, cnfl quf gnskrft, fltrf ba Hargf kakeîf ft gfs hrmupfs tfbs quf bfs keassfurs gf smrknfrs Iuln gu Kbal gu Kracf, bfs nlqunsntfurs Asaim gu Kbal gu Peîlnx ft bfs Iurmncal, Ba Hargf Lmnrf gu Kbal gu [kmrpnml.   Wmut kmjjf bfs Mtmjm, bfs [fppul rfjpbnssflt g'autrfs r÷bfs, qun s'admutflt à bfur gfvmnr prnlknpab gf prmtfkml gf b'Fjpfrfur, ft cfaukmup fxfrkflt ba omlkml g'ahflts gf b'agjnlnstraml njpîrnabf. Kfpflgalt, ba gîvmml gf sfs jfjcrfs aux flsfnhlfjflts gf [enlsfn sf gîjarquf. Ba prfjnårf [fppul, qun rflkmltrf [enlsfn bmrs gf

sml apparnml pfu gf tfjps aprås ba keutf gfs Iajns, gfvnlt ulf ofrvfltf gnsknpbf gu Pft Jantrf. Fbbf pr÷lf omrtfjflt bfs bfèmls gf kf gfrlnfr. Bmrsqu'fbbf jmurut, sfs floalts îrnhårflt quatrf tfjpbfs fl b'emllfur gf ba penbmsmpenf senlsînstf gals gnîrflts flgrmnts gf Smiuhal. A kf dmur, bfs [fppul omlt tmudmurs parf gfs agfptfs bfs pbus gîvmuîs gu Pft Jantrf ft rfstflt bfs pbus ofrvflts hargnfls gf sfs flsfnhlfjflts ft gf sfs arkenvfs. Ba oajnbbf [fppul hårf aussn ulf hnhaltfsquf cncbnmteåquf njpîrnabf, jmnls kfltrîf sur bfs oants enstmrnqufs quf sur bfs pflsîfs, bfs sfljflts ft bfs jmmls gf kfux qun mlt prns part aux îvîlfjflts passîs. Kf bnfu kmlflt gf lmjcrfux pmåjfs, enstmnrfs, pnåkfs gf teîãtrf ft dmurlaux (nljfs mu lml) îkrnts par kfux qun mlt vîku à b'îpmquf gf kfrtanls îvîlfjflts enstmrnqufs. Gf tfbs gmkujflts smlt cnfl fltflgu trås sucdfkos, jans pfrjfflt au bfktfur g'akquîrnr gfs kmllanssalkfs sur bf jmgf gf vnf gfs Smiuhaln gu passî, kmjjf bfur oaèml g'nltfrahnr ft gf pfrkfvmnr bfs îvîlfjflts enstmrnqufs avalt gf bfs kmukefr sur bf papnfr sfbml bfur prmprf pmnlt gf vuf.

7?  

[fppul Nseniawa, Kapntanlf Kapnt anlf gf ba Hargf g„Emllfur [fppul

78  

BF[ SMLNL[   

jubpbfs ransmls. Kfs « emjjfs-vahufs ¹ gîrnvalt sur ba jfr gu gfsl pfuvflt ätrf g„alknfls sajmuraís gf kbal gîkeus mu gmlt bf jaìtrf a îtî tuî mu gfstuî, vmnrf gfs floalts nbbîhnjfs mu lîs gals gfs knrkmlstalkfs oãkefusfs. Ba pbupart gf kfs vahacmlgs l„mlt pbus gf vran sflsfn (sn talt fst qu„nbs fl anflt fu ul dmur), ft k„fst gmlk bf jmlgf bun-jäjf bun- jäjf qun bfur flsfnhlf. Kmjjf nbs gmnvflt gmnvf lt s„agaptfr s„agaptfr pmur survnvrf, gf lmjcrfux rmlnl s„fl rfjfflt à ulf kmjpîtflkf parkubnårf pmur sf oanrf ulf pbakf gals bf jmlgf, quf kf smnt fl talt quf jfrkflanrfs,

jarkealgs mu arstfs nlîralts, mu cnfl flkmrf kmjjf hungfs ft hargnfls gîgnîs à gfs rmutfs, gfs rnvnårfs mu gfs kmbs gf jmltahlf parkubnfrs.  

BF[ SFCFBBF[

Ml pfut arpfltfr ba vmnf gu rmlnl pmur gf  

Bfs sajmuraís kmupacbfs g„fltmrsfs pfu

hravf à b„îquff, kmjjf ulf gîjmlstraml gf sfljflt gîpbakîf, ul îkbat gf vmnx mu ulf pftf oautf gf prmtmkmbf, smlt paromns keassîs pmur «gîsakkmrg tfjpmranrf¹. Kfs sajmuraís, qun lf smlt tfkelnqufjflt pas gfs r÷lnls, lf cîlîknflt pbus gf b„angf gf bfur oajnbbf mu gf bfur kbal. Bfs sajmuraís gf kf typf smlt bncrfs gf krnfr eaut ft

omrt bfur appartflalkf à ul kbal ft pmrtflt paromns bfurs alknfls jml ft kmubfurs. Wmutfomns, gals kf kas, ml fxnhf qu„nbs nlomrjflt autrun gf bfur sntuaml ft nbs l„mlt pas bf grmnt gf kmjptfr sur bf smufl gf bfurs orårfs. Kfs r÷lnls fl punssalkf l„mlt pas gf sauo-kmlgunts ft smlt keassîs gfs

Bfs rmlnl smlt gfs sajmuraís, jans gfs

tfrrfs gf bfur kbal pflgalt ulf pîrnmgf gmllîf

sajmuraí sals Kbal. Bfur qumgnfl fst pîrnbbfux, ft pfut g„fltrf-fux smlt assfz omrts pmur survnvrf sals pfrgrf bfur emllfur ft bfur vfrtu.

(hîlîrabfjflt ul al), à b„nssuf gf baqufbbf nbs pmurrmlt rînltîhrfr bfur pbakf. Paromns, nbs gmnvflt oanrf bfur prfuvf fl kmjcat, fl rfvflalt avfk ba

S×LNL GF LAN[[ALKF

tätf g„ul fllfjn mu ul mcdft trås gnknbf à mctflnr, mu flkmrf fl armltalt ul gfs cusen gu kbal.

 

BF[ [ajmuraís GÎ[EMLMS GÎ[EMLMSÎ[ Î[

Bfs floalts g„ul r÷lnl smlt îhabfjflt gfs

r÷lnls s„nbs agmptflt bf stybf gf vnf gf sajmuraí gf

bfur parflt. [n b„floalt bf smueantf, bf statut gf sml parflt sajmuraí b„fjpmrtf sur kfbun, jmnls lmcbf,

gf b„autrf. Jans ml gfvnflt rarfjflt r÷lnl gf kff oaèml, kar lmjcrf g„frralts smlt trmp pauvrfs ft trmp prîmkkupîs par bfur survnf pmur smlhfr à omrjfr ulf oajnbbf. Bfs jarnahfs îtalt bf pbus smuvflt pmbnqufs, tmutfs kastfs kmlomlgufs, ul r÷lnl jabmgmralt a pfu gf kealkfs gf sf trmuvfr

ulf îpmusf -flkmrf jmnls gf oanrf gfs floalts.

  Bf pbus sîvårf gfs keãjflt kmlsnstf à nltfrgnrf au sajmuraí gf oanrf sfppuiu ft b„flvmyfr fl fxnb. Nb lf s„ahnt aukulfjflt gf jnsîrnkmrgf. K„fst bf sujjuj gf ba kruautî kr uautî ft kf keãjflt l„fst  dajans prmlmlkî à ba bîhårf. K„fst ul cnfl ajfr gfsl quf gf pmursunvrf sml fxnstflkf kmjjf syjcmbf vnvalt gf sml prmprf îkefk. Lmjcrf gf sajmuraís lf suppmrtflt pas b„nltmbîracbf pmngs

Cnfl fltflgu sn ul sajmuraí îtalt pårf gfvnflt

gf ba emltf ft prîoårflt s„÷tfr ba vnf, jäjf sn kfba fst ul gîsemllfur pbus hralg flkmrf, qun

r÷lnl, sfs floalts bf sunvflt gals bf gîsemllfur.

prmuvf quf b„ml fst nlkapacbf g„akkmjpbnr sfs

gfvmnrs gals ba vnf kmjjf gals ba jmrt. Kfs sajmuraís gîsemlmrîs l„mlt pas bf grmnt gf rîvîbfr

bfurs alknfllfs abnamls gf oajnbbf ft gf kbal. Bfur

statut

fst

pnrf

quf

ba

jmrt.

  Kfs r÷lnls gfvnfllflt hîlîrabfjflt gfs krnjnlfbs, s„fl prflalt à tmut kf qu„nbs tflanflt  dagns pmur sakrî gals b„nlgnkncbf b„nlgnkncbf rahf rahf qun bfs gîvmrf. gîvmrf.

75  

BA JMSW GV [FNHLFVS  

Nb s„ s„ahnt ahnt gu pbus trahnquf kas gals bfqufb

ul sajmuraí gfvnflt ul r÷lnl, b„ul gfs pbus rarfs ft b„ul gfs pbus rmjalfsquf. Bmrsqu„ul

sajmuraí jfurt sals eîrnfr, sfs sfrvntfurs ft ymdnjcms smlt bnvrîs à fux-jäjfs. Bf sajmuraí pfut abmrs kefrkefr ul fjpbmn kefz bfs parflts gf sml sfnhlfur jans paromns, bfs pmrtfs rfstflt kbmsfs. [n bf gaíjy÷ fst jmrt gfs suntfs g„ul aktf gîsemlmralt, abmrs ml kmlsngîrfra quf sfs sfrvntfurs pmrtflt ulf part gf kf gîsemllfur ft

ml bfs ounra. Fl mutrf, bf jfurtrf g„ul sfnhlfur lunt à ba rîputaml gf sa hargf pfrsmllfbbf, ft bf kbal eîsntfra kfrtanlfjflt à kmlfr aux emjjfs qun ba kmjpmsanflt ba prmtfkml g„ul autrf lmtacbf.

 

Bfs r÷lnls gf kf typf mlt bf grmnt gf gnvubhufr

bf lmj gf bfur kbal ft gf pmrtfr bfurs alknfl jml

ft kmubfurs. Par rfspfkt (mu par emltf), ba pbupart lf bf omlt pas. Vl r÷lnl gmnt vnvrf gf sml sacrf. Pmrtfr bf jml gf sml alknfl jaìtrf gals b„fspmnr gf trmuvfr ul fjpbmn rfvnflt à rfkefrkefr ulf oavfur hrãkf au lmj gu gîoult pbut÷t qu„au snfl.

BF JV[EA [EVH^×  

Cnfl qu„nb lf smnt pas à prmprfjflt parbî ul r÷lnl , bf sajmuraí qun a fltrfprns ul jusea

seuhy÷ («Påbfrnlahf jarab¹) partahf lmjcrf gfs avaltahfs ft shjatfs gf ba vnf g„ul frralt. Bf jusea seuhy÷ fst ulf quätf vnsalt à akkrmntrf sa vanbbalkf vna b„fxfjpbf. Vl hufrrnfr qun gîkngf g„fltrfprflgrf bf påbfrnlahf gmnt g„acmrg fl mctflnr ba pfrjnssnml auprås gf sml gaíjy÷, kf qun

l„fst hîlîrabfjflt rfousî qu„fl tfjps gf hufrrf. Ml kmlsngårf quf bf jusea seuhy÷ kmjjf bf pbus kmurt kefjnl vfrs b„nbbujnlaml ft ba jaìtrnsf gf ba vmnf gu sacrf. Ba pbupart gfs sajmuraís lf

b„fltrfprfllflt qu„ulf sfubf omns gals bfur vnf.  Kfux qun gnssnjubflt bfur vîrntacbf laturf gfrrnårf b„nlvnmbacnbntî ft b„almlyjat gu jusea seuhy÷ gmnvflt ätrf avfrs -nb s„ahnt g„ul påbfrnlahf gf hufrrnfr, bf påbfrnl fst sflsî rfbfvfr tmus bfs gîs. Vl gaíjy÷ jîalt pmurra oaknbfjflt sf gîcarassfr g„ul fspnml arjalt ätrf ul påbfrnl fl bun flvmyalt gfs gufbbnstfs fxpîrnjfltîs qun bf gîfrmlt dusqu„à kf qu„nb sf oassf tufr.  

BF[ AHFLW[ S×LNL[ Wfkelnqufjflt, ul r÷lnl mpårf sals prmtfkml mu abnaml à ul kbal. Jans kf l„fst pas tmudmurs bf kas. Gf tfjps fl tfjps, b„mppmrtulntî

pmbnquf mu ba cnflsîalkf fjpäkeflt ul gaíjy÷ g„ahnr sfbml sml emllfur, kf qun b„mcbnhf b„mcbnhf à banssfr banss fr gfs nlsubtfs njpulnfs njp ulnfs mu gfs fllfjns fll fjns s„flounr. s„flounr. Bmrsqu„ml lf pfut flvnsahfr gf smbuml sals pfrgrf ba oakf, nb oaut fl vflnr à gfs jfsurfs pbus fxpîgnvfs.   Nb pfut gfjalgfr à ul sajmuraí parkubnårfjflt bmyab mu emlmracbf gf sf oanrf passfr pmur ul r÷lnl al gf bf vflhfr, g„usfr gf rfprîsanbbfs mu gf rîpmlgrf aux kmups g„ul fllfjn. Vl sajmuraí qun fltrfprflg ulf tfbbf jnssnml sant qu„nb l„fl

rîkeappfra pfut-ätrf pas, ft jäjf s„nb y parvnflt, nb gfvra sf oanrf sfppuiu à ba l gf ba jnssnml pmur prmtîhfr sml sfnhlfur. Kfs r÷lnls sf kmjpmrtflt kmjjf s„nbs îtanflt gîsemlmrîs mu rfrîs gu jmlgf, ft rfousflt gf rîvîbfr bfur vîrntacbf abnaml.  Pmur kfrtanls, kf smlt gfs eîrms rmjalqufs, jans pmur ba pbupart gfs Smiuhaln, kfs qufbqufs eîrms smlt gfs acfrramls, nlgnhlfs gf bfur aflml. Kefz bfs rmlnl, nb fxnstf gfs cusen mu gfs seuhflda, avfk gfs vmnfs prmprfs.

7>  

BF[ KBAL[ JNLFVS[    Bfs kbals jadfurs rfprîsfltflt bfs omrkfs bfs pbus vnsncbfs ft bfs pbus fsjîfs gf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf, jans nbs lf smlt pas sfubs. Nb fxnstf aussn gfs kbals jnlfurs, gfs oajnbbfs gf sajmuraís jmnls njpmrtaltfs, nlkapacbfs gf rnvabnsfr fl pmuvmnr mu fl prfshf avfk bfs kbals jadfurs, jans qun mlt lîaljmnls bfur pbakf gals b„mrgrf smknab gf Smiuhal.   Bfs kbals jnlfurs lanssflt paromns g„ul skensjf au sfnl g„ul kbal pbus njpmrtalt, g„ul akkngflt g„eîrntahf mu gf hîmhrapenf qun a krîî ulf fltî ayalt cfsmnl gf rfkmllanssalkf mknfbbf. Ba kmur njpîrnabf pfut aussn gîkrîtfr ba lanssalkf g„ul lmuvfau kbal, pmur rîkmjpflsfr b„emllfur rfjarquacbf

mu bfs fxpbmnts g„ul sajmuraí, mu pmur kmlfr à ulf oajnbbf ul bnfu, ulf tãkef mu ul sfkrft fl parkubnfr. Jabhrî bfur punssalkf, bfs kbals jadfurs lf smlt pas assfz laíos pmur nhlmrfr tmut à oant bfs kbals jnlfurs. Nbs smlt kfrtfs pbus jmgfstfs, nbs l„mlt pfut-ätrf qu„ulf oajnbbf mu qu„ulf îkmbf pmur îguqufr bfurs sajmuraís, jans nbs gnspmsflt g„ulf fxpfrsf sals îhab gals bfur gmjanlf gf prîgnbfkml.

Bf Kbal gu Cbanrfau

Bf Kbal gu Oaukml

krîî nb y a omrt bmlhtfjps pmur hargfr ba ormlårf lmrg gf Smiuhal, nb vfnbbf sur ulf sîrnf gf vabbîfs akkngfltîfs ft gf kavfrlfs gf

ba Hralgf Juranbbf [fptfltrnmlabf. Aussn gurf ft tflakf quf bfs jmltahlfs qu„fbbf eacntf, ba oajnbbf Nkenrm l„a dajans jalquî à sml gfvmnr.

Bf Kbal gu Keat

bfs cusen à b„mfnb pfrèalt gf ba oajnbbf Wmrntaia Wmrntaia smlt spîknabnsîs gals ba traquf ft ba lfutrabnsaml gfs spfktrfs ft gfs autrfs fsprnts emsbfs.   [n bf Kbal gu Kracf prîsfrvf b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf gfs emrrfurs gîtfrjnlîfs à gîtrunrf ba Juranbbf ft à flvaenr Smiuhal, b f Kbal gu Oaukml bf prmtåhf gf jflakfs pbus sucbfs 4 bfs krîaturfs jabvfnbbaltfs gfs rmyaujfs gfs fsprnts.

ba oajnbbf Lfimja vnt sur ulf ìbf prmtîhîf au barhf gfs k÷tfs gu Kbal gu Peîlnx. [fs jfjcrfs omrjflt fl apparflkf ulf dmyfusf calgf g„akrmcatfs, g„aktfurs ft gf grajaturhfs rîputîs. Kf smlt fl rîabntî gfs jfrkflanrfs senlmcn prmspårfs, qun vflgflt bfurs tabflts

g„fspnmls

ft

g„assassnls

aux

autrfs

kbals.

Bfs oalt÷jfs ft bfs pîrnbs g„mrgrf spnrntufb pfuvflt surhnr partmut 9 bf Kbal gu Oaukml gmnt gmlk rfstfr tmudmurs sur sfs hargfs. K„fst parkubnårfjflt vran aux acmrgs gf ba Omrät gf [enlmjfl, qun fst pfut-ätrf ba rîhnml ba pbus ealtîf gf tmut b„Fjpnrf g„Îjfraugf. g„Îjfraug f. Jäjf sn ba pbupart gfs kbals jadfurs nhlmrflt bf travanb gu Kbal gu Oaukml mu jnlnjnsflt sml njpmrtalkf, kfbun-kn kfbun -kn sant quf gfs ätrfsjystîrnfux sf gnssnjubflt gals bfs mjcrfs gf keaquf pnåkf

Bf Kbal gu Jnbbf-pattfs kf kbal jatrnarkab, ofrvflt sfrvntfur gf ba Gîfssf [mbfnb Ajatfrasu, pfrpîtuf g„alknfllfs

tragnmls ft gfjfurf ba pbupart gu tfjps nsmbî. Ba oajnbbf Jmsen kmjptf ul hralg lmjcrf gf seuhflda, gmlt ba jahnf gu ofu prmtåhf fkakfjflt bf kbal.

Bf Kbal gf ba Bncfbbubf ml appfbbf paromns ba oajnbbf Wmlcm « bf pmrfr gu Kbal gu Grahml ¹, kar sfs jfjcrfs omlt mkf g„nltfrjîgnanrfs fltrf bfur smbntanrf vmnsnl ft bf rfstf gf Smiuhal.

pbmlhîf gals bf lmnr ft gals keaquf cmsquft cmsq uft mcskur. mcskur.   Bfs Wmrntaia omrjflt ba oajnbbf prnlknpa prnlknpabf bf gu Kbal gu Oaukml, ft ba pbupart gfs îtralhfrs nhlmrflt nhlm rflt qu„nb fl fxnstf g„autrfs. Ba pbupart gf sfs jfjcrfs smlt cnfl cãs, ulf karaktîrnsquf eîrntîf gfs alkätrfs kmjjuls qu„nbs partahflt avfk bfs Enga. Kmltranrfjflt à kfs gfrlnfrs, bfs Wmrntaia smlt pbut÷t kabjfs ft rîsfrvîs 4 ml bfs trmuvf gnstalts ft ormngs, jans nbs sf kmlsngårflt fux-jäjfs kmjjf sfrfnls ft kmlkfltrîs, sf tflalt präts à keaquf nlstalt à sf grfssfr fltrf bfs rmyaujfs gfs jmrtfbs ft gfs fsprnts. Nbs savflt quf bfs omrtfs îjmmls prmvmquflt smuvflt gfs turcubflkfs fltrf bfs gfux jmlgfs 9 kf l„fst gmlk qu„fl kmltr÷balt bfurs prmprfs passnmls qu„nbs pfuvflt kmjprflgrf, apansfr ft sn lîkfssanrf îbnjnlfr

bfs yũrfn, vîrntacbfs galhfrs pmur bfs vnvalts.

60  

Bf Kbal gu Sflarg   bmrsquf [enldm quna b„Fjpnrf, fbbf banssa gfrrnårf fbbf gfs gnsknpbfs qun omrjårflt bf Kbal gu Sflarg. Ba oajnbbf Intsulf fst kîbåcrf pmur sml îrugnml, sa kmllanssalkf gfs pbaltfs jîgnknlabfs ft ba jahnf sucbf gf sfs seuhflda. Bf Kbal gu Sflarg a aussn kmlkbu ulf smrtf g„abbnalkf avfk bfs fsprnts-rflargs gf sml tfrrntmnrf. Ml rakmltf jäjf quf bfs ulnmls fltrf sajmuraís ft fsprnts mlt îtî trås lmjcrfusfs au b gfs snåkbfs.

Bf Kbal gu Bnåvrf kf kbal a îtî omlgî nb y a gfs snåkbfs pmur rfjfrknfr ul rmlnl qun s„îtant nbbustrî gals ba

buf kmltrf ul tfrrncbf smrknfr gu salh. Gfpuns, ba oajnbbf Vsahn vmuf sml fxnstflkf à gîcusqufr ft à kmjcarf bfs jaeŊ tsuian, mþ qu„nbs smnflt.

Bf Kbal gf ba Jaltf ml kmlsngårf smuvflt bfs jfjcrfs gu

Kbal gf ba Jaltf kmjjf ul rajassns gf pnratfs ft gf vmbfurs. [a sntuaml sur bfs ìbfs gf ba [mnf ft gfs Îpnkfs bun pfrjft pmurtalt gf kmltr÷bfr gfs rmutfs kmjjfrknabfs bukravfs. [ml keajpnml, ^mrntmjm, gnrnhf sals gmutf bf kbal jnlfur bf pbus punssalt, ft karfssf b„ajcnml g„fl oanrf ul kbal jadfur. Îtralhfjflt, bfs sajmuraís gu Kbal gf ba Jaltf l„mlt pas gf lmj gf oajnbbf. Nbs ubnsflt à ba pbakf bf lmj gu lavnrf sur bfqufb nbs sfrvflt, mu kfbun gf bfur pmrt g„aakef.

îtralhårfs quf bf Kbal gf ba Bnkmrlf. Bf Kbal gf ba Jaltf fst par gf pbus cas quf bfs kbals jadfurs 4 sfs jfjcrfs smlt gmlk jmnls flkbnls à jîprnsfr kfux gf pbus cassf fxtrakml... jans bfs eujcbfs mrnhnlfs gf ^mrntmjm, sml keajpnml, lf susflt pas à kabjfr bfs ajcnmls gf kf crnbbalt kefo pnratf.   Pmur gfs ransmls enstmrnqufs kmjpbfxfs, bfs sajmuraís gu Kbal gf ba Jaltf lf pmssågflt pas gf lmj gf oajnbbf. Kfpflgalt, nbs omlt tmus parf gf ba mf gu kbal 4 nbs prfllflt gmlk bf lmj gu lavnrf imculf sur bfqufb nbs sfrvflt. Anlsn, ml rflkmltrf Wsuraniazf lm Iugaia (Iugaia gu _flt ajfr) mu [usalm-m lm Entmsen (Entmsen gu [usalm-m), ft bfs jarnls kealhflt gf lmj au hrî gfs keal-hfjflts g„afktaml. Bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gf ba Jaltf qun rfstflt à tfrrf pmrtflt bf lmj gu pmrt gals bfqufb nbs vnvflt, kmjjf

Inlusenja lm Jnaia mu Wminhmhakeu lm WŊya.

Bf Kbal gu Jmnlfau bfs kmbbnlfs [uzujf acrntflt bf Kbal gu Jmnlfau ft ba oajnbbf [uzujf. K„ K „fst ulf tfrrf arngf, pfu prmgukvf ft sals rfssmurkf nltîrfssaltf. B„ngîab gu kbal, ba pauvrftî emlmracbf, fst ml lf

pfut pbus snjpbf à afnlgrf, punsquf bf Jmnlfau hurf parjn bfs pbus pauvrfs gf Smiuhal. Kff cralkef gu Kbal gf ba Hruf lîf au knlqunåjf snåkbf fst kîbåcrf pmur bf tabflt gf sfs kmltfurs.

Bf Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf bfs sajmuraís gf kf kbal gnrnhflt b„ul

  Gf tmus bfs lmjcrfux kbals jnlfurs gf Smiuhal, bf pbus kîbåcrf fst pfut-ätrf kfbun gf ba Jaltf... jäjf sn, sur bfs tfrrfs gu Kbal gf ba Hruf, sa rîputaml fst parkubnårfjflt fltakeîf.

gfs pbus lmtmnrfs rfpanrfs gf kmltrfcalgnfrs,

gf krnjnlfbs ft gf handnl gf tmut b„Fjpnrf. Kff assmknaml tfrlnt ba rîputaml gu Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf aux yfux gfs autrfs sajmuraís, jans ul gîkrft njpîrnab bun pfrjft ft bun mrgmllf gf trantfr avfk

  Kmjpmsî gf rmcust rmcustfs fs jarnls, bf kbal jnlfur gf ba Jaltf fst lî gf b„assmknaml nlkfrtanlf gf jarkealgs ft gf rmlnl, jans aussn gf parnas gfs

kbals jadfurs, avalt gf gfvflnr ulf hnhaltfsquf mrhalnsaml qun mknf bf bmlh gfs k÷tfs gf Smiuhal. Cnfl quf bf Kbal gf ba Hruf ant tmudmurs îtî ul gf sfs pbus njpmrtalts kbnflts, gf rîkflts trmucbfs

pmbnqufs mlt jns à jab bfurs rfbamls, ft bf kbal jnlfur a kmjjflkî à kefrkefr gf lmuvfaux abbnîs gals b„Fjpnrf. [fs jarnls omlt vmnbf fltrf bfs pmrts gu kmllflt ft bfs ìbfs gf ba [mnf ft gfs Îpnkfs, vmnrf

bfs îtralhfrs gfpuns gîdà pbusnfurs snåkbfs. [fs jfjcrfs lf sf gîrmcfrmlt pas gfvalt bfur gfvmnr.

au gfbà, ft mlt autalt gf rfbamls avfk gfs kubturfs

61  

 

Bf Kbal gu kfro

Bf Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf l„aurant sals gmutf

 dajans vu bf dmur sals bfs tfrrncbfs tfrrncbfs îvîlfjfl îvîlfjflts ts gf ba ba

catanbbf gu Kfro cbalk. Jans kf kmlnt a kbanrfjflt gîjmltrî bf pîrnb quf rfprîsfltanflt bfs handnl bnvrîs à fux-jäjfs ft sals survfnbbalkf à Smiuhal. Kf kbal jystîrnfux ft jmgfstf fst audmurg„eun kearhî gf hargfr b„mfnb sur kff jflakf pmur bf kmjptf

Bfs sajmuraís nssus gu Kbal gu Kfro pmssågflt smuvflt gfs jmvamls kakeîfs, ft nbs sf rftrmuvflt orîqufjjflt sur bf b gu rasmnr 4 bmrs g„ul kmlnt, nbs gmnvflt susajjflt aancbnr ul gfs pars al g„îqunbncrfr bfs omrkfs fl prîsflkf,

gf b„Fjpfrfur. [mus bfurs gfemrs gf jarkealgs,

sals

bfs jfjcrfs gu Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf ahnssflt kmjjf

pmur

autalt

kmjpbåtfjflt

gîstacnbnsfr

b„mppmsnml. Anlsn, bfs jfjcrfs gf ba oajnbbf [enia

gf snjpbfs paysals (ft s„eacnbbflt smuvflt kmjjf

fux), sals oanrf hralg kas gu jîprns muvfrtfjflt akeî par bfs autrfs sajmuraís à bfur îharg. Bfs kbals sf kmltflt pmur ba pbupart gf bfs nhlmrfr, jäjf sn bfs bnfls qu„nbs fltrffllflt avfk bfs akvntîs gf kmltrfcalgf gf prmgunts handnl smlt ul sfkrft gf pmbnkenlfbbf. Pflgalt kf tfjps, bf Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf sfrt gnskråtfjflt b„Fjpfrfur 9 nb jantrnsf ft bnjntf kff kmltrfcalgf, ft rassfjcbf gfs nlomrjamls sur bfs mpîramls gfs îtralhfrs. Kff vnf pfut sfjcbfr gîpmurvuf gf hbmnrf ft g„emllfur, jans bf Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf sant quf sml gfvmnr fst pbus njpmrtalt quf sa rîputaml.

apprfllflt gals bfurs îkmbfs quf gîvfbmppfr

Ba oajnbbf Iasuha

kmlsîquflt, gu gf Kfroomrkf rfjarquf qu„ul kbal sfbmrsquf trmuvf bf fl Kbal pmsnml talgns qu„ul autrf fst aancbn, nb fssanf gf lnvfbfr bfurs

Ba oajnbbf Iasuha fst à ba tätf gu Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf, ft sfs mrnhnlfs rfjmltflt à ulf pîrnmgf altîrnfurf à ba lanssalkf gf kf gfrlnfr, punsqu„fbbf gfskflg gu Kbal gu Grahml par b„nltfrjîgnanrf gf sml omlgatfur Ahasea Iasuha. K„fst bun qun a sauvî bfs handnl cbmquîs à Smiuhal aprås ba gfstrukml gf bfur mf. K„fst aussn bun qun b„Njpîratrnkf a kearhî gf omrjfr ul lmuvfau kbal jnlfur à parr g„ulf

punssalkfs. [fs sajmuraís smlt gfs jalnpubatfurs

calgf eîtîrmkbntf gf rmlnl, gf efnjnl efnjn l ft gf kfrtanls

  Ba oajnbbf [enia fst omrjîf gfs gfskflgalts gfs omlgatfurs gu kbal ft gf bfurs prfjnfrs

gfs handnl fl qufsml. Qualg ml pflsf au Kbal gf ba Wmrtuf, Wmrtuf, ml sf s f rîoårf fl hîlîrab aux Iasuha, à bfurs akvntîs gf kmltrfcalgf mu à g„autrfs mpîramls krnjnlfbbfs. Bfs jfjcrfs gf kff oajnbbf omlt bfur gfvmnr, pfu njpmrtf bfurs nltfrbmkutfurs mu bfs akmls gîsemlmraltfs qu„nbs gmnvflt suppmrtfr. Ajîbnmrfr bfur statut lf bfs nltîrfssf pas 9 nbs savflt qu„nbs

akkmjpbnssflt ul sfrvnkf kapntab gals kff aanrf, ft qu„nb kmlstuf fl smn sa prmprf rîkmjpflsf.

Bf Kbal gf ba Huäpf Wsuruken, bf kîbåcrf keassfur gf prnjf, l„a omlgî kf kbal quf trås rîkfjjflt, jans nb sf tarhuf g„abnhlfr bfs jfnbbfurs arkefrs gf b„Fjpnrf. Nb prflg flkmrf sfs jarqufs, ft nb fst fl jauvans tfrjfs avfk bfs Kbals gu [kmrpnml ft gu Bnml. À ba rfkefrkef g„abbnîs pmtflfbs, nb pmurrant cnfl fl avmnr trmuvî ul auprås gu Kbal gf ba Jaltf.

g„nltflsfs sfljflts pmur ul nlgnvngu emrs gu kbal fst rnsquî, kar nbs aurmlt pfut-ätrf à ahnr kmltrf kff pfrsmllf gals bf outur ou tur.. Cnfl fltflgu, kft ngîab ngîa b fst rarfjflt afnlt, ft bf Kbal gu Kfro akkfptf bfs njpfrofkmls… y kmjprns bfs passnmls jabvflufs.   Bf Kbal gu Kfro rfkefrkef b„îqunbncrf smknîtab. Qualg bfs kbals jadfurs omlt dfu îhab, nbs buflt pmur sf surpassfr, jans l„msflt pas fltrfr fl hufrrf. B„ulntî ft b„earjmlnf smlt gfs ngîaux njpmssncbfs à afnlgrf gals ul jmlgf mþ bfs gnîrflkfs ft bfs kmlnts smlt nlîvntacbfs. Par

qun śuvrflt pmur ba pfrofkml gf b„Fjpnrf. Bfs fltrfjffurs [enia sf jäbflt à ba eautf smknîtî pmur rfkufnbbnr gfs nlomrjamls ft sfrvnr gf hungfs aux kmursals, talgns quf bfs balknfrs galsalts jålflt à cnfl gfs jnssnmls sfkråtfs gals bfs mjcrfs. Nbs sauvflt ft gîtrunsflt au lmj gf b„îqunbncrf.

gnsknpbfs. [fs jfjcrfs sf smufllflt fltrf fuxfst fl s„flkmurahfalt ft fl s„akkfptalt, s„akkfptalt, jans kft ajmur rîsfrvî au Kbal gu Kfro. Kfr o. Bfs [enia mlt apprns à ofrjfr bfur kmfur emrs gf bfur tfrrntmnrf ft à ormngfjflt kmlsngîrfr bfs autrfs Smiuhaln kmjjf gfs jmyfls à gnspmsnml gf bfur kbal. Gf jäjf, nbs sf jmltrflt anjacbfs avfk bfs îtralhfrs, jans sals banssfr gfs bnfls trmp omrts s„nlstabbfr, ln sals vfrsfr trmp gf salh ft oanbbncbfs oanbbnc bfs tmut fl rfstalt kabjfs ft sùr s ùr g„fuxjäjfs. [als surprnsf, lmjcrfux smlt bfs sajmuraís qun lf sf rîvåbflt pas à ba eautfur gf kfs ngîaux.

63  

NL[PNSAWNML[  [murkfs prnlknpabfs traguntfs fl oralèans

œuvrfs gf oktnml

B„Art gf ba hufrrf, gf [ul Wzu Bf Wrantî gfs knlq rmufs, gf Jusasen Jnyajmtm Bf Kmgf gf b„apprfl sajmuraí 4 Cugm [emsenl[eu, gf ^uzal Gangmdn

Ba Kermlnquf gfs Efnif, g„Fndn ^mseniawa Ba Bîhflgf gu eîrms keassfur g„anhbfs, gf Dnl ^mlh Ba Pnfrrf ft bf sacrf, g„Fndn ^mseniawa Ba Paroantf Bujnårf, g„Fndn ^mseniawa

Eahaiurf 4 Îkrnts sur ba vmnf gu sajmuraí, gf Eahaiurf Wsulftmjm ^ajajmtm Bf [acrf gf vnf 4 Bfs flsfnhlfjflts sfkrfts gf ba jansml gu [e÷hul, gf Julflmrn ^ahyu Lmtfs gf kefvft, gf [fn [emlahml Bf Gnt gu Hfldn, gf Jurasain [enincu Bf Gnt gfs Efniî 4 Kykbf îpnquf gfs Waíra ft gfs Jnlajmtm, autfur nlkmllu Bfs Wrmns Smyaujfs, gf Hualzemlh Bum

Bf Hargnfl gf b„fsprnt sakrî, gf Laemim Vfeasen Wef [lmw Omx, gf [usal Ormjcfrh [keaffr Wanim, gf Fndn ^mseniawa Bf Gnt gf Jurasain, gf Bnza Gabcy [enialmim, gf Bnal Efarl Wabfs mo tef Jahataja sfrnfs, gf Lmrnim Mhnwara Bf Kbal gfs Mtmrn, gf Bnal Efarl Bfs 13 rmyaujfs, gf Ouyujn Mlm  

Wravaux ulnvfrsntanrfs

Alnjf, objs ft jalhas

Wef Cmmi mo ^mian, gf Gybal Jnkeafb Omstfr Cusengm, b„ãjf gu Dapml, g„Nlazm Lntmcf Bf Kerysalteåjf ft bf sacrf, gf Sute Cflfgnkt Fvfrygay Bnof nl Wragnmlab Dapal, gf Kearbfs D. Gull ft Baurflkf Crmgfrnki Dapalfsf Wfa Kfrfjmly4 Kea-Lm-^u, g„ A. B. [agbfr Bfhflgs mo tef [ajmuraí, gf Enrmain [atm Wef [ajmuraí [wmrg, gf [tfpefl Wurlcubb [ajmuraís 4 B„ulnvfrs gu hufrrnfr dapmlans, gf [tfpefl Wurlcubb [ajmuraí alg Lnlda, g„Altmly Kujjnls Wruf Pate mo tef Lnlda, g„Altmly Kujjnls (Lmtf gfs traguktfurs 4 kft autfur fst parkubnårfjflt

1; Assassnls 78 Smlnl Keusenlhura Wnhrf ft Grahml

kmltrmvfrsî) Wabfs mo Mbg Dapal, g„A. C. Jnmrg Wef Xmrbg mo tef [enlnlh Prnlkf, g„Nval Jmrrns Wef ^mian sfrnfs, gf Jaefw Jfyfr

Imdnja

Fjprfss In

Ousenhn ^uhn, gf ^uu Xatasf Ba Pmrtf gf b„flofr Ba Hralgf Juranbbf Efrm Ba Omrtfrfssf kakeîf

Iahfjusea, b„mjcrf gu hufrrnfr Iwangal Nlu^asea, gf Sujnim Waiaeasen Bmlf Xmbo alg Kuc, gf Iazum Imnif ft Hmsfin Jarkm Pmbm Prnlkfssf Jmlmlmiî Sal Sasemjml [ajmuraí Onkml [aldurm Bfs 8 [ajmuraís

Bf Keãtfau gf b„aranhlîf Weulgfrcmbt Oaltasy Vsahn ^mdnjcm, par [tal [aian ^mdnjcm

6;  

KSÎGNW[  KMLKFPWNML Obmrnal "Obfx" Huymt WFUWF Fghf [tugnm, Wmroyl, Obmrnal "Obfx" Huymt JAQVFWWF Kîbfsl "_alSfnhlarg" Cfbbfvnbbf NBBV[WSAWNML GF KMV_FSWVSF [eawl Nhlaus Wal NBBV[WSAWNML GF BA KASWF _nxfl NBBV[WSAWNML[ NLWÎSNFVS[ 4 Gavng Cflzab, Jaurm Gab Cml, Lnkibas Hustaossml, Aurfbnfl Eucfrt, C. G. Duginls, [efl Ofn, Wmtab Xar4 [emhul 3 SFBFKWVSF FW KMSSFKWNML 4 Gnala "Frcmgg" Gmcrf, Kîbfsl "_alSfnhlarg" Cfbbfvnbbf, Obmrnal "Obfx" Huymt VL HSALG JFSKN 4  Kartfr, [asjnra, _byal, Erule ft Jalgar pmur avmnr smuî b„ngîf g„ul tfb prmdft ! Anlsn qu„à tmutf ba kmjjulautî gf ba _6 !