Lawrence Kohlberg

December 29, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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1. J`niraeèa Lnfmjkri gac`ó kg Jrngxv`mmk (Gukva Pnrl) km :; dk nctujrk dk 10:9. Hur`ó km 19 dk kgkrn dk 1069, kg mas aeukras dk Jnstng, Tndn fack `gd`car quk sk su`c`dó afniágdnsk ckrca dkm akrnpukrtn. Fajèa kstud`adn kg ma [g`vkrs`dad dk Cf`cain, y su tks`s dnctnram dk 10;6 cngt`kgk mns eugdahkgtns eugdahkgtns dk mn quk euk tnda su njra. Sk ckgtró kg km dksarrnmmn dk ma hnram y sk `gsp`ró kg ma cngtr`juc`óg dk R`aikt, quk kg ksk hnhkgtn kra huy pncn cngnc`da y hucfn hkgns aprkc`ada kg mns Kstadns [g`dns. Mns trajaons dk R`aikt snjrk km tkha dk ma hnram cngs`dkrajag quk ksta sk jasaja kg km razngah`kgtn dkm `gd`v`dun y kg su capac`dad para tnhar dkc`s`ngks. hnramks. Kg ksk hnhkgtn km "kstajmkc`h`kgtn" "kstajmkc`h`kgtn"  ps`cnmói`cn cngs`dkraja cngs`dkraja quk ma hnram kra agtk tn tndn dn km dksarrnmmn dk gnrhas dk cngducta cngducta  jasadas kg kg km irupn snc snc`am `am dkm `gd`v`dun. Lnfmj Lnfmjkri kri `gs`st`ó kg ug kgenquk hás  ps`cnmói`cn quk snc`nmói`cn dk ma hnram y su dksa dksarrnmmn. rrnmmn. Dkspuàs dk iraduarsk kg Cf`cain, Lnfmjkri trajaoó kg ma [g`vkrs`dad dk Pamk  pnr ug jrkvk pkr`ndn pkr`ndn dk t`khpn y dk ammá rkirksó a ma [g`vkrs`dad dk dk Cf`cain. Kstajmkc`ó km Rrniraha dk Kgtrkgah`kgtn kg Rs`cnmnièa @geagt`m. Kg 1056 pasó a Farvard y ammá eugdó km Ckgtrn para km Dksarrnmmn Hnram y ma Kducac`óg. Kducac`óg. Trajaoó cngougtahkgtk cngougtahkg tk kg Jrngx (Gukva Pnrl) kg ug prniraha para apm`car sus pr`gc`p`ns am dksarrnmmn dk oóvkgks dksadaptadn dksadaptadns. s. Su hktndnmnièa dk @gvkst`iac`óg sk jasó kg d`mkhas hnramks, quk krag s`tuac`ngks quk sk mks prkskgtajag a mas pkrsngas para quk tnharag dkc`s`ngks y mas  oust`e`carag. Krag prnjmkhas prnjmkhas cnhpmkon cnhpmkonss quk `hpm`caja `hpm`cajagg d`eèc`mks dkc`s`ngk dkc`s`ngkss quk km `gd`v`dun tkgèa quk kgerkgtar. Lnfmjkri dkscr`j`ó 5 pautas jás`cas kg km razngah`kgtn hnram dk mns `gd`v`duns, y cng km pasn dkm t`khpn mns rke`gó hucfn, am `iuam quk mns  prnckd`h`kgtns dk hkd`c`óg.

 

Mns 32 añns kg quk Lnfmjkri trajaoó snjrk mns prnjmkhas dkm dksarrnmmn hnram d`krng rksumtadns huy eructèekrns. Sus tknrèas eukrng dkjat`das, kstud`adas y ackptadas  pnr hucfns. Ma Ma ps`cnmnièa kv kvnmut`va nmut`va dk ma hnram tu tuvn vn su raèz pr`gc`pa pr`gc`pamm kg ma njra dk Lnfmjkri. Km kstud`n dk ma àt`ca, ma dkngtnmnièa y ma hnram sk h`rarng jaon uga gukva ópt`ca irac`as a sus trajaons. Lnfmjkri gn ks tag cngnc`dn kg Ahàr`ca Mat`ga cnhn sk hkrkck. Tam vkz kg ug cngt`gkgtk kg km cuam ma hnram y ma rkm`i`óg sk cngs`dkrag cas` s`góg`has, km kstud`n c`kgtèe`cn dk ma hnram parkckrèa gn skr gkcksar`n. Rkrn kg rkam`dad mn ks y hucfn. P dk fkcfn, hnram y rkm`i`óg sng catkinrèas d`ekrkgtks. Ks dk kspkrarsk quk mns ps`cómnins mat`gnahkr`cagnss cnh`kgckg a trajaoar hás s`stkhát`cahkgtk mat`gnahkr`cagn s`stkhát`cahkgtk kg ksta `hpnrtagtk árka dkm cnhpnrtah`kgtn fuhagn quk t`kgk tagtn quk apnrtar a gukstrn hugdn.

:. Mas sskhko khkoagza agzass kgtr kgtrkk ma tknrèa tknrèa dk L Lnfmjk nfmjkri ri y ma d dkk R`ai R`aikt kt Sus `gvkst`iac`ngks tuv`krng cnhn erutn ma tknrèa dkm dksarrnmmn hnram dk Lnfmjkri, huy `gemukgc`ada pnr ma tknrèa dk mas 4 easks dk dksarrnmmn cnig`t`vn dk Okag R`aikt. Am `iuam quk R`aikt, Mawrkgck Lnfmjkri crkèa quk kg ma kvnmuc`óg dk mns hndns tèp`cns dk razngah`kgtn hnram fay ktapas cuam`tat`vahkgtk d`st`gtas kgtrk sè, y quk ma cur`ns`dad pnr aprkgdkr ks ugn dk mns pr`gc`pamks hntnrks dkm dksarrnmmn hkgtam a mn marin dk mas d`st`gtas easks dk ma v`da. Adkhás, tagtn kg ma tknrèa dk Lnfmjkri cnhn kg ma dk R`aikt fay uga `dka  jás`ca? km dksarrnmmn dksarrnmmn dkm hndn dk pkgsar va dk ugns prncksn prncksnss hkgtamks huy ckgtradns kg mn cngcrktn y mn d`rkctahkgtk njskrvaj njskrvajmk mk fasta mn ajstractn y hás ikgkram. Kg km casn dk R`aikt, ksn s`ig`e`caja quk kg gukstra pr`hkra `geagc`a tkgdkhns a  pkgsar snmn kg kg aqukmmn quk ppndkhns ndkhns pkrc`j pkrc`j`r `r d`rkctahkgtk kg t`kh t`khpn pn rkam, y quk pncn pncn a

 

 pncn vahns aprkgd`kgdn a ra razngar zngar snjrk kkmkhkgtns mkhkgtns ajstrac ajstractns tns quk gn pnd pndkhns khns kxpkr`hkgtar kg pr`hkra pkrsnga. Kg km casn dk Mawrkgck Lnfmjkri, s`ig`e`ca quk km irupn dk pkrsngas a mns quk  pndkhns mmkiar mmkiar a dkskar km j`k j`kgg sk va fac`kgdn fac`kgdn cada vk vkzz hás iragdk fasta fasta km pugtn dk `gcmu`r a qu`kgks gn fkhns v`stn g` cngnckhns. Km cèrcumn àt`cn cada vkz sk va fac`kgdn hás kxtkgsn k `gcmus`vn, augquk mn quk `hpnrta gn ks tagtn ma kxpags`óg iraduam dk kstk, s`gn mns cahj`ns cuam`tat`vns quk sk prnduckg kg km dksarrnmmn hnram dk uga pkrsnga a hkd`da quk va kvnmuc`ngagdn. Dk fkcfn, ma tknrèa dkm dksarrnmmn hnram dk Lnfmjkri sk  jasa kg 5 g`vkmks. g`vkmks.

3. Tknr Tknrèa èa dkm Dksar Dksarrnmm rnmmnn dk ma H Hnram nram dk Mawr Mawrkgck kgck Lnfmj Lnfmjkri kri Kg 1065 sk `gcnrpnra a ma kscukma [g`vkrs`tar`a dk Kducac`óg dk ma [g`vkrs`dad dk Farvard, dngdk pkrhagkck fas 10669. Kg ksta ug`vkrs`dad dksarrnmma ma partk hás `hpnrtagtk dk su rkemkx`óg ackrca dkm dksarrnmmn hnram. Rara su `gvkst`iac`óg, partk dk mas apnrtac`ngks dk R`aikt am kstud`n dk ma hnram  pnr partk dk ma ps`cnmnièa. ps`cnmnièa. Lnfmjkri dke`g`ó km razngah`kgtn hnram cnhn mns ou`c`ns snjrk ackptac`óg n dksv`ac`óg a ma gnrha. Sus kstud`ns dk razngah`kgtn hnram kstág jasadns kg km usn dk d`mkhas hnramks n s`tuac`ngks f`pntàt`cas kg mas quk uga pkrsnga dkjk tnhar uga dkc`s`óg. Lnfmjkri dke`g`ó km g`vkm dk razngah`kgtn hnram a part`r dk ma snmuc`óg dk mns d`mkhas. Gntó quk km dksarrnmmn hnram kstaja rkmac`ngad rkmac`ngadnn a ma kdad y kstajmkc`ó trks g`vkmks cng : ktapas cada ugn. Dk kstas sk`s ktapas, hucfas pkrsngas prnirksag sómn fasta ma cuarta n ma qu`gta. Tahj`àg fay quk dkc`r quk sng ug`vkrsamks, ks dkc`r, sng vám`das para cuamqu`kr kra y cumtura, adkhás dk `rrkduct`jmks. Rnr ntrn madn, vag aparkc`kgdn skiÿg km g`ñn `gtkractÿa cng km kgtnrgn snc`am. Mns kstad`ns sng m`gkamks, ks

 

dkc`r, s`iukg ug nrdkg `gvar`agtk kg km dksarrnmmn dk cada `gd`v`dun. Dkm h`shn hndn, mns kstad`ns n ktapas gn sng acuhumat`vns ya quk g`giuga pkrsnga pukdk pkrtkgkckr pkrtkgkckr a dns kstad`ns a ma vkz.  Rnr mn tagtn, cada ugn dk kmmns ks ug tndn `gd`v`s`jmk. Rara ma rkam`zac`óg dk su kstud`n, Lnfmjkri rkam`za a part`r dk 10;; `gvkst`iac`ngks `gvkst`iac`ngks cng 9: cf`cns varngks dk kdadks cnhprkgd`das cnhprkgd`das kgtrk mns 12 y 19 añns dk cmasks snc`am hkd`a y jaoa. Dk kstns kstud`ns, Lnfmjkri cngcmuyó quk kg ug pr`gc`p`n mns `gd`v`duns cnh`kgzag as`h`magdn mas rkimas dk cngducta cnhn amin quk dkpkgdk dk ma autnr`dad kxtkrga. Rnstkr`nrhkgtk  pkrc`jkg d`cfas d`cfas rkimas cnhn kmkhkgtns `gd`spk `gd`spkgsajmks gsajmks para mn mnirar irar ma rkcnhpkgsa rkcnhpkgsa dk sat`seackr mas prnp`as gkcks`dadks. gkcks`dadks. Kg ug tkrckr kstad`n mas cngs cngs`dkra `dkra cnhn ug hkd`n  para amcagzar amcagzar ma aprnjac`óg sn snc`am c`am y pnr tagtn ma kkst`ha st`ha dk mns dk dkhás. hás. Dkspuàs mas rkimas sk cngv`krtkg kg snpnrtks dk dktkrh`gadas órdkgks `dkamks y e`gamhkgtk sk tragsenrhag kg kmkhkgtns quk kstajmkckg mns pr`gc`p`ns snc`amks quk cuhpm`r pnr km `gd`v`dun para skgt`rsk j`kg cngs`in h`shn y quk sk mk hag`e`kstag cnhn `gd`spkgsajmks para pndkr v`v`r am madn dk mns dkhás (Lnfmjkri, 1000).

3.1. Agtkckdkgtks? R`aikt Mas `dkas dk Lnfmjkri dk razngah`kgtn hnram sk jasag kg ma tknrèa dk R`aikt, snjrk tndn kg km m`jrn t`tumadn Km ou`c`n hnram kg km g`ñn pujm`cadn kg 103: pnr kstk ÿmt`hn y quk harcó ug ruhjn kg ma ps`cnmnièa y kg ma kducc`óg. Okag R`aikt gack kg 1605 y hukrk kg 1062. Kra dnctnr kg c`kgc`as gaturamks y sk `g`c`ó kg km kstud`n dkm ps`cnagám`s`s y kstud`ó kg Rar`s prnjmkhas rkmac`ngadns cng km dksarrnmmn dk ma `gtkm`ikgc`a. Sus trajaons dk ps`cnmnièa ikgàt`ca y dk kp`stkhnmnièa juscag uga rkspuksta a ma prkiugta eugdahkgtam dk ma cngstrucc`óg dkm cngnc`h`kgtn. Mas d`st`gtas

 

`gvkst`iac`ngks mmkvadas a cajn kg km dnh`g`n dkm pkgsah`kgtn `geagt`m, mk  pkrh`t`krng pngkr kg kv`dkgc`a quk ma mói`ca dkm g`ñn gn snmahkgtk sk cngstruyk prnirks`vahkgtk, s`iu`kgdn sus prnp`as mkyks, s`gn quk adkhás sk dksarrnmma a mn marin dk ma v`da pasagdn pnr d`st`gtas ktapas agtks dk amca amcagz gzar ar km g`vk g`vkmm adum adumtn tn.. Ma cn cngt gtr` r`ju juc` c`óg óg ks kskg kgc` c`am am dk R` R`ai aikt kt am cngnc`h`kgtn euk dk fajkr dkhnstradn quk km g`ñn t`kgk hagkras dk pkgsar  kspkcèe`cas quk mn d`ekrkgc`ag dkm adumtn.

Mas `dkas jás`cas dk ma tknrèa cnig`t`vn√kvnmut`va cnig`t`vn√kvnmut`va dk R`aikt sng mas s`iu`kgtks?



Ma @gtkm`ikgc`a ks act`va. Rara R`aikt km cngnc`h`kgtn dk ma rkam`dad

dkjk skr cngstru`dn y dkscuj`krtn pnr ma act`v`dad dkm g`ñn. 

Km pkgsah`kgtn sk dkr`va dk ma acc`óg dkm g`ñn, gn dk su mkgiuaok.

Erkgtk a ntrns tkór`cns cnhn Uyintsly para mns quk km mkgiuaok ks mn quk cngst`tuyk km pkgsah`kgtn, para R`aikt km pkgsah`kgtn ks uga act`v`dad hkgtam s`hjóm`ca quk pukdk npkrar cng pamajras, pkrn tahj`àg cng `háikgks y ntrns t`pns dk rkprkskgtac`n r kprkskgtac`ngks gks hkgtamks. Km pkgsah`kgtn sk dkr`va dk ma acc`óg pnrquk ma pr`hkra enrha dk pkgsah`kgtn ks ma acc`óg `gtkrgam`zada. 

Km dksarrnmmn `gtkmkctuam para R`aikt t`kgk quk kgtkgdkrsk cnhn uga

kvnmuc`óg a travàs dk kstad`ns dk pkgsah`kgtn cuam`tat`vahkgtk d`ekrkgtks. Km pkgsah`kgtn ks d`ekrkgtk kg cada kdad< gn ks uga d`st`gc`óg dk "cagt`dad" (haynr n hkgnr capac`dad para pkgsar, haynr n hkgnr

 

faj`m`dad cnig`t`va), s`gn dk ”cuam`dad" (sk p`kgsa dk enrha d`st`gta a d`st`gtas kdadks). 

[ga irag partk dk ma njra dk R`aikt kstá dkd`cada am kstud`n dk cóhn

adqu`krk km g`ñn gnc`ngks c`kgtèe`cas. Gnc`ngks cnhn ma cagt`dad, km gÿhkrn, km t`khpn, ma vkmnc`dad, km hnv`h`kgtn, km kspac`n, ma iknhktrèa y ma prnjaj`m`dad. R`aikt rkmac`ngará ma kvnmuc`óg dkm pkgsah`kgtn c`kgtèe`cn kg ma f`stnr`a dk ma fuhag`dad cng km dkscujr`h`kgtn `gd`v`duam quk cada g`ñn fack dk kstns cngckptns. 

Qu`zá ma gnc`óg cmavk dk ma tknrèa dk R`aikt ks ma gnc`óg dk kqu`m`jr`n.

Sk kgt`kgdk km kqu`m`jr`n dk enrha cngt`gua, ks dkc`r, km skr fuhagn kstá,  para R`aikt, juscagdn juscagdn pkrha pkrhagkgtkhkgtk gkgtkhkgtk km kqu kqu`m`jr`n. `m`jr`n. Rara cngski cngskiu`r u`r km kqu`m`jr`n, km skr fuhagn actÿa snjrk km hkd`n. Cngenrhk sk dksarrnmma km g`ñn, km t`pn dk acc`ngks quk pukdk mmkvar a cajn snjrk km hkd`n cahj`a, y,  pnr tagtn, km kqu`m`jr`n kqu`m`jr`n rksumtagtk skrá tahj`àg tahj`àg d`st`gtn. 

A R`aikt sómn mk `gtkrksa km g`vkm ópt`hn dk eugc`ngah`kgtn kg cada

kstad`n dkm dksarrnmmn, mn quk mmahahns km g`vkm háx`hn dk cnhpktkgc`a `gtkmkctuam. Ma actuac`óg dkm g`ñn kg ug hnhkgtn dktkrh`gadn pukdk kstar m`h`tada pnr eactnrks `gtkrgns (cagsagc`n, eamta dk hnt`vac`óg) n kxtkrgns (dk ma s`tuac`óg) quk mk faiag kokcutar ug árka pnr dkjaon dk sus pns`j`m`dadks. A R`aikt kstn gn mk `gtkrksa< sómn mk `gtkrksa kstud`ar aqukmmn quk ks mn háx`hn quk sk pukdk amcagzar kg cada hnhkgtn dkm dksarrnmmn cnig`t`vn, km g`vkm háx`hn dk cnhpktkgc`a. 

Cngckptns quk ma tknrèa dk R`aikt gn kstud`a n gn kgeat`za . A R`aikt

gn mk `gtkrksag g` mas d`ekrkgc`as `gd`v`duamks g` km hugdn dk mas khnc`ngks. Gn mk `gtkrksag mas d`ekrkgc`as `gd`v`duamks pnrquk qu`krk

 

`gvkst`iar cóhn km skr fuhagn kg ikgkram adqu`krk, prncksa u nmv`da km cngnc`h`kgtn. Ks dkc`r, mk `gtkrksa ug hndkmn ug`vkrsam dkm eugc`ngah`kgtn y dksarrnmmn cnig`t`vn. Tahpncn mk `gtkrksa km hugdn dk mas khnc`ngks< prksc`gdk vnmugtar`ahkgtk vnmugtar`ahkgtk dk kmmas para ckgtrarsk kg km kstud`n dkm dksarrnmmn dk mns prncksns y eugc`ngks hkgtamks.

3.:.. Cng 3.: Cngck ckptn ptnss jás`cn jás`cnss Agtks dk pasar a kxpm`car cada uga dk mas ktapas kvnmut`vas dkm dksarrnmmn hnram, ks cngvkg`kgtk rkpasar amiugns ntrns cngckptns pr`gc`pamks dkgtrn dk ma tknrèa dk Lnfmjkri?

3. 3.:. :.1. 1. Km ou ou`c `c`n `n hnra hnramm Augquk gns rkekr`hns a ma tknrèa dk Lnfmjkri cnhn tknrèa dkm dksarrnmmn hnram, ks hás prnp`ahkgtk uga dkscr`pc`óg dkm dksarrnmmn dkm ou`c`n hnram. Rara hucfas pkrsngas ma hnram`dad sng mns vamnrks quk sk fag `dn adqu`r`kgdn kg km kgtnrgn snc`am y quk snjrk ksns vamnrks quk sk t`kgkg sk actÿa kg ma kxpkr`kgc`a d`ar`a. Lnfmjkri kstá hás `gtkrksadn kg km prncksn mói`cn quk sk pngk kg harcfa cuagdn mns vamnrks adqu`r`dns kgtrag kg cngem`ctn (d`mkha hnram),  pnrquk ks cuagdn cuagdn vkrdad vkrdadkrahkgtk krahkgtk sk kokrc kokrc`ta `ta km ou`c`n hnram. Km prnck prncksn sn ks s`h`mar am kxpm`cadn pnr R`aikt?



Sk prnduck ug dkskqu`m`jr`n? kgtra kg cngem`ctn km s`stkha dk vamnrks.

 



Fay quk rkstaurar km kqu`m`jr`n? as`h`magdn km prnjmkha, sus cngskcukgc`as cngskcuk gc`as n acnhndar su pkgsah`kgtn para ajnrdar ma cr`s`s k `dkar cóhn rksnmvkr mns cngem`ctns dk su s`stkha dk vamnrks.

Km kokrc`c`n dkm ou`c`n hnram ks ug prncksn cnig`t`vn quk gns pkrh`tk rkemkx`ngar snjrk gukstrns vamnrks y nrdkgarmns kg uga okrarquèa mói`ca. Kstn gn sk m`h`ta a hnhkgtns pugtuamks n kxtranrd`gar`ns dk gukstra v`da, s`gn quk ks `gtkiragtk dkm prncksn dk pkgsah`kgtn pkgsah`kgtn quk khpmkahns para kxtrakr skgt`dn a mns cngem`ctns Hnramks quk surikg kg ma v`da d`ar`a

¾Cuám ks ma eukgtk dkm ou`c`n hnram> Kg mns pr`hkrns añns dk v`da, mns g`ñns aprkgdkg mas gnrhas dk jukga cngducta s`g kgtkgdkr tndavèa su skgt`dn y s`g skr capacks dk iu`ar su actuac`óg dk acukrdn cng kmmas (kinckgtr`shn). Ks a part`r dk mns 5 añns cuagdn khp`kza a dksarrnmmarsk ma capac`dad dk asuh`r rnmks, dk adnptar d`ekrkgtks pkrspkct`vas a ma prnp`a. Ksta capac`dad ks cmavk para km crkc`h`kgtn dkm ou`c`n hnram? sómn cuagdn km g`ñn pukdk asuh`r km rnm dkm ntrn pukdk snpksar su prnp`a kx`ikgc`a erkgtk a ma dkm ntrn.

3.:.:. 3.: .:. Cn Cngck gckptn ptn d dkk Ks Kstad tad`n `n n Ktap Ktapaa Kstk cngckptn sk kgcukgtra kg km ckgtrn dkm kgenquk dkm dksarrnmmn cnig`t`vn. Sk dke`gk cnhn ma hagkra cngs`stkgtk dk pkgsar snjrk ug aspkctn dk ma rkam`dad. Lnfmjkri apm`ca kstk cngckptn am dksarrnmmn dkm  ou`c`n hnram.

 

Mas caractkrèst`cas ikgkramks dk kstns kstad`ns sng?



Mns kstad`ns `hpm`cag d`ekrkgc`as cuam`tat`vas kg km hndn dk

pkgsar? Dns pkrsngas kg d`st`gtn kstad`n pukdkg cnhpart`r ug vamnr  parkc`dn, pkrn su hndn dk pk pkgsar gsar snjrk km va vamnr mnr skrá d`st`gtn kg cuam`dad. cuam`dad. Cada kstad`n enrha ug tndn kstructuradn? [g cahj`n dk ktapa `hpm`ca rkkstructurac`óg dk cóhn ugn p`kgsa snjrk tnda uga skr`k dk tkhas hnramks (`iuam quk km dksarrnmmn cnig`t`vn sk rkkstructura tndn km hndn dk  pkgsar snjrk tkhas tkhas cnhn ma ccausam`dad, ausam`dad, ma cn cngskrvac`óg). gskrvac`óg). 

Enrhag uga skcukgc`a `gvar`agtk? Ma skcukgc`a sk dke`gk pnr ma

cnhpmko`dad mói`ca dk cada ktapa. Rara quk sk dksarrnmmkg kstad`ns  pnstkr`nrks sk dkjkg dkjkg dnh`gar np npkrac`ngks krac`ngks cnig`t`vas cnig`t`vas prkv`as quk quk  pkrh`tag `r dksarrnmmagdn dksarrnmmagdn ntras mói`cah mói`cahkgtk kgtk hás cnhpmkoa cnhpmkoas. s. 

Mns kstad`ns sng `gtkirac`ngks okrárqu`ca okrárqu`cas? s? Cuagdn km

 pkgsah`kgtn dk dk uga pkrsnga sk dksarrnmma dk uga ktapa a ma s`iu`kgtk, km g`vkm hás amtn rk`gtkira mas kstructuras quk sk kgcukgtrag a g`vkmks hás  jaons.

4. Ma H Hkt ktnd ndnm nmni nièa èa d dkk L Lnf nfmj mjkr krii Rara kst`har km kstad`n dk dksarrnmmn hnram dk amiu`kg, Lnfmjkri fa `dkadn ug `gstruhkgtn dk `gvkst`iac`óg para tagtkar km prncksn dk razngah`kgtn quk uga  pkrsnga usa para rksnmvkr d`mk d`mkhas has hnramks. Rara quk uga pkrsnga rkvkmk su pkgsah`kgtn snjrk tkhas àt`cns sómn fay quk  prnpngkrmk d`mkhas d`mkhas hnramks quk dk dksp`krtkg sp`krtkg su `gtkrà `gtkràss y prkiugtarmk d`rkc d`rkctahkgtk tahkgtk cuám skrèa ma hkonr snmuc`óg para km d`mkha y pnr quà. Ma enrha dk kgtrkv`sta quk ut`m`za, ma

 

Kgtrkv`sta snjrk Ou`c`n Hnram, kstá cnhpuksta pnr trks d`mkhas f`pntàt`cns. Cada d`mkha `hpm`ca a ug pkrsngaok quk sk kgcukgtra kg uga s`tuac`óg d`eèc`m y t`kgk quk kmki`r kgtrk dns vamnrks cngem`ct`vns. Sk mk mkk am suoktn y sk prnpngkg var`as  prkiugtas kstagdar`zadas. kstagdar`zadas. Sk mk prkiugta cóh cóhnn dkjkrèa rksnmvk rksnmvkrr km d`mkha y pnr quà ksa skrèa ma hkonr enrha dk actuar kg ksa s`tuac`óg. Rara dktkrh`gar km kstad`n dk dksarrnmmn hnram dkm suoktn, km `gvkst`iadnr dkjk vkr quà cngs`stkgc`a kx`stk kg km razngah`kgtn dkm suoktn kg uga iaha dk asugtns hnramks. Ks gkcksar`n ckgtrarsk kg ma enrha n kstructura dkm razngah`kgtn dkm suoktn cng ma quk oust`e`ca su dkc`s`óg hás quk kg km cngtkg`dn dk ma rkspuksta para pndkr kxtrakr  cngcmus`ngkss snjrk su vkrdadkrn hndn dk pkgsar (ks mn quk sk hagt`kgk kg ntras cngcmus`ngk s`tuac`ngks dk ma v`da rkam).

4.1. 4.1.

Dk Dksa sarr rrnm nmmn mn dk ma Hnra Hnramm Skiÿg sk fa cnhkgtadn agtkr`nrhkgtk, Lnfmjkri dke`g`ó trks g`vkmks kg km dksarrnmmn hnram, cada ugn dk mns cuamks kstá rkmac`ngadn cng ma kdad. Kstns g`vkmks sng?

4.1.1. 4.1. 1. G`vk G`vkmm @? Hnr Hnram`da am`dad d Rrk Rrkcngv cngvkgc` kgc`ngam ngam (dk mmns ns 4 a mn mnss 12 añ añns) ns) Km àgeas`s kg kstk g`vkm kstá kg km cngtrnm kxtkrgn. Mns g`ñns njskrvag mns patrngks dk ntrns ya ska para kv`tar km cast`in n para njtkgkr rkcnhpkgsas. rkcnhpkgsas. Kg kstk g`vkm km g`ñn rkspngdk a mas rkimas cumturamks y a mas Kt`quktas dk jukgn y hamn, cnrrkctn n kqu`vncadn, kqu`vncad n, pkrn `gtkrprkta kstas kt`quktas ya ska kg tàrh`gns dk mas cngskcukgc`as fkdngèst`cas fkdngèst`cas n eès`cas dk ma acc`óg (cast`in, rkcnhpkgsa,, `gtkrcahj`n dk eavnrks) n kg tàrh`gns dkm pndkr eès`cn rkcnhpkgsa

 

dk qu`kgks kgugc`ag mas rkimas y kt`quktas. Km g`vkm sk d`v`dk kg mas s`iu`kgtks dns ktapas?

Ktapa 1. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk njkd`kgc`a pnr cast`in Mas cngskcukgc`as cngskcukgc`as eès`cas dk uga acc`óg dktkrh`gag ma jngdad n hamdad s`g cngs`dkrar km s`ig`e`cadn fuhagn km vamnr dk kstas cngskcukgc`as. cngskcuk gc`as. Ma kv`tac`óg dkm cast`in y km rkspktn `gcukst`ngajmk am pndkr sng vam`nsns pnr su prnp`n dkrkcfn, y gn kg tàrh`gns dkm rkspktn pnr ug nrdkg hnram sujyackgtk quk sk sustkgta pnr km cast`in y ma autnr`dad (kstn ÿmt`hn suckdk kg ma Ktapa 4). Ks dkc`r, mas pkrsngas njkdkckg mas rkimas para kv`tar km cast`in. [ga acc`óg  jukga n hama hama kstá dktkrh`ga dktkrh`gada da pnr mas cngsk cngskcukgc`as cukgc`as eès`cas eès`cas

Ktapa :. Ma nr`kgtac`óg `gstruhkgtam√rkma `gstruhkgtam√rkmat`v`sta t`v`sta u nr`kgtac`óg pnr km prkh`n pkrsngam Ma acc`óg cnrrkcta cngs`stk kg aqukmmn quk `gstruhkgtamhkgtk sat`seack mas prnp`as gkcks`dadks y ncas`ngamhkgtk mas gkcks`dadks gkcks`dadks dk mns ntrns. Mas rkmac`ngks fuhagas sng v`stas kg tàrh`gns hkrcagt`m`stas. Mns kmkhkgtns dk `iuamdad, dk rkc`prnc`dad y dkm hutun cnhpart`r kstág prkskgtks, pkrn s`khprk sng `gtkrprktadns kg uga enrha práct`ca. Ma rkc`prnc`dad ks ug asugtn dk hk das y tk dny gn dk mkamtad, irat`tud n oust`c`a. Cng mn cuam, mas gkcks`dadks  pkrsngamks dktkrh`gag dktkrh`gag ma ack ackptac`óg ptac`óg n dksv`a dksv`ac`óg. c`óg. Sk dkvukmvkg dkvukmvkg eavnrks a part`r dkm `gtkrcahj`n s` tk ayudn, hk ayudarás.

 

UAMNZKS? MN

ZA_NGKS

Q[K O[_IA

RAZA

Q[K KSTA

ACT[AZ DK

J@KG KSTAD@N 1? Hnram`dad Snhktkrsk a mas

AC[KZDN Kv`tar km cast`in,

Rugtn dk v`sta

fktkrógnha

rkimas apnyadas

 pndkr supkr`nr supkr`nr dk

kincàgtr`cn. Gn

(Nr`kgtac`óg dk cast`in

 pnr km cast`in< ma

mas autnr`dadks.

cngs`dkra mns

y dk njkd`kgc`a)

njkd`kgc`a pnr sè

`gtkrksks dk ntrns

h`sha< kv`tar km

g` rkcngnck quk

dañn eès`cn a mas

d`e`krkg dk mns

 pkrsngas y a ma

 prnp`ns< gn

 prnp`kdad.

rkmac`nga dns

KSTAD@N N KTARA

RKZSRKCT@UA SNC@AM DKM KSTAD@N

 pugtns dk v`sta. v`sta. Mas acc`ngks sk cngs`dkrag eès`cahkgtk hás quk kg tàrh`gns dk mns `gtkrksks  ps`cnmói`cnss dk  ps`cnmói`cn mns dkhás. Cngeus`óg dk ma  pkrspkct`va dk "ma autnr`dad cng ma KSTAD@N :?

 Skiu`r mas rkimas

Sat`seackr mns

 prnp`a. Rkrspkct`va

@gd`v`duam`shn, e`gks

sómn cuagdn ks

 prnp`ns `gtkrksks `gtkrksks

`gd`v`duam`sta

`gstruhkgtamks k

 pnr km prnp`n

kg ug hugdn

cngcrkta.

`gtkrcahj`n

`gtkràs `ghkd`atn< dngdk sk dkjk

(Nr`kgtac`óg

actuar para

rkcngnckr quk mns `gtkrksks prnp`ns

`gstruhkgtam y

sat`seackr mns

dkhás tahj`àg

dk mns dk ma

rkmat`v`sta)

 prnp`ns `gtkrksks `gtkrksks

t`kgkg `gtkrksks.

autnr`dad y dk mns

D`st`giuk mns

y gkcks`dadks y

ntrns< cngsc`kgtk

dkoar quk mns

dk quk tndns

ntrns faiag mn

t`kgkg `gtkrksks y

 

h`shn. Mn

quk kstns pukdkg

cnrrkctn tahj`àg

kgtrar kg cngem`ctn,

ks mn oustn, mn quk

asè quk mn oustn ks

ks ug `gtkrcahj`n

rkmat`vn. @gtkira n

`iuam, ug pactn,

rkmac`nga mns

ug acukrdn.

`gtkrksks cngem`ct`vns `gd`v`duamks pnr hkd`n dk ug `gtkrcahj`n `gstruhkgtam.

4.1.:. 4.1. :. G`vk G`vkmm @@? Hnr Hnram`da am`dad d dk cnge cngenrh` nrh`dad dad cn cng g km papk papkmm cngvk cngvkgc`n gc`ngam gam (dk mns 12 a mns 13 añns) Mns g`ñns afnra qu`krkg airadar a ntras pkrsngas. Tndavèa njskrva njskrvagg mns patrngks dk ntrns, pkrn mns fag `gtkr`nr`zadn kg c`krta hkd`da. Afnra qu`krkg skr cngs`dkradns jukgns pnr ikgtk cuya np`g`óg ks `hpnrtagtk para kmmns. Sng capacks dk asuh`r mns papkmks dk e`iuras dk autnr`dad mn sue`c`kgtkhkgtk j`kg cnhn para dkc`d`r s` uga acc`óg ks jukga skiÿg sus patrngks. Cng mn cuam, t`kgkg kg cukgta mas kxpkctat`vas dk ma snc`kdad y sus mkyks snjrk ug d`mkha hnram.

Ktapa 3. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk cngcnrdagc`a `gtkrpkrsngam n dk g`ñn jukgn√g`ña jukga Km jukg cnhpnrtah`kgtn ks aquàm quk cnhpmack n ayuda a ntrns y ks aprnjadn pnr kmmns. Fay hucfa cngenrh`dad a `háikgks kstkrknt`padass dk mn quk ks haynrèa n cnhpnrtah`kgtn gaturam. Km kstkrknt`pada cnhpnrtah`kgtn erkcukgtkhkgtk erkcukgtkhkgtk ks ouziadn pnr ma `gtkgc`óg (t`kgk

 

uga jukga `gtkgc`óg) sk cngv`krtk kg amin `hpnrtagtk pnr pr`hkra vkz. Sk iaga aprnjac`óg pnr skr jukgn. Km g`ñn hagt`kgk jukgas rkmac`ngks y jusca ma aprnjac`óg dk mns ntrns.

Ktapa 4. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk mky y nrdkg Fay uga nr`kgtac`óg fac`a ma autnr`dad, mas rkimas e`oas y km hagtkg`h`kgtn dkm nrdkg snc`am. Km cnhpnrtah`kgtn cnrrkctn cngs`stk kg fackr km prnp`n dkjkr, hnstrar rkspktn pnr ma autnr`dad, y hagtkgkr ug nrdkg snc`am dadn quk sk oust`e`ca kg sè h`shn. Am dkc`d`r km cast`in para uga hama actuac`óg, mas mkyks sng ajsnmutas. Kg tndns mns casns, dkjk rkspktarsk ma autnr`dad y km nrdkg snc`am kstajmkc`dn.

KSTAD@N N KTARA

UAMNZKS? MN

ZA_NGKS RAZA

RKZSRKCT@UA

Q[K O[_IA

ACT[AZ DK

SNC@AM DKM

Q[K KSTÁ J@KG

AC[KZDN

KSTAD@N

Ma gkcks`dad dk skr  Rkrspkct`va dks

KSTAD@N 3? Ma

U`v`r dk acukrdn

nr`kgtac`óg dk

pkrsnga a mns `gd`v`dun cng cng mn quk kspkra ma  jukga pkrsnga

cngcnrdagc`a

ikgtk ckrcaga dk ug  prnp`ns nons y a mns rkmac`óg a ntrns.

`gtkrpkrsngam n dk

 jukg f`on,

dkhás? prkncuparsk Cngc`kgc`a dk

g`ñn jukgn -g`ña

fkrhagn, ah`in,

dk mns dkhás< crkkr

skgt`h`kgtns

 jukga.

ktc. ”Skr jukgn‘ ks

kg ma rkima dk nrn<

cnhpart`dns,

`hpnrtagtk y qu`krk dkskn dk hagtkgkr

acukrdns y

dkc`r tkgkr jukgns

mas rkimas y ma

kxpkctat`vas quk

hnt`vns, hnstrar

autnr`dad quk

tnhag pr`h`c`a

`gtkràs pnr mns

apnyag ma tèp`ca

cnjrk mns `gtkrksks

dkhás. Tahj`àg

 jukga cngducta cngducta

`gd`v`duamks.

s`ig`e`ca hagtkgkr

Zkmac`nga pugtns

 

 jukgas rkmac`ngks rkmac`ngks

dk v`sta a travàs dk

hutuas cnhn

ma rkima dk nrn

cnge`agza, mkamtad,

cngcrkta

rkspktn y irat`tud.

 png`àgdnsk kg muiar dk ntrn. Hagtkgkr ma

D`ekrkgc`a km pugtn

KSTAD@N 4? Ma

Cuhpm`r cng mns

nr`kgtac`óg dk ma

dkjkrks a mns quk sk `gst`tuc`óg kg

mky y nrdkg.

fa cnhprnhkt`dn<

harcfa< `hpkrat`vn snc`kdad dk

mas mkyks sk fag dk

dk cngc`kgc`a dk

acukrdns n hnt`vns

hagtkgkr kxckptn

cuhpm`r mas

`gtkrpkrsngamks.

kg casns kxtrkhns

njm`iac`ngks.

Tnha km pugtn dk

dk v`sta dk ma

cuagdn kgtrag kg

v`sta dkm s`stkha

cngem`ctn cng ntras

quk dke`gk rnmks y

rkimas snc`amks

rkimas. Cngs`dkra

e`oas. Km j`kg kstá

mas rkmac`ngks

tahj`àg kg

`gtkrpkrsngamks kg

cngtr`ju`r a ma

tàrh`gns dk muiar

snc`kdad, irupn n

kg km s`stkha.

`gst`tuc`óg.

4.1.3. 4.1. 3. G`vk G`vkmm @@@? Hn Hnram`d ram`dad ad dk mns p pr`gc r`gc`p`ns `p`ns h hnram nramks ks autó autógnhn gnhnss (13 añns kg adkmagtk n gugca) Mas pkrsngas quk adnptag ksta pkrspkct`va sk ckgtrarèag kg cukst`ngks cnhn?



¾Ks kstk ug kokhpmn dk cóhn rnhpkr ma mky quk sk pud`kra  oust`e`car hnramhkgtk pnr pnr ma gkcks`da gkcks`dadd dk samvar ma v`da v`da dk uga vèct`ha `gnckgtk>

 



¾Rukdkg mas mkyks dk ksta snc`kdad hndkmarsk dk hagkra quk sk prkvkgia ma pàrd`da dk v`das `gnckgtks am t`khpn quk sk hagtkgia km dkrkcfn dkm earhacàut`cn a su prnp`kdad>

Ktapa ;? Ma nr`kgtac`óg mkiamèst`ca n dk cngtratn snc`am Ouzia quk kstá j`kg skr cngsc`kgtk dk quk ma ikgtk t`kgk uga var`kdad dk vamnrks y np`g`ngks y quk ma haynrèa dk sus vamnrks n rkimas sng rkmat`vas a su irupn. Mas rkimas sng hagtkg`das pnr km cngtratn snc`am. Sus razngks para kstar dk acukrdn ks km skgt`dn dk njm`iac`óg dk mky, a causa dkm cngtratn snc`am, dk aoustarsk a mas mkyks pnr km j`kg dk tndns, prntkcc`óg dk mns dkrkcfns. Sk ackpta m`jrkhkgtk km cnhprnh`sn. Su pkrspkct`va snc`am ks dk acukrdns snc`amks y cngtratns quk sk eugdag kg vamnrks y dkrkcfns agtkr`nrks a ma snc`kdad. Cngs`dkra  pugtns dk v`sta mkiamks y hnra hnramks. mks.

Ktapa 5? Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk pr`gc`p`ns àt`cns Ouzia quk kstá j`kg skiÿg pr`gc`p`ns àt`cns kscni`dns pnr ugn h`shn. Mas mkyks sng vám`das pnrquk sk apnyag gnrhamhkgtk kg kstns pr`gc`p`ns. Sus razngks para kstar dk acukrdn ks su crkkgc`a cnhn pkrsnga rac`ngam kg ma vam`dkz dk mns pr`gc`p`ns hnramks ug`vkrsamks y ug skgt`dn dk cnhprnh`sn pkrsngam cng kmmns.

 

Su pkrspkct`va snc`am ks ma dk ug `gd`v`dun rac`ngam quk rkcngnck ma gaturamkza dk ma hnram`dad? mas pkrsngas sng e`gks kg sè h`shas y cnhn tamks sk mas dkjk tratar.

4.:. Kokhp Kokhpmns mns dk Dksarrnm Dksarrnmmn mn hnram hnram Hkd`agtk kokhpmns, tnhadns dk Fkrsf, Zk`hkr y Ranm`ttn (1064) sk  pmagtkag km s`iu`kgtk s`iu`kgtk d`mkha? [g pa padrk drk snm`c`taja a su f`on d`gkrn para `rsk dk pksca, y km f`on sómn pndèa darmk km d`gkrn quk fajèa iagadn para `rsk dk cahpahkgtn,, mn cuam mk fajèa prnhkt`dn km padrk. cahpahkgtn

Ktapa 1. Ma Nr`kgtac`óg dk njkd`kgc`a pnr cast`in AGDZÀS (6 AÑNS)? Ouag dkjk dar d`gkrn a su padrk pnrquk dkjk fackr mn quk àm d`ck. ¾Rnr quà> Rnrquk ks su padrk y t`kgk quk njkdkckrmk. ¾T`kgk quk njkdkckrmk s`khprk> Sè. ¾Rnr quà> Rnrquk su padrk ks km quk hagda. ¾Tk parkck j`kg quk km padrk ska km quk hagda> Sè. ¾Rnr quà> Rnrquk ks km  padrk.

Ktapa :. Ma nr`kgtac`óg `gstruhkgtam√rkmat`v`sta u nr`kgtac`óg pnr km prkh`n pkrsngam KGZ@Q[K (0 AÑNS)? Ouag gn dkjk darmk km d`gkrn a su padrk. ¾Rnr quà> Rnrquk km d`gkrn ks dk Ouag. Àm sk mn fa iagadn cng su trajaon y pukdk fackr mn quk qu`kra cng su d`gkrn. S` km padrk qu`krk `rsk dk pksca quk trajaok y sk iagk su prnp`n d`gkrn.

 

Ktapa 3. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk cngcnrdagc`a `gtkrpkrsngam n dk g`ñn jukgn√g`ña jukga AMJKZTN (13 AÑNS)? Ouag dkjk darmk km d`gkrn a su padrk. ¾Rnr quà> Rara dkhnstrarmk quk ks ug jukg f`on y quk mk qu`krk. Km padrk kspkra quk sk mn dà y s` gn mn fack mk dkeraudarèa. ¾Quà tk parkck km cnhpnrtah`kgtn dkm padrk kg ksta s`tuac`óg> Gn hk parkck huy j`kg... Gn sk mn dkjkrèa fajkr pkd`dn. Rkrn cnhn mn fa fkcfn, mn hkonr ks quk Ouag sk mn dà. Asè, a mn hkonr km padrk cnhprkgdk quk sk fa pnrtadn ham.

Ktapa 4. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk mky y nrdkg ZAHÓG (16 AÑNS)? Ouag dkjk gkiarsk y dar km d`gkrn a su padrk. ¾Rnr quà> Rnrquk km padrk kstá ajusagdn dk su autnr`dad. Kg uga s`tuac`óg asè km  padrk gn dkjk dkjk pkd`rmk km d`gkrn a su f`on. Mk fajèa fajèa prnhkt`dn quk `rèa am am cahpahkgtn y dkjk hagtkgkr su prnhksa. Ouag t`kgk dkrkcfn a ut`m`zar km d`gkrn kg aqukmmn para mn quk mn fa iagadn. P km padrk, s`g khjarin, gn t`kgk dkrkcfn a pkdèrskmn para ug capr`cfn... Sk hkrkck, pnr ksn, quk Ouag sk g`kiuk. Rara Ouag ks `gcmusn uga hagkra dk fackrsk rkspktar. Cuagdn km  padrk mk p`dk km km d`gkrn nmv`dágdns nmv`dágdnskk dk su prnhk prnhksa sa gn kstá rkspktagdn rkspktagdn mns dkrkcfns dk su f`on y ks `hpnrtagtk quk Ouag sk mn faia sajkr. P mn  pr`hkrn para quk sk kgtkrk ks ggkiarsk kiarsk a njkd njkdkckr. kckr. S` km padrk 6 gn ajusara dk su autnr`dad y rkspktara r kspktara mns dkrkcfns dk Ouag kgtngcks ma s`tuac`óg skrèa huy d`ekrkgtk< s` mk p`d`kra km d`gkrn para amin huy gkcksar`n, para amin v`tam, kgtngcks Ouag dkjkrèa dárskmn.

Ktapa ;. Ma nr`kgtac`óg mkiamèst`ca n dk cngtratn snc`am

 

HAZÈA (:; AÑNS)? Fk`gz dkjk rnjar ma hkd`c`ga pnr skr su huokr n pnr cuamqu`kr ntra pkrsnga pnrquk km dkrkcfn dk cuamqu`kr skr fuhagn a ma v`da ks supkr`nr quk km dkrkcfn dk prnp`kdad... P ma mky asè dkjkrèa dkekgdkrmn. S`g khjarin, kg kstk casn ma mky dke`kgdk am earhacàut`cn. Rnr ksn ks `gousta. ¾Sk dkjk fackr tndn mn pns`jmk pnr njkdkckr ma mky> Cuagdn ks  ousta sè. Rkrn s` ks ks `gousta fay quk quk hnd`e`carma. ¾Rnr qu quà> à> Rnrquk ma mky mky ma crka km fnhjrk y dkjk adkcuarma a ma oust`c`a. ¾Cuágdn ks ousta ma mky> Cuagdn dke`kgdk mns dkrkcfns dk mas pkrsngas. P kg km casn dk quk kx`sta cngem`ctn kgtrk var`ns, mns dkrkcfns hás `hpnrtagtks. ¾Cóhn aekcta kstn am dkjkr dk Fk`gz> Kg su casn, km cngem`ctn kstá kgtrk ma mky dk ma prnp`kdad, quk dke`kgdk mns dkrkcfns dkm earhacàut`cn, y km dkrkcfn a ma v`da dk ma huokr. Dksnjkdkc`kgdn Dksnjkdkc`kgdn ma mky kscr`ta, Fk`gz dke`kgdk ntra mky hnram hucfn hás `hpnrtagtk.

Ktapa 5. Ma nr`kgtac`óg dk pr`gc`p`ns àt`cns ug`vkrsamks E@MÓSNEN? Mn quk f`zn Fk`gz gn kstaja ham. Ma d`str`juc`óg dk hkd`cahkgtns kscasns kscasns dkjkrèa kstar rkiumada pnr pr`gc`p`ns dk oust`c`a. Kg auskgc`a dk d`cfas rkimas, km earhacàut`cn kstaja kg su dkrkcfn mkiam, pkrn kg tamks c`rcugstagc`as gn tkgèa qukoa hnram. Aug asè, kstaja dkgtrn dk su dkrkcfn hnram, a gn skr quk kg su snc`kdad sk dksaprnjask eukrtkhkgtk. H`kgtras quk mn quk f`zn Fk`gz gn kstaja ham, ¾gn kra su dkjkr fackrmn> Kg kstk casn, gn kstá ham quk Fk`gz rnjk km hkd`cahkgtn hkd`cahkgtn,, pkrn kstá hás ammá dk su njm`iac`óg.

 

ZKEKZKGC@AS

Ard`mma, Z. (1060). Mawrkgck Lnfmjkri (10:9-1069). Zkv`sta (10:9-1069). Zkv`sta Mat`gnahkr`caga dk  Rs`cnmnièa, :1(1), :1(1), 129-126. fttps?//j`t.my/3eGdJpE Tr`im`a, A. (:216, 13 dk harzn). Ma harzn). Ma tknrèa dkm dksarrnmmn hnram dk Mawrkgck Mawrkgck Lnfmjkri. Rs`cnmnièa y Hkgtk. fttps?//j`t.my/3dpLI0E  fttps?//j`t.my/3dpLI0E  Saavkdra, A. (:21;). KSTZATKI@AS (:21;). KSTZATKI@AS U@UKGC@AMKS U@UKGC@AMKS RAZA ENZTAMKCKZ ENZTAMKCKZ MA E EK KP  MA CNGU@UKGC@A AZHÓG@CA AZHÓG@CA KG MNS KS KST[D@AGTKS T[D@AGTKS DKM Q[@GTN IZADN ”C‘ DK SKC[GDAZ@A DK MA @GST@T[C@ÓG KD[CAT@UA  @GD[STZ@AM, DK MA RZNU@GC@A DK AJ AJAGCAP, AGCAP, :213-:21; :213-:21; \tks`s dk skiugda kspkc`am`zac`óg, kspkc`am`zac`ó g, [g`vkrs`dad Gac`ngam dk Sag Aiustèg dk Arkqu`paX. Zkpns`tnr`n @gst`tuc`ngam [GSA. fttps?//j`t.my/3kreSqp  fttps?//j`t.my/3kreSqp   MA TKNZÈA DKM DKSAZZNMMN HNZAM HNZAM DK MAYZKGCK MAYZKGCK LNFMJKZI \prkskgtac`óg fttps?//j`t.my/:J1wRco   dk d`apns`t`vasX. (:219, 24 dk nctujrk). Sm`dksfark. fttps?//j`t.my/:J1wRco

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