Las Excepciones y Las Defensas Previas en El Proceso Civil Peruano

LAS EXCEPCIONES Y LAS DEFENSAS PREVIAS EN EL PROCESO CIVIL PERUANO (VERSIÓN REVISADA Y MEJORADA)  Jorge María Luzuriaga Luzuriaga Chiappe  Abogado

RESUMEN Este artículo hace un examen breve de cada una de las excepciones que se pueden proponer en un proceso civil con diferentes efectos en el mismo según la naturaleza de las mismas; también hace una breve referencia a las defensas previas que, sin ser excepciones, se oponen y tramitan como éstas, aunque su efecto es distinto pero parecido al que producen las excepciones dilatorias, que suspenden la formación de la relación jurídica procesal pero no la perimen, como ocurre con otras excepciones.

Las mal llamadas excepciones de fondo fo ndo (de compensación, de división etc.) no son otra cosa que medios de defensa que se oponen a la pretensión del demandante, pero al no constituir defensas formales no pueden ser consideradas excepciones en el sentido que les atribuye nuestro Código Procesal Civil.

SUMMARY This article makes a brief examination of each one of the exceptions that can be proposed in a civil process with different effects in the same according to the nature of the same; also makes a brief reference to the previous defenses that, without being exceptions, are opposed and processed like these, although their effect is different, dif ferent, but similar to the one produced by dilatory exceptions, which suspend the formation of the procedural legal relationship but do not perimen peri men , as with other exceptions. The so-called substantive defenses (compensation, division etc.) are nothing more than means of defense that oppose the claim of the t he plaintiff,

1

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but not constituting formal defenses can not be considered exceptions in the sense attributed to them by our Civil Procedural Code.

1. LAS EXCEPCIONES (A MODO DE DEFINICIÓN). Las excepciones no se entienden fuera del contexto de un litigio, de manera que lo primero que hay que definir es qué es un litigio (proceso, como actualmente se le llama). La mejor y más breve definición, a juicio nuestro, nuestro , es la de Francesco Carnelutti, que conceptualizó el litigio como “El conflicto de intereses calificado por la  pretensión de uno de los interesados y por la resistencia del otro” . A su turno Niceto Alcalá-Zamora completó la definición diciendo que el conflicto debía ser jurídicamente transcendente para ser solucionado mediante la aplicación del derecho, lo que significa que no cualquier conflicto de intereses merece protección jurídica; para merecer la protección del estado a través de su aparato jurisdiccional el litigio tiene que ser relevante para el derecho (es decir, tiene que ser un “caso justiciable”, como lo llaman algunos autores).

Actualmente el litigio recibe el nombre de proceso, pero, al margen de su denominación, sigue constituyéndose en el mecanismo procesal que provee el Estado para resolver un conflicto de intereses con relevancia jurídica (caso  justiciable),  justiciable), bajo el control de jueces y tribunales (heterocomposici (heterocomposición) ón) con observancia de las normas procesales y la aplicación de la/s norma/s jurídica/s sustantiva/s al caso concreto que resuelve/n el conflicto en definitiva. Definido así el litigio como un conflicto de intereses con relevancia jurídica, que merece ser solventado por el aparato jurisdiccional del estado, debemos decir que la excepción puede definirse como un medio de defensa o articulación formal que opone el demandado a la acción ejercitada por el demandante ante el órgano jurisdiccional con la finalidad de impedir que

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el actor. Hacemos notar que algunos autores sostienen que ciertas excepciones constituyen también defensas de fondo; sin embargo, según la definición que hemos dado, resulta claro que no compartimos esa opinión. Si la contestación de la demanda es la manifestación de voluntad del demandado de entrar a formar parte de un proceso proc eso en esa condición (de parte demandada) y buscar, al igual que el demandante, que se dicte una sentencia válida que ponga fin a un conflicto de intereses (o a una incertidumbre  jurídica), la excepción es la negación del proceso; proceso; es decirle no al proceso, es resistirlo y rechazarlo desde que pretende iniciarse con la demanda admitida a trámite. Por eso, mientras la contradicción (formulada con la contestación de la demanda) ataca la pretensión del actor (a menos, desde luego, que mediara un allanamiento por parte del demandado o que éste conviniera con los hechos de la demanda), la excepción ataca la formación del proceso, de manera que si se declarara fundada la excepción, en unos casos ésta aborta definitivamente el proceso iniciado con la demanda o, en otros casos, tiene por efecto que el juez le otorgue un plazo perentorio al demandante para que subsane los vicios advertidos por el proponente, vencido el cual el juez, de no haberse subsanado dichos vicios, declara la nulidad de lo actuado y la improcedencia de la demanda, y manda a archivar los actuados definitivamente. Entonces, como se ha visto, las excepciones, según su naturaleza, causan dos efectos distintos y distinguibles: en un caso paralizan temporalmente el proceso y, en otro, lo aniquilan (si son amparadas, desde luego). Un ejemplo puede ayudarnos a ver esto con mayor claridad: supongamos que un sujeto es demandado y que la demanda está tan mal redactada (particularmente el petitorio) que no llega a entenderse qué es lo que pretende el demandante; en esta circunstancia el demandado acude a la excepción de “Oscuridad o ambigüedad en el modo de proponer la demanda”,

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no lo hace dentro de ese plazo perentorio anula lo actuado y da por concluido el proceso, obviamente sin declaración sobre el fondo; pero si el actor subsana los defectos advertidos por el demandante y, a su turno, por el juez que la acoge, el proceso prosigue normalmente. Sobre esta excepción en particular volveremos más adelante, pues, por razón del trámite común a todas las excepciones, ésta en particular tiene efectos no queridos por el derecho procesal ya que afectan el derecho de defensa del demando y proponente de la excepción, según veremos cuando no ocupemos de la misma. En otro caso, el demandando advierte que la acción ejercitada por el demandante ha prescrito y opone la excepción de “Prescripción extintiva ”; aquí, si el juez declara fundada la excepción, se anula lo actuado y se declara improcedente la demanda, ordenándose su archivamiento definitivo (una vez que pasa en autoridad de cosa juzgada, desde luego). En este ejemplo, la excepción perime el proceso, lo trunca de manera definitiva. Estos son dos ejemplos de los efectos tan dispares que puede ocasionar una excepción que se declara fundada, y están desarrollados en el art. 451 del Código Procesal Civil bajo el epígrafe “Efectos de las excepciones” sobre el que volveremos más adelante. Entonces, resumiendo, resumiend o, en un caso la excepción, por su naturaleza, permite al demandante subsanar su error quedando, entretanto, detenido el trámite del proceso si se declara fundada (al menos en primera instancia) y, en otros, también por su naturaleza, perime necesariamente el proceso, lo concluye sin declaración sobre el fondo, desde luego. Por eso antes se clasificaban las excepciones en dilatorias y perentorias, según que dilataran el proceso o lo aniquilaran. Si bien esta clasificación ya no se emplea, los efectos son los mismos, como hemos visto: en un caso alargan el proceso en tanto no se subsanen los defectos y en otro lo truncan de modo definitivo, lo acaban irremediablemente. Hay que destacar que, de acuerdo con el Código de Procedimiento Civiles de 1912, las excepciones impedían la

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pie a que se interpusieran excepciones sin fundamento alguno con la única finalidad de demorar el trámite del proceso, mala práctica que acabó cuando se modificó la forma de tramitarse las mismas: en cuaderno separado sin afectar el desarrollo del cuaderno principal, tal cual se tramitan ahora según el Código de 1993. Para finalizar este punto, hay que tener en cuenta que en nuestro sistema procesal civil las excepciones no detienen el curso del proceso principal porque se tramitan en cuerda separada, pero sí pueden demorar, en la práctica, el saneamiento del proceso, en tanto no sean resueltas en última instancia. Para graficarlo con un ejemplo: el demandado interpone una excepción de prescripción extintiva y el juez de primera instancia, ante el que gira la causa, la declara infundada, pero como el agraviado puede apelar esa resolución y el cuaderno de excepciones debe elevarse al superior para que resuelva en segunda instancia, el juez, en la práctica, puede demorar el trámite del principal hasta que se resuelva en definitiva la excepción para proceder al saneamiento procesal (oportunidad (opor tunidad procesal en la se declara si existe exi ste o no una relación jurídica procesal válida), no obstante que en teoría debe hacerlo sin perjuicio de la apelación interpuesta: interpuesta: sin embargo, si el juez decide seguir adelante (como corresponde), saneando el proceso, fijando luego los puntos controvertidos, realizando el saneamiento probatorio y llegando al estado de sentenciar y, en mucho casos, habiendo ya sentenciado la causa, existe el riesgo que en algún momento el juez superior pueda declarar fundada la apelación (y con ello fundada la excepción), e interpuesto recurso de casación por el demandante contra dicha resolución de segunda instancia que acaba el proceso, la Corte de Casación no case el recurso quedando con ello firme el auto recurrido y, así, también la excepción que perime el proceso, y todo queda finalmente anulado, con la consiguiente pérdida de tiempo y esfuerzo que eso significa para los litigantes y el juez.

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separado, el juez le corre traslado al actor y absuelto que sea éste recién está en capacidad de resolver la excepción, lo que en la práctica puede ocurrir cuando ya se encuentra vencido el plazo para contestar la demanda. Esto coloca al demandado en una situación paradójica porque, en efecto, mientras se resuelve la excepción debe contestar la demanda dentro del plazo de ley, a pesar que por su obscuridad o ambigüedad no llega a entenderse qué es lo que pretende el demandante, porque de no contestarla corre el riesgo que la excepción se declare infundada y se tenga por contestada la demanda en rebeldía. No cabe duda que esta excepción, así legislada, recorta el derecho de defensa del demandando. Sobre esto volveremos más adelante, cuando nos ocupemos particularmente sobre esta excepción.

2. LAS DEFENSAS PREVIAS. Antes de entrar de lleno a examinar cada una de las excepciones es importante definir qué es lo que se entiende por defensas previas, que son oposiciones a la demanda que comparten con las excepciones su modo y tiempo de proponerlas, así como alguno de sus efectos. Al igual que las excepciones, las defensas previas atacan la formación del proceso tal como ha sido planteado en la demanda. Sin embargo, las defensas previas, que se proponen como las excepciones, tienen una finalidad diferenciada de éstas. A manera de ejemplo, el artículo 455 del CPC enuncia dos de ellas: el beneficio de inventario y el beneficio de excusión; su interposición ocasiona el efecto de suspender el trámite del proceso hasta que se cumpla el tiempo o el acto previsto como antecedente necesario para el ejercicio del derecho de acción, conforme a lo preceptuado en el artículo 456 del mismo código. En consecuencia, si se declara fundada la defensa previa no se perime el proceso, pero sí lo estanca hasta que se decida sobre la misma. Por ejemplo, el beneficio de división, que vamos a ver más abajo, tiene el efecto de obligar al acreedor a replantear su demanda, pues el

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deudores faltantes (lo que constituye un caso de litisconsorcio pasivo necesario). De otro lado, el llamado “beneficio de inventario ”  es el que permite al heredero no tener que hacer frente a las deudas del causante con su patrimonio, protegiéndose así de la posibilidad de heredar obligaciones y cargas inesperadas; la herencia, recibida bajo beneficio de inventario, tiene por efecto que las deudas se paguen única y exclusivamente con el patrimonio causado. El beneficio de inventario es una de las formas de aceptar una herencia gracias a la cual los aceptantes no adquieren responsabilidad personal por las obligaciones de la masa hereditaria. esponde de las El artículo 661 del Código Civil establece que “El heredero r esponde deudas y cargas de la herencia sólo hasta donde alcancen los bienes de ésta” ; esto es lo que se conoce con el nombre responsabilidad intra vires hereditatis. El principio es que nadie puede ser compelido a asumir una deuda contra su voluntad, pues es violatorio de su libertad de contratación.

Lo cierto es que en nuestro sistema jurídico no hay necesidad de expresar que la herencia se recibe bajo beneficio de inventario porque, como hemos visto, la ley presume eso. Adicionalmente, cuando hay aceptación tácita no se requiere declaración alguna en tal sentido. Cuando la aceptación es expresa el heredero podría expresar que acepta la herencia bajo beneficio de inventario, pero si no lo hiciera el efecto sería el mismo que si lo hiciera porque la ley presume que la aceptación se hace siempre bajo esa condición.

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Otra defensa previa es el llamado “beneficio de competencia ”, que nuestro

Código Civil no ha receptado, pero sí otros códigos americanos, que es definido por el artículo 1684 del Código civil colombiano de la siguiente manera: “… es el que se concede a ciertos deudores para no ser obligados a pagar más de lo que buenamente puedan, dejándoseles, en consecuencia, lo indispensable  para una modesta subsistencia subsistencia (es decir, para vivir competentemente) , según su clase y circunstancias, y con cargo de devolución, cuando mejoren de  fortuna” . Según el mismo código, en ciertas circunstancias el beneficio de

competencia es obligatorio, es decir, que el acreedor no puede rehusarse a concederlo. Este beneficio, como dijimos, no está contemplado en nuestro Código Civil, pero nada obsta para que acreedor y deudor lo acuerden voluntariamente. Lo más parecido a este instituto es la quita, la l a espera y la remisión, que son figuras vinculadas a la renuncia la renuncia que puede hacer el acreedor el acreedor frente a lo que se le adeuda: así, si la renuncia está referida a parte del  crédito nos encontramos ante la quita; si lo es en relación en  relación al plazo de cumplimiento, de cumplimiento, se  se da la espera; y por último si la declaración la declaración de voluntad importa la renuncia la renuncia a la obligación, la obligación, se  se produce la remisión. En los procesos concursales la quita y la espera son moneda corriente. Otra defensa previa que puede oponer el demandado es el “beneficio de división ”, del que gozan los deudores y fiadores mancomunados; desde luego deben serlo del mismo acreedor los primeros y del mismo deudor los segundos; también debe tratarse de la misma obligación debida. Así, si uno de los varios deudores de una obligación mancomunada es demandando por el

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en los códigos sustantivos, primordialmente en el Código Civil. Pero lo cierto es que tienen que estar contempladas en la ley como beneficios para ser opuestas como defensas previas. No obstante, por el principio de libertad contractual (libertad de configuración interna de un contrato), las partes podrían establecer alguna condición a cargo de una de ellas cuyo cumplimiento previo sea requisito para poder demandar, sin que ello llegue al extremo de afectar el derecho de acción que todos tenemos para acudir al juez natural para zanjar la controversia). Seguidamente veremos un ejemplo que ilustra lo dicho al comienzo del párrafo precedente. En efecto, hay defensas que se oponen al demandante y que no constituyen defensas previas, como, por ejemplo, la compensación, que no está contemplado en la ley como beneficio de compensación (aunque algunos sostienen que sí lo es, pero en general se considera como una defensa de fondo), en virtud del cual el demandado, que es a la vez deudor y acreedor del demandante, opone su crédito a este último, pero este “beneficio ”, que es eminentemente personal, no tiene ningún efecto procesal sino que, efectivamente, constituye una defensa de fondo, de manera tal que será en la sentencia donde el juez decidirá si la oposición de la compensación es o no amparable. Como, según ha quedado dicho, no produce efectos procesales (en el sentido que no altera el curso del proceso), no puede ser considerado como defensa previa.

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procesal (que procesal (que se produce luego del traslado de la demanda). Los presupuestos procesales son entonces los antecedentes necesarios para que el juicio tenga existencia jurídica y validez formal. En términos generales, se entiende por presupuestos procesales las condiciones que se requieren para que la relación  jurídica procesal procesal nazca, nazca, se desenvuelva desenvuelva y culmine con una sentencia sentencia de mérito. Su ausencia produce un fallo inhibitorio que no hace tránsito a cosa juzgada. Por eso, antes de entrar de lleno a ocuparnos de las excepciones, es importante tener en claro el concepto de los llamados presupuestos procesales que se vinculan íntimamente con algunas de las excepciones que vamos a ver; de ordinario se los clasifica de la siguiente manera: 1) Los presupuestos procesales de forma, forma , que son: a) la demanda en forma (que cumpla los requisitos del art. 424 del CPC); legitimatio ad processum); y b) la capacidad procesal de las partes ( legitimatio

c) la competencia del juez. 2) los presupuestos procesales de fondo  fondo   o materiales o también llamados condiciones de la acción acción,, que son los presupuestos o condiciones necesarias que permiten al juez dictar una sentencia de mérito, que son: a) la existencia del derecho que tutela la pretensión procesal (lo que

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3.2 Los presupuestos procesales de forma y las condiciones de la acción. Para la iniciación de un proceso civil es obvio que alguien debe reclamar la actividad de la justicia, pero para hacerlo, hacerlo , es decir, para que se inicie el proceso civil, se deben tenerse presentes ciertos elementos sin los cuales es imposible el inicio del mismo. El primero es el que pasamos a explicar seguidamente, esto es, la capacidad de ejercicio. 3.2.1 La capacidad de ejercicio como presupuesto procesal. Para poder reclamar la actividad del órgano jurisdiccional la persona, sea física o jurídica, debe tener la capacidad que las leyes requieren de ellas para proceder en tal sentido; es lo que se conoce como legitimación procesal (legitimatio ad procesum) o capacidad para comparecer ante un juez y entablar la demanda. La persona debe tener capacidad jurídica procesal, porque no basta la capacidad de goce (que es la capacidad para ser titular de derechos), sino que se requiere la capacidad de ejercicio; esto lo veremos con mayor detenimiento al ocuparnos de la excepción de “Incapacidad del demandante o de su representante ” (también se vincula a la excepción de “Representación defectuosa o insuficiente del demandante o del demandado ”), pero desde ya adelantamos que la capacidad de goce se adquiere cuando la persona natural alcanza la mayoría de edad (18 años); desde luego, también se requiere que la persona mayor de edad no sufra de una incapacidad relativa y menos de una absoluta, en cuyo caso debe comparecer a través de su representante legal.

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contar con capacidad procesal como cualquier persona física. La Ley General de Sociedades presume que el Gerente tiene los poderes para representarla, según el artículo 14 de la misma. 3.2.2 La jurisdicción y la competencia Si la persona tiene capacidad procesal, se necesita, adicionalmente, que el órgano judicial ante el cual esa persona con capacidad legal reclama la actividad jurisdiccional tenga y ejerza jurisdicción y, además, sea competente para conocer de la acción incoada mediante la interposición de la demanda. La jurisdicción es la capacidad de juzgar que tiene un sistema de justicia determinado, de manera que cuando en el Derecho Internacional Privado se habla de jurisdicción nacional se refiere a la que tienen los jueces y tribunales del país del sistema jurídico de que se trata; contrariamente, cuando se habla de jurisdicción extranjera se hace en referencia a la jurisdicción que tiene el país extranjero para juzgar el caso a través de sus jueces y tribunales competentes. Como es sabido, en el Derecho Internacional Privado dos son los aspectos que

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El derecho de acción (y el de defensa) es una garantía constitucional que nos permite acudir al órgano jurisdiccional para solicitar su intervención en la solución de un conflicto de intereses o para el esclarecimiento de una incertidumbre jurídica; esta garantía de rango constitucional (art. 139 inc. 3 de la Constitución Política) está receptada en el artículo I del Título Preliminar del Código Procesal Civil en los siguientes términos:  Art. I Toda persona tiene derecho a la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva para el ejercicio o defensa de sus derechos o intereses, con sujeción a un debido proceso.

Ahora bien, para solicitar esa tutela jurisdiccional hay dos requisitos que son los llamados condiciones de la acción: a) La legitimidad para obrar: el actor debe estar legitimado para obrar (legitimatio ad causam), y esto se traduce en la afirmación que hace el actor en la demanda en el sentido que es titular del derecho que reclama y, por contraposición, que el demandado es el titular del deber contrapuesto a su derecho (legitimación pasiva ad causam).

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El código procesal establece cuáles son las únicas excepciones que pueden proponerse; son, pues, numerus clausus y están enunciadas en el art. 446 del CPC que pasamos a revisar a continuación: 3.3.1 Incompetencia. La demanda se ha planteado ante un juez que el proponente de la excepción considera que no tiene competencia para conocer del proceso. Desde luego, la incompetencia alegada puede serlo por cualquiera de las materias que vamos a ver en el siguiente párrafo. Como es sabido, la incompetencia puede darse por razón de materia, materia, cuantía, cuantía, grado, grado, turno (aunque turno (aunque con el actual sistema de asignación aleatorio el turno ha desaparecido en casi todos los distritos judiciales) y territorio. territorio . La competencia por razón de materia es improrrogable, así como también lo es la competencia por razón de la cuantía y del grado (ya vimos lo que ocurre con la de turno), pero la de territorio es prorrogable; prorrogable; esto está normado en el art. 35 del CPC.

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Se establece que la incompetencia del juez por razón de materia, cuantía, grado, turno y territorio (cuando ésta es improrrogable) debe  –  al momento de calificar la declararse de oficio  –como regla general – demanda. No obstante, el juez, de manera excepcional, podrá declarar su incompetencia en cualquier estado y grado del proceso; así lo establece la modificación del artículo 35 del CPC. 2. El juez ya no declarará improcedente la demanda por considerarse incompetente, sino que la remitirá al juez competente. Ahora, el juez que declare su incompetencia deberá disponer la inmediata remisión del expediente al órgano jurisdiccional que considere competente para conocer la causa. Por lo tanto, ya no podrá declarar la improcedencia de la demanda, como ocurría según el texto original del art. 36 del d el CPC que ha sido modificado; en efecto, al declarar d eclarar su incompetencia el juez declaraba asimismo la nulidad de lo actuado y la conclusión del proceso, con excepción del caso contemplado en el inciso 6) del art. 451; así se ha modificado el art. 36 del CPC.

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incompetencia de un juez o tribunal volveremos a ocuparnos cuando cuand o tratemos la excepción de su propósito. 3.3.2 Incapacidad del demandante o de su representante. La excepción se propone cuando el demandante o su representante carecen legitimatio ad procesum); la de capacidad procesal para actuar en el proceso ( legitimatio excepción está contemplada en el art. 446, inciso 2, del CPC. Como dijimos al ocuparnos de los presupuestos procesales, la capacidad de una persona conforme a nuestro Código Civil es de goce o de ejercicio; desde luego, quien tiene la capacidad de ejercicio tiene la de goce, pero no a la inversa: así, los incapaces relativos y absolutos ejercen sus derechos, en ausencia de su capacidad de obrar, a través de sus representantes legales. En síntesis: la capacidad procesal requiere que la persona que interpone la demanda tenga capacidad de obrar o de ejercicio (art. 42 del Código Civil), es decir, sea mayor de edad (18 años) y no padezca de algún tipo de incapacidad relativa ni menos aún de absoluta (contempladas, respectivamente, en los arts.43 y 44 del Código Civil).

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Esto atañe a uno de los presupuestos procesales, porque la persona que comparece al proceso tiene que contar con la capacidad suficiente para intervenir en el mismo, es decir debe contar con un poder idóneo. El compareciente en representación del demandante debe contar con poder suficiente para representar válidamente a su representado; conforme al art. 72 del CPC el poder para litigar se puede otorgar por escritura pública o por acta ante el juez del proceso, y no requiere inscribirse en los Registros Públicos. Si el poder se otorga en el extranjero debe ser traducido, de ser el caso (cuando se otorga ante el Cónsul del Perú en el extranjero se hace en idioma castellano con las formalidades de la escritura pública, de manera tal que no requiere ser traducido, pero la firma del Cónsul del Perú en el extranjero debe ser legalizada en la Cancillería y luego ante el Presidente de la

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Cuando esa excepción se declara fundada, el juez le otorga un plazo al demandante para que subsane el defecto, bajo apercibimiento de dar por concluido el proceso. ¿Qué ocurre si el demandado no advierte el defecto y no hace valer la excepción en la oportunidad correspondiente? A mi juicio este defecto debe poder ser denunciado por el demandado en cualquier estado del proceso, proceso , debiendo el juez darle un plazo al actor para que subsane; lo mismo para el caso que sea advertido de oficio; de otra manera la sentencia será necesariamente inhibitoria, es decir que declarará la improcedencia de la demanda, y la improcedencia es la negación del proceso, su aniquilación como tal, lo que obliga al demandante a iniciar un nuevo proceso sobre lo mismo, con los posibles efectos adversos que ello conlleva, tales como la prescripción

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(i) (ii) (iii)

que sean de competencia del mismo juez; que las pretensiones no sean contrarias entre sí, salvo que sean propuestas en forma subordinada o alternativa; que sean tramitables en una misma vía procedimental.

También puede proponerse la excepción de ambigüedad u obscuridad en el modo de proponer la demanda cuando, por ejemplo, se demanda el pago de daños y perjuicios fundándose la demanda en la responsabilidad contractual (que proviene de un incumplimiento del contrato) y entre las pretensiones se encuentra una en la que se solicita el pago de una indemnización por daño al proyecto de vida, que solo puede demandarse cuanto se trata de un caso de responsabilidad extracontractual.

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entretanto el proceso principal continúa su marcha y la demanda debe contestarse dentro del plazo previsto para cada vía procedimental, lo que en la práctica importa que el demandado se verá obligado a contestar una demanda que es obscura o ambigua y que ha cuestionada formalmente por tales motivos, de manera tal que debe defenderse de las pretensiones que se han hecho valer en esta demanda demand a defectuosamente propuesta, y en el caso de declararse fundada la excepción, deberá defenderse una segunda vez, con el agravante que el demandante, bajo pretexto de subsanar los defectos advertidos por el juez y señalados en el auto resolutorio, puede variar la fundamentación o los hechos que sustentan la pretensión o las otras pretensiones si existe más de una, lo que lo coloca en una situación de ventaja respecto del demandado que ya mostró sus armas la contestar la demanda.

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La excepción de la que no estamos ocupando procede en los casos en que la vía administrativa no se ha agotado y, por lo tanto, no existe una resolución final en sede administrativa que cause estado; sin el agotamiento previo de esta vía procede que la entidad administrativa proponga la excepción, en cuyo caso, si el juez la declara fundada, el proceso queda perimido y se manda a archivar los actuados. Desde luego, quedan descartados los casos en que la resolución administrativa causa estado porque el administrado no ha empleado todos los medios impugnativos a su alcance para dejarla sin efecto y, por el contrario, ha consentido en ella. La Ley 27584, que regula el Proceso Contencioso Administrativo, señala en su artículo 1° que la “La acción contencioso administrativa prevista en el Artículo 148 de la Constitución Política tiene por finalidad el control jurídico por el

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esto consiste la excepción que estamos examinando: no habiéndose agotado la vía administrativa no puede demandarse a la entidad administrativa admini strativa en sede  judicial, y si a pesar de ello se le demanda en ésta, el demandado demandado puede oponer esta excepción, al no haberse agotado la vía administrativa mediante el dictado de la resolución final que causa estado luego de haber interpuesto en esa vía todos los recursos que la ley le franquea (reconsideración, apelación), pues de otra manera queda como que ha consentido lo resuelto y

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La legitimidad para obrar se relaciona íntimamente con los conceptos de relación jurídica sustantiva y relación jurídica procesal, también expresados arriba. Así, en un proceso hay legitimidad para obrar cuando las partes materiales, es decir, las conformantes de una relación jurídica sustantiva, son también las partes en la relación jurídica procesal. En un artículo que publiqué hace unos años (2014) bajo el título de “LA

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competencia del juez. Luego, cuando el juez admite la demanda y emplaza al demandado, se amplía la relación jurídica, porque el demandado tiene la obligación de comparecer al proceso y, recién entonces, se puede decir que se completa el traslado de la relación jurídica material al proceso. Esto no obsta, sin embargo, para que, luego, puedan incorporarse a dicho proceso otros sujetos, ya sea porque, a pesar de formar parte de la relación sustantiva, no fueron demandados (caso de los litisconsortes pasivos necesarios), ya porque

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La legitimidad para obrar siempre es materia de análisis en los procesos; de ahí que muchas sentencias declaran improcedente la demanda cuando la relación jurídica material o sustantiva no se ha trasladado a la relación jurídica procesal. Desde luego, la falta de legitimación para obrar puede ser advertida liminarmente por el juez, declarando de plano su improcedencia, o al tiempo del despacho saneador del proceso, es decir cuando se dicta el auto de saneamiento procesal; esto está contemplado en el artículo 468 del CPC.

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En el otro lado, en el del litisconsorcio activo necesario, debe tenerse presente que no puede obligarse a nadie a litigar, de modo tal que esta situación se presenta muy raramente en la vida real, precisamente por ese motivo. Esta ausencia de necesidad de que concurran dos o más como demandantes se ve plasmada, por ejemplo, en el caso de la sociedad de gananciales, en que cualquiera de los cónyuges puede demandar en representación de ésta sin necesidad de que concurra el otro cónyuge ; también en el de la copropiedad,

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BAJO EL PRINCIPIO IURA NOVIT CURIAE ”, decía lo siguiente: “…la demanda

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cosa juzgada. Cuando una sentencia pasa en autoridad de cosa juzgada no

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una resolución está supeditada a que no atente contra derechos

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El desistimiento es una de las formas especiales de conclusión del proceso en

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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