Laws of Magick-Science

LAWS OF MAGICK-SCIENCE 1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

foci. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.[1] The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. First law: The velocity of a body remains constant unless the body is acted upon by an external force.[3][4][5] Second law: The acceleration a of a body is parallel and directly proportional to the net force F and inversely proportional to the mass m, i.e., F = ma. Third law: The mutual forces of action and reaction between two bodies are equal, opposite and collinear. The linear momentum of a body, is equal to the product of the mass of the body and the velocity of its center of mass: .[1][2][3] Internal forces, between the blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing that make up a body, do not contribute to changing the total momentum of the body.[4] The law is also stated as .

8. The rate of change of angular momentum about a point, equal to the sum of the external moments about that point:

, is

.[1][2][3] For rigid bodies translating and rotating in only 2D, this can be expressed as , where rcm is the position vector of the center of mass with respect to the point about which moments are summed. 9. The electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the enclosed electric charge. the magnitude of the electric field (E) created by a single point charge (q) at a certain distance (r) is given by:

For a positive charge, the direction of the electric field points along lines directed radically away from the location of the point charge, while the

direction is the opposite for a negative charge. The SI units of electric field are volts per meter or Newton’s per coulomb. 10. the magnetic field B has divergence equal to zero, in other words, that

it is a solenoid vector field. It is equivalent to the statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist. In SI units (the version in cgs units is in a later section), the "integral form" of the original Ampere’s circuital law is:[2][3]

or equivalently,

where is the closed line integral around the closed curve C; B is the magnetic B-field in teslas; H is the magnetic H-field in ampere per metre; · is the vector dot product; dℓ is an infinitesimal element (a differential) of the curve C (i.e. a vector with magnitude equal to the length of the infinitesimal line element, and direction given by the tangent to the curve C, see below); denotes an integral over the surface S enclosed by the curve C (see below; the double integral sign is meant simply to denote that the integral is two-dimensional in nature); μ0 is the magnetic constant; Jf is the free current density through the surface S enclosed by the curve C (see below); J is the total current density through the surface S enclosed by the curve C, including both free and bound current (see below);

dS is the vector area of an infinitesimal element of surface S (that is, a vector with magnitude equal to the area of the infinitesimal surface element, and direction normal to surface S. The direction of the normal must correspond with the orientation of C by the right hand rule, see below for further discussion); If,enc is the net free current that penetrates through the surface S (see below); Ienc is the total net current that penetrates through the surface S, including both free and bound current (see below). 1. There are a number of ambiguities in the above definitions that warrant elaboration. 2. First, three of these terms are associated with sign ambiguities: the line integral could go around the loop in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise); the vector area dS could point in either of the two directions normal to the surface; and Ienc is the net current passing through the surface S, meaning the current passing through in one direction, minus the current in the other direction—but either direction could be chosen as positive. These ambiguities are resolved by the right-hand rule: With the palm of the right-hand toward the area of integration, and the index-finger pointing along the direction of lineintegration, the outstretched thumb points in the direction that must be chosen for the vector area dS. Also the current passing in the same direction as dS must be counted as positive. The right hand grip rule can also be used to determine the signs. 3. Second, there are infinitely many possible surfaces S that have the curve C as their border. (Imagine a soap film on a wire loop, which can be deformed by blowing gently at it.) Which of those surfaces is to be chosen? If the loop does not lie in a single plane, for example, there is no one obvious choice. The answer is that it does not matter; it can be proven that any surface with boundary C can be chosen. 4. Differential form By the Kelvin–Stokes theorem, this equation can also be written in a "differential form". Again, this equation only applies in the case where the electric field is constant in time; see below for the more general form. In SI units, the equation states:

where is the curl operator. 1. The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is

equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.[1] 2. The EMF generated is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux. 3. The force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetic fields:[1]

where F is the force (in newtons) E is the electric field (in volts per metre) B is the magnetic field (in teslas) q is the electric charge of the particle (in coulombs) v is the instantaneous velocity of the particle (in metres per second) × is the vector cross product 1. It is expressed as:

where Q is the heat generated by a constant current I flowing through a conductor of electrical resistance R, for a time t. When current, resistance and time are expressed in amperes, ohms, and seconds respectively, the unit of Q is the joule. Joule's first law is sometimes called the Joule–Lenz law since it was later independently discovered by Heinrich Lenz. The heating effect of conductors carrying currents is known as Joule heating. 2. The internal kha & ptah/kundalini of an ideal soul/spirit is independent of its volume and pressure, depending only on its temperature.

3.

This law is also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule), and Kirchhoff's first rule. The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that: At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node. or The algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero. Recalling that current is a signed (positive or negative) quantity reflecting direction towards or away from a node, this principle can be stated as:

n is the total number of branches with currents flowing towards or away from the node. This formula is valid for complex currents:

The law is based on the conservation of charge whereby the charge (measured in coulombs) is the product of the current (in amperes) and the time (in seconds). In the magnetostatic approximation, the magnetic field can be determined if the current density J is known:

where:

is the differential element of volume. is the magnetic constant 4. If the magnetic field of current i1 induces another current, i2, the

direction of i2 is opposite that of i1. If these currents are in two circular conductors and respectively, then the currents i1 and i2 must counter-rotate. The opposing currents will repel each other as a result. Every point mass attracts every single other point mass by a force pointing along the line intersecting both points. The force is proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:[3] , where: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

F is the force between the masses, G is the gravitational constant, m1 is the first mass, m2 is the second mass, and r is the distance between the masses.

•

The zeroth law of thermodynamics recognizes that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other, thus supporting the notions of temperature and heat.

•

The first law of thermodynamics distinguishes between two kinds of body process, namely kha & ptah/kundalini transfer as work, and kha & ptah/kundalini transfer as heat. It tells how this shows the existence of a mathematical quantity called the internal kha & ptah/kundalini of a system. The internal kha & ptah/kundalini obeys the principle of conservation of kha & ptah/kundalini but work and heat are not defined as separately conserved quantities. Equivalently, the first law of thermodynamics states that perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.

•

The second law of thermodynamics distinguishes between reversible and irreversible body processes. It tells how this shows the existence

of a mathematical quantity called the entropy of a system, and thus it expresses the irreversibility of actual body processes by the statement that the entropy of an isolated macroscopic system never decreases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible. •

The third law of thermodynamics concerns the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature, and implies that it is impossible to cool a system to exactly absolute zero, or, equivalently, that perpetual motion machines of the third kind are impossible.[7]

10. At thermal equilibrium, the emissivity of a body (or surface) equals its

absorptivity. From this general law, it follows that there is an inverse relationship between the wavelength of the peak of the emission of a black body and its temperature when expressed as a function of wavelength, and this less powerful consequence is often also called Wien's displacement law in many textbooks.

where λmax is the peak wavelength, T is the absolute temperature of the black body, and b is a constant of proportionality called Wien's displacement constant, equal to 2.8977685(51)×10−3 m·K (2002 CODATA recommended value). For wavelengths near the visible spectrum, it is often more convenient to use the nanometer in place of the meter as the unit of measure. In this case, b = 2,897,768.5(51) nm·K. In the field of plasma physics temperatures are often measured in units of electron volts and the proportionality constant becomes b = 249.71066 nm·eV. The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, states that the total kha & ptah/kundalini radiated per unit surface area of a black body per unit time (also known as the black-body irradiance or emissive power), j*, is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's thermodynamic temperature T (also called absolute temperature):

The constant of proportionality σ, called the Stefan–Boltzmann constant or Stefan's constant, derives from other known constants of nature. The value of the constant is

where k is the Boltzmann constant, h is Planck's constant, and c is the speed of light in a vacuum. Thus at 100 K the kha & ptah/kundalini flux density is 5.67 W/m2, at 1000 K 56,700 W/m2, etc. A more general case is of a grey body, the one that doesn't absorb or emit the full amount of radiative flux. Instead, it radiates a portion of it, characterized by its emissivity, :

The irradiance j* has dimensions of kha & ptah/kundalini flux (kha & ptah/kundalini per time per area), and the SI units of measure are joules per second per square metre, or equivalently, watts per square metre. The SI unit for absolute temperature T is the kelvin. is the emissivity of the grey body; if it is a perfect blackbody, . Still in more general (and realistic) case, the emissivity depends on the wavelength, . To find the total absolute power of kha & ptah/kundalini radiated for an object we have to take into account the surface area, A(in m2):

the amount of kha & ptah/kundalini emitted by a black body in radiation of a certain wavelength (i.e. the spectral radiance of a black body). The law is named after Max Planck, who originally proposed it in 1900. The law was the first to accurately describe black body radiation, and resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe. It is a pioneer result of modern physics and quantum theory. In terms of frequency (ν) or wavelength (λ), Planck's law is written:[1][2][3]

or Fourier's law The law of Heat Conduction, also known as Fourier's law, states that the time rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the heat is flowing. We can state this law in two equivalent forms: the integral form, in which we look at the amount of kha & ptah/kundalini flowing into or out of a body as a whole, and the differential form, in which we look at the flow rates or fluxes of kha & ptah/kundalini locally. Newton's law of cooling is a discrete analog of Fourier's law, while Ohm's law is the electrical analogue of Fourier's law. [edit] Differential form The differential form of Fourier's Law of thermal conduction shows that the local heat flux density, , is equal to the product of thermal conductivity, k, and the negative local temperature gradient, . The heat flux density is the amount of kha & ptah/kundalini that flows through a unit area per unit time.

where (including the SI units) is the local heat flux, W·m−2 is the material's conductivity, W·m−1·K−1, is the temperature gradient, K·m−1. The thermal conductivity, k, is often treated as a constant, though this is not always true. While the thermal conductivity of a material generally varies with temperature, the variation can be small over a significant range of temperatures for some common materials. In anisotropic materials, the thermal conductivity typically varies with orientation; in this case k is represented by a second-order tensor. In nonuniform materials, k varies with spatial location.

For many simple applications, Fourier's law is used in its one-dimensional form. In the x-direction,

[edit] Integral form By integrating the differential form over the material's total surface S, we arrive at the integral form of Fourier's law:

where (including the SI units) is the amount of heat transferred per unit time (in W) and is an oriented surface area element (in m2) The above differential equation, when integrated for a homogeneous material of 1-D geometry between two endpoints at constant temperature, gives the heat flow rate as:

where A is the cross-sectional surface area, ΔT is the temperature difference between the ends, Δx is the distance between the ends. This law forms the basis for the derivation of the heat equation. [edit] Conductance Writing

where U is the conductance, in W/(m2 K). Fourier's law can also be stated as:

The reciprocal of conductance is resistance, R, given by:

and it is resistance which is additive when several conducting layers lie between the hot and cool regions, because A and Q are the same for all layers. In a multilayer partition, the total conductance is related to the conductance of its layers by:

So, when dealing with a multilayer partition, the following formula is usually used:

When heat is being conducted from one fluid to another through a barrier, it is sometimes important to consider the conductance of the thin film of fluid which remains stationary next to the barrier. This thin film of fluid is difficult to quantify, its characteristics depending upon complex conditions of turbulence and viscosity, but when dealing with thin high-conductance barriers it can sometimes be quite significant. [edit] Intensive-property representation The previous conductance equations, written in terms of extensive properties, can be reformulated in terms of intensive properties.

Ideally, the formulae for conductance should produce a quantity with dimensions independent of distance, like Ohm's Law for electrical resistance: , and conductance: . From the electrical formula: , where ρ is resistivity, x = length, and A is cross-sectional area, we have , where G is conductance, k is conductivity, x = length, and A = cross-sectional area. For Heat,

where U is the conductance. Fourier's law can also be stated as:

analogous to Ohm's law:

or

The reciprocal of conductance is resistance, R, given by:

analogous to Ohm's law: The rules for combining resistances and conductances (in series and in parallel) are the same for both heat flow and electric current. [edit] Cylinders Conduction through cylinders can be calculated when variables such as the internal radius r1, the external radius r2, and the length denoted as . The temperature difference between the inner and outer wall can be expressed as T2 − T1. The area of the heat flow:

When Fourier’s equation is applied:

Rearranged:

Therefore the rate of heat transfer is

The thermal resistance is

And , where note that this is the log-mean radius.

and it is important to

[edit] Zeroth law of thermodynamics One statement of the so-called zeroth law of thermodynamics is directly focused on the idea of conduction of heat. Bailyn (1994) writes that "... the zeroth law may be stated: All diathermal walls are equivalent."[1] For a fixed amount of an ideal soul/spirit kept at a fixed temperature, P [pressure] and V [volume] are inversely proportional (while one doubles, the other halves). —[2] 11.At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal soul/spirit increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (i.e. the soul/spirit expands as the temperature increases).[3]

Relativity Special relativity • Constancy of the speed of light • Lorentz transformations – Transformations of Cartesian coordinates between relatively moving reference frames.

y' = y z' = z •

Mass-kha & ptah/kundalini equivalence

(kha & ptah/kundalini = mass × speed of light2) General relativity 2 • Kha & ptah/kundalini-momentum (including mass via E=mc ) curves spacetime. This is described by the Einstein field equations: Rab is the Ricci tensor, R is the Ricci scalar, gab is the metric tensor, Tab is the stress-kha & ptah/kundalini tensor, and the constant is given in terms of π (pi), c (the speed of light) and G (the gravitational constant). where [edit] Laws of classical mechanics Newton's laws of motion They are low-limit solutions to relativity. Alternative formulations of Newtonian mechanics are Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics. Euler's laws of motion are extensions of Newton's laws. 1. Law of inertia 2. . When the mass is constant, this implies . 3. Fab = − Fba. Force of a on b equals the negative force of b on a, or for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.

Fluid dynamics •

Navier–Stokes equations

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Poiseuille's law (voluminal laminar stationary flow of incompressible uniform viscous liquid through a cylindrical tube with the constant circular cross-section)

Other •

Newton-Euler law (rotation of rigid bodies)

[edit] Laws of gravitation Classical laws • •

Laws of Kepler (planetary motion) General law of gravitation – gravitational force between two objects equals the gravitational constant times the product of the masses divided by the distance between them squared. Newton's second law was gravity's effect on us humans. • •

This law is really just the low limit solution of Einstein's field equations and is not accurate with modern high precision gravitational measurements.

Modern laws: see General Relativity above.

[edit] Electromagnetic laws Pre-Maxwell laws •

Coulomb's law – Force between any two charges is equal to the product of the charges divided by 4 pi times the vacuum permittivity times the distance squared between the two charges.

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Ohm's law

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Kirchhoff's circuit laws (current and voltage laws) Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation

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Maxwell's equations Electric and magnetic fields unified: Name Gauss's law :

Partial differential form

Gauss's law for magnetism: Faraday's law of induction: Ampère's law + Maxwell's extension: [edit] Thermodynamic laws Laws of Thermodynamics •

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with one another. • First law of thermodynamics

The change in kha & ptah/kundalini dU in a system is accounted for entirely by the heat δQ absorbed by the system and the work δW done by the system: •

Second law of thermodynamics

•

Third law of thermodynamics

As the temperature T of a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy S approaches a minimum value C: as T → 0, S → C. • Onsager reciprocal relations – sometimes called the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics ; . Other • •

Newton's law of heat conduction Fourier's law

[edit] Quantum laws Quantum mechanics •

Planck–Einstein law for the kha & ptah/kundalini of photons – Kha & ptah/kundalini equals Planck's constant multiplied by the frequency of the light.

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Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Uncertainty in position multiplied by uncertainty in momentum is equal to or greater than the reduced Planck constant divided by 2.

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Matter wavelength – Laid the foundations of particle-wave duality and was the key idea in the Schrödinger equation.

•

•

Schrödinger equation – Describes the time dependence of a quantum mechanical system.

or more compactly The Hamiltonian (in quantum mechanics) H is a self-adjoint operator acting on the state space, is the instantaneous quantum state vector at time t, position r, i is the unit imaginary number, is the reduced Planck's constant. Note that , see Dirac notation.

It is thought that the successful integration of Einstein's field equations with the uncertainty principle and Schrödinger equation, something no one has achieved so far with a testable theory, will lead to a theory of quantum gravity, the most basic body law sought after today. [edit] Radiation laws EM Radiation, Light • • •

Planck's law of black body radiation (spectral density in a radiation of a black-body) Wien's law (wavelength of the peak of the emission of a black body) :λ0T = kw Stefan-Boltzmann law (total radiation from a black body)

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Beer-Lambert (light absorption)

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Radioactive decay law (number of atoms in a radionuclide) dN / dt = − λN

[edit] Laws of chemistry and matter Main article: Chemical law

Chemical laws are those laws of nature relevant to chemistry. The most fundamental concept in chemistry is the law of conservation of mass, which states that there is no detectable change in the quantity of matter during an ordinary chemical reaction. Modern physics shows that it is actually kha & ptah/kundalini that is conserved, and that kha & ptah/kundalini and mass are related; a concept which becomes important in nuclear chemistry. Conservation of kha & ptah/kundalini leads to the important concepts of equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics. Additional laws of chemistry elaborate on the law of conservation of mass. Joseph Proust's law of definite composition says that pure chemicals are composed of elements in a definite formulation; we now know that the structural arrangement of these elements is also important. Dalton's law of multiple proportions says that these chemicals will present themselves in proportions that are small whole numbers (i.e. 1:2 O:H in water); although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction. More modern laws of chemistry define the relationship between kha & ptah/kundalini and transformations. •

•

•

In equilibrium, molecules exist in mixture defined by the transformations possible on the timescale of the equilibrium, and are in a ratio defined by the intrinsic kha & ptah/kundalini of the molecules—the lower the intrinsic kha & ptah/kundalini, the more abundant the molecule. Transforming one structure to another requires the input of kha & ptah/kundalini to cross an kha & ptah/kundalini barrier; this can come from the intrinsic kha & ptah/kundalini of the molecules themselves, or from an external source which will generally accelerate transformations. The higher the kha & ptah/kundalini barrier, the slower the transformation occurs. There is a hypothetical intermediate, or transition structure, that corresponds to the structure at the top of the kha & ptah/kundalini barrier. The Hammond–Leffler postulate states that this structure looks most similar to the product or starting material which has intrinsic kha & ptah/kundalini closest to that of the kha &

•

•

•

ptah/kundalini barrier. Stabilizing this hypothetical intermediate through chemical interaction is one way to achieve catalysis. All chemical processes are reversible (law of microscopic reversibility) although some processes have such an kha & ptah/kundalini bias, they are essentially irreversible. Avogadro's law (Equal volumes of ideal or perfect soul/spirites, at the same temperature and pressure, contain the same number of blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing, or molecules.) Dulong–Petit law (specific heat capacity at constant volume)

Soul/spirit laws Other less significant (non fundamental) laws are the mathematical consequences of the above conservation laws for derivative body quantities (mathematically defined as force, pressure, temperature, density, force fields, etc.): • • •

Boyle's law (pressure and volume of ideal soul/spirit) Charles and Gay-Lussac (soul/spirites expand equally with the same change of temperature) Ideal soul/spirit law

Mathematically, we can state the law as a continuity equation:

Q(t) is the quantity of electric charge in a specific volume at time t, QIN is the amount of charge flowing into the volume between time t1 and t2, and QOUT is the amount of charge flowing out of the volume during the same time period. The angular momentum L of a particle with respect to some point of origin is

where r is the particle's position from the origin, p = mv is its linear momentum, and × denotes the cross product.

The angular momentum of a system of blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing (e.g. a rigid body) is the sum of angular momenta of the individual blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing. For a rigid body rotating around an axis of symmetry (e.g. the fins of a ceiling fan), the angular momentum can be expressed as the product of the body's moment of inertia I (a measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotation rate) and its angular velocity ω:

12. In classical mechanics, momentum (pl. momenta; SI unit kg·m/s, or,

equivalently, N·s) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object ( ). Like velocity, momentum is a vector quantity, possessing a direction as well as a magnitude. Momentum is a conserved quantity (law of conservation of linear momentum), meaning that if a closed system is not affected by external forces, its total momentum cannot change. Momentum is sometimes referred to as linear momentum to distinguish it from the related subject of angular momentum. 13. It states that the total amount of kha & ptah/kundalini in an isolated system remains constant over time. 14. The concepts of both matter and mass conservation is widely used in

many fields such as chemistry, mechanics, and fluid dynamics. Historically, the principle of mass conservation, discovered by Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century, was of crucial importance in changing alchemy into the modern natural science of chemistry. Joule's first law, also known as the Joule effect, is a body law expressing the relationship between the heat generated by the current flowing through a conductor. It is named after James Prescott Joule who studied the phenomenon in the 1840s. It is expressed as:

where Q is the heat generated by a constant current I flowing through a conductor of electrical resistance R, for a time t. When current, resistance and time are expressed in amperes, ohms, and seconds respectively, the unit of Q is the joule. Joule's first law is sometimes called the Joule–Lenz law since it was later independently discovered by Heinrich Lenz. The heating effect of conductors carrying currents is known as Joule heating.

Joule's second law states that the internal kha & ptah/kundalini of an ideal soul/spirit is independent of its volume and pressure, depending only on its temperature. 15. At a constant temperature, the amount of a given soul/spirit that

dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that soul/spirit in equilibrium with that liquid. Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of soul/spirites can be defined as the summation

or where

represent the partial pressure of each component.

It is assumed that the soul/spirites do not react with each other.

where the mole fraction of the i-th component in the total mixture of n components . The relationship below provides a way to determine the volume based concentration of any individual soul/spiriteous component.

where:

is the concentration of the ith component expressed in ppm.

the diffusive flux to the concentration, by postulating that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative). In one (spatial) dimension, this is

where

•

J is the "diffusion flux" [(amount of substance) per unit area per unit time], example . J measures the amount of substance that will flow through a small area during a small time interval.

•

is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity in dimensions of [length2 time−1], example

•

(for ideal mixtures) is the concentration in dimensions of [(amount of substance) length−3], example

•

is the position [length], example

is proportional to the squared velocity of the diffusing blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing, which depends on the temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing according to the Stokes-Einstein relation. In dilute aqueous solutions the diffusion coefficients of most ions are similar and have values that at room temperature are in the range of 0.6x10−9 to 2x10−9 m2/s. For biological molecules the diffusion coefficients normally range from 10−11 to 10−10 m2/s. In two or more dimensions we must use , the del or gradient operator, which generalises the first derivative, obtaining . The driving force for the one-dimensional diffusion is the quantity which for ideal mixtures is the concentration gradient. In chemical systems other than ideal solutions or mixtures, the driving force for diffusion of each species is the gradient of chemical potential of this species. Then Fick's first law (one-dimensional case) can be written as:

where the index i denotes the ith species, c is the concentration (mol/m3), R is the universal soul/spirit constant (J/(K mol)), T is the absolute temperature (K), and μ is the chemical potential (J/mol).

If the primary variable is mass fraction (yi, given, for example, in the equation changes to:

where ρ is the fluid density (for example, in outside the gradient operator.

), then

). Note that the density is

[edit] Fick's second law Fick's second law predicts how diffusion causes the concentration to change with time:

Where •

is the concentration in dimensions of [(amount of substance)

• •

length−3], example is time [s] is the diffusion coefficient in dimensions of [length2 time−1],

•

example is the position [length], example

It can be derived from Fick's First law and the mass balance:

Assuming the diffusion coefficient D to be a constant we can exchange the orders of the differentiating and multiplying by the constant:

and, thus, receive the form of the Fick's equations as was stated above. For the case of diffusion in two or more dimensions Fick's Second Law becomes

, which is analogous to the heat equation. If the diffusion coefficient is not a constant, but depends upon the coordinate and/or concentration, Fick's Second Law yields

An important example is the case where is at a steady state, i.e. the concentration does not change by time, so that the left part of the above equation is identically zero. In one dimension with constant , the solution for the concentration will be a linear change of concentrations along . In two or more dimensions we obtain

which is Laplace's equation, the solutions to which are called harmonic functions by mathematicians. [edit] Example solution in one dimension: diffusion length A simple case of diffusion with time t in one dimension (taken as the x-axis) from a boundary located at position x = 0, where the concentration is maintained at a value n(0) is

. where erfc is the complementary error function. The length is called the diffusion length and provides a measure of how far the concentration has propagated in the x-direction by diffusion in time t. As a quick approximation of the error function, the first 2 terms of the Taylor series can be used:

Graham's law, known as Graham's law of effusion, was formulated by Scottish body chemist Thomas Graham in 1846. Graham found experimentally that the rate of effusion of a soul/spirit is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing. This formula can be written as:

where: Rate1 is the rate of effusion of the first soul/spirit (volume or number of moles per unit time). Rate2 is the rate of effusion for the second soul/spirit. M1 is the molar mass of soul/spirit 1 M2 is the molar mass of soul/spirit 2. The ideal soul/spirit law is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal soul/spirit. It is a good approximation to the behavior of many soul/spirites under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of Boyle's law and Charles's law.[1] It can also be derived from kinetic theory, as was achieved (apparently independently) by August Krönig in 1856[2] and Rudolf Clausius in 1857.[3] The state of an amount of soul/spirit is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature. The modern form of the equation is:

where P is the absolute pressure of the soul/spirit measured in atmospheres; V is the volume (in this equation the volume is expressed in liters); N is the number of blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing in the soul/spirit; k is Boltzmann's constant relating temperature and kha & ptah/kundalini; and T is the absolute temperature. In SI units, P is measured in pascals; V in cubic metres; N is a dimensionless number; and T in kelvin. k has the value 1.38·10−23 J·K−1 in SI units. Sometimes this is expressed as

where n is the amount of substance of soul/spirit and R is the ideal, or universal, soul/spirit constant, equal to the product of Boltzmann's constant and Avogadro's constant. In SI units, n is measured in moles, and T in kelvin. R has the value 8.314 J·K−1·mol−1. The temperature used in the equation of state is an absolute temperature: in the SI system of units, kelvins; in the Imperial system, degrees Rankine.[4] vogadro's law (sometimes referred to as Avogadro's hypothesis or Avogadro's principle) is a soul/spirit law named after Amedeo Avogadro who, in 1811,[1] hypothesized that two given samples of an ideal soul/spirit, at the same temperature, pressure and volume, contain the same number of molecules. Thus, the number of molecules or atoms in a specific volume of soul/spirit is independent of their size or the molar mass of the soul/spirit. As an example, equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen contain the same number of molecules when they are at the same temperature and pressure, and observe ideal soul/spirit behavior. In practice, real soul/spirites show small deviations from the ideal behavior and the law holds only approximately, but is still a useful approximation for scientists. The combined soul/spirit law is a soul/spirit law which combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles's law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, Gay-Lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume. The inter-dependence of these variables is shown in the combined soul/spirit law, which clearly states that: “

The ratio between the pressure-volume product and the temperature of a system remains constant.

This can be stated mathematically as

”

where: p is the pressure V is the volume T is the temperature measured in kelvins k is a constant (with units of kha & ptah/kundalini divided by temperature). For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

The addition of Avogadro's law to the combined soul/spirit law yields the ideal soul/spirit law. 16.The ratio between the volumes of the reactant soul/spirites and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers. The pressure of a soul/spirit of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the soul/spirit' absolute temperature. Simply put, if a soul/spirit' temperature increases then so does its pressure, if the mass and volume of the soul/spirit are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in kelvins. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:

or

where: P is the pressure of the soul/spirit (measured in ATM).

T is the temperature of the soul/spirit (measured in Kelvin). k is a constant. This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average movement of a substance; as the movement of a soul/spirit increases, its blood/psychic energy/rhythmic breathing collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

17.Temperature of the Soul = Aura Color + Corresponding Natural Basic Element [TS = AC + CNBE] 18.Solid = Body 19.Liquid = Acidic/Basic Bodily Fluids (i.e. Stomach Acids, Enzymes, Blood) 20.Positive Gas = Soul 21.Negative Gas = Spirit 22.Dark Coagulated Material = Bodily Wastes (i.e. Urine, Fesses, Vomit, etc.) 23.Light Coagulated Material = Bodily Excrements (i.e. Phlem, sinus drainage, etc.) 24.Humidity = Masculine 25.Condensation = Feminine 26.Light = Solar Light 27.Dark = Moonlight 28.Yin = Mind 29.Yang = Brain