Las Leyes Salvadoreñas-Pirámide de Hans Kelsen

 

HN_ HCQC_ _NHUN@KRCÞN_ ]kr ‘hcycs‗ sc puc`c cdtcd`cr `ks okdocptks. Cd pragcr hujnr, y lnbhnd`k jcdáraongcdtc, udn hcy cs udn dkrgn iurç`aon okd vajcdoan cd hn hcjashnoaÿd dnoakdnh. ]k`cgks lnbhnr cdtkdocs `ch Oÿ`ajk Oavah, Oav ah, `c ud udn n kr`c kr`cdn dndz dzn n guda gudaoa oapnh pnh,, `c hn Hc Hcyy `c N` N`qu quas asao aoak akdc dcss y Okdt Okdtrn rntn tnoa oakd kdcs cs `c hn  N`gadastrnoaÿd ]ùbhaon, cdtrc ktrns. _a lnbhngks okd gnykr ocrtczn, udn hcy cs udn `aspksaoaÿd prkguhjn`n pkr hn Nsngbhcn Hcjashntavn trns ud prkoc`agacdtk cspcoçeaok. @cbcgks `c nokr`nr  quc dk sÿhk hn Nsngbhcn puc`c dkrgntavn ch ßrjndkpuc`c Cicoutavk cgatar  `corctks, ud gudaoapak puc`c cgatar`aotnr kr`cdndzns, udniurç`aon6 _upcradtcd`cdoan cgatarpuc`c adstruotavks, cdtrc ktrks cicgphks. Pcdacd`k hk ndtcrakr cd gcdtc, ch gasgk sastcgn iurç`aok ln cstnbhcoa`k udn icrnrquçn quc rajcd hns dkrgns iurç`aons `c ud pnçs. Nsç hns oksns, hn Okdstatuoaÿd cs hn dkrgn suprcgn `ch pnçs y prcvnhcoc pkr skbrc ounhquacr ktrn hcy, kr`cdndzn k `corctk. Cstk quacrc `coar quc dadjudn dkrgn puc`c gk`aeaonr hn Okdstatuoaÿd da okdtrn`coarhn y ounhquacr hcy quc adtcdtc lnocr cstk cs ahcjnh y duhn. Hucjk `c hn Okdstatuoaÿd, hn dkrgn quc tacdc gîs prcpkd`crndoan skd hns hcycs cgata`ns pkr  hn Nsngbhcn Hcjashntavn, trns scjuar ud prkocsk `c ekrgnoaÿd `c hcy6 cs guy adtcrcsndtc cstc prkocsk y puc`c scr tcgn `c ktrk csoratk sa lny adtcrás nh rcspcotk. Iudtk okd hns hcycs sc cdoucdtrnd hks Prntn`ks Adtcrdnoakdnhcs, hucjk sajucd hks rcjhngcdtks (dkrgns quc `csnrrkhhnd n prkeud prk eud`a` `a`n` n` ch okdtcd okdtcda`k a`k `c hns hcy hcycs) cs),, hucjk hucjk hks `corct `corctks ks (dkrgn (dkrgnss cgata` cgata`ns ns pkr ch ÿrjndk ÿrjndk cicoutavk), kr`cdndzns gudaoapnhcs (sacgprc y ound`k rcjuhcd nspcotks okdocrdacdtcs nh gudaoapak `c su iuras`aooaÿd), hns dkrgns cspcoanhazn`ns (dkrgns cgata`ns pkr cdta`n`cs quc rcjuhnd oacrtk îgbatk iurç`aok, okgk hk pu`acrn scr hn _AJCP cd rchnoaÿd n chcotraoa`n` y tchcokgudaonoakdcs), cdtrc ktrns. Okd cstk sc orcnr ud csqucgn `c prcvnhcdoan `c hns dkrgns iurç`aons, quc hn `kotradn ln hhngn`k hn ]arîga`c `c Fchscd. 

Cs hn dkrgn suprcgn `ch pnçs y prcvnhcoc pkr skbrc ounhquacr ktrn hcy, kr`cdndzn k `corctk.

Prns scjuar ud prkocsk `c ekrgnoaÿd `c hcy

@corctks (dkrgns cga`ns pkr ch ÿrjndk cicouvk), kr`cdndzns gudaoapnhcs (sacgprc y ound`k rcjuhcd nspcotks okdocrdacdtcs nh gudaoapak `c su iuras`aooaÿd), hns Dkrgns quc

dkrgns cspcoanhazn`ns (dkrgns

`csnrrkhhnd n

cga`ns pkr cd`n`cs quc rcjuhnd

prkeud`a`n` ch

oacrtk îgbatk iurç`aok, okgk hk

okdtcda`k `c hns hcycs

pu`acrn scr hn _AJCP cd rchnoaÿd n chcotraoa`n` y tchcokgudaonoakdcs).

 Nsç eudoakdn, n jrnd`cs rnsjks, ch sastcgn iurç`aok `ch pnçs. Nlkrn, scrçn okdvcdacdtc lnbhnr `c hns dkrgns cspcoçeaons quc rajcd ducstrn okdvavcdoan. Hn gîs agpkrtndtc, y hn quc tk`k oau`n`ndk

 

`cbcrçn okdkocr yn quc okdtacdc hks `crcolks eud`ngcdtnhcs `c on`n pcrskdn cs, pkr supucstk, hn Okdstatuoaÿd. Cd chhn sc cdoucdtrnd cstnbhcoa`ks ch `crcolk n hn va`n, n hn habcrtn`, n hn prkpac`n` pravn`n, n hn habrc cxprcsaÿd. _c cstnbhcoc ch sastcgn `cgkorîtaok, ch sastcgn cokdÿgaok, hn onpnoa`n` `c notunr `c hks eudoakdnraks pùbhaoks. »_nbçns quc hks eudoakdnraks dk puc`cd rcnhaznr  notk quc dk hcs cstc cxprcsngcdtc enouhtn`k, cs `coar, quc udn dkrgn, pkr csoratk, hk cstnbhczon; Pc `cin hn `u`n skbrc sa hks `aputn`ks tcdçnd hn enouhtn` `c nou`ar n hn Okrtc Ocdtrkngcraondn pnrn csohnrcocr ch okdehaotk okd hn Okrtc _uprcgn.  Cd scjud`k hujnr, hujnr, y cd ga kpadaÿd, cd davch `c agpkrtndoan agpkrtndoan,, cs ch Oÿ`ajk Oavah. Cd cstc sc rcjuhn rcjuhn onsa hn tktnha`n` `c hks notks quc `ks pcrskdns puc`cd rcnhaznr cdtrc sç, okgk hks cs vcd`cr ud bacd, nhquahnr udn onsn, okdtrn okdtrntnr tnr scrvaoaks, scrvaoaks, pnjnr `cu`ns, lnocr ud tcstngcdt tcstngcdtk. k. Cd su gkgcdtk adohusk rcjuhnbn ch gntragkdak, hn nutkra`n` `c hks pn`rcs skbrc hks laiks, hn n`kpoaÿd `c gcdkrcs, nudquc cstk ln sa`k `crkjn`k ound`k cdtrÿ cd vajcdoan ch Oÿ`ajk `c Engahan.  Nh Oÿ`ajk Oavah hc sajuc ch Oÿ`ajk Gcrondtah, ch ounh rcjuhn hn gnykrçn `c hks nspcotks okgcroanhcs quc hhcvnd n onbk hns pcrskdns. @cs`c hn okdstatuoaÿd `c udn skoac`n` (`c hk ounh lnbhnrcgks cd ud euturk ocrondk), lnstn hn cgasaÿd `c nooakdcs, pnjnrás, olcqucs, hns lapktcons quc ktkrjnd hks bndoks, cdtrc ktrns. Q puc`k scjuar gcdoakdnd`k `aspksaoakdcs quc rcjuhnd hn vnstn gnykrçn `c hns adtcrnooakdcs `anrans9 hn Hcy `ch Agpucstk skbrc hn Rcdtn, ch Oÿ`ajk `c Prnbnik, hn Hcy `c Purasgk, ch Prntn`k Jcdcrnh `c Adtcjrnoaÿd Cokdÿgaon Ocdtrkngcraondk, hn Kr`cdndzn pnrn hn Okdvavcdoan Okdvav cdoan Oau`n`ndn Oau`n`ndn `ch Gudaoapak `c _nd _nhvn`kr, _nhvn`kr, y gîs dkrgns, y gîs hcycs. _a hcs `aicrn `aicrn quc cxastcd gîs `c >=== dkrgns cd vajcdoan, dk cstuvacrn cstuvacrn cxnjcrnd`k. cxnjcrnd`k. _a `arçn quc lny gîs `c 3===, quazîs lnyn nhjudk quc hk `u`c pcrk dk cstuvacrn `ch tk`k scjurk `c okdtrn`coargc. LA_PKRAN @C HN ]ARÎGA@C @C FCH_CD  N Fchscd, sc hc okdsa`crn okgk ch eud`n`kr `c hn tckrçn purn `ch `crcolk `c noucr`k n hn okdocpoaÿd okdoc poaÿd parnga`nh parnga`nh `ch `crcolk prctcd`çn prctcd`çn `nr ud onrîotcr `c oacdoan n hn gasgn. _u prkpucstn prkpucstn okdsas okd sastc tc cd icr icrnrq nrquazn uaznrr hns hcycs hcycs y jrneao jrneaonr nr `aoln `aoln icr icrnrq nrquaz uaznoaÿ noaÿd d pkr gc`ak gc`ak `c udn par parîga îga`c `c advcr adv crtata`n `n,, `n `nd` d`k k n hn pn pnrt rtc c supc supcra rakr kr ch gnyk gnykrr pcsk pcsk y n hn pn pnrt rtc c adecr adecrak akrr ch gc gcdk dkrr pcsk pcsk,,  icrîrquaongcdtc lnbhnd`k. @cs`c ch pudtk `c vastn cpastcgkhÿjaok (eahkskeçn `c hn oacdoan) `arcgks quc udn prkpksaoaÿd lapktátaon dk cs nicdn nh ongpk oacdtçeaok dnturnh, pcrk sc `cbc tcdcr guolk oua`n`k cd ch `crcolk pkrquc nlç lny ud lcolk kbictavk6 hns rchnoakdcs cdtrc hks jrupks lugndks quc cd ch tacgpk vnd okderkdtnd`k y udaád`ksc hk quc dks kbhajn n rcokdsa`crnr tk`k hk quc sc ln okdstrua`k iurç`aongcdtc, pkrquc cs hn pkhçtaon hn quc eadnhgcdtc `arcooakdn hk dkrgntavk. _kd jrupks `c pk`cr quc agpkdcd tk`n udn cstruoturn busond`k cd hk pksabhc oacrtn rnoakdnha`n`.

]nrn Fchscd, ch eud`ngcdtk `c su vnha`cz `ch `crcolk cstntnh `cbc scr buson`k cd ch `crcolk adtcrdnoakdnh, Fchscd phndtcn quc hn pnz udavcrsnh cs pcdsnbhc n trnvás `c ud kr`cdngacdtk iurç`aok gud`anh. Dk kbstndtc, rcatcrk, hn okdstruooaÿd n`khcoc `c kbictava`n` y cspcoçeaongcdtc `c hns rchnoakdcs `c pk`cr cdtrc hks jrupks lugndks, cstk cs ohnvc pkrquc ch `crcolk dk cs pnrn quc sc ougphn tacdc quc lnbcr ud pk`cr quc hk lnjn ougphar, cstk dks hhcvn cdtkdocs n hn pkhçtaon. Ch phndtcngacdtk `c Fchscd hk pk`cgks okdsa`crnr ud rcecrcdtc cd ch cstu`ak `c hn tckrçn `ch `crcolk y su kr`cdngacdtk iurç`aok6 hn parîga`c `c Fchscd cs ud adtcdtk `c `nr oacdtaeaoa`n` y cstk hc `n vnha`cz n su phndtcngacdtk. »^uaád euc Lnds Fchscd;

 

]rkecskr `c Eahkskeçn `ch @crcolk `c hn Sdavcrsa`n` `c Uacdn, cs okdsa`crn`k c chh gîxagk pkstuhndtc `c `chh Ausp Auspks ksatatav avas asgk gk,, cs `c `coa oar, r, okds okdsa` a`cr crn n nh @c @crc rcol olk k ]k ]ksa satatavk vk (hns (hns dkrg dkrgns ns)) okgk okgk ch dù dùoh ohck ck eud`ngcdtnh `ch @crcolk y prcsoad`c `c tk`n okdsa`crnoaÿd `c a`ckhkjçns y átaons. Fchscd dnoaÿ cd ]rnjn cd >1:?. Nustranok `c krajcd sc lnbçn dnoakdnhazn`k cstn`kuda`cdsc. Rcsugaÿ su a`ckhkjçn Auspksatavastn cd ud habrk eud`ngcdtnh pnrn ch pcdsngacdtk  iurç`aok `ch sajhk \\9 su ‘Pckrçn purn `ch @crcolk‗. Cxphaonoaÿd `c hn ]arîga`c `c Fchscd Okdoabacd`k tk`k ch kr`cdngacdtk iurç`aok okgk ud sastcgn `c dkrgns, y sacd`k ch kbictk `c hn Oacdoan `ch @crcolk, prcoasngcdtc hn dkrgn iurç`aon, Fchscd `ceacd`c quc hn vnha`cz `c tk`ns hns dkrgns iurç`aons cgndn y `cpcd`c `c ktrn dkrgn supcrakr, n hn quc ch rcstk `cbcd su vnha`cz y su ceaonoan. Ch kr`cdngacdtk iurç`aok scrçn pucs icrîrquaok, csonhkdn`k, udn cspcoa csp coac c `c parîga parîga`c `c ouyn ouyn oùspa` oùspa`c c koupnr koupnrçn çn hn Okdsta Okdstatuo tuoaÿd aÿd okgk okgk dkrgn dkrgn suprcg suprcgn n `ch sastcgn dkrgntavk `c ud Cstn`k (gîs nhhî cstnrçn ch kr`cd iurç`aok adtcrdnoakdnh, cd ouyn supcrakra`n` Fchscd orcçn) y pkr `cbnik `c hns ounhcs, okd udn ceaonoan `cravn`n `c hn Jrud`dkrg k dkrgn eud`ngcdtnh, cstnrçnd hns hcycs, hks rcjhngcdtks, ktrns `aspksaoakdcs jubcrdntavns `c onrîotcr jcdcrnh, hks notks n`gadastrntavks, cto., cd eudoaÿd `ch rndjk  icrîrquaok `ch ÿrjndk quc hn cgndn y `c hks cecotks (jcdcrnhcs k pnrtaouhnrcs) quc tnhcs dkrgns tcdjnd. ]arîga`c `c Fchscd Hn parîga`c parîga`c `c Fchscd, Fchscd, cs ud gátk`k iurç`aok iurç`aok cstraotk, cstraotk, gc`andtc gc`andtc ch ounh quacrc quacrc chagadnr tk`n adehucdoan adehuc doan psaokhÿjaon, psaokhÿjaon, skoakhÿjaon y tckhÿjaon tckhÿjaon cd hn okdstruooa okdstruooaÿd ÿd iurç`aon, iurç`aon, y noktnr noktnr hn gasaÿd `c hn oacdoan `ch `crcolk nh cstu`ak cxohusavk `c hns ekrgns dkrgntavns pksabhcs y n hns okdcxakdcs cscdoanhcs cdtrc hns gasgns. Hn parîga`c fchsandn, cs ontcjkraznr hns `aecrcdtcs ohnscs `c dkrgns ubaoîd`khns cd udn ekrgn eîoah `c `astadjuar `astadjuar ounh prc`kgadn skbrc hns `cgîs, ci. Okdstatuoaÿd, hcy, `corctk hcy, kr`cdndzn cto. Hn par parîga îga`c `c fchscda fchscdandn ndn rcprcs rcprcscdt cdtn n jrîeao jrîeaongc ngcdtc dtc hn a`cn a`cn `c sastcg sastcgn n iur iurç`a ç`aok ok csonhk csonhkdn` dn`k. k. @c noucr`k okd Fchscd, ch sastcgn dk cs ktrn oksn quc hn ekrgn cd quc sc rchnoakdnd ud okdiudtk `c dkrgns iurç`aons y hn pradoapnh ekrgn `c rchnoakdnrsc ástns, `cdtrk `c ud sastcgn, cs skbrc hn bnsc `ch pradoapak `c icrnrquçn. Agnjadcgks udn parîga`c csonhkdn`n9 pucs cd hn oùspa`c `c hn parîga`c sc satunrçn hn Okdstatuoaÿd `c ud Cstn`k, cd ch csonhÿd adgc`antngcdtc adecrakr hns hcycs, cd ch sajuacdtc csonhÿd adecrakr hks rcjhngcdtks y nsç suocsavngcdtc lnstn hhcjnr n hn bnsc `c hn parîga`c, okgpucstn pkr hns scdtcdoans (dkrgns iurç`aons ad`ava`unhcs). Oundtk gîs dks nocrongks n hn bnsc `c hn parîga`c, ch csonhÿd cs gîs ndolk, cs `coar, lny ud gnykr dùgcrk `c dkrg dkrgns ns iurç`aons. iurç`aons. Nsç, ch csonhÿd csonhÿd supcrakr supcrakr cs guy pcqucþk, pucs Okdstatuoaÿd Okdstatuoaÿd sÿhk lny udn, ch csonhÿd pkr `cbnik cs gîs ndolk (pkrquc lny gîs hcycs quc "okdstatuoakdcs"), ch sajuacdtc gîs ndolk quc ch ndtcrakr (pkrquc lny gîs rcjhngcdtks quc hcycs) y nsç suocsavngcdtc.  Nlkrn bacd, pkr cdoagn `c hn Okdstatuoaÿd y, pkr cd`c, eucrn `c hn parîga`c, sc cdokdtrnrçn hn Jrud`dkrg (dkrgn bîsaon k eud`ngcdtnh).