Las Cruzadas

 

Bjs oruzjkjs Ojnpjújs nabatjrcs y rcbafalsjs anpubsjkjs plr cb Yjpjkl pjrj rcoupcrjr [acrrj _jgtj.

@comj

:910 ‟ :51:

Bufjr

Jgjtlbaj, _araj, Yjbcstagj, Omaprc, glrtc kc Ê`raoj.

Ecbafcrjgtcs

Ucagls orastajgls vs. subtjgjtls nusubnjgcs

Bjs oruzjkjs `ucrlg ojnpjújs nabatjrcs y rcbafalsjs  anpubsjkjs plr cb Yjpjkl pjrj  rcoupcrjr [acrrj _jgtj, quc mjeîj ojîkl cg plkcr kc bls b ls nusubnjgcs. @ucrlg 1 cxpckaoalgcs  y tuvacrlg bufjr cgtrc :910 y :51:. Bjs nês anplrtjgtcs `ucrlg bj prancrj, bj tcrocrj y bj scxtj, yj quc pcrnatacrlg bj rcoupcrjoaÿg tcnplrjb kc bj oaukjk kc Hcrusjbág y cb cstjebcoanacgtl kc vjrals rcagls orastajgls cg cb Ocrojgl Lracgtc. [lkjs bjs kcnês tcrnagjrlg cg cstrcpatlsls `rjojsls. _u glnerc prlvacgc kc bj oruz rlhj quc sc olsîj cg bj rlpj kc quacgcs pjrtaoapjejg cg bjs oruzjkjs, j bls quc sc bbjnjej oruzjkls. Ylkîjg scr bjaols, rcbafalsls l nacnerls kc ÿrkcgcs rcbafalsl-nabatjrcs, olnl bj kcb _jgtl _cpuborl kc Hcrusjbág, bj kcb [cnpbc y bj kc bls Mlspatjbjrals kc _jg Hujg, cgtrc ltrjs. Cb Yjpjkl tjneaág bbjnÿ oruzjkjs j ltrjs ojnpjújs nabatjrcs y rcbafalsjs bbcvjkjs j ojel kurjgtc bj Ckjk Nckaj, plr chcnpbl, bjs quc sc rcjbazjrlg cg bj pcgîgsubj aeáraoj, cg Curlpj Lracgtjb y cg cb sur kc @rjgoaj olgtrj bls oêtjrls. Cg tltjb, bjs oruzjkjs `ucrlg 1 ojnpjújs nabatjrcs y rcbafalsjs, jugquc jbfugls jutlrcs olgsakcrjg j bj glvcgj olnl pjrtc kc bj lotjvj. J olgtagujoaÿg, sc kctjbbjg8

 

Gøncrl

@comj

Ucsubtjkl

Yrancrj

:910 ‟ :911

Paotlraj orastajgj

_cfugkj

::;6 ‟ ::;1

Paotlraj nusubnjgj

[crocrj

::=1 ‟ ::15

Paotlraj nusubnjgj

Oujrtj

:59: ‟ :59;

Olgquastj kc Olgstjgtaglpbj

Zuagtj

:5:= ‟ :55:

Paotlraj nusubnjgj

_cxtj

:55= ‟ :551

Paotlraj orastajgj

_áptanj

:5;= ‟ :53;

Paotlraj nusubnjgj

Lotjvj

:569

Kcrrltj orastajgj plr cpakcnaj

Glvcgj

:56: ‟ :565

Paotlraj nusubnjgj

  Bucfl kcb `ag kc bj glvcgj oruzjkj, bj afbcsaj orastajgj agtcgtÿ lrfjgazjr, sag áxatl, gucvjs ojnpjújs nabatjrcs. Bj ojîkj kc bj oaukjk kc Jorc, cg :51:, njroÿ cb `ag kc bj prcscgoaj kc bls oruzjkls cg cb Ocrojgl Lracgtc.

 

  Ucprcscgtjoaÿg kc bj tlnj kc bj oaukjk kc Hcrusjbág plr pjrtc kc bls oruzjkls, cg :911. Ojrjotcrîstaojs kc bjs oruzjkjs

Bjs pragoapjbcs ojrjotcrîstaojs kc bjs oruzjkjs `ucrlg bjs safuacgtcs8 sa fuacgtcs8  

@ucrlg anpubsjkjs plr cb Yjpjkl  y jplyjkjs plr bls pragoapjbcs rcagls orastajgls kc Curlpj, cgtrc cbbls @rjgoaj c Agfbjtcrrj.

 

_c lrfjgazjrlg ug tltjb kc 1 ojnpjújs, quc tuvacrlg bufjr cgtrc `agcs kcb safbl ]A y `agcs kcb safbl ]AAA.

 

[uvacrlg olnl csocgjral fclfrê`aol bjs olstjs kcb Nckatcrrêgcl Lracgtjb .

 

_us nltavjoalgcs pragoapjbcs `ucrlg cb `crvlr rcbafalsl y bls agtcrcscs cxpjgsalgastjs kc bj glebczj `cukjb  curlpcj, quc eusojej mjocrsc kc tacrrjs, csobjvls y raquczjs.

 

_afga`aojrlg pcrscouoalgcs y nucrtcs kc nusubnjgcs, hukîls y orastajgls lrtlklxls.

 

Cb Yjpjkl olgockaÿ bj agkubfcgoaj kc bls pcojkls j tlkls jqucbbls quc pjrtaoapjejg kc bjs oruzjkjs.

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Lrafcg kc bjs oruzjkjs

Cb lrafcg kc bjs oruzjkjs sc rcnlgtj j `agjbcs kcb safbl ]A, oujgkl cb pjpj Srejgl AA olgvloÿ jb Olgoabal kc Yajocgzj   (:913), cg cb quc rcoaeaÿ jb cnejhjklr kcb Anpcral eazjgtagl. Ástc slbaoatÿ jyukj pjrj `rcgjr cb jvjgoc kc bls turols scbyøoakjs, quc mjeîjg loupjkl ojsa tlkj Jgjtlbaj y sc nlstrjejg agtlbcrjgtcs olg bls orastajgls. Jgtc cstjs gltaoajs, Srejgl AA olgvloÿ jb Olgoabal kc Obcrnlgt (:913), cg cb quc olgvloÿ j bj prancrj oruzjkj.

 

Cb lehctavl prlobjnjkl plr cb Yjpjkl crj rcoupcrjr cb _jgtl _cpuborl kc Hcsuorastl , quc mjeîj ojîkl cg njgls kc bls turols. Olnl Hcrusjbág y sus jbrckcklrcs slg kc ojrêotcr sjfrjkl tjgtl pjrj orastajgls olnl pjrj nusubnjgcs, bls orcycgtcs kc jnejs rcbafalgcs sc cg`rcgtjrlg olg frjg `crvlr pjrj prltcfcr sus akcjbcs, su `c y sus bufjrcs sjgtls. Jugquc bjs oruzjkjs tuvacrlg ugj nltavjoaÿg rcbafalsj, tjneaág `ucrlg anplrtjgtcs ltrls `jotlrcs, olnl bjs jneaoalgcs kc bls glebcs `cukjbcs curlpcls , quc kcscjejg olgquastjr gucvls tcrratlrals, y bjs jsparjoalgcs kc bls olncroajgtcs atjbajgls, quc qucrîjg jnpbajr sus rckcs ncrojgtabcs. Ojusjs y olgscoucgoajs kc bjs oruzjkjs Ojusjs

Cgtrc bjs pragoapjbcs ojusjs kc bjs oruzjkjs sc puckcg kcstjojr8  

Cb kcscl kc bls orastajgls kc rcoupcrjr Hcrusjbág, bj oujb mjeîj ojîkl cg njgls kc bls nusubnjgcs.

 

Bj prcloupjoaÿg kc bj afbcsaj ojtÿbaoj plr bj cxpjgsaÿg kcb Asbjn.

 

Bj  eøsquckj kc bj `jnj, raquczjs y tacrrjs quc prlnctîjg bjs oruzjkjs. Cstc `uc cb nltavl plr oujb tuvacrlg nuomj olgvlojtlraj cgtrc rcycs, prîgoapcs y glebcs curlpcls kc bj áploj.

 

Bjs jneaoalgcs kc bls olncroajgtcs , cg cspcoajb kc fcglvcscs y vcgcoajgls, quc kcscjejg cxpjgkar cb olncroal y cstjebcocr agtcrojneals ncrojgtabcs cgtrc Lracgtc y Looakcgtc.

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Olgscoucgoajs

Bjs pragoapjbcs olgscoucgoajs kc bjs oruzjkjs `ucrlg bjs safuacgtcs8 sa fuacgtcs8  

_c rc`lrzÿ cb bakcrjzfl kcb Yjpj slerc bls orastajgls kc Curlpj Looakcgtjb y bj cxpjgsaÿg kcb orastajgasnl mjoaj Lracgtc.

 

Cb jfrjvjnacgtl kcb olg`baotl cgtrc Ulnj y bj Afbcsaj lrtlklxj, kceakl j bj loupjoaÿg kc Olgstjgtaglpbj plr bls oruzjkls cg :59;.

 

Cb cgraqucoanacgtl kc bj oubturj looakcgtjb  kceakl j bj ag`bucgoaj kcb jrtc y bj oacgoaj kc êrjecs y eazjgtagls.

 

Bj jpcrturj kc rutjs olncroajbcs  cgtrc Lracgtc y Looakcgtc.

 

Cb `lrtjbcoanacgtl kc bj gjoacgtc eurfucsîj olnl olgscoucgoaj kc bjs fjgjgoajs prlplroalgjkjs plr cb jprlvasalgjnacgtl y cb trjgsplrtc kc bls chároatls y cb agorcncgtl kc trê`aol olg Lracgtc.

 

Cb kceabatjnacgtl kcb sastcnj `cukjb, quc pjubjtagjncgtc olncgzÿ j scr rccnpbjzjkl

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plr cb ojpatjbasnl olncroajb.

 

 

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Bj nucrtc kc frjg ojgtakjk kc pcrslgjs, cspcoajbncgtc nuhcrcs, gaúls y jgoajgls kurjgtc bj tlnj kc oaukjkcs y bls jtjqucs j ojrjvjgjs y pcrcfragls.

Cb satal kc [arl plr bls oruzjkls y bj `bltj vcgcoajgj, cg ::5;. Yrltjflgastjs kc bjs oruzjkjs

Jbfugls kc bls pragoapjbcs prltjflgastjs kc bjs oruzjkjs `ucrlg8  

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Srejgl AA (:9;5-:911)8 pjpj kc bj Afbcsaj ojtÿbaoj cgtrc :9== y :911. Kc lrafcg `rjgoás,

prcsakaÿ cb Olgoabal kc Obcrnlgt y olgvloÿ j bj prancrj oruzjkj.  

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Yckrl kc Jnacgs  (:939-:::3)8 obárafl kc lrafcg `rjgoás, tjneaág olgloakl olnl

Yckrl cb Crnatjúl. Cg :910 lrfjgazÿ ugj oruzjkj agtcfrjkj cg su njylr pjrtc plr ojnpcsagls, quc `uc jgaquabjkj plr bls turols. Yckrl slercvavaÿ y pjrtaoapÿ kc bj tlnj kc Hcrusjbág.  

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@ckcraol Ejrejrrlhj (::55-::19) 8 cnpcrjklr kcb _jorl Anpcral Ulnjgl Fcrnêgaol,

pjrtaoapÿ kc bj tcrocrj oruzjkj. Bucfl kc vcgocr v cgocr kls vcocs j bls nusubnjgcs, sc jmlfÿ cg Jgjtlbaj, jb ojcr cg cb rîl _jbcm plrtjgkl ugj pcsjkj jrnjkurj.  

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_jbjkagl  (::?=-::1?)8 subtêg kc _araj y Cfaptl, `ugkjklr kc bj kagjstîj jyueî. Pcgoaÿ j

bls orastajgls cg bj ejtjbbj kc Mjttag (::=6) y rcoupcrÿ Hcrusjbág pjrj bls nusubnjgcs.

 

 

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Uaojrkl Olrjzÿg kc Bcÿg  (::36-::11)8 rcy kc Agfbjtcrrj cgtrc ::=1 y ::11, pjrtaoapÿ

kc bj tcrocrj oruzjkj. Cg ::15, `arnÿ olg _jbjkagl cb [rjtjkl kc Ujnbj, plr cb quc sc cstjebcoaÿ ugj trcfuj kc trcs júls y cb baerc joocsl kc bls orastajgls j Hcrusjbág, quc quckÿ cg njgls kc bls nusubnjgcs.  

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Buas A] kc @rjgoaj (:5:;-:569)8 rcy kc @rjgoaj, kc bj kagjstîj kc bls Ojpctls. Yjrtaoapÿ

kc bj sáptanj oruzjkj, quc bl bbcvÿ j Cfaptl, klgkc `uc tlnjkl prasalgcrl y tuvl quc pjfjr ug rcsojtc plr su baecrtjk. Lrfjgazÿ bucfl bj lotjvj oruzjkj, pcrl kcspuás kc kcscnejrojr cg [øgcz sc kcsjtÿ ugj pcstc y nuraÿ vîotanj kc bj kascgtcrîj y cb csolreutl.

Eaebalfrj`îj8

  Cgoaoblpckaj kc Mastlraj (:3-9:-5955) Bjs Oruzjkjs. SUB8 mttps8//cgoaoblpckajkcmastlraj.oln/bjsoruzjkjs/

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@blra, Hcjg. Bj fucrrj sjgtj. Bj `lrnjoaÿg kc bj akcj kc oruzjkj cg cb Looakcgtc orastajgl . Njkrak, [rlttj. 599?.

 

Mccrs, Hjoqucs. Bj prancrj oruzjkj. _jgtajfl kc Omabc, Jgkrás Ecbbl. :116.

 

Uugoanjg, _tcvcg. Mastlraj kc bjs Oruzjkjs. Njkrak, Jbajgzj. 599=.

 

[ycrnjg, Omrastlpmcr. Bjs fucrrjs kc Kals. Ejrocblgj, Orîtaoj. 5996.

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BJ _JG[J AGZSA_AOALG OJ[LBAOJ

_jgtj Agquasaoaÿg l sanpbcncgtc Agquasaoaÿg sc bbjnjg j ugj scrac kc agstatuoalgcs pcrtcgcoacgtcs njylrncgtc j bj Afbcsaj Ojtÿbaoj   y kckaojkjs j bj kctcooaÿg, pcrscouoaÿg y ojstafl kc bj mcrchîj cg sus plsaebcs `joctjs. Kaomj pcrscouoaÿg crj bbcvjkj j ojel plr bls agquasaklrcs,  jfcgtcs cobcsaêstaols olg bj pltcstjk kc slnctcr j huaoal bj `c   kc bls oaukjkjgls y kc chcrocr mjstj oacrtl pugtl rlbcs plbaoajbcs, hukaoajbcs y pugatavls. _c kcsolgloc bj ojgtakjk kc pcrslgjs quc pcrkacrlg bj vakj cg njgls kc bj agquasaoaÿg, slnctakls j tlrturj `îsaoj (pjrj letcgcr olg`csalgcs kc eruhcrîj, mcomaocrîj, mcrchîj l slklnîj) y j ojstafls chcnpbjrazjgtcs, quc aejg kcskc bj qucnj cg bj mlfucrj mjstj cb jmlfjnacgtl. Agobusl  sc bbcfÿ j slnctcr j huaoal j jganjbcs , ejhl bj bÿfaoj kc quc jbecrfjejg cgtakjkcs kcnlgîjojs, jsî olnl j sjgoalgjr y kcstruar baerls, y pcrscfuar j sus jutlrcs. Lrafcg kc bj Agquasaoaÿg

Cg ::=; sc orcÿ bj _jgtj Agquasaoaÿg cg Bjgfucklo, jb sur kc @rjgoaj. Bj Agquasaoaÿg cgojrgj cb cspîratu kc bjs gjoalgcs curlpcjs bucfl kcb jsocgsl kcb orastajgasnl , quc cnpczÿ j olgsakcrjr j bls mcrchcs olnl cgcnafls kcb Cstjkl. Jsî sc orcj bj _jgtj Agquasaoaÿg cg ::=; cg Bjgfucklo , jb sur kc @rjgoaj. Crj ugj agstatuoaÿg pjrj olnejtar bj mcrchîj kc bls oêtjrls l jbeafcgscs, ouyjs klotragjs olgtrjkcoîjg cb ojglg ojtÿbaol. Bucfl sc jpbaoÿ cg nlncgtls cspcoî`aols, olnl cb rcagl kc Jrjfÿg cg :5;1 , scgtjgkl jsî bjs ejscs pjrj bl quc bucfl `uc bj oábcerc Agquasaoaÿg Cspjúlbj, ugj kc bjs nês orucbcs kc bj mastlraj, y tjneaág cg Ylrtufjb y cg Ulnj, bbcfjgkl agobusl j bjs olblgajs olb lgajs kc Jnáraoj. Bj Agquasaoaÿg cg bj Ckjk Nckaj

Bls leaspls jotujejg olnl hucocs y vcrkufls.

 

J bl bjrfl kc bj Ckjk Nckaj, bj Agquasaoaÿg tuvl vjrajs `ÿrnubjs y jpjraoalgcs. Bj prancrj `uc bj Agquasaoaÿg Cpasolpjb, `ugkjkj cg cb safbl ]AA cg cb sur kc @rjgoaj nckajgtc bj eubj  Jk jelbcgkjn kcb pjpj Buoal AAA. Cg cbbj sc bcs kjej j bls leaspls cb kcecr kc cxtarpjr bj mcrchîj   jotujgkl olnl hucocs y vcrkufls cg sus kaÿocsas, pcrl `ugoalgÿ kc njgcrj arrcfubjr y csplrêkaoj. Ylr cstj rjzÿg sc orcj cg :5?: bj Agquasaoaÿg Ylgta`aoaj l Agquasaoaÿg Yjpjb , nckajgtc bj eubj Cxolnnugaojnus kcb pjpj Frcflral A]. Cg cstj gucvj jpjraoaÿg, bj lrfjgazjoaÿg kcpcgkcrîj karcotjncgtc kcb sunl plgtî`aoc y gl kc bls leaspls blojbcs, y rcojcrîj cg bjs ÿrkcgcs ncgkaojgtcs, cspcoajbncgtc cspcoajbncgtc cg bls klnagaols. Ylstcralrncgtc, cg :535, cb pjpj Aglocgoal AP jutlrazÿ cb usl kc bj tlrturj  pjrj letcgcr bj olg`csaÿg kc bls rcls kc bj Agquasaoaÿg, Agquasaoa ÿg, nckajgtc su eubj Jk cxtarpjgkj. Cstl kal lrafcg j  tlkj ugj vjrackjk kc pcgjs jpbaojebcs , cgtrc bjs quc cstjej bj pcgj kc nucrtc pjrj bls mcrchcs quc gl jehurjrjg kc sus s us `jbsls orckls. Bj Agquasaoaÿg Cspjúlbj

Bj Agquasaoaÿg cspjúlbj `uc prlnlvakj plr bj nlgjrquîj. Jugquc yj mjeîj jpjrcoakl cg cb rcagl kc Jrjfÿg, bj Agquasaoaÿg `uc agstjurjkj `lrnjbncgtc cg cb rcagl kc Ojstabbj cg :;6= , plr bj eubj Cxafat sagocrjc kcvltalgas kcb pjpj _axtl AP, pjrj olnejtar bjs ag`bucgoajs kc bls hukclolgvcrsls cg bj _cvabbj kc bj áploj. J ka`crcgoaj kc ltrls ojpîtubls kc bj _jgtj Agquasaoaÿg, ástj `uc prlnlvakj plr bj nlgjrquîj, cs kcoar, plr sus njhcstjkcs ojtÿbaojs, y prlgtl cxtcgkaÿ su klnagal j ltrls tcrratlrals c agobusl j bjs olblgajs jncraojgjs. Jsî, tcrnagÿ olgvartaágklsc cg ugj mcrrjnacgtj kcb plkcr rcjb , olnl ugj sucrtc kc lrfjgasnl plbaoajb agtcrcstjtjb, olnøg j tlkls bls tcrratlrals cspjúlbcs.

 

Bj agquasaoaÿg cg Jnáraoj

_c sjec kc traeugjbcs kc agquasaoaÿg cg bjs ojpatjbcs varrcagjbcs l oaukjkcs anplrtjgtcs kc bj Jnáraoj maspjgj cg bj áploj olblgajb, olnl cg Náxaol, Banj y Ojrtjfcgj kc Agkajs. Cg cb ojsl ncxaojgl, bj agquasaoaÿg bbcfÿ hugtl olg bls olgquastjklrcs cspjúlbcs , plr bl quc sus prancrjs ‒lrkcgjgzjs„ `ucrlg cg olgtrj kc  plebjklrcs gjtavls, olnl bls mjeatjgtcs kc [cglomtatbêg l cb ojbtzlgtzag kcb pucebl kc bls tjrjsols. Bucfl kc bj agstjurjoaÿg kcb lrkcg olblgajb, sc orcÿ ug [raeugjb kcb _jgtl L`aoal , karcotjncgtc kcpcgkacgtc kcb Olgschl kc bj _uprcnj Agquasaoaÿg. _u jutlrakjk cstjej cg njgls kc ugl l vjrals agquasaklrcs cspjúlbcs , quacgcs olgtjejg olg ug oucrpl kc ‒olgsubtlrcs kcb _jgtl L`aoal„, ugj sucrtc kc olgschl kc pcrslgjs klotjs pjrj

kcejtar bjs kcoasalgcs ka`îoabcs. Jkcnês, cxastîj ltrl frupl kcglnagjkl ‒ojba`aojklrcs kcb _jgtl L`aoal„ , quacgcs jyukjejg j bj tlnj kc kcoasalgcs cg ojsls kcejtaebcs. [lrturjs kc bj _jgtj Agquasaoaÿg

Jøg sc olgscrvjg lehctls kc tlrturj kc bj Agquasaoaÿg. Bls nátlkls kc bj agquasaoaÿg crjg pjrtaoubjrncgtc valbcgtls. Bj tlrturj, bj munabbjoaÿg pøebaoj y bj nucrtc crjg prêotaojs olnugcs cg su buomj plr anplgcr cb klfnj orastajgl. Crjg prjotaojkjs ejhl cb prcocptl kc quc  bj nlrta`aojoaÿg kcb oucrpl sjbvjej l pura`aojej cb jbnj, kc nlkl quc crj ‒glrnjb„ chcrocr valbcgoaj slerc ug jousjkl mjstj jrrjgojrbc bj

olg`csaÿg kcscjkj. Sgj vcz letcgakj, sc prlockîj j ug ojstafl chcnpbjrazjgtc, olnl bj qucnj cg bj mlfucrj l cb jmlfjnacgtl, y j ncgukl bls eacgcs y prlpackjkcs kcb scgtcgoajkl crjg olg`asojkls plr bj Afbcsaj.

 

Eruhcrîj, mcrchîj y ltrjs jousjoalgcs

Ejhl bj bÿfaoj kc bj Agquasaoaÿg, ugj sanpbc jousjoaÿg kc eruhcrîj, pjotl kcnlgîjol, jbquanaj , mlnlscxujbakjk (slklnîj), pjfjgasnl, mcrchîj (kcsleckacgoaj kc bls njgkjtls orastajgls) l jplstjsîj (rcomjzl jb klfnj ojtÿbaol) crjg su`aoacgtcs pjrj nltavjr ugj agvcstafjoaÿg. Kurjgtc bj nasnj, oujbquacr jpjrcgtc olg`arnjoaÿg kc slspcomj jojrrcjej ug huaoal y ugj scgtcgoaj. Bls jousjkls gl tcgîjg njylr lplrtugakjk kc kc`cgkcrsc, l fcgcrjbncgtc bj tcgîjg bucfl kc mjecr sakl kcstruakls `îsaoj y psaolbÿfaojncgtc ejhl tlrturj. Cb ojsl kc Fjbabcl Fjbabca

Fjbabca `uc jousjkl plr kc`cgkcr cb nlkcbl mcbaloágtraol. Cb oacgtî`aol Fjbabcl Fjbabca, kc`cgslr kcb nlkcbl olpcrgaojgl kcb sastcnj slbjr (y mjstj cb kîj kc mly ugj kc bjs frjgkcs ncgtcs kc bj munjgakjk) tuvl quc várscbjs cg cb safbl ]PAA olg bls traeugjbcs kc bj Agquasaoaÿg. _c bc jousjej kc jtcgtjr olgtrj bjs olgsakcrjoalgcs cobcsaêstaojs, jb kc`cgkcr cb nlkcbl

mcbaloágtraol (bj [acrrj farj cg tlrgl jb _lb) quc cb fcloágtraol (cb _lb farj cg tlrgl j bj [acrrj) prlpucstl plr Jrastÿtcbcs y kc`cgkakl plr cb ojglg cobcsaêstaol. Cg kls lplrtugakjkcs sc huzfÿ j Fjbabca8 cg :0:0 y cg :0?? . Cg cb prancrl su lerj `uc olgkcgjkj y cg cb scfugkl sc bc lebafÿ j rcgcfjr pøebaojncgtc kc sus tclrîjs y jknatar quc sc mjeîj cquavlojkl, quc bj [acrrj gl sc nlvîj. Jugquc ejhl bj prcsaÿg kc bj Agquasaoaÿg gcfÿ su prlpaj tclrîj , bl mazl j rcfjújkacgtcs, jfrcfjgkl scføg bj bcycgkj ug olncgtjral kcsj`ajgtc8 ‒Cppur sa nulvc„  (‒y sag cnejrfl, sc nucvc„). 

 

Cb ojsl kc Hujgj kc Jrol

Hujgj kc Jrol `uc cghuaoajkj plr mcrchîj y `uc qucnjkj cg pøebaol cg Uujg. Ltrl ojsl oábcerc kc bls huaoals agquasaklrcs `uc cb kc Hujgj kc Jrol, ugj hlvcg fucrrcrj kcb safbl ]P quc cgojeczÿ cb chároatl `rjgoás cg su buomj olgtrj bls b ls agfbcscs, frjoajs j bl oujb pukl

olrlgjrsc cb nlgjroj Ojrbls PAA.

Hujgj `uc bucfl ojpturjkj plr bls elrflúcscs y cgtrcfjkj j Agfbjtcrrj, ouyls obárafls bj cghuaoajrlg plr mcrchîj y `uc qucnjkj cg pøebaol cg Uujg. Cstc huaoal agquasa agquasatlrajb tlrajb cstuvl ejhl njgkjtl kcb leaspl Yacrrc Ojuomlg y `uc objrjncgtc obj rjncgtc ugj rcprcsjbaj kc tapl plbîtaol, kas kas`rjzjkj `rjzjkj kc huaoal cobcsaêstaol. Huaoals olgtrj jganjbcs

Cgtrc :500 y :3=0 sc rcjbazjrlg gl ncgls kc scscgtj  huaoals olgtrj jganjbcs, jousjkls kc orîncgcs olgtrj cb orastajgasnl. Nuomls jganjbcs `ucrlg tlrturjkls y scgtcgoajkls, agobusl vcstakls olnl munjgls , j pcsjr kc quc gl plkîj letcgcrsc kc cbbls ugj olg`csaÿg.

 

Njbbcus Njbbc`aojrun

Cb Njbbcus Njbbc`aojrun sc puebaoÿ cg Jbcnjgaj cg :;=6. Yuebaojkl cg cb Ucgjoanacgtl curlpcl, cb Njrtabbl kc bjs eruhjs cs ug trjtjkl cxmjustavl slerc bj ojzj kc eruhjs , jtraeuakl j bls frjgkcs agquasaklrcs curlpcls olnl cb atjbajgl Ecrgjrkl Ujtcfgl kj Olnl, cb hcsuatj maspjgl-ecbfj Njrtîg kcb Uîl l cb hurastj `rjgoás Hcjg Elkag. _c puebaoÿ cg Jbcnjgaj cg :;=6 y tuvl guncrlsjs ckaoalgcs, sunjgkl bcúj jb `ucfl kc bj ojzj kc eruhjs y mcomaocrls j bl bjrfl y jgoml kc bj Curlpj orastajgj. Uc`crcgoajs8

 

‒Agquasaoaÿg„ cg Vadapckaj.

 

‒Bj sjgtj agquasaoaÿg„ cg Ebjslgcs Maspjgls.

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‒Bj agquasaoaÿg cg Jnáraoj„ cg  Mastlraj Sgavcrsjb.

 

‒Agquasaoaÿg„ cg Cgoaoblpckaj Ojtÿbaoj Lgbagc.

 

‒Agquasatalg„ cg [mc Cgoaoblpjckaj Eratjggaoj.

 

‒¼Ylr quá y oÿnl surfc bj agquasaoaÿg