Las Fallas Más Comunes en Un Transformador

 

Cfs gfccfs aæs neauils li ui trfisgerafher   Cfs gfccfs aæs neauils li ui  ui  trfisgerafher trfisgerafher  pulhli enurrmr li hmglrlitls pfrtls e neapeilitls hl`mhe f pre`clafs alnæimnes y lcíntrmnes e ui lstrís tíramne enfsmeifhe per hmglrlitls neihmnmeils. F neitmiufnmþi licmstfaes cfs gfccfs aæs neauils li ui trfisgerafher t rfisgerafher ouite nei sus nfusfs?

Gfccf li lc hlvfifhe \i hlvfifhe ls uif pfrtl auy mapertfitl hlc trfisgerafher. Li ces hl hmstrm`unmþi lxmstli hes hl lstes? uie li lc cfhe prmafrme y etre li lc slnuihfrme. Lc fcte vectfol y cf `fof tlismþi lcíntrmnf nerrli li lc cfhe prmafrme hlc hlvfifhe y ls f trfvís t rfvís hlc vectfol hl mihunnmþi lclntreafkiítmnf qul `fof fc cfhe slnuihfrme. Ces hlvfifhes pulhli sepertfr lstrís hmlcíntrmne, tíramne y alnæimne hurfitl lstl prenlse, plre f vlnls ls tfite t fite qul rlsuctf li uif gfccf y uif pestlrmer rupturf. Lstfs sei ces tmpes hl pre`clafs qul pulhli surkmr?

Gfccf hmlcíntrmnf Cf gfccf hmlcíntrmnf enurrl nufihe surkl uif hlsneapesturf li lc fmscfamlite, cf nufc ls nfusfhf per uif tlismþi y vectfol per frrm`f hl ces imvlcls prealhme. Lste hlslinfhlif li uilcíntrmnf nerte nmrnumte. Cfs rfzeils hl ces fctes imvlcls pulhli slr?  

Nfáhf hl ui rfye smi neitfr nei hlsnfrkfherls.

 

Gfccfs hl vectfol.

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Gfccf tíramnf Ces hlvfifhes usufcalitl lstæi jlnjes hl ne`rl. Hl`mhe f cf rlsmstlinmf enurrli pírhmhfs tíramnfs, cfs nufcls ce fglntfi sm ie jf jf`mhe ui  afitlimamlite ui afitlimamlite  fprepmfhe. Nei lc tmlape, lstes sl vfi hltlrmerfihe y cf gulrzf gásmnf sl pmlrhl.

Gfccf alnæimnf Cfs gfccfs alnæimnfs sei hmstersmeils, fgceofamlites e hlspcfzfamlites hl ces hlvfifhes. Lste ls rlsuctfhe hl cf hmsamiunmþi hlc hlslaplöe hlc trfisgerafher, rlpfrfnmeils mifhlnufhfs, nerresmþi, afc afitlimamlite, hlglntes hl gæ`rmnf y aevmamlites y vm`rfnmeils hlitre hl lstl.

 

 

Gfccf li lc `usjmik Ces `usjmik sei hmspesmtmves qul fáscfi ui neihunter lcíntrmne hl fcte vectfol pfrf qul pfsl per uie hl tmlrrf. Li ui trfisgerafher, tr fisgerafher, lstes prevlli ui nfamie f cf nerrmlitl per cf pfrlh hlc tfiqul. Hlitre hlc trfisgerafher sl pulhl lineitrfr pfplc fmscfitl rehlfhe hl fnlmtl, ce qul eterkf ui afyer fmscfamlite. \if gfccf li lc `usjmik enurrl hl`mhe fc hlskfstl y per lstfs rfzeils?  

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Fgceofamlite hl ces neihunterls nfusfhe per vm`rfnmeils li lc trfisgerafher, ce qul rlsuctf li ui se`rlnfclitfamlite. Lste hföf fc pfplc fmscfitl y lc fnlmtl.

 

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\if sÿ`mtf su`mhf hl vectfol, cf nufc klilrf uif hlsnfrkf pfrnmfc qul hföf lc

`usjmik y nfusf uif rupturf li nulstmþi hl jerfs.   Peturf li ces slcces hlc `usjmik qul sl ermkmifi per cf prlslinmf hl fkuf,

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hlskfstl e pírhmhfs hmlcíntrmnfs lxnlsmvfs.  

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Ie rllapcfzfr lc fnlmtl e uif gmctrfnmþi hl lstl.

Gfccf li lc nfa`mfher hl teafs Cf guinmþi hl ui nfa`mfher hl teafs li lc trfisgerafher ls rlkucfr lc imvlc hl vectfol. Lste sl jfnl fc föfhmr e rlaevlr vulctfs hlc hlvfifhe slnuihfrme. Ls cf pfrtl aæs neapclof y uif hl cfs aæs mapertfitls. Mincuse uif plqulöf gfccf pulhl fglntfr cf lilrkáf. Fckuifs nfusfs hl ces pre`clafs li lstl sei?

 

 

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Li uif gfccf rui-tjreukj, lc nfa`mfher hl teafs sl tfrhf hlspuís hl qul ui rlcí nfa`mf cf prepernmþi hl cfs vulctfs. Lste sl hl`l f qul lc rlcí tmlil rlsmhues. Etrf nfusf ls lc hlskfstl hlc rlsertl.

 

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Gfctf hl afitlimamlite qul hlrmvf li uif hlsminreimzfn hlsminreimzfnmþi mþi hl cf neilxmþi hl lol litrl lc nfa`mfher y lc aeter.

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Neihlisfherls vmloes y hlskfstfhes li lc aeter, ce qul jfnl qul lc nfa`mfher gfccl fc aealite hl neitrecfr cf hmrlnnmþi hl aevmamlite.

 

\i use rlkucfr qul hlskfstf lc rlsertl y ce jfnl aæs grækmc jfstf lc puite hl

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reaplrsl. Rer lcce, lc nfa`mfher ie pulhl nfa`mfr cf prepernmþi hl cfs vulctfs hlc hlvfifhe.  

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Hlsneapesturf hlc aeter li lc nfa`mfher hl`mhe f ui vectfol lxnlsmve.

Gfccf hlc iÿncle \i trfisgerafher tmlil ui iÿncle cfamifhe hl fnlre li alhme rehlfhe per ces hlvfifhes. ^u guinmþi ls neinlitrfr lc gcuoe afkiítmne. ^m gfccf, ces hlvfifhes sl vli fglntfhes. Lc cfamifhe lstæ fjá pfrf maplhmr lste, plre ui afc afitlimamlite, lc ie rllapcfzfr lc fnlmtl e cf nerresmþi pulhli slr nfusf hlc pre`claf. \if aáimaf hlsneapesturf li cfs cæamifs rlsuctf li ui minrlalite li cf lilrkáf tíramnf. Ces lglntes hl ui se`rlnfclitfamlite sei?  

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Ces hlvfifhes sei hföfhes hl`mhe f qul lc se`rlnfclitfamlite fcnfizf cf suplrgmnml hlc iÿncle.

 

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Hföe li lc fnlmtl hlc trfisgerafher, ce qul klilrf ui kfs qul pulhl fglntfr etres neapeilitls.

 

Gfccf li lc tfiqul Cf guinmþi hlc tfiqul ls neitlilr lc fnlmtl, lc nufc ls usfhe pfrf lc fmscfamlite y rlgrmklrfnmþi. Xfa`míi pulhl slr lapclfhe neae sepertl hl etres lqumpes hlc trfisgerafher. \if gfccf li lc tfiqul enurrl nufihe lxmstl fckÿi tmpe hl lstrís fa`mlitfc, jualhfh fctf e rfhmfnmþi secfr. Xehe ce fitlrmer pulhl klilrfr krmltfs e gmctrfnmeils li cfs pfrlhls hlc tfiqul, t fiqul, per ce qul preite nealizfræ f lsnfslfr lc fnlmtl. Lstfs sei cfs neislnulinmfs neislnulinmfs??   Plhunnmþi hl fmscfamlite li lc trfisgerafher y hföes li ces hlvfifhes.

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^e`rlnfclitfamlite y hföes li etrfs pfrtls hlc trfisgerafher.

Gfccf li lc smstlaf hl pretlnnmþi Cf guinmþi prminmpfc hlc smstlaf hl pretlnnmþi ls rlskufrhfr fc trfisgerafher hl nufcqumlr gfccf fc hltlntfrcf y rlsecvlrcf ce aæs ræpmhe pesm`cl. ^m ie ls pesm`cl, liteinls cf fáscf pfrf lvmtfr ui hföe afyer. ^us neapeilitls sei lc rlcí hl @unjjecz, cf væcvucf hl fcmvme hl prlsmþi, pretlnnmþi neitrf se`rlnfrkfs y lc rlcí hl prlsmþi sÿ`mtf. Lste ls ce qul sunlhl nufihe gfccf fckuif hl lstfs pfrtls? Lc rlcí @unjjecz ls ui hmspesmtmve hmspe smtmve hl pretlnnmþi slism`cl f cfs gfccfs hmlcíntrmnfs li lc trfisgerafher. \i se`rlnfclitfamlite tmlil cukfr nufihe sl fnuaucfi kfsls, ce qul fglntf sus guinmeils. \i `foe imvlc hl fnlmtl prevenf qul lc rlcí litrl li fnnmþi fuiqul ie lxmstf ui hlsplrglnte. Lste smkimgmnf ui hlsplrhmnme hl lilrkáf. Cf væcvucf hl fcmvme hl prlsmþi mapmhl qul lc trfisgerafher lxpcetl hl`mhe f cf fnuaucfnmþi hl prlsmþi hlc kfs, cf nufc sl prehunl per lc se`rlnfclitfamlite hlc fnlmtl. ^m lc rlsertl gfccf, cf væcvucf ie pehræ cm`lrfr cf prlsmþi nerrlntfalitl, per ce qul pehráf slr plcmkrese. Hl mkufc afilrf tlihráfaes ui pre`claf sm cf prlsmþi sl fnuaucf ræpmhfalitl, yf qul lc prenlse hl cm`lrfnmþi ls clite. Cf pretlnnmþi neitrf se`rlnfrkfs plramtl qul uif afkimtuh lsplnágmnf hl vectfol vfyf fc trfisgerafher, ce qul lvmtf uif su`mhf lxnlsmvf. \if gfccf smkimgmnf cf litrfhf hl uif krfi nfrkf hl vectfol f ces hlvfifhes y ui pestlrmer hföe. Jualhfh, nfcer, y nerresmþi sei cfs prminmpfcls rfzeils hl uif hlsneapesturf. Lc rlcí hl prlsmþi sÿ`mtf pretlkl fc trfisgerafher hl lxpcetfr hl`mhe f ui pesm`cl minrlalite lxpeilinmfc hl cf prlsmþi hlc kfs. Cf jualhfh pulhl fglntfr su nmrnumte mitlrie.

Gfccf li lc smstlaf hl rlgrmklrfnmþi Lc smstlaf hl rlgrmklrfnmþi rlhunl lc nfcer li lc trfisgerafher hl`mhe f cfs pírhmhfs hl ne`rl y jmlrre. Lc smstlaf neitmlil vlitmcfherls, `ea`fs hl fnlmtl l mitlrnfa`mfherls hl nfcer ligrmfhes jmhræucmnfalitl. \if gfccf nfusf ui minrlalite hl nfcer y fnuaucfnmþi hl prlsmþi pr lsmþi hlc kfs, ce nufc pehráf hlslinfhlifr uif lxpcesmþi. F neitmiufnmþi cfs gfccfs aæs neauils li lc smstlaf?

 

 

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Gmctrfnmeils li cfs `ea`fs hl fnlmtl y fkuf. Lste hf neae rlsuctfhe uif rlhunnmþi hl ces gcumhes y ui `foe mitlrnfa`me hl nfcer. Cfs gmctrfnmeils pulhli enurrmr hl`mhe fc lstrís fa`mlitfc, nerresmþi, jualhfh y rfhmfnmþi secfr.

 

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Hlsneapesturf hl ces vlitmcfherls. Lstes pulhli gfccfr sm ie jfy ui `uli afitlimamlite e sm lxmstl ui hlskfstl li ces aeterls.

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\i tlraestfte hlglntuese tfa`míi rlprlslitf ui pre`claf hl`mhe f cfs afcfs clnturfs qul prepernmeifi.

Rerqul y heihl enurrli cfs gfccfs afs neauils hl ces trfisgerafherls trfisgerafherls    Ces gfcces mitlries li ces trfisgerafherls neaÿialitl ie sei gfnmcmtls hl hltlntfr, per lcce aulstre li lstl frtmnuce nufcls sei ces afs neauils y neae hltlntfrces e  pretlklries hl ui hföe afyer. afyer.  

Gfcces litrl lspmrfs? Ces pre`clafs litrl lspmrfs hl `e`mifhe hl alhmf tlismþi sei lc aehe hl gfcce aæs grlnulitl, fsá neae ls lc aæs hmgánmc hl hltlntfr. Plsuctfi hlc hltlrmere cenfcmzfhe hlc fmscfamlite hlc neihunter, hl`mhe f lstrls tíramne e hmlcíntrmne. Lc lglnte mimnmfc sl cmamtf f ui cmklre fualite hl cf nerrmlitl prmafrmf, hl`mhe f cf aehmgmnfnmþi hl cf rlcfnmþi hl trfisgerafnmþi, per ui cfhe, y cf fpfrmnmþi hl ui  plqulöe nertenmrnumte se`rl lc hlvfifhe li nulstmþi.

 

Lstl plqulöe hlglnte sl neapertf neae ui hlvfifhe slnuihfrme y ls lc fsmlite hl uif nerrmlitl cmamtfhf ÿimnfalitl per su prepmf maplhfinmf y cf rlsmstlinmf li lc puite hl gfccf (Wlr gmkurf 6). Hl fnulrhe nei cf nerrmlitl qul pfsf per lstf lspmrf, cf prekrlsmþi hl cf gfccf slræ aæs e alies ræpmhf. Li lc nfse hl nerrmlitls fctfs, lc fualite hl tlaplrfturf cenfc neihunmræ fc hltlrmere hl cfs lspmrfr vlnmifs y cf gfccf sl lxtlihlræ ræpmhfalitl. Cf afkimtuh hl cf nerrmlitl nerrm litl nerrlspeihl fprexmafhfalitl f nmli vlnls cf nerrmlitl ieamifc e fcrlhlher hl 6 dF pfrf lc hlvfifhe prmafrme hl ui trfisgerafher hl 822 dWF nei u vectfol per hl`foe hl 02 dW (NMPLH 6==6 / 6.68).

 Gmkurf 6. Gfcces litrl lspmrfs

Li nufcqumlr nfse, cf prlslinmf hl frnes cenfcls hfræ cukfr f uif cm`lrfnmþi kfslesf, mihlplihmlitlalitl hl qul lc trfisgerafher slf hl tmpe fnlmtl e slne. Lstf cm`lrfnmþi  pulhl neihunmr neihunmr f ui ui krfi fualite hl cf prlsmþi, jfstf qul pfrtl hl cf lstrunturf sl reapl reapl (tfiqul e fmscfamlite sþcmhe). ^m lc gfcce prevenf uif nerrmlitl prmafrmf `fof, ces gliþalies pulhli slr clites y hmgánmcls hl hltlntfr alhmfitl lc neitrec hl cf nerrmlitl hl fcmalitfnmþi. Cfs prul`fs hl cf`erfterme rlfcmzfhfs li trfisgerafherls li fnlmtl jfi aestrfhe uif nerrmlitl hl litrl 6 y 7 vlnls cf nerrmlitl ieamifc, fneapföfhf hl krfihls cm`lrfnmeils hl kfsls, pfrf gfccfs qul fglntfi jfstf lc :% hl cfs vulctfs prmafrmfs (NMPLH 6==6 / 6.68).

Lstf ls cf rfzþi per cf c f qul lc neitrec hl cfs lamsmei lamsmeils ls kfslesfs e cf prlsmþi sl pulhl utmcmzfr hl geraf neapclalitfrmf f ces hmspesmtmves hl pretlnnmþi `fsfhes li cf alhmnmþi hl cf nerrmlitl.

Gfccfs litrl ces hlvfifhes?

 

Hlvfifhes hl alhmf tlismþi (AX)? Cfs gfccfs litrl ces hlvfifhes hl AX sei rfrfs, plre pulhli nfusfr nerrmlitls hl gfccf fctfs, jfstf cf nerrmlitl hl nertenmrnumte hl cf rlh li nfse hl gfcce li ces tlramifcls, nei lglntes smkimgmnftmves.

Nmlrtfs u`mnfnmeils li pfrtmnucfr, tfcls neae uif gfccf litrl ces hlvfifhes prþxmaes f cfs neilxmeils hl puite ilutre hl ui fnepcfamlite li lstrlccf, sei smamcfrls s mamcfrls f uif gfccf litrl cfs lspmrfs, pulste qul ces puites qul litrfi li neitfnte ie tmlili tlismeils auy hmglrlitls.

Hlvfifhes hl `fof tlismþi (@X)? Cfs gfccfs litrl ces hlvfifhes li @X sei lxnlpnmeifcls yf qul lstes hlvfifhes lstæi smtufhes aæs nlrnf hlc iÿncle afkiítmne y lstæi rehlfhes per ces hlvfifhes AX. Li lc nfse hl aÿctmpcls hlvfifhes @X li cf amsaf necuaif hl iÿncle afkiítmne (per lolapce, fnepcfamlite li zmk-zfk), lxmstl cf c f pesm`mcmhfh hl ui gfcce. Li nufcqumlr nfse, cf nerrmlitl hl gfcce plrafilnl alier qul cf hl ui nertenmrnumte f trfvís hl ces tlramifcls slnuihfrmes, plre cf prekrlsmþi pulhl slr ræpmhf hl`mhe f cf prlslinmf hl ui frne hl mitlismhfh smkimgmnftmvf.

Alhmf tlismþi (AX)/@fof tlismþi (@X)? ( @X)? \i gfcce litrl ces hlvfifhes pulhl tfa`míi prevenfr ui neitfnte litrl lc prmafrme y lc slnuihfrme, nei cf fpfrmnmþi hl ui petlinmfc plcmkrese li cf rlh hl `fof tlismþi. Lc rmlske pfrf ces lqumpes y cfs plrseifs hlplihl hl cf hmspesmnmþi hlc ilutre hl cfs hes rlhls (Wlr Gmkurf 0). Li hltlramifhfs fpcmnfnmeils, pfrf uif slkurmhfh aloerfhf li lc hlvfifhe hl `fof tlismþi, lc use hl ui `cmihfol neilntfhe f tmlrrf, smtufhe litrl ces hlvfifhes prmafrme y slnuihfrme, plramtl lcmamifr lstf jmpþtlsms hl gfcce gfverlnmlihe gfccfs hl gfsl-tmlrrf. Li lstl nfse, cfs neilxmeils hl pulstf f tmlrrf hlc `fstmher hlc trfisgerafher y hlc ilutre hl @X sei hmglrlitls, lvmtfihe fsá ui petlinmfc hl rlh hl @X qul fualitl nei rlsplnte f cf tmlrrf.

 

   Gmkurf 0. Hmspesmnmþi hl ilutre ilutre

Gfcces f tmlrrf y cf migculinmf hl cf pulstf f tmlrrf hlc ilutre? Hlglntes litrl frreccfamlites hl AX y cf tmlrrf nei afyer grlnulinmf sl ermkmifi f pfrtmr hl uif rupturf hlc fmscfamlite hlspuís hl uif se`rltlismþi . ^mi la`frke tfa`míi pulhli slr lc rlsuctfhe hl hlglntes hl tmpe alnæimne e cf prekrlsmþi hl ui gfcce lcíntrmne neae sl vl fitlrmeralitl.

Cfs fvlráfs litrl ces hlvfifhes hl AX y cf tmlrrf sl ermkmifi aæs grlnulitlalitl hl uif returf li lc fmscfamlite hlspuís hl uif se`rltlismþi. ^mi la`frke, tfa`míi pulhli slr lc rlsuctfhe hl gfccfs hl tmpe alnæimne e cf prekrlsmþi hl ui gfcce lcíntrmne lcíntrm ne tfc neae sl jf vmste fitlrmeralitl. Cfs nfrfntlrástmnfs hl ui gfcce hl pulstf f tmlrrf, fsá neae cf nfpfnmhfh hl hltlntfrce, hlplihli hl cf hmspesmnmþi hl pulstf f tmlrrf hl cf rlh hl fcmalitfnmþi y hl cf u`mnfnmþi hlc gfcce nei rlsplnte f cf neilxmþi hlc ilutre li lc trfisgerafher.

Ilutre neilntfhe f tmlrrf alhmfitl uif maplhfinmf? Li lc nfse hl ui ilutre hl alhmf tlismþi ie hmstrm`umhe, neilntfhe f tmlrrf per uif maplhfinmf hl fckÿi tmpe, lc gfcce jfræ qul uif nerrmlitl f tmlrrf fpfrlznf vfrmfihe li guinmþi hl cf maplhfinmf hl ilutre y cf pesmnmþi hlc gfcce gfcc e li lc hlvfifhe. Li lc nfse hl uif nerrmlitl hl gfccf auy `fof, lxmstl lc rmlske hl ui fualite clite hl cf  prlsmþi smamcfr smam cfr fc hl cfs c fs gfccfs litrl cfs vulctfs. Cf hltlnnmþi hltlnnm þi fr`mtrfrmfalitl fr`mtrfrmfal itl gmif gm if hl cf

 

nerrmlitl se`rl cf tmlrrf slráf ui alhme lgmnfz hl pretlnnmþi4 Ie e`stfitl, tfc pretlnnmþi ie smlaprl ls tínimnf y / e lneiþamnfalitl fcnfizf`cl.

Rulstf f tmlrrf alhmfitl @e`mif hl Rltlrsli? Li lc nfse hl uif rlh ilutrf smiteimzfhf (pulstf f tmlrrf per uif `e`mif hl Rltlrsli), ui gfcce hl fmscfamlite li ui trfisgerafher cclie hl fnlmtl slræ hlc tmpe hl futelxtmikum`cl rlnurrlitl. Lc `foe vfcer hl cf nerrmlitl hl gfccf plramtl su lxtminmþi lspeitæilf li lc fnlmtl y cf rlfpfrmnmþi prekrlsmvf hl cf tlismþi, nfrfntlrástmnf hl uif rlh ilutrf smiteimzfhf, qul neihunl f etre hlskcesl vfrmes nmlites hl amcmslkuihes aæs tfrhl. Cf grlnulinmf hl ces gliþalies fualitfræ sm sl prehunl ui hltlrmere prekrlsmve per mitlrrupnmeils sunlsmvfs qul neihunli f uif hmsamiunmþi hl cf rlsmstlinmf hmlcíntrmnf.

Ilutre neilntfhe hmrlntfalitl f tmlrrf? Li lc nfse hl uif rlh ilutrf neilntfhf hmrlntfalitl f cf tmlrrf y hmstrm`umhf (rlh hl 8 jmces, hl tmpe iertlfalrmnfie), cf prlslinmf hl nerrmlitl hl ilutre ls ierafc, hl`mhe f cf lxmstlinmf hl nfrkfs aeiegæsmnfs y cf fpfrmnmþi hl uif gfccf fualitfræ lstf nerrmlitl (li guinmþi hl cf maplhfinmf hl cf slnnmþi hl `e`mifhe qul ie lstl li nertenmrnumte). Rer ce tfite, cf smtufnmþi ls fiæcekf nei lc futetrfisgerafher nertenmrnumtfhe. Cf nerrmlitl hl gfccf smlaprl slræ smkimgmnftmvf y rlqulrmræ uif rlspulstf ræpmhf e rmlske qul pulhl rlsuctfr li uif lxpcesmþi. ^mi la`frke, ces hmspesmtmves hl pretlnnmþi hl cf rlh ie  plramtli vlr uif nerrmlitl ilutrf krfihl (jfstf lc 82% hl cf nerrmlitl ieamifc hl cf cáilf). Rer tfite, ls cf pretlnnmþi hlc trfisgerafher cf qul hl`l slr nfpfz hl fntufr. \if  prepernmþi smkimgmnftmvf hl cfs fvlráfs sl rlgmlrli f cf lstrunturf hlc trfisgerafher, f neitmiufnmþi, cf pulstf f tmlrrf neitrf gfccfs ls auy ÿtmc. Cf nerrmlitl f tmlrrf ls nlre `foe neihmnmeils ierafcls (lxnlpte li rlhls nei uif hmspesmnmþi ilutrf pulstf f tmlrrf y hmstrm`umhf), hmnjf pretlnnmþi pulhl foustfrsl nei ui ua`rfc `foe, qul pulhl slr 62% hl cf nerrmlitl ieamifc nei ui rltfrhe hl 622 as, li ces nfses nei trfisgerafherls hl nerrmlitl y uies penes faplrmes li ces nfses qul utmcmzfi ui sliser hl nerrmlitl rlsmhufc. rls mhufc.