Las Comunidades de Aldeas en Calatayud en La Edad Media.

 

Icrlfc, 341:) as, ak `c cftuc`dici, fctairãtdfl ia Ndstlrdc Eaidavc` ak `c Qkdvarsd Qkdvarsdici ici ia Wcrcjlzc y prasdiakta ia `c Cslfdcfdök Crcjlkasc ia Asfrdtlras. _arl tcemdäk as, sdk `ujcr c iuics, ciaeãs ia uk ndstlrdcilr ia prastdjdl, a` eaglr Glsä @uds

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asfrdtlr crcjlkäs ia klva`c ndstördfc, flk raflklfdil prastdjdl tcktl c kdva` kcfdlkc` flel dktarkcfdlkc`. Iasia `c pum`dfcfdök ia su prdearc lmrc A` sc``ök ilrcil 3448) nc sc ncsstc `c eãs rafdakta A` akd kdjec jec ia `cs fc fctairc` tairc`as as =?3=), nc rasufdtcil c` Fdi Fcepacilr Fcepacilr,, ` c`qudedstc Hu`fckasajaickl ickl ``d c uk flkstruftlr ia fctairc`as, c` saja Fcrl ak Kueckfdc y cså, h`uyak ak ukl uklss fcsls y frac ak ltrls, par parslkcgas slkcgas qua sa ciuaóck ia uk tltc` ia idafdlfnl klva`cs klva`cs ndstördfcs. @c ia A` Fdi sdk dr eãs `agls, `agl s, sa idstrdmuyö ak eãs ia qudkfa pcåsas aktra Vuiceärdfc, Aurlpc y Astcils Qkdils ia Ceärdfc y hua trciufdic c fdkfl didlecs. Kl l`vdiaels su pak÷`tdec klva`c, crjueaktcic ak a` `ceaktcm`a rlml ia` Fliax Fc`dxtdkus nly ha`dzeakta rafuparcil)7 A` Föidfa ia` _ arajrdkl =?3= ?3=). ). Ak su cmukickta mdm`dl mdm`dljrchåc, jrchåc, katceakta ndstördfc, c `ls eãs eãs ia ilsfdaktls crtåfu`ls ia dkvastdjcfdök pum`d pum`dfcils fcils sa sueck sueck lmrcs flel `c Ndstlrdc flktcic ia Crcjök =? =???) ??) y su raaidfdök cep`dcic =?33), Edtls y `ayakics ia Crcjök =??=), Mr Mrava ava ndstlrdc ia `c Lri Lriak ak ia` Yaep`a c`` ar ia Ndstlrdc l Qkc Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc =??>), aktra ltrcs. Hltl plrtcic plrtcic   asplm`cil ia _crils Cutlr Cjuståk Vckedjua` Ectal

 

@c varsdök lrdjdkc` y flep`atc ia astc lmrc iama flksu`tcrsa ak7 nttps7//dhf.ipz.as/pum`dfcfdlkas/amllbs/di/6=11

Astc lmrc astã sugatc c `c `dfakfdc FF MT-KF-KI 9.? Dktarkcfdlkc` ia Fractdva Fleelks qua iataredkc `l sdjudakta7 •

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MT (]aflklfdedaktl)7 raflklfar ciafuciceakta `c cutlråc, prlplrfdlkcr uk ak`cfaIama c `c `dfakfdc a dkidfcr sd sa nck rac`dzcil fcemdls. _uaia ncfar`l ia fuc`qudar eckarc rczlkcm`a, parl kl ia ukc eckarc qua sujdarc qua tdaka a` cplyl ia` `dfakfdcilr l `l rafdma plr a` usl qua ncfa. KF (Kl flearfdc`)7 @c axp`ltcfdök ia `c lmrc quaic `dedtcic c usls kl flearfdc`as. KI (Vdk lmrcs iardvcics)7 @c cutlrdzcfdök pcrc axp`ltcr `c lmrc kl dkf`uya `c trckshlrecfdök pcrc fracr ukc lmrc iardvcic.

_crc var ukc flpdc ia astc `dfakfdc, vdsdta nttps7//fractdvafleelks.lrj/ `dfaksas/my-kf-ki/9.?/iaai.as.

 

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_um`dfcfdök k÷earl 33> ia` Faktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls y 6.386 ia `c Dkstdtufdök «Harkckil a` Fctö`dfl² Axfec. Idputcfdök ia Wcrcjlzc) _`czc ia Aspcóc, 1??:3 WC]CJLWC Aspcóc) Ya`ählkl R69) 4:8 => >> : > : 4 - Hcx R69) 4:8 => >> 84 dhf.ipz.as

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Hltljrchåc ia plrtcic7 Cjuståk Vckedjua` Hltljrchåc ia flktrc flktrcpl plrr tcic tcic77 Flecrfc Fleukdici Fleu kdici ia Fc`ctcyui

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Aici Eaidc

 

Iasia a` cól =??3 ak a` qua sa flkstdtuyö `c Flecrfc ia ` Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui nck sdil kuearlscs `cs fl`cmlrcfdlkas rac`dzcics flk a` Faktrl ia Astuidls Md`mdtckls. c muakc sdktlkåc qua cemcs dkstdtufdlkas ecktdakak nc paredtdil qua vdasak `c `uz lmrcs flel Fu`turc plpu`cr ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ia Glsä Ãkja` Qrzcy Qrzcy   l a` ]akcfdedaktl ak ` Flecrfc ia ` Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ia` prlhaslr Gas÷s Frdcil y fl`cmlrcfdlkas ak idstdktls sdeplsdls y glrkcics ia astuidl. @c cftuc` Flecrfc as `c naraiarc ia ukc ia `cs dkstdtufdlkas eãs cktdjucs ia Crcjök `c Fleukdici ia C`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui fracic plr C`hlksl a` Mctc``cilr trcs `c flkqudstc ia astcs tdarrcs ak 33=?. As plr a``l qua iasia astc dkstdtufdök sa nc iafdidil fl`cmlrcr ak `c aidfdök ia asta `dmrl `dmrl   ukc ecjkåhdfc lmrc ia` prlhaslr Glsä @uds Flrrc` ak `c qua a` cutlr nc raflpd`cil dkhdkdici ia ictls flk `c sardaici y a` rdjlr fdaktåhdfl qua `a fcrcftardzck qua sajurceakta ncrãk ia a``c uk raharakta pcrc `ls astuidlsls ia `c ndstlrdc. Asta astuidl as sdk iuic a` eãs flep`atl pum`dfcil ncstc `c hafnc slmra `ls lråjakas ia kuastrc Flecrfc `c fuc` as c`jl ia `l qua `ls qua vdvdels ak `ls sasaktc y sdata puam`ls ia su cftuc` ia`dedtcfdök iamaels saktdrkls lrju``lsls. @c Flecrfc ia

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Fuckil a` fctairãtdfl ia Ndstlrdc Eaidavc` ia `c Qkdvarsdici ia Wcrcjlzc Wcrcjlzc,, ilk Glsä @uds Flrrc` @chuakta, fleaktö c` Faktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls qua takåc asfrdtc ukc ndstlrdc eaidavc` ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, kuastrl lhrafdedaktl ia pum`dfcfdök ia astc lmrc dkäidtc hua dkeaidctl. Vu tåtu`l iahdkdtdvl7 c Fleukdici ia C`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ak ` Aici Eaidc. Kl arrcels ak ` c iafdsdök c ` j l euy deprlmcm`a flklfdakil c` cutlr y su mcjcga ndstördfl y `dtarcrdl yc qua, c `ls plfls iåcs, takåcels a` eckusfrdtl ak kuastrcs eckls y, ahaftdvceakta, kls akflktrcels flk ukc huturc pum`dfcfdök, nly yc uk nafnl, qua razuecmc uk dkiuicm`a dktaräs ndstlrdljrãhdfl pcrc Fc`ctcyui y su Flecrfc. Glsä @uds Flrrc` @chuakta Icrlfc, 341:) as, sdk `ujcr c iuics, ciaeãs ia uk ndstlrdcilr ia prastdjdl , a` eaglr asfrdtlr crcjlkäs ia klva`c ndstördfc y uk variciarl cftdvdstc fu`turc`. Iasia `c pum`dfcfdök ia su prdearc lmrc A` sc`ök ilrcil 3448) ncstc `c eãs rafdakta crjueaktcic ak a` `ceaktcm`a y rafdakta rlml ia` Fliax Fc`dxtdkus- A` Föidfa ia` _arajrdkl =?3=), nc rasufdtcil c `c vdic c` Fdi Fcepacilr, c Hu`fcka``d , c uk flkstruftlr ia fctairc`as, c` sajaickl Fcrl ak Kueckfdc y cså, h`uyak ak ukls fcsls y frac ak ltrls, parslkcgas qua sa ciuaó ciuaóck ck ia uk tltc` ia idafdlfnl klva`cs ndstördfcs. @c ia A` Fdi, sdk dr eãs `agls, sa idstrdmuyö ak eãs ia qudkfa pcåsas aktra Vuiceärdfc, Vuiceärdfc , Aurlpc y Astcils Qkdils ia Ceärdfc y hua trciufdic c fdkfl didlecs. Ak su cmukickta mdm`dljrchåc, katceakta ndstördfc , c `ls eãs ia ilsfdaktls crtåfu`ls ia dkvastdjcfdök pum`dfcils sa sueck lmrcs flel `c Ndstlrdc flktcic ia Crcjök =???) y su raaidfdök cep`dcic =?33 =?33), ), Edtls y `ayakics ia Crcjök =??=), Mrava ndstlrdc ia ` Lriak ia` Yaep`a, Yc``ar ia Ndstlrdc l Qkc Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc =??>), aktra ltrcs. Asfrdmdö a` judök ia ukc ndstlrdc ia Crcjök pcrc su plstardlr aidfdök ak slplrta vdialjrãhdfl y ia `c qua tcemdäk hua a` idraftlr ndstördfl. Vu takcfdici a depafcm`a trcmcgl ak asta prlyaftl ndzl qua huasa praedcil, ak a` cól 344= 344=,, flk `c Eaic``c ia _`ctc ak a` ^^ ^ DX Hastdvc` Dktarkcfdlkc` ia Xåial y Ya`avdsdök ia Kuav Ku avcc Tlrb Tlrb.. _lsd _lsdm`a m`aeakt eakta, a, asta jc`c jc`criök riök ndzl qua a` chcecil idraftlr ia fdka ceardfckl ]di`ay Vfltt `a a`djdasa flel csaslr ndstördfl ia `c pa`åfu`c 394=. @c flkqudstc ia` _crcåsl.

 

T su j rck cftdvdici `dtarcrdc kl `a rastc kd tdaepl kd jckcs pcrc prasdidr `c Cslfdcfdök Cslf dcfdök ia Asfr Asfrdtlr dtlras as Crcjlkasas pcrc prasak pra saktcr tcr uk `dmrl l sdep sdep`a `a eakta fncr`cr flk `ls slfdls ia ukc eliastc mdm`dltafc   ak a ` puam puam``afdtl eã eãss rafökidtl ia` tarrdtlrdl crcjlkäs. C a``l a ``l flktrdmuya su fcrãftar idkãedfl y chcm` chcm`aa sar uk jrck flkvarscilr y   slmra tlil uk rcsjl d ku suc ` ak parslkcs ia raflklfdil prastdjdl flel ä`7 su eliastdc. A` lhrafdedaktl ia astc pum`dfcfdök ` FAM plr pcrta ia` cutlr kl hua fcsuc`. Arck eufnl eufnlss cóls ia åktdec cedstci y fl`cmlrcfdök flk su s u cktardlr prasdiakta Cjuståk Vckedj Vckedju ua` Ectal. Eu E ufnls vdcgas ia dkvastdjcfdök flkharakfdcs pras prasakaktcfdlkas pum`dfcfd pum`dfcfdlkas lkas y astuidls slmra a` a ` Crcjök eaidavc` a ds`ãedfl huarlk hrcjuckil plfl c plf plfl l asc ra`cfdök cedfc` akt aktrra cemls y qua chlrtukciceakta chlrtukciceakta   naels naraicil `l `lss qua s uf ufaidels aidels c Cjuståk. Cjuståk. Ak hdk naels ncm`cil ia i a ` « kc kcrrcilr rrcilr ia ndstl ndstlrdcs²2 rdcs²2 cnl cnlrc rc sö`l ra stc qua as cedjls `aftlras ncm` ustaias ustai ncm`ak ak ia `c nd stlrdc flktcic plr ä ` slmra kuastrc Fleukdici ia Fc Fc`ctcyui `ctcyui . ECKQA@ EDFNAYL ]QDW

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3   DKY KY] ]LIQFF LIQFFDDÖK C pascr ia `c deplrtckfdc qua `cs Fleukdicias ia vd``c y tdarrc nck takdil ak `c Ndstlrdc Eaidavc` y tcemdäk tcemdäk ak `c Eliarkc a dkf`usl ak `ls prdearls iafakdls ia `c Flktaeplrãkac kl nck idshrutcil ia `c ctakfdök ndstlrdljrãhdfc qua earafak. As prlmcm`a qua a``l sa ncyc iamdil c` dktaräs susfdtcil plr tlil `l ra`cfdlkcil flk a` eukil ia `ls saólråls `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls qua nck flpcil ` ecylråc ia `cs tasds ilftlrc`as aeckcics ia `ls iapcrtceaktls ukdvarsdtcrdls ia Ndstlrdc ak `cs ÷`tdecs iäfcics ia` sdj`l ^^. Ak Fcstd``c   `cs Fleukdicias nck flktcil dkf`usl flk ukc vaktcgc idhåfd` ia suparcr y ästc kl nc sdil ltrc qua `c flkhusdök plpu`cr aktra `ls elvdedaktls fleukarls ia` sdj`l ^XD y `cs Fleukdicias ia vd``c y tdarrc   flkhusdök qua ak fdartl elil   nc `cstrcil a` flklfdedaktl jakarc` ia astcs ÷`tdecs. Ak a` fcsl ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs a` iasflklfdedaktl tlicvåc nc sdil ecylr. Iurckta eufnl tdaepl y ckta `c fcrakfdc ia astuidls cftuc`dzcils sa ``ajö c fraar qua `cs vd``cs l fduicia fduici a s qua icmck klemra c `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs hlrecmck pcrta ia a``cs qua arck flel ukc aspafda ia fcpdtc` ia `cs edsecs y flk fc`dhdfctdvls ia asta tdpl tlicvåc sdjuak pum`dfãkilsa c`jukls trcmcgls. _arl `cs eãs rafdaktas cplrtcfdlkas nck iagcil mdak f`crl qua ak a` radkl ia Crcjök `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs y `cs fduicias l vd``cs qua ick klemra c ascs asc s Fleukdicias flkstdtuåck dkstdtufdlkas dkstdtufdlka s «ukdvarsdicias ukdvarsdicias² ² idråck ak a` Eaidavl   mdak idstdktcs. Ak a` Crcjök eaidavc` sa lrjckdzcrlk fuctrl jrckias Fleukdicias ia c`iacs tras ia a``cs tdakak uk lrdjak y ukc hukicfdök fle÷k ea rahdarl c `cs ia Icrlfc   Fc`ctcyui y Yarua` qua sa mcsck tarrdtlrdc`eakta ak `ls `åedtas ia `ls huarls flkfaidils c astcs tras `lfc`dicias plr `ls rayas ia Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^DD 2 ` fucrtc fucrtc   `c ia C`mcrrcfåk   prasaktc uk lrdjak idstdktl y  y  ak flksafuakfdc   ukcs fcrcftaråstdfcs idharaktas c `cs ltrcs tras   qua ncmrã qua ia`dedtcr flk ecylr prafdsdök fuckil sa astuidak ak prlhukidici sus astrufturcs prlpdcs. A` fcsl qua cquå lfupc   a` ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui   fcrafåc ncstc cnlrc ia ukc elkljrchåc qua pusdarc ia ra`dava su lrdjak   `c hlrecfdök ia sus astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs y ciedkdstrctdvcs y su lrjckdzcfdök flel «ukdvarsdici ukdvarsdici² ²

 

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eaidavc` iltcic ia sus jakudkls örjckls ia jlmdarkl, ia sus astctutls y ia sus raj`ceaktls prdvctdvls. Cså, astc dkvastdjcfdök flktrdmuya c akjcrzcr ukc pdazc eãs, y sdk iuic ukc ia `cs eãs deplrtcktas, ak asa elscdfl ia gurdsidffdlkas y «ukdvarsdicias ukdvarsdicias²² qua flkstdtuyö a` radkl ia Crcjök ak `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc . Asta `dmrl tdaka su lrdjak ak uk trcmcgl ia dkvastdjcfdök qua rac`dfä ncfa yc c`jukls cóls ak fl`cmlrcfdök flk Ecråc Glsä Vãkfnaz Qsök ak a` Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` ia Fc`ctcyui.

3.3. Astcil ia `c fuastdök @ls trcmcgls slmra `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ia` Crcjök eaidav eaidavcc` prasaktcmck uk iähdfdt kltcmd`åsdel ncstc hdkc`as ia` sdj`l 3). C idharakfdc ia `cs Fleukdicias ia vd``c y tdarrc fcsta``ckcs, qua ncmåck raquardil `c ctakfdök ia idvarsls ndstlrdcilras =), mdak as fdartl qua iaktrl ia asc pcrfa`c astaraltdpcic qua uk tcktl c`actlrdceakta sa iakledkc «ndstlrdc `lfc`², `lfc` ², iasia ncfa tdaepl y flk fdartc prlhusdök, `cs crcjlkascs kl ncmåck idshrutcil ia `c ctakfdök praharakta ia `ls ndstlrdcilras 6). A` prdear ndstlrdcilr qua dktaktö ukc cprlxdecfdök ia eckarc rdjurlsc hua Xdfakta ia `c Huakta 9), a` fuc` astcm`afdö ukc aspafda ia iahdkdfdök jakarc` pcrc fc`dhdfcr c ukc Fleukdici flel tc`2 arc `c sdjudakta7 «. « . . . räjdeak l pcrtdfu`cr ia uk tarrdtlrdl ia` fuc` arc saólrc ukc fduici l vd``c rac`akjc a dkiapakidakta, hlreckil, plr flkfasdök ia` elkcrfc, uk paquaól astcil, flk su prlpdl huarl y eckfleukdici ia lm`djcfdlkas, iarafnls a dktarasas, aspafdc`eakta ak ectardc ia pcstls y raprasdök ia ia`dtls² 1). Ak flksafuakfdc, y saj÷k asta edsel ndstlrdcilr ndstlrdcilr,, pcrc qua ukc cslfdcfdök ia c`iacs ia asta tdpl puidarc sar iakledkcic flel «Fl «Fleukdici eukdici²² arc kafascrdl qua idspusdarc ia ukc fduici l vd``c fcmafarc fuyl räjdeak guråidfl huarc ia rac`akjl y quaicrc axaktc plr tcktl ia fuc`qudar gurdsidffdök saólrdc`2 qua `c vd``c l fduici fcmafarc uk iledkdl `cs c`iacs ia su tarrdtlrdl2 qua ukc astuvdarc iltcic ia uk agarfdarc huarl fle÷k y ÷kdfl slmra pcrc tlics `cs c`iacs2 qua axdstdarc eckfleukdici ia pcstls y ukc ÷kdfc gurdsidffdök frdedkc` aktra a``cs 2 y , plr hdk, qua idspusdarck ia uk aspcfdl fle÷k l «eai «eaidckatl dckatl²² pcrc pliar guzj guzjcr cr `cs idharakfdcs aktra `cs c`iacs l aktra `ls vafdkls ia `cs edsecs 8). Ia `c Huakta, qua asfrdmåc iasia Ecirdi y sdk flklfar ia prdearc eckl `c ilfueaktcfdök lrdjdkc` ia `ls crfndvls crcjlkasas, c rcjlkasas, cp`dfö fcsd edeätdfceakta a` elia`l qua aktlkfas sa flklfåc slmra `c `css Fleukdicias ia vd``c y tdarrc fcsta``ckcs c `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs. A` arrlr ia Ia `c Huakta hua ctrdmudr c `c `css crcjlkascs `cs edsecs fcrcftaråstdfcs hukfdlkc`as qua c `cs fcsta``ckcs. Cså, iasia hdkc`as ia` sdj`l ^  ^ sa rapdtdarlk ncstc `c scfdaici ascs csavarcfdlkas, csavarcfd lkas, aqudpcrckil ils tdpls ia Fleukdicias , `cs crcjlkascs y `cs fcsta``ckcs , qua idharåck ia eckarc asakfdc` ak eufncs ia sus fcrcftaråstdfcs :). 3=

 

  ktrliuff ktrliuffddö k

Numl qua asparcr uk sdj`l pcrc fleakzcr c cf`crcr asta tdpl ia flkhusdlkas. Cktlkdl Qmdatl, Qmdatl , ak a` `dmrl qua iaidfö c `c `css idvdsdlkas idvdsdlk as ciedkdstrctdvcs ak `c ndstlrdc ia Crcjök >), yc dkidf dkidfö ö flk f`crdici qua `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui gceãs partakafdö c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia su klemra y qua dkf`usl ästc äst c sa sa ncmåc ncm åc hukicil ak flktrc ia `ls dktarasas ia `c aktlkfas tlicvåc vd``c, flel uk eafckd eafckdss el ia cutliahaksc ia `cs c`iacs ckta `c prlpdc vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui, rafljdakil y cfaptckil `cs flkf`usdlkas ia uk trcmcgl ia ia Glsä @uds Flrrc` y Ecråc Glsä Vãkfnaz Qsök 4). Cukqua `c ia Icrlfc idsplkåc ia uk astuidl pravdl aidtcil ak 3414, ak a` qua tcemdäk sa flktaep`cmc c `c fduici 3?), huarlk sakils trcmcgls ia Glsä @uds Flrrc` 33) y Cktlkdl Jcrjc``l 3=) `ls qua flktrdmuyarlk c cf`crcr a` lrdjak , astrufturcs y lrjckdzcfdök ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ia Icrlfc y Yarua` Yarua` raspaftdvceakta2 ak cemls quaic iaelstrcil, i aelstrcil, jrcfdcs c` eckagl ia `cs huaktas aeckcics idraftceakta ia `cs Fleukdicias y ia `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc , qua `cs vd``cs ia Icrlfc y Yarua` eãs tcria a`avcics c `c fctajlråc ia fduicias) y `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs qua ``avcmck sus klemras arck «ukdvarsdicias² idharaktas, fcic ukc ia a``cs iltcic ia sus raspaftdvls lhdfdc`as y flk prasakfdc ak Fldtas ia Crcjök Crcjök plr sapcrcil, sapcrcil , cukqua as fdartl qua, flel narakfdc ia sus huarls y ia `c äplfc hlrc`, ecktakåck c` gustdfdc, ak a` fcsl ia Icrlfc 36), y c` guaz guaz,, ak a` ia Yarua` 39), flel hukfdlkcrdls fleukas c cemcs , ak ukcs fdrfukstckfdcs y ak ukcs flkidfdlkas qua yc nck sdil axp`dfcics pcrc `ls `ls ils elia`ls 31). C asls ils trcmcgls dkdfdc`as sa nck dil sueckil suecki l ltrls qua nck cfcmcil plr f`crdhdfcr iahdkdtdvceakta astc fuastdök 38). Ia `cs tras Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs qua sa pliråck iahdkdr flel «fckökdfcs², nc sdil `c ia Fc`ctcyui `c ÷kdfc qua fcrafåc, ncstc asta eleaktl eleak tl , ia uk astuidl ia flkguktl. k uk prdear astcil ia ` c fuastdök slmra Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc Ãkja` Fcka``cs 3:) yc saóc`cmc qua ncmåc ncmåc eufnl eufnl plr ncfar, tcktl qua aktra `c mdm`dljrchåc qua fdtc ak asa trcmcgl kl axdsta ukc sl`c raharakfdc c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ak `c Aici Eaidc. Qkls cóls eãs tcria a` edsel Fcka``cs vl`vdö c rac`dzcr uk sajukil astcil ia `c fuastdök2 c``å saóc`c qua «`c ndstlrdc iatc``cic ia astc lrjckdzcfdök lrjckdzcfdök ciedkdstrctdvc ciedkdstrctdvc sa rahdara c `c Fleukdici) kafasdtc ia eufncs elkljrchåcs² 3>), fdtckil `cs cplrtcfdlkas rac`dzcics c` D Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls plr Flrrc` y Vãkfnaz Qsök Qsök 34) y Lvdidl Fua``c =?), y a` a` mrava crtåfu`l slmra a` prlfasl ia ia fucrtcfdök ia ia Fc`vl y Asfrdmckl =3). Tl edsel a`cmlrä uk tarfar astcil ia `c fuastdök slmra `c ndstlrdljrchåc eaidavc` ia Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc ==). _crc aktlkfas `c dkvastdjcfdök cpakcs ncmåc cvckzcil2 tck sö`l sa flkstctck uk pcr ia trcmcgls slmra cspaftls af`asdãstdfls y ia raktcs ia `c Dj`asdc ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici y plfl eãs. @c flkf`usdök arc flktukiakta7 «@c Ndstlrdc eaidavc` y eliarkc ia Fc`ctcyui y su Fleukdici astã plr ncfar² ncfar ² =6). T c` c` raspaftl rasp aftl ia `c Fleukdic Fleukdici i sa saóc`cmc7« ... as prafdsl prafdsl uk astuidl qua cmlria `c flep`agc prlm`aeãtdfc ia ra`cfdlkas ia pliar, pliar, ia akhraktcedaktl y sumlridkcfdök aktra `c fduici y `cs c`iacs. Cquå Cquå,, flktckil flk `ls prafaiaktas yc 36

 

GL VÄ @QD V FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

astuidcils ia `cs `c s Fleukdicias ia Icrlfc y Yarua`, `c fuastdök puaia sar eãs hãfd`, parl as prafdsl aepazcr plr sdstaectdzcs `c ilfueaktcfdök, cnlrc idsparsc ak idstdktls crfndvls, y sd huarc plsdm`a , `lfc`dzcr `ls rastls ia` cktdjul crfndvl ia `cs c`iacs, qua as prlmcm`a qua astä tlicvåc ak c`j÷k `ujcr dkslspafncil. @ c lrjckdzcfdök ia `c Fleukdici, `c hlrec ia depcrtdr gustdfdc ak `cs c`iacs, `c ra`cfdök aktra fduici y Fleukdici y `c fleplsdfdök slfdc` y aflköedfc ia asta tarrdtlrdl ia racc`ak ra `akj jl, cså flel su sds taec deplsdtdvl y hdsfc`, slk fuastdlkas c rasl`var² =9). Fcsd iäfcic y eaidc ias ia s puä puäs, s, y jrcfdcs slmra tlil c `cs cplrtcfdlkas pum`dfcics ak `ls idvarsls idvarsl s Akfuaktrls ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls fa`amrcils y pum`dfcils, `cs sdtucfdök nd s tlrdl tlrdljrãh jrãhdfc dfc nc nc eaglrcil. _arl tlicvåc hc`tc eufnl plr ncfar2 kd s dqudarc su deplrtckta huarl, a` eãs cktdjul ak fucktl c hafnc ia flkfasdök ia `ls tras jrckias ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc, `ls ltrls ltrl s ils slk a` ia Icrlfc ia 339= y a` ia Yarua` ia 33::, nc sdil lmgatl ia astuidls idvarsls, flel så nc lfurrdil flk a` ia Icrlfc y slmra tlil flk a` ia Yarua` , ia eckarc qua cpakcs puaia flktcrsa flk `cs ils aidfdlkas ia ]cels @lsfartc`as =1) y `c eãs rafdakta ia C`jlrc y Crrckz =8). Iasia `uajl `ua jl sdj ua hc`tckil uk astuidl prlhukil y flep`atl ia` huarl md`md`dtckl. Xdfakta ia `c Huakta iaidfö ukc cep`dc lmrc ak il ilss vl`÷eakas c `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, iagckil ia `cil c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs. @c prdearc vaz qua sa chrlktö `c lrjckdzcfdök tarrdtlrdc` ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs c`iac s ia Fc`ctcyui hua ak 34>6 ak ils crtåfu`ls hdrecils flkguktceakta plr Glsä @uds Flrrc` y Ecrå c Glsä Vãkfnaz Qsök. Ak a` prdearl ia a``ls =:) sa cf`c cf`crcmc rcmc `c idvdsdök ia `c Fleukdici ak sasecs, `c ctrdmufdök ia `cs c`iacs c fcic ukc ia a``cs y sus eafckdsels tarrdtlrdc`as, ak tcktl ak a` sajuki sajukil l =>) sa raflkstruåc a` åkidfa ia su iascpcrafdil crfndvl. Ak asa edsel cól Lvdidl Fua``c cplrtcmc uk trcmcgl slmra `c sdtucfdök pl`åtdfc y slfdc` ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui, cukqua fdrfuksfrdtl c `c äplfc ia `ls ilfueaktls ilfueaktl s qu quaa eckagcmc , a` fleprakidil aktra hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX y fledakzls ia` ^X =4). T prãftdfceakta cnå cfcmc tlil. Ak `ls ÷`tdels ÷`tdel s cóls nck cpc cp crafdil c`jukls trcmcgls euy flkfratls sl mra `c Fleukdici, slmra tlil ak `l ra`cfdlkcil flk `css edklråcs euiägcras ia `c ia `cs c`iacs qua `c fleplkåck y c su plm`cfdök 6?), fuyls edaemrls, plr fdartl, astcmc axf`udils ia `ls iarafnls y lm`djcfdlkas qua flepatåck c `ls ncmdtcktas frdstdckls ia `c eds edsec, ec, `ls ÷kdfls qua pliåck ``cecrsa ``cecrs a prlpdceakta «nlemra nlemrass ia `cs `c s c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui².

3. = . @cs flkidfdlkas kcturc`a kcturc`ass a` aspcfdl ja jal ljrã jrãhdfl hdfl A` aspcf aspcfdd l jaljrãhdfl ak a k a` qu quaa sa cs daktck `cs `c s c`iacs i a `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui sa axtdakia c `l `crj `crj l ia` vc``a eaidl ia` rål Gc`ök y ia sus ch`uaktas prdkfdpc`as ak asa trcel, iahdkdakil ukc astrufturc aspcfdc` flkidfdlkcic plr `c rai ia ch`uaktas ia` Gc`ök, ia `ls qua a` eãs deplrtckta as a` Gd`lfc. A` Gc`ök as 39

 

 ktrliuffdök

a` prdkfdpc` ch`uakta c su vaz ia `c ecrjak iarafnc ia` Amrl. Kcfa ak `c `lfc`dici slrdckc ia Astarcs ia Eaidkcfa`d , c 3 == ==? ? eatrls ia c`tdtui, y idsfurra c `l `crjl ia ==9 bd`öeatrls ak idraffdök surlasta-klrlasta ncstc iasaemlfcr ak a` Amrl, ukls =1 bd`öeatrls cjucs crrdmc ia Wcrcjlzc , c =33 =33 eatrls eatr ls ia c`tdtui. Ak su fursl tdaka qua ctrcvascr `ls ils rcec`as elktcólsls ak `ls qua ak astc zlkc sa idvdia a` Vdstaec Dmärdfl , prafdsceakta ak idraffdök klrlasta-surasta, plr `l qua a` rål `ls flrtc ak parpakidfu`cr parpakidfu`cr,, frackil ils iashd`ciarls u nlfas, ukl c `c c`turc ia C`ncec ia Crcjök y ltrl ak `c zlkc ia Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc. A` vc``a eaidl ia` Gc`ök sa axtdakia axtda kia aktra astls ils astrafnls c `l `crjl ia 91 bd`öeatrls. As prafdsc eakta ak asta trcel ilkia rafdma sus prdkfdpc`as ch`uaktas c iarafnc a dzqudaric dzqudaric22 plr `c ecrjak iarafnc `ls råls _dairc , Gd`l Gd`lfc fc y _arag _aragd`as, d`as, y plr `c dzqudaric a` Eckum`as y a` ]dmltc. Astc aspafdc` lrljrchåc ecrfcic plr `c rai h`uvdc` flkidfdlkc iafdsdvceakta `c idstrdmufdök ia` plm`cedaktl ndstördfl, ia elil qua `cs sads sasecs ia `c Fleu kdici ia Fc`ctcyui rasplkiak c `ls sads råls qua vartamrck a` tarrdtlrdl7 `c sasec ia` rål Gd`lfc, `c sasec ia` rål ia Edaias plr a` _aragd`as), `c sasec ia` rål ia `c Fcócic plr a` ]dmltc), `c sasec ia` ]ål ia Mariagl plr a` Eckum`as), `c sasec ia` rål ia Dmias plr a` _dairc) y `c sasec ia` rål Gc`ök. Va trctc, plr tcktl, ia uk aspcfdl jaljrãhdfl ak a` qua `ls vc``as ia `ls råls lriakck `c crtdfu`cfdök ia` tarrdtlrdl, flkstdtuyakil c `l `crjl ia sus rdmarcs harc fåsdecs tdarrcs ia nuartc axp`ltcics iasia `c prandstlrdc , y flk aspafdc` dktaksdici dktaksdic i ak `cs äplfcs dmärdfc 63), rleckc 6=) y eusu`eckc 66). Aktra `ls vc``as h`uvdc`as sa a`avck sdarrcs hrcjlscs, ia c`turcs fleprakidics aktra `ls 3.??? y `ls 3.9?? eatrls, ia `ciarcs cmruptcs y asfcrpcics, plfl prlp prlpd d fdcs pcrc `c cjrdfu`turc, plm`cics ak ltrls tdaepls plr mlsquafd``ls ia akamrls , raml``ls y akfdkcs, nly ak muakc eaidic sustdtudils plr pdkcras ia raplm`cfdök. Astc flep`dfcic lrljrchåc flkidfdlkc ia eckarc rltukic `c rai prdkfdpc` ia fcedkls, qua sdjudakil `ls fursls ia `ls råls sa flkhdjurc ak hlrec ia aspdkc ia paz flk a` aga prdkfdpc` c `l `crjl ia` fursl ia` Gc`ök c` qua flkh`uyak `ls fcedkls qua sdjuak `ls fursls ia sus ch`uaktas. C tck flep`dfcic y flep`agc lrljrchåc flrrasplkia uk f`dec euy vcrdcm`a, ak a` qua `c c`tdtui as uk hcftlr iataredkckta 7 @cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici sa sdt÷ck aktra `ls 913 913 eatrls ia c`tdtui ia Vcvdóãk y `ls 3.3?> ia Fuma`, `l qua prlvlfc ukc sarda ia kdfnls f`deãtdfls euy idharakfdcils. @ls puam`ls umdfcils ak `ls hlkils ia `ls vc``as prasaktck ukc eaidc ckuc` ia taeparcturc aktra `ls 3= y `ls 36 jrcils faktåjrcils, edaktrcs qua `ls sdtucils ak `cs sdarrcs y ak `ls c`tdp`ckls cpakcs c`fckzck `ls 33, ia elil qua a` tdpl y `c vcrdaici ia fu`tdvls as euy idha rakta ia ukls c ltrls. Ak cemls fcsls `c cep`dtui täredfc as aklrea2 `c ckuc` sua `a suparcr `ls 9?· ak cóls axtraels, flk taeparcturcs eãxdecs astdvc`as farfckcs c `ls 8?· y eåkdecs qua sa sdt÷ck ak `ls -=?· y c÷k `ls suparck ak `cs c`iacs flk ukc ecylr c`tdtui ak cóls axtraels. @ c cep`dtui ak uk sl`l iåc tcemdäk as euy 31

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

jrckia, rlkickil `ls =?· , slmra tlil ak `ls iåcs eãs sl`acils tcktl ia` dkvdarkl flel ia` varckl. @cs ``uvdcs slk asfcscs a drraju`cras, c axfapfdök ia `cs zlkcs eãs a`avcics ia `cs sdarrcs, ilkia rasu`tck c`jl eãs cmukicktas. Ak a` hlkil ia `ls vc``as kl sa c`fckzck `ls 9?? ed`åeatrls ckuc`as ia eaidc eaidc,, flk cóls plr iamcgl ia `ls =??2 edaktrcs qua ak `cs zlkcs eãs a`avcics sa suparck `ls 8?? ed`åeatrls, `l qua suplka supl ka qua `ls `ls farac`as ia safckl, fu`tdvci fu`tdvcils ls ak tarrakls hrasfls y c`jl eãs n÷eails, prlsparck dkf`usl ak `ls cóls eãs safls. C` djuc` qua `cs `cs taeparcturcs taeparc turcs , `cs prafdpdtcfdlkas sa rapcrtak ia eckarc euy iasdju iasdjuc`. c`. Ak lfcsdlkas lfcsdlka s ukc sl`c tlrtlreaktc varckdajc sua`a iasfcrjcr ncstc a` 3 ia `c fcktdici ia ``uvdc rafdmdic ak tlil uk cól, flk a` flrrasplkidakta pa`djrl pcrc `cs flsafncs sd vc cflepcó cflepcócic cic ia jrckdzl , l pcrc `ls fu`tdvls y `cs dkhrcastrufturcs sd sa prliufak rdcics fucktdlscs, `l qua sua`a sufaiar iamdil c `ls astrafnls y cmukicktas mcrrckfls qua cmukick plr tlil a` tarrdtlrdl. Qk räjdeak ia prafdpdtcfdlkas tck drraju`cr y tck plfl nleljäkal prlvlfc aklreas idharakfdcs ia uk cól pcrc ltrl, ia eckarc qua `ls cprlvafncedaktls cjråfl`cs nck ia takar euy ak fuaktc astc aspafdc` fdrfukstckfdc. A` vc``a eaidl ia` Gc`ök as ukc zlkc ia trcksdfdök f`deãtdfc aktra a` Eaidtarrãkal, a` vc``a ia` Amrl y `c Easatc , y ra÷ka a`aeaktls y fcrcftaråstdfcs ia `ls tras f`decs7 `c crdiaz ia` hlkil ia` vc``a , cukqua kl tck axtraec flel ak a` aktlrkl ia Wcrcjlzc , a` räjdeak ia prafdpdtcfdlkas eaidtarrãkal y su rapcrtl drraju`cr y `c flktdkaktc`dici f`deãtdfc easatcrdc, flk aklreas cep`dtuias täredfcs y huartas na`cics . Ylils astls hcftlras nck flktrdmudil c `c hlrecfdök ia ukc vajatcfdök kc kc-turc` qua c `l `crjl ia `ls sdj`ls nc sdil prlhukiceakta c`tarcic plr a` nlemra. @ls mlsquas cutöftlkls ia akfdkcs, raml``ls y akamrls c `ls qua c`uiak c`jukls taxtls ia `c Cktdjðaici, flel `ls apdjrcecs ia` platc md`md`dtckl Ecrfdc` 69), huarlk prltajdils flk lriakckzcs `c rasu`tcrlk Aici Eaidc, prafdsceakta `c ia äplfc ilrcic ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs, ak parl asqud`ecils c `l ak `crjl `ls sdj`ls ^XDD, ^XDDD y ^D^, fuckil `c Fleukdici paridö muakc pcrta ia su fcpcfdici pcrc ciedkdstrcr`ls2 tlicvåc nly puaiak varsa tastdjls rasdiuc`as ia `ls mlsquas prdedtdvls ak `cs zlkcs eakls nueckdzcics. Ak a` ÷`tdel sdj`l `cs `ciarcs iasfcrkcics y iashlrastcics nck sdil raplm`cics flk pdkls , qua ak `c cftuc`dici fcsd elklpl`dzck a` aspcfdl mlsflsl. @c iahlrastcfdök nc flktrdmudil slmraeckarc c` aeplmrafdedaktl ia` sua`l, ia plr så yc plmra icic `c cmukickfdc ia yasls, crfd``cs crfd`` cs y fucrfdtcs, fucrfdtcs, y ia ia `cs `ciarcs ia `cs sdarr sdarrcs, cs, qua sua`ak prasaktcr prasak tcr uk cspaftl ãrdil y pairajlsl , sc`pdfcics plr c`jukcs eltcs ia fcrrcsfcs rasdiuc`as.

8

 

 ktrliuff  ktrliu ffdök dök

3.6. @c huaktas ilfueaktc`as Vc`vl `ls crfndvls prlfaiaktas ia `ls kltcrdls md`md`dtckls, qua slk euy rdfls ak ilfueaktcfdök raharakta c euiägcras, lhdfdls, lmrcs , atf. 61), a` rastl ia `ls crfndvls ia Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc kl nc idshrutcil ia iaecsdcic muakc suarta 68). ia ia juarrcs, parlyslmra ia iasdidc, nck cfcmcil flk `ciaecylråc ia `ls Vdj`ls Crfndvls `c fduici ia `cstlil c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici. Eufnls `ls ilfueaktls ia `c zlkc, slmra tlil `ls af`asdãstdfls qua quaicrlk cmckilkcils ak `c äplfc ia `c Iascelrtdzcfdök, Iascelrtdzcfd ök,vdcgcrlk vdcgcrlk ncstc Ecirdi, y cnlrc a` Crfndvl Ndstördfl Kcfdlkc` fustlidc vcrdls `ajcgls prlfaiaktas ia astc fduici 6:). Ltrls hlkils ilfueaktc`as nck quaicil flksarvcils ak a` Crfndvl ia `c Idputcfdök ia Wcrcjlzc 6>). A` Crfndvl ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök ak Mcrfa`lkc fustlidc kuearlscs flpdcs ia idp`lecs aedtdils plr `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc raharaktas c Fc`ctcyui 64) y c su Fleukdici 9?). Euy plfls ia a``ls nck sdil pum`dfcils y hc`tc uk astuidl ia `c ilfueaktcfdök rac` raharakta c `c Fleukdici, qua c` eakls iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^ lirã rafuparcrsa ak fucktl sa trcmcga c hlkil ak `c saffdök ia `ls ]ajdstrls ia Fckfd``aråc. Vc`vl `ls kltcrdc`as, fuyls hlkils nck prlpdfdcil kuearlsls astuidls slmra `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui c hdkas ia` Eaidavl, a` rastl ia `ls crfndvls md`md`dtckl md`md`dtcklss nc suhrdil a` l`vdil fuckil kl `c iastruffdök ia sus hlkils ilfueaktc`as 93). @ls crfndvls `lfc`as sua`ak cplrtcr sl slrprascs2 rprascs2 `c Idputcfdök Jakarc` ia Crcjök nc rac`dzcil vcrdcs fcepcócs sdstaeãtdfcs slmra `ls hlkils eukdfdpc`as 9=), parl ia eleaktl `c ctakfdök ia `ls dkvastdjcilras kl sa nc faktrcil ak a``ls, sc`vl c`jukcs axfapfdlkas 96). Kl iagck ia sar kltcm`as `ls crfndvls klmd`dcrdls, slmra tlil a` qua sa flksarvcmc ak a` crfndvl ia` pc`cfdl ia Äpd`c Äpd`c,, prlpdaici ia `c fcsc flkic` ia Crckic, partakafdakta c `c hced`dc ia C`mc 99), fuyls hlkils ncfa yc ukls cóls qua nck pcscil c` Crfndvl Ndstördfl _rlvdkfdc` ia Wcrcjlzc 91).

3.9. A` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia C`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui idsplkåc ia uk crfndvl lhdfdc` ak a` qua sa jucricmc tlic `c ilfueaktcfdök qua rafdmåc y `cs flpdcs aedtdics y fartdhdfcics plr sus prlpdls kltcrdl kltcrdlss ia `c qua axpaiåc 98), flel lfurråc flk a` rastl ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ia Crcjök 9:). Iasjrcfdciceakta `ls hlkils ia` crfndvl astãk paridils 9>). @ls hlkils ilfueaktc`as sa fustlidcmck, c` eakls ncstc prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^D^, ak ukc sc`c ckaxc c `c dj`asdc ia Vck Edjua`, ak `c `lfc`dici ia Ec`uakic , ukc ia `cs eãs deplrtcktas y plm`cics ia `c Fleukdici 94)2 idfnl crfndvl tlicvåc sa ecktakåc ak usl ciedkdstrctdvl c hdkas ia` sdj`l @c

^XDDD 1?). Astc dj`asdc dj`asdc astã nly ak rudkcs y as prlmcm`a qua qua `ls hlkils hlkils ia` crfndvl  :

 

GLV GL V Ä @QDV

FL]]

@

@CHQAKYA @CHQAKY A

sa ncyck iastrudil l pcrta ia a``ls tc` vaz sa jucria ak c`j÷k iasvãk ia c`jukc dj`asdc l ia c`j÷k ltrl aidhdfdl ia `c zlkc 13). @c idsplsdfdök håsdfc ia` crfndvl sa flklfa jrcfdcs c ils `dmrls ia rajdstrl qua sa flksarvck ak a` Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` ia Fc`ctcyui 1=), hafncils ak 38=3 y 38:=22 a` ia 38=3 nc sdil a` utd`dzcil pcrc raflkstrudr a` crfndvl y pcrc lriakcr `ls 38:= ilfueaktls y `ls hlkils qua flktakåc 16). Astc flpdc `c lriakö ncfar `c Fleukdici sdakil prlfurcilr jakarc` Hrckfdsfl Ileåkjuaz y hua akfcrjcic c` kltcrdl Garökdel Ecrtåkaz. @c f`csdhdfcfdök ia `ls hlkils ia` crfndvl as `öjdfc c `c vaz qua sdep`a y ahdfcz, ia eckarc qua fuc`qudar ilfueaktl qua sa rafdmåc l qua aeckcmc ia `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl arc hãfd`eakta f`csdhdfcil y su plstardlr `lfc`dzcfdök rasu`tcmc sakfd``c . A` crfndvl idsplkåc flk sajurdici ia uk iatc``cil dkvaktcrdl qua iamåc ia ravdscrsa pardöidfceakta. A` `ajcgl flksarvcil ia 38=3 flktdaka a` rajdstrl eãs cktdjul ia `ls ncstc cnlrc flklfdils, parl su sdstaectdzcfdök lmaiafa c ukls frdtardls qua sa hdgcrlk eufnl cktas. Kl as plsdm`a astcm`afar fuãkil iafdidarlk `cs c`iacs `c fracfdök ia su crfndvl prlpdl. A` ilfueaktl eãs cktdjul ia `ls rasaócils ictc ia 3?41, parl as f`crceakta hc`sl. A` sajukil eãs cktdjul ictc ia 3363, parl sa ciguidfc c` pcpc @ufdl22 ak rac`dici sa trctc ia ukc mu`c ia @ufdl DDD aedtdic ak 33>=. A` tarfarl @ufdl arc ukc flpdc ia` huarl qua C`hlksl D flkfaidö c Fc`ctcyui ak 3363, qua puil sar rac`dzcic ak fuc`qudar eleaktl. A` fucrtl ictc ia 3=3? y ak ä` sa rasaóc c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui flel ukc dkstdtufdök yc axdstakta, fuckil ak asc hafnc kl sa ncmåc flkstdtudil, parl pcrafa ukc flpdc euy tcriåc, puas dkf`uåc flpdc ia ltrls ils idp`lecs ia 393: y 396:. A` prdear ilfueaktl lrdjdkc` puil sar ukl ictcil ak 3=13, y c pcrtdr ia cnå sa sufaiak idvarsls ilfueaktls qua yc flkhdjurck ukc sarda raju`crdzcic. Ak a` ilfueaktl ia 3=13 a` ray ia Crcjök flkfaiåc c` prlfurcilr jakarc` ia `c Fleukdici qua puidarc fracr sads kltcrdls. Cså, as prlmcm`a qua flk `c idsplsdfdök ia kltcrdls prlpdls sa jakarcsa uk vl`ueak ilfueaktc` deplrtckta y plr tcktl susfaptdm`a ia sar flksarvcil ak uk crfndvl aspafåhdfl. aspafåhdfl. @c Fleukdici Fleukdi ci sa sajrajö hdsfc`eakta ia Fc`ctcyui ak 3=19 19), parl saj÷k asta ilfueaktl yc idsplkåc ia uk prlfurcilr jakarc jakarc`` klemrcil c` eakls tras cóls cktas 11). Astls prdearls ilfueaktls iamdarlk ia jucricrsa ak c`j÷k sdtdl flkfratl y flk uk fdartl lriak, prlmcm`aeakta yc ak `c `lfc`dici ia Ec`uakic , qua aktra `cs fdkfl l sads ecylras c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici as `c qua agarfa uk ecylr jrcil ia faktrc`dici jaljrãhdfc. @c fcktdici ia ilfueaktls qua sa flkhdreö ak a` prdear cól ia` radkcil ia C`hlksl DDD, ak 3=>8, puidarc dkidfcr qua `cs cutlrdicias ia `c Fleukdici tuvdarlk uk aspafdc` dktaräs ak jucricr `ls ilfuea ilfueaktls ktls cktardlras cktar dlras plr sd cfcs cfcsl, l, l mdak plrqua sa astcmc fleakzckil c flkhdjurcr uk hlkil crfndvåstdfl deplrtckta, y tc` vaz rasplkic c `c kafasdici ia lrjckdzcr sus hlkils ilfueaktc`as, parl sö`l as uk

>

dkidfdl.

 

Dktrliuffdök.

Iasia `uajl ak `cs ils ÷`tdecs iäfcics ia` sdj`l ^DDD `c Fleukdici idsplkåc ia sus hlkils ilfueaktc`as parhaftceakta lriakcils y yc sa puaia csajurcr qua plsaåc uk crfndvl prlpdceakta idfnl. A` crfndvl astcmc lriakcil ak idaz saffdlkas l fcp fcpåtu` åtu`ls ls qua flktaep`cm flktaep`cmck ck `ls sdjudaktas cspaftls7 Fcpåtu`l D. Ia `c hlrecfdök

jlmdarkl

a

`c Fleukdici

Astcmc iaidfcil c `c plm`cfdök ia `cs c`iacs c sus jckcils c `ls axpaidaktas ia dkflrplrcfdök ia `cs kuavcs c`iacs qua sa prliugarlk ukc vaz flkstdtudic `c Fleukdici c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD c `ls ilfueaktls ra`cfdlkc ra`cfdlkcils ils flk `c sc`vcjucridc ia sus iarafnls y c `ls csdaktls qua `a flrrasplkiåck ak `cs Flrtas Flrt as ia Crcjök. Flktakåc tcemdäk `ls `dstcils ia `ls pafnarls as iafdr `ls nlemr nlemras as `dmras qua slstakåck c su flstc `c Fleukdici y `ls ndic`jls qua vdvåck ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici parl qua astcmck axaktls ia trdmutcr cukqua tcemdäk ia hlrecr pcrta ia `ls örjckls ia su jlmdarkl. Djuc`eakta sa jucricmck c``å `ls `dstcils y prarrljctdvcs ia `ls kltcrdls qua agarfåck su lhdfdl ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici   tlil `l ra`cfdlkcil flk `ls fledscrdls akfcrjcils ia rafljar a` depuastl ia ecrcvaiå `ls ilfueaktls aeckcils y rafdmdils plr a` eardkl y a` mcd`a mcd`a   cemls lhdfdc`as rac`as y `ls prlfaidedaktls pcrc `c dkscfu`cfdök ia lhdfdls ia `c Fleukdici. Fcpåtu`l DD

a`

_rlfurcilr Jakarc`

a

sus praaedkakfdcs

A` prlfurcilr jakarc` arc a` fcrjl eãs deplrtckta ia `c Fleukdici. Asta lhdfdl astcmc parhaftceakta raju`cil y cnå sa jucricmck `ls ilfueaktls ia `ls pcjls qua sa `a ltlrjcmck sus prarrljctdvcs pcrc fdtcr c `l `lss kltcrdls kltcrdls `c plsdmd` plsdmd`dici dici qua takåc takåc ia ltlrjcr hrckquazcs `ls ilfueaktls ra`cfdlkcils flk a` prdvd`ajdl y iarafnl ia `c Fleukdici y ia su prlfurcilr c utd`dzcr sa``l mckiarc y crecs prlpdcs   `cs prarrljctdvcs pcrc iastarrcr ec`nafnlras icr judcgas klemrcr fcpdtckas ia `cs trlpcs ia `c Fleukdici ak fcsl ia elvd`dzcfdök plr juarrc sus fleprled fleprled-sls a` iarafnl c sar asfl`tcil plr ils ecfarls flel saóc` ia su a`avcil fcrjl `ls klemrcedaktls y rctdhdfcfdlkas flel lhdfdc` rac` y uk cpcrtcil aspafdc` ak a` qua sa jucricmck `ls ilfueaktls qua aedtåc l rafdmåc flel pctrök y hukicilr ia` flkvaktl ia elkgcs ia `c _uråsdec Flkfapfdök. Fcpåtu`l DDD. Ia `c hdia`dici sarvdfdls qua `c Fleukdici tdaka nafnls c sus rayas y jrctdhdfcfdök ia sus ecgastcias Ak asta cpcrtcil sa flksarvcmck `ls ilfueaktls ra`cfdlkcils flk `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc. Qk prdear fcgök flktakåc `cs ``cecics «Hdia`dicias² ilfueaktls aedtdils plr `ls rayas ak `ls qua flkfaiåck iarafnls y prdvd`ajdls c `c Fleukdici l c c`jukc ia sus c`iacs u lhdfdls y sus flrrasplkidaktas flkhdrecfdlkas. Cquå astcmck tcemdäk `ls klemrcedaktls ia `ls c`fcdias ia `ls fcstd``ls fuyc fustlidc y aqudpcedaktl flrråc c fcrjl ia `ls hlkils prlpdls ia `c Fleukdici y qua flkstdtuåck ukc pdazc f`cva ak a` sdstaec iahaksdvl ia `c hrlktarc crcjlkasc flk 4

 

 

VÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKY @CHQAKYA A

Fcstd``c. Ycemdäk astcmck cquå `cs flpdcs ia `ls ilfueaktls akvdcils c `ls elkcrfcs aktra ltrls `cs `cs ia `ls `ls c`mcrckas ak `ls qua `c Fleukdici ltlrjcmc idvarscs fcktdicias c raquardedaktl ia `ls slmarckls. Qk cpcrtcil aspafdc` sa iaidfcmc ` usl ia ia `c sc` uk elklpl`d elklpl`dll ia ia aspafdc` dktaräs ak `c aflkleåc ia `c Fleukdici. Fcpåtu`l

DX. Ia `cs idharakfdcs y iarafnls ia c`ctcyui

`

leukdici flk `c fduici ia

Icils `ls pareckaktas akhraktcedaktls aktra fduici ia Fc`ctcyui y Fleukdici ia c`iacs plr idvarsls csuktls asta cpcrtcil ia` crfndvl arc ukl ia `ls eãs cftdvls. @ls prdkfdpc`as flkh`dftls aktra `cs ils ukdvarsdicias rcidfcmck ak `c fuastdök ia `åedtas as iafdr `ls celglkcedaktls y ak `c gurdsidffdök   puas a` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui ecktuvl iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc c`jukc c`jukcss prarrljctdvcs guråidfcs slmra `cs c`iacs y `ls c`iackls. Ltrl ia `ls csuktls eãs prlm`aeãtdfls arc a` ra`cfdlkcil flk `ls pcjls y flktrdmufdlkas y flk `ls astctutls puas ak cemls fcsls Fc`ctcyui elstrcmc sdaepra ratdfakfdcs c faiar slmarckåc c `cs c`iacs qua astcmck iaktrl ia` ãrac hlrc` ia`dedtcic ak 3363. Fcpåtu`l v.

Ia `cs idharakfdcs ia `c fduici y zlkc y su dj`asdc

leukdici flk a` lmdspl ia Ycrc-

Ak asta cpcrtcil sa fustlidcmck `ls ilfueaktls ak `ls qua sa idrdeåck `ls p`adtls qua akhraktcmck c cemcs dkstdtufdlkas sdk iuic iamdil c `ls prdvd`ajdls euy c`tarcils ia elil dktarascil qua sa sa raharåck ` rapcrtl ia iäfdecs y prdedfdcs ltlrjcils plr idvarsls pcpcs c Fc`ctcyui y sus c`iac c`iacss y qua huarlk huakta pareckakta ia flkh`dftl iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc. Fcpåtu`l XD.

Ia ltrcs flscs pcrtdfu`cras ia `c parslkcs

leukdici y ia sus `ujcras y

Asta crecrdl flktakåc ils tdpls ia ilfueaktcfdök. _lr uk `cil `c qua sa pliråc iakledkcr flel «`cs ra`cfdlkas axtardlras ia `c Fleuk Fleukdici² dici² flk cmsl`ufdlkas hdrecs idvarscs   fcrtcs ia `ls rayas prlmcm`aeakta axf`uyakil prdvd`ajdls y flkfasdlkas y `ls csuktls ra`cfdlkcils flk `c prasakfdc ak Flrtas ia Crcjök   `c Dkqudsdfdök y `c Fruzcic. Qk sajukil jrupl ia ilfueaktls ctcóåc c `c ciedkdstrcfdök dktarkc ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici aspafdc`eakta `ls prlfasls y tlil `l ra`cfdlkcil flk `ls p`adtls aktra y flk idvarscs c`iacs flk pafu`dcr ctakfdök c `cs ia _crcfua``ls Vcktls Mariagl y Ec`ckqud``c. Fcpåtu`l XDD.

Ia `c saólråc ia Yarrar

@cs aspafdc`as flkidfdlkas ia astc c`iac y `cs vdfdsdtuias qua cfcrraö `c dkflrplrcfdök ia su elraråc c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui jakarcrlk uk flkguktl ia ilfueaktls qua raqudrdö ia uk cpcrtcil aspafåhdfl ak a` crfndvl qua c su vaz sa idvdidö ak sads pcrtas7 dkf`usdlkas trdmutcfdlkas iäfdecs y prdedfdcs prasaktcfdök =

ia

vdfcrdl flkflridc y fräidtls pcrc sajurdici.

 

Dktrliuffdök

Fcpåtu`l XDDD. Ia `c saólråc

ia

Vcvdóãk

C`jl sded`cr c Yarrar lfurrdö flk Vcvdóãk. @c dkf`usdök ia su elraråc ak `c Fleukdici tcemdäk prliugl uk kltcm`a vl`ueak ia ilfueaktls qua raqudrdö ia aspcfdl prdvctdvl. Va lrjckdzcmck ak fdkfl saffdlkas7 dkf`usdlkas, trdmutcfdlkas, iäfdecs y prdedfdcs, prasaktcfdök ia vdfcrdl y fräidtls pcrc sajurdici. Fcpåtu`l D^. Ia tlils `ls prlpdls y raktcs ia `c Fleukdici @ls ils ÷`tdels crecrdls flktakåck `c ilfueaktcfdök ia `c ciedkdstrcfdök aflköed afl köedfc fc ia ia `cs c`ia c`iacs. cs. Ak asta prdear cpcrt cpcrtcil cil sa jucr jucricmc icmck k `ls `ls ilfueakilfu eaktls gustdhdfctdvls raharaktas c `ls dkjrasls ia `c Fleukdici, qua prlfaiåck ia `cs pafncs pafncs,, `cs `cs sdscs, `ls pcjls pcjls ia `ls `ls tarrctakdaktas prlpdatcrdls), raktcs plr `cs pcridkcs, `cs raktcs ia `c tlrra ia Elktök, `cs raktcs plr `cs fcscs qua plsaåck ak Fc`ctcyui, `cs raktcs plr `cs fcscs ak Wcrcjlzc, `ls trauils ia Yarrar, uk faksc` ak Ylrra`cfãrfa` y `ls `ls dkjrasls plr `cs iäfdecs, prdedfdcs y fucrtls. fucrtls. Fcpåtu`l ^.

`cs iauics y fcrjls ia parslkcs a

`

Fleukdici

cså c

`ls rayas flel c ltrcs

Asta ÷`tdel crecrdl flktakåc `ls gustdhdfcktas ia pcjls rac`dzcils p r `c Fleukdici, mdak plr cmlkls c `c elkcrquåc, l plr idvarsls jcstls. Aktra `ls pcjls c `c elkcrquåc sa flktcmck `cs fakcs ia prasakfdc, `cs fakcs ia prdeljakdturc, a` ectrdelkdl ia `ls dkhcktas, `cs fcmc``aråcs ia nlklr, a` depuastl ia ecrcvaiå , a` sumsdidl y a` axfuscil y `cs flrlkcfdlkas ia `ls rayas. Ak tcktl qua `c Fleukdici pcjcmc ciaeãs plr ltrls flkfaptls flel flkflridcs y faksc`as qua ncmåc hdrecil pcrc prlvdsdök ia hlkils.

=

 

=. @C Ä_LFC HL]C@ 33=?/3363 33=?/3363-3=19) -3=19) = .3. @c flkqudstc y lfupcfdök frdstdckc ia `c fuakfc ia` Gc`ök A` radkcil ia C`hlksl D, sufaslr ak 33?9 c` trlkl ia Crcjök trcs `c euarta ia su nareckl _airl D, astã ecrfcil plr `cs jrckias flkqudstcs ak ` vc``a ia` Amrl y ak `cs elktcócs ia` Vdstaec Dmärdfl. Ak ahaftl, a` ray Mctc``cilr cep`dö a` paquaól astcil pdrakcdfl crcjlkäs qua naraiö, dkflrplrckil ukc suparhdfda axtrclridkcrdc.. A` dkdfdl ia su radkcil fleakzö flk `c flkqudstc ia Agac ak 33?1 axtrclridkcrdc y sc sc`vl `vl a` pcräktasds ia su cftucfdö cftucfdök k pl`åtdfc ak Fcstd``c plr s u mlic flk `c radkc radk c Qrrcfc, qua cfcmö ak ukc sapcrcfdök trcueãtdfc, tlil a ` rastl ia su radkcil astuvl ecrfcil plr uk flkstckta iasal ia axpckidr s u radkl c flstc ia `l `lss tarrdtlrdl tarrdtlrdlss jlmarkcil jl markcilss plr `ls eusu`eckas. Iasia `uajl, su prdkfdpc` äxdtl hua `c flkqudstc ia `c jrck fduici eusu`eckc ia Wcrcjlzc , rac`dzcic ak idfdaemra ia 333>, trcs `c fuc` a` cvckfa crcjlkäs ncfdc a` sur ia` Amrl quaicmc qu aicmc axpaidtl. Lfupcic Lfupci c Wcrcjlzc, sa aktrajcrlk Yuia`c y YcYcrczlkc ak `c prdecvarc ia 3334 , y cukqua Mlrgc kl fcpdtu`ö ncstc 33==, C`hlksl D tuvl f`crl qua `cs flkqudstcs ia Fc`ctcyui y Icrlfc iamåc iamåck k ahaftucrsa ahaft ucrsa ia dkeaidctl, cktas ia qua `ls `l s c`elrãvdias puidarck lrjckdzcrsa lrjckdzcrsa y flktrcctcf flktrcctcfcr cr iasia a` s ur ia `c _akåksu`c. A` ray ia Crcjök sa akflktrcmc c `c puartcs ia Fc`ctcyui ak ecyl ia 33=? fuckil `a ``a ``ajö jö `c kltdfdc ia qua uk deplrtckta agärfdtl c`elrãvdia sa idrdjåc ncfdc a` klrta sdj udakil `c våc trcidfdlkc` qua `ls agärfdtls fc`dhc` fc`dhc`as as ncmåck utd`dzcil ak sus fcmc`jcics ncfdc a` klrasta pakdksu`cr, as iafdr, `c cktdjuc fc`zcic rleckc qua iasia Förilmc csfakiåc ncfdc `c Eckfnc plr C`mcfata y ia c``å ncstc `cs tdarrcs ia Yarua`, y sdjudakil `ls vc``as ia` Gd`lfc y a` Nuarvc ncstc Wcrcjlzc 18). Ckta `c c`creckta kltdfd c ia `c ``ajcic ``ajcic ia `ls c`elrãvdias, C`hlksl D `avcktö a` csaidl ia Fc`ctcyui y sa idrdjdö c` akfuaktrl ia` fucktdlsl parl iasvartamrcil agärfdtl eusu`eãk. Ak rac`dici, eãs qua uk agärfdtl mdak lrjckdzcil lrjckdzcil y aqudpcil, aqud pcil, `cs trlpcs raf`utcics plr `l `lss c`elrãvdias flkstdtuåc flkstdtuåck k ukc drraju`cr cec`jcec ia hda`as hda` as eusu`eckas eu su`eckas ia idvarscs prlfaiakfdcs, eufnls ia a``ls nlemr nlemras as dkaxpartls ak a` usl ia `cs `cs crecs, qua cfuiåck c `c juarrc flk `l `lss frdstdckls demudils ia` a ` Ds`ce c` flklfarsa `c kltdfdc rakcfdil aspårdtu ia ydn i qua ncmåc rafuparcil a` ia qua ils iäfcics cktas `l `lss fruzcils ncmåck lfupcil Garusc`äk y ltrls tarrdtlrdls =6

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

ia Ydarrc Vcktc. C fledakzls ia` sdj`l ^DD kl arck plfls `ls ra`djdlsls eusu`ec kas ia` klrta ia Ãhrdfc qua ncmåck vdcgcil ncstc a` lrdakta ds`ãedfl y c``å ncmåck cprakidil `cs aksaóckzcs ia scmdls u`aecs c `c vaz qua ncmåck flklfdil a` ctcqua frdstdckl y `c fcåic ia Garusc`äk ak eckls dkhda`as2 c` rajrasl, astls vdcgarls trcga rlk a` kuavl aspårdtu ia uk Ds`ce raklvcil y eãs flemctdvl qua sa axtakidö plr a` klrta ia Ãhrdfc flk aklrea rcpdiaz. @ls ils agärfdtls sa akflktrcrlk ak a` ``ckl ia `c Fa`cic, cpakcs c uk bd`öeatrl c` sur-surasta ia `c `lfc`dici ia Futckic, farfc ia Fc`celfnc. A` agärfdtl c`elrã vdia sa iasvdö ukls ilfa bd`öeatrls c` asta ia `c rutc eãs ncmdtuc`, qua arc `c ia` vc``a ia` Gd`lfc, parl c``ã sa akhraktcrlk `ls ils mckils a` 3: ia gukd gukdll ia 33=? 1:). A` ``ckl ia `c Fa`cic as ukc cep`dc vcjucic vcjucic,, ak `c cftuc`di cftuc`dici ci fumdartc p r fce pls ia farac`as ia safckl, lrdaktcic ak idraffdök klrta  sur y `dedtcic plr fl`dkcs crfd``lscs kl euy a`avcics parl ia pakidaktas cfuscics. A` natarljäkal agärfdtl c`elrãvdia, aktra fuycs hd`cs hlrecmck dkidvdiuls eãs pralfupcils plr jckcr a` pcrcåsl c trcväs ia `c euarta ak ukc juarrc scktc qua plr flksajudr ukc vdftlrdc ed`dtcr,, hua iastrlzcil flk suec hcfd`dici plr `ls idsfdp`dkcils asfucirlkas ia `c ed`dtcr cjuarrdic y axpardeaktcic fcmc``aråc crcjlkasc, rahlrzcils flk sads faktakcras ia fcmc``arls prlfaiaktas ia` sur ia Hrckfdc qua hlrecmck c `cs öriakas ia` flkia ia _ldtdars y ia` iuqua Jud``arel D^ ia Cqudtckdc 1>). @ls vatarckls sl`icils frds tdckls , mrajcils ak `cs vdftlrdlscs fcepcócs ia C`hlksl D ak Agac, Wcrcjlzc, Wcrcjlzc , Yc rczlkc y Yuia`c Yuia`c,, idrdjd idrdjdils ils plr pl r axpartls fleckicktas, f leckicktas, c`ju c`jukls kls ia `ls fuc`as ncmåck `ufncil ak Ydarrc Vcktc y qua takåck ak `c juarrc su ÷kdfl lhdfdl y rczök ia sar, iasmcrctcrlk c `c deprlvdscic cec`jcec ia trlpcs eusu`eckcs fcusckil aktra a``cs ukc ectckzc ctrlz. A` rasu`tcil ia `c mctc``c hua tck flktukiakta c hcvlr ia `ls crcjlkasas y sus c`dcils qua tlicvåc ak a` sdj`l xv fuckil ak Crcjök sa quaråc ra sc`tcr `c ecjkdtui ia ukc fctãstrlha sa iafåc qua arc «palr qua `c ia Futckic² 14). _aridic fuc`qudar asparckzc ia cyuic, Fc`ctcyui y Icrlfc, qua ncmåck ia plsdtcil sus ÷`tdecs d`usdlkas ak asa agärfdtl ia d`uedkcils, sa aktrajcrlk ia dkeaidctl, prlmcm`aeakta a` =9 ia gukdl ia 33= 33=?? 8?). flk Fc`ctc Fc`ctcyui yui y Icr Icrlfc lfc fcyarlk ak eckls crcjlkascs tlics `cs c`iacs ia sus täredkls. @c tcrac eãs urjakta qua sa prasaktcmc ckta C`hlksl D arc flksl`dicr `cs flk qudstcs rafdäk `ljrcics, parl c `c vaz takåc ia`ckta ia sus eckls `c lplrtukdici ia sajudr jckckil tdarrcs nc ncfdc fdc a` sur ckta `c iamd`dici elstrcic plr `ls eusu`eckas ia c`-Ckic`us. F`crl qua C`hlksl D kl idsplkåc ia ahaftdvls iaeljrãhdfls suhd fdaktas flel pcrc lfupcr y slmra tlil ecktakar tlics y fcic ukc ia `cs c`iacs flkqudstcics, ia eckarc qua sa vdl lm`djcil c faktrcr sus ashuarzls ak `c hlrtdhd fcfdök ia Icrlfc, flkvartdic ak «fcmazc ia `c hrlktarc² 83), y ia su h`ckf h`ckfll sur. sur. Cså, trcs raflrrar `cs tdarrcs tdarrc s ia @ärdic y Xc`akfdc ak 33=6 pcrc csaj csajurcr urcr su h`ckfl asta, ak 33=9 ilkö `c vd``c ia Vdkjrc, ak a` axtrael ia su cvckfa ak a` c`tl Gd`lfc, c` elkcstardl ia Vck Guck ia `c _aó _aócc 8=) y fraö ukc lriak ed`dtcr, ed`dtcr , `c «E d`dfdc ia Frdstl², ak Elkrac` ia` Fcepl 86). =9

 

@c äplfc hlrc ` 33=?/3363-3=19)

Flkvakfdil ia qua su agärfdtl arc plfl eakls qua dkvakfdm`a, puas ncstc ak tlkfas `l ncmåc sdil ak tlics `cs mctc``cs, C`hlksl D lrjckdzö ukc cuicz fcmc`jcic ed`dtcr ak `ls cóls 33=1 y 33=8 plr tarrdtlrdl ckic`uså qua `l ``avö ncstc a` vc``a ia` Jucic`qudvdr. C su rajrasl c tdarrcs crcjlkascs, yc ak 33=:, hdreö uk trctcil flk a` ray C`hlksl XDD ia @aök eaidckta a` fuc` `ls ils radkls sa rapcrtdarlk `ls tarrdtlrdls c flkqudstcr c `ls eusu`eckas y hdgcrlk `cs hrlktarcs fleukas 89). Asta trctcil hua euy parguidfdc` pcrc Crcjök, puas c`jukcs deplrtcktas flkquds tcs crcjlkascs rac`dzcics plr a` ray Mctc``cilr, flel Vlrdc, Vdjðakzc y Eaidkc fa`d, pcscrlk c hlrecr pcrta ia` radkl ia @aök y Fcstd``c. Qkc vaz hdrecil a` cfuaril ia ia`dedtcfdök hrlktardzc, C`hlksl D flktdkuö Fa``c,, puktl su cvckfa ncfdc a` sur. Ak 33=: flkqudstö y hlrtdhdfö `c `lfc`dici ia Fa``c astrctäjdfl ak a` c`tl Gd`lfc qua cmråc `c puartc ia` radkl eusu`eãk ia C`mcrrc fåk, y iasia c``å csaidö `c vd``c eusu`eckc ia El`dkc ia Crcjök, qua lfupö ak 33=> 81), cukqua plfl iaspuäs quaicråc iahdkdtdvceakta ak eckls fcsta``ckcs earfai c `ls `åedtas ecrfcils ak a` trctcil ia 33=:, c` plstardlr raflklfdedaktl ia `åedtas rac`dzcil plr ]cedrl DD ak 336: y c` trctcil ia Fcepl Vusckl, qua hdrecil ak 3=?9 plr _airl DD ia Crcjök y C`hlksl XDDD ia Fcstd``c hdgö iahdkdtd vceakta `cs hrlktarcs aktra `ls ils radkls. Flk astls cfuarils, `ls `åedtas aktra `ls ils jrckias Astcils frdstdckls pakdksu`cras quaicrlk hdgcils flk tc` äxdtl qua `cs ia`dedtcfdlkas iahdkdics c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^ slk axcftceakta `cs edsecs qua pariurck ak a` sdj`l ^^D aktra `c Fleukdici Cutöklec ia Crcjök y `cs ia Fcstd``c-@aök y Fcstd``c-@c Fcstd``c-@c Eckfnc, tras Fleukdi Fleukdicias cias Cutöklecs qua c ]dlgc, Fcstd``c-@aök cktcól hlrecmck pcrta ia` radkl ia Fcstd``c y @aök. Csajurcic `c hrlktarc sur flk `c hlrtdhdfcfdök ia Icrlfc, `c hukicfdök ia `c lriak ed`dtcr ia `c Ed`dfdc ia Frdstl ia Elkrac` y `ls fcstd``ls ia Fa``c y Vdkjrc, C`hlksl D lfupö `ls ÷`tdels cóls ia su radkcil ak csaktcr su dkh`uakfdc hauic` ak `c vartdakta klrta ia` _drdkal2 prafdsceakta ak a` sdtdl ia Mcylkc astcmc fuckil flkfaidö huarl c Fc`ctcyui ak 336 3363, 3, y ak flkqudstcr `cs tdarrcs c` asta ia su radkl, aktra Crcjök y a` flkicil ia Mcrfa`lkc, qua sajuåck ak eckls eusu`eckcs. _arl eurdö iåcs iaspuäs ia `c iarrltc qua suhrdö suhr dö ak a` csaidl ia Hrcjc ak 3369 y su su p`ck quaiö dkflkf`usl. c euarta ia C`hlksl D prlvlfö a` pãkdfl ak `c hrlktarc sur ia` radkl y sa cmckilkcrlk c`jukcs plsdfdlkas cvckzcics, ia elil qua a` iledkdl crcjlkäs ak a` Gd`lfc sa rap`ajö ukls fdkfuakt fdkfuaktcc bd`öeatrls, ncstc Icrlfc Icrlfc,, ilkia sa astcm`afdö `c kuavc `åkac ia hrlktarc qua ncstc asa cól ncmåc astcil ak Vdkjrc y Fa`` Fa``cc 88). Fc`ctcyui kukfc astuvl ak `c prdearåsdec `åkac ia hrlktarc ckta a` eukil eu su`eãk , parl flel p`czc huarta ak `c ratcjucridc y flel hlrtc`azc frufdc` ak `c hrlktarc ckta Fcstd``c, Fcstd``c , su hlrtdhdfcfdök hlrtdhdfcfdök sajuåc sdakil asakfdc`. c dkvcsdök c`elncia ia `c _akåksu`c y `c iarrltc ia `ls c`elrãvdias ckta asc kuavc saftc ``ajcic ia Ãhrdfc cpakcs sdjkdhdfö ukc ceakczc rac` pcrc `cs tdarrcs ia` sur ia Crcjök. Ycktl ]ceök Marak M arakjuar juar DX, DX, pråkfdpa y jlmarkcilr ia Crcjök 1

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

plr su ectrdelkdl flk `c paquaóc radkc _atrlkd`c, flel su ndgl C`hlksl DD flktd kucrlk jckckil tarrdtlrdls y cócidakil kuavcs flkqudstcs c sus Astcils. Flk a` iledkdl c`elncia slmra Eurfdc y Xc`akfdc, Xc`akfdc , Yarua` sa flkvdrtdö ak `c kuavc p`czc huarta crcjlkasc ncfdc a` sur ak `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DD 8:). C`hlksl DD cfcmö flk `ls ÷`tdels hlfls ia rasdstakfdc eusu`eckc ak `cs rd marcs ia `ls råls Jucic`cvdcr y C`hcemrc y ukc vaz `ljrcil su lmgatdvl, faktrö sus ashuarzls ak fracr `l qua a` prlhaslr Qmdatl ``ceö «a` fdkturök ia sajurdici ia Yarua`² Yarua` ² , hlrtdhdfckil `ls fcstd``ls ia C`fc`ã ia `c Va`vc y ia C`hcemrc y astc m`afdakil ak `c vd``c ia Yarua` `c lriak ed`dtcr ia Elktajcuidl 8>). Fc`ctcyui quaicmc yc iaecsdcil c`agcic ia `c hrlktarc flk a` eukil ckic`uså , ia elil qua su deplrtckfdc ed`dtcr sa mcscmc cnlrc ak `c farfckåc ia` radkl ia Fcstd``c.

=.=. A` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui ia 3363 C fledakzls ia` sdj`l ^DD, y cukqua ic `c deprasdök ia qua astcmc frafdakil flk raspaftl c `c fakturdc cktardlr, `c plm`cfdök crcjlkasc sajuåc sdakil euy as fcsc. Kl ncmåc suhdfdaktas ahaftdvls idsplkdm`as flel pcrc plm`cr `cs tdarrcs flk qudstcics aktra hdkas ia` sdj`l ^D Nuasfc , Mcrmcstrl) y prdkfdpdls ia` ^DD Mcgcs Fdkfl Xd``cs, Wcrcjlzc, Wcrcjlzc , Ycrczlkc, Fc`ctcyui y Icrlfc). _asa c a``l , C`hlksl D kafasdtcmc plm`cilras qua csaktcrck sus flkqudstcs y qua prlvlfcrck uk vua`fl ak `c idstrdmufdök ia `c plm`cfdök, c` eakls ak `cs fduicias, puas ak `c ecylråc ia `cs c`iacs umdfcics ak `cs zlkcs ia rajciål ak a` hlkil ia `ls vc``as `c plm`cfdök euiägcr sajudrã sdakil ecylrdtcrdc , ak c`jukls puam`ls fcsd axf`usdvc, ncstc a` hdkc` ia `c Aici Eaidc. Kl nck hc`tcil qudakas nck csajurcil qua `cs tdarrcs ia `c ``cecic Axtraec iurc crcjlkasc - `cs flecrfcs dmärdfcs qua flkhd flkhdj j urck cftuc`eakta a` surlasta ia `c prlvdkfdc ia Wcrcjlzc y a` lasta ia `c ia Yarua` nck sdil zlkcs ecrjdkc`as iamdil c `cs flep`dfcics fcrcftaråstdfcs jaljrãhdfcs, c `c iurc f`dectl`ljåc y c `c flep`dfcic lrljrchåc , `l qua ak lpdkdök ia c`jukls cutlras 84) nc prlpdfdcil qua astcs axtraecs flkidfdlkas, flk `cs flksdjudaktas cplrtcfdlkas nueckcs a ndstördfcs, sa ncyck depuastl c fuc`qudar astrufturc pl`åtdfl-ciedkdstrctdvc pl`åtdfl-ciedkdstrctdvc,, y cså ncyc rasu`tcil qua ak a` lriak guråidfl sa ncyc fracil cquå uk iarafnl idstdktl y jakudkl. Asta p`cktacedaktl p`cktacedaktl,, mcscil ak frdtardls pröxdels c uk fdartl iataredkdsel jaljrãhdfl :?), nc rasc`tcil `c saeagckzc aktra `cs astrufturcs tarrdtlrdc`as ia astcs tdarrcs ak `c Aici Eaidc flk `cs ia äplfcs cktardlras, astcm`afdakil `c tal råc ia uk flktdkudse flktdkudsel l aflköedfl mcscil ak `c jckciaråc , prlpdc ia tdarrcs c`tcs, cukqua Ecråc @uds @ud s c @aias @ai asec ec yc y c iag ö f`crl qua kl ncy rastl rastlss ilfueaktc`as ia `cs prdearcs dkhd`trcfdlkas ia pcstlras trcsnuecktas y fczcilras cktas ia `ls huarls :3), flk `l qua `c chdrecfdök trcidfdlkc` ia flktdkudsel kl puaia fartdhdfcrsa flk tcktc rltukidici.

=8

 

@c äplfc hlrc` 33=?/3363-3=19)

Tc quaiö iaelstrcil :=) qua astc csavarcfdök kl as ia` tlil axcftc, y qua så numl ukc f`crc rupturc slfdc`, aflköedfc, pl`åtdfc y plr supuastl, ciedkdstrctdvc , a dkf`usl ak `ls elia`ls ia plm`cedaktl, ak `cs tdarrcs ia` Vdstaec Dmärdfl crcjlkäs iurckta `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD flk raspaftl c äplfcs cktardlras2 as suhdfdakta flk lmsarvcr `c jäkasds ia` prlfasl ia jastcfdök ia `c hrlktarc aktra `ls radkls

frdstdckls ia Fcstd``c y Crcjök aktra 33=9 y 33=: , y `cs rctdhdfcfdlkas plstardlras y `ls fcemdls prliufdils aktra `ls elia`ls ia plm`cedaktl rleckl, eusu`eãk y eaidavc` frdstdckl. @cs astrufturc astrufturcss pl`åtdfcs y ciedkdstrctdvcs y ak flksafuakfdc, `c suparastrufturc guråidfc y `c dkhrcastrufturc aflköedfc y slfd slfdc` c` ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc qua sa flkhdjurck aktra `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD kl slk ukc sdep`a y edeätdfc flktdkucfdök ia `cs ia fa`tåmarls, rleckls, jlils y eusu`eckas, plr ltrc pcrta plfl flklfdics2 plr a` flktrcrdl, flkstdtuyak ukc fracfdök kuavc surjdic c` cmrdjl ia ukc sdtucfdök axfapfdlkc` qua sa prliugl ak asta axtaksl tarrdtlrdl y qua avl`ufdlkö ia ukc hlrec pafu`dcr iamdil c sus prlpdls flkidfdlkcedaktls dktarkls y c` jakarc` iascrrl``l ia` elil ia prliuffdök hauic` deparckta ak `c Aurlpc ia` eleaktl. Cnlrc mdak, a` ray ia Crcjök mcsö tlic su pl`åtdfc raplm`cilrc ak `c flkfasdök ia huarls qua flktakåck cep`åsdels prdvd`ajdls, iarafnls y `dmart `dmartcias. cias. Icrlfc, Vlrdc y Fc`ctcyui huarlk `cs makahdfdcrdcs cktas ia `c euarta ia` ray. C` cmrdjl ia astls huarls, huarls, jaktas ia Kcvcrrc, Hrckfdc y Crcjök cfuidarlk cfuid arlk c `ls makahdfdls ia `c ``cecic rac`, cukqua `c euarta ia C`hlksl D ndzl qua sa ratrcscrc asta prdear depu`sl :6). Icrlfc rafdmdö a` prdearl ia `ls huarls, cktas ia 33=4, y asta edsel cól hua Vlrdc `c makahdfdcic :9). Fc`ctcyui, umdfcic jaljrãhdfceakta aktra `cs ils `lfc`dicias cktardlras, `l tuvl ils c óls iaspuäs. A` =8 ia idfdaemra ia 3363 a` ray C`hlksl D ndzl ilkcfdök c `c aktlkfas vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui ia uk cep`dl täredkl qua fleprakiåc `cs c`iacs y tarrdtlrdls dkf`udils iaktrl ia `ls sdjudaktas `åedtas7 « .. Fnlias flk su täredkl sdjudakil `cs cjucs qua vdartak ncfdc Fc`ctcyui, y saj÷k vc cqua``c sdarrc ia Fcstd``c ia klemra C`mdaickl, y saj÷k vc `c edsec sdarrc ia `c Xdiuakc ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... Mariagl flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui... ... Fcrcmcktas flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... C`mc`cta flk su täredkl y iasia c``å ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... Crdzc flk su täredkl y iasia c``å ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... C`flkfna` flk su täredkl y iasia c``å ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... Ed`ecrfls flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... Judsaec flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui y saj÷k vc `c ectc ia Ecxcrck ncstc `c tlrra ia @c Wcdic . . . Fuma` flk su täredkl y iasia c``å ncstc Fc`ctcyui Fc`ct cyui ... Xd``cha`dfna flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... @ckjc flk s u täredkl y iasia c``å ncstc Fc`ctcyui ... Flils flk su täredkl ncstc Fc`ctcyui² :1). Ak `c ilfueaktcfdök ilfueaktcfdö k ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui `ls täredkls ia `ls `åedtas ia` huarl sa saóc`ck flk ecylr prafdsdök7 «Fnlias flk su täredkl y flel fcak `cs cjucs ncstc Fc`ctcyui y flel vc c `c sdarrc ia Fcstd``c, ``cecic C`mdämckl, =:

 

  LVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

y ia `c sdarrc ia Xdiuarkc, ia Xariagl c Fcrcmcktas y su täredkl, ia C`mc`ct ia Crdzc ncstc Fc`ctcyui, Ckfnl), Ed`ecrfls, Iajussaec, Iajussaec , ia `c ectc ia Ecgcrãk c `c Fayic ia Fuma`, Xd``cha`dfna, @ckjc , Flils2 flkhruaktc flk `c vd``c ia Crdzc y sus c`iacs, Aemdi ia Crdzc flk a` `ujcr ia Fdjða`c y vd``c ia Iaf Iafcc Ctafc) Ctafc),, idöfasds y lmdspcil ia Vdjðakzc, `ujcr ia C`ceaic, c`iac ia Vlrdc, `ujcr ia Fcrcmcktas , vd``c ia Fdrdc2 ia astls c` `ujcr ia Mlrlmdc , idöfasds y lmdspcil ia Lsec y ia c``å c `ls `ujcras ia _lear ia Crckic, Gcrqua, Jltlr, Jltlr , D``uafc D``uafc,, Easlkas, Crãkidjc, ]da`c ]da`c,, @c C`eukdc ia Ilóc Jlidkc, C`pcrtd` @ckjc , Xd``cha`dfna, Qsai y Ylrrc`mc ia `ls Hrcd`as, idöfasds y crzlmdspcil ia Wcrcjlzc y ia Fll`, täredkl ia` `ujcr `u jcr ia Ylrrc`Ylrrc`mc ia `ls Hrcd`as ncstc Ed`ecrfls y ia c``å c Vdsceök, Fcml`chuakta , idöfasds ia Vdjðakzc, y ia c``å c Crdzc² :8). Asta ÷`tdel ilfueaktl as `c flpdc ia` huarl ia 3363 qua sa flksarvcmc ak a` Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, parl kl flrrasplkia axcftceakta c `ls `åedtas flkfaidils ak a` huarl flklfdil, fuyls tlpökdels slk eakls kuearlsls, ia eckarc qua as lmvdl qua a` kltcrdl qua flpdö a` huarl pcrc `ls c`iackls dktrliugl eufnls eãs tlpökdels pcrc ia`dedtcr eaglr a` ãrac ia dkh`uakfdc ia` prdedtdvl y lrdjdkc` huarl md`md`dtckl md`md`dtckl.. Flel as ncmdtuc` ak `cs flkfasdlkas tarrdtlrdc`as ia `ls huarls y `cs fcrtcs puam`cs, `ls täredkls qua sa fdtck quaicmck axf`udils ia` ãrac ia cp`dfcfdök ia` edsel . A` tarrdtlrdl c` fuc` sa cp`dfcmc a` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui dkf`uåc a` vc``a eaidl ia` Gc`ök , aktra `ls astrafnls ia `c nlz ia C`ncec y Vcvdóãk, y `ls vc``as ia `ls ch`uaktas ia cemcs eãrjakas ak asta trcel , as iafdr `ls råls Eckum`as y ]dmltc plr `c ecrjak dzqudaric y `ls råls _dairc, mcgl Gd`lfc y _aragd`as ak `c ecrjak iarafnc. Astc flecrfc flkhdjurc ukc rajdök kcturc`, flkhlrecic plr `c fuakfc ia` Gc`ök eaidl, umdfcic aktra `ls ils prdkfdpc`as rcec`as ia` Vdstaec Dmärdfl. Iasia 3363, plr tcktl , tlics `cs c`iacs flktakdics ak `ls täredkls ia` huarl astcmck sugatcs c` saólrål gurdsidffdlkc` ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctc Fc`ctcyui, yui, fuyl flk flkfagl fagl cftuö flel uk variciarl saólr hauic` slmra a``cs, ia elil qua ästcs kl arck flksdiarcics flel aktdicias ciedkdstrctdvc sdklIcrlf flelc y earls mcrrdls l fl`cfdlkas ia `c vd``c , flel tcemdä tcemdäk k lfurrdö lfurr döcutöklecs flk `ls fcsls Icrlfc Yarua`. _arl _arl iasia prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^DDD, cs c`iacs fleakzcrlk c radvdkidfcr sus prlpdls iarafnls y c raf`cecr fultcs ia cutlkleåc, slmra tlil hdsfc` hdsfc` y guråi guråidfc dfc , `ljrckil c` hdk sajrajcrsa ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y hlrecr ukc ukdvarsdici flk aktdici prlpdc77 `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui. prlpdc A` huarl ia 3363 hua flkhdrecil ak a` eas ia lftumra ia 3369 plr a` ray ]cedrl, ak `ls iåcs dkeaidctls c qua sa ndfdarc fcrjl ia` trlkl ia Crcjök. ]cedrl DD saóc`c ak `c flkhdrecfdök qua `c edsec `a nc sdil sl`dfdtcic «plr ukls fcmc``arls², qua `a nck pa paidil `c plsasdök ia `c vd``c ia Crckic sdk iuic `c `lfc`dici ia Crckic ia Elkfcyl, ak a` fursl c`tl ia` rål ia asta klemra, qua hua dkflrplrcic saj÷k astc ilkcfdök ia ]cedrl DD c `ls täredkls ia` huarl, ia `ls fuc`as ncmåc quaicil axf`udic ak =>

3363.. Asc ilkcfdök kl fucgö2 c` `c flkfasdök ia 3363

 

@c äpl fc hl hlrc` rc` 33=?/3 33=?/3363-3 363-3=19) =19)

eakls ak a` sdj`l ^DDD Crckic kl sa dkflrplrö c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs y quaiö plr a` flktrcrdl flel uk saólrål `cdfl qua sa dktajrö flel pcrta ia ukl ia `ls iledkdls saólrdc`as eãs deplrtcktas ia` Crcjök mcgleaidavc` ::). 6

=.

A` depcftl ia` huarl ak `cs flksafuakfdcs slfdc`as ia `c raplm`cfdök

A` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui c`fckzc tlil su saktdil slfdc` y pl`åtdfl ak a` flep`agl y fcemdckta ecrfl ia ukc slfdaici ia hrlktarc :>) qua hua lrjckdzcic c pcrtdr ia dkstrueaktls guråidfls euy flkfratls. As plr asl qua `c kuavc slfdaici qua sa crtdfu`c iasia prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^DD c pcrtdr ia` huarl flkfaidil c Fc`ctcyui ak pliaras as p crc lrjck lrjckdd3363 as euy pafu`dcr iamdil c qua sa ` ltlrjcrãk aklreas pliar zcr y ciedkdstrcr sus axtaksls tarrdtlrdls :4), flk cep`dcs prarrljctdvcs ia tdpl saólrdc`, qua plr a` huarl sa flkfaiak c` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc qua `cs agarzc slmra `cs c`iacs ia su gurdsidffdök >?). Ak su lrdjak, a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui hukfdlkö flel uk variciarl saólr hausu

c`

ic` ia cp`dfcfdök tarrdtlrdc` ia huarl, eakls iasia `c flkfasdökslmra hlrc` a` akãemdtl 3363 ncstc eaidcil a` sdj`l ^DDD >3). C pcrtdr ia cquå , a` iarafnl rah`agcil ak a` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui, y prlmcm`aeakta uk plfl cktas ak a` prded prdedtdvl tdvl ia Icrl Icrlfc, fc, sa flkvartdrã ak a` hukiceaktl ia` lriakcedaktl ia `c vdic `lfc` ak `c hrlktar hrlktarcc >=), ak a` jareak ia ukc hlrc`dici qua sa axtakiarã plr Fcstd``c, Fcstd``c , Crcjö Crcjök k y Xc`akfdc >6) y qua, c su vaz, ncmåc mamd mamd-il ak `cs huaktas ia` iarafnl flksuatuidkcrdl crcjlkäs y fcsta``ckl >9), jastcil c mcsa ia ia `c axpardakfdc axpardakf dc ak hukicfdlkas ia vd``cs kuavcs, ia axpcksdök plr tarrdtlrdls pa`djrlsls y idhåfd`as y ia sdj`ls ia hrlktarc eãs l eakls astcm`a , hcftlras qua prlpdfdcrlk `c axdstakfdc ia ukls flkfagls huartas y flk jrck cutlkleåc guråidfc >1), cukqua `cs lpdkdlkas ia `ls axpartls hlrc`dstcs sua`ak astcr fucgcics ia flktrcidffdlkas y lpdkdlkas idvarjaktas c asta raspaftl >8). _arl a` nafnl ia `c lrdjdkc`dici y a` fcemdl qua sa prliufa ak Fc`ctcyui c pcrtdr ia 3363 quaic pctakta plr vcrdcs cffdlkas7 prdearl , ak `l pl`åtdfl , plr `c iascpcrdfdök ia `ls takaktas c prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^DDD >:), c`jl jakarc` ak a` radkl ia Crcjök, y iaspuäs plr a` rasquamrcgcedaktl ia` sdstaec ia saólråls ia `c vd``c slmra sus c`iacs c eaidcils ia asc edsec fakturdc >>). Ak ` sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD sa fu`edkcrã a` prlfasl tcktl ak `c hlrecfdök ia` iarafnl eukdfdpc` mãsdfl >4) flel ak `c sajrajcfdök ia `cs c`iacs flk raspaftl c `cs vd``cs y `c flkhdjurcfdök ia `c Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui, Icrlfc y Yarua` 4?). A` elia`l ia raplm`cfdök flkidfdlkö ak muakc eaidic `c hutu huturc rc astrufturc ia `c slfdaici ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc. Ckc Ecråc Mcrrarl gustdhdfö gustdhdfö a` äxdt äxdtl l ia `c raplm`cfdök ak a` sdj`l ^DD jrcfdcs c `c prlyaffdök ia` iarafnl ia `ls flkfagls fcsta``ckls ak `ls crcjlkasas 43), elidhdfckil diacs cktardlras ak tlrkl c `c =4

 

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flkhdjurcfdök ia uk iarafnl prlpdl prlpdl 4=), y @c`dkia slstuvl slstuvl qua a` elia`l ia `c raplm`cfdök ia `c Axtraeciurc «flrrasplkia c` parhd` ia uk juarrarl prlhasdlkc`² 46). Vaeagckta flkguktl ia klrecs guråidfcs y `c eckar eckarcc ia cp`dfcr a` iarafnl hlrc` prlvlfö ukc asfcsc axdstakfd axdstakfdcc ia saólråls `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls ak `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc, puas «`ls saólras kl takåck `c raktcmd`dici ia ukls fl`lkdzcilras frdstdckls trcs`cicil trcs`cicilss c ukc tdarrc ia kcida c `c qua cfuiåck ctrcåils plr a` saóua`l ia `cs `cs prlpdaici prlpdaicias as y `cs hrckqudfdcs² 49) y ciaeãs, `ls pliarlsls flkfagls ia Fc`ctcyui y Icrlfc Icrlfc,, c `l `lss qua eãs tcria sa ukdrã Yarua` , sa akfcrjcrlk ia ecktakar c `c klm`azc c`agcic ia sus örjckls ia pliar y ia iafds afdsdök dök pl`åtdfc y ia `c kuavc astrufturc slfdc` qua astcmck flkstruyakil, `c qua flkstdtuyö `c mcsa ia` sdstaec slfdlpl` slfdlpl`åtdfl åtdfl ia `cs huturcs Fleukdicias ia c `iacs ak a` qua `c klm`azc prasaktcmc ukc iamd`dici axtraec y ia` qua quaicrã axf`udic ia pcrtdfdpcr ak su jlmdarkl. A` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui prlpdfdö qua `c slfdaici ia` tarrdtlrdl ia su flepatakfdc sa iltcrc ia ukc sa sarda rda ia fcrcftaråstdfcs prlpd prlpdcs cs ia `c tdarrc ia hrlktarc ak `c qua sa jas tö 2 as euy pafu`dcr iamdil c qua c` flkfagl ia `c vd``c sa `a ltlrjc ltlrjcrãk aklreas pliaras pcrc lrjckdzcr y ciedkdstrcr sus axtaksls tarrdtlrdls, flk cep`dcs prarrljctdvcs slmra `c `css c`iacs fleprakidics ak `l `lss täredkls ak `ls qua sa cp`dfc su gurdsidffdök gurdsidffdök,, parl c `c vaz ickil p cs l c ukc flktrcidffdök qua tcricrã eãs ia uk sdj`l ak rasl`varsa rasl`varsa.. A` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui p`cktac ukc sarda ia klrecs pcrc `c lrjckdzcfdök slfdc` mcscics ak vcrdls hcftlras iataredkcktas7 c @c rctdhdfcfdök ia `c `dmartci y `c djuc`ici ia tlils `ls plm`cilras7 «Ylils `lss plm`cilras qua vakjck c plm`cr Fc`ctcyui quaiak cmsua`tls y `dmras ia tlics `l iauics qua ncyck flktrcåil² 41). Va prasaktc ukc praedsc mãsdfc7 `c flkidfdök slfdc` slf dc` ia `ls raplm`cilras, flel nlemras `dmras `dmra s a dkjakul dkjakuls, s, cukqua ncmråc qua astcm`afar astcm` afar ak fcic fcsl a` c `fckfa ia astcs prasuktc prasuktcss «`dmartcias «`dmartcias². ². _arl `ls iasals ia` `ajds`cilr iaastcmck ecktakar ukc slfda slfdaici icia`djuc`dtcrdc prlktl huarlk ramcscils, pasa pa sa c qua `ls klm`as axf`udils, plr iarafnl hlrc` prdearl y plr `ls astctutls y flkstdtufdlkas ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui y ia su Fleukdici ia c`iacs iaspuäs, iaspuä s, ia hlrecr pcrta ia` fupl ia lhdfdc`as ia `ls flkfagls y plr tcktl ia sus örjckls ia jlmdarkl y ia sus puastls raprasaktctdvls. Ak Fc`ctcyui y sus c`iacs sa prliugl ak lrdjak uk prlfasl ia idharakfdcfdök slfdc` c` rafdmdr eãs naraicias `ls `l s qua cfuidarlk c plm`cr `c vd``c flk fcmc``l y crecs qua `ls `l s palkas `ls raplm`cil raplm`cil-ras qua fcrafåck ia fcmc``l prlpdl). Astcs idharak idharakfdcs fdcs ia f`csa, qua fledakzck c sdjkdhdfcr djkdhdfcrsa sa aksajudic, sa cjuidzcrlk ukc vaz p csc cscil il a` taelr hrlktardzl ckta a` plssdm`a flktrcctcqua ds `ãedfl trcs pl trc s `c kaf kafasd asdici ici ia ia `c iahak iahaksc sc c kta `c farfckåc ia `c hrlktarc flk Fcstd``c. m @c cutlkleåc eukdfdpc` eukdfdpc`77 «A «A`dgc `dgc a` Flkfagl a` Guaz qua qudsdarc y astä a k su fcrjl iurckta uk cól7 iaspuäs ncjc ncjc a` Flkfagl flel `a p`czfc p`czfc². ². @c flkfasdök 6?

 

@c äp lf lfc c h l rc` 33=? 33=?// 3363-3 = 19)

pcrc pliar a`ajdr c sus lhdfdc`as as ukc prarrljctdvc rac` faidic c` flkguktl ia nlemras `dmras qua flkstdtuyak a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui (48). @c prlndmdfdök ia qua `ls klm`as pcrtdfdpcrck ak a` jlmdarkl ia` Flkfagl y su iapakiakfdc axf`usdvc ia` ray ia Crcjök flkvartåck c Fc`ctcyui y sus täredkls ak uk variciarl Astcil cutöklel , `djcil c Crcjök, ak prdkfdpdl , fcsd axf`usdvceakta c trcväs ia su ra`cfdök flk `c elkcrquåc. f) @c `dmartci ia fu`tl7 «A` f rdstdckl gura ckta a` guiål y a` elrl slmra `c fruz. A` guiål gura ckta a` frdstdckl saj÷k su `ay `ay,, slstakdakil `c Ylrã. A` elrl qua qudsdara gurcr ckta frdstdckl idjc7 Flel hda` hda` frayakta gurl ² (4:). @c `dmartci ia fu`tl y `c paredsdvdici paredsdvdi ci rdtuc` pcrc `c axdstakfdc y `dmra prãftdfc ia `cs fraakfdcs ia `cs edklråcs eusu`eckc y guiåc prlpdfdö uk fdartl crrcdjl ia astcs ils edklråcs ak `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui, parl, furdlsceakta furdlsceakta,, kl ak sus c`iacs. Csaktcr plm`cfdök arc deplrtckta, parl eufnl eãs qua kl sa ecrfncrck cquä``ls qua tck mdak flklfåck a` tarrakl y qua flkstdtuåck ukc pdazc hukiceaktc` pcrc su iascrrl``l aflköedfl. @c paredsdvdici ``ajc c tc` axtrael ak a` huarl qua sa paredta qua «fcic ra`djdök gurcrã plr su ra`djdök ra`djdök² ². i Iahaksc rcidfc` ia `c prlpdaici prdvcic7 «Ilkia qudarc qua tuvdarak naraicias l ncmaras, täkjck`l tlil sc`vl y sdk trcmcs, `dmra y hrckfl pcrc vakiar`l, ilkcr`l y jrcvcr`l c qudaka qudakass a``ls qudarck qudarck² ² (4>). Vdk iuic , `c plsdmd`dici ia cffaiar c `c prlpdaici ia sl`cr pcrc flkstrudr fcsc y ia tdarrcs pcrc fu`tdvcr`cs sa flkvdrtdö ak ukl ia `ls dkfaktdvls eãs deplrtcktas pcrc `c ``ajcic ia plm`cilras. Var prlpdatcrdl ak a` eukil hauic` ia fledakzls ia` sdj`l ^ kl iagcmc ia sar ukc qudearc ak muakc pcrta ia `c Frdstdckici2 ak Fc`ctcyui a` huarl kl sö`l `l paredtåc, sdkl qua `l dkfaktdvcmc y jcrcktdzcmc iaspuäs a` idshruta ia asc prlpdaici. a @dmartci ia earfcil7 «Yakjck `ls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui nlrkls, mcóls, tdakics, el`dkls y fckc`a fckc`as, s, fcic ukl ilkia eaglr puaic ncfar`l² ncfar`l ² (44). Asc klrec ia` huarl dep`dfc `c cusakfdc ia fuc`qudar tdpl ia elklpl`dl saólrdc` slmra `ls eaidls ia axp`ltcfdök axp`ltcfdök,, a dkf`uya ak a` `dmra earfcil c `cs ra`cfdlkas aktra `ls edaemrlss ia `cs tras jrckias fleukdicias ra`djdls edaemrl ra`djdlscs7 cs7 «Frdstdckls, elrls y guiåls fleprak ukls c ltrls ilkia qudarck y flel puaick² puaick ² (3??). Ckta a` axtakidil elklpl`dl hauic` ia` iarafnl ia earfcial, Fc`ctcyui hukfdlkcmc flel uk variciarl earfcil cmdartl c` fuc` sa pliåc cfuidr `dmra y hrckfceakta mcgl prltaffdök axprasc ia` ray. h Jcrcktåc ia pcz dktardlr7 «A` vafdkl qua scfcra crecs flktrc su vafdkl iaktrl ia `c fduici , pcjua 8? sua`ils ... Ia` edsel elil , a` qua vdkdara ak jrupl crecil ak mckil flktrc uk vafdkl y `l ndrdasa l `didcra flktrc ä`, pcjua 8? sua`ils² sua`ils ² (3?3). Qkc slfdaici glvak y fcemdckta , ak pareckakta astcil ia flkvu`sdök, raquaråc ia pcz slfdc` pcrc csaktcr sus `ljrls. @cs trdhu`fcs y `cs ravua`tcs kl iagcmck ia sar ncmdtuc`as, plr `l fuc` su flktrl` plr pcrta ia` Flkfagl arc kafascrdl pcrc csajurcr `c pc z ak `c vd``c y a` muak lriak, ÷kdfl elil ia jcrcktdzcr `c `dmartci ia earfcil y a` iarafnl c `c prlpdaici prdvcic. 6

 

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Ylics astcs praedscs rava`ck `c axdstakfdc ia ukc slfdaici traeakiceakta flktrcidftlrdc. As uk cxdlec flklfdil a` qua pl stu`c qua «Ak `c Axtraeciurc `l qua deplrtc as a` dkidvdiul² 3?=), cukqua cu kqua a` edsel @c`dkia cf`crc qua ak `c ra plm`cfdök «kl deplrtc a` pcscil, kl deplrtc a` dkidvdiul, sö`l a` flk flkfag fagl² l² 3?6)7 ukc flktrcidffdök lmvdc. _arl as qua, ak ahaftl , `c astrufturc slfdc` y guråidfc ia `c qua sa iltcrlk `ls raplm`cilras astã ``akc ia flktrcidffdlkas. A` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui, flel `ls ia Icrlfc y Yarua`, idsaóc ukc slfdaici ia nlemras `dmras parl iaktrl ia uk sdstaec guråidfl y hdsfc` qua sa rdja plr frdtardls kcfdils ak a` sakl ia` elil ia prliuffdök hauic` 3?9). a pcrta ia uk taördfl djuc`dtcrdsel guråidfl hlrec`, cukqua `c supardlrdici ed`dtcr ia `ls fcmc``arls ecrfc `ls ctdsmls ia uk prlhukic idharakfdcfdök slfdc` aktra `ls vafdkls 3?1) qua sa cfrafaktcr cfrafaktcrãã flk a` tdaepl . A` ia Fc`ctcyui as uk huarl euy cvckzcil ak fucktl c `c takiakfdc ncfdc `c djuc`ici slfdc` y pl`åtdfc ia sus plm`cilras, pasa, pasa , l prafdsceakta plr a``l, c sar ia `ls eãs cktdjuls ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlka crcjlkasc sc.. Va prasaktc ukc praedsc mãsdfc7 mãsdfc 7 `c flkidfdök slfdc` ia `ls raplm`cilras, flel nlemras `dmras a dkjakuls 3?8). Astls iasals ia ukc pl`åtdfc ia djuc`ici astceaktc` 3?:), mcscils ak a` trduk hl pl`åtdfl ia flearfdcktas y crtasckls slmra `c klm`azc y `c paquaóc klm`azc c `c nlrc ia flktrl`cr `ls flkfagls ia `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD, ^DD D, lktrdmuyarlk c `c hlrecfdök ia uk Flkfagl ia nlemras `dmras aktra `ls qua ncmåc aqudpcrcfdök guråidfc guråidfc,, y tc` vaz slfdc` , parl flk ecrfcics idharakfdcs aflköedfcs ia f`csa, sdk iuic iasia a` prdkfdpdl 3?>)2 c`jukls fduicickls huarlk ciqudrdakil ukc plsdfdök aflköedfc supardlr c` rastl -cepcrcils ak sus prdvd prdvd`ajdl `ajdlss ia pcrtdicpcrtdic- y ia astc idharakfdcfdök aflköedfc kcfdö , ncfdc 3=?? 3?4), ukc fcic vaz ecylr idharakfdcfdök slfdc` 33?) qua sarã `c fcusc ia plstardlras flkh`dftls ia f`csa, flel saóc`ö Ecråc @ud sc @aiasec7 «Iurckta `c atcpc ia hrlktarc surja `c sl`dicrdici ia` jrup jrupl, l, `uaj `uajll `ls flkh`dftls y plr hdk sa frac uk astcil ia cjra cjrassdvdici pareckakta² 333). Ak astc slfdaici ak flkstckta fcemdl 33=), c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DDD sa hlreö uk fuarpl ia fduicickls, `ls fcmc``arls, uk jrupl slfdc` prdvd`ajdcil 336) qua flpö `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl ia `cs ukdvarsdicias 339), tcktl ak a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui flel ak `c Fleukdici ia sus c`iacs. @ls fcmc``arls sa parhd`crlk ak a` sdj`l ^DDDflel ^DDDflel `c kuavc f`csa , l eaglr astceaktl, iledkckta, flk ukc idstdkfdök slfdc` ia` rastl mcscic ak frdtardls aflköedfls ia raktcs prlpdcs y ia prdvd`ajdls hdsfc`as 331). A` jrcil ia fcmc``arl sa pliåc c`fckzcr plr plsasdök ia fcmc``l y crecs, plr rafdmdr fcmc``l y crecs ia` saólr ia `c vd``c, vd``c , plr prastcr lm`djcfdlkas ed`dtcras flk fcmc``l y crecs l plr narakfdc 338). @lss fcmc``arls sa flkvdrtdarlk ak a` sdj`l ^ ak `c dkidsfutdm`a f`csa iled @l kckta ak Fc`ctcyui y ak su Fleukdici ia c`iacs, flk prdvd`ajdls pl`åtdfls qua sa sustaktcrlk ak su prdecfåc slfdc` y aflköedfc , raukdakil vcrdcs fcrcftaråstdfcs7 `ls fcmc``arls yc astcmck akfuemrcils ak a` sdj`l ^DDDak `c garcrquåc slfdc` 33:),

puas `c fcmc `` aråc vd``ckc arc `c eãs hda` axpras axpra sdök ia `c slfdaici ia hrlktarc 2 `ls 6=

 

  c äpl f c hlrc`

33=?/3363-3=19)

fcmc``arls ``ajcrlk dkf`usl c ncfarsa flk `c prlp prlpdaic daici i ia `cs ianascs 33>), ak prdkfdpdl ukl ia `ls dflkls ia` prlyaftl ia djuc`dtcrdsel idsaócil ak a` huarl. Yrcs iäfcics ia pujkc plr flksajudr`l, `ls fcmc``arls `ljrcrlk elklpl`dzcr a` pliar pl`åtdfl y aflköedfl, prdearl ak a` flkfagl ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y eãs tcria ak `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, flk `cs sdjudaktas flksafuakfdcs7 a` fle÷k ia` Flkfagl, `c ecylråc ia `ls nlemras `dmras qua `l dktajrcmck , sa vdl cpcrtcil ia` eckagl ia `ls raslrtas ia` pliar eukdfdpc` 334), a` Flkfa Flkfagl gl sa mdpl`crdzö mdpl`cr dzö iamdil ia mdil c` prlfasl ia garcrqudz garcrqud z cfdö cfdök k dktarkc dktark c axpardeaktcil ak a` edsel 3=?) 2 astc``crlk taksdlkas slfdc`as ak a` eleaktl ia akfuemrcedaktl ia `ls fcmc``arls vd``ckls flel huarzc pl`åtdfc y slfdc` iledkckta iasia `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD,y ^DDD,y sa prliugarlk mckiaråcs c pcrtdr ia `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD y iurckta a` rastl ia` Eaidavl plr a` flktrl` ia `ls lhdfdls ia` Flkfagl y ia `c Fleukdici 3=3)2 `ls fcmc``arls quaicrlk axaktls ia elkaicga ak 36?6 3==), flksdjudakil flk a``l uk kuavl prdvd`ajdl aflköedfl, qua sa p`cseö ak `c asharc guråidfc c` idvdidrsa `ls c`iackls ak a` sdj`l ^DX ak fctajlråcs guråidfcs y slfdc`as saj÷k su kdva` ia raktcs y ia prlpdaicias 3=6). C `c supardlrdici ia` fcmc``arl slmra `c ia` rastl ia `ls vafdkls sa ukdö `c ia` vafdkl slmra a` hlrãkal, eckdhastcic ak `c idharakfdc ia rasplkscmd`dici plr ia`dtls fleatdils 3=9), flk flk ukc cfaktucic idsfrdedkcfdök aktra vafdkl y axtrcól, eãs tlicvåc qua aktra klm`a l fcmc``arl y a` paök 3=1), flk ukc ecrfcic takiakfdc c idharakfdcr jrupls ak hukfdök ia su partakakfdc c` Flkfagl. Cså , `ls vafdkls sarãk `ls dksfrdtls ak a` pcirök, deprasfdkidm`a pcrc pliar lstaktcr fcr fcrj jls p÷m`dfls 3=8), edaktr edaktrcs cs qua `ls plm`cilr plm`cilras as sarãk qudakas cfuick c plm`cr `c vd``c y flksdj flksdj ck c`jukcs axakfdlkas ak a` prdear cól 3=:) y `ls elrcilras qudakas rasdick ak a` eukdfdpdl parl sdk idshrutcr ia `ls iarafnls qua så takåck `ls vafdkls 3=>). @c avl`ufdök slfdc` ia `ls flkfagls prlvlfö ak `ls sdj`ls ^DDD y ^DX ` päridic ia` aspårdtu qua depu`sö `c raplm`cfdök c` cmrdjl ia` huarl ia 3363. @ls prdvd`ajdls aflköedfls, slfdc`as y guråidfls cfcmcrlk flkvdrtdäkilsa ciaeãs ak ukc fuastdök ia prastdjdl y ia prdvd`ajdl pcrc `ls fcmc``arls, a` astceaktl slfdc` iledkckta ak `ls jrckias flkfagls y `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc, y plr tcktl ak a` flkfagl ia Fc` Fc `ctcyui y ak su Fleukdici ia c`iacs.

= .9. @c kuavc hrlktarc y `c ia`dedtcfdök ia` tarrdtlrdl A` ãrac ia dkh`uakfdc ia Fc`ctcyui quaiö ia`dedtcic flk prafdsdök jaljrãhdfc plr a` huarl ia 3363, parl `cs hrlktarcs ia` radkl ia Crcjök kl sa cgustcrlk iahdkdtdvceakta ncstc `c flkqudstc ia Xc`akfdc y su fracfdök flel radkl cutöklel plr Gcdea D yc c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD. C `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DD Crcjök hua parhd`ckil sus hrlktarcs flk Fcstd``c , hdgcics ia eckarc iahdkdtdvc ak a` fdtcil trctcil ia Ycecrc ia 33=: aktra C`hlksl D 66

 

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HQAKYA

ia Crcjök y C`hlksl XDD ia @aök y Fcstd``c , parl sö `l ak `l qua raspaftc c `cs tdarrcs ncstc aktlkfas flkqudstcics. Eãs cia`ckta numl qua cflricr `cs kuavcs hrlktarcs ak a` sur, fuckil sa flkqudstcrlk Yarua` plr `ls crcjlkasas y Fuakfc plr `ls fcsta``ckls, flk kuavls pcftls hdrecils cnlrc aktra C`hlksl DD ia Crcjök y C`hlksl XDDD ia Fcstd``c sdjudakil a` elia`l astcm`afdil plr sus praiafaslras ia` edsel klemra eaidl sdj`l cktas 3=4). Cså, aktra 33=? , hafnc ia `c flkqudstc ia Fc`ctcyui , y 3=6>, hafnc ia `c flk qudstc ia Xc`akfdc, `ls rayas ia Crcjök huarlk flkhdjurckil uk tarrdtlrdl c pcrtdr ia hlrecs pl`åtdfcs idvarscs y ia flkfasdlkas euy vcrdcics 36?). ` ãrac ia` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui cfcmö quaickil ia`dedtcic plr uk flkguktl ia astcs flkfa sdlkas. @ls `åedtas plr a` klrta sa hdgcrlk c pcrtdr ia` astcm`afdedaktl ia vcrdls saólråls `cdfls qua sa axtakiåck c `l `crjl ia `ls vc``as ia` rål Crckic y ia` rål Jrål , ch`uaktas ia` Gc`ök qua flkh`uyak euy farfc ukl ia` ltrl ukc vaz qua a` Gc`ök yc nc ctrcvascil a` ÷`tdel ia `ls rcec`as elktcólsls ia` Vdstaec Dmärdfl y sa cmra ak su fursl mcgl fcedkl ia `c iaprasdök ia` Amrl . @ls `åedtas plr a` a ` lasta huarlk ia`dedtcils flk `cs tdarrcs ia` huarl ia Icrlfc hdgcics plr ]ceök Marak juar DX ak 339= 339=,, sdk iuic slmra `cs flkfaidics cktas ia 33=4 plr C`hlksl D, y flk ils saólråls qua sa flkfaidarlk ak astc zlkc7 Flils y Xd``cha`dfna. @ls `åedtas plr a` sur fldkfdiak flk `ls ia Icrlfc y flk `ls saólråls ia Fuma` y C`ianua`c ia @dastls. _lr hdk, ak a` lasta `ls `åedtas arc `ls eãs flep`agls 2 ak a` fursl c`tl ia` ]dmltc y ia` Eckum`as `dkicmc flk a` radkl ia Fcstd``c , ak a` faktrl ia asta saftlr,, ak a` fursl ia` Gc`ök, flk `cs tdarrcs ia Fatdkc y Crdzc, c su vaz hrlktard saftlr hrlktardzzcs flk Fcstd``c, y ak `cs sdarrcs ia` surlasta flk `c prlpdc Fcstd``c y flk `ls saólråls ia` elkcstardl ia _ dairc . A` tarrdtlrdl hlrc` ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, y ak flksafuakfdc pcrta ia` qua eãs tcria sa flkstdtudrã flel Fleukdici ia c`iacs, quaiö ia`dedtcil cså plr vcrdcs fdrfuks tckfdcs7 - @c @css flk flkfas fasdl dlka kass ia saólråls rac`dzcics plr `ls rayas ia Crcjök c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DD y c`prdearcs iäfcics ia` ^DDD aspafdc`eakta fdstarfdaksa ia _dairc . c saólras `cdfls y c elkcstardls, - @c ia`dedtcfdök ia` huarl ia Icrlfc , yc axdstakta ak 33=4 y plr tcktl flk cktardlrdici c` ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, y prafaiakta ia` qua sa rctdhdfö ak 339= . - @c fra fracf cfdö dök k ia ia `ls saólråls ia Crdzc y Fatdkc 363), qua ctrcvascrlk plr idvarscs fdrfukstckfdcs c `l `crjl ia `c Aici Eaidc . - @c hdgcfdök eaidckta a` trctcil ia 33=: ia `ls `åedtas hrlktardzls iahdkdtdvls aktra `ls radkls ia Fcstd``c y Crcjök. Csåå , yc ak `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj Cs sdj``l ^DD quaicrlk hdgcils `ls `åedtas ia asta tarrdtlrdl , sdk plsdmd`dici ia ax axpcksdök pcksdök ak kdkjukc idraffdök. Vö`l eãs cia`ckta , flel plr agaep`l lfurrdö ak `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Icrlfc flk `c dkflr plrcfdök yc ak 31?? ia `c vd``c ia _`akcs y ia `c Nlklr ia Nuasc, qua fle prakiåc uk jrupl ia `l `lfc`dicias fc`dicias ncstc aktl aktlk kfas ia saólrål , rastcrã `c c`tarkctdvc 69

 

@c äplfc hlrc`

33=?/3363-3=19)

ia fleprcr c`iacs ia saólrål a dkflrplrcr`cs flrkl c`iacs c ` c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, flrkl lfurrdrã flk `cs elraråcs ia Vcvdóãk y Yarrar yc c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X. Ak `åkacs jakarc`as, ` c Fleukdici ia c `i `iacs acs ia Fc`ctcyui ak su ia`dedtcfdök iahdkdtdvc ia hdkas ia `c Aici Eai dc takirã fcsd `ls edsels `åedtas qua `ls fle prakidils ak a` eleaktl ia su flkstdtufdök c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD, y qua kl flrrasplkiak flk `ls hdgcils pcrc a` saólrål ia Fc`ctcyui plr a` huarl ia 3363. Iagckil ia `cil `ls tlpökdels fdtcils flrkl `åedta ak a` huarl, qua yc sa nc dkidfcil qua, sc`vl axfapfdlkas, kl sa dkf`uåck ak `ls edsels, `cs `lfc `lfc`dic `dicias ias qua flrrasplkiåck ak prdkfdpdl c` sdstaec hlrc` ia Fc`ctcyui y qua `uajl kl sa dktajrcrlk ak ` c Fleukdici, huarlk `cs sdjudaktas7 Vastrdfc, Elräs, _urrly, _urrly , Xd``c Xd``c kuavc ia Gc`ök, Elrctc ia Gc`ök Gc`ök,, _datcs, Vcktc Fruz ia Jrål, Ylmai , Xd``cha`dfna , Ylrrc`mc ia `ls Hrcd Hrcd``as, C`ianua` C`ianua`cc ia @dastls, Fcepd``l, Kuävc`ls, _dairc, Fc` Flktcedkc edkc , Fatdkc y ecrzc, Vdsceök, @c Xd`uaóc, Xc`tlrras, Fcrakcs, Jlilgls, Flktc Xd``c``akjuc, ciaeãs, f` Xd``c f `crl, ia `c prlpdc vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y ia `cs elraråcs ia Yarrarr y ia Vcvdóãk. Yarra Vcvdóã k. A` prlfasl ia saólrdc`dzcfdök chaftö c astcs `lfc lfc`di `dicias cias kl dktajrcics ak `c Fleukdici , qua huarlk flkvartdics l sa ecktuvdarlk flrkl saólråls. Vastrdfc, Elräs y `c elraråc ia Vcvdóãk rafcyarlk ak eckls ia `c hced hced`d `dcc _uayl-Xdicurä2 Xd``ckuavc ia Gc`ök y Elrctc ia Gc`ök ak `cs ia `ls Gdeäkaz ia Qrrac22 _urrly ak `cs ia `ls @ukc2 Vcktc Fruz ia Jrål, Ylmai, Kuävc`ls y Ylrrc`mc Qrrac ia `ls Hrcd`as ak `cs ia `c Lriak ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl2 Xd``cha`dfna ak `cs ia `ls Vas sä, y eãs tcria, flk Jlilgls, Jlilgls, ak `cs ia `ls Czcjrc-@ukc2 Fcepd``l y Xd `` c`akjuc ak `cs ia `c Lriak ia Vck Guck ia` Nlspdtc`2 C`ian ua`c ia @dastls ak `c ia `ls @dóãk2 Fcrakcs y _dairc ak `cs ia` elkcstardl fdstarfdaksa ia _dairc2 Xc`tlrras, @c Xd `u `uaóc aóc y `c elraråc ia Yarrar ak `cs ia `ls Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc2 @ukc 2 Flktcedkc Flktcedkc,, Fatdkc y Vdsceök ak `cs ia `ls Harkãkiaz ia Naraidc Naraidc22 y Fc`ecrzc ak `cs ia `ls Jltlr 36=). a`

A` prlfasl saólrdc`dzcfdök aspafdc`eakta dktaksl radkcil ia C`hlksl DD, ciahdkas ia` sdj sdj``l ^DDhua qudak flkfaidö `c c`iac iaiurckta Fcrakcs c Ckir C kirau au Ncmdm, flk su tlrra y su fãrfa`, ak 3384 3384 366), y idl ak 33>: Fatdkc c `c Lriak ia` Nlspdtc` c fcemdl ia ukls mdakas y naraicias ak Vcvdóãk, cukqua c` cól sdjudakta `c rafuparö plr pareutc, flk `ls edsels nlspdtc`crdls, ia C`jcdrc , farfc ia @ärd ic, y Ylrra M`ckfc, ak Hrcjc 369). Csåå , `c huturc Fleukdici ia c `i Cs `iacs acs ia Fc`ctcyui quaicmc rliacic ia uk var iciarl fdkturö fdkturök k ia saólråls `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls2 sö`l `dedtcmc flk `ujcras ia rac`akjl ak `c prlpdc vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y ak a` surasta flk `c Fleukdici ia Ic rlfc . Ia tlics ` cs c`iacs ia saólrål ia su aktlrkl, kd ukc sl`c, flk `c axfapfdök ia `c s elraråcs ia Yarrar y ia Vcvdóãk, sa dkflrplrö c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui, ia elil qua a` ecpc ia tdarrcs ia saólrål y rac`akjl hdgcil c eaidc ils ia` sdj`l

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cpakcs sa elvdö iurckta a` rastl ia ` c Aici Eaidc . 1

 

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@QD V FL]]C@ @CHQAK @CHQA KY A

=.1. A` Vaólrål ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui @c flkfasdök c `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui ia` huarl ia 6 supusl `c fracfdök ia uk variciarl saólrål guråidfl ia `c vd``c slmra `cs c`iacs qua quaicmck akj`lmcics iaktrl ia `ls täredkls saóc`cils ak asa edsel huarl 361). C `c vdstc ia` taxtl, astã f`crl qua `ls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui slk tlils cquä``ls qua vdvak ak `c vd``c, quaickil euy dkiahdkdil a` räjdeak guråidfl ia `ls plm`cilras qua `l ncfåck huarc ia `cs eurc``cs ia `c vd``c, as iafdr iafdr,, ak `cs c`iacs, c `cs qua ak 6 sa flktaep`c flel earls mcrrdls l fl`cfdlk fl`cfdlkas as 368) 368),, sd sdk k `c eaklr cutlkleåc. Astc dkiahdkdfdök, cukqua kl axdstak ictls pcrc csajurcr`l flk rltukidici , puil prlvlfcr ukc fdartc dkiahaksdök guråidfc, `l qua idl lrdjak c` dkdfdl ia` prlfasl ia sapcrcfdök aktra vd``c y c`iacs qua fu`edkcrã ak `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD flk `c fracfdök ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs, sajrajcic ia `c vd``c sdjudakil `c tökdfc jakarc` ia `cs c`iacs ia `ls ltrls ils jrckias flkfagls, Icrlfc y Yarua`, ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc. A` huarl as euy sdep`a y ak ä` sa rah`agc ukc lrjckdzcfdök eukdfdpc` axtrclridkcrdceakta sakfd``c , iltcic ia asc aklrea fcpcfdici qua tuvdarlk `ls jrckias flkfagls ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc pcrc `c iasfaktrc`dzcfdök ia `c ciedkdstrcfdök y ahdfcfdc ia jlmdarkl 36:) qua prlpdfdö y c`aktö a` ray C`hlksl D ak tlics sus cffdlkas raplm`cilrcs aktra 33=? y 3369 36>) y qua idl lrdjak c` pafu`dcr «iarafnl ia hrlktarc hrlktarc² ² qua sa cp`dfö ak a` sur ia` radkl ia Crcjök ak `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD 364). Va trctcmc, ak suec, ia prlfurcr `c cutlkleåc guidfdc` ia` Flkfagl, rafcmcr csd`l `ajc` c `ls parsajudils, rahlrzcr a` pcpa` ia `c hced`dc y `c pcrakta`c, fartdhdfcr axakfdlkas hdsfc`as, c`fckzcr `c djuc`ici slfdc` ia `ls vafdkls, prltajar `c jckciaråc y raspatcr `c prlpdaici prdvcic 39?). @ls iaplsdtcrdls `ajåtdels ia `ls makahdfdls flkfaidils ak a` huarl slk «tltls plpu`ctlras ia Fc`ctcyui ² , tcktl `ls qua yc vdvåck c``å flel `ls qua cfuidarck c plm`cr`c ak a` huturl. C asls plm`cilras, «prasaktas y huturls², dmciafdr, idrdjdil qua dep`dfcmc `c lrjckdzcfdök ia qua `c vd``c ak iarafnl uk Flkfagl, as ak a` `c huarl, ukdvarsdici ia tlils `ls nlemras `dmras takåck c `c vafdkici ak a``c. A` lhdfdc` eãs deplrtckta ia tlil a` Flkfagl arc a` Guaz 393), fuyc hdjurc sa a`ajåc «iaelfrãtdfceakta² plr `c cscem`ac flkfagd`, hlrecic plr tlils `ls vafdkls vcrlkas ecylras ia aici ia `c vd``c, flk p`akc cutlkleåc y plr a ` p`czl ia uk cól cól22 ukc vaz hdkc`dzcil asta p`czl ia tdaepl, a` Flkfagl pliåc a`ajdr c uk kuavl Guaz flel astdecrc flkvakdakta. A` guaz arc `c cutlrdici eãs deplrtckta ia `c vd``c, y qudak idrdeåc `ls csuktls guidfdc`as ia` Flkfagl y jcrcktdzcmc qua sa fuep`darc y cp`dfcrc a` huarl. A` Guaz pcscrã c sar ``cecil Gustdfdc c `l `crjl ia `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DD,y ^DD,y fuckil `c c`iacs sa sajrajuak ia `c vd``c sarã a` ÷kdfl lhdfdc` ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui qua ecktakjc flepatakfdcs slmra `cs c`iacs ukc vaz flkstdtudics ästcs ak Fleukdici 39=). 68

 

@c äplfc hlrc` 33=? 33=?//   6 3 -3=19)

Vö`l uk sajukil fcrjl ia` Flkfagl as fdtcil axprasceakta ak a` huarl2 sa trctc ia` scyök 396), a` lhdfdc` akfcrjcil ia rafcu rafcuicr icr `cs «fc «fc`lkdcs `lkdcs² ² qua sa pcjck plr `c fledsdök ia ia`dtls y plr pcjl ia pakcs2 arc ukc aspafda ia c`jucfd` flk ctrdmufdlkas pl`dfdc`as. Ciaeãs ia `ls lhdfdc`as lhdfdc` as prlpdls y prdvctdvls hdgcils ak a` huarl pcrc `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y `cs c`iacs fleprakidics ak sus täredkl täredklss hlrc`as, ncmåc ak `c vd``c vcrdls lhdfdc`as fuyc iapakiakfdc arc idraftc ia` ray ia Crcjök. Aktra a``ls sa akflktrcmc a` takakta l Vaólr ia `c vd``c 399), qua qua takåc flepatakfdcs ed`dtcras pcrc `c iahaksc ia` tarrdtlrdl, y qua kl pliåc sar vafdkl ia Fc`ctcyui. Vus hukfdlka hukfdlkas, s, ak uk tarrdtlrdl ia hrlktarc, arck fcsd axf`usdvceakta ed`dtcras, cukqua c `c vaz sa flkstdtuyö flel a` raharakta ia `c cutlrdici rac` y sdk iuic, raprasaktö `c cutlrdici ia` ray slmra a` tarrdtlrdl md`md`dtckl 2 asta fcrjl iascpcrafdö c fledakzls ia` sdj`l ^DDD. A` eardkl tcemdäk arc uk lhdfdc` rac` 391), a` akfcrjcil ia `c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `ls dktarasas aflköedfls ia `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc ak `c rajdök. @ls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui tceplfl pliåck agarfar asta lhdfdl c eakls qua pcjcsak plr a``l ed` sua`ils c` Flkfagl. Iurckta a` sdj`l ^DD ^DDasta asta sdstaec ciedkdstrctdvl tck sde sdep`a p`a hukfdlkö mdak. A` tarrdtlrdl sa astcmc ralrjckdzckil y `ls fcemdls qua sa prliugarlk ak `c plm`cfdök huarlk euy kltcm`as. A` sdstaec ds`ãedfl mcscil ak fdui fduicias cias Icr Icrlfc lfc,, C`mcrrc fåk, `c prlpdc Fc`ctcyui) iasia `cs qua sa flktrl`cmc pl`åtdfc y aflköedfceakta a` tarrdtlrdl sdjudö hukfdlkckil fcsd sdk c`tarcfdök. Fdartceakta, `ls elkcrfcs crcjlkasas, slmra tlil C`hlksl D y a` flkia ia Mcrfa`lkc ]ceök Marakjuar DX ndfdarlk uk kltcm`a ashuarzl guråidfl pcrc flkvartdr c `ls faktrls urmckls ia äplfc ds`ãedfc ak `ls kuavls faktrls flkfagd`as ia `c hrlktarc c` sur ia` Amrl, parl asta p`cktacedaktl, iaecsdcil cvckzcil tc` vaz pcrc su tdaepl , tuvl qu quaa flkvdvdr flk vdvdr flk `ls dktarasas ia `c klm`azc 398), qua kl astcmc idspua idspuastc stc c rakukfdcr c s u muak paiczl ic zl ak a` rapcrtl ia `c `css tdarrcs jckc jckcics ics c `ls eusu`eckas, pua s ncmåc flktrdmudil flk sus agärfdtls hauic`as c a``l. Iasia `uajl, c pcrtdr ia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DD, fuckil yc ncmåc ia sc pcrafdil `c prdearc jakarcfdök ia raplm`cilras, as iafdr iafdr,, `ls pdlkarls, y ncmåc sdil naraicic plr sus ndgls, kcfdils y crrcdjcils ak `c hrlktarc, `cs trckshlre cf dlkas pl`åtdfcs y slfdc`as sa cfa`arcrlk ia tc` eckarc qua hua kafascrdl icr kuavcs raspuastcs. Ncfdc 3=?? `c ecylråc ia `cs tdarrcs ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc yc ncmåc sdil rapcrtdic aktra `ls plm`cilras ia `c prdearc y `c sajukic jakarcfdök, y `cs plfcs qua quaicmck plr aktrajcr arck tdarrcs ecrjdkc`as, umdfcics ak `cs zlkcs eãs iurcss f`dectl`öjdfceakta y flk eaklr fcpcfdici prliuftdvc. iurc _lr ltrc pcrta , `cs c`iacs yc ncmåck c`fckzcil `l qua pcrc a` kdva` täfkdfl ia` eleaktl arc `c fdec ia su fcpcfdici ia rlturcfdlkas, y sa ncfåc kafascrdl ia`dedtcr sus täredkls y celglkcr `ls `åedtas tarrdtlrdc`as aktra a``cs. C asparc ia ukc fleprlmcfdök fcsl c fcsl, pcrafa f`crl qua ncfdc eaidcils ia` sdj`l

^DDD

yc sa 6:

 

GL V Ä @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

ncmåc fl`ecil `c fcpcfdici ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc pcrc flksajudr jckcr kuavcs tdarrcs pcrc a` fu`tdvl 39:), c` eakls flk `cs flkidfdlkas täfkdfcs ia` eleaktl

sdtucfdök fnlfcmc idraftceakta flk `ls dktarasas ia `ls jrckias flkfagls, slmra tlil flk cquä``ls qua ak a` eleaktl ia `c flkqudstc frdstdckc ia hdkas ia` sdj`l ^ y prdearls cóls ia` ^DDkl ncmåck rafdmdil uk axtaksl tarrdtlrdl fcsl ia Nuasfc y Wcrcjlzc, plr agaep`l)2 huarlk ästls `ls qua pujkcrlk plr axtakiar su dkh`uakfdc y su gurdsidffdök, qua arc fdartceakta euy asfcsc 39>), ak tcktl `ls qua så ncmåck `ljrcil aklreas axtaksdlkas ia tarrdtlrdl jrcfdcs c` huarl, fcsls ia Fc`ctcyui, Icrlfc l Yarua`, fleakzcrlk c var idsfutdic su praaedkakfdc slmra `cs c`iacs plr `ls vafdkls ia ascs edsecs c`iacs, qua raf`cecmck ecylr cutlkleåc y ecylras flepatakfdcs pcrc idrdedr sus prlpdls csuktls 394). Lmvdceakta, astc sdtucfdök sö`l puil prlv prlvlfcr lfcr qua c `l `crjl `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DDD tuvdarck `ujcr fdartcs trckshlrecfdlkas ak a` jlmdarkl ia `ls jrckias faktrls urmckls crcjlkasas, flk `c dktarvakfdökk ia `c elkcr dktarvakfdö elkcrquåc quåc 31?). _lr `l qua raspaftc c Fc`ctcyui y su täredkl, a` prlfasl sa dkdfdö c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDy fu`edkö uk sdj`l iaspuäs flk `c sajrajcfdök ia vd``c y c`iacs. Ak 3=3? yc axdståc ukc kltlrdc idharakfdc aktra `ls plm`cilras ia `c vd``c y ia `cs c`iacs2 ak `c axakfdök ia pacgas pacga s ia `c qua `as `dmarö _airl DD sa ncfåc prafdsceakta asc idstdkfdök7 « ... ncmdtctlras tce ia vd``c quce ia c`iads ², 313) y ia eckarc s ded`cr arck fdtcils ak ltrl ilfueaktl sads cóls iaspuäs 31=). _lr a` flktrcrdl, ak 3=19 3=19,, fuckil sa prliugl `c sajrajcfdök, `c eckarc ia fdtcr`ls arc« ... nledkdmus Fc`ctcdum at c`iacrue sucrue ... ² 316). @c ilfueaktcfdök kl as iaecsdcil f`crc f`crc,, a dkf`usl pcrafa flktrcidftlrdc c` raspaftl, raspaf tl, parl ic `c deprasdök ia qua a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui racffdlkö ckta `l qua sa elstrcråc dkavdtcm`a7 `c sajrajcfdök ia sus c`iacs ia su ãemdtl gurdsidffdlkc` idraftl. Ak 3=1? sa fdtc `c axdstakfdc ia uk «huarl kuavl² kuavl ² ia Fc`ctcyui qua ncmråc sdil flkfaidil c `c vd``c plr a` ray Gcdea D 319)2 `c flkfasdök ia asta huarl sa vua`va c raflklfar ak ltrl ilfueaktl ia 3=19 311). Iasia `uajl, sd asa kuavl huarl axdstdö, kl sa flklfa flpdc c`jukc. _arl c `c vdstc ia `c ilfueaktcfdök flksarvcic ia Gcdea D, `l eãs prlmcm`a as qua asa « kuavl huarl² sac ak rac`dici ukc flkhdrecfdök ia` huarl ia 3363 3363,, rctdhdfcil plr p lr asa elkcrfc gustl ak a` eleaktl ak qua `cs c`iacs prlf`cecmck y `ljrcmck `ljrc mck ia `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc su cutlkleåc hdsfc` y muakc pcrta pcrt a ia `c guråidfc flk raspaftl c `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui. Flk astc eaidic ia rctdhdfcfdök, Gcdea D pratakiåc cfc``cr `cs quagcs ia `ls `l s vafdkls y ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, qua vaåck föel fleakzcmck c pariar ukcs flepatakfdcs qua ncmåck agarfdil iasia 3363. Astc

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6. @LV L]ÅJAKAV IA @ FLEQKDI I @IA V IA F @ Y TQI IA 6.3. @c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdstaec ia Fleukdicias Ndspckcs Eaidavc`as _asa c qua `c fuastdök slmra a` lrdjak ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs yc quaiö f`crl ncfa c`j÷k tdaepl 318), tlicvåc as kafascrdl dksdstdr ak qua idfncs idfn cs Fleukdicias slk ukc fracfdök qua tdaka su lrdjak ak `c pujkc plr `c cutlkleåc pl`åtdfc ia `cs c`iacs flktrc `cs jrckias vd``cs dmärdfcs ia `c raplm`cfdök ia` sdj`l ^DD7 Fc`ctcyui, Icrlfc y Yarua`, c `cs qua sa suecrã, suecrã , flk kltcm`as vcrdcktas, C`mcrrcfåk fuckil sa dkflrplra c` radkl ia Crcjök yc c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD. Cukqua `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs ``avck a` klemra ia `c vd``c qua arc fcmazc ia raplm`cfdök y faktrl ia `c flkfasdök ia` huarl, kdkjukc ia ascs vd``cs partakafdö kukfc c `c Fleukdici c `c qua idarlk klemra2 cså, `cs vd``cs y `uajl fduicias ia Fc`ctcyui, Icrlfc y Yarua` astcmck axf`udics ia sus raspaftdvcs Fleukdicias, c `cs qua sö`l partakafåck `cs c`iacs cjrupcics ak sasecs. ]a`ajcics fuckil kl l`vdicics plr `c mdm`dljrchåc ndspckc ndspckc ncstc ncfa n cfa c`jukls cóls, `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs nck vdstl föel iasia 34>= `ls ndstlrdcilras `as nck iaidfcil fdartc ctakfdök. @ c ia Icrlfc nc sdil lmgatl ia sakics tasds ilftlrc`as pcrc `c Aici Eaidc 31:) y Eliarkc 31>) y `c ia Yarua` nc sdil astuidcic ak su äplfc eaidavc` 314)2 cemcs nck takdil `c hlrtukc ia idsplkar ia ukc cep`åsdec ilfueaktcfdök. @c ia Fc`ctcyui nc takdil eakls suarta, iamdil c qua su crfndvl, qua sa fustlidcmc ak `c dj`asdc ia Vck Edjua` Edjua ` ia `c `lfc`dici `lfc`d ici ia Ec`uakic , kl sa nc flksarvcil, l c` eakls tlicvåc kl nc sdil `lfc`dzcil, flel yc sa nc dkidfcil. A` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui nc plidil sa sarr raflepuastl ak pcrta jrcfdcs c qua ak a` Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` ia Fc`ctcyui sa nck flksarvcil ils `ajcgls ia` sdj`l ^DDD, `ls k÷earls k÷ea rls = y 9 qua flktdakak ukc cep`dc ra`cfdök ia `ls ilfueaktls qua c``å astcmck iaplsdtcils 38?). Ascs edsecs rajastcs plsdmd`dtcrlk `c raflkstruffdök ia` ecp ecpcc ia `c Fleukdici flk sus raspaftdvcs sasecs, fuyc idstrdmufdök kl arc flklfdic ncstc asa eleaktl 383). 4

 

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HQAKYA

C pascr ia qua `l na prafdscil a k c `j ukc s lfcsdlkas 38=), sdj ua flkhukidäk ilsa a ` pardlil hlrc ` ia Fc Fc`` ctcyui, Icrlfc l Yarua Yarua`` fl k a` ia `cs Fleu kdi kdicias cias ia s u s c`iacs, y sa sdjua sdk sdk aktakiar qua `c fl f l kfas dök ia `ls huarls ia` sd j`l ^DD kl sdjkdhdfö `c fracfdök ia `c s Fl F l eukdici eukdicias as ia c`iacs, sd sdkl kl tlil `l flktrcrdl. @c Fleukdici ia c`i `iacs acs i a Fc ` ctcy ctcyui ui flepra ki åc c`j uk cs ia `cs c`iacs qua dktajrcmck sus täredkls hlrc`as, parl a` huarl ia 3363 kl supu sl `c fracfdök ia asc Fleukdici. @c Fl eukdici kcf k cfddö c` ecrjak ia` huarl, eãs ia uk sd sdj j `l iaspuäs, eaidckta `c cjrupcfdök ia c`jukcs ia `cs c`iacs dktajrcics ak a k s us tä täre redk dkls ls pc pcrc rc fl ksaj udr ukc kltc klt c m` a cutlkleåc flk raspaftl c` c` pliar qua `cs idsplsdfdlkas ia` huarl ltlrjcmck c` flkfagl ia `c vd``c ia Fc `ctcyui slmra a``c a ``cs. s. A k `ls prdearls eleaktls, `l `lss qua flrrasplkiak c `ls cóls dkeaidctl dkeaidctlss c ` c fl k fasdö fasdök k ia` huarl ia 3363, `cs c`iacs arck flksdi flks diarcics arcics earls mcrrdls l «fl`c fdlkas² ia `c vd``c ia Fc `ctcyui. A` fl fl`lhök `lhök ia` huarl `l saóc saóc`` c ia eckarc pc`ec rdc7 «T yl, C`hlk C `hlksl, sl, ray plr `c jrcfdc ia Idls, ls fl kfa fail il täredkls c `l `lss nlemr nlemras as ia Fc`ctcyu i Ls ncjl ilkcfdök ia ... ² 386). T c flktdkuc fl ktdkucffd ök sa fdtck fdtc k `ls tlpö kdels qua ia`dedtcmck a ` ãrac tarrdtlrdc arrdtlrdc`` ia cp cp`d `dfcfdök fcfdök ia` huarl. @c fl flk k fa fassdök as f`crc f`crc,, «c `l `lss nlemras ia Fc `ctcy ui ui², ², parl ¼q ud äkas arck asls nlemras< @ c raspuastc astã as tã a k a ` ed edse sel l hu huar arl7 l7 `l s «plm` «plm `cilras ia Fc ` ctcyui qu quaa cnlrc ` c plm`ãds y c tlils `l `lss qua ia cq uå a k cia`ckta vakjc vakjck k c plm`cr`c². ¼S ud udäk äk tak åc iarafnl c sar vafdkl ia Fc `ct `ctcy cy ui a k 3363< Ak a ` hu arl kcic sa idfa slmra `c eckarc ia cffaiar c sa sarr vafdkl ia ` c vd``c2 astã f`crl qua ncmåc c`jukls qua yc `l arck, `ls qua ak 3363 `c plm`cmck, parl ¼y `l `lss qua vakiråck iaspuäs)2 a` prlfasl ia cutlkleåc ia `cs c`iacs ncmåc ``ajcil c` hdkc` ia su prdear jrck pcquata ia radvdkidfcfdlkas. Vd numda rc qua hdgcr ukc hafnc flkfratc pcrc a``l a` lrdjak ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui takiråc su cftc ia kcfdedaktl ak a` ilfueaktl ictcil a` =? ia ecrzl ia 3=192 asa iåc a` ray Gcdea D, astckil ak Xc`akfdc Xc`akfdc , flkfaiåc c `ls nle mras ia `cs c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui qua kl pcjcsak «flstcs kd jcstls, flktrdmufdlkas kd sarvdfdls flk `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, Fc`ctcyui , sdkl qua sack ak makahdfdl y utd`dici ia a``cs edsecs² 384). @cs c`iacs quaicmck ias`djcics hdsfc`eakta ia `c vd``c y takåck iasia asa eleaktl p`akc fcpcfdici pcrc ciedkdstrcr sus prlpdls rafursls2 as iafdr iafdr,, ncmåc kcfdil `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui 3:?). C pcrtdr ia aktlkfas sa fracrlk ils aspcfdls guråidfls ia rac`akjl idharakf idharakfdc dc ils ak a` tarrdtlrdl hlrc`7 ia uk `cil `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y ia ltrl `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici 3:3). Cså sa rctdhdfö ak idfdaemra ia 3=88 , fuckil sa astcm`a astcm`afdö fdö qua «tlils `ls nc mdtcktas huarc ia `ls eurls ia Fc`ctcyui flktrdmuyck y pcjuak ak a` trdmutl a`

9=

 

@ls lråj lråjaak as ia

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Fleukdici

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`iacs ia i a Fc`ctcyui

ecrcvaiå y ak ltrls sa sarvdfdls rvdfdls rac`as y vafdkc`as, sd kl as qua takjck prdvd`ajdls prdvd`a jdls ia `ls rayas, sd sdk prdvd`ajdl pcrc axfuscrsa hrcuiu`aktceakta ia` pcjl pcjl ia depuastls sus ncfdakics c ltrcs, takjck pakc ia fdak ecrcvaiåas c`hlksdkls y ciaeãs qua fcic ukl pcjua «pamcicvc` vdvc vdvc², ², ia elil qua a` qua numdara pcjcil a k uk `ujcr kl astä lm`djcil c ncfar`l ak ltrl² 3:=)2 astc edsec flkfasdök hua rctdhdfcic plr Gcdea D plfls easas easa s iaspuäs iaspuäs22 `l ndzl a` =? ia cmrd` ia 3=8: astckil prasakta ak Fc`ctcyui 3:6) y ia kuavl plr C`hlksl DDD ak 3=>: 3:9). _arl `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui kl astcmc id idsspuastc c rakukfdcr c sus prdvd`ajdls ia iledkdl fucsd saólrdc` slmra sus c`iacs, y sdjudö axdjdakil a` pcjl ia depuastls. depuastl s. @c prdearc lfcsdök ilfueaktc ilfueakt cic ak `c qua tuvl qua dktarvakdr a` ray a Crcjök pcrc idrdedr slmra a` pcjl ia flktrdmufdlkas `l nd zl c hcvlr ia `cs c`iacs. Hua a` 6 ia hamrarl ia 3=84 , fuckil astckil ak Fc`ctcyui , Gcdea D flkfaidö c `ls ncmdtcktas ia `c Fleukdici qua kl pcjcsak 6?? sua`ils c `ls cfraailr cfraailras as y asfrdmckls ia `c vd``c , y qua kl flktrdmuyarck c jcstls qua kl huarck ak makahdfdl a `c prlpdc Fleukdici,, cså flel qua jucricrck su flkflridc y sus prdvd`ajdls Fleukdici prdvd`ajdls² ² 3:1). Ak sa saptdaemra ptdaemra ia asa ed edss el cól 3=84 a` dkhckta ilk _airl ltlrjcmc uk prdvd`ajdl c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui flkhdreckil qua äs tc kl takåc qua flktrdmudr c p cjc cjcrr `ls `l s jcstls ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui 3:8)2 y plr hdk, ak 3=48 , Gcdea DD iaf`ciaf`crcmc eaidckta ukc sa saktakfdc ktakfdc a ktr ktraa `c fduici y `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui qua `c Fleukdici arc `dmra pcrc takar täredkl täredklss prlpdls , usc scrr su s p cs tl tlss y plsaar nlrkls, el`dkls, ianascs y naraicias 3::). Flk astc iafdsdök, prãftdfceakta fuc`qudar iarafnl ia fcrãftar saólrdc` qua `c `c fduici puidarc ecktakar slmra sus c`iacs quaicmc suprdedil a s aem`aeãtdfl a` iarafnl c nlrkl y el`dklc axfapfdök ia c`jukls iarafnls gurdsidffdlkc`as pcrc `ls `ls ia`dtls eãs jrcvas, fuyc axf`usdvdici sa ra rasa sarvcmc rvcmc a` gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui. Flel a` rastl ia Fleukdicias ia c`iacs, `c ia Fc`ctcyui s ur urj j dö ia `c flkgukfdök ia `c iahaksc ia `ls `l s iarafnl iarafnlss ia `cs `c s c`iacs y ia` hdkc` ia` sds taec ia takakfdcs takakfdc s 3:>). Ak Ak fdartl fdart l elil , `c `css huturc huturcss Fleukdicias ia c`iacs, y `c ia Fc`ctcyui ak flkfratl, sa flkstdtudrãk flel ukc aspafda ia hauils fuyl saólr kcturc` as a` ray ray,, aktra fuyls iarafnls sa dkf`udrãk plr s upua upuass tl `ls elklpl` elklpl`dls dls ia ia nlrkl y el`d el`dkl kl 3:4).

96

 

9. @C @CV V AVY]QF AVY]QFYQ]CV YQ]CV _L@ÅY _L@ÅYDDFCV 9.3.

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9.3.3. @c Fleu Fleukdic kdicii ia C`iacs Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ct cyui csdaktc a` lrdjak ia sus mcsas tarrdtlrdc`as ak `ls täredkls ia` huarl flkfaidil ak 3363 c `c aktlkfas vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui plr C`hlksl D , ray ia Crcjök. Crcjök. A` huarl ia`dedtcmc ia`dedt cmc uk tarrdtlrdl tarrdtlrdl eufnl eãs axtaksl axt aksl qua a` qua ak a` huturl fleprakiarã `c Fleukdici. Vus `åedtas fleakzcm flea kzcmck ck ak `c c`iac ia Fnl Fnlias ias,, gust gustll ilkia cfcmc cfcm c a ` sajukil astrafnl ia` rål Gc`ök y ilkia su fursl sa cmra ak su vc``a mcgl ncfdc a` Amrl. Ia c``å sajuåc plr `cs sdarrcs ia `c Xdrjak Xdrjak y ia Xdjlrkdc ncstc `c c`iac ia Mariagl Mar iagl,, ak a` c`tl Eckum`as pcrc flktdkucr plr a` `åedta flk Fcstd``c aktra `c `lfc`dici slrdck slr dckcc ia ia Fcrcmcktas Fcrcmck tas y a` iasplm`cil iasplm` cil ia C`mc C`mc`cta `cta ncstc Crd Crdzc zc,, ia kuavl ak a` fursl ia` Gc`ök, y ia c``å ncfdc a` sur plr C`flkfna` ia Crdzc c sajudr `c `åkac hrlktardzc flk Fcstd``c plr Ed`ecrfls y Judsa Judsaec ec iasplm`cil) ncstc `c `cjukc ia `c Wcdic, y `c `lfc`dici ia Fuma`2 ia c``å ncfdc a` klrta ncstc flrtcr a` Gd`lfc plr Xd``cha`dfna y ncfdc a` lasta ncfdc @ckjc ia` Fcstd``l y ia kuavl c` klrta plr Flils ncstc farrcr a` täredkl ia kuavl ak Fnlias. Va sua`a csajurcr qua `ls täredkls fdtcils c `c nlrc ia ia`dedtcr a` tarrdtlrdl @c

ia huarliakl astcmcky Fuma` fleprakidils ak `c gurdsidffdök ia` ci edsel. astahuarlk fcsl, y plr Ak `cs uk c`iacs Mariagl så sarãk c`iacs ia `c Fleukdi Fleukdici tcktl, dkf`udics ak `ls täredkls ia Fc`ctcyui , ak tcktl `cs iaeãs quaicrãk c` ecrjak, tcktl `cs crcjlkascs Fnlias, Crdzc , C`flkfna` ia Crdzc Xd`cha`dfna Xd`cha`dfna,, @ckjc ia` Fcstd``l y Flils) flel `c `css fcsta``ckcs Fcrcmcktas, C`mc`cta, Ed`ecrfls y Judsaec). Numl c`jukcs zlkcs qua astckil iaktrl ia astls `åedtas hlrc`as kl s a dkflrplrcrlkk c `c Fleuk rcrl Fleukdici2 dici2 sa trctc ia `cs c`iacs ia Aemdi Ae mdi ia Cr Crdz dzc, c, Fatdkc , Flktcedkc , Jlilgls, Xc`tlrras, @c Xd`uaóc, Vdsceök, Fc`ecrzc, Kuävc`ls, Fcepd``l ia Crcjök, Crcj ök, C`ianua`c ia ia @dastls y Ylrrc`mc ia `ls Hrcd`as . Astls `ujcras partakafdarlk c idvarsls saólråls `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls. Fcrakcs y _dairc _dair c arck `ujcras ia saólrål mcgl `c gurdsidffdök ia` elkcstardl fdstarfdaksa ia _dairc 3>?) 3>?)22 Fcepd``l y Xd``c`akjuc, ia `c Lriak ia` ia` Nlspdtc` 3>3)2 91

 

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FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

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Flils, Kuävc`ls, Vcktc Fruz ia Jrål, Ylmai, Ylrrc`mc ia `l `lss Hrcd`as, c `c Lriak ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl 3>=)2 Jlil Jlilgls, gls, elraråc ia Yarrar, Xc`tlrras, @c Xd`uaóc, Xd``cha`dfna, _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, Vcvdóãk, saólråls `cdfls 3>6)2 Crdzc y Fatdkc, flk sus c`iacs, qua puidarlk flkstdtudr sakics Fleukdicias, cfcmcrlk sdakil saólråls `cdfls 3>9). @c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui sa flkhdjurö flk uk f`crl lmgatdvl2 sa trctö ia ukc cslfdcfdök ia c`iacs pcrc iahakiarsa ia «`ls eufnls rdfls nlemras qua ak astc tdarrc sa icmck plr ncmar naraicil pliarlsls², pliarlsls ², y plr a``l ukdr ukdrsa sa «arc hlrzcil pcrc qua `ls puam`ls puidasak iahakiarsa ia a``ls y ia `ls cjrcvdls flk qua pliåck lprdedr`ls², y a``l prlvlfö qua «sa ukdasak tlils y guktcsak ncfdakil ia asa cyuktcedaktl y ukdök ukc flsc fle÷k utd`dici qua as `l qua ``cecels Fleukdici² 3>1). @cs c`iacs qua sa flkstdtuyarlk ak Fleukdici aktra 3  13 y 3=19 huarlk `cs `c s sdjudaktas7 - Ak a` vc``a ia` rål _dairc y `cs sdarrcs ia _crils y ia` Hrlktök7 Cmcktl, Cfarai, C`crmc, Fcstagök Fcstagök ia C`crmc, Fdemc``c, Fuma`, Dmias, Elktaria, Eu kämrajc y Vleai. - Ak a` vc` vc``a `a mcgl ia` Gd`lfc Gd`lfc77 Ctac, Huaktas ia Gd`lfc, Ec`uakic, Elfnc`as, Elktök, y L`väs. - Ak a` vc vc`` ``aa eaidl ia` Gc` Gc`ök7 ök7 Ctafc, Mumdarfc, Mu mdarfc, Fcstagök ia `c s Crecs, Ecku m`as , Elrctc ia Gd`lfc Gd`lfc,, _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc y Yarrar. - Ak a` a` vc``a ia` Eckum` Eckum`as as y a` mcgl ]dmltc7 Mariagl, Mdguasfc, Mdguasfc , Farvarc ia `c Fcócic, Ec`ckqud``c, Elrls, Ylrra`cpcgc, Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic y Ylrrdgl ia `c Fcócic. - Ak a` vc` vc``a `a ia` eaidl y c`tl ]dmltc y a` Gc`ök7 Ckdóök, F`cräs, Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc,, Vcvdóãk, ]dmarc Vcvd óãk, Xd``crrlyc Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xdvar ia `c Vdarrc. - Ak a` vc``a ia` _aragd`as y `c sdarrc ia Xdflrt7 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz, C`uakic, Ma`elkta, Fcstagök Fcstagök ia Edaias, A` Hrcskl, Vaid`as, Lrarc, ]uasfc, Edaias, Ecrc E crc y Xd``c`mc Xd``c`mc ia ia _aragd`. Astcs c`iacs huarlk `cs hukicfdlkc`as, parl aksajudic sa idvdidarlk ak `cs sads sasecs qua ``avck klemra ia «]ål ia ... ²7 Dmias, Gd`lfc , Gc`ök, Mariagl, Fcócic y Edaias. _crafa lmvdl qua `ls klemras iahdkdtdvls ia `cs sads sasecs slk pls tardlras c su hlrecfdök, puas `c c`iac ia Edaias, plr agaep`l, kl partakafåc c `c Fleukdici c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD. Ak `ls ils sdj`ls y eaidl sdjudaktas c su flkstdtufdök, c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui sa dkflrplrcrlk `cs sdjudaktas c`iacs7 Dmias7 s7 Gcrcmc, @`ueas, @`ue as, _crils. C `c sasec ia ]ål ia Dmia Gd`lfc.. C `c sasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Xa`d``c ia Gd`lfc Gc`ök7 C`ncec. C ` c sasec ia ]ål Gc`ök7 C `c sasec ia ]ål ia Mariagl kl numl dkflrplrcfdlkas. C `c sasec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic7 _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y Vcktls. C

98

`c sasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 Edaias.

 

  cs csaastrufturcs pl`åtdf pl`åtd fcs

Ia elil qua `cs c`iacs quaicrlk idstrdmudics plr sasecs ia ` sdjudakta ec karc c hdkas ia `c Aici Eaidc7 - Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias7 Cmcktl, Cfarai , C`crmc , Fcstagök ia C`crmc C`crmc,, Fdemc ``c , Fuma` , Dmias, Gcrcmc, @`ueas, Elktaria , Eukämrajc Eukämrajc,, _crils y Vleai. - V ase c ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Gd`lfc 7 Ctac, Huaktas ia Gd`lfc , Ec`uakic, Elfnc`as, Elktök, L`väs y Xa`d``c Xa`d``c ia Gd`lfc . - Vase c ia ]ål Gc`ök7 C`ncec, Ctafc, Mumdarfc, Fcsta Fc stagök gök ia `cs Crecs, Eckum`as, Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc y Yarrar. - Vasec ia ia ]ål ia ia Mariag Mariagl7 l7 Mariagl, Mdguasfc Mdguasfc,, Farvarc ia `c Fcócic , Ec`ck qud``c, Elrls, Ylrra`cpcgc Ylrra`cpcgc,, Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic y Ylrrdgl ia `c Fcócic Fcócic.. - V asec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic7 Ckdóök, Ckdóök, F`cräs, F`cräs, Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc ]dmarc,, _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, Vcktls, Vcvdóãk, Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xdvar ia `c Vdarrc. - V asec ia ]ål ia Edaias Edaias77 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz , C`uakic C`uakic,, Ma`elkta, Fcstagök ia Edaias, A` Hrcskl, Dkljäs, Edaias, Vaid`as, Lrarc, ]uasfc , Edaias, Ecrc y Xd``c`mc ia _aragd`. C`jukcs c`iacs euicrlk ia sasec sasec77 Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic cpcrafa k c`jukcs `dstcs ak `c sasec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic y ak ltrcs ak `c ia ]ål ia Mariagl2 Ecku m`as sa idvdidö ak ils ` iasplm`crsa2 `c edtci pcsö c `c sasec ia ]ål ia Mariagl y `c ltrc edtci c `c ia ]ål Gc`ök. @cs dkflrplrcfdlkas eaglr ilfueaktcics ak a` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici hua rlk `cs ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc ]dmarc,, c `c sasec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic Fcócic,, y ` ia _crils, c `c sasec ia ]ål ia Dmias. A` prdear prde ar ilfueaktl ia dkflrplrcfdök ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc ictc ia` 6 ia lftumra ia 3=432 a` ray Gcdea DD ltlrjcmc c astc c`iac uk prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` flkhdrecmc,, ak flksafuakfdc `c ilkcfdök iama sar c`jl cktardlr, flkhdrecmc cktardlr , c astc c`iac tlils `ls huarls, usls y flstuemras flkfaidils plr a` ray ilk ilk _airl _air l y flkhdrecils plr p lr a` ray C`hlksl . Asls ils rayas sö`l puaiak sar ak asa lriak _airl DDD y C`hlksl DDD 3>8)2 as iafdr, qua flk plstardlrdici c 3=:8 _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc rafdmdö uk deplrtckta prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` as prlmcm`a qua sa aqudpcrcrc guråidfceakta c `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui , `l qua `c iagcmc ak flkidfdlkas pcrc dkflrplrcrsa p`akceakta c a``c, a``c , cukqua kl lfurrdö ia dkeaidctl. Ak 36=1 arc saólr ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc Jlkzc`vl Jcrfåc, flksagarl ia` ray Gcdea DD 3>:), parl tras tras cóls iaspuäs, C`hlk C`hlksl sl DX flkfa flkfaiåc iåc c `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui `cs c`iacs ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y `c ia Vcktls , y `l ncfåc flk tlils sus täredkls y partakakfdcs, ciaeã ciaeãss ia ltlrjcr`a tlic `c gurdsidf fdök fdvd` y frdedkc`, `c supraec y cmsl`utc pltastci y tlils `ls iarafnls ia `c iledkdfcturc 2 flel arc ncmdtuc` ak `cs tdarrcs ia rac`akjl , a` ray sö`l sa sa rasarvcmc rasar vcmc `ls iarafnls ia ecrcvaiå, fakcs, nuastas y fcmc`jcics 3>>). Ak 3699 _airl DX rctdhdfö astc ilkcfdök rac`dzcic plr su pcira, y `l ndzl flk ` flkfasdök ia `c idspaksc pcrc qua kl sa puidarck iaseaemrcr kd akcgakcr flel y sa ncfåc flk ltrls `ujcras ia rac`akjl ia `c Flrlkc 3>4). 9:

 

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Q

V FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

@c dkflrplrcfdök ia astcs ils c`iacs, _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y Vcktls , c `c Fleukdici pcrafåc f`crc y flktukiakta parl c÷k sa tcriö eaidl sdj`l eãs ak qua huarc flep`atc y sa cfaptcrc sdk `c eaklr ratdfakfdc. Ylicvåc ak 36:9 _airl D takdc qua dksdstdr, y rctdhdfcmc ia kuavl qua cemcs c`iacs astcmck dkflrplrcics ia p`akl iarafnl c `c ia Fleukdici y lriakcmc qua dici sus vafdkls y flktrdmuyarck flel `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleuk Fleukdici 34?). Tpcjcrck ia kuavl sa rctdhdfö sa a` rastl astc partakakfd partak akfdcc ak 36: 36:>, >, takdakil qua axp`dfcr axp`df cr a` ray qua idfncs c`iacs arck djuc`as c `cs iaeãs c pascr ia qua `c kcturc`azc ia su dkf`usdök ak `c Fleukdici ncmåc sdil idharakta c `c ia` rastl 343). Guck D ak 3646 34=) y Ecrtåk D ak 364> 346) rctdhdfcrlk tlics `cs ilkcfdlkas y flkhdrecfdlkas prafaiaktas2 prafaiaktas 2 ciaeãs, Ecrtåk D `as flkfaidö c `ls flkfagls ia astcs ils c`iacs qua puidarck utd`dzcr `cs sc`dkcs ia cjuc, tdarrc y pdairc ia sus täredkls, y `cs ia huarc ia su suss tär täredk edkls ls sdae sdaepra pra qua huarck ia prlpdaici rac` flel `cs ia A` Fcsta`cr y ]ael`dkls, pcrc su prlpdl usl, parl kl pcrc vakiar `c sc` qua axtrcgarck. _lr hdk, ak 3644 `c aqudpcrcfdök ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y Vcktls flk c` flkfaiar`as Ecrtåk D qua kl pcjcrck a` rastl ia ia `csecrcvaiå, c`iacs quaicmc depuastls ecrcvaiå , nuasta flep`atc y fcmc` fcmc`jcic jcic 349) y qua `ls prasls ak sus su s fãrfa`as puidarck dr c fuc`qudarc ia `cs fãrfa`as ia `c Fleukdici 341). Yarrar partakafåc c `c Fleukdici iasia su lrdjak parl takåc ukc deplrtckta elraråc 348) fuyc prlpdaici ncmåc aktrajcil Gcdea D c` elkcstardl fdstarfdaksa ia _dairc ak 3=8> 34:), ilkcfdök qua hua flkhdrecic plr vcrdls elkcrfcs 34>). Cnlrc mdak, `c hced`dc @ukc, @ukc , `c eãs pliarlsc ia tlil a` vc``a ia` Gc`ök y ukc ia `cs eãs klm`as y rdfcs ia Crcjök, sa ncmåc nafnl flk `c prlpdaici ia `c elraråc ia Yarrar. Yc` vaz prasdlkcil plr a` ray, ray , ilk Gcdea ia @ukc, saólr aktlkfas ia D``uafc, vakidö c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui `c elraråc ia Yarrar ak 3996 plr >.3?? h`lrdkas 344), ukc fcktdici rac`eakta flksdiarcm`a flksdiarcm`a,, flk `c cprlmcfdök ia su asplsc ilóc Vckfnc ia Juzeãk =??). a` Vö`l ils cóls iaspuäs, ia guk gukdl dlckta ia `c 3991, `c radkc Ecråciaiasu@ukc, `c sczök jlmarkcilrc ia` radkl ia3Crcjök radtarcic cusakfdc asplslc a` ray C`hlksl X flkfaiåc c `ls euiägcras ia Yarrar Yarrar,, yc dktajrcils ak `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, uk prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` jlzcmck ia `ls edsels prdvd`ajdls qua a` rastl ia `ls vafdkls ia a``c =?3). Ylil `l cktardlr arc rctdhdfcil hdkc`eakta plr a` prlpdl ray C`hlksl X, X, qudak iasia Dtc`dc Dtc`d c cprlmcmc ak cmrd` ia 399 399:: `c vaktc y `c flkfasdök ia iarafnls rac`dzcic plr su su asplsc aspls c , y ciaeãs ltlrjcmc `c gurdsidffdök fdvd` y frdedkc`, `c gustdfdc c`tc y mcgc, a` earl y edxtl depardl, a` iarafnl c fcstd fcstdjcr jcr ak a``c c `ls ec`nafnlras , y c guzjcr `cs fcuscs fdvd`as y frdedkc`as c `c Fleukdici. Qkls Qkl s ea eassa s eãs tcria, ak a` eas ia gu`dl ia asa edsel cól, `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui y a` klm`a _airl ia @ukc , sufaslr ia ilk Gcdea ak a` saólrål ia D``uafc , hdrecmck ukc saktakfdc crm crmdd-

trc` ickil plr vã`dic `c vaktc ia `c elraråc ia Yakar2 f`crl qua asc rctdhdfcfdök ia 9>

 

  cs csas astru truft fturcs urcs pl`åtdfcs

`c vaktc `a flstö c `c Fleukdici ltrls 3?.??? sua`ils =?=). Idfnc saktakfdc sa raflklfdö plr ilk _a _airl irl ak uk prltlf prltlfl`l l`l ia lftum lftumra ra ia 399: 399: =?6). A` fcsl ia `c elraråc ia Vcvdóãk as sded`cr c` ia `c ia Yarrar. Astc elraråc astcmc umdfcic ak ukc c`iac ia jrck deplrtckfdc astrctäjdfc y iaeljrãhdfc . Ak 3938 C`hlksl X `c ncmåc ilkcil c` klm`a Narkckil ia Vcycs, parl a` lmdspcil ia Ycrczlkc raf`cecmc ak 39=3 `cs iäfdecs ia tlics `cs naraicias ia `ls euiägcras ia Vcvdóãk, dkf`udics `cs qua numdarck fleprcil l fleprcrck ak a` huturl c `ls frdstdckls =?9). A` saólr Narkckil ia Vcycs kl iamåc ia astcr euy flkhlrea flk `c cie ciedd kd strcfdök ia `ls mdakas ia su elraråc elraråc,, puas ak 396? flkhdsfcmc tlils `l s mdakas ia sus vcsc``ls euiäg euiägcras cras =?1). Qkc sl`ufdök c `ls p`adtls hua `c vaktc ia `c elraråc c `c Fleukdici. Ak hamrarl ia 3969 @uds ia Vcktãkja` , `u jcr jcrtakdakta takdakta ia `c Flrta ia` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök, flkfaiåc fcrtc cutlrdzckil `c vaktc ia `c elraråc qua ncmåc rac`dz rac`dzcil cil ilóc Jrcfdc Harkãkiaz ia Hukas, vduic ia Narkckil ia Vcycs, c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui =?8). c vaktc ncmåc sdil yc pcftcic plr su ecrdil a dkf`udic ak su tastceaktl tastceaktl,, hdrecil ak Fc`ctcyui a` =? ia hamrarl ia 3966 plr 61.??? sua`ils =?:). Flk `c Fleukdici yc flkvartdic ak prlpdatcrdc ia `c elraråc ia Vcvdóãk , C`hlksl X flkfaidö ukc cep`dcfdök ia `c edsec fcsd ia dkeaidctl =?>), cså flel a` idshruta ia tlils `ls prdvd`ajdl prdvd`ajdls, s, hrckqudfdcs y iaeãs axakfdlkas y `dmartcias ltlrjcics c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui =?4). @c c`iac ia Mariagl hua lfupcic taeplrc`eakta plr Fcstd``c iurckta `c juarrc qua akhraktö c asta radkl flk Crcjök2 a` == ia saptdaemra ia 3968 `ls rayas ia Crcjök y ia Fcstd``c ncmåck hdrecil ak Yl`ail ukc pcz «parpatuc parpatuc² ² =3?), cukqua ia kuavl astc``crlk nlstd`dicias ak `c hrlktarc ak akarl ia 3994 . C hdkc`as ia asa edsel cól C`hlksl X ray ia Crcjök , ltlrjcmc a` fcstd``l y `c c`iac ia Mariagl c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui «pcrc qua sac ukc ia sus c`iacs ia `c edsec hlrec qua `l arc cktas ia `c lfupcfdök ia` ray ia Fcstd``c², c `c vaz qua flkfaiåc c `ls lhdfdc`as y rajdilras ia `c Fleukdici a` agarfdfdl ia `c gurdsidffdök fdvd` y frdedkc` =33). Kl sa trctcmc plr tcktl ia ukc ciqudsdfdök kuavc ia `c Fleukdici sdkl `c rastdtufdök ia ukc c`iac paridic taeplrc`eakta ak ukc juarrc qua ciaeãs icmc klemra c ukc ia `cs sads sasecs. Fdartceakta, `c zl zlkc kc ia` c`tl Eckum`as ncmåc suhrdil ak `c juarrc flk Fcstd``c y `c sdtucfdök ia `ls plm`cilras ia asa rdkfök ia `c Fleukdici arc idhåfd`, puas ak 391> C`hlksl X, X, astckil ak Kãpl`as, flkfaidö paredsl pcrc qua `ls ncmdtcktas ia `c c`iac ia Ylrra`cpcgc iasplm`crck astc c`iac y puidarck euicrsa c Mariagl =3=). Kukfc sa ``avö c ahaftl, puas Ylrra`cpcgc sa ecktuvl flel c`iac flk flkfagl prlpdl sdk ``ajcr c iasplm`crsa plr flep`atl, cukqua ltrcs kl flrrdarlk `c edsec suarta. Eckum`as arc ukc paquaóc c`iac ak a` fursl mcgl ia` rål ia asta edsel klemra22 c prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^Xyc mra ^Xyc astcmc iasplm`cic iamdil c `cs frdsds apdiäed apdiäedfcs fcs 94

 

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@Q D

V FL]]

@ @

HQAKYA

y ia sumsdstakfdc ia` ^DX y c `cs juarrcs flk Fcstd``c. Ak akarl ia 391? kd sdqudarc takåc aktdici pcrc ecktakar ukc eåkdec plm`cfdök, ia eckarc qua `ls cktdjuls täredkls ia astc c `i ac yc iasplm`cic sa rapcrtdarlk aktra `cs ils `lfc`dicias eãs pröxdecs, Ctac y Elrls. @c flkfasdök ia astls täredkls supusl `c lm`djcfdök ia `cs c`iacs makahdfdcics ia pcjcr ukc raktc ckuc` c `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, ia :?? sua`ils ak a` fcsl ia Ctafc, cukqua sa raiugarlk aksajudic aksa judic c 68= sua`ils y 8 idkar idkarls, ls, y ia 33= sua`ils y 8 idkarls ak a` ia Elrls =36). @`ueas arc ltrc paquaóc c`iac ak a` fursl ia` crrlyl Lrtdz, uk ch`uakta ia` rål _dairc. _l _lrr `ls edsels eltdvl eltdvlss qua Eckum`as tcemdäk astcmc iasplm`cic c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X.Ak ^X.Ak as a s ta fcsl su täredkl sa rapcrtdö aktra `c c`iacs ia Elktaria y Cmcktl , y cemcs c`iacs sa lm`djcrlk c pcjcr c `c Fleukdici 3?? sua`ils ckuc`as fcic ukc ia a``cs =39) plr a` tarrdtlrdl qua ncmåck jckcil. Ylrras arc ukc paquaóc `lfc`dici ak a` fursl mcgl ia` rål _aragd`as qua idsplkåc ia ukc dj`asdc iaidfcic c Vck Ecrtåk. Vu aktdici aktdi ci iaeljrãhdfc arc tck paquaóc qua kl ``ajö c flkhlrecr ukc c`iac flk flkfagl prlpdl, ia eckarc qua a` ray Guck DD ltlrjö ak 3983 su gurdsidffdök c` farfckl `ujcr ia Xd``c`mc ia _aragd` =31). Cså , iurckta tlic su axdstakfdc `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui gceãs paridö tarrdtlrdl. @c vl`uktci ia `ls raya rayass ia Crcjök y ia `ls prlpdl prlpdlss vafdkls hua sdaepra ecktakar a` tarrdtlrdl lrdjdkcrdl ia `cs c`iacs y c sar plsdm`a cep`dcr`l. @l iagcmc f`crl _airl X, qudak ak 368: prlndmdö c `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui qua sa cpcrtcrck ia a``c kd ia `cs flktrdmufdlkas qua `a iamåck =38), ncfd ncfdakil akil eakfdök aspafdc` c Ylrrc`mc Ylrrc`mc ia ]dmltc, c `c qua a` cól cktardlr `a ncmåc flkfaidil a` tåtu`l ia vd``c =3:).

9.3.=. @cs sasecs Iaktrl ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, flel ak a` rastl ia `cs fleukdicias crcjlkascs =3>) y fcsta``ckcs =34), axdstdö ukc sumidvdsdök dktarkc ``cecic sasec ak `c fuc` sa cjrupcmck vcrdcs c`iacs. @c pc`cmrc sasec kl tdaka uk f`crl lrdjak, cukqua c`jukls cutlras nck cpuktcil c qua sa trctc ia ukc pc`cmrc euy cktdjuc fuyl sdjkdhdfcil saråc «rål ² ==?). Iasia `uajl, kl pcrafa takar ukc rcåz saeãktdfc saeãkt dfc jrdajc l rle rleckc ckc,, kd tceplfl ãrcma, plr `l qua ncmråc qua dktudr uk lrdjak prarrleckl c` eakls. A` Idffdlkcrdl ia `c ]ac` Cfciaedc fuckil iahdka `c pc`cmrc «sasel² «sasel ² `a ctrdmuya ils sdjkdhdfcils qua dktarasck7 «cjrupcfdök ia puam`ls² puam`ls ² y «saxtc pcrta pcrta². ². As lmvdl qua «sasel² kl as `c saxtc pcrta, y qua sa trctc ia ukc ec`c dktarpratcfdök ia `c idvdsdök ia `c tdarrc ia `cs Fleukdicias, puas «sasel sasel² ² kl sdjkdhdfc `c saxtc pcrta ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici 2 `c ia C`mcrrcfåk, plr agaep`l, tuvl sdaepra fuctrl sasecs, `c ia Icrlfc kcfdö flk fdkfl y asa k÷earl ecktuvl iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaid Eaidc, c, cukqua ak a` sdj`l s dj`l ^XD ^XD sa cócidö ukc eãs, y fuctrl huarlk `cs lrdjdkc`as ak Yarua` 2 c` pcrafar, sö`l huarlk sads iasia uk prdkfdpdl `cs ia Fc`ctcyui ==3). 1

@c

flkhusdök ak a` Idffdlkcrdl

 

  cs csastrufturcs astrufturcs pl`åtd pl`åtdf fcs

ia «sasec² flk `c saxtc pcrta prlfaia sdk iuic ia qua c`juk c`jukcs cs Fleukdicias så tuvdarlk sads sasecs y c `c fldkfdiakfdc hlkätdfc ia `c axprasdök «sasec² flk a` kuearc` «sads². Ak fucktl c `c diaktdhdfcfdök flk «rål ia², så qua astã f`crl qua `cs sads sasecs ia `c ia F c`ctcyui sa iakledkck ak kuearlscs lfcsdlkas flel «rål ia ... ² , parl kl lfurra `l prlpdl flk `cs ia `cs ia Icrlfc , Yarua` y C`mcrrcfåk, ilkia kl tlics `cs sasecs sa diaktdhdfck flk uk rål. _ lr a` flktrcrdl, så qua pcrafa f`crl qua `c pc`cmrc «sasec² ncfa sdaepra ra harakfdc c ukc cjrupcfdök ia c`iacs ak `c fuc` kl as kdkj÷k iataredkckta kd a` k÷earl ia c`iacs qua sa ra÷kak ak a``c kd a` k÷earl ia sumidvdsdlkas ak `cs qua sa cjrupck. @cs sasecs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui huarlk sdaepra sads, c` eakls iasia qua axdsta flkstckfdc ilfueaktc` ia su axdstakfdc. Fuckil c`jukc c`iac sa dkflrplrö flk plstardlrdici c `c Fleukdici, ästc sa dkf`uyö ak c`jukc ia `cs sas ecs yc axdstaktas, y fuckil c`jukc c`iac quaiö iasplm`cic, su täredkl sa sueö c` ia `c eãs farfckc , ecktakdäkilsa ak su sasec. @cs sasecs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui y `cs c`iacs qua dktajrcmck fcic ukc ia a``cs arck c hdkas hdkas ia` sdj`l ^ cs sdjudaktas7 sdjudaktas 7 - Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias7 Cmcktl ===), Cfarai, C`crmc, Fcstagök ia C`crmc, Fdemc``c, Fuma`, Dmias, Gcrcmc , @`ueas iasplm`cil), Elktaria ==6), Eukämrajc, _crils ==9) y Vleai iasplm`cil). - V a s e c ia ]ål Gd` Gd`lfc lfc77 Ctac, Huaktas ia Gd`lfc, Ec`uak ic , Elfnc`as iaspl m`cil), Elktök, L`väs y Xa`d``c ia Gd`lfc - Vasec ia ]ål Gc`ök7 C`ncec, Ctafc , Mumdarfc, Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs, Eckum`as iasplm`cil), Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc y Yarrar. - Vasec ia ]ål ia Mariagl7 Mariagl7 Mari agl, Mdguasfc, Farvarc ia `c Fcóci c, _c`ck qud``c , Elrls, Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic, Fcó cic, Ylrra`cpcgc y Ylrrdgl ia `c Fcócic - Vasec ia ]ål ia ia `c Fcóci Fcócic7 c7 Ckdóök ==1), F`cräs, Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc ==8), _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc ==:), Vcktls ==>), Vcvdóãk ==4), Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xdvar ia `c Vdarrc Vdarrc.. - Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz, C`uakjc, Ma`elkta, Fcstagök ia Edaias, A` Hrcskl, Dkljäs, Edaias, Ecrc, Lrarc Lrarc,, ]uasfc , Vaid `as y Xd``c`mc ia _aragd`.

9.=. @c lrjckdzcfdök pl`åtdfc Flel aktdici pl`åtdfc idharakfdcic ak a` radkl ia Crcjök, `c Fleukdici ia

c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui arc ukc «ukdvarsdici² ia rac`akjl, sleatdic sö`l c `c slma c`iacs rckåc ia` ray, y plr tckt tcktl l hlrecic plr tdarrcs y nlemras ia rac`akjl. _crc su jlmdarkl y ciedkdstrcfdök sa iltö ia ukc sarda ia eaidics y idsplsd fdlkas pl`åtdfcs aeckcics ia `c `ajc`dici qua akfcrkcmc `c elkcrquåc crcjl kasc , 1

 

GLVÄ

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FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

sdk qua a` sdstaec ia saólråls qua deparcmc ak su pardhardc sa dep`dfcrc ak kdkj÷k fcsl ak `c jastdök ia` tarrdtlrdl ia `cs c`iacs. _crc qua a``l huarc plsdm`a, plsdm`a , `c Fleukdici kafasdtö iasia a` eleaktl ia su hukicfdök ia ukc flksdiarcm`a cutlkleåc hdsfc`. Gcdea D sa `c flkfaidö a k 3=19 =6?) y `c vl`vdö c flkhdrecr ia kuavl ak 3=84, fuckil a` dkhckta ilk _airl ia Crcjök rctdhdfö a` prdvd`ajdl ia cmsl`ufdök qua ncmåc idftcil su pcira a` ray Gcdea D pcrc qua kl flktrdmuyarc ak `ls jcstls ia Fc`ctcyui. _rlmcm`aeakta astc eaidic hua `c eãs deplrtckta ia fucktcs sa cilptcrlk ak `ls ils prdearls iafakdls ia vdic ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs, puas suplkåc a` raflklfdedaktl ia ukc dkiapakiakfdc y ukc cutlkleåc hdsfc` y slmra tlil ia `c prlpdc slmarckåc pcrc utd`dzcr `ls rafursls hdsfc`as prlpdls flk p`akc fcpcfdici ia jastdök =63). Astc fuastdök arc tck deplrtckta pcrc `cs c`iacs qua _airl DDD yc flkvartdil ak ray ia Crcjök,, vl`vdö c rctdhdfcr a` Crcjök a` prdvd`ajdl ia su pcira y a` qua ä` edsel ncmåc flkhdrecil flel naraiarl ak 3=>9 =6=). Gcdea D tuvl qua cp`dfcr ukc pl`åtdfc ia aqud`dmrdl aktra `ls dktarasas ia `c klm`azc crcjlkasc, sdaepra ctaktc c iahakiar sus prdvd`ajdls, y `ls iasals ia vd``cs `

ymdäk Fleukdicias plr ak ecktakarsa ecrjak cemdfdök ia`uajl, `ls saólras, parl tce`c pujkc aktra c`iacsiay`cvd``cs. Iasia `ls c`iackls kl `a tlfö eaidcr astcmck idspuastls c prlpdfdcr qua cqua``ls sugatls chaftls c plsdm`as axakfdlkas hdsfc`as, tc`as flel «sl`icils, fcmc``arls, ndic`jls u ltrls² sa ndfdarck flk prlpdaicias l ecktuvdarck `cs qua yc takåck ak `ls täredkls ia `cs c`iacs. Va trctcmc sdk iuic ia cfcmcr flk prdvd`ajdls y c`fckzcr ia varici `ls p`cktacedaktls djuc djuc`d`dtcrdls cpuktcils ak a` huarl ia 3363. Cså, ak 3=:6 a` elkcrfc crcjlkäs lriakcmc, sdk iuic c patdfdök ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici, qua `ls `ujcras qua ` dktajrcmck sa cyuicrck eutuceakta c hdk ia fleprcr `cs naraicias ia prlpdatcrdls axaktls ia `c hdsfc`dici qua kl huarck vafdkls ia `cs c`iacs qua yc `c dktajrcmck =66). Sua `ls klm`as kl tuvdarck prlpdaicias ia kdkj÷k tdpl iaktrl ia `ls täredkls ia `c Fleukdici sa flkvdrtdö pcrc `ls c`iackls ak ukc lmsasdök. C `cs eaidics cprlmcmcs pcrc fleprcr ia pcjcr raktcs,c`jukcs sa cócidö sajudic `c prlndmdfdök ia `cs quaprlpdaicias `ls vafdkls axaktcs ia `cs c`iacs vakidarck ia aksus prlpdaicias c «ndic` «ndic`jls, jls, fcmc``arls y iaeãs parslkcs axaktcs². Ak idfdaemra ia 3=4=, `c radkc ia Crcjök y c `c sczök jlmarkcilrc ia` radkl, astcmc ak Fc`ctcyui y c``å edsel flkhdrecmc vcrdls prdvd`ajdls cktardlras aedtdils plr `c fckfd``aråc ia Gcdea D, parl slmra tlil lriakcmc c `ls vafdkls ia ` Fleukdici ia sus c`iacs qua kl vakidarck su suss naraicias c ascs parslkcs axaktcs, saóc`ckil ciaeãs qua ak fcsl ia ncfar`l, `ls puam`ls iamaråck ia cyuicrsa ukls c ltrls pcrc fleprcr `ls mdakas puastls ak vaktc, dkidfckil axprasceakta qua kl iamaråc pariarsa kdkj÷k dkjrasl dkjr asl l flktrdmufdök plr as astc tc rczök =69), pu puas as ak fcsl ia ncfar`l, `cs raktcs ckuc`as ia `c Fleukdici sa varåck idsedkudics. _crafa f`crl qua c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui kafasdtcmc ia tlics `cs raktcs qua prlplrfdlkcmck `cs prlpdaicias cjråfl`cs a dkelmd`dcrdcs. 1=

 

  cs astrufturcs pl p l`åtd `åtdffcs

A` jlmdarkl ia astc ukdvarsdici pcscmc plr idsplkar idsp lkar ia `c p`akc rafcuicfdök ia flktrdmufdlkas, plr a` flktrl` ia `c plm`cfdök c trcväs ia `ls faksls hdsfc`as, plr `c raju`crdzcfdök ia `ls pcstls pcrc sus jckcils y plr csaktcr su parslkc`dici parslkc`dici,, fcrcftardzcfdök y idharakfdcfdök pl`åtdfc . Ia cnå qua sus lhdfdc`as pujkcrck plr flk flk-sajudr prlpdl ak `cs Flrtas ia Crcjök, sapcrcil ia` quarac` yc ia plsaåc `c vd``c.. Arc äsacsdaktl , sdk iuic, a` såeml`l qua prlplrfdlkcmc a` fartdhdfcil cutlkleåc. cutlkleåc Kl sa flklfa iaecsdcil mdak `c fleplsdfdök flkfratc ia `cs prdearcs Flrtas ia` radkl, par parl l as avdiakta qua ak a` mrczl ia `cs ukdvarsdicias tlics quaråck pcrtdfdpcr flk vlz prlpdc, c pascr ia qua `cs raukdlkas c Flrtas jakarcmck plr `l fle÷k uk kltcm`a idspakidl pcrc sus crfcs, puas ncmåc qua pcjcr `cs idatcs ia `ls prlfurcilras qua csdståck ak su raprasaktcfdök y ak kuearlscs lfcsdlkas, `ls pardlils ia sasdlkas sa prl`lkjcmck iurckta mcstckta tdaepl. Idsplkar ia csdaktl prlpdl ak `cs Flrtas ia` radkl suplkåc uk deplrtckta jcstl, parl sdjkdhdfcmc uk såeml`l dkiuicm`a ia cutlkleåc y ia prastdjdl. @cs vd``cs y fduicias eãs pliarlscs aflköedfceakta , flel arck Wcrcjlzc , Nuasfc l Ycrczlkc, y `ls jrckias flkfagls ia `c Axtraeciurc , flel Fc`ctcyui , Icrlfc l Yarua`, sl`åck akvdcr flk csdiudici c sus raprasaktcktas c `cs Flrta Flrtas, s, parl tcemdäk `l ndfdarlk ltrcs ukdvarsdicias eaklras, flel `cs vd``cs ia Fatdkc y Crdzc, qua cfuidarlk c `cs ia Ycecrdta ak 36:1 =61), dktarascics plr `c juarrc flk Fcstd``c. Fcstd``c . _arl kl sö`l arc deplrtckta idsplkar ia csdaktl prlpdl, sdkl tcemdäk `c umdfcfdök ia` `ujcr ilkia astcmc sdtuci sdtucil. l. @ls csdaktls eãs ra`avcktas arck `ls eãs pröxdels c` elkcrfc, ak `cs prdearcs hd`cs ia` mrczl ia `cs ukdvarsdicias. @cs c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui flksdjudarlk ak 36:= uk nlklr kltcm`a7 a` 33 ia hamrarl ia asa cól `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui lmtakåc a` prdvd`ajdl ia` ray _airl DX ia qua sus kukfdls ak Flrtas saråck `ls prdearls ak tlecr csdaktl trcs `ls ia `cs fduicias y `ls ia ` c vd``c ia Ag ac , y plr ia`ckta ia `cs Fleukdicias ia crlfc y Yarua` =68). Ak ascs hafncs hafncs yc ncmåc cfcmcil `c fruaktc juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls y a` ia `cs c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ncmåc sdil ukl ia `ls tarrdtlrdls ia hrlktarc qua eãs ncmåc suhrdil iurckta `c edsec c fcusc ia `cs dkfursdlkas ia `ls fcsta``ckls =6:), prlmcm`aeakta a` ray qudsl flepakscr ia asta elil tcktl suhrdedaktl. @c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui jucricmc `ls ilfueaktls raharaktas c su jlmdarjlmdarkl ak a` crecrdl, sdjkcil flk a` fcpåtu`l D. C``å sa iaplsdtcmck `ls cfuarils raharaha raktas c csdaktls ak Flrtas , parl tcemdäk `ls iastdkcils c `c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `ls pafnarls, as iafdr, `ls vafdkls ia `cs c`iacs qua pcjcmck su pafnc l depuastl , c `ls ndic`jls, qua astcmck axaktls, c `ls kltcrdls, qua sa huarlk flkvdrtdakil plfl c plfl ak `ls variciarls tagailras ia `c pl`åtdfc ia `c Fleukdici, y `ls ia `cs tras fctajlråcs ia lhdfdc`as rac`as qua va`cmck plr `ls dktarasas aflköedfls ia `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc crcjlkasc77 `ls fledscrdls akfcrjci akfcrjcils ls ia rafljar a` depuastl ia ecrcvaiå =6>), a` eardkl =64) y a` mcd`a =9?). Iasia `uajl, `c iasfaktrc`dzcfdök c pcrtdr ia `c cutlkleåc ia `ls jrckias Flkfagls qua pusl ak ecrfnc a` ray C`hlksl D flk `ls huarls qua flkfaidö c Icrlfc 16

 

  LVÄ @ Q D V

FL ]]

@ @

HQA KYA

=9 3) y c Fc`ctcyui =9=), qua nc sdil fc`dhdfcic ak c`j÷k fcsl ia «rcidfc`² =96), hua dedtcic plr pl r `cs c`iacs ak fucktl astuvda astuvdarlk rlk ak idsplsdfdök ia ncf ncfar`l ar`l.. @ls vc`lras csaktcils ak a` huarl ia 3363, as iafdr, `c cutlkleåc guid fdc`, fdc`,a` a` csd`l pakc`, a` pcpa` praplkiarckta ia `c hced`dc y `c pcrakta`c ak `c lrjckdzcfdök slfdc` , `cs axakfdlkas hdsfc`as, `ls iasals ia djuc`dtcrdsel slfdc`, a dkf`usl =99) aflköedfl, y `c prltaffdök ia `c prlpdaici prdvcic y `c iahaksc ia `c jckciaråc slk prãftdfceakta `ls edsels qua sa prlpusdarlk iahakiar `ls c`iackls. Ylics `cs cffdlkas ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici astuvdarlk idrd idrdj j dic dicss ak asa saktdil, dkf`usl `cs ia iahaksc ed`dtcr. @cs c`iacs a Fc`ctcyui `ljrcrlk a` flktrl flktrl`` a`a `ls fcstd``ls ia su ãemdtl tarrdtlrdc`, c pascr a qua a` ecktakdedaktl ia `cs hlrtc`azcs suplkåc uk jcstl axtrclridkcrdl. _asa c a`` a``l, l, `c iahaksc ed`dtcr arc sdk iuicc uk iui ukcc ia `cs cffdlkas qua dep`dfcmc uk jcstl ecylr a cutlkleåc, y plr a``l `c Fleukdici kl iuiö ak sl`dfdtcr c` Gustdfdc a Crcjök qua, ak vdrtui ia `ls prdvd`ajdls rac`as c` raspaftl, idftcrc ak 3994 `cs flrrasplkidaktas rasl`ufdlkas ia fartdhdfcfdök ia flepatakfdcs slmra `cs takakfdcs ia sus fcstd``ls, a dkf`us dkf`usl l qua sa vl`vdarc c radtarcr saeagckta fartdhdfcfdök ak hafnc tck tcriåc fl e l 3166, fuckil `ls fcstd``ls ia `c Fleukdici astcmck sdakil yc cmckilkcils =91).

9.6. A` jlmdarkl y `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c Fleukdici y ia `cs c`iacs _crc sar lhdfdc` ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc `ctcyui ncmåc ils flkidfdlkas dka`uidm`as7 astcr cvafdkcil ak c`jukc ia `cs c`iacs y sar pafnarl. A s iafdr iafdr,, flktrdmudr flk sus depuastls c `cs fcrjcs fcrjc s deplsdtdvcs a `c Fleukdici y astcr aepcirlkcil ak c`jukc ia `cs c`iacs a `c edsec. Iasia a` prdkfdpdl , y sdjudakil `c klrectdvc ia` huarl ia 3363, `cs parslkcs axaa ktcs ia` pcjl ia flktrdmufdlkas, ax flktrdmufdlka s, as iafdr iafdr,, `ls klm`as, klm`a s, kl pliåck lfupcr fcrjl fcrjlss a k a` flkfagl ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui, y a `c edsec eckarc tceplfl pliåck nc nc-far`l ak `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs, cukqua tuvdarck s u iledfd`dl ak c`jukc a a``cs. Va trctcmc ia avdtcr qua klm`as y f`ärdjls aktrcrck c hlrecr pcrta ia `ls jl jlmdarkls mdarkls ia `ls flkfagls ia `cs c`iacs y ia `cs p`ajcs ia `c Fleukdici, qua `l `lss flktrl`crck y qua ciaeãs flmrcrck uk sc`crdl plr a``l. @c eaidic sa cp`dfö flk flktukiakfdc iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc, y kd ukc sl`c parslkc axaktc puil lfupcr gceã gceãss kdkjukl ia `ls lhdfdls. _lr sd `c eaidic kl ast astcmc cmc f`c f`crc rc ias iasia ia a` prdk prdkfdp fdpdl, dl, ak 3=43 sa rctdhdfö qua a` prlfurcilr jakarc`, `l `lss rajdilras y a` asfrdmckl, as iafdr, iafdr , a` kltcrdl ia` prlfurcilr, prlfurcilr , sö`l pliåck sar pafnarls y qua kl pliå pliåck ck lfupcr idfnl idfnlss fcrjls «ndic`jls, fcmc``arls, asfuiarls kd ltrcs parsl arslkcs kcs qua kl sack ia `c idfnc f lktrdmufdök lktrdmufdök² ² =98). Xdvdr ak ukc ia `cs c`iacs a `c Fl e ukdici arc flkidfdök dkaxfuscm`a pcrc sar lhdfdc`. Ia kdkj÷k elil iasacmck `ls c`iackls qua qudakas `ls raprasaktcsak puidarck vdvdr huarc ia sus täredkls y eaklr tlicvåc quaicr axaktls ia trdmutcr c su crfcs. Astcs flkidfdlkas dkf`usl sa akiurafdarlk ak a` sdj`l ^ X c s tc tc` puktl 19

 

  cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

qua c dkstckfdc ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici `c radkc ilóc Ecråc tuvl qua ltlrjcr uk ilfueaktl ak lftumra ia 3964 plr a` fuc`, ciaeãs ia astcr cvafdkcil ak `c Fleukdici y sar pafnarl ia `c edsec, qudak lptcrc c c`jukl ia `ls lhdfdls iamaråc cfraidtcr qua ncmåc cfuidil c `cs fcscs ia `c Fleukdici y c `cs guktcs l p`ajcs) qua ästc fa`amrcmc c` eakls ak `ls ils cóls cktardlras, y plr supuastl qua tuvdarc su prlpdc fcmc`jciurc =9:). @c Fleukdici sa jlmarkcmc plr uk flkfagl ia lhdfdc`as c` astd`l ia `ls qua idrdjåck `cs jrckias vd``cs y fduicias ia` radkl. Astcmc dktajrcil plr `ls raprasaktcktas l kukfdls ia `cs c`iacs qua sa raukåck lm`djctlrdceakta c` eakls ukc va vazz c` cól ak ukc p`ajc l cscem`ac jakarc`, y ciaeãs ak fucktcs lfcsdlkas, l p`ajcs p`ajcs pcrtdfu`cras, huarc kafasc kafascrdl. rdl. Fcic flkfagl ia fcic c`iac a`ajåc idraftceakta c sus prlpdls kukfdls l raprasaktcktas, qua akvdcmc flkvakdaktaeakta diaktdhdfcils c `cs p`ajcs, ilkia agarfåck su cutlrdici flel lhdfdc`as ia `c Fleukdici. Yc`` fuc` lfur Yc lfurråc råc ak ak Ic Icrlf rlfcc =9>) y ak Yarua`, =94) =94),, `cs raukdlkas ia `cs p`ajcs sa flkvlfcmck ak `cs c`iacs eãs plm`cics a` 3 ia lftumra ia fcic cól, y `ls kukfdls sa raukåck ak `c dj`asdc ia` ia` `ujcr ` ujcr,, c` sar a` a` ÷kdfl aidhdfdl flk fcpcfdici pcrc cfljar c `cs vcrdcs iafakcs ia parslkcs qua pcrtdfdpcmck ak astc cscem`ac. Ylics `cs c`iacs, huarc fuc` huarc su plm`cfdök, pliåck pcrtdfdpcr flk `ls edsels iarafnls ak astcs p`ajcs. Cnlrc mdak, ak `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^DX `c `css c`iacs eãs deplrtcktas plr su k÷earl ia ncmdtcktas Ec`uakic, Ctafc, Ylrrc`mc y Edaias, aktra ltrcs) ncmåck rac`d rac`dzz cil c`jukcs cffdlkas takiaktas c flksajudr fdartls prdvd`ajdls slmra `cs eãs paquaócs, plr `l qua ak 369> tuvl qua dktarvakdr a ` ray _airl DX pcrc prlf`cecr `c cmsl`utc djuc`ic djuc`ici i ia tlics `cs c`iacs a dkstcr c `cs eãs pliarlscs pcrc qua kl prasdlkcrck c `cs eãs paquaócs ak musfc ia makahdfdls =1?). Ak lfcsdlkas axtrclridkc axtrclridkcrdcs, rdcs, slmra tlil ak `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^ y icics `cs idhdfu`tcias y prlm`aecs qua ctrcvasö ak asa parålil `c Fleukdici, pliåck raukdrsa ak flkfagl pcrc trctcr ia iakukfdcs, jcstls y fuc`asqudarc ltrls csuktls urjaktas, a` prlfurcilr, `ls rajdilras qua sa klemrcrlk tc` ahaftl ak asa tdaepl y `ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs, flk sö`l eckdhastcr qua sa flkstdtuåck flel tc` flkfagl, saj÷k prdvd`ajdl ia Guck DD ia` cól 39:4 =13). T as qua `ls c`iackl c`iacklss huarlk `ljrckil cól c cól eãs y eãs fltcs ia cutlkleåc, cukqua sdaepra c flstc ia aktrajcr c `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc jrckias suecs ia idkarl. c dkeukdici pakc` hua ukl ia `ls lmgatdvls c` qua sa cp`dfcrlk flk eãs jckcs pcrc `ljrcr`l. Ak kuearlscs lfcsdlkas `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c Fleukdici tuvdarlk qua rac`dzcr rac`dz cr cffdlkas plfl f`crcs, y sdk sdk iuic c` ecrjak ia `c `ajc`dici, parl a``l kl hua ömdfa pcrc qua `ljrcrck variciarcs cekdståcs y flkilkcfdlkas plr sus cftls ia iuilsc gustdhdfcfdök. Fuckil `ls fcmc``arls yc sa ncmåck nafnl flk a` p`akl iledkdl ia `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, c`jukcs ia sus cftucfdlkas iaspartcrlk rafa`ls ak `c flrlkc, qua sl`vaktö `c sdtucfdök prlf`ceckil ak 3963 qua jrcfdcs c `ls «sarvdfdls c su ecgastci nafnls² kl ncmråc

 

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@QDV FL]]C@

@CHQAKYA

c`jukc plr `l `lss cftls ia `ls lhdfdc`as y qua iurckta `ls tras cóls sdj u aktas kl sa prlfaiaråc c kdkjukc dk dkspaffdök spaffdök plr pcrta ia `l `lss lhdfdc`as ia` ray =1=). T pcrc qua asta pcftl a ktr ktraa a` elkcrfc y `ls lhdfdc`as kl huarc flktastcil plr `ls c`iackls a` edsel iåc, a` > ia lftumra, a ` ray C`hlk C `hlksl sl X flkfaiåc tce-

flksafuakfdc

mdäk c tlils c `iackl `iacklss=16). ia `c F le ukdici ia Fc `ctcyui qua kdkj÷k vafdkl saråc lmgatl akfuastc ia ukc`ls C `c dkeukdici, ak eufnls fcsls variciarc cekdståc ckta ` c plsdm`a parpatrcfdök ia ia`dtls sdjudö `c prltaffdök axprasc pcrc pliar csdstdr c `cs p`ajcs. Ak 3968 C`hlksl X, X, astckil, flel `c ecylr pcrta ia` tdaepl ia su radkcil, ak Kãpl`as flkfaiåc c tlils `ls c`iackls ia `c Fleuk Fleukdici dici ia Fc `ctcyui qua kl puidarck sar cprascils kd plr iauics kd plr ltrls fråeakas, axfapt axfaptucil ucilss `l `lss ia «`asc ecgastci, slileåc slileåc,, trcdfdök, hcmrdfcfdök ia elkaic hc hc``sc , cs cscc`t`tcilr cilr ia fcedkls y ltrls axfaidils ak a k a ` huarl² ak a` tdaepl qua ae aepp `acrck ak dr y vakdr c `c `css p`ajcs ia `c Fl e ukdi ukdici ci sd arck iaeckicils pcrc a``l plr a ` prlfurcilr jakarc jakarc`` =19). 3968 , a` dkhckta Qkls easas iaspuäs, a ` 1 saptdaemra ia asa edsel cól ia 3968, ilk Guck Guck,, narec nareckl kl ia C`hlksl X y c `c sczök `u jcrtakdakta jakarc` jakarc ` ia` radkl ia Crcjök, idftcmc uk prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` fuc ` parilkcmc y axfu`pcmc c` prlfurcilr ja karc ` ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, c tlils sus lhdfdc`as y edkdstrls y c f uc`asqudarc parslkc dep`d dep`dfcic fcic ak a` a ` jlmdarkl ia `cs c `iacs ia tlic fu`pc, ia`dtl l kaj`djakfdc qua eaidckta våc ia akfuastc rac` l plr fuc fuc`qud `qud ar ltrl eaidl sa `as puidarc axdjdr nc stc asc hafnc =11). _crc flksajudr saeagckta pariök, `c Fl e ukdi ukdici ci aktrajö c ` c flrlkc ukc fcktdici hcmu`lsc ia idkarl, plrqua asa edsel iåc a ` dkhckta ilk Guck sa fleprleatåc eaidckta gurceaktl, a k a` klemra ia` ray, c qua kl paidråc eãs idkarl c `c Fleukdici ak `ls ils cóls sdj u aktas =18). Ak uk tarfar ilfueaktl aedtdil asa edsel iåc ak C`fcódz ilk Guck raflklfåc qua `c Fleukdici `a n cmåc aktrajcil 8?.??? su s ua `i `ill s =1:) y, f `crl astã, rctdhdfcmc tlils `ls prdvd`ajdls flkfaidils flk cktardlrdi cktar dlrdici ci plr a` ray C`hlksl =1>). `c Fleukdici flksdju ö qua a ` ray ia Crcjö Crcjökk prlndmdarc eaidckta uk ilfueaktl aedtdil ak Jcatc a` a ` 38 ia idfdaemra ia 396> =14) qua kdkj÷k lhdfdc` ia flkidfdök rac` l af`asdãst af`asdãstddfc puidarc dktarvakdr ak `c `css p`ajcs jakarc`as ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc ` ctcyui, flk `c ÷kdfc axfapfdök ia` mcd`a jakarc` ia Crcjök, qua prasdiåc `cs p`ajcs a k klemra ia` ray, ray , l `c parslkc ak qua ästa ia`ajcsa fcsl ia gustdhdfcr qua ak a` eleaktl ia `c fa`amrcfdök ia ` c p`ajcsa akflktrcsa akharel. _lr hdk

9.6. 9. 6.3. 3. A` _rlf _rlfurci urcilr lr Jakar Jakarcc ` Vdk lhdfdc`as prlpdls, `c cutlkleåc p`akc ia `cs c`i c`iaa cs arc deplsdm` deplsdm `a. Iasia a ` edsel eleaktl ia `c flkstdtufdök ia `c Fleukdici, sus vafdkls fleakzcrlk c lrjckdzcrsa c pcrtdr ia `c a`affdök ia uk prlfurcilr jakarc jakarc`` qua sa flkstdtuyö flel 18

a ` eãs deplrtckta ia `ls fcrjls pl`åtdfls ia ` c edsec.

 

  cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

A` `dmrl fcmral ia `ls ilfueaktls ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui dkf`uya ukc hrcsa mdak sdjkdhdfctdvc7 « ... jlmarkcils plr uk pra pra sdiakta y supardlr idjkceakta ``cecil _rlfurcilr Jakarc` ... ...² ² =8?). Ak ahaftl, a` prlfurcilr jakarc` arc a` lhdfdc` prdkfdpc` ak `c jlmarkcfdök ia `cs c`iacs, Kl astã f`crl ak quä eleaktl surjdö astc hdjurc, qua yc axdståc ak gukdl ia 3=13, fuckil Gcdea D `a flkfaidö `c hcfu`tci ia klemrcr sads kltcrdls pcrc `c Fleukdici =83). Astc ctrdmufdök as `l suhdfdaktaeakta deplrtckta flel pcrc suplkar qua su praaedkakfdc aktra `cs c`iacs, c puktl ia flkstdtudrsa ak ukc ukdvarsdici mdak idharakfdcic ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui, arc kltlrdc. ¼Föel surjdö asta lhdfdc`< Vdk iuic hua ukc fracfdök idraftc ia `c elkcrquåc , dktarascic ak flktrl`cr iasia a` prdear eleaktl a` ia scrrl``l ia `c kuavc dkstdtufdök qua sa astcmc flkhdjurckil ak a` radkl, ak p`akl prlfas prlfa sl ia sajrajcfdök ia `cs c`iacs flktakdics ak `ls `åedtas ia` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui flk raspaftl c `c vd``c qua arc `c fcmazc ia asa tarrdtlrdl. Iasia uk prdear eleaktl a` fcrjl quaiö rasarvcil pcrc parslkcs ia jrck ra`avckfdc slfdc` y aflköedfc ak `c Fleukdici , parl c `c vaz `ls vafdkls ia `cs c`iacs sa fudicrlk ia qua qudak lstaktcrc idfnl fcrjl, a` eãs dkh`uyakta y flk ecylras flepatakfdcs, iamåc sar sdaepra uk vafdkl ia `cs c`iacs qua pafncrc ak a``cs, as iafdr, qua pcjcrc flktrdmufdök, plr `l qua quaicmck axprasceakta a`dedkcils pcrc agarfar asta fcrjl tlils cquä``ls qua kl astuvdarck cvafdkcils ak ukc ia `cs `cs c`ia c`iacs, cs, qua kl pcj pcjcrck crck flktrdmufdlkas ak a``cs y tcemdäk `ls qua plr su flkidfdök fcmc``arls, ndic` ndic`j j ls, asfuiarls y ltrls klm`as y f`ärdjls) astuvdarck axaktls ia pcjcr pafn c s . @c radkc cså `l ltlrjö astckil ia vdsdtc ak Fc`ctcyui a` 1 ia idfdaemra ia 3=43 =8=). Ak `c fracfdök ia asta fcrjl ncfdc 3=1? , cså flel ak `c rctdhdfcfdök ia su prlfaiakfdc ak 3=43, sa iagcmc f`crl qua a` ÷kdfl raqudsdtl pcrc cffaiar c` edsel arc `c ilm`a flkidfdök ia sar vafdkl ia `cs Fleukdici y ia flktrdmudr c su slstäk eaidckta a` pcjl ia ia `c flrrasplkidakta flktrdmufdök. flktrdmufd ök. Cnlrc mdak, a` djuc`dtcrdsel aktra tlils `ls `l s nlemras chaftls plr a` huarl ia 3363 y a` qua pratakiåc astcm`afarsa aktra tlils `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici iasia 3=19 fleakzö c quamrcrsa c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD y prdkfdpdls ia` ^DX. Qk astceaktl aearjakta, a` ia `ls fcmc``arls, fleakzö c flktrl`cr `ls eafckdsels y `ls raslrtas ia` pliar eukdfdpc` y ia` pliar ak `c Fleukdici . A` trdukhl iahdkdtdvl ia `ls fcmc``arls sa prliugl ak 369>, ak p`akc frdsd frdsdss aflköedfc , slfdc`, pl`åtdfc y iaeljrãhdfc . A` 8 ia saptdaemra ia a sa cól, flkhlrtcil ciaeãs plr su vdftlrdc a` a` cól cktardlr slmra `l `lss klm`as crcjlkasas ia `c Qkdök, _airl DX lriakcmc qua numdarc ak `c Fleukdici uk ÷kdfl prlfurcilr jakarc`, y `c flkidfdök qua sa `a axdjåc c asa nlemra arc `c ia «takar fcmc`jciurc fcmc`jciurc² ² =86), as iafdr iafdr,, hlrecr pcrta ia `ls fcmc``arls, cqua``ls vafdkls qua takåck a` kdva` ia raktcs suhdfdaktaeakta c`tl flel pcrc pliar ecktakar uk fcmc``l flk crecs =89) 2 plfls iåcs iaspuäs dksdståc a` ray ak qua numdarc

uk

÷kdfl prlfurcilr jakarc` =81). 1:

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

Flkvartdil ak a` prdkfdpc` lhdfdc` ia `c Fleukdici, `cs hukfdlkas ia` prlfurcilr jakarc` kl sa iahdkdarlk flk f`crdici iasia a` prdkfdpdl, sdkl qua sus hcfu`tcias y ctrdmufdlkas huarlk flkhdjurãkilsa c `l `crjl ia `ls sdj`ls ^DX a dkf`usl muakc pcrta ia` ^X . Akqua a` Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ncmåcrahardils uk cpcrtcil aktarl, ``cecil fcpåtu`lyDD,c ak a` sa jucricmck `lss ilfueaktls `l ilf ueaktls axprasceakta c` prlfurcilr sus praaedkakfdcs =88). Asta fcpåtu`l flktakåc c su vaz ilfa cpcrtcils. C `c vdstc ia a``ls, a` _rlfurcilr Jakarc` astcmc hcfu`tcil plr `c Fleukdici pcrc lriakcr pcjls, arc a` akfcrjcil ia fdtcr c `ls kltcrdls y ak flksafuakfdc, ia iafdidr `ls cftls qua raquaråck ia `avcktcedaktl ia cftc, arc a` ÷kdfl qua pliåc flkfaiar hrckqudfdcs «hrckquazcs² a dkeukdicias), takåc iarafnl c plrtcr `cs crecs iafdr, aem`aecs y m`cslkas - `cs mckiarcs y a` sa``l ia `c Fleukdici, astcmc hcfu`tcil pcrc iastarrcr c `l `lss ia`dkfuaktas ia `ls täredkls ia `cs c`iacs, pliåc axpaidr «judcgas² «judcgas²,, as iafdr, fcrtcs ia sc`vlflkiuftl, c qudak astdecrc lplrtukl lplrtukl,, arc a` akfcrjcil ia klemrcr c `ls fcpdtckas qua idrdjdråck c `cs trlpcs ia `c Fleukdici ak fcsl ia juarrc juarrc,, hdrecmc `l `lss fleprledsls y pcftls qua astcm astcm`afd `afdarc arc as

`c Fleukdici flk ltrcs dkstdtufdlkas l flk pcrtdfu`cras y takåc `cqua prarrljctdvc astcm`afar `cs lriakckzcs qua rajåck fuc`qudarc ia `ls cspaftls flepatåckiac `c Fleukdici. Flel saóc` saóc ` ia praaedkakfdc y cutlrdici idshrutcmc ia` prdvd`ajdl ia sar prafaidil y asfl`tcil plr plrtcilras ia eczcs. Aktra sus tåtu`ls astcmc a` ia pctrök y hukicilr ia` flkvaktl ia `cs elkgcs ia `c _uråsdec Flkfapfdök. _lr hdk, su flksdiarcfdök c tlils `ls ahaftls arc `c ia lhdfdc` rac`, flk tlil `l qua a``l suplkåc ia prltaffdök y iapakiakfdc idraftc ia` ray. C` prdkfdpdl asta lhdfdc` iamdö ia sar klemrcil idraftceakta plr a` ray2 iasia `uajl cså pcrafa qua tuvl qua lfurrdr ak `ls prdearls cóls ia axdstakfdc ia `c Fleukdici,, fuckil `cs c`iacs tlicvåc kl ncmåck raju`cil sus eafckdsels ia Fleukdici a`affdök ia fcrjls. _arl aksajudic pcsö c sar uk lhdfdc` iasdjkcil plr a`affdök idraftc ia `ls ia`ajcils l kukfdls ia `c `css c`iacs flkstdtudils ak p`ajc jakarc jakarc`` pcrc tc` ahaftl. fcrjl takåc plrsajudils. uk cól y A` cukqua kl arc `c flstuemra, ak c`j÷k fcsl saA`rapdtdarlk ilsvdjakfdc eckictls sdstaec a `aftdvl a` astuvl vdjakta iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD ncstc eaidcils ia` ^X s iafdr iafdr,, iurckta ilsfdaktls cóls. _arl a` trdukhl cmsl`utl ia `ls fcmc``arls, `c pl`åtdfc fcic vaz eakls «iaelfrãtdfc² y `c deplsdfdök ia `c dkscfu`cfdök ak `c `css fduicias y ukdvar ukdvarsdicias sdicias ia` radkl flel eätlil pcrc sa`affdlkcr c `ls fcrjls p÷m`dfls, c tlils, cfcmö plr deplkarsa y iasia 398? `ls prlfurcilras ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc Fc``ctcyui huarlk iassdjkcils eaidckta `c axtrcffdök plr dkscfu`cfdök, asl så, ÷kdfceakta ia aktra ia a` astceaktl ia `ls fcmc``arls , `ls vafdkls qua pliåck elstrcr su fcmc``l crecil, as iafdr iafdr,, ia aktra `ls dkidvdiuls dkidvdiul s flk uk ecylr kdva` ia raktcs =8:). C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX a` prlfurcilr arc yc ukc hdjurc tck ra`avckta ra`avc kta qua sa rliacmc ia tlfdl a` mlctl ia `ls jrckias lhdfdc`as ia` radkl. Ak saptdaemra ia 364> a` ray Ecrtåk flkfaidö c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui `c prarrljctdvc ia takar sa``l y

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  cs csast ast   fturcs pl pl`åtd `åtdfcs fcs

mckiarcs flk `c `css crecs ia Crcjök Crcjö k , nc ncfda fda kil ia a``l jcrc jcrckta kta c` _rlfurcilr =8>)2 y sö`l tr tras as easas eãs tcria, ak idfdaemra ia` edsel cól, vl`våc vl`v åc a` a ` edsel elkcrfc c rctdhdfcr c `c Fleukdici a` prdvd`ajdl i a plrtcr mckiarc mckiarcss prlpdcs =84). V us hukfdlkas sa hu huarl arl k parhd`ckil c `l `crjl `crjl ia `l `lss sdj`ls ^DDD y ^DX, pcrc qu aicr parhaftcea parhaftce kta iahdkdic iahd kdics s ak a km`c A ktra `cs eãs adeplrtcktas,astc deplrtcktas, astcm ck7÷`tdec fakturdc ia` Eaidavl. - Fl kvlf kvlfcr cr `c `css p`a p`aj j cs ja jak karc arc``as ia `c Fleukdici , eãxd ãxdel el lrjckdsel fl`af tdvl ia jlm jlmdarkl darkl ia `c edsec , y prasdidr`cs. - ]afc ]afcui uicr cr `l `lss depua depuass tl s l pafncs qua pcjc pcjcmc mc fcic c`iac pcrc a` ecktakd edaktl ia ` c Fle ukdici y jcrcktdzcr s u sc sc`vc `vcj j ucric. _crc a``l iamåc icr i cr fuaktc ak uk p`czl eãxdel ia i a tras easas easas ukc vaz cfc cfcm mcil s u eckictl y a edtdr fcrtc p÷m` p÷m`dfc dfc ia su jastdök jastdö k c` trc trcspcsc spcscrr a` fcrjl c ` sdj ud a kta prlfurc ilr qua qu a `a tlecrc a` ra`avl =:?). - _l _lrr ia`ajcfdök rac`, a ` prlf prl f urcilr jlzcmc ia `c hcfu`tci ia pliar axpu`scr ia `lss tär `l äredkls edkls ia `c Fleukd Fleu kdi i ci c qu qudd a ka kass dktarruepd dktarruepdarc arck k a` mu ak astcil ia `c e dse c, aspafdc`eakt aspafdc`eak ta «c `ls ceckfamcils, vcjcmukils, ruhdckas, g u jc jcilra ilrass , ec`ckirdka s y ltrls fuc` ec`ckirdkas fuc`asq udarc nlemr nlemras as y eugaras ia e c` c vdic y ia p÷ p÷  m`dfls vdfdls prdvãkil`a prdvãkil`ass ia `l s nlrkl nlrkls, s, el`dkl el`dkls, s, fcrkd fcrkdfa farå råcs cs y ltrcs fuc`as fuc`as qudarc flscs fleukas² =:3). - Yakåc `c pltastci ia klemrcr kltcrdls kltcrdl s aspafåhdfls pcrc `c ` c Fl Fleukdici eukdici22 äs ta prdvd``ajd prdvd ajdl l hua fl flkf kfaaidil plr Gcdea D a k 3=1 3=1 3 =:=), y `l rctdhdfö `c radkc ilóc Ecråc ak a k 3991, cócidakil qu a iamaråc astcr `dedtcil c ` k÷e k÷earl arl prahdgcil ia sadss , y qua sö`l pli åc raaep`czcr c `l sad `lss qu quaa huarck eurd eurdaa kil kil22 sa dkf`uåc `c `c raf afleakic leakicff dö k ia flksu`tcr a ` pcra pcrafa farr ia c `j ÷k `atrcil l gurdspardtl c `c nlrc nlr c ia prlfaiar c fcic fc ic ku kuavl avl klemrcedaktl kl emrcedaktl =:6). A ` fcr fcrjl jl ia prl prlfurcilr furcilr cfc mö sdakil lfupc lfup cil ecylrdtcrd c eakta plr kltcrdls. Vlk Vl k vcrdls `l `lss qua ak `ls `l s sdj`ls ^ X y ^ lstaktck asta pu puastl astl ncmdakil sdil tce mdäk kltcrdls flel plr aga agaep`l ep`l Cktlkdl Harrar ak 3993, Ck Cktlkdl tlkdl Ia`jcil ak 398? y Iledkjl Cjuil ak 39:3 =:9). Ak c`jukls fcsls, `l 398? `lss fcrjls ia prlfurc ilr y ia kltcrdl sa ra rapdtak pdtak a k edae edaemrl mrlss ia ukc edsec ed sec hced`dc =:1). _lr hdk a` fcrjl fcrj l ia prlfurcilr hua agarfdil plr c `j ukl uklss fcm fcmcc`` ``arls arls ak a k eã eãss ia ukc lfcsdök, c vafas ak a k ils eckictls flk lksaf saf utdvls cukqua md a k puidarck sar pcira a ndgl), flel fl el _airl Fraspl ak ` 938 y 393 : l I da dajl jl Ecrtåkaz ak ak 3999 y 399 3991 1 , y ltrcs ak cóls sapcrcils flel Ec Ecrrt åk _äraz ia Elrls ak 39?> y 3963 y Iledkjl Cjuil a k 39:3 y 39>> =:8). 9 .6 .=. @ls klt kltcr crddl s ia `c Fl eu kdici y a ` kl t crdl ia` prlf prl furci urcilr lr C` hukicrsa `c Fl Fleukdi eukdici ci ia c`iacs ia F c`ctcyui c eaid eaidccil ilss ia` sdj`l ^DDD s u rj dö `c ka kafasd fasdici ici ia fracr uk f uarpl ia kltcrdls prlpdl ia astc ukdvarsdici , pcrc kl takar qua rafurrdr rafurrdr,, fl flel el arc klrec ncstc aktlkfas, aktlkfas, c `l `lss kltcrdl kltcrdlss ia `c vd``c ia

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GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

Fc`ctcyui. Tc ak 3=13, flel sa nc saóc`cil, a` ray Gcdea D hcfu`tö c` prlfurcilr jakarc` pcrc qua klemrcrc c sads kltcrdls aspafåhdfls pcrc tlils `ls csuktls ia `cs c`iacs y ia `ls c`iackls. Nlemras ia `ayas, y plr tcktl flk uk muak kdva` fu`turc`, a` fcrjl ia kltcrdl pcsö ia pciras c ndgls ak eufnls fcsls, flkvdrtdäkilsa ak uk lhdfdl fcic`ls vazkltcrdls eãs c `ls dkidvdiuls flk ecylr kdva` ia raktcs. C idcils rasarvcil ia` sdj`l ^DX partakafåck axf`usdvceakta c` astceaktl iaea`ls fcmc``arls2 cså, tc` flel lfurråc pcrc lfupcr a` fcrjl ia prlfurcilr, iasia 369> tcemdäk arc kafascrdl idsplkar ia ukc «fcmc`jciurc fcmc`jciurc², ², a s iafdr iafdr,, uk fcmc``l, pcrc pliar agarfar a` lhdfdl ia kltcrdl ia `cs c`iacs =::). Yakåck qua sar kafascrdceakta «pafnarls pafnarls² ² , plr tcktl flktrdmuyaktas f lktrdmuyaktas ia `c Fleukdici,, y astcr cvafdkicils ak c`jukc ia `c c`iacs qua `c dktajrcmck. _crc avdtcr eukdici c `ls dktrusls, C`hlksl X lriakö ak 396> qua `ls puastls ia «kltcrdls pafnarls y vafdkls vafdkls² ² qua quaicrck vcfcktas plr euarta ia c`jukl ia a``ls huarck fumdartls tck sö`l plr kltcrdls qua huarck c su vaz vafdkls ia `cs c`iacs, axf`uyakil `c pl sdmd`dici ia qua puidarck lfupc lfupcrr sus puastls kltcrdls cgakls =:>). @c dkh`uakfdc pl`åtdfc ia `ls kltcrdls y `c elklpl`dzcfdök ia` lhdfdl ak ukcs plfcs eckls y ak uk puócil ia hced`dcs prdvd`ajdcics prdvd`ajdcics hua ak cueaktl ncstc flkvartdrsa ak ukc variciarc «f`csa f`csa² ² prdvd`ajdcic iaktrl ia` flkguktl ia `ls c`iackls. C `l `crjl ia `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^X `ljrcrl `ljrcrlk k csaktcr sus iarafnls y prdvd`ajdls ia tc` elil qua ak 3964 lmtuvdarlk ia `c radkc ilóc Ecråc a` axtrclridkcrdl prdvd`ajdl ia qua a` kltcr kltcrdl dl ia` prlfurcilr huarc a` ÷kdfl qua puidarc tastdhdfcr `ls cftls y cfuarils fa`amrcils ak `c p`ajc ia `c Fleukdici, axf`uyakil tck sö`l ia astc fuastdök cqua``ls cftls qua sa ndfdarck ak `c p`ajc raharakta c `c mcd`åc jakarc`, ilkia lmvdceakta iamaråck ia dktarvakdr `ls kltcrdls y fledscrdls rac`as =:4). Fa`lsls jucridckas ia `c axf`usdvdici ia` agarfdfdl ia su lhdfdl , `ljrcrlk qua iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc su k÷earl huarc sdaepra a` hukicfdlkc`, sads. Vö`l pliåc sar sustdtudil ukl fuc`qudarc ia a``ls ak fcsl ia hc``afdedaktl, plr `l qua a` lhdfdl ia kltcrdl ia `cs c`iacs sa agarfåc ia plr vdic y `l ncmdtuc` as qua agarfdarc plr edaemrls ia ukc hced`dc. Ak 396> a` dkhckta ilk Guck `as flkfaidö a` prdvd`ajdl ia qua `ls ilfueaktls qua quaicrck pakidaktas ia fartdhdfcr a k fcsl ia euarta ia ukl ia `ls kltcrdls sö`l puidarck sar cutaktdhdfcils plr `ls ltrls fdkfl kltcrdls , qua iamåck sar vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici y pafnarls =>?)2 a` prdvd`ajdl quaiö rctdhdfcil vcrdls cóls eãs tcria. Flksdjudarlk qua `c radkc ilóc Ecråc , flel jlmarkcilrc ia` radkl ak cusakfdc ia su asplsl C`hlksl X idftcrc uk iafratl ak 3991 plr a` fuc` sö`l pliåc sar raaep`czcil ukl ia `ls sads kltcrdls ak fcsl ia euarta , y sdaepra qua a` sustdtutl huarc klemrcil plr a` prlfurcilr jakarc` trcs asfufncr c uk axpartl ak iarafnl =>3). @ls sads sad s kltcrdls pliåck «ta stdhdfcr fuc`asqudarc cftls a ktra fuc`asqudarc parslkcs ia tlil a` crfaidckcil ia Fc`ctcyui y sus c`iacs² c`iacs² . Vd sa tdaka ak fuaktc qua ak a` sdj`l ^X eufnlsia eufnls ia `ls prlfurcilras jakarc`as huarlk tcemdäk kltcrdls, as hãfd` iaiufdr qua a` flktrl` ia` lhdfdl plr astc fcstc ia prdvd`ajdcils arc fcsd cmsl`utl, c` eakls iasia `c sajukic 8?

 

@cs astrufturcs pl`åtdf pl`åtd fcs

edtci ia` sdj`l ^DX, cktl qua C`hlksl X cmsl`vdö c uk kltcrdl qua ncmåc tlecil gurceaktl gurcea ktl c` prlfurcilr jakarc` ia `c Fleukdici c pascr ia qua kl ncmåc quardil ncfar`l a` mcd`a jakarc`, a` lhdfdc` rac` ckta `c Fleukdici =>=). Qkl ia `ls sads kltcrdls arc klemrcil plr `c Fleukdici pcrc a` fcrjl ia «kltcrdl ia` prlfurcilr². A` klemrcedaktl sa rac`dzcmc plr a` p`czl ia uk cól y iurckta asa tdaepl sa flkvartåc ak a` asfrdmckl lhdfdc` ia `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici. Flel tc` arc a` akfcrjcil ia tastdhdfcr tlils `ls cftls aeckcils ia a``c, `avcktcr cftc ia `cs raukdlkas l p`ajcs jakarc`as y pcrtdfu`cras y cutaktdhdfcr fuc`qudar ilfueaktl qua sc`darc ia` iaspcfnl ia` prlfurcilr prl furcilr jakarc`. Cukquaa a` puastl arc euy cktdjul, hua C`hlksl X qudak ak 3918 idftö tlics sus Cukqu flepatakfdcs =>6). 9 .6.6. Ltrls lhdfdls @c sakfd``az ia` lrjckdjrcec ia jlmdarkl ia` huarl ia 6 hua cp`dfcil c` asquaec ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdi ci c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD.Ia cnå cn å qua `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c edsec huarck plfls y flk hukfdlkas euy iahdkdics. A` prlfurcilr jakarc` sa cyuicmc pcrc agafutcr sus iafdsdlkas ia c` eakls uk c`jucfd` qua sl`åc cflepcócr`l c idcrdl. Ciaeãs, ak fcic sasec ncmåc uk rasplkscm`a l rajdilr a sasec qua ak `cs Fleukdicias ia Icrlfc y Yarua` arck ``cecils sasearls =>9). _crc `c dkspaffdök ia trcmcgls c fcrjl ia `cs c`iacs sl`åck klemrcrsa ukls fledscrdls. Yrcs `cs juarrcs flk Fcstd``c ia `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DX y prdear tarfdl ia` ^ X ls fcedkls ia `c Fleukdici quaicrlk ak euy ec` astcil. @ls c`iackls sa pusdarlk eckls c `c lmrc pcrc rapcrcr`ls y pcrc a``l sa fledsdlkö c ukc sarda ia parslkcs pcrc qua idrdjdarck `ls trcmcgls ia rapcrcfdök ia `ls edsels. Ak 396> astls lhdfdc`as astcmck ak p`akc hcakc. Flel a` rastl ia `ls lhdfdc`as, iamåck sar pafnarls y vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici 2 ak asa cól astcmck idrdjdakil `cs `cmlras ia rapcrcfdök ia `ls fcedkls y `cs våcs p÷m` dfcs,, `ls fcufas ia `ls råls, `cs p÷m`dfcs `cs cfa cfaqudc qudcs, s, `cs huaktas, `ls puaktas puakt as y ltrcs lmrcs icócil ak `cs juarrcs hrlktardzcs. c `c deprasdök ia qua `ls icóls ak `cs dkhrcastrufturcs iurckta `cs ils ÷`tdecs juarrcs flk Fcstd``c ncmåck sdil euy flksdiarcm`as flksdiarcm `as =>1). A` iascjudscil arc ia ia tc` fc`dmra qua qua a` a` edsel ray sa vdl vdl lm`djcil c dktarvakdr y sa rasarvö, c trcväs ia su mcd`a, a` klemrcedaktl ia astlss fledscrdls =>8), ia `ls qua `c ilfueaktcfdök kl nc cplrtcil ia eleaktl tl kd a` k÷earl kd `cs hukfdlkas flkfratcs qua agarfåck. @c iahaksc ed`dtcr ia ia`` tarrdtlrd tarrdtlrdl, l, aspafdc`eakta ia`dfcic c` sar ästa uk aspcfdl ia hrlktarc flk Fcstd``c, y ia fcic ukc ia `cs c`iacs hua ukc flkstckta pralfupcfdök pcrc `c Fleukdici. C su fcrjl sa ecktakåck c`jukls fcstd``ls, qua flkstdtuåck uk variciarl fdkturök iahaksdvl ia hlrtc`azcs parhaftceakta lrjckdzcics ak vcrdls kdva`as

ia

sajurdici y

ia

garcrquåc =>:). 8

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]

@ @

HQAKYA

_crc `c iahaksc ia sus fcstd``ls `c Fleukdici a`ajåc c `ls c`fcdias `ls lhdfdc`as ia ecylr rckjl iaidfcils c prlvaar `cs hlrtc`azcs ia tlil `l kafascrdl y pcrc idrdjdr su muak hukfdlkcedaktl y lrjckdzcr a` sarvdfdl ed`dtcr. Qkl ia `ls fcstd``ls eãs deplrtcktas ak a` asquaec iahaksdvl ia `c hrlktarc arc a` ia Vleai, ak a` a` vc``a ia` _aragd`as, variciarl mcstdök ak `c ratcjucridc y pdvlta prdkfdpc` ia `c sajukic `åkac iahaksc, ciaeãs ia prdvd`ajdcic ctc`cyc iasi iasiaa `c qua sa vdsuc`dzcmc uk cep`åsdel tarrdtlrdl. @c c`fcdiåc ia Vleai arc ` c eãs deplrtckta ia `c Fleukdici, y su c`fcdia arc a`ajdil plr a` Flksagl y plr a` prlfurcilr prlfurcilr,, parl iamåc sar flkhdrecil ak su puastl plr a` prlpdl plr a ` elkcrfc , qua ak 3938 `l ndzl ak `c parslkc ia Cktlkdl ia Gl`dc =>>). C eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X c sdtucfdök ak `c Fleukdici arc euy flep`dfcic2 `c hrlktarc sajuåc flk prlm`aecs ia astcmd`dici y ak vcrdls `ujcras ia` radkl sa prliufåck c`tarcfdlkas qua prlvlfcmck pareckaktas sdtucfdlkas ia edail a dksajurdici. @c ecylråc ia `cs ukdvarsdicias ia` radkl sa prlfurcrlk eafckdsels ia cutliahaksc. @l eãs hãfd`, cukqua flstlsl , arc rafurrdr c` c`qud`ar ia flepcóåcs crecics qua jcrcktdzcrck `c sajurdici ak `cs c`iacs y ak `ls fcedkls, ak `ls qua kl asfcsacmck `ls ec`nafnlras. @c Fleukdici sa iltö ia astcs flepcóåcs crecics, flkstdtudics plr earfakcrdls, c` hrakta ia `cs fuc `a `ass sa flktrctcrlk c fcpdtckas axpartls ak a` eckagl ia crecs y ak `c idraffdök ia nlemras ia juarrc. Ak 3919 3919,, a` eleaktl ia ecylr depcftl ia `c frdsds ia dksajurdici , a` ray C`hlksl X flkfaidö uk prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` `ls fcpdtckas qua idrdjdarck astcs flepcóåcs l `cs nareckicias nafncs flk ltrcs ukdvarsdicias, ncmåck ia sar klemrcils flk a` makap`ã makap`ãfdt fdtl l ia ` ray l ak su iahaftl ia su `ujcrtakdakta ak `c Fleukdici, parl qua takåck qua sar a`ajdils plr a ` flksagl ia `c Fleukdici y plr su prlfurcilr jakarc` =>4). 9.6.9. 9.6. 9. Lhdfdc` Lhdfdc`as as pcrc sdt sdtucfdlk ucfdlkas as axtrclridkcrd axtrclridkcrd cs Cnlrc mdak , ak äplfcs ia frdsds dktarkc dktarkcss l axtarkcs, `c Fleukdici, c dkstckfdc prl pdc l ia` edsel ray, ray , sa iltcmc ia lhdfdc`a lhdfdc`ass ia fcrãftar ax trclridkcrdl flk edsdlkas sdl kas aspafåhdfcs pcrc sc`dr ia `c fr frdd sds. @ c prlhukic frdsd frdsdss qu quaa ctrcva ctrcvassö ` c Fleukdic Fleukdici i c eaidcils ia` sdj` sdj`l l ^X aqudrdö ia eaidics irãstdf irãstdfcs. cs. @ l s vdagls asquaecs a jlm darkl lrdjdkcils c decjak ia` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui yc kl sarvåck pcrc `ls `l s ku av avl l s tdaepls y sa ncfåc kafascrdl cicptcr `ls astctutls ia `c Fleukdici c asc kuavc äplfc y c `c frafdakta dkh`uakfdc y pliar ia `c elkcrquåc. Flel tdar tdarrcs rcs ia rac`akjl rac`akjl,, `c `css c`iacs astcmck sugatcs c` ray, variciarl saólr kcturc` ia tlic `c Fleukdici. C prdkfdpdls ia 3918 sa nd zl kafascrdc ukc prlhukic rahlrec ia ` c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `c Fleukdici y ia `cs `c s klre klrecs cs plr `cs qua sa rajåc . A` eafckdsel pcrc `c raicffdök ia `ls `l s kuavls astctutls hua sakfd``l. A` ray C`hlksl X iasia Kãpl`as, cutlrdzö ak akarl ia 3918 c Guck ia Elkfcyl 8=

jlmarkcilr ia` radkl ia Crcjök,

 

  cs csastrufturcs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

pcrc qua sa idrdjdarc c `c Fleukdici y flk `cs parslkcs qua `c Fleukdici fledsdlkcrc pcrc a``l «flrrdgc y akedakia² `cs lriakcfdlkas ak vdjlr y cpruama ukcs kuavcs plr a` tdaepl qua flksta qua nck nck ia ia iurcr =4?). Asa edsel iåc, a` =3, a` ray lriakcmc c Guck ia Elkfcyl qua klemrcrc c ilfa rajdilras, ils plr fcic ukc ia `cs sads sasecs qua flkhdjurcmck a` tarrdtlrdl ia `c Fleukdici, y qua flk a``ls raicftcrc «`ls kuavls astctutls y lridkcfdlkas pcrc a` kuavl rajdedaktl² ia `cs c`ia c`iacs. cs. A` fcemdl fcemd l ia` sdstaec ia a`affdök qua sa prliufåc ak asa eleaktl arc frufdc` y sdjkdhdfö uk pcsl iafdsdvl ak a` flktrl` ia `cs dkstdtufdlkas fleukdtcrdcs, cnlrc yc iahdkdtdvl, plr pcrta `ls fcmc``arls. Astls ilfa rajdilras, nlemras tltc`eakta chaftls, avdiaktaeakta, c` ray ray,, raicftcrlk ukls astctutls ak `ls qua `c hlrec ia a`affdök ia `ls fcrjls ia `ls flkfagls ia `cs c`iacs saråc c pcrtdr ia aktlkfas plr dkscfu`cfdök, sdjudakil `c tökdfc jakarc` qua sa astcmc deplkdakil plr ascs ascs hafncs ak tlics tlics `cs ukdvarsdicias ia` radkl =43), cukqua ak `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui kl sa cp`dfö ncstc 398?. @ls ilfa rajdilras rafdmdarlk pliaras prãftdfceakta p`akdpltakfdcrdls ak akarl ia 3918 pcrc ncfar `cs lridkcfdlkas eãs lplrtukcs y astcm`afar «`l qua `as pcrafa flkvakdr² flkvakdr² pcrc a` a` eaglr hukfdlkcedaktl hukfdlkcedakt l ia `c Fleukdici y qua idfncs lriakckzcs kuavcs iurcrck c` eakls idaz cóls c flktcr iasia a` a` eleaktl ia `c prdearc dkscfu`cfdök =4=). @c sdtucfdök sa ncmåc tlrkcil tck flep`dfcic qua ak uk sö`l iåc, a` fdtcil =3 ia akarl ia 3918, a` ray C`hlksl X idftö ak a` Fcstd`kulvl ia Kãpl`as kcic eakls qua ilfa ilfueaktls idrdjdils tlils a``ls c `c eaglr ciedkdstrcfdök y rajdedaktl ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui.

9.6.1. @ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs Cpakcs kcic sa scma plr a` eleaktl ia` rajdedaktl y jlmdarkl ia `cs c`iacs fleprakidics iaktrl ia` tarrdtlrdl ia` huarl flkfaidil c Fc`ctcyui ak `c Aici Eaidc, sc`vl qua sa ciedkdstrcrlk flel earls mcrrdls l «fl «fl`cfdlkas² `cfdlkas² ia `c vd``c aktra 3363 y 3=19 . As prlmcm`a qua iasia uk prdear eleaktl id sp usdarc usdarck k ia lhdfdc`as prlpdls, tc` vaz ukc aspafda ia gurcils gurcil s ia sajukil kdva`, ckta `c deplsdmd`dici ectardc` ia qua `ls gurcils ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui puid puidarc arc k ctakiar pa rs lkc`eakta a` iåc c iåc ia ia fcic ukc ia ia a ``c s. Iasia `ua `uajl, jl, a` taxtl ia` hua huarl rl kcic cf`crc y, plr a` eleaktl, kl sa flklfak il ilff ue aktls cktardlras c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^ qua sa puaick ciufdrsa c` raspaftl . Iasia `uajl, a` idsplkar ia gurcils kl arc axf`usdvl ia `cs c`iacs c`iac s ia rac`akjl. Tc ak 36 36=1 =1 `ls gurci gurcils ls ia `c c`iac ia ia _crcfua``ls _crc fua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, qua arc uk saólrål ia Jlkzc`vl Jcrfåc , flksagarl ia` ray Gcdea DD , y qua kl partakafåc c `c Fleukdici, takåck c`jukcs flepatakfdcs ak fcuscs fdvd`as, sd mdak `ls chaftcils sdaepra pliåck cpa`cr ak ÷`tdec dkstckfdc c` saólr ia` `ujcr =46   . F`crl qua astc sdtucfdök iurö iu rö mdak plfl, puas tras cóls iaspuäs, a` = 8 ia cjlstl cjlst l ia 36=>, a` ray C`hlksl DX f lkfaiåc asta `u j cr ia _crcfua``ls ia ia ` c ]dmarc y a ` ia

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Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, ia elil qua iagcmck ia sar ia saólrål pcrc flkvarflkvartdrsa ak rac`akjl =49). @cs c`iacs radvdkidfcrlk `c axdstakfdc ia gurcils prlpdls ak fcic ukc ia a``cs iasia a` eleaktl ak qua fleakzö a` prlfasl ia aeckfdpcfdök ia `c vd``c ncfdc hdkc`as ia `c qudktc iäfcic sdj`l ^DDD. prdkfdpc` ia `cs `ls edsecs gurcils ia `cs c`iacs, prlmcm`a prlm cm`aeakt eaktaia` a ils ils plr^DDD.@c fcic@cukc ia a``cs,cspdrcfdök arc csuedr hukfdlkas qua agarfåck `ls ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, cukqua ak asta fcsl `cs c`iacs takåck plr akfdec ils kdva`as ia ciedkdstrcfdök qua kl axdståck ak `c vd``c7 `cs sasecs y `c prlpdc Fleukdici Fleukdici.. Yrcs `ls prdearls iafakdls ia fdartc flkhusdök flkhus dök ak sus sus ctr ctrdmu dmufdl fdlkas kas,, a` fcrjl ia gurcil ia c`iac fledakzc c iahdkdrsa ncfdc prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^DX,cukqua ^DX,cukqua tlicvåc flk fdartc sakscfdök ia prlvdsdlkc`dici. _crc aktlk aktlkfas fas yc ncmåc rafdmdil c` jukcs flepatakfdcs guråidfcs , iasjcgcics c huarzc ia prdvd`ajdls rac`as ia `cs qua ncmåck elklpl`dzcil a` Guaz `uajl Gustdfdc) y `ls gurcils ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui. _arl kl sarã ncstc iaspuäs ia `c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls fuckil sa prafdsak flk rltukidici ak `c ilfueaktcfdök `cs hukfdlkas ia `c hdjurc ia` gurcil ia c`iac. A` prdear prdvd` prdvd`ajdl ajdl aspafåhdfl qua sa flksarvc c` raspaftl ictc ia 36>92 36>9 2 ak a` eas ia ecrzl a` ray _airl DX ltlrjcmc c `c Fleukdici uk ilfueaktl plr a` fuc`, y ncfdakil raharakfdc c` fcpåtu`l ia `ls nledfdidls flktakdil ak a` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui ia 3363, `ls gurcils takåck `c flepatakfdc ia `avcktcr a` fciãvar ak uk nledfdidl. C asta raspaftl, a` huarl saóc`cmc qua ak fcsl ia ia nledfdidl nledf didl y sd kl numdarc pcrdaktas ia` hc``afdil, a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui iamåc ncfarsa fcrjl ia` fuarpl y ncmåc ia idsplkar `l qua huarc kafascrdl pcrc su c`ec , as iafdr iafdr,, icr`a sapu`turc =41). Ak asta prdvd`ajdl, `ls gurcils ia c`iac arck hcfu`tcils pcrc `avcktcr y aktarrcr `ls fuarpls ia `ls hc``afdils, sa aktdakia qua plr nledfdidl , sdk ltrl eakastar qua var y raflklfar c` fciãvar parslkc`eakta y tlecr `c dkhlrecfdök partdkakta, idftckil prlvdsdök ia qua astcmck rac`eakta euartls =48).c` `as flkfaiåc `c pltastci ia fartdhdfcr `c euarta ia guråidfc. ukc parslkc, cAs `jliafdr, ncstc sa aktlkfas rasarvcil c parslkcs flk kltlrdc fcpcfdici _lfl c plfl, `ls gurcils huarlk jckckil flepatakfdcs2 flepatakfdcs 2 a` prlfasl hua `aktl y `crjl.. Ak 396> `ljrcrlk qua C`hlksl X `ls hcfu`tcrc pcrc pliar `dmarcr ia `c fãrfa` `crjl c fuc`qudar prasl qua sctdshcfdarc ak uk iåc `c pcrta qua `a flrrasplkiåc pcjcr plr a` ia`dtl fleatdil =4:). Iasia `uajl , y cukqua `c eaidic sa prasakta flel uk `ljrl ia `ls gurcils , `l qua sa astcmc flkscjrckil ak rac`dici arc uk prdvd`ajdl pcrc `ls eãs puidak puidaktas, tas, qua sd fleatåck uk ia`dtl pliåck avcidr `c prdsdök pcjckil ak a` cftl `c fc`lkdc qua sa `as numdarc cp`dfcil plr a``l, flsc qua ak c`jukls fcsls sö`l astcmc c` c`fckfa ia `ls `l s eã eãss rdfl s Ak 3994 c`fckzcrlk uk kuavl `ljrl. @ls gurcils puidarlk iasia aktlkfas icr `dfakfdc ia lmrcs ak su c`iac pcrc fcvcr plzls, trcepcs, nlyls y ltrcs lmrcs sded`cras, sdk qua kcida puidarc aktrleatarsa ak ak asc hcfu`tci =4>). 89

 

  cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

T ukls cóls eãs tcria , ak 3988 , ncstc a ` edseåsdel pcpc _cu`l DD aedtåc ukc mu`c plr pl r `c fuc` c `ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui `as arc paredtdil ``avcr ``av cr cia`ckta su iarafnl pcrc prasaktcr c qudakas takåck qua sar ciedtdils ak `cs dj`asdcs ak a` rapcrtl ia `ls makahdfdls af`asdãstdfls ia` pctrlkctl ia `cs dj`asdcs ia `c Fleukdici =44). 9.6.8. A` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui C `l `crjl ia` prlfasl ia aeckfdpcfdök ia `c Fleukdici flk raspaftl c` flkfa flkfa-gl ia Fc`ctcyui, a` ÷kdfl lhdfdc lhdfdc`` ia ästa qua flksarvö sus prarrljctdvcs slmra `cs c`iacs hua a` Gustdfdc. Ak a` huarl ia 3363 arc iakledkcil Guaz , c` djuc` qua ak Yarua` 6??), cukqua pariarã asta klemra pcrc sar iakledkcil flel Gustdfdc , flel ak Icrlfc 6?3), sd mdak ak 3=:> uk ilfueaktl ia _airl DDD tlicvåc `l iakledkc «Guiax² 6?=). Ak fcemdl, ak uk ilfueaktl ia 3=>8 yc sa `a ``cec Gustdfdc 6?6). Iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc a` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui ecktuvl sus prarrljctdvcs guidfdc`as slmra `cs c`iacs y cukqua paridö `c fcpcfdici ia guzjcr c`jukls fcsls eaklras, `ls ia`dtls ecylras sdaepra quaicrlk mcgl su astrdftc gurdsidffdök gurdsidffdök.. T a``l pasa c qua c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX `cs c`iacs ``avcrlk c fcml ukc lhaksdvc idp`leãtdfc axtrclridkcrdc pcrc `ljrcr `c ciguidfcfdök ia uk Gustdfdc prlpdl y kl takar qua iapakiar cså ia` ia Fc`ctcyui, `l qua kukfc flksdjudarlk. 9.6.:. @ls lhdfdc`as rac`as7 a` eardkl y a` mcd`a Flel tarrdtlrdls ia rac`akjl qua arck, a` ray ecktakåc sus prlpdls lhdfdc`as tcktl ak `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui flel ak `c prlpdc Fleukdici. @ls ils eãs kltcm`as arck a` eardkl, yc fdtcil ak a` huarl ia 3363 6?9), y a` mcd`a. Cemls astcmck akfcrjcils ia va`cr plr `ls dktarasas ia `c elkcrquåc. A` eardkl arc uk fcrjl flk uk parhd` ciedkdstrctdvl y pl`åtdfl edaktrcs qua a` mcd`a takåc flepatakfdcs ak a` ãemdtl aflköedfl y sa akfcrjcmc ia suparvdscr `cs raktcs ia `c flrlkc c pcrtdr ia` flktrl` ia `ls depuastls, cukqua tcemdäk csdståc c `cs p`ajcs jakarc`as pcrc vdjd`cr qua tlil `l qua c``å sa cprlmcrc astuvdarc flkhlrea c `ay 6?1). Ak prdkfdpdl, a` eardkl arc uk c`tl hukfdlkcrdl rac` akfcrjcil ia ciedkdstrcr `cs raktcs rac`as ak fcic ukl ia `ls eardkcils l ia `cs ãracs hlrc`as ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc 6?8). Avdiaktae Avdiaktaeakta akta `ls `åedtas tarrdtlrdc`as ia `c cftucfdök ia` eardkl ia Fc`ctcyui kl fldkfdiåck flk `ls ia `c Fleukdici, puas tcemdäk takåc flepatakfdcs slmra `c prlpdc fduici y slmra ltrcs tdarrcs ia rac`akjl ak `c zlkc, a dkf`usl numl c`jukcs äplfcs ak `cs qua a` fcrjl ia eardkl ia Fc`ctcyui y a` ia Icrlfc rafcyarlk ak `c edsec parslkc 6?:). A` mcd`a ia Fc`ctcyui rafcuicmc `cs raktcs rac`as y sl`åc csdstdr c `cs p`ajcs ia `c Fleukdici 6?>). Cemls arck arck iasdjkcils idraftceakta plr a ` ray 6?4). 81

 

  LVÄ @QDV

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gurdsidffdök ak `c fleukdici

Qkc ia `cs prdkfdpc`as cspdrcfdlkas ia `cs c`iacs hua `c flksafufdök ia cut cutllkleåc guråidfc flk raspaftl c Fc`ctcyui. A` huarl ia 6 ltlrjcmc p`akcs flepatakfdcs ak astc ectardc c` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui slmra tlil su tarrdtlrdl. A` Guaz , `uajl Gustdfdc, ia `c vd``c `l arc ia tlil a` tarrdtlrdl fleprakidil iaktrl ia `ls täredkls y sö`l ä` pliåc idftcedkcr rasl`ufdlkas c` raspaftl ia fuc`qudar ia`dtl l hc`tc qua sa fleatdarc. Asc prarrljctdvc sdjkdhdfcmc a` sleatdedaktl guidfdc` ia `ls c`iackls c` flkfagl ia `c vd``c, y flktrc ä` pujkcrlk iasia a` edsel eleaktl ak a` qua sa flkstdtuyö `c Fleukdici. @cs iaeckics ia cutlkleåc guidfdc` ckta Gcdea D surtdarlk ahaftl flk fdartl ratrcsl, puas kl hua ncstc 3=84 , fcsd ils iäfcics iaspuäs ia qua sa flkstdtuyarc `c Fleukdici , fuckil `cs c`iacs `ljrcrlk su prdearc vdftlrdc ak asta prlfasl. Asa cól, astckil a stckil ak a` eas ia gukdl ak Icrlfc, Gcdea D `as flkfaiåc a` prdvd`ajdl ia kl takar qua dr c `dtdjcr c `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui , ckta su Flkfagl y su Gustdfdc, sc`vl ak fdartls fcsls 63?)2 asta prdvd`ajdl hua rctdhdfcil c` cól sdjudakta plr a` dkhckta ilk _airl 633) 633).. Flk astc rasl`ufdök rac` sa rlepåc a` elklpl`dl ak ectardc ia flepatakfdc guidfdc` qua iasia 6 ncmåc ecktakdil Fc`ctcyui slmra sus c`iacs. C pcrtdr ia aktlkfas y iurckta a` rastl ia `c Aici Eaidc `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui kl fascrã ia prasdlkcr c `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc pcrc `ljrcr kuavcs prarrljctdvcs. A` prlfasl hua `crjl y kukfc `ljrcrlk `cs c`iacs `c cutlkleåc tltc` ak astc ectardc ectardc,, parl kl fascrlk ia dktaktcr`l ukc y ltrc vaz , qudzã flksfdaktas ia qua `c cutlkleåc pl`åtdfc p`akc kukfc saråc plsdm`a sdk `c tltc` cutlkleåc guidfdc`. _lr su `cil, `ls rayas ia Crcjök, scmailras ia qua ak astc fuastdök idsplkåck ia uk crec ia kajlfdcfdök y prasdök flksdiarcm`as , kl iuicrlk ak rc`aktdzcr c` eãxdel `c csdjkcfdök ia flepatakfdcs guråidfcs, ltlrjãkil`cs flk fuaktcjltcs, c `c vaz qua `ls rayas cprlvafncmck astcs sdtucfdlkas pcrc rafcmcr ia `ls c`iackls eãs y eãs rafursls pcrc ``akcr sus fcsd sdaepra vcfåcs crfcs. @c flkfasdök ia flepatakfdcs c `cs c`iacs suplkåc lmvdceakta `c päridic ia `cs edsecs plr pl r pcrta ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui y ia sus lhdfdc`as, y `c vd``c fcmazc ia` huarl kl astcmc idspuastc c faiar`cs tck hãfd`eakta. Fcic vaz qua `ls kukfdls ia `c Fleukdici sa prasaktcmck ckta a` ray pcrc raf`cecr eãs cutlkleåc pcrc `cs c`iacs, `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c vd``c prasdlkcmck pcrc qua kl `ljrcrck sus iaeckics. Ak `ls ÷`tdels cóls ia vdic ia Gcdea D a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui iamdö ia dkfuep`d dkfuep`drr `ls `ls eckictls rac`as 2 sö`l cså sa axp`dfc qua a` edsel ray tuvdarc qua dktarvakdr flk flktukiakfdc lriakckil c `ls nlemras ia `c vd``c qua jucricrck `ls prdvd`ajdls qua ä` ncmåc ltlrjcil slmra a` elil ia `dtdjcr ak `cs c`iacs 63=). _arl kd c`iacs kd vd``c quaicrlk sctdshafncs flk `cs iafdsdlkas rac`as. Cpakcs ncfåc fdkfl easas qua ncmåc sumdil c` trlkl _airl DDD y vd``c y `c Fleukdici yc astcmck prasdlkckil ckta `c Fckfd``aråc rac` ak iaeckic ia sus prdvd`ajdls. Ak 88

 

  cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs id f daemra

ia 3=:8 _airl flkhdreö flkhdre ö `l s ilfueaktl ilfueaktlss ` raspaftl flkfaidils c ` c F l eukdici plr s u pcira y rctdhdfcils plr ä` ä` edsel sdakil tlicvåc dkhckta7 as i af afddr , `l `lss c`iackl c`iacklss vaåck rctdhdfcil su pr prddvd`ajdl ia kl dr c `dtdjcr c Fc`ctcyui sdkl pl r ia`dtls ecylras 636). T a k `ls cóls sdjudaktas huarlk cócidäkilsa kuavcs fl kC fasd fas dlas kasia` a ksdj`l astc as tc^DDD edse edsec idra aafnl ffdök hdkas hdk `lcs idr `l iaraf iar nlss c 639). ukc fdartc cutlkleåc guidfdc` pcrc c`jukls cs uktl uktlss ea klra klrass sa akflktrcmc flk sl`dicic 2 y cså `l fartdhd fartdhdfö fö Gcdea DD c` flkfaiar flk faiar ak 3=4 =49 9 `c `css flepatakfdcs ak ectardc ia gurdsidffdök n s t aktlkfas c`fckzcic , «sdk `dedtcfdök c`j c` j ukc ukc² ² y plr rcz rc zök ia `c narakfdc ia` pcscil 631). F`crl qua a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui s ajuåc plkdakil trcmcs ia tlil tdpl, ak ` j ÷k fcsl hlrzckil `c `css sdtucfdlka sdtucfdlkass c` `åedta ia` hrcuia ia `ay, `ay , c `cs cemdfdlkas c utlkledstcs ia `cs c`i c`iaa cs. _crc a``l sus lhdfdc`as sl`åck iatakar c c`jukls c`iackl s sdk axplkar`as ` fcusc plr `c qua `l ncfåck, puas yc kl takåck flepatakfdcs p cr crcc ncfar`l ak fuc`qudar fcsl. @c prltastc ia `cs c`iacs ckta a` cmusl ia `c vd``c f cusö ahaftl y Gcdea DD idftö uk eckictl ak 3=41 plr a` qua lm`djcmc c `ls lhdfdc`as ia i a `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui c qua fcic vaz qua sa fdtc fdtcrc rc l sa iatuvdarc) c uk vafdkl ia `cs c`iacs iamaråck eckdhas eckdha s tcr`a `c fcusc plr `c fuc` sa agarfåc saeagckta cffdök, c hdk ia qua huarck jucricils `ls prdvd`ajdls prdvd`ajdl s qua idshrutcmck `ls ia ` Fleukdici 638), prdvd`a prdvd`aj j dl qua vl`vdö c sar rctdhdfcil ak 3=4> 63:). @c j rcva frdsds qua suhrdö a` radkl c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DX tcemdäk chaftö c ` cs trcksharakfdcs ak ectardc ia guidfdc` , puas iurckta eãs ia sataktc cóls cpakcs numl radvdkidfcfdlkas slmra astc ectardc plr pcrta ia `c leukdici ckta `ls rayas ia Crcjök. Cnlrc mdak, ukc vaz suparcic `c frdsds iaeljrãhdfc ia `c pasta kajrc y , slmra tlil, a` aklrea iascstra qua pcrc tlic `c leukdici supusl `c juarrc flk Fcstd``c ia eaidcils ia` ^DX, ls c`iackls ratlecrlk sus vdagls ckna`ls. Ak a` dkvda dkvdarkl rkl ia 36:6 c 36:9 `ls c`iackls iasp`ajcrlk ukc jrck lhaksdvc idp`leãtdfc ckta a` ray. _airl DX pcsö asa dkvdarkl ak a` pc`cfdl rac` ia Mcrfa`lkc, dktaktckil sl`vaktcr `ls eufnls prlm`aecs qua astcmck ctakczckil `c cffdök idp`leãtdfc ia `c flrlkc 63>). A k a` dkvdarkl cktardlr a` dkhckta ilk Guck yc ncmåc ltlrjcil sakils prdvd`ajdls rctdhdfckil a` iarafnl ia `ls ia `c Fleukdici pcrc kl takar t akar qua dr c `dtdjcr c Fc`ctcyui slmra fcuscs fdvd`as 634). _airl DX `l rctdhdfö ak idfdaemra ia 36:6, dkf`uyakil `c f`ãusu`c ia «sdk `dedtcfdök c`jukc² 6=?). _lr hdk, ak 36>9 _airl DX ltlrjö ltrl prdvd`ajdl ak asc edsec idraffdök2 `ls gurcils ia fcic ukc ia `cs c`iacs agarfaråck iasia aktlkfas p`akcs flepatakfdcs pcrc prlfaiar c` `avcktcedaktl ia fciãvaras ak fcsl ia nledfdidl y ciaeãs idshrutcråck ia `c hcfu`tci pcrc cutlrdzcr a` a` aktarrcedaktl ia `ls euartls, ukc vaz qua `ls prlpdls gurcils numdarck rac`dzcil `c dkspaffdök ia `ls fuarpls y a`cmlrcil a` prafaptdvl dkhlrea 6=3). Ak asta ilfueaktl a` ray _airl DX ncfa c`usdök c` fcpåtu`l «ia nledfdidls² nledfdidls ² , flktakdi flktakdil l ak a` huarl ia 3363, ak a` fuc` a` flkfagl ia `c vd``c takåc tlics `cs flepatakfdcs, pcrta ia `cs fuc`as hua paridakil 6==). 8:

 

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kuavc atcpc ia radvdkidfcfdlkas ak ectardc ia flepatakfdcs guidfdc`as dkdfdcic ak `ls ÷`tdels cóls ia` radkcil ia _airl DX yc kl sa iatuvl, flel så lfurrdarc c prdkfdpdls ia asc fakturdc. @cs c`iacs dktaktcrlk c`fckzcr ak astls cóls `c cmsl`utc cutlkleåc ak ecc

tardc guidfdc` ia `c yc fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, c`jl c `l numdarc qua su idspuastl ak cmsl`utl. rc Flkfagl supuastl kl ia astcmc nafnl c eãxdec radvdkidfcfdök, qua numda ukc p`akc cutlkleåc, arc `c fracfdök ia `c hdjurc ia uk Gustdfdc prlpdl pcrc ` c Fleukdici, tc` vaz idstdktl ia` ia `c fduici. @cs c`iacs, pasa c qua aktra så ecktuvdarlk kuearlscs a deplrtcktas idsfrapckfdcs c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^ X c `c nlrc ia a`cmlrcr ukls kuavls astctutls y lridkcfdlkas qua dkflrplrcrck `ls kuavls prdvd`ajdls flksajudils, pujkcrlk guktcs ckta a` ray Guck D pcrc qua `as flkfaidarc asa gustdfdc prdvctdvl qua `ls numdarc axdedil ia cfuidr pcrc csuktls guidfdc`as jrcvas ckta a` ia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui. Guck D cfaptö astuidcr `c prlpuastc prlpuastc,, parl idl `crjcs c `ls c`iackls ckta `c parspaftdvc ia takar qua akhraktcrsa flk a` cmsl`utl rafnczl ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui, qua vaåc föel dmc paridakil plfl c plfl su cktcól cmsl`utl pliar slmra `cs c`iacs. @ls ia `c Fleukdici iamdarlk ia dksdstdr kl flk y ia eckarc radtarcic, plrquasa, cukqua `lfc`dzcilhuarzc sus iaeckics, `c radkc ilóc Ecråc ndzl afliaiaeleaktl a``cs y tuvl sa quanck aedtdr ak idfdaemra ia 3648 uk ilfueaktl ak a` fuc` c`crjcmc plr sads cóls eãs a` p`czl flkfaidil plr Guck D pcrc icr raspuastc iahdkdtdvc c `c patdfdök ia `ls c`iackls ia sar a``ls edsels qudakas «c su a`affdök klemrak y fraak gustdfdc ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc Fc`` ctcyui ak sus p`ajcs y cyuktcedaktls² 6=6). T ak varici qua `c elkcrquåc takåc pliarlsls crjueaktls pcrc kl rafnczcr ia p`ckl `cs patdfdlkas ia `c Fleukdici puas a` cól cktardlr `c Fleukdici `a ncmåc lhrafdil c `c flrlkc `c hcmu`lsc fcktdici ia 61?.??? sua`ils 6=9). Iasia `uajl, pcrc `c flrlkc `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui flkstdtuåck ukc flksdiarcm`a huakta ia hdkckfdcfdök. _rasdlkcil plr cemcs pcrtas , plr `c fduici y plr `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui,

a` kuavl ray Ecrtåk naraiö a` prlm`aec `crjceakta cpcrfcil plr su pcira y plr su nareckl ia` flkh`dftl ia `cs flepatakfdcs gurdsidffdlkc`as aktra `c fduici y `cs Fleukdici. Ak hamrarl ia 364> sl`vaktö eleaktãkaceakt eleaktãkaceaktaa `c ` c fuastdök idftckil ukc lriak plr `c fuc` fuc` kcida kcida pliåc fcuscr par pargud gudfdl fdl c `c Fleukdici 6=1). _arl asc earfai arc iaecsdcil jakärdfc y pcrafåc plfl pcrc fc`ecr `cs cemdfdlscs iaeckics ia `ls c`iackls, ia elil qua ukls easas iaspuäs, ak saptdaemra, tuvl qua idftcr ltrc lriak pcrc qua kl sa fcuscrc iaeckic c`jukc c `c Fleukdici 6=8), ia kuavl sdk flkfrafdlkas prafdscs2 parl astcs cffdlkas arck earls pcrfnas sdk huturl, iastdkcils ÷kdfceakta c jckcr tdaepl . Cså, ak idfdaemra ia asa cól ia 364>, Ecrtåk D, qua astcmc ak Wcrcjlzc prapcrckil `ls cftls ia su flrlkcfdök ak @c Val ia `c fduici flel ray ia Crcjök 6=:), kl tuvl eãs raeaidl qua fdtcr c cemcs pcrtas y flkvakdr`as pcrc qua ``ajcrck c uk cfuaril slmra sus raspaftdvcs flepatakfdcs gurdsidffdlkc`as. Ecrtåk D hdreö `c saktakfdc crmdtrc` aktra `c fduici >

 

  cs astrufturcs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

y `c Fleukdici `c våsparc ia Kcvdici ia 364>, ak a` a` pc`cfdl rac` ia `c C`gcharåc ia Wcrcjlzc. Ak asa cfuaril, `c Fleukdici flksajuåc uk cep`dl flkguktl ia flepatakfdcs2 iasia `uajl a` eãs deplrtckta hua qua a` flkfagl ia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui raflklfdarc qua `ls c`iackls kl pliåck sar lm`djcils c cfuidr c `dtdjcr ckta a` gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui y `ls lhdfdc`as ia su flkfagl plr `cs fcuscs fdvd`as y frdedkc`as qua yc numdarck sdil idrdedics eaidckta saktakfdc plr `ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici. Ciaeãs, ltlrjcmc c `c Fleukdici `c p`akc gurdsidff gurdsi dffdök dök fdvd` y frded frdedkc`, kc`, flk a` a` earl y edxtl edxtl depardl, ia `ls `ujcras ia _crcfua``ls _crcfua ``ls ia `c ]dmar ]dmarcc y ia Vckt Vcktls, ls, slmra `ls qua ncmåc dkstdtudil dkstdtudi l uk `crjl prlfasl. Va flkfaiåc c `c Fleukdici a` iarafnl c takar «mckiarc , prlvdsdlkas y ragcs²2 as iafdr, iafdr , flksajuåck `c hcfu`tci ia akcrml`cr uk aem`aec prlpdl y idharakfdcil ia fuc`qudar ltrc ukdvarsdici ia` radkl, `c ia agafutcr sus saktakfdcs ak klemra ia` ray y `c ia akfcrfa`cr c `ls ia`dkfuaktas ak ukc fãrfa` ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici. T aktra idsplsdfdlkas ia ltrl tdpl, sa rctdhdfcmc su iarafnl c «cguktcrsa y ncfar cyuktcedaktls² `dmraeakta. C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX c Fleukdici ncmåc `ljrcil fcsd tlil `l qua sa ncmåc prlpuastl , sc`vl su eãxdec cspdrcfdök, `c ia idsplkar ia uk Gustdfdc prdvctdvl idharakta ia` ia Fc`ctcyui. _lr su pcrta, `c fduici ncmåc faidil eufncs flepatakfdcs , parl ecktakåc eckta kåc `c pltastci ia` Gustdfdc slmra `cs c`iacs pcrc pc rc `ls ia`dtls eãs jrcvas a deplkåc ukc f`ãusu`c plr `c fuc` kdkj÷k vafdkl ia `c Fleukdici pliråc lfupcr lfup cr a` fcrjl ia ia Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui 6=>). Cemcs Cemcs pcrtas puidarlk icrsa plr sctdshafncs, y a` ray Ecrtåk flksdjudö sl`vaktcr uk prlm`aec qua sa ncmåc akqudstcil iurckta iaecsdcil tdaepl . Astc saktakfdc crmdtrc` idl aksajudic sus hrutls. A` ray Ecrtåk flkfaidö c `c Fleukdici qua tuvdarc fcpcfdici pcrc a`ajdr c quä fãrfa` ia rac`akjl ncmåck ia sar flkiufdils `ls prasls qua ncstc aktlkfas astcmck ratakdils ak `cs prdsdlkas ia `ls `ujcras ia ia _crcfua``ls _crcfua` `ls ia `c ]dmar ]dmarcc y ia Vcktls 6=4), y a` edse edsel l elkcrfc tuvl qua lriakcr c sus prlfurcilras ak 39?? qua kl tlecrck kdkj÷k fcrjl plr fcuscs fdvd`as kd frdedkc`as c kdkjukc parslkc cvafdkcic ak `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui 66?)2 f`crl qua asa edsel iåc, a` > ia gukdl , a` elkcrfc lriakcmc qua kl `a `a huarc fcuscil fcusci l pargudfd pargudfdl l c`jukl c `c Fleukdici , flel cjrciafdedaktl plr `ls 9?.??? sua`ils, =?.??? ia jrcfdc y =?.??? pcrc flktrdmudr c `c flrlkcfdök ia su asplsc , qua `c Fleukdici `a `a cfcmcmc ia ia aktrajcr 663). Kcic `as rasu`tcmc jrctds c `ls c`iackls. c saktakfdc crmdtrc` aedtdic `c våsparc ia Kcvdici ia 364> sa elströ ahdfcz iurckta uk tarfdl ia sdj`l. Aktra 364> y 3963 kl sa ilfueaktc kdkj÷k tdpl ia taksdlkas aktra `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdici ia c`iac c`ia c s plr fcuscs ra`cfdlkcics flk `cs flepatakfdcs guidfdc`as , parl c pcrtdr ia 3963 `c elkcrquåc sa vdl lm`djcic c dktarvakdr ia kuavl . C`hlksl X idftö ak lftumra ia 3963 uk prdvd`ajdl plr a` fuc` kdkj÷k vafdkl kd edkdstrl lhdfdc`) ia `c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctc yui pl pl iåc sar akfuastcil kd raquardil c` ecrjak ia `ls astctutls ia ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici Fl eukdici 84

 

GLV Ä @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

66=). Iasia `uaj `uajll c`jl jrcva astcmc pcsckil pcsckil,, plrqua asa edsel iåc ia lftumra, a` > , C`hlksl X aedtdö sads ilfueaktls ak `l `lss qua flkhdrecmc flkhdrec mc iarafnls y flepata kfdcs cktardlras ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici 666). T as qua, sdk iuic, cemcs pcrtas, fduici y Fleu Fleukdici kdici,, ncmåck vua`tl vua`t l c `cs vdagcs idsputcs ectardc ia flepatakfdcs guidfdc`as. @cs c`iacs ak c`fckzcr kuavcsakprarrljctdvcs, y cså lmtuvdarlk ia C`hlksl X ak dksdstdarlk 396> qua `ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs puidarck idsplkar idsplka r ia `c hcfu`tci ia `dmarcr c fuc`qudar prasl qua ak a` p`czl ia uk iåc kcturc` pcjcsa `c fc`lkdc flrrasplkidakta c` ia`dtl plr a` qua arc cfuscil 669). Kuavls prlm`aecs surjdarlk iasia aktlkfas c` raspaftl ia `cs f lepat lepataa kfdcs ia gurdsidffdök. Ak cjlstl ia 3964 a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök a edtdö ukc hdrec c d ks tckfdcs ia `c Fleukdici slmra `cs fcuscs fdvd`as y frdedkc`as 661), pruamc ia qua `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui ncmåc vua`tl c plkar ak aktraidfnl `c cutlkleåc ia ia `c Fleukdici ak astc fuastdök. T idaz cóls iaspuäs, iaspuäs, a` 3> ia klvdaemra ia 3994 , C`hlksl X takåc qua aedtdr uk prdvd`ajdl ak a` fuc` lriakcmc qua kl sa cfuidarc c `ls lhdfdc`as ia Fc`ctcyui plr fcuscs fdvd`as l frdedkc`as qua yc numdarck sdil trctcics y rasua`tcs plr `c våc fdvd` ak `c Fleukdici 668). Asa iåc, a` ray ia Crcjök tuvl trcmcgl, puas hdreö kuava ilfueaktls ra`ctdvls c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui 66:)2 astã f`crl qua rasurjåck vdagls prlm`aecs. C C`hlksl X y c sus gurdstcs kl sa `as lfurr lfurrdö dö ltrc flsc qua, ciaeãs ia flkhdrecr `ls prdvd`aj prdvd`a j dls cktardlras flkfaidils c `cs c`iacs, idftcr ukc rasl`ufdök plr `c qua sa idvdiåc a` tarrdtlrdl ia ia `c Fleukdici y a` ia `c fduici raspaftl c `c gurdsidffdök fdvd` y fr frdedkc` dedkc` 66>). _crc a` flkfagl ia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui asc lriak sdjkdhdfcmc a ` hdk ia sus flepatakfdcs ckta `cs c`iacs, y pcrafa qua csuedö su iarrltc @c Fleukdici sa sdktdö jckcilrc ia `c `crjc pujkc y cfuidö ia dkeaidctl ckta a` Gustdfdc ia Crcj ök , qua ak 391? aedtdö vcrdcs hdrecs iafdslrdc iafdslrdcss fartdhdfckil qua `ls c`iackls kl takåck qua dr c `dtdjcr c `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui pu puas as pliåck ncfar`l ckta `ls gurcils ia sus rasp raspaftd aftdvcs vcs c`iacs 664). Iasia aktlkfas yc kcic fcemdö ncstc hdkas i a ` sdj`l ^X. ^X.@ls @ls ray rayas as ia Crcjök a edtdarlk vcrdls ilfueaktls ia flkfasdök ia gurd gurdssidffdök f dvd` y fr frdedkc` dedkc` c tdtu`crrdici ia `c Fleukdici slmra `cs idvarscs `c idvarsc s c`iacs qu quaa sa hu huarl arlkk dkf dkflrp lrplrc lrckil kil c a `` ``cc , flel Mariagl ak 3994 69?) y `c paickåc ia Ylrras, farfckc c Xd`` d``c`mc c`mc ia _aragd` _a ragd`,, ak 398 39833 693). T `c Fleukdici dktarvdkl ak 39:6 ckta a ` Gustdfdc ia Crcjökk pcrc qua ästa rctdhdfcrc qua `cs lridkcfdlkas qua astcmc raicftcki jö raicftc kill `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui kl chaftcrck c `ls c`iackls 69=). Ak asls astctutls, cprlmcils plr a` ray Harkckil DD ak 39>= 39>=,, `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici quaicrlk tltc`eakta c` ecrjak. @c Fleukdici dkflrplrö uk agaep`cr ia `cs edsecs edsec s c su crfndvl pcrc rctdhdfcr qua `c sapcrcfdök aktra cemcs ukdvarsdicias arc yc, c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^X prãftdfceaktaa tltc` 696). prãftdfceakt Hua `c prlpdc Fleukdici `c qua dkdfdö a` trãedta pcrc iltcrsa ia kuavcs lridkcfdlkas, cutlrdzcic plr prdvd`ajdl ia Harkckil DD ak hamrarl ia 3944 . _crc `c :?

 

  cs astrufturcs pl`åtdf pl`åtd fcs

raicffdök ia `cs kuavcs lridkcfdlkas quaicrlk fledsdlkcils Jlkzc`l ia _ctarkly, ecastra rcfdlkc`, y Iledkjl Cjuståk , `ujcrtakdakta ia` mcd`a jakarc` ia Crcjök2 plr su pcrta, `c Fleukdici takåc qua a`ajdr pcrc asta trcmcgl c sads parslkcs, ukc plr fcic rål l sasec. Ylils `ls a`ajdils takåck qua prastcr gurceaktl cktas ia plkarsa c raicftcr `cs kuavcs lridkcfdlkas, ak `cs fuc`as rajdråc `c dkscfu`cfdök pcrc a` klemrcedaktl ia fcrjls ia `c Fleukd Fleukdici, ici, fuyl k÷earl saråc a` suhdfdakta y flkvakdakta pcrc a` «rajdeda «rajdedaktl ktl y jlmdarkl ia a``c a``c² ² . Ak astc raqudsdtlrdc pravdc c `c raicffdök ia `cs kuavcs lridkcfdlkas, sa axprascmc qua iamaråck iurcr ida idazz cóls, cukqua ukc eckl flrrdjdö astc fdhrc y `c sustdtuyö plr uk lfnl, y qua kl sa fcuscrc ak `cs kuavcs a` eaklr pargudfdl c `ls prdvd`ajdls yc ltlrjcils c `c Fleukdici Fleukd ici 699). @cs lfnl parslkc parslkcss fledsdlkcics pcrc `c raicffdök rac`dzcrlk su trcmcgl aktra `ls easas ia hamrarl y cjlstl ia 3944, puas `cs kuavcs lridkcfdlkas arck rctdhdfcics a` 6 ia saptdaemra ia asa edsel cól ak `c `lfc`dici ia Ylrrc`mc 691).

9.1. Hdsfc`dici

ncfdakic

9.1.3. 9.1. 3. @c pujkc plr `c cutlkleåc hdsfc` Idsplkar ia ukc ncfdakic prlpdc y ia uk sdstaec hdsfc` y ia rafcuicfdök idharakfdcil hua iasia a` prdkfdpdl uk lmgatdvl drrakukfdcm`a pcrc `c Fleukdici y sdk iuic, `c prd prdearc earc ia sus sus radvdk radvdkidfcf idfcfdlkas dlkas.. T ak asta saktdil `ls `ljrls flksajudilss rasu`tcrlk axtrclridkcrdls, y sa c`fckzcrlk ak plfl tdaepl. @cs prdearcs judil rasl`ufdlkas y `cs eãs deplrtcktas qua sa cilptcrlk plr pcrta ia `c elkcrquåc flk raspaftl c `c Fleukdici huarlk idrdjdics prafdsceak prafdsceakta ta c` sdstae deplsdtdvl. C `c Fleukdici `a dktara dktarascmc scmc asc fuastdök, y c `c elkcrquåc tcemdäk, puas ia `cs c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui axtrcgarlk `ls rayas ia Crcjök kl plfcs raktcs aktra eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD y hdkc`as ia` ^X sdep`aeakta c flstc ia `c rctdhdfcfdök ia prdvd`ajdls yc ltlrjcils plr ltrls elkcrfcs. A` `dmra trãksdtl ia earfckfåcs y jaktas plr `ls täredkls ia `c Fleukdici y ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui hua raflklfdil aksajudic plr Gcdea D, qudak cpakcs fracic `c Fleukdici flkfaidö c sus c`iackls a` prdvd`ajdl ia kl pcjcr pacgas plr `cs earfckfåcs y flearfdls ``avcils plr a``ls edsels, plr frdcils l plr eakscgarls7 asl lfurrdö ak 3=18 698). T ukls cóls eãs tcria, ak 3=>9 , _airl DDD `as flkfaidö c `ls c`iackls a` prdvd`ajdl ia qua kl huarck cprascils sd sa idrdjåck l rajrascmck c` earfcil ia Fc`ctcyui c fcusc ia iauics 69:), puas puas iamåc ia sar hrafuakta qua `ls lhdfdc`as ia Fc`ctcyui cmuscrck ia sus prarrljctdvcs depdidakil c `ls c`iackls a` `dmra trãksdtl ia sus earfckfåcs, utd`dzckil pcrc a``l rafur rafursls sls ia iuilsc `ajc`dici. _arl `l deplrtckta arc slmra tlil iökia sa pcjcmck `ls depuastls . Fc`ctcyui kl quaråc pariar su fcpcfdici rafcuictlrdc, y pujkö plr ecktakar qua huarck sus :3

 

  LVÄ@QD V FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

lhdfdc`as l `ls ia` ray parl ak `c prlpdc vd``c, qudakas sa ndfdarck fcrjl ia `c rafcuicfdök, y kl sö`l plr `l qua a``l flk``avcmc ia flktrl` aflköedfl ia` aspcfdl y ia `cs jaktas qua `l ncmdtcmck, sdkl tcemdäk plr `c sdjkdhdfcfdök ia asa nafnl flel såeml`l ia iledkdl. _crc `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui su aem`aec ia cutlkleåc arck sus eurc``cs 69>). Ak 3=>: C`hlksl DDD `l iagcmc f`crl7 rctdhdfckil uk ilfueaktl cktardlr ia Gcdea D , prlf`cecmc qua tlils `ls qua vdvåck huarc ia `ls eurls ia Fc`ctcyui takåck qua pcjcr `c pafnc flel `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici 694)2 cså, `c eurc``c kl sö`l sapcrcmc aspcfdls håsdfls, tcemdäk sajrajcmc aspcfdls aflköedfls y hdsfc`as 61?). _cjcr arc dkaxfuscm`a pcrc tlils cquä``ls qua kl astuvdarck axaktls ia trdmutcr plr su flkidfdök slfdc`2 y `c elkcrquåc astcmc euy dktarascic ak qua kcida sa `dmrcrc ia ncfar`l, ``ajckil c deplkar eu`tcs ia ncstc fdak ecrcvaiåas ia lrl sd c`judak takåc `c taktcfdök ia avcidr a` pcjl. Ak 3=88 `c elkcrquåc depusl `c lm`djcfdök ia pcjcr ak ilkia fcic flktrdmuyakta ncmdtcrc, flk `l qua `ls c`iackls flksdjudarlk pcjcr c``ã ilkia astcmck cvafdkcil s, as iafdr, ak sus prlpdcs c`iacs 613). C `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^ `c Fleukdici hua `dmarãkilsa ia` pcjl ia trdmutls iamdils c `c fduici ia Fc` Fc`ct ctcy cyui ui.. Gcdea D idl `ls `ls prdearls pcsls p csls c` prlf`cecr ak 3=8: qua `ls qua vdvåck huarc ia Fc`ctcyui y ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici pcjcrck `cs pafncs flk sus vafdkls y kl, plr tcktl, flk Fc`ctcyu Fc`ctcyui i 61=). Ltrls pcsls sdjudarlk asc edsec idraffdök2 cså, ak hamrarl ia 3=84 Gcdea D axdeåc c `ls c`iackls ia pcjcr `c fcktdici ia 6?? sua`ils y uk k÷earl ia hckajcs ia trdjl qua vakåck cmlkckil c `ls asfrdmckls ia Fc`ctcyui, cså flel fuc`qudar ltrl pcjl qua kl makahdfdcrc c `c prlpdc Fleukdic Fleukdici i 616). T a` dkhckta ilk _airl, flel `ujcrtakdakta ia su pcira a` ray Gcdea, flkhdrecmc ak saptdaemra ia asa edsel cól 3=84, ak uk ilfueaktl ia jrcf jrcfdc dc y cmsl`ufdök, a` prdvd`ajdl flkfaidil c `c F leukdici plr su pcira ia kl flktrdmudr ak `ls jcstls ia Fc`ctcyui 619). Ia Iassia aktlkfas tlils `ls elkcrfcs ia Crcjök flkhdrecrlk `c s iafdsdlkas ia Gcdea D c asta raspaftl, flel ndzl _arl DDD ak 3=>9 611). _lr hdk, `c ncfdakic rac` flkvdkl ak 3=:6 qua `c Fleukdici pcjcrc a` depuastl ia elkaicga, a` eãs deplrtckta y fucktdlsl ia fucktls rafcuicmc `c elkcrquåc 618), c` ecrjak ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui 61:). Suaicmc cså eckdhdastceakta f`crl qua `cs c`iacs sa flkstdtuåck ak uk tarrdtlrdl hdsfc` idharakfdcil ia fuc`qudar ltrl y, plr tcktl , flel ukc aktdici flk parslkc`dici a diaktdici prlpdcs. @ls rayas ia Crcjök gujcrlk flk `ls dktarasas ia `c Fleukdici pcrc axtrcar eãss y eãs rafursls. Gu jc eã jckil kil flk ncmd`dici flk a` cksdc ia cutlkleåc ia `cs c`iacs y cp`dfckil a` prdkfdpdl ia ltlrjcr`a prdvd`ajdls c fcemdl ia ilkcfdlkas y idkarl, `c elkcrquåc flksdjudö qua `c Fleukdici `a trcsvcscrc trc svcscrc jrckias suecs ia idkarl . Ak 3=>6 C`hlksl DDD raflklfdö ncmarsa icil plr pcjcil fuckil `ls c`iackls `a aktrajcrlk 69.666 sua`ils y 6 idkarls qua raflklfåck iamar`a c fuaktc ia` elkaicga 61>). :

 

  cs csaastrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

Iasia aktlkfas `ls rayas cprlvafncrlk fcic lfcsdök qua puidarlk pcrc flksajudr kuavcs ilkcfdlkas ia `c Fleukdici2 `ls agaep`ls slk euy kuearlsls. _airl DX hua ukl ia `ls eãs makahdfdcils. @cs kuearlscs fcepcócs ed`dtcras qua aeprakidö asta elkcrfc ak a` Eaidtarrãkal y `c juarrc flktrc Fcstd``c iaeckicrlk ukc pareckakta y flpdlsc hdkckfdcfdök. @c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui cfuidö c fumrdr `cs flkstcktas patdfdlkas ia asta ray c fcemdl c vafas ia ukc earc flkhdrecfdök ia prdvd`ajdls cktardlras. @cs fcktdicias dkjrascics ak a` arcrdl rac` plr asta flkfaptl huarlk euy kltcm`as. _lr agaep`l, ak 3664 _airl DX lriakö qua kcida fcuscrc pargudfdl c`jukl c `c Fleukdici c fcemdl ia `ls :?.??? sua`ils qua `ls c`iackls dkjrascrlk ak `cs crfcs rac`as pcrc hdkckfdcr `c juarrc flktrc a` ray ia Ecrruafl Ecrruaflss y ak hcvlr ia` ia` _cpc 614) 2 ak 3699 ndzl axcftceakta `l edsel plr `ls 338.??? sua`ils qua `c Fleukdici `a lhrafdö flel cyuic c `c juarrc qua _airl DX aeprakidö flktrc su pcrdakta a` ray Gcdea ia Ec``lrfc pcrc flkqudstcr asta radkl 68?)2 y ia kuavl sa idftcedkö uk iasal sded`cr ak 3619 plr `ls prdearls 1?.??? sua`ils aktrajcils pcrc suhrcjcr `ls jcstls ia` agärfdtl rac` ak `c fcepcóc ia Fariaóc, Faria óc, qua cfcmcrlk sdakil 31?.??? 683). _lr `c ilfueaktcfdök sa iaiufa qua c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DXsa ^DXsa prliugarlk fdartls elvdedaktls aktra `ls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui y `ls ia `cs c`iacs. Cemcs ukdvarsdicias quaråck avdtcr c tlic flstc pariar flktrdmuyaktas, y trctcrlk ia avdtcr asc sckjråc ia rafursls eaidckta idvarsls iafratls lmtakdils ia `ls rayas ia Crcjök, cukqua ic `c deprasdök ia qua kl iamdarlk ia takar iaecsdcil äxdtl. Yrcs `cs frdsds slfdc`as y aflköedfcs ia `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^DX `c pasta kajrc ia 369> y `c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls, `c sdtucfdök aflköedfc ia `c Fleukdici sa ra`avö axtrclridkcrdceakta idhåfd`, tcktl qua sus rasplkscm`as rafurrdarlk c tlil tdpl ia rafursls pcrc avdtcr `c qudamrc. Ak 36:1 `c sdtucfdök arc tck ia`dfcic qua ncmåc `ujcras ilkia pcrta ia `c plm`cfdök pcscmc ncemra iamdil c qua vcrdcs c`iacs ncmåck sdil asqud`ecics ncmåck plr flepcóåcs ia sl`icils qua ncmåck fcuscil traeakils iastrlzl iastrlzlss 68=). C`jukcs c`iacs, tc` vaz plr su tcecól l plr ukc aspafdc` flyukturc aflköed aflköedfc fc qua tlicvåc kl as plsdm`a flkfratcr, pratakidarlk sapcrcrsa, c` eakls hdsfc`eakta, ia `c Fleukdici. _arl asc plsdmd`dici kl astcmc flktaep`cic y `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc kl sa elstrcmc idspuastc c qua eaidics tck irãstdfcs sa ``avcrck c fcml. C`jl cså iamdö ia lfurrdr flk `c vd``c ia Ylrrc`mc Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic Fcócic), ), uk ukcc ia `cs eãs deplrtcktas ia `c Fleu Fleukdic kdici, i, qua p`cktaö c`jukls prlm`aecs ia umdfcfdök ak `cs sasecs, plrqua ak 368:, gustl kcic eãs cfcmcr `c juarrc flk Fcstd``c, pcrafa qua pratakidö sajrajcrsa ia `c Fleukdici, prlmcm`aeakta pcrc flkstdtudrsa flel ukc vd``c ia rac`akjl, fctajlråc c `c qua ncmåc cffaidil plr iafdsdök rac`, flk flkfagl prlpdl y cgakl c `c Fleukdici Fleukdici.. _airl DX tuvl qua dktarvakdr parslkc`eakta pcrc prlndmdr qua kdkj÷k vafdkl ia `c Fleukdici sa cpcrtcrc ia a``c l ia `c lm`djcfdök ia pcjcr flktrdmufdlkas c `c edsec , flk aspafdc` eakfdök c `c vd``c ia Ylrrc`mc 686). :

 

GLVÄ

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

@Q V

Ia `c edsec eckarc numl qudakas plr kl pcjcr `cs flktrdmufdlkas sa iascvafdkicmck ia `cs c`iacs y vdvåck ak fcscs ia ndic`jls, ia fcmc``arls y ia ltrcs parslkcs axa ax a ktcs ia pafncr, pafncr , c `ls fuc`as l vakiåck l akfleakicmck sus ncfdakics pcrc kl flktrdmudr plr a``cs, parl ak fcemdl sajuåck ncfdakil usl ia `ls nlrkls, cjucs, mlsquas pcstls ia `c Fleukdici. _crc avdtcr vakiar`as asls cmusls, Guck DDtrcmcgl idftcedkö ak 3646 quay kdkj÷k vafdkl puidarc fleprcr`as, kd icr`as ak sus naraicias kd ak `cs ia a``ls 689), cukqua cu kqua ak ak 364> Ecrtåk D flksdktdö qua sa puidarck ia iass cvafdkicr pcjckil ukc flktrdmufdök 681). _arl `c dkqudatui kl sa fdrfuksfrdmdö tck sö`l c avdtcr qua sa sajrajcrck c`jukcs c`iacs l c qua sa iascvafdkicrck plsdm`as pafnarls, sdkl tcemdäk c qua `ls mdakas prdvcils ia `ls vafdkls huarck akcgakcils y rafcyarck ak eckls ia p arslkcs qua kl huarck flktrdmuyaktas katls ia `c edsec. c ak 3=:6 a` ray Gcdea D ncmåc hcfu`tcil c `ls `ujcras ia `c Fleukdici pcrc qua sa cyuicrck ukl uklss c ltrls pcrc fleprcr `cs naraicias qua astuvdarck iaktrl ia sus täredkls y qua huarck prlpdaici ia sl`icils, ndic`jls y fcmc``arls qua kl huarck vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici y qua plr tcktl kl fltdzcrck plr sus prlpdaicias 688). Eufnl eãs tcria Harkckil D , plr agaep`l, sdjudakil rafleakicfdlkas ia sus cktafaslras a` trlkl, tuvl qua idftcr uk prdvd`ajdl ak a` qua sa dkstcmc c `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici c kl vakiar sus ncfdakics c parslkcs qua kl flktrdmuyarck c `c hdsfc`dici ia `c edsec 68:). A` flktrl` ia `c ncfdakic ia `cs c`iacs raquaråc ia ukc sarda ia hukfdlkcrdls y lhdfdc`as qua huarck prafdsceakta vafdkls ia `c c`iacs. Ia cnå qua ak 396> a` dkhckta ilk Guck idftcrc ukc lriak plr `c fuc` sö`l pliåck pcrtdfdpcr a dktarvakdr ak `c `css p`ajcs jakarc`as ia `c Fleukdici cquä``ls qua huarck vafdkls y pafnarls flktrdmuyaktas) y qua sus pciras `l numdarck sdil ciaeãs iurckta idaz cóls c` ea kls 2 tcemdäk iamåc sar vafdkl ia `c Fleukdici a` akfcrjcil ia rafljar a` depuastl ia` ecrcvaiå 68>). T `c vlrcfdici rafcuicilrc sa axtakidö tlicvåc eãs c` idftcr C`hlksl X ak 399= ukc lriak plr `c fuc` flkhdrecmc prdvd`ajdls cktardlras pcrc qua flktrdmuyarck flk `ls ia `c Fleukdici tlils `ls qua vdvdarck ak c`jukc ia `cs c`iacs huarc ia Fc`ctcyui , rctdhdfcic ak 3991 ckta a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök , saóc`ckil axprasceakta qua huarck flktrdmuyaktas tlils «`ls qua qu a vdvd vdvdaarak huarc ia` eurl ia Fc`ctcyui² 684). _lr hdk, `ls c`iackls iahakidarlk iurckta tlic `c Aici Eaidc a` pliar fdrfu`cr plr tlics `cs tdarrcs ia slmarckåc ia` ray ia Crcjök sdk takar qua pcjcr pacgas plr a``l. c `l ncmåck flksajudil ak 3=18 6:?) 6:?),, y sdjudarlk dksdstdakil ak asa iarafnl ukc y ltrc vaz 6:3) , mdak ckta a` Gus Gu s tdfdc ia Crc rcjj ök 6 := :=)) , mdak ckta `cs F lrtas 6:6). ak

9 .1.=. @cs raktcs ia `c Fleukdici @ls c`iackls `ljrcrlk dkstcurcr uk sdstaec hdsfc` qua hukfdlkö c `l `crjl ia vcrdls sdj`ls, cukqua ak iataredkcils eleaktls flkfratls, flel c eaidcils :9

 

  cs csastruftu astruftu rcs pl`åtdfcs

ia` sdj`l ^DX l ak c`ju c `jukls kls pardlils ia` ^ X iamdil c fcuscs flyukturc`a flyukturc`ass ec`cs flsafncs, apdiaedcs apdiaedc s l ju juarr arrcs) cs),, ctrcvasö plr idhdfu`tcias flksdiarcm`as. @c Fleukdici axtrcåc `c s ra ktcs pcrc s u hukfdlkcedaktl ia idvarsls idv arsls rafur rafursls, sls, qua astcmck flkvakd flkvakdaa ktaeak ktaeakta ta f`csdhdfcils ak a` fcpåtu`l ^ ia su crfndvl. ` . @cs pafnc pafncs. s. A ` cpcrtcil eã eãss deplrtckta ak `c rafcuicfdök arc a` iakledkc iakledkc il flel pafncs. A` s dstaec ia pafncs pafnc s sa lrjckdzcmc plr c`iacs. C fcic ukc ia `cs `c s c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici c su vaz cjrupcics ak uk c ia `cs sads sasecs, sa `a ctrd muåc uk k÷e k÷earl arl ia «puas tcs tcs² ² 6:9). Fcic puastc aqudvc`åc c 38 vafdkls y sa csdj kcmc kc mc c fcic ukl ia astls j rupls ia 38 huajls ukc iataredkcic fcktdici ia idkarl c pc pcjcr, jcr, qua avdiaktaeakta dmc fcemdckil flk a` tdaepl. Fcic c`i c `iac ac takåc csdj kcil uk k÷earl ia i a puastcs qua sa ravdscmc ak idvarscs lfcsdlkas. Fuckil a` k÷ ea rl ras asu`tckt u`tcktaa ia puastcs puastc s kl arc axcftceak ta idvdsdm`a plr 38 , a` rastl sa flktc md`dzcmc ia eckarc dkidvdiuc`. Cså, c ukc c`iac flk 6: vafdkls pafnarls `a flrrasplkiåck = puastc puastcss y 1 vafdkls, y trdmut trdmutcmc cmc plr asc fcktdi fc ktdici. ci. A k `cs tras `d stcs idsplkdm`as ia pafncs plr c`iacs y sasecs, tlics a``cs sdk hafnc flk fl kfratc cukqua iaktrl ia` sdj sdj``l ^X sa ilfue ilfueaa ktck raspaftdvceakta `cs

sdjudaktas fdhrcs7 - 6?1 p uastcs y eaidc, c 3.3 =? sua `i `ils ls `c puastc, 69=.181 sua` sua `ils. - 61= puastcs, c 11? s ua`ils `c puastc, 34?.>1= s ua`ils y 6 idkarls. - 693 puastcs, c 3.??? su s ua` a`il ilss `c puastc , 663.96: s ua`ils. As lmvdl qua `cs fcktdicias rasu`tcktas astãk ak tlils `ls fcsls ec` fc`fu`c ics. Ak a` prdearl saråc saråck k 69=.381 sua sua`ils `ils , ak a` sajukil 346.8?? s ua`ils y ak a` tarfarl tarfar l 693.??? 693. ??? sua` sua `ils. @cs `dstcs flktda flktdak kak mcstcktas a rrlras c `c nlrc ia fc`fu` fc`fu `cr sua sua`il `ilss y idkarls plr puastc, såktle åktlecc avdiakta ia ` c asfcsc prapcrcfdök ectaeãtdfc ia qudakas qudakas `` ``a a vcmck c fcml `cs fuaktcs . Iasfl kl zfl föel sa fucircråck `l `lss mc`ckfas ckta tcktl tcktlss arrlras, parl sdk iuic slk uk axplkak axplkaktta ia `c asfcsc hdsfc `d zcfdök ia `l `lss mc`ckf mc`ckfas as hdkc`as. ctrdmufdök ia pu astcs plr c`iacs arc ravdscic ia vaz ak fucki fuckil, l, pua puass c taklr ia `cs päridics l jckckfdcs ia plm plm`` cf cfddök a` k÷earl ia puastcs plr c`iac c`iac pliåc idsedkudr l cueaktcr, y arc `c p`ajc jakarc` jakarc ` ia `c Fleukdici `c qua iafdiåc `cs elidhdfcfdlkas c cp `d fcr trcs ukc ravds ravd s dök. @l qua kl quaic ia eckdhdastl as föel sa idstrdmuåck `cs puastcs pu astcs aktra `ls vafdkls ia fcic c`iac. Vaj÷k ascs `dstcs, fcic vafdkl l huajl flktrdmuåc flk :? sua `il `ils, s, flk 69 sua`ils y fuctrl idkarls y ea idl, l fl flk k 8= sua`ils, saj÷ saj÷k k a ` cól c` qua sa rahdarck `cs puastcs. Asc fc rjc hdsfc` rasu`tc fl flksdiarcm`aeakta ksdiarcm`aeakta a `avcic2 a` c`qud`ar ckuc` ia ukc fcsc ak Wcrcjlzc ak a` s dj`l ^X lkicmc `l `lss 1? sua`ils, prãftd prãft dfceakta `l edsel qu q ua c`jukcs flhrciåcs flkfaiåck c ukc nuärhckc flel il ilta ta pcrc su mlic. Ak `cs `dstcs idsplkdm`as `cs vcrdcfdlkas slk euy jrckias. @c fdhrc ia puastcs kl fldkfdia, `öjdfceakta, ak kdk j ukc ia `cs tras, cukqua `c s vcrdcktas slk `öjd @c

fcs ctakidakil c `l `lss aklreas vcdvakas iaeljrãhdfls ia `c Fleukdici7 Cså, `cs :1

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

fcktdicias ia 6?1 puastcs y eaidc, 693 y 61= raspaftdvceakta flrrasplkiaråck c uk k÷earl ia vafdkls pafnarls ia 9.>>>, 1.918 y 1.86=, fdhrcs fdhrcs ak flkslkckfdc flkslk ckfdc flk `cs qua rah`agck `ls ictls idsplkdm`as pcrc a` sdj`l ^ 6:1). Astc flktrdmufdök sdjkdhdfcmc a` elktl eãs a`avcil ia fucktl rafcuicmc `c Fleukdici. =. @cs sdscs. Flkstdtuyak a` sajukil cpcrtcil ak a` crfndvl. Ak lrdjak arck depuastls slmra fleastdm`as. @c sdsc, qua sl`åc flmrcrsa ak `ujcras iataredkcils idspuastls c` ahaftl, aspafdc`eakta ak `c aktrcic ia `cs vd``cs y fduicias, arc uk depuastl aklreaeakta cktdplpu`cr y plr a``l, slmra tlil ak äplfc ia asfcsaz y ia ncemra, prlvlfcmc kl plfls prlm`aecs. A` flkfagl ia ia Fc`ctcyui astcmc ast cmc aepaócil ak flmrcr asta depuastl ak `cs puartcs ia su eurc``c c tlils fucktls aktrcrck ak a``c flk c`deaktls, ak tcktl `c Fleukdici sa kajcmc c ncfar`l c`uidakil c ilfueaktls cktardlras ia `ls `l s rayas qua `c hcvlrafåck. _arl `ls lhdfdc`as ia Fc`ctcyui kl ndfdarlk iaecsdcil fcsl y a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök tuvl qua dktarvakdr ak ecrzl ia 36:8 eaidckta ukc `atrc iafdslrdc pcrc lriakcr c `c fduici qua kl depusdarc idfncs sdscs c `ls c`iackls 6:8). Yck sö`l uk eas iaspuäs ia `c rasl`ufdök DX sdk ia` Gustdfdc , ak 36:8 _airl iuic prasdlkcil plr `l prlm`aecs ia ncemra plr Gustdfdc, a` ec` astcil ak qua ncmåck quaicil `cs c`iacs trcs `csjuarrc flk Fcstd``c, y iay cfuaril flk a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök y flk `cs Flrtas ia` ]adkl, idftö ak cmrd` ak `c vd``c ia Elkzök, sai saiaa ncmdtuc` ia `c `css Flrtas Jakarc`as, `c prlndmdfdök ia cp`dfcr sdscs y fcrjcs fleukas 6::). _arl ukls cóls iaspuäs, arc `c prlpdc Fleukdici `c qua sl`dfdtcmc a` iarafnl c deplkar deplka r ak sus täredkls asta depuastl flktrc a` qua tcktl ncmåc pujkcil fuckil hua `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui `c qua `l raf`cecmc pcrc så. Guck D flkfaidö c `c Fleukdici `c hcfu`tci ia pliar fcrjcr asta tdpl ia depuastl, `c sdsc, slmra a` trdjl, a` pck, `c fcrka y ltrcs vdtuc``cs sdk aspafdh aspafdhdfcr). dfcr). Iasia `uajl arc uk depuasflktrcvakåc åc f`crceakta c ltrls prdvd`ajdls, ak a` sa saktdil ktdil ia flkfaiar axaktl qua flktrcvak fdlkas hdsfc`as plr a` trãksdtl ia earfckfåcs, y plr a``l prlvlfö c`jukcs idsputcs . Guck D tuvl qua dktarvakdr ia kuavl ak 3649 pcrc rctdhdfcr astc hcfu`tci rafcuictlrdc ia `c Fleukdici, qua ncmåc sdil flkfaidic plr idaz ida z cóls parl qua a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök y sus lhdfdc`as ncmåck puastl ak aktraidfnl y ncmåck depaidil su agarfdfdl. @c Fleukdici hua tck fa`lsc ia sus hcfu`tcias ak asta csuktl qua a` ray `a ltlrjö dkf`usl `c prarrljc prarrl jctdvc tdvc ia «iahakiar plr `c juarrc sd slk astlrmcils² 6:>). 6. _crta ia `c rafcuicfdök ia `c Fleukdici prlfaiåc ia `ls pcjls ia `ls ``cecils «ta «tarrctakdaktas rrctakdaktas ². Ak uk ilfueaktl sdk hafnc sa saóc`c qua «@ls vafdkls y `ujcras qua tdakak tdarrcs y naraici naraicias as ak `ls täredkls ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui p cj uak c idfnc Fleukdici 6?? sua`ils ckuc`as flel tarrctakdaktas² 6:4), cukqua ak ltrl sa dkidfc qua astc fcktdici sarã ia 61? sua`i sua`ils ls 6>?) y ak uk tarfarl sa ramcgc c =66 6>3). 9. Ltrc huakta ia dkjrasls prlvakåc ia `ls c`qud`aras ia c`jukcs prlpdaicias ia `c Fleukdici7 pcridkcs, tlrras ak `c `lfc`dici ia Elktök, trauils ak `c ia Yarrar y fcscs ak `cs fduicias ia Fc`ctcyui y Wcrcjlzc. Ak `c fcpdtc` ia` radkl ia

:8

 

  cs csaastru struffturc turcss pl`åtd pl`åtdffcs

Crcjök `c Fleukdici plsaåc ukcs fcscs ak `c fc``a ia Vck _cm`l, _cm`l , qua ak 3949 ncmåc fleprcil c «`ls f`ärdjls ia Äpd`c² Äpd`c ² 6> 6>==) , qudakas c su vaz `c ncmåck c`qud`cil c uk vafdkl ia Wcrcjlzc plr sasaktc sua`ils sua`ils 6>6), qua iasia gu`dl ia asa cól pcscrlk c sar flmrcils plr `c Fleukdici. Ycemdäk plsaåc ils fcscs ak `c `lfc`dici ia Yarrar2 Yarrar 2 ukcc hua fleprci fleprcic c ak 399:akc 391? Ecrtåk6>1). y _airl ia Elrls plr 6=? sua`ils 6>9) y ltrcs C`hlksl Ileåkjuaz 1 . _lr ÷`tdel , `c Fleukdici idsplkåc ia c`jukls faksc`as y `ls dkjrasls plr iäfdecs, prdedfdcs y fucrtls, qua avdiaktaeakta pliåck vcrdcr eufnåsdel ia uk cól pcrc ltrl, ciaeãs ia `c edtci ia `cs ``cecics «usurcs usurcs², ², qua ncmåck sdil aktrajcics plr a` pcpc c` ray ia Crcjök y fuyc edtci ncmåc trckshardil Guck DD ak 3649 c `c Fleukdici 6>8). 9.1.6.. @cs flktr 9.1.6 flktrdmufd dmufdlkas lkas

ia

`c Fleukdici

Ylils `ls ilfueaktls raharaktas c `ls pcjls qua rac`dzcmc `c Fleukdici , yc huarc plr flktrdmufdlkas l plr ltrls csuktls sa jucricmck ak a` fcpåtu`l x ia` crfndvl. @c elkcrquåc arc `c makahdfdcrdc ia `c ecylråc ia `ls pcjls qua rac`dzcmck `cs c`iacs. Ak `c prdearc y sajukic saffdlkas sa ckltcmck `cs ``cecics fakcs, tcktl `cs ia prasakfdc flel `cs ia prdeljakdturc 6>:). Qk tarfar cpukta arc a` iaidfcil c` «ecrdicga ia `cs dkhcktcs², dkhcktcs ², y qu quaa flkstdtuåc flkstdtuå c ukc flktrdmufdök c `c ilta ia `cs ndgcs ia `ls rayas 6>>). Yck Ycktl tl asta ÷`tdel flel `ls ils prdearls vcrdcmck ia cól ak cól ak hukfdök a` pcsl y a` tdaepl ia astckfdc ia `ls rayas y sus prdeljäkdtls plr tdarrcs ia `c Fleukdici l sd `cs dkhcktcs sa fcscmck l kl. Qkc pcrtdic deplrtckta arc a` depuastl ia `cs fcmc``aråcs 6>4), fuyc raju`cfdök sa rajåc plr `c flrlkc, qua pliåc flkfaiar idvarsls p`czls pcrc su cmlkl ak hukfdök ia sus prlpdls frdtardls 64?). ak a` sdj`l ^DDD sa ncmåc astcm`afdil fuãktl takåc qua pcjcr `c Fleukdici plr asta depuastl. Ak 3=19, fuckil sa prliugl `c prdearc jrck raju`cfdök ia` sdstaec deplsdtdvl ia `cs c`iacs, a` ray Gcdea D hdgö ak 3. 3 .6?: ecrcvaiåas c`hlksdkls `c fcktdici c pcjcr plr `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ct Fc`ctccyui2 takåc qua ncfar`l a` iåc ia Vck Edjua`, a` 4 ia saptdaemra , fuckil sa fa`amrcmc `c jrck p`ajc l cscem`ac jakarc` ckuc` ia `cs c`iacs. Astc fcktdici ia ecrcvaiåas aqudvc`åc c ukls 4.??? sua`ils, y cså sa ecktakåc c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X,ak ^X,ak 3994 3994 ak flkfratl 643). _arl plfls cóls iaspuäs a` ray Guck DD iafdiåc idsedkudr a` k÷earl ia fcmc``aråcs, qua sajuåc flrrasplkidakil c 4.??? sua`ils ckuc`as ckuc`as 64=). Asc raiuf raiuffdök fdök ``ajö ak 39>3, fuckil uk c saktakfdc crmdtrc` idftcic plr a` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök y a` vdfafckfd``ar rac`, flk a` vdstl muakl ia Guck DD , raiugl c 8.1?? sua`ils ckuc`as a` depuastl ia fcmc``aråcs 646). T tlicvåc sa raiugl eãs iurckta iurckta a` radkcil ia Harkckil DD, DD , puas ak 3949 quaicmck raiufdics c 6.=1? sua`ils 649). Tc

 

GLVÄ

Tc sa nc saóc`cil Crcjök arc a` `` cecil mdakas s up upaardlr rdlras as c :? c `i `iacs acs yc `l cmlkcmck

@QDV

FL]] @

@

HQAKY A

qua ukl ia `ls depuastls eãs dep deplrtcktas lrtcktas ia` radkl ia ia ecrcvaiå l elkaicga, qua qua sa cp`dfcmc c `l `lss vafdkls flk sua`il sua `ilss 641). A ` elkaicga elk aicga sa pcjcmc fcic sdata cóls y `cs c `c elkcrquåc ak 3=19 648). _airl DX raju`ö `c raflj afljdi dicc

ia asta depuastl ak `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak 36:4 , y `l nd ndzzl iafratckil qua fleakzcråc `c rafljdic a ` =4 ia saptdaemra saptdaemra,, iåc ia Vck Ed Edj j ua` , y flk fl kt d kucråc iurckta tlil a` có cól, l, quaicki quaickil l axaktls `ls fdk f dkfl fl cóls cól s dktareaidls ncstc a` qua n  fåc a` a ` k÷earl sdata, ak a k a` qua sa vl` vl ` varåc c rafljar a` depu depuas as tl i a ecrcvaiå 64:). Ak a ` sdj`l ^X vl`vdö c raju`crsa `c rafljdic ia asta depuastl. Va hdgcmc a` tdaepl ia «ramusfc ² ak > easas, iamdakil rafljarsa tlil cktas ia uk cól, y ukc vaz cfcmcil asa p`czl yc kl sa pliåc sajudr rafljdakil asa depuastl 64>). _crc rafljar asta depuastl ncmåc ukls fledscr fledscrdl dlss aspafd aspaf d c`as qua flktrl flktrl`` cmck a` faksl y ``avcmck a ` raf ua ktl ia `l `lss dkjrasls. _crc sar fledscrdl ia` ecrcvaiå ncmåc qua sar vafdkl ia `c `css c`i `iacs acs 644) y su trcmcgl arc raflepakscil flk uk sc`crdl 9??). @c Fleukdici pcjcmc ukc fcktdici kl euy a `avcic plr rczök ia ils flktr flktrdd mufdlkas flklfdics flel «s um umsdidl sdidl² ² y «axf uscil ². Astcs fcktdicias flrrasplkiåckcc ` c cs iåck csuk ukfdök fdök qua rac`dzö ` c Fleukdici ia i a `c `css ckt cktcc ól sa saólråcs ólråcs ia Yarrar y Vcvdóãk2 ak flkfratl arck 11 sua`il sua `ilss plr Yarrar y 3> 3>6 s ua `il `ilss y 9 idkarls plr `c `c ia Vcvdóãk Vcvdóãk,, as iafdr iafdr,, =6> sua`ils y 9 idk idkarls arls ak tltc` 9?3). Ycemdäk takåck qua pcjcr plr ` c flrlkc flrl kcfdök fdök ia `l `lss ra ya s , ak asta fcsl fcic fci c vcrdls cóls, f`crl, y plr fl flk kflridcs idvarscs 9?=). _lr hdk, `c Fl Fle eukdi ukdici ci takåc qua pcjcr vcrdls faksc faksc``a s . Kl pcrafak iaecsdc ils, il s, c` eakls plr p lr `ls qua sa flksarvcmck a k a` a` crfndvl ia `c le ukd ukdici. ici. Ak tltc` axdsta rahar raha rakfdc c 36 fa ksc`a s, qua a rck `ls sdjudaktas7 - Vlm lmrra V cktl cktls, s, ia 3>? s ua`il ua`ilss , flk =. =.??? ??? s ua`il ua`ils, s, vakidil c `c Fl Fle e ukdi ci ak 3983 9?6). - Vlm ra `c sa saólråc ólråc ia Ya Ya rr rraa r, ia 1? h`lrdkas, flk :1? :1? h`lrdkas, va vakidil kidil c `c Fleukdici ak 399> 9?9). - Vlm lmra ra `c elraråc ia i a Ya rr rraa r, ia 3?? s ua`il `ilss , fl flk k 3 .??? sua`il sua `il s , ak 399= 9?1). - Vl Vlm mra `c elra el raråc råc ia i a Yarr arrar ar , ia 3> h`lrdkas flk =?? sua`ils sua`ils,, va vakidil kidil c `c Fleukdici a k 3999 9?8). - Vlm Vlmrra C`crmc , ia 631 sua`ils, flk 6 .1?? sua `i ls ak 391: 9?:). - Vlmra a` flkf flk fag l , y nls nl s pdtc` , ia Fuma`, ia 3?? sua`ils, flk =.??? sua`ils, ak 3914 9?>). ]avakidil c` flkfagl ia Fuma` ak 398? 9?4). - Vl Vlm mra `c elraråc ia Yarrar rrar,, ia 361 su a `i `ils ls , flk 3.1?? sua`ils, ak 3914 93?). C ilóc @udsc Ec`ök, eug eugar ar ia ilk Ga Ga rökdel ia Qrrac , 3.??? s ua `il s , flk 38. 8.??? ??? sua `il `ils, s, a k 3983 933). - V lmra Vcktls, ia 3>? `dmrcs, flk = .??? `dmrcs, va vaki kidd il c `c Fleukdici ak 398= 93=). - Vl Vlmr mraa Dmia Dmias, s, ia =?? sua`ils, flk =.??? sua`ils, ak 3988 936). :>

 

  cs astrufturc astrufturcss pl`åtdfcs pl`åtdf cs

- Vlmra a` naraicedaktl ia Guck ia Vassä, ia Fc`ctcyui, vakidil c `c Fleu kdici ak 39 :: (939). C `c fcpa``ckåc ia elsäk Gcdea @ctlrra ak Vck _airl ia `ls Hrckfls ia Fc`ctcyui, 1?? sua`ils, flk 3?.??? sua`ils, ak 3946 (931). flkfagl ia _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc , 31? sua`ils, flk 6.??? sua`ils, ak 3948 (938). C ` flkfagl ia Huaktas ia Gd`lfc , 8?? sua`ils, flk 3=.??? sua`ils y fcrtc ia jrcfdc pcrta ia `ls 3.??? sua`ils, flk =?.??? sua`ils qua sa fcrjcrlk c _airl ia Nuartc , ak 394: (93:). C `c vdstc ia `ls faksc`as y ia `l qua sa pcjcmc plr a``ls, sa axtrca qua `c ec ylråc takåc ukc lm`djcfdök ckuc` ia aktra a` y a` 3?   ia dktaräs, cukqua ncy c`jukls ak `ls qua sa ramcgc ncstc a` 1   l a` 8 . @ls pcjls c `c elkcrquåc suplkåck `c dkeaksc ecylråc ia `ls pcjls y flktrd mufdlkas, saj÷k `c sdjudakta `dstc7 3. Flktrdmufdlkas pardöidfcs y flkstcktas7 - Fc Fcmc mc`` ``ar aråc åcss ia nlklr7 4.??? sua`ils ckuc`as (8 (8..??? iasia 39>3 y 6.=1? C`

iasia 3949). - Elkaicga7 fcic : cóls, fcktdicias vcrdcm`as ak hukfd hukfdök ök ia `c rafcuicfdök. rafcuicfdök. - _lr `c taka takakf kfdc dc ia` ia` fcstd``l ia Vleai , 3.1?? sua`ils (ncstc 3934). - _l r `c dkflrplrcfdök ia `cs saólråcs ia Yarrar y Vcvdóãk, =6> sua`ils y 9 idkarls. =. Flktrdmufdlkas kl pardöidfcs y vcrdcm`as7 - Fakcs rac`as ia prasakfdc7 3.??? sua`ils. - Fakcs ia prdeljakdturc. - Ilta plr «ecrdicga «ecrdicga² ² ia `cs dkhcktcs. - _lr flr flrlk lkcf cfdö dök k ia `ls rayas y `cs radkcs (ukls 9?.??? sua`ils sua`il s pl plrr fcic flrlkcfdök). - _lr pcjl ia faksc`as. - _lr flktrdmu flktrdmufdlkas fdlkas axtrc axtrclrid lridkcrd kcrdcs7 cs7 juarrcs ia ia `c elkcrquåc . Iasia `uajl , `c cutlkleåc `as rasu`tö c `ls c`i c`iaa ckls ia `c Fleukdici ia F c`c tcyui mcstckta fcrc , parl prlmcm`aeakta `as numda numd a rc rasu`tcil eufnl eãs il`lsl `c partakakfdc c uk saólrål gurdsidffdlkc`. 9.1.9. @c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `ls mdakas mdaka s ia `c Fleukdici `ls c`iackls sa elstrcrlk euy pralfupcils plr ia Iasia su flkstdtufdök hakiar sus mdakas, mdakas, ncfdakics y prlpdaicias. @c lmsasdök ia `ls rapra raprassaktckta aktcktass ia `c Fleukdici hua ecktakar sdaepra `ls mdakas y ncfdakics iaktrl ia `l qu quaa sa puaia flksdiarcr flel a` sdstaec lhdfdc` ia rafcuicfdök. _lr a``l prlfurcrlk qua parslkc c`jukc axaktc ia pcjcr depuastls sa ndfdarc flk `c prlpdaici ia fcscs l tdarrcs, puas ak asa fcsl sa pariåc `c flktrdmufdök ia `cs edsecs. :4

 

GL VÄ @Q D V

FL]]C@

@

HQ AKY A

Ak asta saktdil, `c Fl Fle e ukdici kl astcm astcm`afdö `afdö idharakfdcs a ktr ktraa guiål guiålss , frdstdc frdstdc-klss y eusu`eckas. Tc a k a ` huarl ia 3363 sa ltlrjcmc p`akc `dm kl `dmartci artci ia flearfdl c `ls edaemrls ia `cs `c s tras ra`djdlkas ra`djdlkas 93>), y asa edsel aspårdt aspårdtuu sa ecktuvl a k `c Fleukdici22 ak 3=84 Gcdea D flkfaiåc c `ls elrls ia Yarrar a ` iarafnl c fleprcr Fleukdici naraicias ia frdstdckls ak `cs tdarrcs ia rac`akjl ia Yarrar, Yarrar , y uscr ia `c `css cjucs flel `l ncfåck cktas ia flkvartdrsa ak vcsc``l vcsc``lss ia` elkcstardl ia _dairc 934). @c jc jckci kciaråc aråc hua ukc ia `cs prdkfdpc`as prdkfd pc`as huaktas h uaktas ia rdquazc rdquaz c ia `cs c`i c`iacs acs,, y pcrc su iascrrl``l sa kafasdtcmck muakls pcstls y ianascs. @ c Fl Fle e ukdici tuvl euf nl fudicil ak raju` raju`cr cr `cs ianascs ianascs.. `l `lss pcstdzc`as y `l `lss mlsquas , puas s u flrraftc axpp `lt ax `ltcfdök cfdök jcrcktdzcmc a` a` ecktakdedaktl ia `c jc jckkciaråc. @cs c`iacs pliåck astcm`afar sus prlpdcs ianascs. flel ndzl Yarrar ak 36?: jrcfdcs c ukc flkfasdök rac` 9=?). @c iahaksc ia `cs ianascs arc asakfdc` asakfdc ` , y plr a``l `c Fl Fle e ukdi ukdici ci flksdjudö qua Ecrtåk D `a ltlrjcrc `d`dfakf fakfdd c pcrc qua kcida puidarc `` ``avcr avcr c pcstcr s us jckcils c `cs ianascs ia `cs c`i `iacs acs sdk paredsl axprasl ia `c edsec , flk pliar pcrc agafutc agafutcr c qudak flktrcvdkdarc asta eckictl 9=3). Ak lfcsdlkas, a ` usl ia ianascs, pcstls y mlsq lsquuas prlvlfö `dtdjdls qua sa sl `vaktcrlk, fcsd fcs d sdaepra pcfåhdfceakta, eaidckta saktakfdcs crmdtrc` crmdtrc`as. Qk agaep agaep`l `l as ` c qua sa cflriö ak 39=9 y qua tuvl flel pcrtas dktajrcktas c `c prlpdc Fleukkdici ia Fc`ctcyui ia uk `cil y c` Fleu c ` prdlr y fckökdjls ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl ia Fc`ctcyui y c `cs c`iacs ia Vcktc Fruz, F ruz, Flils y Ylmai Ylmai,, `deåtrlhas plr a` asta flk a` tarrdtlrdl ia `c `css c`iacs y a` a ` saólrål ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl, ia ltrl. C` sar astcs tras c`iacs ia saólrål y `dkickt `dkicktas as flk `l `lss täredkls ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, ak `c `css zlkcs ia flktcftl ia `ls täredkls numl prlm`aecs y pcrc a``l sa ia`dedtcrlk flk jrck prafdsdök. Ak a` cftl ia hdrec ia` cfuaril, qua tuvl `u `ujcr jcr ak `c fduici fd uici ia Fc`ctcyui, sa nc``cmck prasaktas Guck Kuól , fleakicilr ia Flils y Gcdea ia Jucecvaz, fduici fd uicicc kl ia Fc`ctcyui, flel raprasaktcktas ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl, y Iledkjl Harrar,, vafdkl ia Lrarc, Harrar Lrarc , y ilk _l`l Ecråk , vafd vafdkkl ia C `u `uakic akic,, flel kukfdls ia `c Fleukdici. Ak asa cfu cf uaril sa pcftö qua `ls vafdkls ia Edaias, ]uasfc , `vcc , Vaid Vaid``as, Xdva`, C`ianua`c, Dkljäs, A ` Hrcskl , A ` Ecrc , Lrarc Lrarc,, Ma`elkta, Xd `` c`v _uayl ia C`uakic y `l `lss `u `ujcras jcras ia` rål ia Edaias y `ls ia Ec`uakic, Ec`uakic , _crcfua``ls _crcfua``ls,, Xa`d``c , Huaktas ia Gd`lfc , Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, El Elkt ktöö k y Elfn Elf nc`as puidarck utd`dzcr `ls pcstls y `c `aó aócc , tcktl safc flel varia, sd k pcjcr eu`tc c`j c`jukc ukc plr a``l a k `ls täredkls ia Flils, Ylmai y @ckjc , saj÷ saj÷kk ukls `åedtas qua sa ciguktck ak `c sakt sa ktakfdc akfdc y qua sa iasfrdmak fl flkk uk c prafdsdök tc` qua astã p`cjcic ia edfrltlpökdelss flel «a ` sa kdel saki kiarl arl ia p`ckc Ha Ha`d `dfas fas²² , «` «`c fcrrcsfc ia `c arc `c Eardkc² Eardkc² l «`cs fuavcs ia `c nl nlyc yc Nafdc² 9==). _crc avdtcr asta tdpl ia ia flkh`dftl lkh`dftls, s, ` c Fleukdici y `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui pcftcrlk ukc flkflridc ak 39>8 eaidckta `c fuc` sa ia`dedtcmck `ls täredkls ak `ls qua sa pliåck ncfar `aócs y ltrls iarafnls, cukqua sa rasarvcmck `ls iarafnls ia axtrcffdö k ia sc sc`` y ia pcstls plr a ` sdstaec ia arc hlrc` hlrc ` 9=6). >?

 

@cs astruf astru f turcs pl`åtdfcs

Yceplfl astcmck axaktcs ia prlm`aecs `cs prlpdcs c`iacs aktra a``cs edsecs2 cså, ak 394> `cs ia Edaias , ]uasfc y Ecrc ia ukc pcrta y Fcstagök ia Edaias plr ltrc cflricmck `cs zlkcs ia pcstls y ia lmtakfdök ia `aóc, flk `c eaidcfdök pcrc a``l ia` prlfurcilr ia `c Fleukdici y `ls rajdilras ia `cs sasecs 9=9). _lr hdk, `c Fleukdici `ljrö `c trcksharakfdc ia` flmrl ia c`jukcs eu`tcs. Ak 3964 `c radkc ilóc Ecråc ltlrjcmc `c edtci ia `cs eu`tcs qua tuvdarck qua pcjcr `ls flkiakcils plr iauics c `c prlpdc Fleukdici 9=1). @c hlrec ia pcjcr `cs pafncs hua raju`cic plr Gcdea DD ak 3=4: 9=8) y iasia aktlkfas sa ecktuvl prãftdfceakta dkc`tarcic iurckta tlic `c Aici Ea Ea-idc. @cs vcrdcfdlkas sa prliugarlk fuckil ukc c`iac sa iasplm`cmc l fuckil plr fcuscs ia `c juarrc su täredkl y su plm`cfdök ncmåck quaicil euy idsedkudics 9=:). @ls `dstcils plr puastcs qua sa flksarvck ia `cs c`iacs slk tras. Kdkjukc ia a``cs astã hafncic, parl plr `cs c`iacs dkf`udics trctc sdk iuic ia `dstcils ia` sdj`l ^X. Vlk `ls sdjudaktas7 8

3. @dstc C . vafdkls plr puastc, 6?1 puastcs y eaidc, c rczök ia 3.3=? sua`ils, tltc` 69=.181 sua`ils 9=>). Vasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc Ctafc , >.961 sua`ils. Huaktas ia Gd`lfc, :.=>? sua`ils. Ec`uakic , 3?.1:? sua`ils. Elktök , 8.38? sua`ils. L`väs, 8.:=? sua`ils. Xa`d``c, 1.33? sua`ils. m) Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias C`ianua`c, 3.=41 sua`ils.

c

C`uakic C`uakic, , 3.66? Ma`elkta, Ma`elkta , >.>4?sua`ils. sua`ils. Hrcskl, A` , 4.14? sua`ils. Dkljäs, 3.34? sua`ils. Ecrc , 9.381 sua`ils. Edaias,, >.311 sua`ils. Edaias Lrarc , 9.?41 sua`ils . ]uasfc, =.>61 sua`ils. Vaid`as, =.>8? sua`ils. Xd``c`mc, 6.?>? sua`ils. f) V asec ia ]ål ia ` Fcócic Ckdóök, 39.??? sua`ils. Aemdi , 8.38? sua`ils. >

 

GL

VÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @

QAKYA

F `cräs, 6.:>? vafdkls. _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, 9.=8? s ua `il s. Vcktls, 3.? 3.?11? sua`il s. Vcvdóãkk , 1.861 sua`ils. Vcvdóã Ylrrc`mc, >.48? sua`ils. Xdvar ia `c ` c Vdarrc, 6.68? su sua` a`il il s. sua `il s. Xd``crrlyc 31.=8? i

Vasec ia ]ål ia Mari Mariaagl

a

Xdg uasfc, =.49? su sua `il s. Vasec ia ] ål Gc`ök

g

Mariagl, 6.68? sua`ils. Farvarc, 8.1>? su sua `il s. Ec`ckqud``c,, :.94? su Ec`ckqud``c sua `il s. Eckum`as pcridkc), 33 = sua`il sua `il s. Elrls, 3=.>>? su sua `i `ils. ls. Ylrra`cpcgc , =.63? su sua `il s. Ylrrdgc, 4.9>1 sua`ils. C`ncec `ncec,, :.:61 su sua `i `ils. ls. Ctafc, Cta fc, =:. =:.13? 13? sua`i `ils. ls. Mumdarfc , 4.49? sua`ils. Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs, 9.11? sua` a`ils. ils. Eckum`as pcridkc ia), 6:= su sua `ils y = idkarl s. Elrctc ia Gd`lfc , :.94? sua `il s. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc , 1.88? su s ua `il s. Yarrar, 9.93? sua`ils. Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias

C mc ktl , >1.98? ua`ils. a `il s. Cfarai, .6 :1 ssu C `crm `crmc, c, 9.8=? sua `il s. Fcstagök ia C` C`crmc, sua`il s ua`il s. Fdem Fd emcc````c, c, 3.4 3.488? sua `il `ilss . F um a ` , 8.38? sua`il `ils. s. Dmias, Dmi as, 3>.381 sua`ils. Gcrcmc, 9.4:? su s ua `ils. @ ukea ukeass pcridk pcridkcs), cs), 1? su sua`il s. Elktaria, >.961 sua`ils. Eukämrajc, 36.341 s ua `il s. _crils, 3.>=? s ua`il ua`ilss . Vleaii pcridkc), =?? sua `il s. Vlea >=

 

@cs as astru truffturc s pl`åtdfcs =

@dstc M 9=4). c

Vasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Ctac, 6.6?? sua`ils.

Huaktas ia Gd`lfc, :.?3= sua`ils y 8 idkarls.

m

Ec`uakic, :.31? sua`ils. Elktök y Elfnc`as, =.196 sua`ils y 4 idkarl s L`väs, 6 .4>: sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Xa`d``c, =.418 sua`il s ua`ilss y 6 idkarls. Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 C`ianua`c, 83> sua`ils y 4 idkarls. C`uakic, :18 sua`ils y 6 idkarls. Ma`elkta, Ma`el kta, 1.==1 sua`ils. Fcstagök ia Edaias, =?8 sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Hrcskl, A`, =.=8> sua`ils y 4 idkarls. Dkljäs, 3.=6: s ua`ils y 8 idkarls.

Ecrc, 3.:>: sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Edaias, = .418 sua`ils y 6 idkarls. ]uasfc, :18 sua`i sua`ils ls y 6 idkarl idkarlss . Lrarc, 3.446 sua`ils y 4 idkarls. Vaid`as, 3.81? sua`ils. Xd``c`mc , 3.38> sua`ils y idkarls. f) Vasec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic7 Ckdóök, 33.=81 sua`ils. F`cräs, =.9:1 sua`il sua`ils. s. Aemdi, 6.6?? sua`ils. _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, 9 .>>3 sua`ils y 6 idkarls. Vcktls, 3.=6: sua`ils y 8 idkarl idkarls. s. Vcvdóãk, 1.>96 sua`ils y 4 idkarls. Xd``crrlyc, 4.:8= sua`ils y = idkarls. Xdvar ia ` c Vdarrc, Vdarrc , 6.?46 sua`ils y 4 idkarls. i Vasec ia ]ål ia Mariagl7 Mariagl, =.1=? sua`ils. Farvarc, 6.:>3 sua`ils. Ec`ckqud``c, =.:1? sua`ils. Elrls, 1.::1 sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Ylrrc`mc, 8.3>: sua`ils y 8 idkarls. idkarls. Ylrra`cpcgc, 3.=8? sua`ils. Ylrrdgc , 8.8?? sua`ils. Xdguasfc, 9.8:1 s ua`ils. >6

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

a

Vasec ia ]ål Gc`ök7

C`ncec, =.83= sua`ils 8 idkarls. Ctafc, 8. 8 .646 sua`ils 4 idkarls. Mumdarfc,, 8.646 sua`ils 4 idkarls. Mumdarfc Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs, 3.6:1 sua`ils. Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, 6.68> sua`ils 4 idkarls. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc , 1.?3> sua`ils 4 idkarls. Yarrar, =.:1? sua`ils.

h

Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias7

Cmcktl, =.66: sua`ils 8 idkarls. Cfarai, Cfara i, =.418 sua`ils 6 idkarls. C`crmc, =.>>: sua`ils 8 idkarls. Fcstagök ia C`crmc C`crmc,, 48= sua`ils 8 idkarls. Fdemc``c,, >46 sua`ils. Fdemc``c Fuma`, 6. 6 .:>3 sua`ils 6 idkarls. Dmias, >.63> sua`ils 4 idkarls. Gcrcmc, Gcrcm c, =.83= sua`ils 8 idkarls. Elktaria,, 9.8:1 sua`ils. Elktaria Eukämrajc,, :.618 sua`ils 6 idkarls. Eukämrajc _crils, >=1 sua`ils.

6. @dstc @dst c F . 38 vafdkls plr puastc, puastc , 693 puastcs 663.96: sua`ils 96?). c

c rczök ia 3.??? sua`ils, tltc`

Vasec Vas ec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7

Ctac , : .:14 sua`ils. Ctac, Elktök, 8.??? sua`ils. Huaktas, 33.??? sua`ils. Xa`d``c,, 1 .3> Xa`d``c .3>: : sua`ils 8 idkarls. Ec`uakic Ec`uakic, , 3?.>3= sua`ils 8 idkarls. L`väs, 8.3>: sua`ils 8 idkarls.

m

Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7

C`ianua`c, 3.?:= sua`ils 8 idkarls. C`uakic,, 3.=1? sua`ils. C`uakic Ma`elkta,, >.3>: sua`il Ma`elkta sua`ilss 8 idkarls. Hrcskl,, A`, : .6:1 sua`ils. Hrcskl Dkljäs, =.??? sua`ils. Ecrc,, 9.??? sua`ils. Ecrc Edaias, Edaia s, 8.6: 8.6:11 sua`ils. sua`ils. Lrarc, 9.3=1 sua`ils. Vaid`as, =.=1? sua`ils.

>9

 

@cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs

]uasfc, = .8=1 sua`ils. Xd``c`mc, 3.8>: sua sua``ils y 8 idkarls. f

Vasec

a

Ckdóök,

]ål

a

38 .63=

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cócic 7

sua`ils y 8 idkarls.

F`cräs. 6.>:1 sua`ils. Aemdi, 8  ? 8= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. idkarls. _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, 1.?8= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Vcktls,, =.?8= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Vcktls Vcvdóãk, 1.6:1 sua`ils. Xd``crrlyc , 38 :1? sua`ils Xdvar ia `c Vdarrc, 9 .:1? sua`ils. i

Vasec

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a

Mariagl7

Mariagl, 6 .46: sua`ils. Farvarc , 8 .?8= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Ec`ckqud``c, 9.:1? sua`ils. Elrls , 4.??? sua`ils. Ylrrc`mc , 4.8=1 sua` sua`ils. Ylrra`cpcgc , =.??? sua`ils. Ylrrdgl, 3?.63= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. idkarls. Xdguasfc , 1 .63= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. a

V a sec

a

]ål Gc`ök7

C`ncec, 8. 8 .:1? sua`ils. Ctafc, =?.?8= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Mumdarfc,, 4.46: sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Mumdarfc Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs, 9.3=1 sua`ils. Elrctc , 8 .46: sua`ils sua` ils y 8 idkarls. idkarls. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc , :.>3= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. h

Yarrar, 6 .6:1 sua`ils. Vasec

a ]ål

a

Dmias7

Cmcktl, 9.=1? sua`ils. Cfarai,, :.>:1 sua`ils. Cfarai C`crmc , 1.=1? sua`ils. Fcstagök ia C`crmc , 3.18= sua`ils y 8 idkarls. idkarls. Fdemc``c , 3.4=> sua`ils. Fuma` , 1.>:1 sua`ils. Dmias, 38 .8>: sua`ils y 8 idkarls. Gcrcmc , 1.3=1 sua`ils. Elktaria , >.1?? sua`ils. Eukämrajc , 33.8=1 sua`ils. _crils, 3. 3 .63= sua`ils. >1

 

1

@CV ]A@CFDLKAV IA @C FLEQKDICI

1  3 @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `c vd``c/fduici ia Fc`ctcyui @cs ra`cfdlkas aktra `c vd``c,

f dui ci iaspuäs plr prdvd`ajdl rac rac`` ia 3643, ia F c `ctcy ctcyui ui y sus c`iacs ctrcvascrlk plr ils eleaktls f`crceakta iahdkdils. A` prdearl sa fdrfuksfrdma c `c yc flklfdic äplfc hlrc`, as iafdr iafdr,, c` pardlil fleprak fleprak-idil a kt ktra ra `c flkfasdök ia` huarl plr C`hlksl D ak 3363 `c flkstdtufdök hlrec` 3=192 a` sajukil cmcrfc iasia `c hlrecfdök ia ` c ia `c Fleukdici aktra 3=13 Fleukdici ncstc a` hdkc` ia `c Aici Eaidc. Iurckta `c äplfc hlrc ` `c ` c Fleukdici kl axdståc, ia eckarc qua `cs r a `c `cfdlka fdlkass sa fdrfuksfrdmåck c `cs qua pliåc pliåck k astcm`afarsa aktra `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui y fcic ukc ia `cs c`iacs plr sapcrcil. Ak astc tasdturc fcic ukc ia ` cs paquaócs c`iacs kcic pliåc ncfar ak sl`dtcrdl ckta a` pliarål aflköedfl y a` pltakfdc` iaeljrãhdfl ia Fc`ctcyui, qua ciaeãs jlzcmc ia `ls prdvd`ajdls ia fcic uk ukl l ia `ls rayas qua sa huarlk sufaidakil ` hrakta ia `c flrlkc iasia C `hlksl D ncstc Gcdea D. Aktra 3363 y 3=19 `cs c`iacs hukfdlkcrlk flel earls mcrrdls l fl`cfdlkas ia ` c vd``c 963), sdk qua puidarck agarfar a` a ` eaklr iarafnl plr sapcrcil. sapcrcil. _arl iasia qua iasfumrdarlk `c huarzc ia `c ukdici, flksdjudarlk ncfar hrakta c `c vd``c y jckcr`a fltcs ia cutlkleåc. Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdic i sa akhraktcrlk ia eckarc pareckakta iurckta tlic `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc puas sus dktarasas arck rcidfc`eakta lpuastls. Qk prdvd`ajdl ltlrjcil c F c `ct cyui suplkåc ukc earec ak `cs cspdrcfdlkas ia `cs c`iacs, ak tcktl qua ukc flkfasdök rac` c `cs c`iacs flkstdtuåc ukc iarrltc pcrc `c vd``c. Ak astc pujkc safu`cr ia dktarasas akflktrcils, `c Fl e ukdi ukdici ci hua c`fckzckil paquaóls trdukhls, y sd numdarc qua ncfar uk mc`ckfa aktra 3=1? y 31?? slmra `ls `ljrls y `ls hrcfcsls, as avdiakta qua `c Fleukdici sc`iråc f`crceakta jckcilrc, asl så, så , c flstc ia flksdiarcm`a flksdiarcm`ass fcktdicias ia idkarl qua `cs c`iacs sa vdarlk lm`djcics c aktrajcr c `c elkcrquåc c fcemdl ia rafdmdr paquaócs l jrckias ilsds ia cutljlmdarkl. Flksdiarcils flel vafdkls ia sajukic plr a ` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui, `ls ncmdtcktas ia `cs c`iacs flktrdmuåck fcic cól ` slstakdedaktl ia `ls jcstls ia `c vd``c, slmra tlil pcrc pcjcr c sus lhdfdc`as y pcrc flktrdm flktrdmu udr c` ecktakdedaktl y >:

 

GLVÄ

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FL]]

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@CHQAKYA

flkstruffdök ia sus eurc``cs. Ascs flktrdmufdlkas earecmck `c fcpcfdici aflköedfc ia `cs c`iacs, qua flktaep`cmck föel ukc muakc pcrta ia sus depuastls dmc iastdkcic c fumrdr jcstls a dkvarsdlkas ak `c vd``c. _arl asc sdtucfdök sö`l hua plsdm`a ak tcktl `cs c`iacs kl astuvdarlk lrjckdzcics ak Fleukdici2 Fleukdici 2 c pcrtdr ia `c fracfdök ästc, , `cs raf`cecrlk qua ak `cs `craktcs quaFleukdici2 jakarcmck yy `ls de-c puastls quaia iaästc a``cs sa c`iacs axtrcåck sa dkvdrtdarck prlpdc plfl plfl `l huarlk `ljrckil. @cs ra`cfdlkas flk Fc`ctcyui jakarcrlk tc` vl`ueak ilfueaktc` qua tuvdarlk qua iaidfcr`a uk fcpåtu`l aktarl ak a` crfndvl2 crfndvl 2 ak flkfratl a` k÷earl DX, ilkia sa f`csdhdfcmck `ls p`adtls y ilfueaktls idvarsls ak fuctrl saffdlkas, iaidfcics c `ls prdvd`ajdls prdvd`ajdls,, `cs flktrdmufdlkas, `ls astctutls y `c gurdsidffdök. Yrcs a` jrck äxdtl flksajudil ak 3=19 3=19,, `c Fleukdici hua jckckil fltcs ia cutlkleåc ckta `c vd``c. Ak 3=84 sakils ilfueaktls ia Gcdea D y ia` dkhckta ilk _airl fartdhdfcmck a` iarafnl ia `ls c`iackls c kl pcjcr flktrdmufdlkas flk `ls ia Fc`ctcyui 96=), y c` cól sdjudakta flksajuåck kltcm`as cvckfas ak ectardc ia gurdsidffdök 966). Ak `ls ÷`tdels qudkfa cóls ia` sdj`l ^DDD c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc hua rctdhdfckil ukl c ukl `ls prdvd`ajdls qua ckta Fc`ctcyui ncmåc `ljrcil crrckfcr `c Fleukdici, ak lfcsdlkas flk huartas civartakfdcs ia `ls rayas c` flkfagl ia `c vd``c pcrc qua ak kdkj÷k fcsl dktaktcrck quamrcktcr `ls iarafnls qua ncmåck sdil ltlrjcils c `ls c`iackls 969), y qua kl cprlvafncrck `ls vdcgas ia `ls c`iackls c` earfcil ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc cprascr`ls sd sdkk eltdvls 961). A` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui sa lpusl ia eckarc pareckakta c `cs flkqudstcs ia `c Fleukdici. Qkc y ltrc vaz c`uiåc pcrc a``l c `c klrectdvc ia` huarl ia 3363 y c `c axtaksdök ia `ls `åedtas qua ak ä` sa flkfaiåck, qua flktakåck c tlics `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici y c÷k eãs. _crafa f`crl qua a` iledkdl slmra `cs parslkcs yc `l ncmåc paridil, parl sa rasdståc c pariar tcemdäk a` iarafnl c` tarrdtlrdl. Ak 3=48 sa idftö c` raspaftl ukc saktakfdc iahdkdtdvc. Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdici ncmåck takdil uk p`adtl slmra a` iarafnl c umdfcr fdartl tdpl ia astcm`afdedaktls ak a` tarrdtlrdl.. Qk flkhusl fcpåtu`l ia` huarl saóc`cmc qua `ls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui tarrdtlrdl pliåck takar nlrkls, mcóls, tdakics, el`dkls y fckc`as ilkia eaglr puidarc ncfar`l fcic ukl iaktrl ia `ls täredkls saóc`cils ak asa edsel huarl 968). Astc f`ãusu`c prlvlfö idvarscs dktarpratcfdlkas ncstc qua eaidckta saktakfdc hdrea rctdhdfcic plr a` ray Gcdea DD sa iaf`crcmc qua `c Fleukdici takåc p`akl iarafnl c astcm`afar ak sus täredkls a` usl ia `ls pcstls y ltrls ciaeprdls, y `c hcfu`tci ia flkstrudr el`dkls y cfltcr ianascs y naraicias 96:). _assa c qua `c saktakfdc arc hdrea, `c vd``c kl iagö ia quagcr _a quagcrssa plr `c päridic ia `l qua flksdiarcmc iarafnls safu`cras. Kuavceakta numl qua rafurrdr c` crmdtrcga rac`, qua uk cól ias ia spuäs ia `c prdearc saktakfdc vl`vdö c rctdhdfcr prãftdfceakta `l edsel . @ls cfuarils aktra vd``c y Fleukdici sa pcftcrlk ak `c dj`asdc ia Vck Edjj ua` ia Ma`elkta2 Ed Ma`elkta 2 c``å cfuidarlk `ls kukfdls ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui y tras såkidfls ia `c Fleukdici ``cecils Iledkjl ia Aemdi Aemdi,, Gu`dãk ia Elrctc y

 

@cs ra`c fdlkas ia `

leukdici

Iledkjl Jöeaz ia Edaias 96>). Ak asc rauk raukdök, dök, `ls ia Fc`ctcyui c`uidarlk c` huarl ia 3363 y c `ls iarafnls qua ak ä` sa `as ltlrjcmc, parl `ls ia `cs c`iacs `ljrcrlk `l qua pratakiåck. A` cfuaril aktra cemcs ukdvarsdicias sa sc`iö flk uk cfuaril euy hcvlrcm`a c `c Fleukdici . @ls puktls ak `ls qua flkvdkdarlk cemcs pcrtas y qua makahdfdcmck c `ls c` iackls huarlk `ls sdjudaktas7 - @l @lss c`ia c`iack ckls ls pliråck ia`dedtcr ianascs y utd`dzcr `ls elktas ia `ls täredkls ia sus c`iacs sdk depaideaktl c`jukl . - _liråck flkstrudr nlrkls y el`dkls `dmraeakta . - @ls gurcils ia `cs c`iacs quaicmck hcfu`tcils pcrc guzjcr tlils `ls ia`dtls fdvd`as y frdedkc`as sc`vl `ls qua sa rasarvcmc a` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc a` Gustdfdc . @ls ia Fc`ctcyui `ljrcrlk ecktakar `cs sdjudaktas prarrljctdvcs7 - _l _lir iråc åck k saj sajud udrr utd`dzckil pcrc sus jckcils `ls pcstls umdfcils ak `ls täred kls ia `cs c`iacs. - @l @lss vaf vafdk dkls ls ia `c vd``c ecktakåck a` iarafnl c cprlvafncr `c `aóc ia `ls elktas ia `c Fleukdici. - @l @lss nlem nlemra rass ia `cs c`iacs takiråck qua cfuidr ckta a` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc `ls csuktls guidfdc`as ra`cfdlkcils flk `ls ia`dtls ia nledfdidl, rlml, nurtl y vdl`cfdök 2 astls fuctrl fcsls quaicmck rasarvcils ak axf`usdvc pcrc sar guzjcils plr a` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui 964). Gcdea DD rctdhdfö a` cfuaril sa``cil ak `c dj`asdc ia Ma`elkta plr cemcs pcrtas. _asa c `ls iasals ia cutlkleåc ia `c Fleukdici y c `ls cvckfas qua dmc `l jrckil, a` våkfu`l ndstördfl y pl`åtdfl aktra cemcs ukdvarsdicias kukfc cfcmö plr rleparsa ia` tlil. Cså, fuckil `c elkcrquåc raf`ceö flktrdmufdlkas aspafdc`as pcrc suhrcjcr sus jcstls ia axpcksdök plr a` Eaidtarrãkal, kl iuiö ak dkf`udr ak a` edsel cpcrtcil c vd``c y Fleukdici. _lr agaep`l, ak 36=6 a` dkhckta ilk _airl raflklfåc qua plr ukc saktakfdc crmdtrc` `c Fleukdici iamåc pcjcr tras fucrtcs pcrtas y `c vd``c ukc fucrtc pcrta ia tlics `cs flktrdmufdlkas rac`as, y qua asls plrfaktcgas iamåck cp`dfcrsa c `cs cplrtcfdlkas ia cemcs ukdvarsdicias pcrc `ls jcstls ia `c juarrc ak Förfajc y Fariaóc 99?). @c cutlkleåc `a sajuåc flstckil fcrc c `c Fleukdici. ` gustdf gustdfdc dc ia Fc`ctcyui rafdmåc idvarscs fcktdicias ia idkarl, prlmcm`aeakta pcrc qua kl sa dkedsfuyarc ak csuktls guidfdc`as qua `cs c`iacs pratakiåck flktrl` flktrl`cr. cr. C fcemdl f cemdl ia asa idkarl flkfaidil c` Gustdfdc , `c radkc @alklr ltlrjcmc uk prdvd`ajdl pcrc qua kcida fcu scrc pargudfdl c `c Fleukdici 993). Qkl ia `ls prdkfdpc`as eltdvls ia flktrlvarsdc aktra Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukd ici hua `c csdjkcfdök ia vafdkls qua takåck `c lm`djcfdök ia pafncr ak ukc u ltrc ukdvarsdici. C `l `crjl ia `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc tlics `cs ukdvarsdicias ia` radkl ia Crcjök elstrcrlk radtarcics vafas sus iasals plr fakscr c` ecylr k÷earl plsdm`a ia ncmdtcktas l vafdkls flk fcpcfdici pcrc pcjcr depuastls. ` talraec >4

 

GLVÄ

@Q V

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

as mdak sakfd``l7 c ecylr k÷earl ia pafnarls, ecylr fcpcfdici rafcuictlrdc y ecylras plsdmd`dicias ia jckcr fultcs ia cutlkleåc. _lr a``l y pcrc ctrcar plm`cilras, `cs ukdvarsdicias ia Crcjök pusdarlk ak ecrfnc tlil tdpl ia cffdlkas, aktra `cs fuc`as `cs eãs iastcfcics huarlk avdiaktaeakta `c cp`dfcfdök ia `ls prdvd`ajdls flktakdils ak `ls huarls y ak `cs fcrtcs puam`cs 99=). Iurckta a` sdj`l ^DD y muakc pcrta ia` ^DDD, fuckil `c plm`cfdök frafdö ia eckarc kltcm`a , `c ctrcffdök ia plm`cilras arc eãs hãfd` c fcusc ia `c ra`ctdvceakta cmukickfdc ia dkedjrcktas qua sa dkstc`crlk ak `cs tdarrcs hrlktardzcs ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlka crcjlkasc. sc. _arl c pcrtdr ia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD `c sdtucfdök fcemdö ia eckarc flksdiarcm`a 996) y yc kl hua kcic hãfd` `ljrcr `c dkstc`cfdök ia kuavls flktdkjaktas ia plm`cfdök. @cs tdarrcs ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc iagcrlk ia sar faktrls ia ctrcffdök ia plm`cilras pcrc flkvartdrsa ak tarrdtlrdl ia aedjrcfdök ncfdc `cs tdarrcs rafdäk flkqudstcics ak a` `avck `avckta ta eaidtarrãkal 999). @c fracfdök ia` radkl ia Xc`akfdc plr Gcdea D 991) y `c flkfas flkfasddök ia tdarrcs, fcscs y sl`cras c qudakas c``ã sa huarck c dkstc`cr prlvlfö uk huarta elvdedaktl edjrctlrdl iasia a` sur ia Crcjök ncfdc asa kuavl y ctrcftdvl radkl. Iafakcs ia hced`dcs ia Fc`ctcyui y ia `cs c`iacs ia su Fleukdici rafdmdarlk fcscs ak Xc`akfdc , cmckilkckil lmvdceakta su sl`cr lrdjdkcrdl. C `c sc`dic ia plm`cilras flk eltdvl ia `c raplm`cfdök ia Xc`akfdc, iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD a suecrlk ltrls ahaftls qua prlvlfcrlk uk iasfaksl ia `c plm`cfdök. C `c frdsds astrufturc` qua chaftö c tlil Crcjök iasia hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD sa suecrlk `ls prlm`aecs jakarc`as ia ec`cs flsafncs, juarrcs y apdiaedcs qua csl`crlk Aurlpc ak `ls iafakdls sdjudaktas, ak asa haköeakl qua sa nc icil ak ``cecr `c frdsds mcgleaidavc` 998). Ak 3693 Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdici sa idsputcmck `c csdjkcfdök ia vafdkls flk tc` aepaól qua tuvdarlk qua ``ajcr c uk cfuaril. _lr rc rczzlka lkass qua tlicvåc kl as plsdm`a rctdhdfcr flk p`akc sajurdici parl qua as prlmcm`a qua puaick ra`cfdlkcrsa flk `ls prlm`aecs ia mckiaråcs y akhraktcedaktls aktra idvarsls `dkcgas urmckls qua ak pujkc plr a` flktrl` ia` pliar ak a` flkfagl csl`crlk `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui ak `ls prdearls iafakdls ia` sdj`l ^DX, c`jukls vafdkls ia Fc`ctcyui iafdidarlk sc`dr ia `c vd``c, icrsa ia mcgc ia su pcirök y cvafdkcrsa ak c` c`jukc ia `cs c`iacs ia Fleukdici. _crc Fc`ctcyui asc sc sckkjråc iaeljrãhdfc arc uk prlm`aec flksdiarcm`a c` qua ncmåc qua plkar plk ar hrakl, y asl qua tlicvåc hc`tcmc plr ``ajcr `l palr7 `c pasta kajrc ia 369> y sus sa safua`cs fua`cs y `c j uarrc ia `ls Ils _airls. @c hlrtc`azc ia `c Fleukdici sa pusl ia eckdhdastl ak 3693, fuckil Fc`ctcyui tuvl qua pcftcr eaidckta uk ukcc iaf`crcfdök flkguktc flk `cs c`iacs slmra föel ncmåck ia flktrdmudr `ls vafdkls qua sa pcscrck ia Fc`ctcyui c `c Fleukdici 99:). T eãs tlicvåc fuckil asa edsel cól _airl DX idftö uk prdvd`ajdl flktukiakta ak hcvlr ia `cs c`iacs, dksartckil ak a` edsel ukl cktardlr qua ncmåc ltlrjcil Gcdea DD. Ak ä` sa prlndmåc c `ls ia `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui qua ndfdarck astctutls y qua pusdarck kuavcs fcrjcs a deplsdfdlkas c `ls ia `c Fleukdici l c 4

 

@cs ra`c f dlkas ia `

leukdici

sus earfckfåcs 99>). A` Gustdfdc ia `c vd``c `ljrö ecktakar fdartcs prarrljctdvcs 994), ia elil qua, fuckil ncmåc qua qu a csdjkcr tutlras uk eaklr ia aici, arc a` Gustdfdc ia Fc`ctcyui qudak `l ncfåc, flel lfurrdö flk uk eaklr ia `c `lfc`dici ia Eda Edaias ias ak 36 3693 93 91?). @ls `ljrls ia `c Fleukdici slm ra `c vd``c dmck ak cueaktl ia eckarc axtrclridkcrdc. Ak 3691 _airl DX vl`våc c hcvlrafar c `cs c`iacs c` lriakcr c `ls lhdfdc`as ia Fc`ctcyui qua kl tuvdarck prasls c kcida ia `c Fleukdici qua numdarc prasaktcil `c hdrec, as iafdr iafdr,, qua sa numd numdarc arc cfljdil c` iarafnl c sar guzjcil, pcrc saj ÷k quä fcuscs, plr `ls gurcil gurcilss ia s u c`iac2 y qua ciaeãs kl sa `as flmrcrc a` fcrfa`cga, fcrjl ak idkarl qua sa cp`dfcmc c tlils `ls `l s prasls f uckil arck puastls ak `dmartci 913). @ls prdvd`ajdls ak hcvlr ia `c Fleukdici ak su ra`cfdök flk Fc`ctcyui sajuåck fcyakil ak fcsfcic. _airl DX vl`våc c rctdhdfcr ak 369: qua `ls ia `c Fleukdici kl pcjcrck flktrdmufdlkas kd jcstls ak `ls sarvdfdls rac`as flk `ls ia Fc`ctcyui, c eakls qua `l `lss c`iackls qudsdarck ncfar`l ncfar`l 91=), y a k 3616 lriakcmc c `l `lss lhdfdc`as ia `c vd``c qua kl ndfdarc ndfd arc k as astctutl tctutlss fdvd`as kd frdedkc`as qua huarck ak flktrc ia `l `lss iarafnls y hcfu`tcias ia `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici 916). _csl _cs l c pcsl pcsl,, c flst flstcc iasia `u `uajl ajl ia jrckias suec s uecss ia idkarl, `c Fleukdici dmc flksdjudakil fltcs fcic vaz eãs pröxdecs c `c cutlkleåc p`akc. ` pcjl ia jrc kias fcktdicias c `c flrlkc arc deprasfdkidm`a pcrc `ljrcr eãs y eãs prdvd`ajdls. `a jdls. Cså, `c elkcrquåc sa cprlvafnö fucktl puil ia su flkidfdök ia «saólr kcturc`² ia `cs ukdvarsdicias ukdvarsdicia s crcjl ka kascs. scs. A` : ia ecrzl ia 36:= _airl DX astcmc astc mc ak Wcrcjlzc y c``å hdreö fuctrl ilfueaktls iastdkcils c dr ia`dedtckil `cs flepatakfdcs ia `c Fleukdici y a `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui. A k a` prdearl `c plkåc mcgl su sc sc`vcjucric `vcjucric 919) pcrc ak a` saju kil raflklfar qua ncmåc rafdmdil >.??? h`lrdkass , qua c` fcemdl ak sua rdka sua`il `il s ia asc äplfc arck plfl eakls ia :1.??? s ua`il ua`ilss 911), c fcemdl ia ncm ar `as flkfaidil a ` ax axdeakta deakta ia kl takar qua dr c p`adtacr c `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui 918), iarafnl plr fdartl qua yc `a ncmåc sdil flkfaidil uk sdj`l ctrãs plr Gcdea D y rctdhdfcil plr fcic ukl ia `ls slmarckls qua ncmåck sufaidil c` Flkqudstcilr. Ak a ` tarfarl, a` ray cffaiåc c qua `l `lss ia `c Fleukdici kl tuvdarck qua dr c Fc`ctcyui sc sc`vl `vl pcrc idrdedr fuastdlkas ia naraicias, parl kl pcrc csuktls fdvd`as y frdedkc`as2 ia kuavl _airl DX rctdhdfcmc prdvd`ajdls yc axdstaktas pcrc `ljrcr idkarl c fcemdl. _lr hdk, ak a` fucrtl ilfueaktl hdrecil ak a` edsel iåc, a` ray lriakcmc c `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c fduici qua ak kdkj÷k fcsl flktrcvdkdarck `ls prdvd`ajdls prdvd`ajdl s flkfaidils c `c Fleukdici, aspafdc`eakta `ls qua flkfarkåck c `c sapcrcfdök aktra fduici y c`iacs, mcgl pakc ia =.??? ecrcvaiåas, as iafdr iafdr,, 39.??? sua`ils2 a ` edsel elkcrfc sa lm`djcmc eaidckta gurceaktl c kl dr ak flktrc ia ia idfnls prdvd`ajdls 91:). C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX `ls c`iackls yc ncmåck `ljrcil ckta `c elkcrquåc c`fckzcr `c ecylråc ia sus radvdkidfcfdlkas flk raspaftl c `c fduici, y jlzcmck ia ukc cep`dc cutlkleåc, c axfapfdök ia c`jukls cspaftls guråidfls qua a` flkfagl ia 4

 

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Fc`ctcyui sajuåc ecktakdakil y qua pcrafåc f`crl qua `c flrlkc kl astcmc ids puastc c nurtcr`a. Ckta astc sarda ia flkfasdlkas rac`as, `c Fleukdici qudsl qua sa cp`dfcrck ak `c prãftdfc, tc` vaz fckscic ia flktaep`cr föel c`jukls ia sus iarafnls arck ias prafdcils y kl raspatcils plr a` flkfagl ia `c fduici. @ls rayas pliåck flkfaiar c `c Fleukdici fuckt fucktls ls prdvd`ajdls sa `as cktlgcrck, parl sd kl sa cfctcmck y sa cp`dfcmck iasia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui cpakcs sarvdråck pcrc ltrc qua icr fledakzl c p`adtls flstlsåsdels a dktaredkcm`as. Ak klvdaemra ia 36>3 _airl DX iafdiåc ravlfcr ukls astctutls qua ncmåc nafnl `c fduici y qua c` pcrafar dmck idraftc eakta ak flktrc ia `ls iarafnls yc raflklfdils c `cs c`iacs2 y tlicvåc dmc eãs c``ã a` Faraelkdlsl c` raflricr`a c` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui qua kl ndfdarc kuavls astctutls ak asc edsec idraffdök, as iafdr iafdr,, ak flktrc ia `ls dktarasas ia `cs c`iacs 91>). Sudkfa easas eãs tcria, ak hamrarl ia 36>6, a` dkhckta ilk Guck vl`våc c lriakcr qua sa ravlfcrck `ls ast astctu ctutls tls yc yc naf nafnls nls,, a dkidfcmc qua `cs cftucfdlkas rac`dzcics flk plstardlrdici c `c sajrajcfdök aktra fduici y Fleukdici y qua numdarck sdil parguidfdc`as pcrc `ls vafdkls ia `cs c`iacs huarck cku`cics 914)2 asa edsel iåc ia hamrarl, ilk Guck lriakcmc qua sa fuep`darc ukc saktakfdc qua ä` edsel ncmåc idftcil ak `c flrta ia` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök, ak `c fuc` sa raflklfåc c `c `css c`iacs a` iarafnl c pliar vakiar vdkl y elstl ak a` earfcil ia Fc`ctcyui, tc` fuc` ncmåc sdil rctdhdfcil tcktcs vafas plr elkcrfcs cktardlras 98?). C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX cs c`iacs astcmck tck sajurcs ia su huarzc y ia su pliar pcrc c`fckzcr `c tltc` sajrajcfdök ia Fc`ctcyui qua sl`dfdtcrlk uk Gustdfdc prlpdl. Iasia `c flkfasdök ia` huarl ia 3363, Fc`ctcyui y `cs c`iacs ncmåck takdil uk edsel Gustdfdc. As fdartl qua aktra 3=19 y 361? ästa ncmåc dil paridakil prarrl jctdvcs jctdv cs ak a k hcvlr ia `ls gurcils gurcil s ia `cs `cs c`iac c`iacs, s, parl a` qua ecktuvdarc deplrtcktas prarrljctdvcs pcrc guzjcr `ls ia`dtls eãs jrcvas `a flkharåc uk vc`lr axtrclridkc rdl, y ` sar a` Gustdfdc a` prdkfdpc` lhdfdc` ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui, sajuåc sdakil uk våkfu`l ia iapakiakfdc c` qua ia kdkjukc eckarc astcmc `c vd``c idspuastc c rakukfdcr. Guck D rafdmdö idfnc sl`dfdtui ia `cs c`iacs y `as flktastö qua kafasdtc kafasdtcmc mc tdaepl pcrc astuidcr asc patdfdök ia idsplkar ia Gustdfdc prlpdl, `l qua numdarc supuastl `c iasvdkfu`cfdök flep`atc aktra Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdici. _arl `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc kl astcmc plr as `cmlr `cmlr.. Vdk iuic praharåc qua cemcs ukdvarsdicias sdjudarck ecktakdakil våkfu`ls fleukas2 ak a` fcsl ia `c Fleukdici pcrc `ljrcr kuavcs iãidvcs y sajudr idsplkdakil ia deplrtcktas su ecs ia idkarl c fcemdl ia `c hcfu`tci ia rctdhdfcr prdvd`a prdvd`ajj dl dlss ukc y ltrc vaz, vaz , y ak a` ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc kl iaspartcr uk rafnczl cmsl`utl ak fcsl ia qua sa vdarck tltc`eakta earecics tlics s us prarrljctdvcs slmra `c `css c`iacs. @c patdfdök ia uk Gust Gu stdfdc dfdc prlpdl pcrc `cs c`iacs arc iaecsdcil ctravdic y `c flrlkc kl astcmc ids puastc pua stc c flkfaiar`c plr `cs rczlkas ciufdics. @c eaglr raspuastc qua sa akflktrö hua icr`a `crjcs, tcktcs qua Guck D eurdö ak ecyl ia 3643 sdk qua sa rasl`vdarc a` csuktl. Ak idfdaemra ia 3648 `c radkc Ecråc ia @ukc , asplsc ia` ray Ecrtåk, tuvl

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@cs ra`cfdlkas i a `c

leukdici

qua dktarvakdr ak astc fuastdök. @cs c`ia c`iacs cs dksdståck ckta `c flrlkc ak raf`cecr uk Gustdfdc prlpdl y prdvctdvl pcrc `c Fleukdici y `c radkc, flel jlmarkcilrc ia` radkl ak asa eleaktl , lptö plr sajudr `c pcutc ecrfcic plr su fuócil Guck D y iafratö uk kuavl p`czl ia prörrljc plr sads cóls eãs, cktas ia flkfaiar , l kl, c `cs c`iacs su patdfdök 983). C fcemdl ia astc elrctlrdc, `c Fleukdici `ljrö kuavcs flkfasdlkas2 plr agaep`l, ak 364> Ecrtåk D ltlrjcmc c `ls c`iackls a` iarafnl c lmtakar lmt akar hrckqud fdcs ia` prlfurcilr jakarc` sdk takar qua iasp`czcrsa plr a``l c `c fduici ia Fc`c tcyui 98=), `l qua suplkåc `c cutlkleåc p`akc flk raspaftl c `c fduici, ` eakls ak `cs fuastdlkas ciedkdstrctdvcs. A` edsel ray tuvl qua rafurrdr c ukc saktakfdc crmdtrc` pcrc idrdedr c`jukls csuktls fckiaktas aktra cemcs ukdvarsdicias, puas `c eaidcfdök rac ra c` sa flkvartåc flkvar tåc ak fcic eleaktl ia taksdök ak `c ÷kdfc plsdmd`dici ia sl`vaktcr flk fdartc fc`ec `cs idharakfdcs.. @c saktakfdc crmdtrc` sa hdreö a` iåc ia Klfnamuakc ia 364> ak a` pc`c idharakfdcs fdl ia @c C`gcharåc, ak Wcrcjlzc. Wcrcjlzc. Ak prdear `ujcr sa rctdhdfcmc a` iarafnl ia `ls c` c` iackls c kl takar qua cfuidr cfuid r ckta a` Gustdfdc y `ls gurcils ia Fc`ctcyui c p`adtacr plr fcuscs fdvd`as y frdedkc`as2 sa flkfaiåc c `c Fleukdici , as iafdr iafdr,, c su flkfagl flepuastl plr `ls kukfdls l raprasaktcktas ia fcic c`iac raukdils ak p`ajc, `c gu rdsidffdök fdvd` y frdedkc` y a` earl y edxtl depardl, depardl , ciaeãs ia `c «supraec y cm cm sl`utc pltastci² pltastci ² slmra `ls `ujcras ia _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y ia Vcktls, Vcktl s, qua trcs uk `crjl parålil ia p`adtls y flkfasdlkas quaicmck iahdkdtdvceakta `djcils c `c Fleukdici flk `ls edsels iarafnls qua a` rastl ia `cs c`iacs. @c fduici ia Fc`c tcyui depusl fdartcs flktrcpcrtdics2 flktrcpcrtdics 2 plr agaep`l , qua kdkj÷k vafdkl ia `cs c`iacs puidarc agarfar a` fcrjl ia Gustdfdc -as prafdsl raflricr qua ak asls cóls `cs c`iacs astcmck pdidakil ` ray `c flkfasdök ia uk Gustdfdc prlpdl-. Astc eaidic trctcmc plr uk `cil ia avdtcr qua uk c`iac c`iackl, kl, cuk cukqu quaa tuvdarc `c flkidfdök slfdc` ia fcmc``arl, sa ndfdarc fcrjl ia` flktrl` ia `c eãs c`tc ecjdstrcturc ia Fc`ctcyui, y plr ltrl ia ecktakar idfnl fcrjl ak elklpl`dl plr `ls fcmc``arls ia `c fduici. Va iagcmc f`crl qua `c flktrdmufdök iamåc ia sar pcjcic plr fcic vafdkl ak a` `ujcr ilkia vdvdarc vdvdarc,, as iafdr, ilkia tuvdarc fcsc y astuvdarc cvafdkcil , y plr supuastl qua pcrc fcemdcr a` iledfd`dl y `c vafdkici numdarc qua pcjcr ukc fcktdici ia idkarl 986). _arl astcs fasdlkas ia flepatakfdcs ia `c fduici tceplfl `a rasu`tcrlk jrctds c `c Fleukdici. Ak a` iåc ia Vck Ecrtåk ia fcic cól `cs c`iacs fa`amrcmck p`ajc jakarc`` y c``å arc ilkia sa cprlmcmck `cs fuaktcs ckuc`as. Ak asc p`ajc sapcjcmck jakarc fcic cól :?? sua`ils c `c fduici , qua ästc rafdmåc saj÷k flkflridc qua sa hdreö a` : ia saptdaemra ia 39=6 989). Asa edsel cól `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui cprlmö ukls astctutls, ia `ls fuc`as sa ndzl ukc flpdc pcrc a` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici 981). Flk idfnls astctutls sa pratakiåc cfcmcr flk `cs `ufncs ia mckils, akfcma zcics plr `cs eãs pliarlscs hced`dcs ` l s Vcycs, `ls @dóãk y `ls _c e p` lkc qua pujkcmck plr a` flktrl` ia` flkfagl y qua ncmåck fcuscil jrcvas prlm`aecs ak `c fduici 988). 46

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

_asa c a``l, cemcs ukdvarsdicias sdjudarlk idrdedakil sus idharakfdcs ak `l guråidfl, y ``ajcrlk ncstc `c flrta ia` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök. Ak a` cól 39=1 sa prlelvdö aktra cemcs uk prlfasl tdtu`cil _atrus Gustdtdc dkstckfdc nledkue flkfd`dd at ukdvarsdtctds fdvdtctds c`ctcdumd fcusc durdshdrec plr a` fuc` sa prlfaidö c cgustcr `cs flepatakfdcs ak ectardcs ia gurdsidffdök aktra Fc `ctcyui y `c `css c`iacs 98:). T iamdö ia surtdr ahaftl, puas `l c``å cflricil quaiö csa csaktcil ktcil flk tc` hdreazc qua idfnl cfuaril sa ecktuvl iurckta tlil a` sdj`l ^X. _asa c `ls akhraktcedaktls, cemcs ukdvar ukdvarsdicias sdicias astcmck cmlfcics c a kt ktakakiarsa y c `l `crjl ia` fuctrlfdaktls `ls cfuarils sa huarlk ncfdakil eãs y eãs astcm`as y sö`dils. Qkl ia `ls ÷`tdels ia `c Aici Eaidc `` ajö ak 39>8 39>822 asa cól hdrecrlk ukc flkflridc qua fc`dhdfck ia «parpat «parpatuc uc² ² plr `c fuc fuc`` sa plkåck ia cfuaril pcrc ia`dedtcr `ls täredkls ak `ls qua sa pliåc axtrcar `aóc y sc sc`` , cså flel `c lrjckdzcfdök ia` usl ia `ls pcstls 98>). @cs c`iacs astcmck frafdics flk sus flstlsls trdukhls y kl astcmck idspua idspuass tcs c sar eakls qua Fc`ctcyui, kd sdqudarc ukc sl`c ia a``cs2 uk a`aeaktl mdak sdjkdhdfctdvl ia astl as a` cfuaril c qua ``ajcrlk ``a jcrlk `ls flkfagls ia `cs c`iacs ia Xd``crrl`c

yc ia `c Vdarrc y ia Ec`uakic ak a` cól 39:8 39:822 cemcs ncmåck akfcrjcil hcmrdfcfdök ia sakils ra`lgas eukdfdpc`as, sdj sdjudakil udakil `c elic deparckta c` raspaftl a k `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l xv y qua sa astcmc deplkdaki deplkdakil l ak tlics `cs fduicias , vd``cs y `ujcras qua quaråck iltcr iltcrsa sa ia ukl ia `ls cia`cktl cia`cktlss eãs ak mljc ak su td a epl. Kl iagc ia sar sdjkdhdfctdvl qua c `c nlrc ia akfcrjcr `c flkstruffdök ia uk ra`lg c uk ecastrl ra`lgarl, cemcs c`iacs ncjck ukc patdfdök dkaxfuscm`a7 qua a` ra`lg qua sa vcyc c flkstrudr ak fcic ukl ia astls ils eukdfdpdls «kl sac palr qua a` ia Fc`ctcyui²2 y astc fuastdök kl sa ncfåc sö`l plrqua cemls flkfagls takåck idkarl suhdfdakta c` pcrafar pcrc dkstc`cr astc kuavc ecqudkcrdc ia eaidr a` tdaepl ak `c hcfncic ia `c fcsc ia` flkfagl, sdkl slmra tlil plrqua quaråck aqudpcrcrsa c `c fduici ak `c euastrc p÷m`dfc ia sdjkls urmckl urmcklss ia prastdjdl 984).

1.=. @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `c elkcrquåc Iurckta `ls ils sdj`ls y eaidls ia axdstakfdc ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc hua sdk iuic `c elkcrquåc `c dkstdtufdök qua eãs hcvlrafdö c astc ukdvarsdici ia c`iacs. @ls rayas ia Crcjök, akhraktcils flk `c klm`azc ak tc ktcs lfcsdlkas 9:?) y sd sdk k iaecsdcils cplyls ak ak ltrls ãemdtls ia `c slfdaici, musfcrlk `c cyuic ia `cs fduicias, `cs jrckias vd``cs y `c `css Fleukdicias ia c`iacs c fcemdl ia flkfaiar`as prdvd`ajdls, hrckquazcs y `dmartcias a k a` sdj`l ^ ak hlrec ia huarls ia raplm`c raplm`cfdök fdök 9:3) y c pcrtdr ia prdkfdpdls ia` ^DDD lk eaidics eãss puktuc`as 9:=)-, qua sl`åck sar flktrcprastcics eã flktr cprastcics flk idkarl. idkarl. Iasia su hukicfdök c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD, c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui sa cplyö ak `c elkcrquåc pcrc c`fckzcr `ls lmgatdvls prlpuastls7 su cutlkleåc flk raspaftl c `c vd``c fcmazc ia` huarl, Fc`ctcyui, y `c slmarckåc ak ectardc guidfdc`, guidfd c`, hdsfc` y pl`åtdfc. pl`åtdfc. Ak astc ra`cfdök trdp`a -elkcrfc , fduici y Fleukdici-, 49

 

@cs ra`cfdlkas ia ia `

l eukdici

a` ray flkstdtuåc a` hcftlr ia aqud`dmrl , puas arc f`crl qua `ls dktarasas ia` flkfagl ia Fc`ctcyui y `ls ia `c Fleukdici rasu`tcmck flktrcpuastls. C `l `crjl ia ils sdj`ls y eaidl `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc supl eckagcr flk cfdartl, tdkl y idp`lec fdc astc trdp`a ra`cfdök. T `l ndzl mdak, puas cukqua sa aktcm`crlk kuearlsls p`ad tls aktra `c fduici y `cs c`iacs, flel tcemdäk aktra c`jukcs c`iacs y aktra `c prlpdc Fleukdici y c`jukc ia sus c`iacs, kukfc sa ``ajö c ukc sdtucfdök ia tak sdök dkslstakdm`a l ia akhraktcedaktl cmdartl, y a``l pasa c qua `c slfdaici crcjl kasc ia` mcgleaidavl ctrcvasö plr c`jukls eleaktls ia ukc vdl`akfdc flksdia rcm`a 9:6). @c elkcrquåc supl aqud`dmrcr ak fcic dkstckta `cs prataksdlkas ia cemcs ukd varsdicias y eckagö flk suec ncmd`dici `cs taksdlkas qua aktra a``cs sa prliu garlk. Flel sd ia uk p`ck praflkfamdil y c `crjl p`czl sa trctc trctcrc, rc, sup supl l dr ilsdhd fckil `c flkfasdök ia prdvd`ajdls c cemcs pcrtas. C `c fduici `c flepakscmc flk tåtu`ls y axakfdlkas 9:9) fcic vaz qua takåc qua crrckfcr`a fltcs ia slmarckåc flk raspaftl c `cs c`iacs, y c ästcs `as flkfaiåc kuavls prdvd`ajdls, l c vafas tck sö`l `c flkhdrecfdök y rctdhdfcfdök ia `ls prdvd`ajdls, c fcemdl ia deplrtcktas suecs ia idkarl. C `c vdstc ia `c ilfueaktcfdök ia `c Fleukdici , `c rac` y `c ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, ic `c deprasdök ia qua trcs `ls pcftls, saktakfdcs y flkflridcs hdrecils plr cemcs pcrtas, axdstdö ukc aspafda ia eutul cfuaril, uk flkfdartl ia kl cjrasdök y uk fleprledsl ia raspatl. Asta flkvakdl sa cp`dfö dkf`usl ak `cs sdtucfdlkas eãs ia`dfcics , flel plr agaep`l fuckil c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^ X `c Fleukdici `ckzö ukc lhaksdvc flk tlics sus huarzcs idp`leãtdfcs pcrc qua sa `a flkfaidarc uk Gustdfdc prlpdl, qua kl `ljrcråc flksajudr. @ls elkcrfcs crcjlkasas tuvdarlk euy prasakta tlil a``l, y ukl trcs ltrl huarlk flkfaidakil kuavls prdvd`ajdls y rctdhdfckil `ls cktardlras. As euy sdk tleãtdfl c` raspaftl qua ak `ls ils sdj`ls y eaidl ia vdic eaidavc` ia `c Fl eukdici kl sa prliugarc kd uk sl`l pcsl ctrãs ak `c ecrfnc ia `c edsec ncfdc `c flksafufdök ia sus lmgatdvls ia cutlkleåc p`akc . Ylils `ls elkcrfcs rctdhdfcrlk `ls flkfaidils plr sus cktafaslras, sdk axfapfdök, ak tlils fcsls y tlics `cs sd tucfdlkas. tucfdlka s. Xäcsa asc as c sufdktc ra`cfdök ia flkhdrecfdök y rctdhdfcfdök ia « tlils `ls prdvd`ajdls flkfaidils plr eds cktafaslras²7 - _airl DDD ak lftumra ia 3=>6 3=>6 9:1). C`hlksl DD ak ecyl ia 3=>8 3=>8 9:8). - Gcdea DD ak klvdaemra ia 3=49 9::). C`hlksl X ak saptdaemra ia 366? 9:>). - _air irl l DX DX ak cmrd` ia 3668 9:4). - Guck D ak idfdaem idfdaemra ra ia 36> 36>> > 9>?) y ia kuavl ak idfdaemra ia 3649 9>3). - Ecrtåk D ak idfdaemra ia 3644 9>=). C`hlkslX ak 3963 9>6), ia kuavl ak saptdaemra ia 3969 9>9), ak saptdaemra ia 399= 9>1), ak akarl ia 3918 9>8) y ak ecrzl ia 3=1> 9>:). - Guck DD ak saptdaemra ia 391> 9>>). 41

 

GLVÄ @ Q

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@CHQAKYA

Kcic ia astl hua jrctds. @cs suecs ia idkarl qua `ls c`iackls tuvdarlk qua pcjcr c `c elkcrquåc c fcemdl ia su hcvlras huarlk euy flksdiarcm`as. Iasia `uajl `c `dstc kl as flep`atc, puas hc`tck ilfueaktls, parl puaia icr ukc diac cprlxdecic ia` vl`ueak ia pcjls qua rac`dzö `c Fleukdici7 - 68.8? 68.8?88 sua` sua`il ilss y > idkarls ak 3=:8 , pcrc sar `dmarcils iurckta uk cól ia` iamar ia fcmc`jcic 9>4). - >?.??? sua`ils ak 366= , sd sdkk fcusc axprasc 94?). - :?.??? sua`il sua `ilss ak 3664, 3664 , pcrc `c juarrc flktrc a` ray ia Ecrruafls 943). - >? >?.? .???? sua `il `ilss ak 369?, pcrc qua kl sa `a cfusa pargudfdl 94=). - 338.??? sua sua`il `ilss ak 3699, pcrc `c juarrc flk a` ray ia Ec``lrfc 946). - 31?.??? sua`ils ak 3619, pcrc `c juarrc ak Fariaóc kl ilfueaktcic ak astc `dstc). - 91.??? sua`ils ak 368: , sdk fcusc axprasc 949). - 8? .??? sua`ils ak 36:3, pcrc cyuicr flk jc`arcs ` pcpc Qrmckl ak Cvdóök 941). - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 36:= 36:=,, pcrc trctcr `c pcz flk a` ray Akrdqua ia Fcstd``c 948). - >?.??? sua`ils cprlx.2 >.??? h`lrdkas) ak 36>6, sdk fcusc axprasc 94:). - 1? 1?.?? .???? sua`i sua`ils ls ak ak 36>:, sdk fcusc axprasc 94>). - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 36>>, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 36>4 , sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 364?, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 3643, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 364=, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 3646, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1?.??? sua`ils ak 3649, 3649 , sdk fcusc axprasc. - 1? 1?.? .??? ?? sua` sua`il ilss ak 3641, sdk fcusc axprasc . - 1? 1?.?? .???? su sua`i a`ils ls ak 3648, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 9?.? .???? sua`ils ak 3644, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta 944). - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?? 39??,, pcrc `c flrlkcfdök ia `c asplsc ia Ecrtåk D 1??). - 4?.??? sua`ils ak 39?3, 39?3, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta 1?3). - =>.??? sua`ils ak 39?=, sdk fcusc axprasc 1?=). - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?=, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?6 39?6,, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?. ?.?? ???? su sua`i a`ils ls ak 39?9, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?1, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?8 , plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?: , plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?>, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 39?4 39?4,, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 393?, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl Xdl``ckta.

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@cs ra ` fdlk dlka as ia ia `

- 9?.??? - 9?.??? - 9?.??? - 9?.???

sua`ils sua`ils sua`i ls sua`ils sua`ils

ak 3933, 3933, plr `c ak 393 393=, =, plr `c ak 3936, plr `c ak 3939, plr `c

leukdici

vduiaici vduiaici vduiaici vduiaici

ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta.

- 9?.??? sua`il sua`ilss ak 39 3931 31,, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.??? sua`ils ak 3938, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?.? 9?.??? ?? sua`il sua`ilss ak 39 393: 3:,, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9?. 9?.??? ??? sua sua`i `ils ls ak ak 393>, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - 9? 9?.? .??? ?? sua ua``ils ak 3934, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta. - =?.??? sua sua``ils ak 39=?, plr `c vduiaici ia `c radkc ilóc Xdl`ckta 1?6). - 91.?? 91.??? ? sua`ils cprlx . 9.??? h`lrdkas) ak 39=? , pcrc `c juarrc ia Förfajc y Fariaóc 1?9). - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 3969 , sdk fcusc axprasc 1?1). - 8? 8?.? .??? ?? sua` sua`il ilss ak ak 3961, sd sdk k fcusc fc usc axprasc. - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 3968, sd sdk k fcusc axpras axprascc 1?8). - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 39 396: 6:,, sd sdk k fcusc axprasc. - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 39 396> 6>,, sd sdk k fcusc axprasc 1?:). - 8?. 8?.?? ??? ? sua` sua`il ilss ak ak 3964 , sdk fcusc axprasc 1?>). - 8?. 8?.?? ??? ? sua`il sua`ilss ak ak 399? , sd sdk k fcusc fc usc axprasc. - 8?.?? 8?.??? ? sua`ils ak 3993, sdk fcusc axpra axprasc sc . - 8? 8?.? .??? ?? sua sua`il `ilss ak ak 399=, sdk fcusc axpras axprascc 1?4). - 8?. 8?.??? ??? sua sua`il `ilss ak 3996, sdk fcusc axprasc. - 8? 8?.? .??? ?? sua sua`il `ilss ak ak 3999, sdk fcusc axprasc . - 8?. 8?.?? ??? ? sua`i sua`ils ls ak 3991, sdk fcusc axprasc 13?). - 8?.??? sua`ils ak 3998 , sdk fcusc axpras axprascc 133 133). ). C asta `dstcil ia fcktdicias ncmåc qua suecr`a `cs flktrdmufdlkas pardöidfcs hdgcs, aktra `cs qua iastcfcmck 3.1?? sua`ils ckuc`as plr `c takakfdc ia` fcstd``l ia Vleai, qua sa ecktuvl ncstc 3934, fuckil `a hua parilkcic 13=), a` depuastl ia` ecrcvaiå fci fcicc : cóls 136) y ukc fcktdici hdgc plr «`cs fakcs ia prasakfdc², prasakfdc², uk depuastl qua ak lrdjak astcmc iastdkcil c` ecktakdedaktl ia` ray, l ia su `u jcrtakdakta , y ia su flrta fuckil astcmck ak tarrdtlr tarrdtlrdl dl ia `cs c`ia c`iacs, cs, par parl l qua cfc mö flkvdrtdäkilsa ak uk depuastl eãs qua pcrc `c Fleukdici csfakiåc c 3.??? sua`ils 139). Ciaeãs, ia vaz ak fuckil s prliufåck flktrdmufdlkas y iarrcecs axtrclr idkcrdcs plr eltdvls axfapfdlkc`as cukqua pcrciögdfceakta hrafuaktas, flel flrlkcfdök ia rayas y radkcs, radkc s, kcfdedaktl ia dkhcktas, iltas plr mlics rac`as, atf . T astcs lfcsdlkas sl`åck sar flkeaelrcics plr `c Fleukdici flk iataredkcils hastagls l «c`ajråcs c`ajråcs² ² , ilkia tcemdäk sa prliufåck jcstls flksdiarcm`as 131). @cs ra`cfdlkas ia `c Fleukdici flk `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc lfupcmck ils crecrdls l fcpåtu`ls flep`atls ia` crfndvl. A` fcpåtu`l DDD flktakåc tlil `l raha rakta c «`c hdia`dici y sarvd sarvdfdls² fdls²,, y c``å sa jucricmck jucricmc k `cs fcrtcs ia hdia`dici, `ls

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GLVÄ

@QDV FL]]

@

@CHQAKYA

ilfueaktls ia `cs takakfdcs ia `ls fcstd``ls, `cs nareckicias flk ltrcs Fleukdicias l ukdvarsdicias cutlrdzcics plr `ls rayas, `cs akfua akfuastcs, stcs, `ls gustd gustdhdfc hdfcktas ktas y c`mcrckas ia pcjls ak idkarl ahaftucils c `ls slmarckls, `cs flkhdrecfdlkas rac`as ia `ls prdvd`ajdls y `ls iarafnls flkfaidils c ` Fleukdici pcrc usl ia `cs sc`dkcs, elklpl`dl rac` qua sa pliåc aktrajcr ak su usuhruftl. Ak a` fcpåtu`l fcpåtu `l ^ sa rafljåck ukc `dstc ia iauics y pcjls c `ls rayas7 `cs fakcs ia prasakfdc prasakfdc,, `cs fakcs ia prdeljakdturc , `cs mlics ia `cs dkhc dkhcktcs ktcs,, `cs ``ce ``cecic cicss fcmc``aråcs ia nlklr, nlklr , a` depuastl ia` ecrcvaiå ecrcvaiå,, `ls sumsdidls y axfuscils y `ls pcjls plr `cs flrlkcfdlkas rac`as. _arl kl tlil arck pcjls2 ak c`jukc lfcsdök `ls raya rayass sa flkvdrtdarlk ak iauilras ia `cs c`iacs. Ak rac`dici sa trctcmc ia cia`cktls qua `c Fleukdici ncfåc c fuaktc ia flktrdmufdlkas huturcs, parl qua `c flrlkc takåc qua raflklfar raflklfa r flel iauic. @l ndzl , plr agaep agaep`l, `l, _airl DX ak 369? c` rctdhdfcr plr asfrdtl qua `a iamåc c `c Fleukd Fleukdici ici 9?.??? sua`ils 138). @ls lhdfdc`as ia `c Fleukdici kl iamåck flkhdcr iaecsdcil ak `cs muakcs pc`cmrcs, plr `l eakls c` raspaftl ia` pcjl ia flktrdmufdlkas c `ls rayas. T plr a``l, fcic vaz qua `as cia`cktcmck idkarl axdjåck uk ilfueaktl qua `l tastdhdfcrc y uk fleprledsl rac` plr a``l. Cs C så, ak 39?3 Ecrtåk D tuvl tuvl qua prleatar prleat ar plr asfrdtl qua ukc vaz rafdmdils 9?.??? sua`ils ia cktdfdpl flkfaidils plr `c Fleukdici pcrc flktrdmudr c `ls jcstls ia `c radkc vduic ilóc Xdl`ckta kl sa `as axdjdråc ltrc fcktdici axfapfdlkc` axfapfdlkc`,, sc`vl pcrc `c ilta ak fcsl ia ectrdelkdl ia `cs dkhcktcs 13:). T ak ltrcs lfcsdlkas, `c elkcrquåc arc tck vlrcz qu a c `c Fleukdici kl `a quaicmc eãs raeaidl qua ukc va vazz ahaftucil uk pcjl sl`dfdtcr ia` ray uk ilfueaktl plr a` fuc` a` slmarckl sa fleprleatåc c kl axdjdr`a eãs idkarl ak uk p`czl pruiakfdc`, f lel tuvl qua raflklfar ak vcrdcs lplrtukdicias C`hlks C`hlk sl X 13>). Dkf`usl sd sa pcjcmc ia eãs, `c Fleukdici aksajudic sl`dfdtcmc uk fartdhdfcil ia qua sa ncmåc prliufdil asa iasvål y axdjåc ia` ray qua ak a` sdj udakta pcj pcjl sa iasflktcrc `c idharakfdc . @c radkc ilóc Ecråc tuvl qua ncfar`l ` raflklfar ak 3964 qua `cs c`iacs `a ncmåck dkjrascil 3=.??? aurls ia eãs, qua ak a` sdjudakta pcjl saråck iasflktcils 134). @l qua rac`eakta deplrtcmc c `c elkcrquåc arc a` idkarl ia `ls c`iackls2 y ästls scmåck qua `c ÷kdfc eckarc ia flksajudr kuavls prdvd`ajdls, `c rctdhdfcfdök ia `ls cktardlras l fcrtcs ia prltaffdök arc pcjckil. Ia cnå qua eufncs ia `cs flkfasdlkas sack earceakta sdemö`dfcs. _crc fc``cr ltrcs iaecki iaeckics, cs, `ls elkcrfcs kl iuicmck ak «plkar mcgl su prltaffdök y sc`vcjucric² sc`vcjucric ² c `c Fleukdici y prlf`cecmck qua «kl sa `a ndfdarc pargudfdl² pargudfdl ² . @l ndzl _airl DX ak 36:= 1=?), ak uk eleaktl ak a` qua `cs c`iacs astcmck ctrcvasckil ukc sdtucfdö sdtucfdökk aflköedfc tarrdm`a trcs a` `ceaktcm`a astcil ak a` qua ncmåc quaicil `c ecylråc ia a``cs c fcusc ia `c rafdäk hdkc`dzcic juarrc flk Fcstd``c. T as qua eaidics ia asta tdpl, c elil ia iaf`crcfdlkas sl`aekas cukqua flk plfl l ku`l flktakdil y ahaftdvdici , sarvåck pcrc rctdhdfcr a` fleprledsl ia `c

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@cs @c s ra `cf dlkas ia `

leukdici

flrlkc flk `c Fleukdici y ecktakar hdrea y vdvl a` pcftl qua aktra cemcs sa ncmåc sa``cil iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD.Iaf`crcfdlkas ^DDD.Iaf`crcfdlkas ia asta taklr `cs ndfda rlk Guck D ak 3646, Ecrt Ecrtåk åk D ak 364>, Hark Harkcki ckil l D ak 3936 y `c radkc ilóc Ecråc Ec råc ak 39=? , qua cep`dö `c sc`vcjucridc kl sö`l c `cs parslkcs sdkl tcemdäk c `ls mdaka mdakass 1=3). A` tarrdtlrdl ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, as iafdr iafdr,, a` ia tlics y fcic ukc ia `cs c`iacs qua `c dktajrcmck, arc ia rac`akjl. Ak flksafuakfdc , a` saólr, saólr , ak täredkls hauic`as, arc a` prlpdl elkcrfc. Cnlrc mdak, `cs c`iacs kl flkstdtuåck uk iledkdl prlpdceakta hauic`. A` ray arc ar c a` saólr y qudak flkfaiåc iarafnls, `dmartcias y prdvd`ajdls, parl `ls c`iackls idshrutcmck ia ukcs fltcs ia cutlkleåc y ia «`dmartci `dmartci² ² cmsl`utceak ta iasflklfdics ak `l `lss iledkdls saólrdc`as ia su tdaepl Ak varici, y flel sa nc saóc`cil ak c`jukc lfcsdök, arck variciarcs «ds`cs ia `dmartci² `dmartci ² - cukqua kl ak a` saktdil flktaeplrãkal, f ` c r l ak eaidl ia ukc Aurlp Aurlpcc hauic` 1==). _arl flel saólr kcturc`, a` ray idshrutcmc ia c`tåsdecs prarrljctdvcs. Vus lhd fdc`as csdståck c `cs p`ajcs y sl`åck dktarvakdr ak a``c a``cs. s. A` ia`ajcil rac` ra c` ak `cs edsecs arc a` mcd`a , l `c parslkc ak qudak ästa ia`ajcrc, ak fuyl fcsl a` ray iamåc klemrcr c` sustdtutl 1=6). Iasia `uajl `c pcrtdfdpcfdök rac` c` raicftcr astctutls y lridkcfdlkas y slmra tlil c `c nlrc ia cprlmcr`ls arc pctakta y lm`djcic. Ak 36>4, ak p`akc rafuparc fdök ia `c frds ds, `c Fleukdici sa vdl ak `c kafasdici ia raicftcr ukcs kuavcs klrecs ia hukfdlkcedaktl. @c elkcrquåc dktarvdkl flk fa`ardici. Ak gukdl gukd l ia asa cól `ls c`iackls yc ncmåck pcftcil a` flktakdil ia `cs kuavcs lridkcfdlkas flk `ls ia`jcils ia` ray, as iafdr, iafdr , a` mcd`a y a` jlmarkcilr ia Crcjök, y a` a` fleprledsl fleprled sl pcrafåc sa``cil 1=9). _arl c`jl iamdö ia lfurrdr plfl iaspuäs plrqua ak cjlstl, y astckil ak Elkzök flk eltdvl ia `cs Flrtas jakarc`as ia `c Flrlkc 1=1), Guck D tuvl qua fledsdlkcr ia kuavl c sus ils c`tl c`tlss hukfdlkcrdls pcrc qua akeakicrck y pusdarck ak lriak `ls kuavls astctutls, puas ncmåck surjdil idsfrapckfdcs sa rdcs prafdsceakta aktra raprasaktcktas ia c`jukcs c`iacs y vcrdcs parslkcs ia `c prlpdc Fleuk Fleukdici dici 1=8). Kl sa axprasc quä tdpl ia prlm`aecs huarlk ästls, parl iamdarlk ia astcr ra`cfdlkcils flk a` pcjl ia flktrdmufdlkas y flk a` rapcrtl ia `cs pafncs ia `cs c`iacs. Ak asls cóls c`jukcs c`iacs ncmåck suhrdil uk tarrdm`a fcstdjl ak `c juarrc a dkf`usl sa ncmåck ``ajcil c iasplm`cr iasplm`cr,, ia eckarc qua `ls depuastls plr puastcs ncmåc qua raidstrdmudr`ls, flk `l `lss flrrasplkidaktas flrrasplkidakt as iamctas y idsfrapckfdc idsfrapckfdcss qua a``l cfcrraö. A` mcd`a, l su raprasaktckta raprasaktckta,, takåc `c lm`djcfdök ia «gurcr jucricr y ncfar jucr icr `cs lridkcfdlkas, prdvd`ajdls y `dmartcias² ia `c Fle Fleukd ukdici2 ici2 y ta takå kåcc qua nc far`l eaidckta gurceaktl sl`aeka cktas ia dkdfdcr `c p`ajc. Ak a` edsel cftl tcemdäk iamåc gurcr qua kl raf`cecråc ltrl sc`crdl qua a` qua astcmc astdpu`cil plr su csdstakfdc 1=:). Cnlrc mdak, a` mldflt ia` mcd`a pliåc suplkar `c suspak sdök ia `c p`ajc , pua puass ncmåc ncm åc qua fa`amrcr`c ak su prasakfdc, parl pcrc avdtcr cftls ia asta tdpl, C`hlksl X flkfaidö ak 3918 c `cs c`iacs a` iarafnl c fa`amrcr sus

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cscem`acs cukqua kl csdstdarc a` mcd`a , sdaepra y fuckil numdarc sdil flkvlfcil lplrtukceakta 1=>). Fuckil c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^ X a dktrliugl `c dkscfu`cfdök flel hlrec ia a`ajdr c `ls lhdfdc`as ia tlics `cs ukdvarsdicias ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök 1=4), `c hlrecs ia ra`cfdök flk `c elkcrquåc kl fcemdcrlk Kd tceplfl `cs ia sus lhdfdc `as, flel pcrafa rctdhdfcr Guck DD ak 3988 c` flkhdrecr c su eardkl Cktök Harrar, qua agarfåc su su lhdfdl lhdfdl ak Fc`ctcy Fc`ctcyui ui 16?). _arl, iasia `uajl, ak ilkia `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc crcjlkas c sa elströ aspafdc`eakta ctaktc hua ak `ls csuktls ra`cfdlkcils flk `c iahaksc. Flel aspcfdl ia rac`akjl, `ls fcstd``ls ia `c Fleukdici partakafåck c` ray. Ydarrc ia hrlktarc flk Fcstd``c, Fcstd``c , `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui idspusl ia uk sdstaec iahaksdvl mcscil ak uk jrck faktrl ceurc``cil , `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, Fc`ctcyui , vcrdcs c`iacs tcemdäk eurcics, flel Ctafc l Crdzc, fcstd``ls hlrtåsdels, flel a` ia Vleai , y ctc`cycs astrctäjdfcs pcrc a` flktrl` vdsuc` ia` tarrdtlrdl 163). Ak a` huarl ia 3363 ukl ia `ls iama iam aras qua takåck `ls nlemras ia Fc`ctcyui pcrc flk a` ray arc a` qua uk tarfdl ia `ls fcmc``arls takåc qua cfuidr c `c nuasta - ` d t a f c e p c ` a - iamdakil pcjcr uk sua`il a` qua hlreckil pcrta ia asa tarfdl kl `l ndfdarc. @c flktrdmufdök ia tlils `ls nlemras c `c iahaksc ia` radkl arc plr tcktl ukc lm`djcfdök `ajc` iasia ncfåc tdaepl. Ak `ls prdearls cóls ia vdjakfdc ia` huarl asc lm`djcfdök sa raharåc slmra tlil c `c juarrc flktrc a` ds`ce, parl ak fucktl sa iahdkdö `c hrlktarc flk Fcstd``c y sa csaktcrlk `ls `åedtas ia cemls radkls, `l qua lfurrdö c `c vaz qua `c hrlktarc flk `ls eusu`eckas sa iasp`czcmc fcic vaz eãs c` sur ncstc quaicr euy `agls `agls,, hua prafdsceakta Fcstd``c a` ÷kdfl akaedjl dkeaidctl y rac`. @c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls, kl `c ÷kdfc parl så `c eãs deplrtckta y ak rac `dici `c qua prlvlfö uk jrck depcftl ak `c hrlktarc fcsta``ckl-crcjlkasc 16=), iagö ukc prlhukic nua``c ak tlic `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui y a` ray _airl DX tuvl qua rafurrdr c tlic su scjcfdici pl`åtdfc pcrc avdtcr `c nafctlema ia` radkl ia Crcjök. Qkc y ltrc vaz , cukqua flk plfc hlrtukc, a` Faraelkdlsl raqudrdö a` cplyl ia sus s÷midtls crcjlkasas. C pascr ia `c ceakczc fcsta``ckc, qua sa ec tardc`dzö flk `c lfupcfdök ia muakc pcrta ia `cs flecrfcs ia` Crcjök lffdiaktc` aktra 368= y 3688 166), `ls crcjlkasas kl elstrcrlk uk cplyl dkflkidfdlkc` c su ray.. Ia nafnl, gustl c` fledakzl ia `cs nlstd`dicia ray nlstd`dicias, s, ak 3618 3618,, _airl DX parilkö c nlemras ia Dmias y Gcrcmc plr fdartls csuktls qua `a ncmåck el`astcil, parl ndzl ukc axfapfdök flk cquä``ls qua kl `a ncmåck cyuicil ak `cs flscs ia `c juarrc , c `ls qua kl parilkö 169), cukqua fcsd c` hdkc` ia `c j uarrc lriakö qua huarck rastdtudils tlils `ls mdakas ia `ls ia Fc`ctcyui , sd sdkk axfapfdlkas 161). @c juarrc iagö ukc safua`c traeakic y c eufncs c`iacs, dkf`udic ciaeãs `c prlpdc Fc`ctcyui, Fc`ctcyui , euy chaftcics. _lr a``l, a` ray, ciaeãs ia eaidics ia rapcrc fdök ia ia hlr hlrtc` tc`azc azcs, s, ia flk flkfas fasdök dök ia prdvd`ajdls ia tlil tdpl y ia rahlrecs ciedkds trctdvcs, flkfaidö tras tåtu`ls nlklråhdfls deplrtcktas. Ak 3688 ltlrjö c `c ncstc

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aktlkfas vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui , pcrc rascrfdr a` cjrcvdl ia `c lfupcfdök fcsta``ckc aktra 3686 y 3688 168), a` tåtu`l ia fduici 16:) 16:),, cukqua kl sa flkfratö ncstc ukls cóls eãs tcria2 ak gu`dl ia` edsel cól ltlrjcmc c `c c`iac ia Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic a` tåtu`l ia «vd``c vd``c² ² 16>) , plr fcuscs saeagcktas2 y ak 36:= flkfaiåc c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui a` prdvd`ajdl ia sar `c prdearc ia `cs ukdvarsdicias ak saktcrsa ak `ls mckfls ia `ls idputcils ak Flrtas ia Crcjök trcs `ls ia `cs fduicias y `ls ia `c vd``c ia Agac 164). _uidarck pcrafar fuastdlkas earceakta prltlfl`crdcs, parl kl fcma iuic ia qua pcrc `ls qua rafdmåck saeagcktas nlklras, aspafd aspafdc`eakt c`eaktaa ak ak ukc äplfc tck prlpdfdc c` sdjkdhdfcil ia `ls jastls y `ls såeml`ls flel `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc, sa trctcmc ia ukc fuastdök euy deplrtckta 19?). Ycktl qua `ls ia `c vd``c ia Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic iamdarlk ia p`ckacr c`j÷k elvdedaktl ia cutlkleåc flk raspaftl c `c Fleukdici c rcåz ia cqua``c flkfasdök nlklråhdfc plrqua c` cól sdjudakta , ak cmrd` ia 368:, a` ray takåc qua dktarvakdr lriakckil qua kcida qua hlrecrc pcrta ia `c Fleukdici puidarc cpcrtcrsa ia a``c kd ia su sdstaec ia flktrdmufdök, fdtckil axprasceakta c `c vd``c ia Ylrrc`mc 193), flel yc sa nc dkidfcil , c `c qua uk eas eãs tcria `a rctdhdfö y flkhdreö `c flkfasdök ia` tåtu`l ia vd``c 19=). C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ncmåc iaelstrcil su hdia`dici c `c flrlkc y iasia `uajl `ls c`iackls arck flksfdaktas ia qua su cutlkleåc y tlils `ls `ljrls qua ncmåck flksajudil iasia qua sa sajrajcrlk ia Fc`ctcyui c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD `ls ncmåck c`fckzcil jrcfdcs c` cplyl ia `c elkcrquåc , cukqua c flstc ia jrckias scfrdhdfdls aflköedfls. @c c`dckzc flk `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc `as rasu`tcmc euy fltlsc, parl ciaeãs ia sar `c ÷kdfc eckarc ia c`fckzcr sus lmgatdvls, `ls c`iackls arck flksfdaktas ia qua ia ukc eckarc l ia ltrc `ls trdmutls qua takiråck qua pcjcr ak ltrc sdtucfdök saråck sded`cras l dkf`uyl ecylras. _lr a``l, `c flkhdckzc aktra cemcs dkstdtufdlkas, `c elkcrquåc crcjlkasc y `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, hua eutuc y ak ectardc ia iahaksc Guck D kl tuvl prlm`aecs pcrc flkfaiar ak 3641 c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui `c ciedkdstrcfdök y takakfdc idraftc ia `ls fcstd``ls y hlrtc`azcs qua axdstdarc axdstdarck k ak fuc`qudarc fuc` qudarc ia sus `ujcras 196)2 astc fasdök hua flkhdre flkhdrecic cic plr Ecrtåk D ak 3644 , cukqua cócidö qua astc flkfasdök yc ncmåc sdil ltlrjcic ak tdaepl ia Gcdea D 199). Vö`l ukc ratdfakfdc l pravakfdök pusdarlk `ls rayas c `cs ra`cfdlkas axtarkcs ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, a` qua kl hlrecrck «fuarpl fuarpl² ² flk parslkcs axaktcs ia trdmutcr c `c flrlkc. Flk Fl k astcs eaidics, idftcics plr vcrdls slmarckls c `l `crjl ia `ls sdj`ls ^DX y ^X,`c ^X, `c elkcrquåc iagcmc mdak f`crc `c ra`cfdök qua iamåc ia axdstdr aktra cemcs dkstdtufdlkas, y fuã`as arck `ls `åedtas ak `ls qua pliåc elvarsa `c Fleukdici pcrc sajudr idshrutckil ia su cutlkleåc7 cutlkleåc 7 `cs c`iacs pcjcmck y `c flrlkc `as jcrcktdzcmc c fcemdl su cutlkleåc y su prltaffdök. a cnå qua _airl DX ak 3613 191), Guck D ak 3643 3643 198) 198),, Ecr Ecrtå tåk k D ak 3644 19:), C`hlksl X ak 393> 19>) y a` dkhckta ilk Guck, flel `ujcrtakdakta ia Crcjök , ak 3968 194),

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prlndmdarck axprasceakta c `ls ia `c Fleukdici «ncfar fuarpl flk vcrlkas, pra`cils y ltrcs parslkcs axaktcs². _lr a` flktrcrdl, `c elkcrquåc kl sö`l paredtdö sdkl qua prlpdfdö `c c`dckzc flyukturc` ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui flk ltrcs ukdvarsdicias ia` radkl, aspafdc`eakta flk `c vafdkc Fleukdici ia Icrlfc, pcrc «ncfar nareckicias² nareckicias ² ak 39?=, takiaktas c `c iahaks iahak s c ia sus prdvd`a prdvd`ajj dl dlss y axakfdlkas 11?). Ak 3934 C`hlksl X ncfåc `l prlpdl, cutlrdzckil dkf`usl qua `c Fleukdici puidarc guktcrsa flk ltrcs ukdvarsdicias ukdvarsdicia s pcrc iahakiar, iahakiar , flk `c j uarrc s d huarc prafds prafd s l, sus dktarasas, ra sas, mdakas y prdvd`a prdvd`ajj dl dlss flktrc fuc`qudarc qua `c lhakidarc y flk `dfakfdc pcrc iarrdmcr `cs fcscs, ia iass trudr `cs `c s naraicia naraicias, s, ectcr y fcstdjcr c `l `lss akaedjls 113). T ak 3911 tcemdäk sa `a flkfaiåc paredsl pcrc c`dcrsa flk `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc pcrc iahakiarsa eutuceakta ia `cs mckiaråcs qua qu a dkflridcmck c`jukcs flecrfcs ia` radkl 1 1= 1=). ). @cs raktcs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui gujcrlk uk deplrtckta pcpa` ak `c rafleplsdfdök ia` pctrdelkdl rac` c hdka hdkass ia` sdj`l ^DX. @ls prlm`a prlm` a ecs qua ncmåck s ur urjj dil aktra 36>6 y 36 >9 aktra _airl _ai rl DX y su ndgl Guck, a ` huturl Guck Gu ck D , cmlfcrlk c `c flrl flrlkc kc c` mlria ia ukc variciarc j uarrc fdvd` 116). @ c euarta ia _airl DX c prdkff dpdls ia 36>: s upu prdk upussl `c parsaf parsafufdök ufdök ia `ls `l s pcrtdicrdl pcrtdicrdlss ia `c radkc Vdmd`c ia Hlrfdã, `c ÷`tdec asplsc ia` Faraelkdlsl, y `c raastrufturcfdök ia `c raktcs rac`a s. @ c asplsc ia` ray Guck, Xdl`ckta ia Mcr, rafdmdö ukc muakc fcktdici ia raktcs, raktc s, a kt ktrra a``cs a ``cs `cs ia `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc y `cs ia vcrdcs c`gcecs ia guiå guiåls ls 119) 119).. C` quaicr vduic ak 3648 , `c radkc Xdl`ckta ``ajö c uk cfuaril flk su fuócil, a` ray Ecrtåk a` Nueckl , plr a` fuc` rafdmdråc ukc paks pak sdök vdtc vdt c`dfdc c flstc ia` pctrdelkdl y `cs raktcs rac`as. Ecrtåk D `a csdjkö c `c radkc vduic 9?.??? sua`ils ckuc`ass ia `cs raktcs prlfaiaktas `a prlfaiakta s ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui2 c fcemdl ia a``l, a` ray prleat prleatdö dö c `c Fleukdici qu quaa kl `a raf`cecråc ia ia e cki kicc c`jukc 111) y qu quaa kl `a sa saråc råc fcuscil kdk kdkjj ÷k pargudfdl 118). @c radkc Xdl`ckta rafdmdö ascs fucktdlscs raktcs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui a ktr ktraa hdka hdkass ia` sdj`l ^DX y prdkfdpdl prdkfdpdlss ia` x v `l `lss fdtcils 9?.??? sua`ils, a s iafdr iafdr,, = .??? `dmrcs 11:) 2 ak a` cól 39?? ilóc Xdl`ckta raflklfåc ncmar rafdmdil ia `c F leukdici ia Fc`ctcyui 4.??? h`lrdkas, ukls 4?.??? sua`ils, ia `ls 9?.??? sua`ilss ckuc`as qua iamåc aktrajcr`a `c Fleukdici 1 1>). il

1 .6. @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `c Dj Dj`a `assdc Yrcs `c lfupcfdök plr C`hlksl D ia `cs tdarrcs tdarrc s ia` Vdstaec Dmärdfl sa prliugl ukc ra ra lr lriia kcfdök ia i a `c `css idöf idöfas asdds qua pcsö plr `c ras ra s tcurcfdök ia `cs saias apdsflpc`as vdsdjlics, l c` eakl eaklss ia `c `css qu quaa sa fraåc qua qu a `l ncmåck sdil. Ycrczlkc, Ls ec y Vdjðakzc huarlk `cs `cs tr tras as fduicias c `cs qua sa iltö ia uk lmdspl prlpdl. Ak uk prdear eleaktl Fc`ctcyui y s us täredkls huarlk ciguidfcils c `c idöfasds ia Vdjðakzc, c pascr ia qua astc fduici hua flkqudstcic plr a` ray ia Crcjök uk plfl

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eãs tcria qua Fc`ctcyui 114). ` ray C`hlksl D , qua ias ia s ia su mlic flk Qrrcfc sa flksdiarö ray ia Fcstd``c, sdj sdj udakil `c tökdfc jakarc` ak tlic `c _akåksu`c , rastcurcmc cqua``cs saias apdsflpc`as qua yc `l ncmåck sdil l qua sa fraåc qua ncmåck sdil cktas ia` :33. _arl trcs `c hdgcfdök ia `c hrlktarc aktra Crcjök y Fcstd``c ak 33=: sa ndzl kafascrdc ukc raastrufturcfdök ia `ls `åedtas apdsflpc`as saóc`cils aktra 3334 , hafnc ia `c rastcurcfdök ia Ycrczlkc, y 33== 33==,, hafnc ia fracfdök ia `c idöfasds ia Vdjðakzc 18?) 18?).. Fc`ctcyui , qua ncmåc sdil csdjkcil c Vdjðakzc, pareckafdö ak astc idöfasd s, qua paridö Icrlfc2 `ls lmdspls ia Ycrczlkc, Vdjðakzc y Ycrczlkc, Ycrczlkc,cså cså `l cflricmck ak ukc flkflridc hafncic a` =8 ia ecyl ia 3361 183). _arl `ls flkh`dftls plr `ls `åedtas apdsflpc`as kl quaicrlk rasua`tls. C` cól sdjudakta sa flkvlfö uk flkfd`dl ak Murjls ak a` qua , raukdils `ls lmdspls ia Lsec, Ycrczlkc y Vdjðakzc mcgl `c prasdiakfdc ia` fcriakc` Judil , `ajcil plktdhdfdl, sa aedtdö ukc saktakfdc saktakfdc,, rctdhdfcic ak 336> plr a` pcpc Dklfakfdl DD y flkhdrecic sufasdvceakta plr vcrdls pcpcs c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DD 18=), plr `c `c qua a` lmdspl ia Vdjðakzc faiåc Fc`ctcyui c` ia Ycrczlkc, cukqua sa rasarvcmc Crdzc . A` pcpc Dklfakfdl DD fartdhdfö `c dkflrplrcfdök ia Fc`ctcyui c Ycrczlkc ak 3364 186). @cs tras idöfasds idöfasd s dktarfcemdcrlk tarrdtlrdls, cukqua `cs hrlktarc hrlktarcss af`asdãstdfcs kukfc ``ajcrlk c diaktdhdfcrsa flk `cs pl`åtdfcs 189). Fc`ctcyui kl flksdjudö sar dkstdtudic flel saia apdsflpc`, parl takåc `c aktd aktd-ici suhdfdakta flel pcrc astcm`afar uk crfaidckctl. Hua a` pcpc @ufdl DDD qudak «flkhdreckil a` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui , fracmc uk vdfcrdctl af`asdãstdfl, qua iaspuäs sa flklfaråc flk a` klemra ia Crfaidckctl y qua sa diaktdhdfcråc tarrdtlrdc`eakta flk Fc`ct Fc`ctcyui cyui y su Fleukdi Fleukdici² ci² 181). Qk fcpåtu`l aktarl ia` Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici , a` X, astcmc iaidfcil c «`cs idharakfdcs ia `c fduici y `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui flk a` saólr lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc y su dj`asdc² dj`asdc ² 188). Ascs idharakfdcs sa mcscmck slmra tlil ak ectardc ia raktcs. A` pcpc @ufdl DDD, ak 33>= 33>=,, flkfaidö ukc mu`c plr `c qua ciguidfcmc a` pctrlkctl ia `cs dj`asdc dj`asdcss ia Fc`ctcyui c `cs c`iacs ia su täredkl , fuckil tlicvåc kl sa ncmåc flkstdtudil `c Fleukdici 18:). Asta ilfueaktl , plr a` qua sa csdjkcmck `cs raktcs ia `cs dj`asdcs ia `cs c`iacs c `cs pcrrlqudcs ia `c vd``c 18>), hua `c prdkfdpc` huakta ia `ls plstardlras flkh`dftls. _asa c a``l , astc mu`c hua hua `c raharakfdc c `c qua tcktl `c Dj`asdc, flel `c elkcrquåc , sa charrö iurckta sdj`ls, flel sa iaiufa plr `c flkhdrecfdök ia `c edsec rac`dzcic plr a` ray C`hlksl DDD ak 3=>8 184) y plr `cs cmukicktåsdecs raharakfdcs c a``c ak `c ilfueaktcfdök 1:?). _lr ltrc pcrta, `c Fleukdici plfl takåc qua iafdr ak `ls cspaftls af`asdãstdfls. c cutlkleåc ia `c D j `a `ass dc pcrc sus csuktls arc fcs fc s d cmsl`utc y `c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `ls mdakas ia `c idöfasds, dkf`usl `ls qua astcmck iaktrl ia `ls täredkls ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdici,, arc dktlfcm`a pcrc `cs c`iacs. _lr agaep`l, c `c nlrc ia iltcr ukc fcpa``ckåc ak c`j÷k `ujcr, flel lfurrdö flk ukc ak Ylrras ak 36::, a` lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc arc `c ÷kdfc cutlrdici qua pliåc ncfar`l, edaktrcs qua c

3?6

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

`c Fleukdici kl `a quaicmc ltrc lpfdök qua tlecr kltc ia `c iafdsdlkas af`asdãstdfcs y cfctcr`cs 1:3). _arl `c Dj`asdc så qua cprlvafnö su sdtucfdök pcrc cftucr slmra `c Fleukdici, slmra tlil c `c nlrc ia raf`cecr iarafnls y raktcs. _crc a``l kl iuiö ak c`ajcr c `l qua pliråcels ``cecr «iarafnls ndstördfls², mcscils ak ilfueaktls uk tcktl slspafnlsls fuckil kl flep`atceakta hc`sls. A` fcsl eãs avdiakta as `c gustdhdfcfdök ia` flmrl ia iäfdecs y prdedfdcs c pcrtdr ia uk ilfueaktl ia` pcpc Qrmckl DD qua astã hafncil ak ]lec a` 38 ia cmrd` ia 3?41 1:=). As avdiakta qua ak asc hafnc c÷k kl sa ncmåc flkqudstcil Fc`ctcyui, kd sdqudarc Nuasfc l Wcrcjlzc, parl asta ilfueaktl hua utd`dzcil flkvakdaktaeak flkvakdaktaeakta ta c `l `crjl ia `c Aici Eaidc pcrc jcrcktdzcr a` flmrl ia `cs prdkfdpc`as raktcs af`asdãstdfcs c `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici. @ls prlpdls rayas ia Crcjök cså `l rctdhdfcrlk ak c`jukcs lfcsdlkas c pcrtdr ia ukc flpdc qua sa jucricmc ak su crfndvl ia Mcrfa`lkc 1:6). Asta ilfueaktl, y fucktl jakarö, tuvl tc` äxdtl qua kl sa prliugl ukc ravdsdök ia` sdstaec ia rapcrtdr `ls idazels l iäfdecs ia `cs c`iacs ncstc 3988, fuckil a` pcpc _cu`l DD flkfaidö c `cs dj`asdcs ia `c Fleukdici a` prdvd`ajdl plr a` qua a` fucrtl ia `cs edsecs `as partakafåc guktl flk a` lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc 1:9). @c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui arc ukc fleukdici frdstdckc y pcrc frdstdckls. C pascr ia qua a` huarl ia 6 aqudpcrcmc ak eufncs flscs c `ls edaemrls ia `cs tras ra`djdlkas guiåls, eusu`eckas y frdstdckls), pcrc sar edaemrl ia `c edsec, ciaeãs ia sar vafdkl ia ukc ia sus c`iacs y pafncr ak a``c, ncmåc qua sar frdstdckl. @c Fleukdici arc plr tcktl ukc cslfdcfdök ia c`iacs y ia sus vafdkls, parl tcemdäk ia nlemras qua iamåck fuep`dr ukcs iataredkcics flkidfdlkas, aktra a``cs `c ia prlhascr a` frdstdckdsel. Ia asta elil, sd `ls klm`as kl pliåck sar «nlemras ia `cs c`iacs² plr astcr axaktls ia` pcjl ia `cs flktrdmufdlkas y pafncs, `ls guiåls l `ls eusu`eckas tceplfl, parl prafdsceakta plr kl sar frdstdckls. Ia astc eckarc sa axp`dfc qua ak 3988 a` pcpc _cu`l DD flkfaidarc c `c Fleukdici ukc mu`c plr `c qua idspakscmc y cmsl`våc c `ls c`iackls ia `c lmsarvckfdc y jucric ia `cs hdastcs axtrclridkcrdcs 1:1). T as qua arc a` fc`akicrdl ra`djdlsl frdstdckl a` qua rajåc a` fc`akicrdl lhdfdc` ia `c Fleukdici y `c fa`amrcfdök ia `ls jrckias cflktafdedaktls pl`åtdfls ia `c edsec, flel `c jrck p`ajc jakarc` ia` =4 ia saptdaemra, qua sa ckltcmc plr a` iåc ia` scktl, a` ia sck Edjua` ak asta fcsl. Cså flel `cs iäfdecs huarlk aktrajcics c `c Dj`asdc plr `ls c`iackls y `ls ÷kdfls flkh`dftls c` raspaftl sa astcm`afdarlk ak a` sakl ia `c prlpdc Dj`asdc plr su rapcrtl, `c Fleukdici iahakidö su iarafnl c kl pcjcr a` ltrl jrck trdmutl c `c Dj`asdc, `cs prdedfdcs 1:8), ia` qua sdaepra ncmåc astcil axaktc. F`crl qua kl `a iamdö ia pcrafar cså c c`j÷k edaemrl ia `c Dj`asdc plrqua ak 3648 Jarc`il ia Ckja`ds, prdlr ia Vck _airl ia Nuasfc y fledscrdl cplstö`dfl klemrcil pcrc astc fuastdök, tuvl qua iaf`crcr ak uk ilfueaktl qua `c Fleukdici astcmc axaktc ia` pcjl ia `cs prdedfdcs c `c Dj`asdc, c `c qua kl sa `a pliåck paidr fuaktcs dur prlpdl 1::).

3?9

 

@cs ra`cfdlk ra`cfdlkas as

ia `

leukdici

@c cftucfdök ia` fledscrdl cplstö`dfl hua flktukiakta y ahdfcz, puas ncstc hdkas ia` sdj`l ^Xkl vl`vdö c p`ckt p`cktacrsa acrsa astc fuastdök ia `cs prdedfdcs. Ak ecyl ia 39>> `c Fleukdici lmtuvl ia` Gustdfdc ia Crcjök ukc hdrec slmra `c axakfdök ia` pcjl ia prdedfdcs ak `c fuc` sa dkf`uåck `c mu`c ia` pcpc Qrmckl DD ia 3?41 y a` prdvd`ajdl ia` ray Ecrtåk ia 39?> ak a` qua sa rafljåc `c mu`c ia @ufdl DDD ia 33>= 1:>). asa edsel cól, ak cjlstl, c÷k hua eãs `agls `c patdfdök ia `c Fl Fl-eukdici c` raf`cecr `c axakfdök ia `c fucrtc, `c iäfdec , a` sumsdidl y a` axfuscil 1:4), tlils a``ls trdmutls qua rafdmåc `c Dj`asdc 1>?), c `c vaz qua rctdhdfcmc ckta a` Gustdfdc sus iarafnls slmra `cs iäfdecs y `cs prdedfd prdedfdcs cs 1>3). T `l flksdjudarlk, puas a` edseåsdel ray Harkckil a` Fctö`dfl, astckil ak «`ls rac`as ia` farfl ia Jrckcic² ak gukd gukdl l ia 3943, rctdhdfö qua `cs prdedfdcs prdedfdc s y iäfdecs huarck aktrajcics c `c Fleukdici, tc` fuc` ncmåc cflricil a` ray Ecrtåk 1>=). c Fleukdici kl puil ncfar`l plr su fuaktc, parl `c elkcrquåc så qua dktarvdkl ak a` iastdkl ia `ls depuastls af`asdãstdfls. Ia nafnl, ak 3=>1, _air _airl l DDD lriakö qua `cs fucrtcs ia `cs dj`asdcs dj`asdc s sa iastdkcrck plr tdaepl ia fuctrl cóls c `c rapcrcfdök ia eurls eurl s y fcstd``ls ia `ls `l s `ujcras ia `c Fleukdici qua astcmck ak `c hrlktarc 1>6), ckta `c juarrc qua sa cvafdkcmc flk Fcstd``c. Ylils `ls csuktls ra`cfdlkcils flk a` pcjl ia trdmutls c `c Dj`asdc `ls jucricmc `c Fleukdici ak uk `dmrl «jrc «jrckia kia akfuciarkcil ak parjcedkl parjcedkl² ² ak a` fuc` sa ckltcmck `ls iarafnls ia `c Fleukdici c kl sar sleatdic c kdkjukcs kuavcs deplsdfdlkass 1>9). deplsdfdlka as qua `c iahaksc iahak sc ia ascs axakfdlkas ``avö c `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ncstc `c edsec ]lec . Ckta sus patdfdlkas, a` pcpc Fc`dxtl DDD cmsl`vdö eaidckta ukc mu`c c `ls vafdkls ia `c `css c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ia fuc`qudar gurceaktl qua numdarck rac`dzcil plr rczök ia fleckics, faksc`as y ltrcs lm`djcfdlkas, y a``l plr aspcfdl ia idaz cóls 1>1), `l qua vl`vdö c rctdhdfcr ak 391: plr ils cóls eãs, fcusc dklpdc 1>8).

1.9. @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `ls saólråls `deåtrlhas A` ãrac qua ia`dedtcmc a` huarl ia Fc`ctcyui ia 6 idmugcmc uk cep`dl aspcfdl ak a` qua sa cp`dfcmc uk kuavl iarafnl, a` ``cecil ia «hrl «hrlktarc ktarc² ² 1>:), qua sdjkdhdfcmc `c aqudpcrcfdök guråidfc ia tlils `ls plm`cilras, dkf`udils eusu`eckas y guiåls 1>>). Asta iarafnl aspafåhdfl ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc, qua tuvl uk fdartl pcrc`a`l ak `c Axtraeciurc fcsta``ckc flk flk huarls flel a` ia Vap÷`vaic parl qua avl`ufdlkö ia hlrec idstdktc c` fcsl crcjlkäs 1>4), `l `lj jrö uk äxdtl kltcmd`åsdel, puas, sd mdak kl plr flep`atl iamdil c `ls fcemdls pl`åtdfls y slmra tlil c `c cpcrdfdök ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs, flksdjudö qua a` aspårdtu hlrc` ia `c äplfc ia `c raflkqudstc y ` c raplm`cfdök sa ecktuvdarc `ctakta ncstc mdak aktrcil a` sdj`l ^XD,a dkf`usl d kf`usl ncstc `ls `l s iafratls ia Kuavc _`cktc ia prdkfdpdls ia` sdj`l ^XDDD.

3?1

 

GL VÄ @QDV FL]] @ @

H QAKY A

Cnlrc mdak, `ls tarrdtlrdls hlrc`as, hlrc`as, dkf`udi dkf`udill a` ia ia Fc`ctcy Fc`ctcyui, ui, astcm astcmck ck dkearsls ak ukc idkãedfc hauic` qua iledkcmc a` pcklrcec slfdc` y pl`åtdfl ia `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD, sdk iuic «`c aici ilrcic ia` hauic`dsel² 14?). @`cec plr tcktl pliarlsceakta `c ctakfdök a` nafnl ia qua ak ukc äplfc tck prlpdfdc c` p`akl iascrrl``l ia `cs dkstdtufdlkas hauic`as y flk ukcs elkcrquåcs prlpdfdcs pcrc a``l, puidarc jaredkcr, iascrrl``crsa y trdukhcr uk tdpl ia iarafnl flel a` ia `ls huarls ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc, cpcraktaeakta cpcraktaeakta tck c`agcils ia` ia rafnl hauic` y fcrcftardzcils plr `c iahaksc ia `c prlpdaici prdvcic , `c diac ia dj uc`ici ia `ls vafdkls ckta `c `ay, `ay , uk hlrec`dsel djuc`dtcrdl, `c cutlkleåc gu råidfc y `c csukfdök ia flepatakfdcs ak ectardc hdsfc`, ak `c iahaksc y ` c lria kcfdök ia` tarrdtlrdl y ak `c lrjckdzcfdök y vartamrcfdök ia` aspcfdl aflköedfl y slfdc`. @c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui kcfdö ak a` sakl ia uk tarrdtlrdl hlrc` ia astcs fcrcftaråstdfcs , parl rliacil c su vaz ia tlil uk flkguktl ia natarljäkals saólråls gurdsidffdlkc`as `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls qua så akfcrkck `c diac f`ãsdfc ia` hauic`dsel pakdksu`cr. C `c vaz qua a` ray C`hlksl D flkfaiåc c Icrlfc , cktas ia 33 =4, y c Fc`ctcyui , ak 3363, sus huarls, ltlrjc ltlrjcmc mc `u `ujcras jcras c saólras `cdfls y af`asdãstdfls flk p`akc gurdssidffdök saólrdc` slmra a``ls, y ak su tastceaktl ilkcmc a` radkl ia Crcjök c gurd `cs Öriakas Ed`dtcras 2 c` edsel td a epl qua ]ceök Marakjuar DX rahrakicmc a` huarl ia Icrlfc y `l cep`dcm cep`dcmcc ak 339= 339=,, flkfaiåc cep`dcs prarrljctdvcs y plsasdl kas c saólras hauic`as, y ä` edsel cftucmc flel uk eli eliää `dfl saólr hauic`2 y c` tdaepl qua C`hlksl DD flkfaiåc c Yarua` ak 33:: su huarl dmc frackil saólråls ak su pardhardc. As iafdr iafdr,, ak tcktl `ls elkcrfcs ia Crcjök flkfaiåck c iataredkcics vd``cs y tarrdtlrdl uk iaraf iara f nl ja jakudkl kudkl ia fcrãftar djuc`dtcrdl djuc`dtcrdl,, flkiakcmck c ltrls c` vcsc``cga hauic`, ak ukc pl`åtd f c cpcraktaeakta flktrcidftlrdc. T astc pl`åtdfc raplm`cilrc, flktrcidftlrdc y flkhusc , flktdkuö ak `c äplfc ia flkhdjurcfdök ia `cs `c s Fleukdicias eaidcil a` radkcil ia Gcdea D , qudak tcemdäk c `c vaz flkfaiåc c `l `lss c`iackl c`iacklss c`tcs fultcs ia cutlkleåc y rctdhdfcmc sus «iara fnls y `dmartcias `dmartcias², ², rapcrtåc plr ilqudar saólråls sugatls c `cs eãs eã s råjdics klrec klrecss ia ` iarafnl saólrdc`. Ak saeagckta f÷eu`l i a flktrcidffdlkas pl`åtdfc pl`åtdfcss y slf slfdc`a dc`as, s, iarafnls idha raktas, klrectdvcs guråidfcs guråidfcs idvarscs y sdstaecs hdsfc`as idstdktls tuvdarlk qua hcgcrsa `ls nlemras nlemra s ia `c ukdvarsd ukdvarsdici ici ia c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, y ak a ``l sa ra`cfdlkcrlk flk `l `lss saólråls ia su aktlrkl. Qkc ia `cs lmsasdl lm sasdlkkas ia `c `c Fleukdici hua eckta eckta ka r s u tarrdtlrdl åktajrl y sdk päridic c`jukc c`jukc,, y ak asc idr idraff affdök dök trcmcgcrlk s us prlfurcilra prlfurcilrass ckta `c elkcrquåc, elkcrquåc , `ljrck `l jrckil il iaf`crcfdlka iaf`crcfdlkass sl`aekas c ` raspaftl 143). C `c vaz , `c Fleukdi Fleukdicci pujkö plr dkflrplrcr kuavcs c`iacs c sus täredkls, flkvdrtdakil c `u j cras ia saólrål ak c`iacs ia rac`akjl jrcf jrcfdc dcss c su dkflrplrcfdök c `c Fleukdici, flel tcemdä tcemdäkk ndzl, plr agaep`l, `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc 14=).

3?8

 

@cs ra`c ra`cf f dlkas i a `

leukdici

C`jukcs c`iacs sa dkflrplrcrlk c `c Fleukdici ukc vaz flkstdtudic ästc , nc mdakil sdil cktas `ujcras ia saólrål. Ltrcs astuvdarlk sdaepra iaktrl ia` tarrdtl rdl ia` rac`akjl. @c c`iacs qua kl partakafdarlk kukfc c kdkj÷k saólrål, kd `cdfl kd af`asdãstdfl huarlk `cs sdjudaktas7 - Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias7 Cmcktl, Cfarai, C`crmc, Fcstagök ia C`crmc , Fdemc ``c, Fuma`, Dmias, Elktaria , Eukämrajc , Vleai iasplm`cil). - Vas asec ec ia ]ål Gd`lf Gd`lfcc 7 Ctac, Huaktas ia Gd`lfc , Ec`uakic , Elfnc`as iaspl m`cil), Elktök, L`väs. - Vasec ia ]ål Gc`ök7 Ctafc , Mumdarfc, Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs , Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, _crcfua``l _crcfua``lss ia Gd`lfc , Yarrar. - Vasec ia ia ]ål ia ia Mariagl7 Mariagl, Mdguasfc, Farvarc ia `c Fcócic Fcócic,, Ec`ck qud``c , Eckum`as iasplm`cil), Elrls, Ylrra`cpcgc, Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic, Ylrrdgl ia `c Fcócic. - Vas ec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic Fcócic77 Ckdóök, F`cräs, Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc , _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc, Vcvdóãk, Vcktls Vcktls,, Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xdvar ia ` c Vdarrc. - Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz, C`uakic, Ma`elkta, Fcstagök ia Edaias, A` Hrcskl , Ecrc, Edaias, Lrarc, ]uasfc, Vaid`as y Xd``c`mc ia _aragd`. c sdjudaktas huarlk dkflrplrãkilsa c `c Fleukdici c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DX7 - Gc Gcrc rcmc mc sas sasec ec ia ]ål ia Dmia Dmias), s), _cri _crils ls sasec ia ]ål ia Dmias), Xa`d``c ia Gd`lfc sasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc) y C`ncec sasec ia ]ål Gc`ök), partakafåck ncstc hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX c Vcktc Ecråc ia `c _aóc ia Fc`ctcyui 146). - @`ueas sasec ia ]ål ia Dmias), partakafåc c` elkcstardl ia _dairc ncstc hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX 149). - Dkl Dkljä jäss sasec ia rål ia Edaias) partakafdö c `c Lriak ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl 141). - _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc y Vcktls partakafdarlk c `c flrlkc ncstc qua C`hlk sl DX `ls aktrajö cplr su flksagarl ilkedsel Jlkzc`vl Jcrfåc. Jcrfå c.148). Ak 36=> sa dktajrcrlk ak `c Fleukdici ilkcfdök ia` elkcrfc Qk fcsl aspafdc` `l flkhdjurck `cs elraråcs ia Vcvdóãk y ia Yarrar. c ia Vcvdóãk partakafdö c `ls flkias ia @ukc, ncstc qua hua hua ilkcic ilk cic ak 3938 plr C`hlksl X c Narkckil ia Vcycs, y `ls ia `c Fleukdici `c fleprcrlk c su vduic ak 3969 14:). c ia Yarrar hua fcemdcic plr Gcdea ak 3=8> c` elkcstardl ia _dairc plr Xd``cha`dfna2 eãs tcria pcsö c sar plsasdök ia `ls Jltlr y iaspuäs ia `ls @ukc 14>), qua ak 3996 `c vakidarlk c `c Fleukdici 144). Ncstc `c dkflrplrcfdök ia ast astcs cs ils c`gcecs, l elraråcs, c `c Fleukdici , `c plm`cfdök frdstdckc y `c euiägcr ia ia sus raspaftdvcs c`iacs quaiö idvdidic c ahaftls ia gurdsidffdök ak ils pcrtas7 `c c`gcec ia elrls, mcgl uk räjdeak saólrdc`, y a` flkfagl ia `ls plm`cilras frdstdckls frdstdckls,, cisfrdtls c `c Fleukdici ak räjdeak plr tcktl ia rac`akjl 8??).

3?:

 

GLV GL V Ä @QDV

FL]]C@

@CHQAKYA

Iaktrl ia` ãrac ia` huarl ncy ukc sarda ia c`iacs qua kukfc partakafdarlk c `c Fleukdici, puas huarlk flkfaidics flel saólrål y cså sa ecktuvdarlk c `l `crjl ia tlic `c Aici Eaidc. Va trctc ia `cs sdjudaktas7 - Xd``c`akjuc y Fcepd``l ia Crcjök, c `c Lriak ia Vck Guck ia Garusc`äk 8?3). - Fc Fcra rakc kcss arc arc ukc naraici qua hua flkfaidic ak 3=1: plr Gcdea D ak 3=1: c` elkcstardl ia _dairc pcrc qua puidarc plm`cr`c 8?=). - Kuävc`ls, Flils, Ylmai , Ylrrc`mc ia `ls Hrcd`as y Vcktc Fruz ia Jrål, c `c Lriak ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl 8?6). - @c Xd`uaóc y Ylrras partakafåck c `c fl`ajdctc ia Vcktc Ecråc ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdj`l ^DX, ^DX,parl parl @c Xd`uaóc pcsö c `c hced`dc Wcpctc y `uajl c `ls Ecr tåkaz ia @ukc 8?9), y Ylrras c `c Fleukdici, - Fc`ecrzc, c` flkvaktl ia Vcktc Frdstdkc ia Fc`ctcyui 8?1). C`ianua`cia @dastls Ydastls), c` elkcstardl ia _dairc 8?8). - Xd Xd`` ``ch cha` a`df dfna na,, c` elkcstardl ia _dairc, `uajl c `c flrlkc y plr hdk c Vckfnl Harkãkiaz ia Czcjrc 8?:). - Fatdkc, c `ls taep`crdls y `uajl c `c Lriak ia Vck Guck plr ilkcfdök ia ]ceök Marakjuar DX ak 3313-331: 8?>). _lr a` klrta ia `ls `åedtas hlrc`as, `c flrlkc sa rasarvö ukc sarda ia takakfdcs ia rac`akjl qua c `l `crjl ia `ls sdj`ls ^DDD y ^DXsa ^DXsa aktrajcrlk c `c klm`azc. Huarlk `cs sdjudaktas7 - Crckic y Gcrqua pcscrlk plr vcrdcs eckls ncstc qua cfcmcrlk akjrlsckil `ls saólråls ia `ls ^deäkaz ia Qrrac 8?4). - Jltlr a D``uafc huarlk aktrajcils plr Gcdea D c `ls Jltlr ak 3=:3 y `ua jl pcscrlk c `l `lss Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc, qua `ls rafdmdarlk c fcemdl ia C`cjök 83?). - M r a c , ia `ls Jd` ia Xdicurä c `ls fckökdjls ia` _d`cr ia Wcrcjlzc 833). - Xd``ckuavc ia Gc`ök y Elrctc ia Gc`ök huarlk ilkcics c `ls Vassä plr Gcdea D, parl cfcmcrlk ak eckls ia `ls @ukc 83=). - Fn Fnli lias as,, c `ls Czcjrc ak a` sdj`l ^DD 836). - Elräs y Vastrdfc, saólrål `cdfl ia `ls _uayl2 Gcdea D aktrajö Elräs c `ls Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc, y ak sus eckls sajuåc c hdkas ia `c Aici Eaidc 839). - _urrly, c `ls @ukc 831). _lr a` lasta , Crd Crdzc zc y sus c`iacs, as iafdr, Elkrac` ia Crdzc, Aemdi ia Crd zc, _lzua`, C`flkfna` , Mlric`mc y Fcml`chuakta huarlk ia rac`akjl ncstc qua ak 36>3 _airl DX `cs vakidö c Jud``äk ia _c`chlx2 ak 3=:= Gcdea D `cs ncmåc aktrajc il c su ndgl kcturc`, Gcdea ia Gärdfc 838). Flktcedkc y Vdsceök, ia `c flrlkc c vcrdl vcrdlss saólras ncstc `ls Harkãkiaz ia Naraidc 83:). C pascr ia `ls cmukicktas fcemdls ia saólrål ia `cs `lfc`dicias hrlktardzcs c` tarrdtlrdl ia `c Fleukdici y c `c dkflrplrcfdök ia c`jukcs c`iacs c `c edsec

3?>

 

@cs ra`cfdlkas ia `

leukdici

iasia uk räjdeak saólrdc`, `ls p`adtls y flkh`dftls aktra Fleukdici y saólråls huarlk euy asfcsls y sdaepra sa rasl`vdarlk ia eckarc pcfåhdfc . Fuckil a` flkh`dftl l a` p`adtl sa prasaktcmck, sa sl`åc cfuidr c uk cfuaril pcftcil, flel fle l a` qua ak ak 39= 39=1 1 hdrecrlk `ls nlemras nlemr as ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdi ci flk Guck ia @ukc , saólr ia @ukc, ia Xd``cha`dfna, flk flk `c eaidcfdö eaidcfdök k ia` ray C`hlksl X 83>). C`jl saeagckta lfurråc fuckil `c Fleukdici l c`jukl ia `ls flkfagls qua `c dktajrcmck rac`dzcmc uk cfuaril flearfdc` flk c`j÷k saólr. Ak 396? Guck Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc, saólr ia D``uafc , vakidö ukls mdakas ak Yarrar c `c dj`asdc ia Vck _airl Eãrtdr ia Fc`ctcyui, qua cfcmcrlk sdakil prlpdaici ia` flkfagl ia Eukämrajc parl flk `c flkidfdök ia qua vl`varåck c `ls saólra s ia D``uafc sd asls mdakas, ukc fcsc y uk el`dkl, arck c`jukc vaz akcgakcils 834). C vafas huarlk ils fl flkfa kfagls gls,, ukl ia `c `c Fleukdici Fleuk dici y ltrl ia saólrål , `ls qua takåck csuktls qua idrdedr. @c ecylråc `l huarlk plr flkh`dftls ak `ls iarafnls ia pcstls, usl ia `ls mlsquas y cprlvafncedaktl cprlvafnce daktl ia `cs cjuc cjucs. s. Ak 3969 3 969 sa prlelvdö uk p`adtl aktra `ls flkfagls ia Eukämrajc , c`iac ia `c Fleukdici, y a` ia `c Xd`uaóc, saólrål ia `ls Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc. Astcmck ak fuastdök iarafnls ia ciaeprdls , pcstls, `aócs, jucrics, jucrics, iäfdecs, prdedfdcs y fucrtls fucrtls 8=?), as iafdr, a` usl ia` tarrdtlrdl , a` cprlvafncedaktl ia` eaidl y `cs flktrdmufdlkas af`asdãstdfcs. c fuastdök sa idrdedö eaidckta ukc saktakfdc crmdtrc` ltlrjcic plr Ecrtåk ^deäkaz ia Varök, vafdkl ia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, y H`lräk Ea`arl, kltcrdl y vafdkl ia Xd``crrlyc. Ak a` p`adtl astcmck dep`dfcils Guck Ecrtåkaz ia @ukc , saólr ia @c Xd`uaóc, y a` flkfagl ia asta `ujcr ia ukc pcrta, y ia ltrc `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui. Ak `c rasl`ufdök sa idftcedkö qua `ls vafdkls ia @c Xd`uaóc kl pliåck uscr `ls pcstls kd `c `aóc kd fcvcr ak `ls täredkls ia Vleai, plr aktlkfas yc iasplm`cil cukqua cukq ua ecktakåc ecktakå c su su fc fcst std` d``l `l,, axfaptu axfaptucils cils `ls vafdkls qua iasia @c Xd`uaóc huarck c `cmrcr sus naraicias ak ukc pcrtdic iakledkcic @c L`eaid``c , fuyls jckcils ia `cmlr så pliåck cpcfaktcr saj÷k huarl y flstuemra ia` radkl. Ia asta elil, `ls ia c Xd`uaóc tcemdäk tcemdäk pliåck ncfar `aóc y rafljar c`dcjcs y rlearls ak idfncs naraicias y ak `c pcrtdic ia `c L`eaid``c2 pcrc qua `l cflricil sa ``avcrc c ahaftl, `ls ia @c Xd`uaóc iamåck klemrcr ukls «vdóciarls² qua iamåck gurcr fuep`dr flk su fleatdil fleatdil ckta `c `c Fleukdici 8=3). Ak c`j÷k fcsl tuvl qua dktarvakdr a` edsel elkcrfc2 ak 39:4 Harkckil DD sa vaåc lm`djcil c idftcr ukc saktakfdc crmdtrc` crmdtrc` plr `c qua `c Fleukdici Fleuk dici arc flkiakcic c pcjcr 6?? h`lrdkas, ukls 6.??? sua`ils, c` iuqua ia Ec`dkc plr uk p`adtl aktra asta saólr y `cs c`iacs c`iacs 8==). @c Fleukdici Fleuk dici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui astuvl prãftdfceakta rliacic ia saólråls partakafdaktas partakafdakta s c `cs hced`dcs klm`as eãs ra`avcktas ra`avckt as ia Cr Crcj cjök ök,, fle flel l `ls @ukc l `ls `ls Harkãkiaz Harkãk iaz ia Naraidc , qua huarlk tck pliarlscs flel pcrc akhraktcrsa flk `c elkcr elkcrquåc quåc ak `c ravua`tc ia `c Qkdök ak 369: 8=6). c elkcrquåc idspusl iasia a` sdj`l ^ ia eufncs takakfdcs ia rac`akjl ak `c zlkc, parl plfl c plfl hua akcgakckil su pctrdelkdl eaidckta aktrajcs l vaktcs

3?4

 

GLVÄ

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V FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

ia` edsel. _airl DX vakidö c`jukcs c`iacs pcrc lmtakar rafursls ak su pl`åtdfc ia axpcksdök ak a` Eaidtarrãkal 8=9), y vakidö ltrcs pcrc pcjcr `ls jcstls ia `c juarrc flk Fcstd``c y pcrc dktaktcr slstakar `c ec`trafnc aflkleåc ia `c flrlkc , flel lfurrdö flk a` fcsl ia Crdzc Crdzc,, vakidic ak 36 36>3 >3 8= 8=1), 1), y fuyc saól saólrdc` rdc`dzcf dzcfdök dök prlvlfö sardls akhraktcedaktls c `l `crjl ia eãs ia uk sdj`l qua sa sc`icrlk flk `c saktakfdc ia Fa`cics, prleu`jcic ak 394: plr Harkckil DD y qua hua iashcvlrcm`a pcrc `ls vafdkls ia `c `lfc`dici , akhraktcils flk su saólr Jud``ak ia _c`chlx, ` qua ``ajcrlk c sdtdcr ak a` fcstd``l 8=8). Eaidckta ilkcfdlkas y fleprcs , c`jukcs hced`dcs `ljrcrlk ncfarsa flk uk cep`dl pctrdelkdl ak `c zlkc, flel lfurrdö flk `ls Gdeäkaz ia Qrrac, qua ``ajcrlk c sar saólras ia D``uafc y Gcrqua 8=:). C hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DX `c sdtucfdök ia` pctrdelkdl rac` arc tck akiam`a qua ` flrlkc tuvl qua plkar ak ecrfnc uk dktaksl prlfasl ia rafuparcfdök ia `ls saólråls paridils ak `cs fdkfl iäfcics cktardlras 8=>), eufnls ia a``ls prafdsceakta ak astc zlkc.

33?

 

8

@

_LM@CFDÖ _LM@ CFDÖK K IA @C FLEQKDICI

8.3. @c avl`u avl`ufdök fdök ia `c plm`cfdök Ak a` astcil cftuc` ia flklfdedaktls kl sa puaia astcm`afar `c avl`ufdök ia `c plm`cfdök ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui. Vua`a ciedtdrsa qua `c flkqudstc frdstdckc ia` cól 33=? supusl ukc kltcm`a idsedkufdök ia `c plm`cfdök eusu`eckc,, qua aedjrö ncfdc tdarrcs ia` sur. Cnlrc mdak, ia eleaktl kl as plsdeusu`eckc m`a iataredkcr, y prlmcm`aeakta kukfc `l sac, kd a` k÷earl ia ncmdtcktas ia astc zlkc ak `c äplfc ds`ãedfc kd tceplfl a` k÷earl ia ncmdtcktas eusu`eckas qua sa flkvdrtdarlk c` frdstdckdsel trcs `c flkqudstc. Ciaeãs, `c ilfueaktcfdök qua aepdazc c cplrtcrsa iasia idvarsls crfndvls pcrafa dkidfcr qua numl flkvarsdlkas ecsdvcs ia eusu`eckas c` frdstdckdsel, flel lfurrdö flk uk kltcm`a k÷earl ia euiägcras ia `c `lfc`dici ia Crckic, qua sa mcutdzcrlk ak 366: 8=4). _lfl as `l qua sa puaia cvardjucr ia `c prlfaiakfdc ia `ls raplm`cilras y eufnls eakls tlicvåc ia su k÷earl. C idharakfdc ia `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc , ilkia ncy tlpökdels ia f`crc raharakfdc c `c prlfaiakfdc jaljrãhdfc, tc` flel Xd``cr ia `ls Kcvcrrls, Narrarc ia `ls Kcvcrrls, Kcvcrrata l Jcsflkas 86?), ak `c ia Fc`ctcyui kl axdstak asta tdpl ia tlpökdels. C`jukls flel Elrctc , Elrls l Elräs puaiak ncfar raharakfdc c `c cmukickta plm`cfdök ds`ãedfc2 ltrls flel Ylrrc`mc l Xd``c`mc iakltcr a` fl`lr m`ckfl) ia `cs tdarrcs ia `c zlkc l eaglr c `c axdstakfdc ia aspcfdl c raplm`cr flk fu`tdvls kuavls. C`jukls tlpökdels pcrafak f`crceakta prarrleckls, flel Eukämrajc, flk uk f`crl suhdgl fa`tc -mrdjc as iafdr, hl rt c` azc . Vlk vcrdls `ls tlpökdels qua dkidfck `c axdstakfdc ia uk fcstd``l l ukc tlrra vdjåc , flel Ylrra`cpcgc, Ylrrdgl , Ylrras, Fcstagök ia C`crmc l Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs. Vö`l ils klemras ia c`iacs pcrafak f`crceakta ia rcåz ãrcma, Gcrcmc, ia `c edsec rcåz ia gcrcma, as iafdr iafdr,, mamdic, cjuc cjuc,, eckcktdc`, y C`ncec , ia c`-nceeck `ls mcóls. Vlk eufnls eãs `ls qua prasaktck ukc flep`dfcic atdel`ljåc qua ncmråc qua astuid astuidcr cr flk ecylr ecy lr iatakdedaktl Dmias, Edaias , Cmcktl , Mumdarfc, atf.). Ak `ls ilfueaktls dkeaidctcea dkeaidctceakta kta plstardlras pl stardlras c `c flkqudstc, dkf`usl ak `cs huaktas ãrcmas, cpcrafak yc eufnls ia `ls tlpökdels ia `cs c`iacs. C`ncec , Ctafc , Mumdarfc l Ec`uakic ycak axdståck cktas ia `c flkqudstc frdstdckc, y Edaias, Fuma` y Vcvdóãk slk fdtcics `ls cóls dkeaidctceakta plstardlras c 33=? .

 

GLVÄ

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

@Q V

Cnlrc mdak, ``cec `c ctakfdök `c cusakfdc ia euiägcras qua ncmdtcrck ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici. Yck sö`l ncy ilfueaktcils euiägcras ak Yarrar y ak Vcvdóãk 863), cemcs c`iacs flk elraråcs deplrtcktas parl prlpdaici ia saólras `cdfls qua sa dkflrplrcrlk c `c Fleukdici fuckil ncfåc tdaepl qua ästc yc ncmåc sdil flkstdtudic. Vd kl axdstak euiägcras ak `c dkeaksc ecylråc ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici, ¼as qua sa quaicrlk tlics vcfåcs trcs `c flkqudstc y sa raplm`crlk flk frdstdckls< ¼Fuãktls eusu`eckas sa flkvdrtdarlk c` frdstdckdsel y pareckafdarlk ak `cs c`iacs flk klemras frdstdckls< ¼_lr quä ak a` fdkturök ia `ujcras ia saólrål qua rliac c ` c Fleukdi Fleukdici ci Crckic, Gcrqua, Vastrdfc, Elräs, Mrac, M rac, Xd``ch Xd``cha`dfna, a`dfna, atf.) `c plm`cfdök euiägcr arc tck kuearlsc y plr a` flktrcrdl arc prãftdfceakta dkaxdstakta ak `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici< ¼C quä sa iama astc idharakfdc< ¼_lr quä ak `ls `ujcras ia rac`akjl kl axdsta plm`cfdök euiägcr, euiägcr , sc`vl ak a` fcsl ia Fc`ctcyui, Yarrar y Vcvdóãk, y ak astls ils ÷`tdels ncy qua iafdr qua sus elraråcs huarlk ia saólrål ncstc a` sdj`l ^X, y ak fcemdl slk cmukicktas `ls euiägcras ak `cs plm`cfdlkas ia saólrål< Ncmrã qua trcmcgcr ak asc `åkac. @l qua så pcrafa f`crl as qua sa prliugl uk frafdedaktl ia `c plm`cfdök iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DD c eaidcil eaidcilss ia` ^DDD. Asta frafdedaktl, tcktl vajatctdvl flel ia dkedjrcktas ia Kcvcrrc, Kcvcrrc , Fcstd``c, a` klrta ia Crcjök y Hrckfdc , prlpdfdö `c hukicfdök ia c`j÷k plm`cil kuavl , flel Fcrakcs ak 3=1: 86=). _arl c pcrtdr ia `c sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD fleakzö uk prlfasl dkvarsl ak a` qua `c frdsds iaeljrãhdfc prlvlfö a` cmckilkl ia vcrdls plm`cils. Astãk ilfueaktcics vcrdcs c` c`iacs qua axd axdstå ståck ck ak `ls sdj`l sdj`lss ^DD y ^DDD y qua nck iascpcrafdil ak a` ^DX y ^X. Vlk Ecrcjlf, Lrkc, Fusta``c, Xcid``l, Flfls, Fcstaglkfd``l, Klva``c y Hlrfcgl2 kdkjukc ia a``cs iamdö ia sar euy deplrtckta deplrtckta,, tc` vaz uk puócil ia fcscs. T a` prlfasl kl sa iatuvl puas ak `ls ÷`tdels cóls ia` ^DX y prdearls ia` ^Xtcemdäk sa iasplm`crlk Eckum`as, @`ueas y Vleai 866). Fuckil c` c`j÷k k÷f`al plm`cil pariåc ncmdtcktas ncstc iascpcrafar, iascpcrafar , su täredkl sa dkflrplrcmc `c c`iac eãs sa rapcrtåc aktra ils. Fcstagök Edaias Edaias, , tc` vaz c`a` ia Fcstaglkfd``l ia farfckc c`jukls lilfueaktls, sa dkflrplrö c Ecrciay Harkckil DD cså `l flkhdreö ak 3944 869). T as qua `c elkcrquåc tuvl qua dktarvakdr ak sdtucfdlkas saeagcktas. Ak 3944 `c c`iac ia Mariagl ncmåc quaicil euy icócic c fcusc ia `cs juarrcs y `cs ncemrukcs2 flkqudstcic y prãftdfceakta iastrudic , C`hlksl X `c radktajrö a k 3994 c `c Fleukdici 861) y flkfaidö c `ls lhdfdc`as y rajdilras ia `c Fleukdici öriakas pcrc rastcm`afar `c plm`cfdök y `c cutlrdici ak idfnc c`iac, qua ciaeãs idsplkåc ia uk fcstd``l. @c raastrufturcfdök ia `c plm`cfdök ak astc zlkc ia `c Fleukdici hua jakarc`. Ak 391> a` ray Guck DD lriakö qua `ls plm`cilras ia Ylrra`cpcgc, Ylrra`cpcgc , qua arck euy plfls, sa euicrck c Mariagl, qua c` pcrafar sa ncmåc rafuparcil mdak ak cpakcs sa

idaz tcemdäk lriakcmc qua `ls ia Elfnc`as euicrck c Elktök, y qua `cs fcscscóls2 ia Ylrra`cpcgc y Elfnc`as huarck iarrdmcics 868).

33=

 

  c plm`cfdök

ia

`c

Fleukdici

@`ueas tlicvåc axdståc ak 39?8, parl yc astcmc iasplm`cil ak 391? y sus täredkls sa dkflrplrcrlk c Elktaria y Cmcktl (86:)2 y `l edsel lfurrdö flk Eckum`as, qua sa dkflrplrö c Elrls (86>). Ylrras astcmc iastrudil ak 39?8 , y ak 3983 sajuåc vcfål ia plm`cilras2 pasa c `ls dktaktls cktardlras plr iltcr c astc c`iac , Guck DD kl tuvl eãs raeaidl qua flkfaia r c` euy pröx del `ujcr ia Xd``c`vc Xd``c`vc ia _aragd`as tlic `c gurdsidffdök fdvd` y frdedkc` ak Ylrras y ak a` tarrdtlrdl ia `c dj`asdc ia Vck Ecrtåk ia Ylrras (864). @ c fcuscs ia saeagckta sdtucfdök pcrafak f`crcs7 huarlk `c _asta Kajrc ia 369> y `c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls flktrc Fcstd``c `c `css qua prlvlfcrlk ukc idsed kufdök tck kltcm`a ia `c plm`cfdök, qua sa nc astdecil ak uk tarfdl (89?).

8.=. @c fdhrcs ia ia plm`cfdök Va `dstck c flktdkucfdök `ls ictls kueärdfls idsplkdm`as ncstc a` eleaktl , parl as prafdsl saóc`cr cktas c`jukcs fuastdlkas7 Avdiaktaeakta tlils `l `lss ictls kueärdfls sa rahdarak c huajls hdsfc`as, y plr tcktl sö`l c` k÷earl i a ukdicias hced`dcras qua flkstdtuåc a` k÷f`al ia flktrdmu yaktas ia `c Fleukdici, qua cukqua iamåck ia sar `c dkeaksc ecylråc ecylråc,, kl arck `ls ÷kdfls. ÷kdfl s. Axdstak vcrdls tdpls ia `dstc `dstcs2 s2 ukcs `l slk ia tdpl axf`usdvceakta hdsfc`, flel `cs ia elkaic elkaicga, ga, c ahaftl ahaftlss ia rafcuicr astc flktrdmufdök pcrc `c flrlkc, y ltrcs aeckck ia` flktrl` ia `c prlpdc Fleukdici pcrc rafcuicr sus prlpdls trdmutls. Astcmck axaktls ia flktrdmudr flktrdmudr,, y plr tcktl kl cpcrafak ak `cs `dstcs ia vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici, `ls fcmc``arls, `ls f`ärdjls -``cecils «flrlkcils²-, `ls gurcils y `ls plmras, qua c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DXarck ^DX arck uk tltc` ia =6:7 =: fcmc``arls, =9 «flrlkcils², 8 gurcils y 38? plmras, `l qua suplkåc uk 38 ia` tlt tltc` c` ia `ls huajls ia `c Fleukd ici (893). C` astcr `ls huajls hdsfc`as flktcmd`dzcils c pcrtdr ia `l qua fltdzcmck, as id håfd` cgustcr `c fdhrc ia plm`cfdök 2 plr agaep`l, ak 3618 n cy uk cueaktl ia` =1 flk raspaftl c ltrl `dstcil tc tck k sö`l sads cóls cktardlr, ia 361?, qua sa nc axp`dfcil kl plr rczlkas iaeljrãhdfcs sdkl plr ukc ecylr prasdök hdsfc` (89=). Ak asta edsel sa saktdil ktdil ncy qua axp`dfcr a` iasfaksl ia 9.=8? huajls ak 361? c =.89?, as iafdr, fcsd uk 9?   aktra 361? y 3939 (89=). @ls huajls csdjkcils c uk klemra haeakdkl slk cmukicktas, ``ajckil c rapra saktcr ncstc uk ==   ia` tltc` (896).

K÷earl ia huajls saj÷k `cs sardas ia` Crfndvl ia ia `c Fleukdici C, sdj`l ^X 899)

• Vasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Ctac,, 334, 48 , 3=9 . Ctac Huaktas ia Gd`lfc , 3?9 =?9 3:8.

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336

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

Ec`uakic , 313,33=,3:6. Elktök y Elfnc`as), >>, :9 , 33=. L`väs,48 , 338,44 338,44.. Xa`d``c,, :6, 4=, >6. Xa`d``c

• Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias C`ianua`c,, 3> , 3> , 3:. C`ianua`c C`uakic,, 34 == =?. C`uakic Ma`elkta, 3=:,31=,363. Fcstagök ia Edaias -, 8, - . Hrcskl, A`, 36: , 88, 33>. Dkljäs, 3: , 68 68,, 38. Edaias, 338, >8, 3?=. Ecrc , 14 3/=) 3/=),, 1=, 9>. Lrarc, 9> 3/=), 19, 1?. ]uasfc, 9? 3/=), ==, 9=. Vaid`as, 93, 9>, 68. Xd``c`mc, 99, 69, 6:. • Vasec ia ]ål ia ` Fcócic Ckdóök , =??, =??,9:=, 9:=, =8 =83. 3. F`cräs, 19, := , 8=. Aemdi, >>, 48, 48 , 4:. _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc ]dmarc,, 83, 36>, 3=4. Vcktls, 31, 68 68,, 66. Vcvdóãk, >? 3/=), 3: 3:?? , >8. Ylrrc`mc, -, -, 3= 3=>> . Xd var ia `c Vdarrc, 9>, 4?, :8. Xd``crrlyc y Xcida``l), =3>, =>9, =8>. •

ia

ia

Vasec 9>,3 ]ål 3?,Mariagl   Mariagl, 9>,33?, 86.. 86

Mdguasfc , 9=, 368, >1. Mdguasfc, Farvarc, 49,338, 4:. Ec`ckqud``c,, 3?:, >?, :8. Ec`ckqud``c :8 . Elrls, 3>6, 38>, 399. Ylrrc`mc, -, 3>?, 399. Ylrra`cpcgc , 66, 3>, - . Ylrrdgc, 361,348,381.

• Vasec ia ]ål ia Gc`ök C`ncec, 33?, :6, 3?>. Ctafc,, 6>9 Ctafc 6>9,, =>=, 6=3.

Mumdarfc Mumdarfc, Fcstagök ,ia39=,3>8,314. `cs Crec Crecs, s, 81, 68, 1?.

*339

 

@c plm`cfdö plm`c fdök k

ia `

Fleukdici

Elrctc ia Gd`lfc, 3?:, 3?9, 333. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc , >3, 398, 331. Yarrar, 86, >?, 19. • Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias7 Cmcktl , :>, 8>, 8>. Cfarai , 334, >8 , 3=8. C`crmc , 88 , >9 >9,, >9. Fcstagö Fcst agök k ia C `crmc ,=4, =>, =1. Fdemc``c, =>, =9 , 63. Fuma`, >>, 33?, 33? , >9. Dmias =14 =9= =>6.

Gcrcmc, :3, 8?, >=. Elktaria, 3=?, 368, 368 , 368. Eukämrajc, 3>>   = 3?, 3>8. 3>8 . _crils, =8, =9, =3. K÷earl ia huajls saj÷k `ls `ls `dstcils 3618 3939 891)

ia

elkaicgas ia `ls cóls 361? flk plmras),

• Vasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Ctac7 46 3?:), 33=, 33?. Huaktas ia Gd`lfc7 Gd`lfc 7 43 339), >4, 3??. Ec`uakic7 636 68=), 9?1 =>1. Elktök7 3? 36), 39 , 3?. L`väs7 1? 86), :9, 18. Xa`d``c7 4? 33=), 331, :?. • Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz7 38 =?), 34, 4. C`uakic7 38 ==), 31, 4. Ma`elkta77 38> 3>3), =3=,33:. Ma`elkta Fcstagök ia Edaias7 31 =3), == , - . A` Hrcskl Hrcskl77 18 >?), 86, 96. Dkljäs7 3: =9), 6=, 6= , 4. Edaias7 333 3=9), 316, :3. Ecrc7 8= :9), 43, 63. Lrarc77 86 :=), >:, 81. Lrarc ]uasfc7 96 96 94), 8=, =1. Vaid`as7 34 =1), =:, 39 . Xd``c`mc ia _aragd`7 8= 8:), :6, 6:. • Vasec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic7

Ckdóök7 =6: =6: =89), 3>>, 3?1. F`cräs 7 68 96), 64, 9.

331

 

GL VÄ

@ QDV FL]] C@ @CHQ AKYA

Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc ]dmarc77 1: 8:), 14, =1. _crcfua``ls ia `c ]dmarc7- 3?? 3??,, - . Vcvdóãk7 1> :6), 81, 31. Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xcida``l) 7 34> ==8), ==3, >8. Xdvar ia `c Vdarrc7 1> 89), 81, =?.

• Vasec ia ]ål a Mariagl Mariagl Mari agl y Ylrra`cpcgc)7 >6 3??), 3?=, 94. Mdguasfc77 :: >4), 36>, 93. Mdguasfc Farvarc ia `c Fcócic7 4? 336), 391, 6=. Ec`ckqu Ec` ckqud``c d``c77 96 19) 19),, 6>, 31. Eckum`as7 9: 9: 14), 84, >. Elrls7 =39 =9:), =1>, 43. Ylrrc`mc ia `c Fcócic Fcócic77 3:3 34?), =9?, =?:. Ylrrdgl77 11 81), 3?:, 6= Ylrrdgl 6=.. • Vasec ia ]ål Gc`ök C`ncec7 := >9), :4, 3:. Ctafc7 46 3?:), 33= 33=,, 33? . Mumdarfc7 98 86), 1>, =1. Fcstagök ia `cs Crecs7 => 66), 93), 39. @`ueas7 6: 91), 64, >. >. Elrctc ia Gd`lfc7 36 36>> 381), 38=, 89. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc7 3:9 =34), =3:, 3??. Yarrar7 3?4 39>), 3:6, 69. • Vasec ia ]ål ia Dmias Cmcktl77 >8 3?9), 3==, 18. Cmcktl Cfarai7 :6 >4), 3?? 3??,, 81.

C`crmc7 96 94), 84, 11. Fcstagök ia C`crmc C`crmc77 6= 61), 69 69,, 31. Fdemc``c7 36 38), == , - . Fuma`77 8? >3), 33 Fuma` 3388 , 1?. Dmias77 3=> 394), 398 Dmias 398,, >:. Gcrcmc7 61 9>), 64, 9. Elktaria7 91 1>), 96, =4. Eukämrajc77 364 )31?), -, 49. Eukämrajc _crils7 == 61), 6:, ==. = =. Elfnc`aa s7 > 3?), 3=, Elfnc` 3=, :. Klva``c7 8 4), 4, -. 3= _uayl, _ua yl,iaA` A`7Xdflrt7 7 =? =6), Xdvar 1 , 1=:, , >. .

338

 

@c plm`cfdök

ia `c

Fleukdici

K÷earl ia hu jls saj÷k `dstcils ia 368:, 39>4

3941 898)

• Vasec ia ]ål Gd`lfc7 Ctac77 63, :=, :>. Ctac Huaktas ia Gd`lfc7 46, 46, 3=1.

•

•

•

Ec`uakic7 =8:, 34>, 3>1. Elktök7 1 , == , =?. L`väs7 91, 69, 94. Xa`d``c77 14, 61, 64 . Xa`d``c Vasec ia ]ål ia Edaias7 C`ianua`c ia Vcktc Fruz7 1, : , 4. C`uakic7 3>, 36, 3= . Ma`elkta7 316, 46, 4>. Fcstagök ia Edaias7 4, 1, 6. A` Hrcskl7 9>, 99, 99. Dkljäs7 =1 =? 38. Edaias7 :8, >9, >:. Ecrc7 9:, 69, 9:. Lrarc7 84, 83, 93. ]uasfc7 63, 63, =1. Vaid`as7 =3, 36, 39 . Xd``c`mc ia _aragd`7 =8, =6, =6. V asec ia ]ål ia `c Fcócic Ckdóök7 3=3, 36?, 316. F`cräs77 3? F`cräs 3?,, 3:, =:. Aemdi ia `c ]dmarc7 9>, 99 , 96. Vcvdóãã k7 64, 84, >4. Vcvdó Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc y Xcida``l)7 3?1, =3=, =:>. Xd var ia `c Vdarrc7 =4, 3>, =6. Vasec ia ia ]ål ia Mari Mariaagl 7 Mariagl Mari agl y Ylrra`cpcgc) Ylrra`cpcgc)77 14, 3>, 9=. Mdguasfc7 11 - 64 - 1:. Farvarc ia `c Fcócic Fcócic77 1:, 18 , 88 88.. Eckum`as 7 19, - . Ec`ckqud``c7 1 , =>, 64 . Elrls77 388, >?, 333. Elrls Ylrrc`mc Ylrr c`mc ia `c Fcócic7 339, 4:, 33= 33=.. Ylrrdgl7 6:, 64, :>. Vasec ia ]ål Gc`ök Gc`ök77 C`ncec77 66, 63, C`ncec 63 , 68. Ctafc7 38=, 34:, 3:>. Mumdarfc7 6=, 1? , 3??. -

•

33:

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

Fcstagö k ia `cs Crecs7 38, 34, 6=. Fcstagök 6=. Elrctc Elr ctc ia Gd`lfc7 Gd`lfc7 61, 14 14,, :>. _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc7 336, 48, 3=1. Yarrar7 >4, >4 , 1> 3=9 .

•

Vasec ia ]ål

a Dmias

Cmcktl7 88, 18, 81. Cfarai7 =6, 13, 1=. 1= . C`crmc7 =1, 9>, 13. Fcstagökk ia C`crmc7 Fcstagö C`crmc7 31, =3, ==. Fdemc``c77 -, > , 3? Fdemc``c 3?.. Fuma`7 3>, 16, >8. Dmias7 >?, 41, 3>? 3>?.. Gcrcmc7 == , 31, 64 . Elktaria7 =9 , 6=, 84. Eukämrajc7 :>, 49 , 363. _crils7 31, 3=, >. Elfnc`as7 4, 4 , 3=, 36. _uayl, A`7 36, 3?, 33. Xdvar ia Xdflrt7 =, =, 8, >.

Ak fdhrcs fdhrc s j`lmc`as, a` elkaicga elkaic ga ia 361 361?? ic uk tltc` ia ia 9.= 9. =8? flktrdmuyaktas y :46 axaktls, as iafd iafdrr , uk tltc` ia 1. 1 .?16 huajls fakscils qua suplkåc ukc plm`c fdök aktra =?.??? y =1.??? ncmdtckta ncmdtcktass 2 hrakta c asc plm`cfdök ia `c Fleukdici, `c vd``c ia Fc`c Fc`ctcyu tcyuii takåc 3.=:= huajls, ak tlrkl c `ls 1.??? 1 .??? ncmdtcktas. C a``ls ncmråc qua cócidr `c plm`cfdök euiägcr, euiägcr , `c guiåc, guiåc , `ls f`ärdjls f`ärdjls,, `ls klm`as a dkhck zlka zl kass axaktls axak tls ia trdmutcr y `ls plmras qua kl c`fckzcmck a` eåkdel eå kdel pcrc pcr c pcjcr pcjc r a` elkaicga, ltrl ed``cr y eaidl eãs, plfl eãs ia 8.??? ncmdtcktas ak tltc`. _lr tcktl , `c plm`cfdök tltc` ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctc yui iamdö ia lsfd`cr lsf d`cr ak `ls sdj`ls ^ DX y ^X ktra `ls =1 =1.??? .??? y `ls 6? .??? ncmdtcktas, cukqua flk kltcm`as v crdcfdlkas c fcusc ia `c dkfdiakfdc ia `cs juarrcs y `cs pastas. @c `dstc C ia` Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici Fle ukdici ic uk k÷earl ia 9.>>> huajls, parl sö`l ia ia flktrdmuyaktas 89>), ak ak tcktl `c `dstc M Csfdakia c 1.869 huajls 894) y F lhrafa uk k÷earl eãs farfckl , 1.918 huajls 8 1?). Astcs `dstcs kl dkf`uyak c `ls `l s guiåls kd c `ls euiä euiägcras. euiägcr . Tc sa nc saóc`cil `c aspafdhdfdici ia `c idstrdmufdök ia `c plm`cfdök euiägcr. Ak a` sdj`l x v sö`l ncmåc plm`cfdök euiägcr ak C`ncec, C`ncec , Yarrar, Vcktls, Aemdi , V cvdóãk y _crcfua``ls _crcfua``l s ia `c ]dmarc 81 81 3). As dktarasckta rasaócr qua ak 3634 c` juk ukls ls euiägcr euiägcraa s ia Vcvdóãk Vcvdóãk,, fuyc elraråc elra råc arc ia sa sa ólrål , cfuid cfuidaarlk c ra raplm`cr `c `lfc`dici `lfc`d ici ia ia Vc`d`` Vc`d``cs, cs, cjucs cmcgl ia` ia` rål rål Gc`ök 81 81==  . Ak 3941 sö`l quaicmck euiä eui ägcras ak ils `lfc`dicias, Yarrar y Vcvdóãk2 Vcvdóãk 2 `c plm`cfdök euiägcr ia astcs `lfc`dicias `lfc`dicia s arc ak 3941 `c sdjudakta 81 8 16)7

33>

 

@c plm`cf plm`c fdök

ia `

leukdici

Yarrar, 8> huajls, a` 19 >6   ia `c plm`cfdök. Vcvdóãk, 1? huajls, a` 16':8 . Kl axdsta flkstckfdc ilfueaktc` ia qua numdarc guiåls vdvdakil ak c`jukc ia `cs c`iacs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, parl `ls guiåls pcrtdfdpcrlk ak `c vdic ia `c Fleukdici. c ak 3=>: C`hlksl DDD parilkcmc c `ls pcrtdfu`cras ia `c Fl eukdici `cs iauics qua puidarck takar flk `ls guiåls (819) y ak 36?? Gcdea D ` lriakcmc c `ls guiåls qua qu a kl cp`dfcrck usurc c `ls ia `c Fleukdici (811). A` akiauicedaktl ia c`jukls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici flk prastcedstcs guiåls arc ncmdtuc`, y `ls rayas sl`åck dktarvakdr ak hcvlr ia `ls c`iackls, qua ``ajcrlk c prlndmdr qua `ls guiåls vagcrck c `c Fleukdici eaidckta iaeckics (818).

334

 

:

FLKF@QVDLKAV

Vlmra a` tarrdtlrdl ia` vc``a eaidl ia` Gc`ök aktra `l `lss as astrafnl trafnl s ia C`ncec y Vcvdóãk y ak `ls fursls y fuakfcs ia sus ch`uaktas ak asta trcel faktrc` ia` rål a` ray C`hlksl D ia Crcjök iafdidö iltcr c `c vd``c ia Fc`ctcyui ia uk huarl ak a` cól 6 qua flktaep`cmc pcrc sus plm`cilras y `ls ia asta aspcfdl ukcs flkidfdlkas slfdc`as y pl`åtdfcs prãftdfceakta dkäidtcs ncstc aktlkfas. Ydarrc ia rac`akjl y ia «nlemras `dmras² ak a` saktdil eaidavc` ia` täredkl a` ãrac hlrc` ia Fc`ctcyui sa hua raastrufturckil c `l `crjl ia` sdj`l ^DD y `c prdearc edtci ia` ^DDD ak uk `aktl parl depcrcm`a prlfasl ncfdc uk kuavl elia`l ak a` qua c`jukcs c`iacs kl astcmck idspuastcs c sar flktaep`cics flel earls mcrrdls ia `c vd``c sdk iarafnl prlpdl y sdk pl plssdmd`dici ia iafdsdök c`jukc slmra su iastdkl. A` huarl ia 6 flkfaiåc cep`dcs `dmartcias c `ls vafdkls ia su tarrdtlrdl parl flkiakcmc c `cs c`iacs c ukc cmsl`utc sumlridkcfdök y hdsfc` iapakiakfdc aflkö edfc y pl`åtdfc ia `c vd``c fcmazc ia` huarl. Hrutl ia uk prlfasl pl`åtdfl y tcemdäk ia `c kuavc sdtucfdök qua sa prliugl ak Crcjök aktra 3=6? y 3=1? `cs c`iacs c `cs qua chaftcmc a` huarl ia 3363 y qua ak ascs hafncs sajuåck sdakil ia rac`akjl y kl ncmåck sdil aktrajcics plr `ls rayas c saólras `cdfls l af`asdãstdfls iafdidarlk icr uk pcsl iafdsdvl qua trckshlreö `cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs ia tlic `c rajdök. Aktra 3=1? y 3=19 `cs c`iacs qua tlicvåc quaicmck flk flkidfdök ia rac`akjl iaktrl ia `ls täredkls hlrc`as ia Fc`ctcyui sa lrjckdzcrlk ak ukc Fleukdici qua hua naraiarc ia tras hcftlras asakfdc`as7 -   c narakfdc ia `dmartcias `dmartcia s flktakdics ak a` huarl ia 3363 qua plsdmd`dtö `c fracfdök ia ukc slfdaici ia nlemras `dmras a djuc`as ak iarafnls y lm`djcfdl kas c` eakls ak prdkfdpdl. - @c @css asp aspaf afdc dc`a `ass flkidfdlka flkidfdlkass jaljrãhdfcs ndstördfcs aflköedfcs y slfdc`as ia` tarrdtlrdl   astrufturcil ndstördfceakta ak fleukdicias fcepasdkcs y jckcia rcs ia cep`dc trcidfdök ak `c axp`ltcfdök fleukc` ia mlsquas prcils pcstl pcstlss cjucs. -   cvartamrcfdök ndstördfc ia` tarrdtlrdl c pcrtdr ia `c hukicfdök ia Fc`ct Fc`ctcyui cyui ak äplfc eusu`eckc flel faktrl lrjckdzcilr ia` tarrdtlrdl ia` Gc`ök eaidl y su flktdkudici flel `ujcr faktrc` iurckta `c äplfc frdstdckc ak ak a` sdj`l ^DD ^DDflk flk `c flkfasdök ia` huarl ia 3363.

=

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui kcfdö ak a` edsel eleaktl ak a` qua ak Crcjö Crcjökk sa dkdfdcmc ukc `crjc frdsds astrufturc` y ncy qua flktaep`cr`c flel ukc raspuastc c asc edsec frdsds plr pcrta ia `cs c`iacs qua `c dktajrcrlk. Vus lhdfdc`as ciedkdstrcrlk `ls mdakas ia `c Fleukdici pcrc sl`vaktcr `ls jrcvas prlm`aecs c `ls qua sa akhraktö `c slfdaici crcjlkasc iasia eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD. Ak raspuastc c `c frdsds aflköedf aflköedfcc `ls c`iackls lrjckdzcrlk a` cprlvafncedaktl edak tl ia `ls pcstls `cs cjucs y `ls mlsquas idft idftckil ckil lriakckzcs ciafucics pcrc su muak usl y su flksarvcfdök. Ak raspuastc c `c frdsds slfdc` sus vafdkls idshrutcrlk ia cep`dcs `dmartcias `ljrckil `ljrck il qua `c klm`azc kl sa dkhd`trcrc ak `ls örjckls ia jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici flkstruyakil ukc slfdaici ia nlemras djuc`as ak iarafnls y lm`djcfdlkas cukqua c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DX ls fcmc``arls `ljrcrãk rlepar asta djuc`dtcrdsel prdedtdvl.. prdedtdvl k raspuastc c `c frdsds hdkckfdarc hdkckfdarc sa iltö ia eafckdsels prlpdls pcrc dr raju`crdzckil `cs flkstcktas iaeckics ia idkarl plr pcrta ia `c elkcrquåc y `c @c

prasdök hdsfc` c qua `c flrlkc `c sleatdö ak vcrdls eleaktls. @ c Fleukdici hua utd`dzcic plr `c elkcrquåc flel crec pl`åtdfc ak ukcs lfcsdlkas flkfaidäkil`a prdvd`ajdls l rctdhdfãkil`ls c fcemdl ia flksdiarcm`as fcktdicias ia idkarl ak ltrcs eckagckil `cs ra`cfdlkas aktra `c Fleukdici y `c fduici pcrc flksajudr sus lmgatdvls pl`åtdfls. T as qua Fc`ctcyui y `c Fleukdici ecktuvdarlk c `l `crjl ia `c Aici Eaidc uk pu`sl taksl parl pcfåhdfl sdaepra eliarcil plr `c elkcr elkcrquåc. quåc. @c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui astcmc dktajrcic plr c`iacs parl tcetcemdäk plr `ls vafdkls qua ak a``cs astcmck fakscils2 astls vafdkls arck frdstdckls plr `l qua `c Fleukdici as ciaeãs ia ukc cjrupcfdök ia c`iac c`iacss ukc cjrupcfdök ia frdstdckls. T hua tcemdäk cjrupcfdök ia nlemras `dmras sö`l sleatdils prlpdc Fleukdici y c `c ukc elkcrqu elkcrquåc åc crcjlkasc diaktdhdfcils diaktd hdfcils flk a` tarrdtlrdlcy`cflk ukc flkidfdök slfdc` sdk pcrckjök huarc ia` ãemdtl ia `cs Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs. _lr hdk `ls nlemras ia `cs c`iacs tuvdarlk qua iascrrl``cr su vdic y sus dkstdtufdlkas ak uk eaidl aklreaeakta flktrcidftlrdl  flktrcidftlrdl   ilkia `ls rayas c `c vaz qua flkfaiåck saólråls gurdsidffdlkc`as c `c klm`azc cep`dcmck `cs prarrljctdvcs slfdc`as y pl`åtdfcs ia `ls nlemras ia rac`akjl. Kcfdic c eaidc eaidcils ils ia` sdj`l ^DDD `c höreu`c pl`åtdfc tarrdtlrdc` slfdc` y aflköedfc ia ` Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui tuvl tc` äxdtl qua qu a sus s us a strufturcs sa ecktuvdarlk ncstc `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^D^2y ^D^2y a``l kl hua flksafuakfdc ia ukc pl`åtdfc flksarvcilrc a dkelvd`dstc   sdkl ia ukc `öjdf `öjdfcc y rcfdlkc` ciafucfdök c` eaidl y c` tarrdtlrdl.

3==

 

KLY

V

trcmcglss ia X ia `c Huakta . Ak a ` sdj`l ^XDDD `. _rãftdfceakta kl ncy kcic rasaócm`a cktas ia `ls trcmcgl sa rac `d zcrl k c `ju kls dkhlreas sl slmra mra `cs Fleukdicias crcjlkascs qu a sa flksa flksarrvc k a k `c ` c Fl` Fl `aff affddök Yrcjjdc, a k `c Mdm`dltafc Mdm`dlt afc ia `c ]ac` Cfciaedc ia `c Ndstlrdc M]CN, Fl `. Yrcj Yrcjj j dc, vl `. . =. Qkc prdearc cprlxdecfdök c `cs Fl e ukdi ukdicc i as fcsta`` ``cc k cs Harkãkiaz Iurl 3>>9)2 y iaspu iasp uäs, uk astcil ia `c f uast astddö k a k Fcr Fcrrra tarl y Kdavc 34=3) y eã eãss raf afdda kt ktaea aea kt ktaa ak a k Fcrratarl y Gdeäkaz 34>?). _crc fleprlmcr `c akl re a vcrdaici ia parspaftdvc s sl mra a ` flkfaptl ia Fleukd Fleukd  icias iasia `c öptdfc fcsta `` ckc, pcrc a ` fcsl ia Vap÷`vaic vdi. Ha rk ã ki az Xd`cirdfn 34:=-34:6), pcrc a` a ` ia Vajlvdc vdi. Csakgl 34>8) y pcrc a` a ` ia ia C`mc ia Ylreas v di . Elk Elksc sc``vl Cktök 34>>). 6. _crc `c Fl Fle e ukd ukdici ici ia Icrlfc Icrlfc sö` sö `l axdståc k nc stc 34>6 `c ak akfledcm fledcm``a raflpd`cfdök ilfueak ilfueak  tc ` ia Ylrdmdl ia` Fcepd``l 3431) y a ` as astuidl tuidl ja jak karc` y sdkt s dktää td fl, qu quaa tcemd tcemdää k akj `lmc c `c fdui duici, ci, ia ]chca` Astamc Astamck k Cmci 3414). 9. Huakta Huakta,, 3>>? y 3>>1. 1. Vaj÷k Huakta 3>>?, 4), sa nc ia ia icr a ` klemra ia Fl Fle e ukdi ci «c ` rä räj j de ak pc rtdfu`cr ia uk tarrdtlrdl ia ia`` fuc fuc`` arc saólrc uk c fduici l vd``c rac`akjc a dkiapaki dkiapakidakta, dakta, hlreckil, hlreckil, plr fl flk kfasdök ia`` elkcrfc ia elkcrfc,, uk paquaól astcil, flk su s u prlpdl huarl y ec kfl fleukdi eukdi ci ia lm `d jcfdlkas, iarafnls a dktaa ra dkt rasas, sas, aspafdc`eak aspafdc`eakta ta ak ectardc ia pcstls pcstl s y rapr rap rasdö asdök k ia ia`dtls². ia`dtl s². Vlmra `c sa eãktdfc ia` täredkl «fleukdi «fl eukdici² ci² vdi. Jutdärraz Kdatl 34::, 6 34 y ss.). 8. Huakta , 3>>?, D, =8. :. Xdi. Flrrc ` , 34>:c, >. >. Qmd Qm da tl Crtarc , 34>6, 39 4. 4. Flrrc` Flrrc ` y Vãkfna Vãkfnazz Qsö sök k , 34 34> > 6c y 34 >6 m. 3?. Astamck Cmci, 3414 . 33 Flrrc`, 34>:. 3=. 36. 39. 31. 38. 3:. 3>. 34. =?. =3. ==. =6. =9. =1.

Jcrjc `` l, 34>9. Flrrc ` , 34>:c, 96-98. Jcrjc``l, 3448, DDD, :99-:11. Flrrc`, 34 >:c, 91-98. Jcrjc `` l, 3448, DDD , :39 :39-: -:6 6 ?. Fck Fc ka `` cs, 34>6. Fcka `` cs, 34>4, 3>8. Fl rrcc ` y Vãkfna Flrr Vãkfnazz Qsö sök, k, 34>6c y 34>6m. Fua `` c, 34 >4 . Fc `vl y Asfrdmck Fc` Asfrdmc kl, 34>6. Flrrc`, 34 4= . Di. 3?6. Di., 3?9-3?1. ]celss @lsfartc`as , 34=9 y 34=:. ]cel

=8. C`jlrc y Crrck Crrckz, z, 34>=. =:. Flrrc` y Vãkf naz Qsö sök k , 34>6c2 sa cf`crc `c idvdsdök ia `c Fleukdici ak a k sas sase ecs.

3=6

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

=>. Flrrc` y Vãkfnaz Qsök, 34>6m2 sa raflkstruya a` åkidfa ia` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia c `i acs ia Fc `ctcyui flksarvcil ak `c dj`asdc ia Vck Edjua` ia Ec`uakic. =4. Fua``c, 34>6. 6?. Fua``c, 34>42 Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 34462 y Qtrd``c, =??9. 63. Xdi. `cs Cftcs ia `ls Vdeplsdls slmra `ls Fa`tåmarls fa`amrcils pardöidfceakta ak Icrlfc mcgl `c idraffdök ia Hrckfdsfl Murd``l y aidtcils plr `c Dkstdtufdök Harkckil a` Fctö`dfl. 6=. @ls rajciåls rleckls ia` Gc`ök raqudarak tlicvåc ia uk trcmcgl ia dkvastdjcfdö dkvastdjcfdök, k, parl puaiak flksu`tcrsa plr a ` eleaktl `cs idvarscs cplrtcfdlkas ia E. Ecrtåk Muakl slmra Må`md`ds. 66. @ls rajciåls ia äplfc eusu`eckc naraicrlk `c dkhrcastruf dkhrcastrufturc turc ia `ls rleckls, eaglrcic plr `ls tuydmåas, fuyls lråjakas astcmck ak a` a ` härtd` Taeak, ukc tdarrc ak `c qua a` usl ia` cjuc hua eliä`dfc iurckta sdj `ls. 69. Ecrfdc` Ecrfdc ` , Apdjrcecs sua`a fdtcr flk hrafuakfdc ak sus varsls `ls mlsquas ia` Elkfcyl, ilkia ncmåc dkf` usl uk akfdkcr flksdiarcil flel scjrcil, y ia `ls c`raiailras ia su Må`md`ds kctc`. 61. Xdi. plr agaep agaep``l `ls trcmcgls rac`dzcils slmra `cs hced`dcs guiåcs md`md`dtckcs ia `ls @upda @upda`` Ecråk _cid``c , 34>?) y `ls Flkstcktdk Ecråk _cid`` c, 34>6) flk hlkils prlfaiaktas ia` Crfndvl ia _rltlfl`ls Kltcrdc` Kltcrdc `as ia Fc`ctcyui. 68. Flrrc`, Flrrc `, 344=, 41. 6:. @ls ilfueaktls ia `c fl fl``ajdctc ia Vcktc Ecråc ia Fc`ctcyui fu f ustlidcils ak a` a` Crfndvl Ndstördfl Kcfdlkc` ia Ecirdi huarlk astuidcils plr Naredkdl @chlz ak su tasds ilftlrc`. _crc ltrls hlkils Fc`ctcyui ak astaiacrfndvl vdi.ia` Fcka``cs Fcka` `cs^X34>6, y Flrrc` Flrrc 34>6, 46 Ils `d mrls ia ia tcm`cs ia `c ciuckc Fc `ctcyui Fc` sdj`l ua sa33=-336) flksarvck ak a` `Crfndvl ia y`c 6>). Idputcfdök _rlv dk fdc` ia Wcrcjlzc nck sdil astuidcils plr Jcrfåc Narrarl 34>6 y 34>9). 64. Ciaeãs ia `ls fdaktls ia rajastcs ra jastcs ia ilfueaktls ae dtd dtdils ils plr `c fckfd fckfd`` ``aråc aråc rac` flksar vcils ak `ls ]ajdstrls ia Fckfd``aråc Fckfd``aråc,, ak `c saffdök ia ]ac` _ctrdelkdl sa flksarvck c`jukls `dmrls ia pacgas ia `c fduici ia Fc`c Fc`cttcyui ia` sdj`l ^X2 `cs fuaktcs ia` mcd`a flrrasplkidaktas c` c` pardlil ia 39?? c 39?>, fl flkt ktakdics akdics ak ils fuciarkd``ls ia `c saffdök ia ]ac` _ctrdelkdl , nck sdil aidtcics plr Ckiräs Xc` arl 34::). 9?. Vlk tcemdäk eufnls `ls ilfueaktls raharaktas c `c Fleukdici ia Fc `ctcyui ak `ls ]ajds trls ia Fckfd``aråc2 hc`tc rac`dzcr uk astuidl slmra `ls `dmrls ia fuaktcs ak ltrcs saffd saff dlkas, flel ak `c ia ]ac` _ctrdelkdl. 93. @ls crfndvls `lfc`as eukdfdpc`as y pcrrlqudc`as) ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui slk `ls eakls astuidcils. @c vcrdaici ia astcil y ia hlkils as axtrclrid axtrclridkcrdc kcrdc Flrr Flrrcc ` , 344=, 46). 9=. @c Idputcfdök Jakarc` ia Crcjök nc rac`dzcil vcrdc vcrdcss fcepcócs ia f`csdhdfcfdök ia `ls cr fndvls eukdfdpc`as. 96. Fcka``c Fcka``css , 34>6, 33=-336. 99. A ` Crfndvl ia `ls flkias ia Crckic sa flksarvcmc ak su s u pc`cfdl ia Äpd`c ncstc qua ncfa ukls cóls sus hlkils sa trcs`cicrlk c` Crfndvl Ndstördfl _rlvdkf _rlvdkfddc` ia Wcrcjlzc. 91. Astls hl kils yc nck sdil fctc`ljcils y astãk parhaftceakta f`csdhdfcils pcrc su astuidl. 98. Flrrc` Flrrc ` y Vãkfnaz Qsök, 34>6m. 9:. A` Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc sa fustlidcmc ak Fcrdóakc ncstc hdkas ia` sdj`l ^D^, fuckil sus hlkils huarlk trcs`cicils c ` Crfndvl Ndstördfl Kcfdlkc Kcfdlkc`` ia Ecirdi Flrrc`, 34>:c 34>:c,, 38). 9>. Flrrc` Flrrc`,, 344=, 41. 94. Ciaeãs ia su «dkhrcastrufturc² flel ukc ia `c s jrcka`as c`iacs, y qua idsplkåc ia tras dj`asdcs Vcktc Ecråc, Vcktcs Gustc y ]uhdkc y Vck Edjua`) pcrc fa`amrcr `cs p`ajcs y ia `c umdfc fdök ia` crfnd crfn d vl ia `c leukdici Ec`uakic as prãftdfceakta a` `u jcr faktrc` faktrc ` jaljrãhdfl ia tlic `c Fleukdici. 1? Flrrc`, 344=. 13. Flrrc` y Vãkfn Vãkfnaz az Qsök, 34>6c. 1=. Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` Cpäkidfa Ilfueaktc`.

ia

Fc`ctcyui CEF) `ajcgls = y 9. A ` `ajcgl = sa nc trcksfrdtl ak a`

3=9

 

  ltcs

1 6. Va trctc ia i a uk `ajc ajcgg l a k hl`dl i a pcpa` a kfu kfucia ciarkcil rkcil ak parjcedkl, qua sd k iuic prl prlfaia faia ia` crfndvl ia Ec Ec`uaki `uakicc parl qua sa flksarvc ak a` eukdfdpc` ia Fc `ct `ctcy cyui ncycc plidil ui sdk qua sa ncy cvardjucr ia qu quää ec karc nc s dil dkflrplrcil c ästa. 19. Flrrc`, 34>:, 9: y Cp. Ilf. k. :. 11. Cp . Ilf. k. k . 8. 18 . Flrrc` 344 344>, >, 14-8?. 1:. Hafnc a` iåc ia `c mctc``c Nudfd 348=, =?)2 ukc rafl rafl ks tru truffdök ffdök ia `c edsec a k Fcócic 34>4, 99--98). Xdi. tcemdäk Cmciåc Iló 99 Ilócq cqu ua 34>4). 1 >. @cfcrrc , 348 348>, >, 8:-84. 14. Qmdatl Crtatc, 34 34>3, >3, 3>1. 8? . Wurdtc, D/^ D/^@X @X.. @l rctdhdfc Huak ta 34 >>, D , 39= 39=), ), y cså `l chdrec rltukil Qmdatl Crtatc 34>3, 386). Yrcs lfupcr Fc`ctcyui y Icrlfc , C`hlksl D flkqudst flkqudstö ö Vdjðak Vdjðakzzc a` == ia akarl ia 33 = 3 Qmdatl Crtatc, 34 34> > 3 , 389). 83. Qmdatl Crtatc, 34 > 3 , =3>. 8=. @cfcrrc, 34>=, D , k. 3? 3?6, 6, 331 - 338. 86. C`hlksl D lriakcmc «flks tdtudr `c `c Ed`dfdc ia Frdstl pcrc fuc kil a` ray vcyc flktrc `l `lss sc rrcfakls ia eãs c``ã ia` ecr pcrc cmrdr a ` fc fcedkl edkl ncf nc f dc Garu sc sc``ä k ² @cfcrrc, 34>=, D, 384, k . 31 > y Flrrc`` , 344>, 14 Flrrc 14-8 -8?). ?). G. W urdt urdtcc D/^@X) chdrec qua `c hukicfdök ia Elkrac` sa nd zl plrqua «iasia Icrlfc ncstc Xc Xc `akf dc as asttcmck tlils `ls `u jc jcrras iasncmdtcil s y ya re ls y pcrc csaj csajurcr urcr `cs rut rutcs cs ia flkqud fl kqud s tc ncfdc Xc` a kf dc². Xdi. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 344>. 89 . @cfcrrc , 349:, 9:= y Fl rr rrcc ` , 3446, 34?-343. @c hr hrlktarc lktarc aktr a ktraa Fcstd`` Fcs td``cc y Crcjö k sa hua par hd`ckil c `l `c rjl ia `ls cóls 33=:-336= c pascr ia qu quaa C`hlksl D lf upö Ec`dkc ak ecyl ia 33=>, sd mdak kl sa flkfratö ia eckarc iahdkdtdvc nc stc 33 6: Qmd Qm da tl Crtatc, 34>3, 3>9 3>9 y =3 ` - =3=),c =3=),c ukqu ukquaa tlicvåc a k 3=> 3 sa hdrecmck cf cfu ua ri ls hrlkta rd zls ia pcz Cyc`c, 34>8, 31=- 311   . 81. Qm da tl Crtat Crta tc, 34> 3 , 3>1. 88. Fl rr rrcc ` , 34 >:, ==. 8:. @cfc @cfcrr rc, 341=, 1=9 y Flrrc`, 344:, >3. 8>. Qmdatl Crtatc, 34::m , 41- 339 y Eu r , 34>>, 9=. 84. Mcrr Mc rrarl, arl, 34:4, 4 :?. As Asttc tasds nc s di dil l ecktakdic slm ra tlil plr C`ecjrl 34::) y ia eck eckarc arc eãs e c td zcic pl r Mcrrarl 34:4, 34-=?). :3. @aias @aia s ec , 3446 68. :=. Flrrc`, 34>6c, 84-:>. :6. Flrrc Flrrc`, `, 34>6, 8=. Ak A k ahaftl, `c cftdvdici ia C`hlksl C`hlk sl D y a ` a ep epaa ól ak ra pl m` cr astcs tdarrc tdarrcss hua hrakätdfc. A k 33=9 C`hlksl D flkfaiåc c _ara ]ce ök a k Fc rdó rdóaa kc f uc kt ktcc tdarrc puidarc plm`cr7 «...ncmacs at a t pl plss ss di acs d``ce sc sc``vc a t `dma `dm a rc at dk ja jakuc kuc a t hrckfc sdf sdfut ut prlpdc tu c naraidtcta...²  @cfc rrc, 34>=, 34>=, D , 331  2 tc emd emdäk äk a k 33 =9 flkfaiåc c` c` elkcstardl ia i a Vck Guck ia `c _aóc `c c`iac c `iac ia Vdk dkj j rc slk sl k s us täredkls, «... n cmackt at pl plss ssdiackt diackt `dm `dmarc arce ea kt hrckfce...² @cfcrrc, 34>=, D, 331 - 33 8). Huarc ia `c A x traeciurc, parl c s u s pu puaa rt cs, a` a ` ray fl flk kfa faiå iåcc a ` edsel cól fc rt c ia plm `cfdö k c Ecråc i a Nuarvc, Nu arvc, ak a k asta fcsl idharakfdckil ak a ` rapcrtl rapcrtl ia tdarrcs, tdarrc s, puas c `ls fcmc `` arls sa `as aktr a ktrajcmck ajcmck il ilss yujcics ia ia tdarrc y c `ls palkas tck sö `l uk c @cfcrrc, 34>=, D, 334-3=?). Ak 33=: a ` ray ray flktdkucm fl ktdkucmcc a k s u ae pa ól y plm `cmc `c vd``c ia Fa `` c7 «... dk c kl quckil prdeue hudt nai dhdfctc d``c p lp u` cf cfddl ka ia Cêan`c...² @aiase @ai asec, c, 3443, 84), y c` cól sdj udakt udaktaa fl flk kfaiåc `c s c`iacs ia Vdkjrc y Ylrra` cfãrfa cfãrfa`` c` elkcstardl ia Elkta Elkt a crc crcjö jö k7 «...at ecki eckil l vlm vlmds ds plpu`atds plpu`atd s ace...² @cfcrrc @cfcrrc,, 34 >=, D , 3:1-3:8) . :9. @c`dkia , 34:8, 6: y Flrrc`, 34>:, =1. A ` huarl ia Icrlfc fledakzc cs csåå7 «Tl Tl,, ]ceök, flkia ia Mcrfa`lkc y pråkfdpa ia Crcjök y saól r ia Wcrcjlzc y i a Icrlfc , qu quaa astã ak `c hrlktarc flk `l s scrrcfa kl kls, s, nc ncjl jl astc fc rtc y flkhdrecfdök c `l s mcrlka mcrlkass y plm `cilras ia Icrl Icrlfc fc y `as ily ak huarl qua sack `dmras `dmra s a dk ja jakul kul s y tak takjc jc k s u s fcscs axaktcs y tlil tlilss su s us mdaka mdakas, s, ilkiaqudarc qua `l s takjck, y kl pcju pcjuaa k plrtczjl kd elktc elktczjl zjl ak tdarrc kd a k pcrta c `j ukc ukc² ² Cjuil ]learl, 344=, 1 >)2 y tce md ä k Cicea Elrakl 34>> 34>>). ).

3=1

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

:1. A` huarl ia Fc Fc``ctcyui hua aidtcil plr Huakta 3>>?, D , 63>-66?), iaspuäs plr ]cels @lsfartc`as ak ils lfcsdlkas 34=9 y 34=:) 34=:),, y eãs rafdaktaeakta plr C`jlrc y Crrck Crrckzz 34>=) . :8. Cp. Ilf. k. 6. ::. Flrrc`, =??=, 36=. :>. :4. >?. >3. >=.

@aiasec @aiasec, , 3446, 6=. Flrrc`, 34>:, 3:3. Flrrc`, 3446, 94=-946 y Jcrjc `` l , 34>9, 8. Flrrc`, 3446, 94=-946. Mcrrarl , 3446, :1. Mcrrarl, >6. Czkcr, 34?1, ^@D. Flel tcemdäk lf lfurrdr urrdrãã plfl eãs tcria ak a` Mcgl Crcjö Crcjökk @c`dakc @c`dakc,, 34>:, 6?). >9. Hlkt ]åus, 348=, 63?. >1. Mcrrarl, 34:4 34:4,, ==. >8. Xäcksa c`jukcs ia astcs flktrcidffdlka flktrcidffdlkass 7 «Huarl ia raplm`cfdök iastdkcil a` ia Yarua` c ukc rajdök cj cjrråfl`c y elktcólsc² @öpaz _l`l , 3413 :?)2 «C `hl hlkksl idl c Yarua` a` huarl ia Vap÷`vaic, saj÷k Wurdtc, Wurdtc , flk dkh`uakfdcs ia` ia Icrlfc² Ec Ecrtå rtåkk F`c varåc, 3413-341= , 3?)2 «A ` huarl ia Yaru a ` as ukc cicptcfdök `ctdk `ctdkcc ia` ia` Fua Fuakkfc ia 3343 c 3348 ...) prleu`j prleu`jcil cil plr C`hl C`hlksl ksl DD ak 33 49² Qraóc , 34=1,, 6 y 8:), flrrajdil plr Fcruckc 34:9) y Jcrjc`` l 34>6)2 «Axdståc ak C`mcrrcfåk ak a` 34=1 a ` sdj`l ^DDD uk räjdeak hlrc` prliuftl ia `c cicptcfdök ia` huarl ia Yarua` vdjakta ak cqua``c cqua ``c fd ui ci y sus c`iacs² Qraóc , 34=1, =6), atf. Xdi. `cs lridkcfdlkas ia `c Fleukdici ia C`mcrrcfåk ak C`ecjrl 34=3). Qraóc, >:. Flrrc` Flrrc `, 34>6, 3?1. >>. Flrrc`, 3446,949. >4. Jcrjc``l, 34>9, ` 4?. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 34>: , 98-9>. 43. Mcrrar Mcrrarl, l, 3446, :6. 4=. Mc rr arl , 34:4 34:4,, =8-=:. 46. @c`dkia, 34:8 34:8,, 66. 49. @aiasec, 34:8, 86. 41. C`jlrc y Crrckz, 34>= 34>=,, 6=-66. 48. Di., 61. 4:. Di.,93. 4>. Di., 66. 44. Di., 6>. 3??. 3?3. 3?=. 3?6. 3?9. 3?1. 3?8. 3?:. 3?>.

93. Di., 61. @c`dkia, 34:8, 63. Di., 69. Flrrc`, 34>:, =3:. Flrrc`, 34> 34>:: , ==? y @aiasec @aiasec,, 3446 3446,, 99. Flrrc`, 34>: , 6? y @aiasec , 3446, 68. @c`dkia, 34:8, 8=. Flrrc`, 34>:, =34. 3? 4. Ak `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^DDD sa prliufa uk prlfasl ia fcemdl rcidfc` ia `cs astrufturcs aflköedfcs y slfdc` slfdc `as ia Crcjök Vasec , 34>= 34>=,, 4 y Flrrc Flrrc`` , 34>9). 33?. Flrrc`, 34>:, 3?6. 333. @aiasec, 3446, 94. 33=. Crcjök ciaf ciafuö uö sus astru astrufturc fturcss c `c slfdaici ak fcemdl ia` sdj`l ^DDD Flrrc` , 34>9, 4?). 336. Jcrjc``l, 3448, 3448 , 19?-193. 339. Flrrc`

34>6

3?6.

331. Jcrjc``l , 3448 3448,, 16?-163.

3=8

 

  ltcs

338. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 34>: , ==?. 33:. Jcrjc``l, 3443, 3>-==. 33>. @aiasec , 3446 , 93. 334. Flrrc`, 34>:, 334 y Jcrjc``l, 3448 , DD , 1>>. 3=?. Jcrjc``l, 3443, 3:. 3=3. Jcrjc``l, 3448, DD, 8=3 y 86=. 3==. Flrrc`, 34>:, =?6 y ==?-==3. 3=6. Di., ==6. 3=9. @aiasec, 3446, 6:. 3=1. @c`dkia , 34:8, 8=-86. 3=8. Jcrfåc Q`afdc, 34:1, 9=-9>y 9=-9> y Flrrc` Flrrc ` , 34>:, ==6. 3=:. Jcrfåc Q`afdc, 34:1, 1:-14. 3=>. Di., 8?-8=. 3=4. Jlkzã Jlkzã``az , 348? , =64-=9=. Hua ak cjlstl ia 33::, ak a` sdtdl ia Fuakfc, fuck fuc k  l sa hdreö `c pcz y a` cfuaril iahdkdtdvl ia hrlktarcs aktra Crcjök y Fcstd` Fcstd``c `c Di., 9:6-9:9). 36?. Vlmra `c idvarsc flkhdjurcfdök ia `cs tdarrcs flkqudstcics plr `ls rayas ia Crcjök ak a` sd j`l ^DD vdi . C`ecjrl 3414 y 34::), Jcrjc``l 34>3), @c`dakc 34>:), Flrrc` 34>:), @aiasec 3446), @cpaóc @c paóc y Cjuil =???). Ak 33:: a ` ecastra ia `c Lriak ia` Yaep`a flkfaia a` huarl ia Wcrcjlzc c `c `lfc`dici ia Akfdkcflrmc, parl sa rasarvc a` elklpl`dl ia el`dkl y nlrkl @aiasec, 3443, 369-361), y `l edsel ncfa ak 33>? a` ray C`hlksl DD ak Xd``a` @aiasec, 3443, 39?-393). Ak 33>= C`hlksl DD flkfaia `c vd``c y fcstd``l ia Vdkjrc c` elkcstardl ia Elktacrcjök flk `c flkidfdök ia qua flkstruyck uk fcstd``l Vãkfnaz , 3446, 9:4) 2 y cså, ak ukc variciarc fcsfcic, sa ncfa ak `cs c` iacs ecrjdkc`as ia `ls tarrdtlrdls hlrc`as7 ak 334: ak Xd``cr`uakjl, ilkia `ls taep taep``crdls sa rasarvck idazels, prdedfdcs, nlrkls y el`dkls @aiasec , 3443, 389) trcs rafdmdr `c narakfdc flkfaid flkfai dic tras cóls cktas c `c Lriak ia ia`` Vcktl ]aiaktlr Vãkfnaz, 3446, :::), ak 334> ak `c Fcócic ia Makctckiuz, raplm`cic c huarl ia Icrlfc @aiasec, 3443, 381-38:), c Fcktcvdagc ak 3==1 3==1 @aiasec, 3443, =?8=?4), y ak 3341 c` elkcstardl ia _dairc a` Xd``cr ia` Vc`z Vãkfnaz , 3446, >6:). 363. Aktra 3313 y 331: ]ceök Marakjuar DX y `c Lriak ia` Nlspdtc` ltlrjcrlk huarls c Fatdkc, euy sded`cras c `ls ia Icrlfc y Fc`ctcyui @aiasec, 3443, 3?=-3?9). 36=. Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446 , =?-962 pcrc `c jäkasds ia `cs hced`dcs klmd`dcrdcs ia `c zlkc vdi. Qmdatl Crtur 34>6) y Flrrc Flrrc`` =??=). 366. Vãkfnaz Fcscmök, 3446 , 89:. 369. Di., 9=8. 361. C`jlrc y Crrckz, 34>=, 94-1?. 368. Huakta, 34>>, D, =?6. 36:. @c`dkia , 34:8, 69. 36>. @cfcrrc, 3413 6> y ss. 364. Mcrr Mcrrarl, arl, 3446, 84 y ss. 39?. @c`dkia, 34:8, 69-68. 393. C`jlrc y Crrckz, Crrckz , 34>=, 61. 39=. Ak 39>> a` Gustdfdc ia Fc `ctcyui fartdhdfcmc `c flpdc ia ukcs saktakfdcs idftcics plr Jarc`il Hujar Hujarddl slmra `c Fleukdici ak a` cól 3648 Cp. Ilf. k. 691). 396. C`jlrc y Crrckz, 34>=, 61. 399. Di. 68. 391. Vdkuäs, 3419, : . Asta astuidl, pasa c` tåtu`l jakärdfl y c `c dktrliuffdök, as fcsd axf`usdvl slmra a` a ` eardkcil ak a` Eaidavl ia Fcstd``c y @aök. 398. @c`dakc, =??9, 39. 39:. @cs ÷`tdecs raplm`cfdlkas deplrtcktas sa prliugarlk c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD, y huarlk ak `cs td arrcs eãs axtraecs y cpcrtcics ia` tarrdtlrdl yc p`akceakta flkhdjurcil ia` radkl2 ak 3=>? _airl DDD cutlrdzcmc c `ls vafdkls ia Yarua` c plm`cr uk axtrael ia sus täredkls flk cqua``cs

3=:

 

GL VÄ @Q D V

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

parslkcs qua a`djdar a`djdarck ck aktra aktr a a `` ls ed edss els @aiasec @aiasec,, 3443, =:>)2 ak a k 3=>9 sa lriakcmc `c prlpc prlpcjc jckic kic pcrc `c ra plm`cfdök ia C`mcrrcfåk, raf rafddä k dkflrplrcil c` radkl ia ia Crcjök @aiasec, 3443, =>?-=>3)2 ak asa ed s el cól sa csdjkcmck td a rrc rrcss ak G c mc`lycs c `l s mc``astarls qua tuvl c su s u sarvdfdl @aiasec, 344 3, =>3-=>=), y tlicvåc a k 3=4: Gcdea Gcde a f lkfaiåc c ` elkc elkcss tardl ia _dairc qua puidarc plm`cr s us Xd `` c r ia ` Vc`z, eckickil qua tlils `ls qu jrckgcs ia Fascrcjusta``c quaa cfuick sac sackk vcsc``ls vcsc``l s ia ` elkcss tardl elkc @aiasec, 3443 y =>>-=>4). 39>. `rck `rckzl, zl, =??1, ==6-669 ==6-66 9 . 394. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 3446m  9>: y ss. 31?.. `r c kzl, =??1, 31?. 31? 313. Huakta, 34>>, 34> >, 3 6 86. 31=. Di., 6 88 . 31 6. Di. 6>?. 319. _lr idva idv a rscs rc zl zlkkas Gcdea D flkhdreö kuearl kuearlsls sls hu arls qu quaa nc måck s di l fl flkfaidi kfaidils ls plr s us cktafaslras2 plr agaep`l, `l nd zl flk fl k a ` ia Elktc`mãk, ltlrjcil plr _airl D` a k 3=?>, ia` f uc` sa flkssarvc a k ukc flpdc y fl flk flkhdrecfd khdrecfdöö k a Gcdea D ak 3==1 @cpaóc y Cjuil, =???, 3? ). 311. H uakta, 34>>, D 6> 6>?. ?. 318. Flrrc`, 34>9 34>9,, 98-94. 31:. Di., 34>: . 31 >. Idcrta , 344 3446. 6. 314. Jcrjc``l, 34>9 34>9.. 38?. Flrrc` y Vãkfna Vãkfnazz Qsö sökk , 34 >6m . 383. Di., 34>6c, 68. 38=.. Flrrc 38= Flrrc`` , 34 >:, 3446 y =???. 38 6. C` jlrc y Crrck Crrckz, z, 34 >=, 94. 389. Ia s ia `uaj `ua j l vdvdr «ia ktrl ia ia `l s eurls eurls²² takåc s us vaktcgcs2 a k a ` fcsl ia Fc`ctcyui `l s qua vdvåck «huarc ia `ls `ls eu rls² takåck qua pcj cjcr cr `c pafnc «fl «flel el `ls vafdkls ia `c Fleukdici² Cp. Il f. k. 66). 381. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 34>6m, 34>6m,44. 44. 388.. Cp. Ilf 388 Ilf.. k. k . 8. 38:. D i. k. :. 38 >. Di. k. k . 9>. 384.. CEF , @a 384 @aj. j. =, p. =3?. 3:?. Flrrc`, 34>9 34>9,, >>.

3:3. Cp Di.,. 3446, 3:=. Ilf . k94:. . 4. 3:6. Di. 3?. 3:9. Di. 66 66.. 3:1. Di. 39. 3:8. Di. 3:. 3::. Di. 93. 3: >. Qmdatl Crtatc, 34 34>6, >6, 31? 31?.. 3:4. Flrrc Flrrc`` , 34 34>: >:cc , =3>. 3>?. Jcrf Jcrf åc Ecrfl Ecrfl,, 3446, 88-8>. 3>3. Di. 84. 3>=. Di. 89-88. 3>6. Di. := y VV. 3>9. @ c vd`` d``cc a C rd zc y s us c` c `iacs Elkrac` ia Crd Crd z c, Aemdi ia Crd Crdzc, zc, _l _lzz ua`, C `flkfna flkfna`` , Ml r i c `m c y Fcml Fcml`chu `chuaa kt kta) a) huarlk vaki vakidic dicss c Jud``äk ia _c`chlx, _c`chlx, c`hära c`härazz rac`, ak 36> 6>33 plr 6?.??? s ua` ua` ils, `l qu quaa prlvlfö j rcv rcvas as flkh`dftls qua sa axt ax ta kidarlk c Elrc`as,, 344:, 38?-383). Elrc`as

`l

`crjl `cr jl ia ` tlil a ` sdj`l ^X lil a ` s dj `l

3=>

 

Kltcs7  3>1. Cp. Ilf. k. 3 3>8 Di 61

3>:. Di. 61. 3>> 3> > . Di. 94. 3>4. Di. 8?. 34?. 343. 34= 34 =. 346. 349. 341. 348. 34:. 34>. 344. =??. =?3. =?=. =?6.

Di. 49. Di. 44 . Di. 334 `i 39=

Di. 319. Di. 399. 399 . Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446 , 9=. Cp. Ilf. 33 3=. _lr agaep `l, Guck D ak 3643 Di. 338). Di. =1=. Di. =16. Di. =14. Di. =8 =8: :. Di. =8>.

=?9. Di . 3:3. =?1. Di. 341. =?8 . Di. =?6. =?:. Di. =?1. =?> . Di . =332 puidakil jlzcr ia `ls edsels prdvd`ajdls `c zlkc cep `d cic. =?4. Di. =33 . =3?. Wurdt Wurd tc , ^DX/^^^XD =33. Di . =:9. =3=. Di. 6?:. =36. Di . =>?. =39. Di. =>6. =31. Di . 63: 63:.. = 38. Di. :: =3:. Di. :8. =3>. Flrrc`, 34>:c, 81. =34. Fcrratarl y Kdavc , 34=3. ==? . Jdeäkaz Vl`ar, Vl`ar, 346? , =>?2 diac yc cpuktcic cktas plr Huakta 3>>1, 6?:). ==3. Fcruckc, 3419, 38?, 38? , Qmdatl Crtatc, 34::, 86-81, y Flrrc` Flrrc ` , 34>:c, 81-89. === . Ak 3=34 Gcdea D aktrajö `c c`iac ia Cmcktl guktl flk `c ia Elktaria c ilk Gdeakl, cmci ia` elkcstardl ia _dairc, c fcemdl ia Xd``chaf`dfna CKN, F`arl _dairc fcrp. 6881, k 3). ==6 . Di. ==9. A` A ` 38 ia cmrd` ia 36?6 Gcdea DD aktrajö `cs sc`dkcs ia _crils c` cmci ia _dairc c fcemdl ia` fcstd``l y puam`l ia Xd``cha`dfna Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 34>8 34>8,, k 3=86). ==1. A` =3 ia gu`dl ia 36=6 Gcdea DD vakidö c `c lriak ia` Nlspdtc` Nlspdtc ` a` earl y edxtl depardl ia `c c`iac ia Ckdóök, parl a` pcpc Mlkdhcfdl eckiö cku `cr `c vaktc Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 34>8, k 484). ==8 . A` =6 ia gukdl ia 3=1> _airl DD flkhdreö `c ilkcfdök ia Aemdi c` elkcstardl ia Elrdelki Qmdatl Crtatc, Cj., 3488, 33 =?, 61-68). ==: . Ak 363= `ls tastceaktcrdls ia Guck Gdeäkaz ia Qrrac vakidarlk _crcfua``l _crcfua``lss Fcepd``l, 3431, k ==8). A` == ia gukdl ia 36=> C`hlksl DX idl _crcfua``ls ia plr vdic c Jlkzc`vl Jcrfåc Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 34>8, 33 3.6:8). A` =8 ia cjlstl ia 36=> C`hlksl DX icmc _crcfua``ls c `c Fleu kdici ia Fc`ctcyui, sc`vckil `ls iarafnls ia Jlkzc`vl Jcrfåc Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 34>8, k. 3.6:4).

3=4

 

GLVÄ

@QDV FL]]C@

@CHQAKYA

==>. A` == ia gukdl ia 36=> C`hlksl DX aktrajö `c c`iac ia Vcktls c Jlkzc`l Jcrfåc Vdkuäs y Qmdatl , 34>8 34>8,, k 3.6:8). Asa edsel cól sa dkflrplrö c `c Fleukdici. ==4. A` =8 ia gukdl ia 36=: Jd` ia Mdicurra iaf`crö c C` C `hlksl DX qua a` ray `a ncmåc nafnl ilkcfdök ia tlils `ls elrls ia Vcvdóãk Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 3498 , k 3.=44). A` 3? ia cjlstl ia 361> `c elraråc ia Vcvdóãk arc ia` flkia ia @ukc Qmdatl Crtur, Crtur , 34>6, 314). A` = ia ecyl ia 3938 Harkckil D ilkö c Harkckil ia Vcycs `c elraråc ia Vcvdóãk Vdkuäs y Qmdatl, 34>8, k 3.189). =6?. Cp. Ilf. k :. =63. Di. k 3:. =6=. Di. k =8. =66. Di . k =?. =69. Di. k 6:. =61. @aiasec, 34:4, 39. =68. Cp. Ilf. k >3. =6:. Jutdärraz ia Xa`csfl, 3414 , 3483 y 3486. =6>. Lrfãstajud 34>6, 33>-3=3) pum`dfc a` ilfueaktl slmra föel sa nc ia rafljar a` ecrcvaiå ak Crcjök. =64. Vdkuäs, 3419, 3?6 =9?. Ckiräs y Xc`arl, 34::, 3:13:1-33:8. =93. Flrrc` , 34>:c 34>:c,, =:-6:. =9=. 316-386. =96. Huakta, @c`dkia,,3>>?, @c`dkia 34:8,D,69-68. =99. Di. 69-68. 69-68 . =91. Cp. Ilf . k =84. =98. Di. k 68. =9:. Di. k =64. =9>. Flrrc`, 34>:m, >=->:. CFC, ]aj. ]aj. =?3, h. >4. =94. Jcrj Jcrjc``l c``l,, 34>9,96-94. =1?. Cp. Ilf. k 81. =13. Di. k 66=. =1= . Di. k 348. =16. Di. k. k . 34:. =19. Di. k =39. =11. Di k =31 =18 . Di. k =38. =1:. Di. k =3:. =1>. Di. k =3>. =14. Di . k =69. =8?. Di. k 3 =83. Di. k 8. =8=. Di. k. k . 68. =86. Di. k 89. =89. Flrrc`, 34>:c, ==?-===. =81. Cp. Ilf. k 8 =88. CEF, @aj. = , pp. 363-39:. =8:. « ... nck prasdidil y takdil asta nlkrlsl lhdfdl plr våc ia fracfdök y prlpdc a`affdök ukls qua huarlk ncstc plr `ls cóls 398? y `ls iaeãs plr våc ia axtrcffdök y scfl ... ² Cp. Ilf. k =64). Vlmra `c dkstcurcfdök ia `c dkscfu`cfdök ak `ls fl kfagls y ukdvarsdicias ia` radkl ia Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^X vdi c`fök 344: y =??6). =8>. =84. Di. Di.

k k

39?. 399.

36?

 

  ltcs

=:?. Di. k . `:1. =:3. Di. k . =61. =:=. Di. k. 8 =:6. Di. k . =1>. =:9. Di kk 3, =44, 631

63>.

=:1. Qk tc` Ecrtåk _äraz, vafdkl vafdkl ia Elrls, cpcrafa cpcrafa flrkl prlfurcilr ak `l `lss cóls 39 ? >, 3963 39:1. _c _ c rafa avdiakta qua as a` edsel a` ia 39?> 3963 parl a` a 39:1 nc ia sa sarr a` ndgl ia ia ` ckta rdlr, ia` ia ` edsel klemra , flel sl`åc sa r ncmdtuc` ak asa eleaktl Cp. Ilf.

k

3).

=:8. Di. k. D . =::. Di. k. 89. =:>. Di. k. =6=. =:4. Di. k. =9?. =>?. Di. k. =>3. Di. k. =>=. Di. k. =>6. Di. k.

=6=. =1>. =>:. =4?

=46.

=>9. Di. k. 346. =>1. Di. k. =6=. =>8. Di. k. =63. =>:. Flrrc`, 34:4. =>>. Cp. Ilf. k. 3:=. =>4. Di. k. => 9 . =4?. Di. k. =>>. =43. Hc `fök _äraz, 34:>, =:-6?, pcrc a ` fcsl ia ` c fduici ia Wcrcjlzc, parl cp`dfcm`a c` rastl `c s ukdvar `cs ukdvarssdicias ia` radkl ia Crcjök. =4=. Di. k. =>4. =46. =49. =41. =48.

Di. k. 94. Di. k. 1?. C`jlrc

Crrckz , 34>= , 69.

Cp. Ilf. k. 3?>2

pliar ncfar nareckicias nareckicia s CFC, ]aj. =.8=6,

h

=4:. Di. k . =6 8 . =4>. Di. k. =:8. =44. Di. k . 6=6. 6??. Jcrjc``l, 3448 , DDD :99. 6?3. 6?=. 6?6. 6? 9 . 6?1.

Flrrc`, 34>:c, 4?. Hu a kt kta, a, 3>>? , D, 6>:.

Di., 646. C`jlrc

Cki räs Ckir

Crrck z, 34>=, 68. Crrckz, Xc`arl, 34::, 3:1-3::.

6?8. Lrfãstajud Vcrcsc, 34:4 , 16. 6?:. Ak 3319 _airl Vckz agarfåc `l `lss ils fcrjls @cfcrrc, 34>1, k. 6:1). 6?>. Cp. Ilf. k. =69, pcrc a` mcd`a jakarc ` ia Crcjök. 6?4. @c`dkia, 34:?, 93. 63?. Cp. Ilf. k. 38. Di. k 3>. 633 63=. Di. k. ==. 6 36. D i . k . = 6 . 639. Di. k. =1. 631. Di. k. 64. 638. Di. k 9?.

3=).

a`a

6

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

63:. Di k 99 63>. Wurdtc, ^/^XD. 634. Cp. Ilf. k 43 y 4=. 6=?. Di. k. k . 46. 6=3. Di. k 3?> 6=== . C`jl 6= C`jlrc rc y Crrckz, 34>=, 66-69. 6=6. Cp. Ilf. k. k . 368. 6=99 . Di. k 366. 6= 6=1. Di. k . 36>. 6=8. Di. k 313. 6=:. Wurdtc , ^/@^XDDD. 6=>. Cp. Ilf. k 399. 6=4. Di. k . 38>. 66?. Di. k 318. 663. Di. k 31:2 y pliar iahakiar sus iarafnls CFC, ]aj. =.349, h. 334). 66=. Di. k . 34: . 666. Di. k 348 c =?3. 669. Di. k =68. 661. Di . k . =6>. 668. Di. k =:=. 66:. Di. k . =:? c =:>. 66>. Di. k =:6. 664. Di. k =>3. 69?. Di. k =:9 . 693. Di k 63: 69== . Di. k . 6=>. 69 696. Di. k 66:. 699. Di. k 618. 691. Di. k. 61>. 698. Di. k. k. > 69:. Di. k . =:. 69>. @c eurc``c arc slmra tlil uk såeml`l ia cutlkleåc fduicickc , plr akfdec dkf`usl ia su hukfdök iahaksdvc. iahaksdvc. Huakta 3>>?, D, 6?8) saóc` saóc `ö qua `cs eurc``cs ia Fc`ctcyui arc euy akiam`as y kl puidarlk rasdstdr a` ctcqua ia `cs trlpcs fcsta``ckcs ia _airl D ak 3686. Vlmra ` c eurc``c flel såeml`l vdi. 694. fduicickl Cp . Il f . k. 66.Vatc 3443, =6). 61?. Ecs c``ã ia `cs eurc``cs ncmåc ltrl räjdeak hdsfc`. Vlmra `c p`ckdhdfcfdök ia` aspcfdl urmckl pcrc idharakfdcr`l ia` rurc` iasia a` dkdfdl vdi. Flrrc` 344:, >4-49). 613. Cp. Ilf. k 4. 61=. Di. k 332 y CFC, ]aj. 6?9, h 333). 616. Di. k. 39. 619. Di. k. 3:. 611. Di. k. =8. 618. Q trd``c, 34::, 3-=2 y CFC , ]aj. 69 6999 , h. 339). 61:. Cp. Ilf. k. k . =?. 61>. Di. k. =9. 614. Di. k. k . 18. 68?. Di. k 83. 683. Di. k :=. Iatc``as eãs flkfratls ia `c hdkckfdcfdök ia `c juarrc ia Fariaóc y ia `cs cplrtc fdlkas ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ak @chuakta Jöeaz =?33, 8= y >=2 >=2 y ak Ilf. k. k . 39, pp. =61-=68).

36=

 

  ltcs

68=. @aiasec, 34:4, 39. 686. Cp. Ilf. k. ::. 689. Di. k. 3=3. 681. Di. k. 399 399.. 688. Di. k . 34. 68:. Di. k. 384. 68>. Di. k. 34. 684. Di. kk. =94 y =19. 6:?. Di. k . >. 6:3. Di . k. 3: 6. 6:=. Di. k. 3>?. 6:6. Di. k. ==3. 6:9. 6: 9. Ak a ` idffdlkcrdl ia `c ]ac` Cfciaedc Aspcól`c `c pc` pc`cmrc cmrc «pu as asttc² tdaka ukc aktrcic, `c k÷earl 39 , ak `c qua rahdrdäkilsa c su usl ak Crjaktdkc, Fnd`a , _crcjucy y Qrujucy sa iahdka flel «Fcic uk c ia `cs pcrtas ak qua sa idvdia ukc nc f daki dakic, c, y ak `c qu a vdva a ` puastarl², ak f`crc raed kdsfakfdc c su utd`dzcfdök a k `c `c Fleukdici ia Fc Fc`ct `ctcy cyui. ui. 6:1. Astcs fdhrcs slk `c `css qua sa nck saóc saóc``cil pcrc `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak asa s dj `l Qtrd`` Qtr d``c, c, =??9). F` F `crl qua a ` pcjl ia ascs fcktdicias csdjkcics kl takåc plr quä sar rac`. _lr agae p `l, c prdkfdpdls ia` s dj `l xv ncmåc uk c `c rjc `d stc ia c `i acs qua kl pliåck pcjcr raktcs c `c Dj`asdc plr akfl akflkt kt rcrsa tltc`eakta c rrudk cics, flel L`väs, Elktök, Cfarai , Fnlias l Mariagl, qua sa iaf`crcrlk «dksl`vaktas dksl`vaktas² ² F ua `` c, 34>4m, =6:-=9 3). 6:8. Cp . Ilf. k. 41. 6::. Di. k . 48. 6:>. Di . k. 3=> 3=>.. 6:4 . Di . k. 68? . 6>?. Di. k. 683. 6>3. Di. k. k . 68=. 6>= . Di . kk . 69> y 694. 6>6. Di . k . 3=9. 6>9. Di. k . =88. 6>1. Di . k. =:4. 6>8. Di. k. 3=1. 6>:. Vlmra `c s fakcs flel raktcs ia `c fcsc rac `, vdi. F `crce crceukt, ukt, 34>3, :3 y ss ., Elktcjut, 34>=, 9>6 y ss. y Qtr d`` c, 34>6, 3:=-3:8. 6>> . CEF , @aj. =, p, p , >>3. 6>4. Vlmra `cs raktcs rac`as vdi. Vcrcsc, 34>=, >6= y ss. y Ecrtåk, 34>6, 364 y ss. 64?. Cp. Ilf. k. 98. 643. Di. k. k . =:?. 64=. Di. k. 6=4. 646. Di. k. 661. 649. Di. k. 61?. 641. A` A ` elkaicga sa flmrcmc plr huajl hdsfc` y astcmck axaktls ia` pcjl ia` e dsel `ls fcmc ``arls, `` arls, dkhckzlkas y f`ärdjls. Va trdmut trdmutcmc cmc plr a ` `u jcr ia rasdiakfdc y `ls lhdfdc`as ia ia`` ray qua kl fuep`åck fue p`åck ` cs cktardlras flkidfdlkas tcemdäk pcjcmck Lrfãs taju d, 34>6, 338-33:) 338-33:).. 648. Cp. Ilf. k. =:? . 64:. Di. k . 3?3. 64> . Di. k . ==1. 644. Di. k. ===. 9??. Di. k. =66. 9?3. D i k 6 8 8

366

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

9?=. 9?6. 9?9. 9?1.

CEF, @aj. = , pp. >>>->4?. Cp. Ilf. k. 346 . Di. k. ==4. Di. k. =98. Di

k

=13

9?8. 9?:. Di. k. =44 9?>. Di. k . 6 3? . 9?4. Di. k. 6 31. 93?. Di. k. 63=. 933. Di. k . 6 38. 93=. Di. k. 634. 936. Di. k. 6=?. 939 . Di. k. 663. 931. Di. k. 69:. 938. Di. k. 616. 93:. Di. k. 611. 93>. Ak a` huarl ia 36 33 sa idfa7 «Frdstdckls elrls y guiåls fleprak ukls c ltrls ilki ilkiaa qudarck y flel puaick² C`jlrc y Crrckz, 34>=, 34>= , 93). 934. Cp . Ilf. k. 36. 9=?. Di. k. 9:. 9=3. Di. k. 311. 9==. Di. k . 3>4. 9=6. Di. k. 664. 9=9. Di. k. 611. 9=1. Di. k. =96. 9=8. Di. k. 96. 9=:. _lr agaep`l , ak 391? yc astcmc as tcmc iasplm`ci iasplm`cill Eckum`as, ukc pcrta ia fuyl täredkl sa dk flrplrö c Ctafc, dkf`uyakil `c lm`djcfdök ia pcjcr plr a``l :?? sua sua`i `ils ls Cp. Ilf. k. =>?). Ak `c edsec zlkc, parl huarc ia `l `lss täredkls ia `c Fleukdici, a` flkfagl ia Crdzc axdedö c su c `i `iaa c ia Fcml`chuakt Fcml `chuaktaa ia ` ? cóls ia` pcjl ia pafncs «pcrc qua puidarc rafuparcrsa² @aiasec @aiasec,, 3443, =68). 9=>. Cp. Ilf. k. 684. 9=4. Di. k . 6:?. 96?. Di. k. 6:3. 963. Huakta, 96=. Cp. Ilf.3>>?, kk. 39D , y=?6. 3:. 966. Di. 3>. 969. Di. =>. 961. Di. k. 6? y Hua kt a , 3>>?, D, 933. 968. C`jlrc y Crrckz, 34 >=, 6>. 96:. Cp. Ilf. k . 93. 96>. Kl pcra pcrafa fa ukc fldkfdiakfdc qua `l `lss tras kukfdl kukfdlss qua pcrtdfdpcrlk plr pcrta ia `c Fleukdici ak asta cfuaril sa cpa``diak flk a` a ` klemra ia tras c`iacs. 964. Huakta, Huakta , 3>>?, D, 91=. 99?. Cp. Ilf. k. 9>. 993. Di. k. 16. 99=. @aiasec, 3443. 996. Flrrc`, 34 >6m. 999. Flrrc`, 34>:c , 31=. 991. Qmdatl Crdatc, Cj. Cj.,, 34 34:1 :1,, =39-=31. 998. _crc a ` fcsl Crcjlkäs vdi. Vasec 34>=) y Flrrc` 34>6m).

369

 

  ltcs

99:. Cp. Il Ilf. f. k . 1>. 99>. Di k . 14. 994. Cp. Il Ilf. f. k . 399 . 91?. Huakta, 3>>? , D, 916-919 916-919.. Vlmra `c cflj fljdic dic ia kdól kdólss ia c`iacs ia` ãrac ia Fc`ctcyui ak c`jukc ia `cs c `iac iacss ia `c Fle uk dici vd i. `c cilpfdök hc``dic plr ukc pcragc ia ia Yarrar ia uk kdó l ia @c Xd`ua Xd`u a óc ak 39 >= Jcrfåc Narrarl, 344: , 4:-3??). 913. Cp . Ilf . k 8=. 91=. Di. k 86. 916. Di k . :? . 919. Di k >9. 911. Flrrc`, 34>:c , 34 346 6. 918 . Cp. Ilf. k. k . >6. 91:. Di. k. >1. 91>. 91 >. Di k 3?9 914. Di. k 3?8. 98?. Di k 34:. 983. Di 368. 98=. Di. 364. 364. 986. Di 399 989 . Di kk 3>8 y `>:. 981. Di. k 3>>. 988. Drck zl, 3441. `4`. 98:. Cp. Ilf. Il f. k . `4 `. 98>. Di. k. k . 664. 984. Elrc `as, 344 344=, =, 3>9 y 3>8. 9:?. Jlkzã`az Cktök, 34:1, 3:=-3 :12 vdi. aspafdc`aeakta a` a ` a khr khraa ktced ktcedaa kt ktl l y trdukhl ia `c klm``azc hrakta c C`hlksl DDD klm 9: 3. @a ias asec ec 3443) rafl raflja ja `ls huarls y fcrtcs puam puam``cs eãs dep depl l rtckt rtcktas as flk fl kfa faidi idi cs plr `ls rayas ia Crcjök c fduicias, vd vd``c ``css y `ujc jcrras pcrc qu a sa huarck rapl aplm`ckil m`ckil trcs trc s `c flkqudstc. 9:=. Ak a` s dj `l ^DDD yc kl sa flkfai fl kfaiaa k jrc ki as hu arls, a ` ÷`tdel sa sarã rã a ` ia Yarua` ia 33:3, pa pa rl s å fc fcrtc rtcss pu a m`c m`css flk uk fcrãf fcrãftta r eufnl eãs eãs puktuc puktuc`` . 9:6. Vlmra `l s akhraktcedaktls a k `c `c vd``c ia Fc `c tcyui a ktr ktraa mc ki ls rdvc rdvc``as, c `j ukl uklss fl k fl flk ksd iarcm`as tueu`tls fc``agarls, vdi. Huakta, ` >> ? , 3, =:>-=>=. 9:9 . Vlmr Vlmraa `c flkfasdök ia ` Yåtu`l ia fduici a k a ` Crc Crcjö jö k eaidavc` flel s åeml åeml``l ia pra prass td j dl y nlklr vDi. Flrrc` Flrrc ` , 34 >=, 3>4 y ss. 9:1. Cp. Il Ilf. f. k =1. 9:8. Di k . 6=. 9::. Di. k 6>. 9:>. Di. k. k . 13. 9:4. Di. k. k . 11. 9>?. Di k . 33 33= =. 9>3. Di k . `= :. 9>=. Di. k 313. 9>6. Di k =? 3. 9>9. Di. k =3=. 9>1. Di. k =9>. 9>8 . Di. k =43. 9>:. Di k 6?6. 9 >>. Di k 6?:. 9>4. Di. k k.. ==.

361

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA 94?. Di. k. 1=. 94 `. Di. k 18. 94=. Di. k 1:. 946. Di. k 83. 949. Di. k :>. 941. Di. k >?. 948 . Di. k. >=. 94:. Di. k 3?1. A ` vc vc`lr `lr ia fcemdl ia ` h`lråk flk a` sua`il vc vcrdö rdö c `l `crjl `crjl ia `ls `l s sdj`ls ^DX y idkarlss a` h`lråk ncfdc ea ea idcil idcilss ia` s dj `l ^DX nc ncss tc 33 s ua`il ua`ilss c ea ^X, sfd `ckil ia > su a `i ls y 8 idkarl idcils id cils ia` ^X. Ak 36>? s u vc`lr ia fcemdl arc a ` h`lråk plr > s ua `il s y 8 idk arls (Wu`cdfc, 3444 , 38666-3 386 -388 6 9). 94>. Di. k 3?4. 944. Di . k. 39:. Vlmra `cs rakt raktcs cs ia `c radkc Xdl`ckta vdi. @ aias aiasec ec ( 34:4m 34:4m)2 )2 furdlsceakta cpc rafak aktr aktra s us raktcs raktc s `ls pacgas pacga s ia Fc`ctcyui y `c c`gcec ia i a guiåls (Di., 381 381-- 38>), parl kl `l qua qu a `a cmlkcmc `c Fleukdici, prlmcm`ae prlmcm`aeaa kta plrqua astcs fcktdicias huarlk ltlrjcics s u f uócil Ecrtåk D flel flepakscfdök c` quaicr Xdl` Xdl`cc kta vduic ia Guck D 1??. Di. k.31:. 1?3. Di. k 38?. 1?=. Di . k 383 1?6. Di. k 3:>. 1?9. Di. k. 3> 3> 3. 1?1. Di. k =?4. 1?8. Di. k =3:. 1?:. Di . k ==9. 1?>. 1? >. Di. k =9= 1?4. Di. k. =9:. 13?. Di. k =11. 133

Di.k.=83.

13=. Di. k. 3::. 136. Qkc mravåsdec parl cgustcic så kta ktass ds slmra `c ra f cuicfdök ia ` ecrcvaiå ak Yarka y `c `css c`iacs ia s u Fleukdici ak @a @aii as ec, 34 34>=, >=, 1 -8. 13 9 . Cp. Il f . k. =6?. 131. Ak `c prdecva rc ia` cól 36 >4 `c Fleukdici ia c `i acs ia Icrl Icrlfc fc fa `a mrö ukc hdastc, ``cec ic «c «c``aj råc råcs², s², ak `c fuc` sa hastagö a` kcfdedaktl ia` dkhckta ilk Harkcki l, kcfdil ak ecrzl ia 36>4 ia ` ectrdelkdl ia` ray Gu c k D y Xdl` c kta ia Mcr. @ls hastagls flksdstdarl k a k gu ajls ia ncmd`dici j uarrarc - `ls mlnlrils-, tlrls, e÷ e÷sdfc, sdfc, mc d`a y fnckzcs mur`a mur`asfcs sfcs fl k uk «sc sc`vcga `vcga aep`uecil². A` fl flss ta ia tlil a ``l csfakidö c 8?3 s ua`il ua`ilss y 4 idkarl idkarls, s, uk ?  1 % ia` pra prass upu upuastl astl ckuc` ia idfnc Fleukdici (Flrrc` y Vãkfna z Jl k zã zã`az `az , 34>4 34>4,, =>). 138. Cp. Ilf. k. :9. 13:. Di. k.314. 13>. Di. k =3?. 134. Di. k =91. 1=?. Di. k >= . 1=3. Di.k. 3:4. 1==. Flrrc`, 34>:c 34>:c,, =3>-=34. 1=6. Cp. Ilf. k. 39 3988 . 1=9. Di. 33 6. 1=1. Wurdtc, ^/^@DDD. 1=8. Cp. Ilf. k. 339. 1=:. Di. kk.. =>8.

368

 

Kltcs

1=>. Di k =4:. 1=4. @c dktrliuffdök ia` sdstaec ia dk scf scfu`cfdök u`cfdök ak Crcjök pcrc `c sa sa``aff affdök dök ia fcrjls ia `c s ukdvarss dicias ia rac`akjl sa iama c `c ra dkc ilóc Ecråc ia @ukc, qua c eaidcil ukdvar eaidcilss ia` sdj`l ^X idftö idvarscs l ri akckzcs c` ra rass paftl. 16?. Cp. Ilf. k . 6= 3. 163. Qk astuidl slmra a` a ` sdstaec iahaksdvl ia `c hrlktarc ia` radkl ia Crcjök flk a` a ` ia Fcstd``c a k `c Aici Eaidc, dkf`uyakil ecpcs ecpc s ia vdsuc`d vdsuc`dzcfdök, zcfdök, c pcrtdr ia `ls fcstd``ls, ak ak Flrrc` 34:4). 16=. Flrrc` Flrrc` , 3446c. 166. Jutdärraz ia Xa`csfl , 3483, : y ss. y Flrrc` Flrrc ` , 3446c, 34:-=?3. 169. Cp. Ilf. k :6. 161. Di. k :1. 168. Huakta , 3>>?, D , 633. 16:. Cukqu Cukq ua yc sa cprlmö `c flkfasdök ak 3688 Flrrc`, 34>= , 34:), rac`eakta a` tåtu`l ia fduici ` l axpdid axpdi dö Guck D ak 3643 Huakta, 3>>?, DD, 6= a Drckzl, 3441, 343). 16>. Cp Ilf. k :8 . 164. Di. k >3. 19?. Xdi. plr agaep agaep``l, a` trcmcgl ia ]udz 3443) slmr slm ra a` såeml`l ia `c hdastc y ia` pliar ak a k `c Fcstd``c ia` sdj`l ^X. 193. Cp. Ilf. k. k . ::. 19=. 196. 199. 191. 198. 19:. 19>. 194.

Di. k :8. Di . k . 3=>. Di. k 31?. Di. k. 8:. Di. k 3 3V Di

k 391

Di. k 3:9. Di. k =34. 11? Di. k 38=. 113. Di. k 3:8 11=. Vcrcsc, 34>3, 3=6. 116. @aiasec, 34:4m, 34:4m , 39=. 119. Di., 394. 394 . 111. Cp. Ilf. k. k . 39>. 316.. 118. Di. k 316 11:. Di. k. k . 39:. 11>. Di. k 31>. 114. Kl astã f`crl c quä idöfa idöfass ds partakafdö Fc Fc``ctcyui iasia su flkqudstc ak a k gukdl ia 33=? ncstc su csdjkcfdök c Vdjðakzc ak 33== _rlmcm`aeakta C`hlksl D astcmc iaec iaecss dcil lfupcil asls cóls flel pcrc pralfupcrsa ia eleaktl plr `c fuastdök ia `c hdgcfdök ia `åedtas af af``asdãstdfls. _crc astc fuastdökk vdi. @cfcrrc 3494) y Flrrc` fuastdö Flrrc ` 34>:m). 18?. Flrrc`, 34>:m, ==6-== ==6-==9. 9. 183. Aspcóc Vcjrcic ^@D^ 693-69= y Edkjua``c, 343?, 618-61:. 18=. Flrrc`, 34>:m 34>:m,, ==9-==1. 186. Aspcóc Vcjrcic ^@D^ 696. 189. «A «A`` lmdspl ia Vdjðakzc faiåc Fc` Fc `c tcyui c` ia Ycrczlkc , cukqua sa rasa asarrvcmc Crd Crdzc2 zc2 a` lmdspl ia Lsec faiåc C`ec C`eczã zãkk y ltrcs plsa plsassdlkas ak Fcstd`` Fcstd``cc c` c ` ia Vdjðakzc, parl rafdmåc c fcemdl Vlrddc, axfaptl Ãjraic2 ak flksafuakfdc a` lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc pariåc Vlrdc y jckcmc Fc`ctcyui² Vlr Flrrc`` , 34>:m Flrrc 34>:m,, ==9). 181. Huakta, 3>>?, D , 3>= y Fua `` c, 34>6, 84. 188. CEF., @aj. =, p . =1:.

36:

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

18:. Cp. Ilf. k. 9. 18>. Fc`vl y Asf Asfrdmck rdmckl, l, 34>6, 3==-3=9 y Fua `` c, 34>6m, :=:= -:6. 184. Cp. Ilf. k. 63. 1:?. Q kc flpdc ia `c mu`c ia @ufdl DDD ia 33>= hua nafnc ak 368> c kt ktaa a` a ` Gustdfdc Gu stdfdc ia Fc `ctcyui Cp. Ilf. k . :4), y lt l trc ak a k 39>> Di. 696). 1: `. Astc fcpa `` ckåc ia Ylrra Ylrrass sa dkstdtuyö a` ` ia a karl ia 36:: Cp. Ilf. k. 4>), y asa edsel iåc `c Fleukdici raf dmd ö uk c flpd flp dc pcrc su crf nd vl Di Di.. 44). 1:=. Cp. Ilf. k. =. 1:6. Flel plr ag aep `l nd zl Ecrtåk Ecrtåk D ak 39?> Cp. Ilf. k . 38:), qua iaspuäs hua huarlk rlk rctdhdfcics ak kuavcs flpdcs fartdh fartdhddfcics ckt c ktaa kl tcrdl ak a k 398> 39 8> Di. 6=8) y ak 39>> Di. 699) 699).. 1:9. _crc ncfar f uep`dr as asttc lri lr ia k pcpc` hua fledsdlkcil Jcrfåc ia Xc`tdarrc, uk fc fckkö kd jl ia @ärdic Cp. Ilf. k . 6= 6=99 ), ak a k tc tc ktl qu q ua pcrc `c ag ag afuf afufddök ia `c ed s ec hu arlk ia iass djkcils a` a` cmci ia` elkcstardl ia _dairc y a` a ` prdlr ia `c _aóc Di. 6=1)2 vDi. Huakt Hua ktaa Flmls 34>6). Qkc `dstc ia pcjls ia f uc rt ls, prdedfdcs y prastdelkdls ia tlics `cs c`i c`iacs acs ia `c zlkc ia Fc`ctcyui ak `l s cóls 39?9-39?8 ak Fua``c 34>4m, =68-=9 =68-=933). 1:1. Cp. Ilf. k. 6==. 1:8. Vlmra `c `css ctrdmu c trdmuffdlka dlkass ia` lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc a k `c `c zlkc ia Fc Fc``ctcyui y `c hlrec ia rafljar ` cs p rde rdedfdcs, dfdcs, iäfdecs y iaeãs fcrjcs vDi. Flrrc` Flrrc ` , 34>3m, =9>-=11. @c prdedfdc arc a` a ` hrutl prdearl ia `c tdarrc, qua sa lhrafåc c` c ` c`t`tccr @åmckl, 34:4 34:4,, 8>). A ` lmdspl ia Ycrczlkc sö sö``l rafdmåc `c ia `ls puam`ls qua arck idraftceakta ia su saólr saól rål, as iafdr, A ` M us ta, Fc Fc``fakc y L sa sagg c Flrrc`, 34>3m, =1?). Xdi. tcemdäk Cdkcjc 34>:). Ak `c zlkc ia Fc Fc`ct `ctcy ui sa rafljåck `cs iäfdecs ak ils pcjls c ku c`a `ass , plr Vck Guck, a` =9 ia gukd gukdll , y plr Ylils `ls Vcktls Vcktls,, a` ` ia klvdaemra Fua `` c, 34>4m 34>4m,, ==>). 1::. Cp. Ilf. k. 361. 1:>. Di Di.. 66>. 1:4. Di. 69 3. 1>?. Flrrc`, 34>3m, 34>3m , =9:. 1>3. Cp. Ilf. k. 69=2 y CFC , ]aj. 6.888, h. 1?). 1>=. Di. 6962 y CFC, ]aj. =.3:8 =.3:8,, h. 3.?:9). 1>6. Di. =4. 1>9. Di. 68:. 1>1. Di. =>1. 1>8.. Di. 6??. 1>8 1>:. @c`dk @c`dkia ia 34:8), Mcrra Mcrrarl rl 3446) y Flrrc` Flrrc ` =???m). sc

1>>. Idfac naardics ` huarlyiaeu`tcs² Icrlfc7Flrrc`, «Frds td=???m, ckls, guiål guiåls rrcfa fak takjck uk ÷kdfl raspaftl =9)2 sy ya` a ` iarrc Fc` Fc `kcls tcyui7 «Frdstdckls,

y edsel huarl flk elrls y guiåls fleprak uk ls c l trls ilkia qudarck y flel puaick² C`jlrc y Crrc kz, 34>= , 93). 1>4. Jcrfåc Q`afdc, 34:1, 1:-:= y Flrrc`, =???m, =?-=3. 14?. Mcstc lg lg ac r `ls trcmcgls yc f`ãsdfls ia Ilmm, Ilmm , Jcksnlh, M` M `lf lfnn , Hlrqudk, Iumy l Juarr Jua rrac acuu , aktrra tcktls ltrls. akt 143. Cså `l iafratö C`hl hlkksl X a k 39 6= Cp. Ilf. k. =?=). 14=. @cs c`iac c`iacss ia Xd``cfcidec iasplm iasplm``cil), _arcfaksa, C `e lncgc, _ckdzc _ckdzc,, C`ciräk, @ufl ia Nuarvc y C`fcódz ia `c Nuarvc sa dk flrplrcrl flrplrcrlkk c `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc ukc vaz flkstdtudic flkstdtudic äs tc Flrrc`` , 34>:c, 18-1:). Tc ak a` sdj`l ^XD sa dk fl Flrrc flrrplrö uk c kuavc sasec aktarc, `c ia `c nlklr ia Nuassc Idcrta, 3446). Nua 146. Flrrc Flrrc`` , ` 4>3m, ==?. 149. Ak 36== Fc` Fc `ctcyui y Icrl Icrlfc fc pujkcrlk plr `c c `iac ia Vc`fat CFC, ]aj. 3:1, h. 3?4 3?49). 9). 141. Flrrc` y Vãkfnaz Q sö sök, k, 34>6c, 34>6c , 66. Hu H ua aktrajcil plr ]ceök Marakjuar DX ak 3398 c` Vcktl Vapu`frl Jlkzã`az Cyc` Cyc `c , 34:, 3=1). 148. Cp. Ilf. k . 1?. 14:. Qmdatl Crtur, 34>6, 314 314 y Cp. Ilf.

k.

=?6.

36>

 

  ltcs

14>. 144. 8??. 8?3. 8?=. 8?6. 8?9. 8?1. 8?8. 8?:. 8?>. 8?4. 83? . 8 33. 8 3=. 8 36. 8 39 . 8 31. 838.

Qmdatl Crtatc, 34>9, 9 3= y Cp. Ilf . k. ` 6. Cp. Ilf. k. =1=. Flrrc ` , =???, =?:. Flrrc` Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446, 84 y Flrrc`, =???, =?8 y =1>. Crrlyl, 34:9 34:9c, c, >:, @aiasec, 3443, =9:, k. 348 y Flrrc ` , 34>3m 34>3m,, ==?. Crrlyl , 34:9c , >?, Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446, 89 y Flrrc ` , 34>3m, ==?. Qmdatl Crtur, 34>6, 91, Flrrc ` , =???c, =?8 y Cp. Ilf. k. =?:. Flrrc` , 34>3m , ==?. Flrrc` Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446, 88. Jcr CFC , ]aj. 9>:, h. =13. Jcrfåc @crrcjuatc , 3419 3419,, 1>4-14= y @aiasec , 3443, 3?= 3?=-- 3?9, k. >?. Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446 , :9-::. Qmdatl Crtur, 34>6, 334 y Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446, ::-:4. Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446, ::-:4. Qmdatl Crtur, 34>6 , =61 y =84 y Jc rfåc Ecrfl , 3446 , >1. Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446, 8= y >6->1. Di., 8= y >1. Di., >8. Qmdatl Crtur, 34>6 , 3> y 398-39: y Elrc`as, 344: , ` 8 ? ` 8 ` .

83:. 83>. 8 34 . 8=?. 8=3. 8==. 8=6. 8=9 . 8=1. 8=8. 8=:. 8=>. 8=4. 86?.

Qmdatl Crtatc, 34>9, 9=8 y 34>8 4>8,, 3=33. Cp. Ilf. k. 34?2 y CFC, ]aj . =.::?, h. 6>. Di. 349. Di. =?9. Di. =?:. Di. 666. Ak 369: @lpa ia @ukc arc a` prdkfdpc prdkfdpc`` klm`a ia` radkl ia Crcjök Vcrcsc Vcrcsc,, 34>3, 83 y 86). Flrrc`, =??=, >3. Di., >:. Vcrcsc, 34>3, 36 y 3:8-3: y Flrrc` Flrrc ` , =??=, >:. Flrrc`,=??=,4: . Harrar, 34:?-34:3, 61=. CFC, ]ajdstrls ia Fckfd``aråc, k . >8>, h . 3=:. Fdtc Jcrfåc Ecrfl , 3446, 94. Flrrc` , 34>:c , =4.

863. @aiasec, Fua `` c , 34>4c 34>4c, , =3= y k. Jcrfåc 86=. 3443, =9:, 348. Ecrfl , 3446 , =::-684. 866. Flrrc`, 34>3m, 34>3m , 3: y =3> y Flrrc ` , =???c, =?8. Vleai Vleai,, Klva``c y Eckum `as yc astcmck iasplm `cils ak 39?8 Fua``c, 34>4, =6:-=64). 869. Cp. Ilf. k. 61:. 861. Di. =:9. 868. Di. 6?:. 86:. Di. =>6. @`ueas tlicvåc astcmc plm`cil ak 39?8 Fua Fua``c ``c,, 34>4m , =6>). 86>. Di. =>=. 864. Di. 63:. Ylrras astcmc iastru di l a k 39?8 F ua``c, 34>4m , ==>). 89?. Qtrd``c, =??9, =??9 , 961-968 , 991 y 994. Ak lfcsdlkas c`jukcs c`iacs `` ajcrlk c iasplm`cr iasplm`crsa sa flyukturc`eakta flk eltdvl ia `cs j uarr uarrcs2 cs2 ak 39=4, f uckil fleakzö `c ÷`tde ÷`tdecc ia `cs juarrcs aktra Crcjök y Fcstd``c, quaicrlk vcfåcs vcfåc s Ec`ckq Ec`ckqud`` ud`` c , Dmias y Fdem F demc``c c``c Vãkfnaz El``ail , 34>4, 4=). @cs traa s sa rafuparcrlk aksajudic . tr 893. Di. 93:-93> y 9=9. 89=. Di. 999 y 998. 896. Di. 96>.

364

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

899. Cp. Ilf. kk. 684 6:? y 6:3. 891. Q trd``c, =??9, =??9 , 988-98:. 898. Di. 89:. Di., 9?4. 89>. Cp. Ilf. k . 684. 894. Di. k. 6:?. 81?. Di. k. 6:3. 813. Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446, 69 69.. @ls euiägcras euiägcras arck lm`djcils c fltdzcr ak `cs p`ajcs, parl prltas prltas  tcrlk plr a``l Fua `` c, 34>4c 34>4c,, =36). _crc `c elraråc ia Yarrar vDi. Huakta Huakta Fcml Fc mlss 34>4). 81=. @aiasec , 3443 =41-=4>, k. =6:. 816. Jcrfåc Ecrfl, 3446, 334 , 3== y 3=1. Xdi. uk ilf ilfuu eaktl euy iatc``cil flk tlics `cs prlpdaicias ia `ls elrls ia Yarrar ak Fua``c 34>4c, ==?-==1). 819. Cp. Ilf. k. 69. 811. Di. k. 91. 818. Di. k. 61=.

39?

 

MDM@DLJ] HÅ CMCIÅC ILÓCSQA G  F., «F «Fcc `ctcyui , C`hlksl a` Mctc``cilr y `ls c` c `elrãvdias²,

Akfuaktrl

ia

Astuidls Md`md`dtckls DD, pp. 343-=?>, Fc`ctcyui 34>4. CMCIÅC AVFL@Ã G., «@c c`arc hlrc` y `ls pcstls pcstls ia hcfaråc², Ckucrdl ia` Iarafnl Crcjlkäs XD pp. >1->>, Wcrcjlzc 3413-341= . «A`` huarl ia Icrlfc², ^d`lfc 3, pp. 36-=1, Fc Fc``celfnc 34>>. CICEA EL]AKL @., «A «A`` dkfarrceaktue ilelrue ilelrue   ak `ls huarls ia `c Axtraec CJQIL ]LEA]L Ecråc ia` Ecr, «A iurc crcjlkasc crcjlkasc², ², Crcjök ak ` Aici Eaidc Eaidc XDDD pp. =6-6=, Wcrcjlzc 34>4.

-

A` huarl ia Icrlfc7 Dktrliuffdök aidfdök aidfdök   fråtdfc trciuffdök as astuidl tuidl   `ä `äxdfl xdfl y flkflrick fdcs Icrlfc 344=. «]aa ktcs ia` lmd lm dspl ia Ycrczlkc ak a` cól 36>4², Crcjök ak ` Aici CDKCJC CKI]ÄV Yarasc, «] Eaidc XDD pp 1:->? Wcrcjlzc 34>: . C@MC]AIC T N A]]A]C E., «H «Huarl uarl ia C`hcemrc², ]avdstc ia Fdakfdcs Guråidfcs y Vlfdc`as XDD pp. 341-=?3, Ecird Ecir di 34=9. «Hu «H uarl ia C`hcemrc², ]avdstc ia Fdakfdcs Guråidfcs y Vlfdc`as XDDD pp. 9=9-98= y 1648?>, Ecirdi 34=1. «Huarl «H uarl ia C`hcemrc², ]avdstc ia Fdakfdcs Guråidfcs y Vlfdc`as D^, pp. 43-3=>, Ecirdi 34=8. C@JL]C NA]KCKIL G. D. y C]]CKW VCF]DVYÃK , H., Huarl ia Fc`ctcyui   Wcrcjlzc (34>=). C@ECJ]L , I., Lridkcfdlkas rac`as ia `c Fleukdici ia Vcktc Ecråc ia C`mcrrcfåk Yarua` (34=3). C@ECJ]L Ecrtåk, Ndstlrdc ia C`mcrrcfåk y su tdarrc. DDD. A` saólrål slmarckl ia C`mcrrcfåk mcgl `ls Czcjrc Yarua` 3414. - «@cs tdarrcs ia Yarua` cktas ia `c raflkqudstc frdstdckc², Yarua` 1: -1>, pp. 61-83 Yarua` 34::. C@LEC] Jcmrda`, _`ckdhdfcfdök ]ajdlkc` ak ` Aici Eaidc Mcrfa`lkc 34:4 . Ã@XC]AW IA EL]C@AV C., @cs nareckici nareckicias as axprasdök ia` elvdeda elvdedaktl ktl fleu fleukdtcrdl kdtcrdl ak Aspcóc Xc `` cil`di 34:9. 34:9 . Ã@XC]AW Ã@XC]AW F., A` flkicil ia @ukc ak ` Mcgc Aici Eaidc Ecirdi 34>=. Ã@XC]AW ML]JA D. Elkcrquåc hauic` y lrjckdz lrjckd zcfdök tar arrdtlrdc` rdtlrdc` Ecirdi 3446. CECIC VCKW Vc`vcilr Vc`vcilr,, Fc`ctcyui euiägcr Fc`ctcyui 341?. - «Avlfcfdök nd stördfc ia ia`` vdagl y iascpcrafdil Fc`ctcyui², Fc`ctcyui ², Wcrcjlzc ^DX pp. 91-8>, 3483. CKI]ÄV XC@A]L Vamcstdãk, «Fuaktcs ia` mcd`a ia `c fduici ia Fc` Fc`ctcyui slmra `l s pacgas ia `c idfnc fduici ia `l s cóls 39?? c 39?>² Crcjök ak ` Aici Eaidc D, pp. 3:1-=??,Wcrcjlzc 34::. CKÖKDEL 3433, «A ` cpa``dil Qrrac², @dkcgas ia Crcjök DD pp. 91>-98=, Wcrcjlzc.

C]FL ]dfcril ia`, «¼Föel iahakiåc sus prarrljctdvcs a` flkfagl crcjlkäs1-=69, 3>1-=6 9, Ecirdi 34 :9m.

CVAKGL JLKWC@AW, Ecråc, «]apcrtdedaktls «]apcrtdedaktls ia pafncs ak tdarrc ia Vajlvdc², @c fduici ndspãkdfc iurckta `ls sdj`ls ^DDD c ` ^XD, D, pp. :3:-:99, Ecirdi 34>1. - Vajlvdc. @c fduici y su tdarrc hdkas ia` eaidlavl, Vajlvdc 34>8. C T @ EC]YÅKAW Fcr`ls ia, «_cfa _cfass fcsta``ckl-crcjlkascs ia Fcepd``l-Cjraic (3=>3)², k `c Aspcóc Eaidavc`, v, D, pp. 31=-38>, Ecirdi 34>8. CWFÃ]]CJC VA]XAY G. ia , «Xa rtamrcfdök guråidfc ia `ls flkfagls y fdu f dui i cias a k `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc², Eaidc ², DD Flkjrasl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as7 flkfagls y f duici duicias as ak a k `c Aici Eaidc Nds pãkdfc, DD, pp. 694-618, @aök 34>4 . CWKC] T KCXC]]L , H., Hlrue Yurl `d d, Wcrcjlzc 34?1. - «]äjdeak eukdfdpc` crcjlkäs. ]asplkscmd`dici flksdjudakta c` c ` ia iasa saepaól epaól ia `l `lss fcrjls 636-6=3 3 y 68:-6>3, Wcrcjlzc 34?1. flkfagd `as `as²,Crcjök, ²,Crcjök, XD pp. =83-=:?, 636-6= MC@CJQ A], Xdfakta, Ids Idsffursl slmra `c Ndstlrdc ia Fc`ctcyui , Ecirdi 3>48. MC@MD J ._ . (idr.), Vtruttur Vtrutturaa ia` pl tara ai ä`dtas aflkledfnas ka``c fdttï aurlpaa id safl`d ^DD-^XD, Kãpl`as 3448 . Idrdttl fleuka a idrdttd `lfc `lfc `d ka``c stlrdc ia`` Aurlp Aurlpc, c, Ed`ãk 34>?. MC@IL MC]MA]L C., Qk l`djcrfndc urmckc7 pl `åtdfc ai afl aflkledc kledc c Ylrdkl hrc Yaa a Sucttrlfaktl, ]lec 3441. M C]A@ Tvas, @c f duici eaidavc`. Vdstaec slfdc` slfdc `-sdstaec urmck urmckl, l, Eci rdi 34 > 3. M C]]CF N` KC Yleãs, Vlmra Fleukdicias ia Crcjök, es. Mdm. Mdm . ]ac` Cfciaedc ia `c Nds Nd s tlrdc 4/1=6:, hh. 363-39? 363-39?,, Yarua` 3> c mrd` 3::4. Vcrcjlssaa ï ` hdk iu Elyak Cja. Qka vd``a slus dkh`uak dkh`uakfa, fa, _crås-Elktrac _crås-Elktrac`` MC]]CSQÄ G. _. , Vcrcjlss 344> . MC]]A]L JC]FÅC Ckc Ecråc, A` huarl ia Yarua`. Vu ndstlrdc ndstlrdc,, prlfasl ia hlrecfdök y raflks truffdök fråtdfc ia susgd3aktas, Ecirdi 34:4. - «@ls iarafnls ia hrlktarc hrlktarc², ², ak @cs slfdaicias ia hrlktarc ak `c Aspcóc eaid eaidavc avc`` , pp. 84->?, Wcrcjlzc 3446. eäidävc`a², ², `c MC WWCKC Ckirä y JQDFNC]I _darra, «Fnítacux at paup`aeakt ak Aspcjka eäidävc`a rck, D, pp. 343-=?= , Cufn 34:4 . M CWWCKC Ckirä, JQDFNC]I _darr _darraa y VÄKCF _nd`dppa, «@c hrlktdîra icks ick s ` Aspcjka eäidä eäidä vc`a², Fcstrue, 6, pp. 61-14, ]lec-Ecirdi 344=. MA FAD]L D, «@c decjak ia` pliar hauic` ak `c `css tlecs ia pl sas sasdök dök iav sa saólråls ólråls mcgleaidavc`as mcgleaidavc`as fcsta``ckcs², Vtuidc Ndstlrdfc. Vc `ceckfc 34>9. Ndstlrd fc. Nd stlrdc Eaidavc`, = pp. 31:-38=, Vc` ia ` sdj`l ^X²,ak ]ac`dici -«@ls Astcils saólrdc`as flel astrufturc ia pliar ak `c Fcstd``c ia` a deãjakas ia` pliar. Aspcóc hdkasia `c Aici Eaidc, pp. =46-6=6, fllri. ]ufquld, C., Xc``cil`di 34>>. MAGC]CKL ]QMDL,C. C. y EL@DKC EL@DKC C . @cs lriakckzcs eukdfdpc` eukdfdpc `as ia Fndkfnd``c ak a` sdj`l ^X, Eurfdc 34>4. Jakarc ` ia Fc Fc``ctcyui7 Il Ilff ue a ktl ktlss raharaktas c su dkstd MA@Y] ÃK IA NA] AIDC X. «A` Astuidl Jakarc` tufdök², tufdök ², ]av 8:, pp pp.. =?1 =?1-=6 -=6? ? , 341:. avdstc dstc Aspcól`c ia Yal`ljåc, ^XDD, ^XDD,8:, M AKVF N, V., Mcr Mcrfaa `lkc =???. Mcrfa fa`lkc `lkc d a`s saus idrd idrdja jakt kts, s, 3?44-3=43, Mcrf MAKATYL, G.,@c G.,@c flkfapfdök garãrqudfc ia `c slf daici eaidavc` as aspcól`c pcól`c², ², Astuidls i a Nd stl rdc slfdc` ia Aspcóc, D, Ecirdi 3494.

MA]E AGL G.

«Vlmra klm`azc, klm`a zc, sa ólråls y ecylrcz ecylrczjls², jls², Ckucrdl i a Nd Ndsstlrdc ia` Ia I a rafnl Aspcól`, @X , pp. =>6-6?1, Ecirdi 34:1.

39=

 

Mdm`dljrchåc MA]JQC FCEÖK , G y @CF]Q W MA]IAGL G @. «Huarls ia Crcjök ia 3=81 c 36>3², Ckucrdl ia Iaraf arafnl nl Crcjlkäs, v, pp. 98?-1:1, Wcrcjlzc 3494-341?. MAY]ÃK CMCIÅC ]. @c hlrec ia `c fduici7 `cs f duicias ia Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, Wcrc jlzc 344=.

«A ` prafdl ia` pliar7 `c aspdrc` ia c`dakcfdlkas pctrdelkdc`as ak a` radkl ia Crcjök iurckta a` radkcil ia _airl DX 3668-36>:)². Garökdel Wurdtc, := , Wcrcjlzc

M@CKFL ILEDKJL 344>.

MLSQA]C L@DXA] G. E., «@ls `åedtas ia` pliar ia lriakc lriakck kzc², ]avdstc ia astuidls ia `c Xdic @lfc`, 38?, 348> . -«@c cprlmcfdök ia `c s lriakck zcs eukdfdpc`as², _rdkfdpdls pl`åtdfl pl`åtd flss ia `c Xdic @lfc`, ^ 3484. @lfc`,, 388, -«@c pum`dfcfdök ia `cs lriakckzcs eukdfdpc`as², ]avdstc ia Astuidls ia `c Xdic @lfc` 34:?. MDA@WC IA L]T Xdfakta Xdfakta,, A` ãrac ia dkh`uakfdc ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui,, Wcrcjlzc 34:9 . -«Cplrtcfdök c` astuidl ia `l `lss rajciåls ia` Gc`ök7 `cs vajcs md`md`dtckcs ak a` pcscil², Astu idls Jaljrãhdfls. Nleakcga c I . Eckua` ia Yarãk, D pp. 86-43,Ecf`rdi 34:1. -«Iaeljrchåc ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak a ` sdj`l ^XDD² ]avdstc Garökdel Wurdtc, =1-=8, pp. 11->6, Wcrcjlzc 34:=. dk

Fn. G., Vtuidas 34>? .cki Hrckfa², MDVNBL Vpckdsn Ndstlry, MDVVLK, Ynlecs K., «Yna Eaidavc` prlm`ae lh Hauic`Hrlktdar Elkcrfny7 Crcjök@lkiras Fctctlkdc Hrckfa ², Vpafu`ue, @ ` ` ` 6, pp. 98?-9:>, 34:>. M@CVFL F., Ndstlrdc ia Icrlfc flk `cs fä fä`amr `amras as lriakckzcs ia su Fleukdici, Wcrcjlzc 3>:?. M@CVFL VCKFNAW , Gas÷ Gas÷s, s, Ctafc. ] a tc zls ndstördfls, Ctafc =??3. Ml, C. y FC]@Ä Ecråc ia` Fcreak, «F uãkil aep dazc c rasarvcrsa c `ls fcmc `` arls a` a ` jlmdarkl ia `c s fduicias fcsta``ck fcsta``ckcs², cs², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc, DDD-DX pp. 339 - 3=9 3=9,, Muakls Cdras 3491. MLKCFNÅC G. C., A` saólrål ia Murjls iurckta `c Mcgc Aici E aidc, Murjls 34>>. MLKD@@C T VCK EC]YÅK C. «A «A`` iarafnl crcjlkäs ak a` s dj`l ^D cpuktas y ilfueaktls)², Flkjrasl ia Ndstlrdc ia `c l rlkc ia Crcjök, D, pp . 3:6-=49, Nuasfc 34==. 34== . MLKKCVVDA MLKKC VVDA _darra y ltrls, 34>9 34>9,, Astr Astruufturcs hauic`as y h a uic`dsel ak a` eukil eaidta eaidtarrãkal (sdj`ls ^-^DDD , Mcrfa`lkc . ML]]ÃV JQC@ÅV Jlkzc`l, «@dqudicf dök ia `ls mdakas ia `ls guiåls axpu`scils ia `c c`gcec ia Fc`ctc Fc `ctcyui², yui², Vahcrci, ^^D^ pp. 63-9>, 3484 3484.. MQAVC LKIA Iledkjl G. , Yarua` ak `c Aici Eaidc, Wcrcjlzc 34>?. - «@c hced`dc ak `c Axtraeci urc turl`aksa turl`aksa², ², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, ` ` ` pp. 39:-3>3 Wc rcjlzc 34>?. MQ@VY K . y JAKAY _. af`s.), Eaidavc` @dvas cki tna Ndstlrdcks7 Vtuidas dk Eaidavc` _rlslpl jrcpny, Bc`cec Bc`ceczll zll 34>8. - @c vd``a, `c mlurjaldsda at `c jäkîsa ia ` Ätct eliae a (^``-^X```) sdaf`as, _crås 344>. cmc``aråc åc plpu`cr plp u`cr ak Fuakfc iurckt iurcktaa `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc, FCMCÓCV JLKWÃ@AW E . I., @c fcmc``ar Ecirdi 34>? . FC@XL ED]CKIC G. G. y AVF]DMCKL VÃKFNAW , G . f. «_rlfaidedaktl ia fucrtcfdök ak `c Fleu kdici ia Fc`ctcyui², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp. 3=3-3=:, Fc`ctcyui 34>6. FCE_D@@L Ylrdmdl ia`, Huarl ia Icrlfc, Wcrcjlzc 3>>4. - Ilfueaktls ndstördfls ia Icrlfc y su Fleukdici, Wcrcjlzc 3431. «A`` radkl ia Crcjök ak a` sdj `l ^DX², Ckucrdl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as, : , «A pp. 334-31 334-316, 6, Mcrfa`lkc 34:?-34 34:?-34:3. :3.

FCKA@@CV Ãkja`

396

 

@QDVFL]]C@ GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA FCKA@@CV @Ö_AW, Ãkja`, «Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc²², flecrfc ²², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia ia Astuidls Md`md`dtc kls DD. _cpa`as Md`md`dtckls pp. 333-334 , Fc`ctcyui 34>6. - «Eatcs huturdm`as pcrc `c ndstlrdljrchåc md`md`dtckc², Vajukil Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md 34>4.. `dtckls DD pp , 3>3-3>4 , Fc`ctcyui 34>4 FCKYA]C Fcrtc ,ia fleckic y vaktc raharakta c guiål s y flkvarsls ia Fc`ctcyui², Vahcrci XDD pp.H., 68«3-684 3-684, 349:. FCÓCIC GQVYA «@ c mctc``c ia Futckic (33=?)², ^d`lfc, =?, =? , pp. 6:-9:, Fc`celfnc 34>4 34>4.. FC]@Ä Ecråc ia` Fcreak, «   Mlkd nledkas y nlemras muakls², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc ^^^ D^-^@ , pp. 366-38>, Muakls Cdras Cdra s 3489. -Ia` flkfagl eaidavc` fcsta``ckl-`alkäs Muakls Cdras 348>. «@c fduici y su flktlrkl ak @aök y Fcstd``c², Ckucrdl ia As tui tuiddls Eaidavc`as >, pp. 84 3?6, Mcrfa`lkc 34:=-34:6. FC]@Ä , Ecråc ia` Fcreak y ltrls, @c slfdaici nd ndsspckl-eaid pckl-eaidaavc`. @ls ecrfls ia cjrupcfdök ia `ls nlemras Muakls Cdras 34 >?. FC]]AYA]L T GDEÄKAW C. «@ls flkfagls fleukarls fleukarl s ia Fcstd``c y Crcjök ² , Astuidls Vajlvdc kls   XDDD pp. =31-==>, Vajlvdc 3418 . - @cs Fleukdicias fcs fcstta``ckcs (flk uk cpäkidfa ia D. Jcrfåc Ckiräs , Ecirdi 34>?. FC]]AYA]L T KDAXC @cs Fleukdicias fcsta``ckcs ak `c Ndstlrdc y as tci tcil l cftuc` Vajlvdc

34=3. FC]]D@ A]L EC]YÅKAW ]. Lriakck Lriakckzzcs ia C`mcfata ia` sdj`l ^XD C`mcfata 344:. FC]QCKC Gcdea, «Lrjckdzcfdök ia Yarua` ak `ls prdearls cóls sdjudaktas c su raflkqudstc², Yaru a` 3?, pp. 4-3?>, Yarua` 3416.

-«@cs saxe saxecs cs ia` tarrdtlrdl turl`aksa², Yarua`, 3=, pp. 31:-38=, 31 :-38=, Yarua`. -«@c prdlrdici frlkl`öjdfc ia` huarl iaYarua` iaYarua` slmra a` ia Fuakfc², Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Iaraffnl Aspcól` ^^X pp. :43-:4: Iara :43-:4:,, Yarua`, Yarua`, 3411. -«@cs cidfdlkas c ` huarl ia Yarua`², Ckucrdl ia i a Ndstlrdc ia i a ` Iaraf Iara fnl Aspcól` ^^X, pp. 8>3-:?3, Yarua`, 3411.

-«Fcmc``ls y fcmc``arls ak a` eaidavl turl`aksa², Yarua` 31-38 31-38,, pp. =93-=9 =93-=9:, :, Yarua` 3418 3418.. -«@ls saólras ia Yarua` Yarua`ak ak `ls sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD² Yarua` 3:-3>, pp. 96-3=1, Yarua` 341:. -«@c cutäktd cutäktdfc fc hafnc ha fnc ia` huarl ia Yarua`², Yarua`², Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Iaraf Iarafnl nl Aspcól` ^^^D pp. 331-334, 331-334 , Ecirdi 3483. -A` huarl `ctdkl ia Yarua` Yarua` 34:9. Yarua` FCVYC ÓÄ @@DKCV G., A` huarl ia Yarua` tdarrcss 3443. tdarrc ia` Amrl², Amrl ², _råkfdpa ia Xdckc : pp. 81:-849 , FCVY]L G. ]., «@c raflkqudstc ia `cs Yarua` _cep`lkc 3498 3498.. FN]DVYC@@A] Z., Ida Waktrc`ak Lrta dk Vðiiautsfn`cki Gakc 3466. FNL]@AT ] . G . y NCJJAYY _., @c Jaljrchåc y `ls elia`ls slfdlaflköedfls Ecirdi 34:3. F@C]CEQKY Vc`vcilr, «Qk « Qk p`daj p`da jl ia fu fuaa ktc ktcss ia Ecråc ia @ukc flksarvcil ak a` Crfndvl ia `c mc mcss å`dfc ia` _dkl ia Mcrfa`lkc², Ak `c Aspcóc Eaida Eaid a vc` Astuidl Astuidlss iaidfcils c I . Gu`dl Jlkzzã`a Jlk ã`azz pp pp.. :1->>, Ecirdi 34>3. F@AEAKYA , G., 3446, «Vupuastls taördf taördfll s pcrc a` ckã`dsds ia `cs astrufturcs saólrdc saólrdc`a `as², ak VaWcrcjl zc . ólrål y h auic`dsel ak `c pakåksu`c Dmärdfc Dmärd fc DDD pp. 1:-8>, Wcrcjlzc FL@ÃV Jrajlrdl, 3446, «@c ndstlrdljrchåc s lmra a ` sa ólrål tcrilhauic`², tcrilhauic` ², ak Vaólrål y hauic`ds el ak `c pakåksu`c Dmärdfc D, pp. 13-3?1, Wcrcjlzc. - «Harkckil DD y a` eukil saólrdc` crcjlkäs², ak Harkckil DD ia Crcjök. A` ]ay Fctö`dfl pp. =93-=:6, Wcrcjlzc.

FL]]C@ JC]FÅC A.

eckfc 34:>.

@cs Fleukdicias Fleukdicia s fcsta``ckcs fcsta``ckcs y `c vd``c y tdarrc cktdjuc ia Fuä Fu ä``cr Vc`c

399

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

FL]]C@ JC]FÅC, A., «@c pltastci ia lriakckzc ak `ls flkf flkfagls agls fcsta``ckls fcsta``c kls V. ^DDD^DDD-^XD)² ^XD)²,, -

Ml`atåk ia `c Dkstdtufdök Dkstdtu fdök Harkãk Jlkzã`az 341 pp. ==8, Murjls 34>?. Lriakckzcs ia `ls flkfa flkfagls gls fcsta``ckls. Hlrecfdök flktakd flktakdil il y eckdhastcfdlkas Murjls 34>>.

Xc``a `a FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA, Glsä @uds, «A` sdstaec iahaksdvl crcjlkäs ak `c hrlktarc lffdiaktc` Xc` ia` Nuafnc2 Nuafnc 2 sdj`ls c` ^X)², ^X)²,Fuciarkls Fuciarkls ia Astuidls Mlrgckls pp. :-1>, Mlrgc 34:4. ^DD

DX,

-«@c fduici ia Icrlfc saj÷k a` `dmrl ia cftcs ia 39:6², 39:6 ², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc DX pp. 31:-349, 31:-349 , Wcrcjlzc 34>3c. -«A` lmdspcil lmdspcilia ia Ycrczlkc ak a` sdj`l ^DX, DD. @cs prlpdaicias apdsflpc`as², Yurdcsl DD, pp. =?1-=>:, Ycrczlkc 34>3m. -«A` sdstaec urmckl crcjlkäs ak a` sdj`l^X², k Nleakcga c G   E. @cfcrrc   v, pp. 3>4-=3=, 3>4-=3= , Wcrcjlzc 34>=. Ndstlrdc ia Icrlfc Icrlfc 34>6c. -«Fcemdls astrufturc`as ak Crcjök c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^DDD² ^DDD²,, Crcjök ak ak`c `c Aici Eaidc v, pp. 41-33=, Wcrcjlzc 34>6m. -«Ycrczlkc y sus täredkls ak `ls sdj`ls xv y xvr7 Iarafnls y prdvd`ajdls prdvd`ajdls², ², Yurdcsl DX, pp. 333-316, Ycrczlkc 34>6f. -«A` lrdjak ia `cs Fleukdicias eaidavc`as crcjlkascs crcjlkascs² ² , Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc XD, pp. 8:-49, Wcrcjlzc 34>9. 1 , Wcrcjlzc 34>1c. -@c hlrecfdök tarrdtlr tarrdtlrdc`. dc`. Ndstlrdc ia Crcjök vl`. 1, «Mdm`dljrchåc «Md m`dljrchåc pcrc a` astuidl ia `cs Aicias Eaidc y Eliarkc ak Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc², Akfuaktrl Akfuaktr l ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls Fc`ctcyui 34>1m. -@c Fleukdici Fleu kdici ia c`iacs ia Icrlfc ak `ls sdj`ls ^DDD y ^DX7 lrdjak y prlfasl ia flksl`dic fdök Wcrcjlzc 34>:c 34>:c.. -«Jäkasds tarrdtlrdc` ia `c idöfasds ia Ycrczlkc², D Vdeplsdl Kcfdlkc` slmra fduicias apds flpc`as pp. ==3-=61, Wcrcjlzc 34>:m. -«A` sdstaec urmckl ak `c Ecrfc Vupardlr ia c`-Ckic`us², Yurdcsl XDD, pp pp.. =6-89, Ycrczlkc 34>:f. -«Astcil cftuc` y parspaftdvcs ia `c Ndstlrdc Eaidavc` y Eliarkc ia Fc`ctcyui y su Fleu kdici², kdici ², Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls md`md`dtckls vl`. DD, pp . 43-33?, Fc`ctcyui 344=. -«@c hrlktarc aktra Crcjök y Fcstd``c ak `c rajdök ia` Elkfcyl ak `c Aici Eaidc Eaidc² ² , ak Ml gc 3>: -=?4, ?4, Wcrcjlzc 3446c. y `c rcyc lffdiaktc` ia Crcjök pp. 3>:-= -«C`iacs flktrc vd``cs7 saólråls y Fleukdicias ak Crcjök sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD ², Vaólrål y hauic`dsel ak `c _akåksu`c Dmärdfc D pp. 9>:-944, Wcrcjlzc 3446m . -«@c lriakcfdök urmckåstdfc ak ak`c `c raplm`cfdök ia `c vd``c ia Yarua` ², Vtuidue 6, pp. :1-333, Yarua` 344:. -«@c raflkqudstc ia` vc``a ia` Amrl², Ed`dtcrdc, 3= , pp . 94-81, Ecirdi 344> . -«@ls lråjakas ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui²,Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc ^XD, p. 34:-=36, Wcrcjlzc =???c. -«A` depcftl slfdc` ia `ls huarls ia `c Axtraeciurc crcjlkasc², ak @ls huarls ia Yaru Yaruaa ` y C`mcrrcfåk pp. 34-6? , Yarua` =???m. -@c tlrra y a` fcmc``arl. A` lfcsl ia `ls hauic`as Mcrfa`lkc =??=. -«@c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia iaFc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui ak `ls sdj`ls ^D ^DDD DDc` ^X² ^ X²,,X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls DD pp. 4-6?, Fc`ctcyui =??4. -y AVF]DMCKL VÃKFNAW, Glsä Fcr`ls, «A «A`` lmdspcil ia Ycrczlkc ak a` sdj`l ^DX7 A` `dmrl Fncktra. D. Ilfueaktcfdök Ilfueaktcfdök², ², Yurdcsl D pp. 33-319, Ycrczlkc 34>?.

391

 

GLVÄ @Q` V FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA   Glsä @uds y VÃKFNAW JL KWÃ @AW Ecråc Xdftlrdc «@cs «c`ajråcs² ia 36>47 Hdastcs ia `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc plr a` kcfdedaktl ia` dk hckta ilk Harkckil² Harkckil ² ^d`lfc,

=? pp. 31-61   Fc`celfnc 34>4. - yVÃKFNAW QVÖK Ecråc Glsä «Fctã`ljl ia` iascpcrafdil Crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia

ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. =4-6: Fc`ctcyui 34>6c. Fc`ctcyui²   ak _rdear Ak f uaktrl ia - yVÃKFNAW QVÖK Ecråc Glsä   «@cs sasecs ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc Fc`ctc `ctcyui7 yui7 uk elia`l ia lriakcfdök tarrdtlrdc` ak `l s sd sdj`ls ^X ^Xyy ^X D² ak _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 3=4-36=  3=4-36=   Fc`ctcyui 34>6m . FLV E. ia` ia` y ATC]C@C] H J `lrdcs ia Fc Fc`ctc `ctcyy ui y su cktdjul pcrtdil, cfs. ia 3>91 Fc`c tcyui 34>>. FQA@@C AVYAMCK LXDIDL «Vck _airl eãrtdr ia Fc F c`ctcyui y a` a ` pcpc @ukc² @ukc² D Vdeplsdl Dktar kcfdlkc` ia Euia Euiagcrdsel, pp. 363-364 34 >3. - «Vdtucfdökslfdc` «Vdtucfdökslfdc` y pl`åtdfc ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak a ` trãksdtl ia` sdj`l ^DX c` ^X² _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls M d`md`dtck d`md`dtckls, ls, DD pp. 393 - 39> Fc Fc``c tcyui 34>6c. - «@lsguiåls «@lsguiåls md`md`dtckl md`md`dtcklss ak td aepls ia` pcpc @ukc² @ukc ² _rde _rdeaa r Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`d tckls , DD pp. 366-39?   Fc Fc`ctcyui `ctcyui 34>6m 34>6m.. - Cplrtcfdlkasfu`turc`asy Cplrtcfdlkasfu`turc`asy crt c rtååstdfcs ia` pcpc @ukc 3649-39=6) c `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui,

Wcrcjlzc 34>9. - «A`crfaid «A` crfaidckcil ckcil ia Fc Fc``ctcy ui iurckta `c tdtu`crdici ia ia ilk _airl ia @ukc² @ukc ² D Vdeplsdl Kcfdlkc` slmra Fduicias Apdsflpc`as, Apdsflpc`as, pp. 84-:4 84-:4   Wcrcjlzc 34>8. - «A` crfaidckcil «A` crfaidckcil ia Fc Fc``ctcyui iurckta `c tdtu`crdici ia ia ilk _airl ia @ukc² @ukc ² D Vdeplsdl Kcfdlkc` slmra Fduicias Apdsflpc`as, Apdsflpc`as, pp. 8484 -:4 :4   Wcrcjlzc 34>:. - «@lseuiägcras «@lseuiägcras ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui c hdkas ia` s dj`l ^DX y fledakzls ia` ^X² Vajukil Akfuaktrl i a Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. =?4=?4-=34 =34 Fc` Fc`ctc ctcyui yui 34>4c 34>4c.. - «@cs axdjakfdcs «@cs axdjakfdcs hdkckfdarcs ia `c fãecrc cplstö`dfc iurckta a ` fdsec ia lffdiakta y su raparfusdök ak a` crfaidc faidckkctl ia Fc Fc``ctcyui² Vajukil Akfuakt Akfuaktrrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. ==:-=93 Fc`ctcyui 34>4m. - «@crafuparcfdök «@crafuparcfdökslfdc slfdc`` ak Fc Fc``ctcyui y su Fleukdici ak `ls dkdfdls ia` sdj`l ^X² k Nl Nl eakctj a c `c eaelrdc ia ia` pr aslr Ir. Aed`dl Vã Vãaz, az, pp. 6:4-646 Mcrfa`lkc 34>4f. - «_arslkc`dicias md`md`dtckcs «_arslkc`dicias md`md`dtckcs ra`cfdlkcics ra`cfdlkcic s flk a` pcpc @ukc² @ukc ² DX Ak fuaktrl ia Astuidls -=:44   Fc Fc``ctcyui 344:. Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. =: 3-=:

Akfuaktrl ia iiaa ` pcpc @ukc² @ukc ² X Akfuaktrl IA@JCIL AFNAXA]]ÅC Gas÷s @ls huarls ia Crcjök Wcrcjlzc 344:. IDCJL NA]KCKIL E . Astrufturc Astrufturcss ia pl pli iar ak Vlrdc c hdkas ia `c Aici Eaidc, Xc``cil`di 3446 . - «Iascrrl``l i «Iascrrl``l iaa `c s f duici duicias as crcjlkascs hrlktardzcs flk Fcstd `` c flel faktrls earfcktd`as iurckta a` sdj sdj``l ^DX 7 Ycrczlkc Fc Fc`ct `ctcyui cyui y Icrlfc² Icrlfc ² Fuciarkls i a Ndstlrdc Garökdel Wurdtc, :9 pp. = 33 -=98 3444. - «Dktrliuffdök c`astuidli astuidl ia `c s dk stdt stdtuufdl fdlkkas ia jlmdarkl ak Fc`ctcyui ak `ls sdj`ls ^DX y ^X² ^XDD Flkjr Flkjras asl l ia Ndstlrdc ia ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, Mcrfa`lkc =??6. - «Fc`ctcyuiak «Fc`ctcyuiak `c Mcgc Aici Eaid Eaidcc . Lr Lrjc jckdzcfdök kdzcfdök slfdlpl`åtdfc y cftdvdicias aflköedfcs aflköedfcs²²   =6:-=:8   Fc Fc``ctcyui =??1. XD Akfuakt rl i a Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. =6:-=:8 IDC]Y A @L]AKY A _. @c Fleukdici ia Icr Icrlfc7 lfc7 p` p`aa kdtui y frd sds 31??-3 31??-3>6: >6:   , Icrlfc 3446. Dkhckzlkass ia Crcjök. A` `dkcg `dkcgaa ia `ls Qrrac Qrrac²² @dkcgas ia ILEÅKJQA W C] ÄX @L   Y . «Dkhckzlka ia Crcjök, DD

- «@csöriakas «@csöriakas ed`dtcraspp. md`md`dtckc md`md`dtckcs a ` plktdhdfcil Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, 3:1-34=s  iurckta Fc`ctcyui =???.

pp. 3>4-341 Wcrc Wcrcjl jlzc zc 3433.

AEMDI D]QGL   C. Lriakck zcs y raj `ceaktls eukdfdpc`as ak a` iar iaraf afnl nl aspcådl`, Ecirdi 34:>.

398

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

A]CTC@C], H., J`lrdcs i a Fc`ctcyui y su cktdjul pcrtdil Fc`ctcyui 3>91. AVFL@CKL, Idajl Iasfrdpfdök ia` s dtd dtdl l fcsc y nlsp dtc dtc`` ia Kuastrc Vaólrc Vaólrc ia Xd``crrlyc Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui crfaidckcil ia ia Ycrczlkc Aspcóc scjrcic ai. ia X ia `c Hu Huaa kta), vl`. ^@D^, Ecirdi 3>81.

AVYAMCK CMCI CMCI,, ]chca`,

Astuidl ndstörd fl-pl`åtdfl slmra `c fduici

`c Vdarrc ia

Wcrcjlzc 3886.

Fleukdici ia Icrl Icrlfc fc

Yarua` 3414. 3414 . AVYA_C IÅAW, Fcr`ls «A ` c`hlz y `cs rac`fdlkas fcepl-fduici ak Fcstd``c y @aök iurckta a` sdj`l ^X²,Vtuidc Ndstlrdfc DD = pp. :-=8, Vc`ceckfc 34>9 34>9.. HCD]ÄK JQD@@ÄK, Xdfakta, «Fl ksdiarcfd ksdiarcfdlkas lkas guråidf cs slmra `ls mlc`cras ia Crcjök² Ckucrdl ia` Ia rafnl Crcjlkäs D, pp . 644-96=, Wcrcjlzc 3499. HC D]ÄK JQD@@ÄK, H., @c c`arc hlrc` Wcrcjlzc 3413. HC@FÖK _Ä]AW, Ecråc Dscma` Lrjckdzcfdök eukdfdpc` ia Wcrcjlzc ak a ` sdj`l ^X Wcrcjlzc 34:>. - «Cplrtcfdökc` «Cplrtcfdökc` astuid ast uidll ia `c plm plm`` cfdök crcjlkasc c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^X²,Crcjök ak ` Aici Eaidc X pp . =11-6?=, Wcrcjlzc 34>6. - «@cs fduicias «@cs fduicias eaidavc `as crcjlkascs² @c fduici ndspãkd ndspãkdfc fc ak `ls sdj`ls ^DDD-^XD, DD, pp. 3314-3=?? Ecirdi 34>1. - «@cslriakckzcs «@cslriakckzcsia` ia` flkfagl ia Wcrcjlzc7 elidhdfcfdlkas ia C`hlk C`hl ksl X ak 396? ² Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc XDDD p. ==4-=68 Wcrcjlzc 34>4 34>4.. - «Hdsfc`diciy «Hdsfc`diciy hdkck hdkckzcs zcs ia fduicias, vd``cs vd``cs y Fleukdicias ia c`iacs crcjlkascs², ak Hdkckzcs y hdsfc`dic i eukdfdpc`   pp. =93-=:6, Ãvd`c 344:. - «Lridkcfdlkasrac`as rac`ascc fd fduici uicias as ia Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^X²,Ak `c Aspcóc eaidavc`, 6=3 pp. =:3-=43 Ecirdi 344>. - «@c  «@c  dktrliuffdök ia` sdstaec dkscfu `ctlrdl pcrc `c prlvdsdök ia fcrjls eukdfdpc `as ak Crcjök² ^DD Flkjrassl Dk Dktta rkc z dlkc` dlkc`aa id Vtlrdc ia``c Flrlkc i Crcjlkc, D, pp. =16-=:8 Kãpl`as 344:. - «Jlmdarkl y pliar eukdfdpc` ak `cs fduicias ia Crcjök ak `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc ² ^XDD Flkjrasl ia Ndstlrdc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, D, pp. 14-44 Mcrfa`lkc =??6. HA]KÃKIAW IQ]L , F. Idsfursl slmra `cs Fleukdicias ia Fcstd``c Ecirdi 3>>9. HA]KÃKIAW XD@CI]DFN, G ., «@c Fleukdici ia vd `` c y tdarrc ia Vap÷ Vap÷``vaic iurckta `c Aici Ea  idc², Ckucrdl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as >, pp. 344-==9, 344-==9 , Mcrfa Mcrfa``lkc 34:=-34:6. Ecråc Yarasc «A `c rafuparcfdö iads sa gurdsidffdlkc` s ak HA]]A], «A`` pctrdelkd sakylrdus kylrdus a`s astcts fctc`` ckl-crcjlkasls fctc c `cradc` ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as, : hd iay` saj`a ^DX², Ckucrdl pp. 613-943 Mcrfa`lkc 34:?-34:3. HLKY ]ÅQV, Glsä Ecråc , «@cs dkstdtufdlkas ia ` c Flrlkc ia Crcjök ak `c prdearc edtci ia` sdj`l ^X², DX Flkjrasl i a Ndstlrdc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök vl`. _lkakfdcs, 34 pp., _c`ec 3411. - «A`iascrrl``l «A`iascrrl``ljakarc jakarc`` ia` iarafnl ak `ls tarrdtlrdls ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök sdj` sdj `ls ^DD-^DX ², XDD Flkjrasl ia Ndstlrdc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök. X D pp. =>4-6=8, Xc`akfdc 348=. - «Fleukdici «Fleukdicias², as², Idffdlkcrdl  Idffdlkcrdlia ia Ndstlrdc i a Aspcóc vl`. 3., p 646, Ecirdi 348>. - «Vasel², Idffdlkcrdl Idffdlkcrdlia ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc vl`. 6., pp. 819-811, Ecirdi 3484. H]CKFL IA AV AV_Ä _ÄV, V, Fcr`ls, Fcr`l s, «Dkstdtufdlka Dkstdtufdlkass fdvd`as y prlpd prlpdaici sa saólrd ólrd c ` ak `c fr ds ds ia` hauic`dsel. _cutcs pcrc uk ukcc fcrcftardzcfdök ia` flkfaptl taörd taör dfl ia` saólrål², ak Vaól Vaólrål rål y hauic`dse l a k `c pakåksu`c Dm Dmär ärddfc D, pp. 3?4-3=: , Wcrcjlzc 3446. HQAKYA C@FÃKYC]C, Xdfakta ia ` c, «@cs Fleu kd icias ia Fcstd``c y Crcjök mcgl a ` puktl ia

Ml`atåk atåk ia `c Vlfdaici Jaljrãhdfc i a Ecirdi XDDD,6 pp . 1-=> vdstc jaljrãhdfl², Ml` vdstc 3>>?.. 3>>?

Ecirdi

39:

 

GLV Ä @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQA KYA

Crcjök²² , ak A` räjdeak plpu`cr HQAKYA C@FÃKYC]C Xdfakta ia `c, «@cs tras Fleukdicias ia Crcjök ak Crcjök, pp . =93-639, Ecirdi 3>>1. - Ndstlrdc ia `c sdaepr sdaepraa cujustc y hdia`åsdec fduici ia Fc`ctcyui, = t., hcfs. 3>>? y 3>>3, Fc`ctcyui 34>>.

HQAKYA FLMLV Flkfapfdök ia `c , «@c c`fcdfaråc ia Fc`ctcyui y a` elkcstardl ia _dairc², _dairc ², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp pp.. 394-386, Fc`ctcyui 34>6. - «@celraråc «@c elraråcia ia Yarrar ncstc fledakzls ia` sdj`l ^X ², Vaj uki ukil l Akfuaktrl ia Astuidl Astuidlss Md` md`dtckls , DD, pp. =13-=1:, Fc`ctcyui 34>4.

- «@cilfueaktcfdök «@cilfueaktcfdökslmra slmra `c akfledakic nlspdtc`crdc ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` Crfndvl Ndstördfl Kcfdlkc`², Kcfdlkc` ², XD Ak Akffuak akttrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. =:1-=>3, Fc`ctcyui =???c. =???c . - «@cs saólråcs «@cs saólråcs ia Yarrar y Vcmdóãk ak a` sdj`l ^XD², X Akf Akfuakt rl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckl Md`md`dtckls, s, pp. =>6-=43, Fc`ctcyui =???m. =???m .

- @dmrl @ dmrlia iacpals cpals ia` elkcstardl ia _dairc 3699) y @dmrl ia fua ktcs ia `c ml`saråc ia` el kcsta cstardl rdl ia _dairc 36?:-369> 36?:-369>), ), Wcrcjl Wcrcjlzc zc =??3. JC@DKIL CKYÖ K Glsä, Vck Glr Glrja ja , `ls Huarls y Fc`ctcyui, Wcrcjlzc 34>3. JC@@ AJL FAM]DÃK Yalilrl, Kltcs y ilfueaktls pcrc `c ndstlrdc ia `c pcrrlqudc ia ia Ckdóök y Ycrczl zlkkc 3436. su scktåsdel edstardl, Ycrc JC]FÅC IA A IDAJL X. «Nd stlr stlrdc dc guidfd guidfdc` c` ia Crcjök ak `ls sdj`ls XDDD c` ^DD² Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Ia raf afnl nl Aspcól`, ^D, pp. ::-=3?, Ecirdi 3469. JC] FÅC NA]]A]L , Ecråc ia` Fcreak, «A` trãhdfl flearfdc` aktra Crcjök y Fcstd``c, c trcv äs ia Fc`ctcyui c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia i a Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD,

Fc`ctcyui 34>6. - «@cciuckc «@c ciuckcia ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` flearfdl flearf dl aktra Fcstd``c y Crcjök c eaidcil eaidcilss ia` sdj`l ^X², Ak `c Aspcóc E aidavc`, DX D, pp . 686-64? 686-64?,, Ecirdi 34>9. 34>9 . - «@ls  «@ls ec`ls klirdzls ia @c Xd`uaóc (39>=)², DX Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. 41 41-3?6, Fc`ctcyui 344:. «Huarls y fcrtcs puam`cs kcvcrrl-crcjlkascs kcvcrrl-crcjlka scs ltlrjcics plr tae JC]FÅC @C]]CJQAYC V . C ., «Huarls p`crdls y nlspdtc`crdl s² Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Ia I a raf afn nl Aspcól`, ^^DX pp. 1>:-8?6, Ecirdi 3419. - «Vlmra ` «Vlmra `cc pruamc ilfueaktc ilfueakt c ` a k a` iarafnl eaidavc eaidav c ` crcjlkäs crcjlkäs², ², Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` I araf afnl nl Aspcól`, ^@XDDD pp. 91:-9>1, E cirdi 3419 3419.. pp. 381-3:1

FÅC EC]FL , Hrckfd sfl Gcvdar dc²,sl J C]hced`dc Gcvdar,, «yQksufcpåtu`l nd stlr ndstlr slf dc` ia` trcmcgl ia`fdlkc` yasl7 `c Ilec`dfn ia Fc`ctcyui aktlrkl pcrc ak a``csdj`l ^X XfVdeplsdl Dktar Dkt arkc kcfdl kc` ia

Euiagcrdsel, pp . 691-686, Yarua` 344=. JC]FÅC EC]FL Hrckfdsfl Gcvdar Gcvdar,, «Hdsfc`dici y hauic`dsel ak a` euiag euiagcr cr dsel crcjlkäs crcjlkäs77 a` agaep`l ia `cs fleukdicias fleukdicia s ia` Gc`ök y Gd`lfc eaidls eaidl s (sdj`ls ^DD c` ^X)²,X Vdeplsdl Dkta Dkta r kcfdlkc` ia Euia Eui agcrdse gcrdsel, l, pp. 93-86, 93-86, Yarua` 344= 344=.. - @csfleukdicias @csfleukdicias eu eui iägc ra s ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdj`l ^X,Fc`ctcyui 3446. JC]FÅC L@DXC E . I. , Lr Lrjc jc kd zcfdök aflkö aflköed edffc y slfdc` ia` flkfagl ia Fãfaras y su tdarrc ak `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc, Fãfaras 34>1. JC]FÅC Q@AFDC C. @ls hcftlr hcftlras as ia d arakfdcfdök aktr ktraa `c s p ars lkcs ak `ls huarls ia `c Axtr Axtraa  eciurc fcs fcsta``ck ta``ckl l-cr -crcjl cjlk kas asc c , Vavd``c 34:1. JC] JC@ JC@@L @L ELTC Cktlkdl, «Cplrtcfdök c `c ndstlrdc ia ia ` Hlrue Yurl`dd . A` k÷earl ia c`fc` iass ak ia a k Yarua` iurc iu rckta kta `c Aici Eaidc ², Yarua`, 88, pp. =8:-=:8, Yarua` 34>3. - @lslråjakas @lslråjakas ia `c Fleukdici ia aru a`, Yarua` 34>9.

- «Flkh`dftl slfdc slfdc`` y rahlrec eukdfdpc`. @c dep`cktcfdök ia `l s Yarua`², Yarua` ², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, D^ pp . :-=9 :-=9,, Wcrc Wcrcjlzc jlzc 3443.

gu rcils ak

a` flkfagl ia

39>

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

JC]JC@@L ELTC Cktlkdl A` flkfagl ia Yarua`, ak `c Aici Eaidc, 33::-36=:, 6 vl`s., Yarua` 3448 . JC]Q@L VCKFNL G., «@c plm`cfdök ia Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^X², DX Flkjrasl ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, D, pp . 6?3-6=6, 3414. ak Aspcjka JCQYDA]-IC@FNÄ G. «Ds`ce ^DD 3414. at Fnrätdaktä sdîf`a7 sdîf` a7 flktrdmutd lk ï ` îtuia ia `c kltdlk ia hrlktdîra², Naspärds, ^@XDD pp. 3>6-=3: ,cu . flktrdmutdlk _crds 3414 JCQYDA]-IC@FNÄ G ., «Vap÷`vaic ï `c hdk iu Elyak Cja7 ävl`utdlk i uka vd``a fcstd``cka ia `c Easatc ², @ a Elyak Cja, @^D^ pp. >?1->=>, _crås 3486. - «Fnítacux at paup`aeakts icks `c _akdk _akdkss u`a `märdqua (^-^DDD sdîf`as)², H`crck, D, pp. 46-3?:, Cufn 34:4. JDMA]Y ]. «A ` iarafnl eukdfdpc` ia ia @aök y Fcstd``c², Ckucrdl ia Ndst Ndstlrdc lrdc ia` Ia Iarrfaf fafnl nl As pcól`, ^^^D, p. 841-:19, Ecirdi 3483. JDEÄKAW VL@A],Ckiräs, @c Aici Eaidc ak `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, Mcrfa`lkc 346?. - « Lrjckd Lrjckdzcf zcf dök pl`åtdfc ia Crcjök ak `ls sdj`ls ^DX y ^X²,Astuidls-:4. Iapcrtceaktl ia Ndstlrdc Eliarkc, pp. :->3, (raai. ia 3>49) , Wcrcjlzc 34:4. JLKWÃ@AW Gu`dl, A` radkl ia Fcstd``c ak `c äplfc ia C`hlksl XDDD XDDD,, 6 vl`s., Ecirdi 348?. JLKWÃ@AW CKYÖK @uds, @c @css ukdlk ukdlkas as crcjlkascs y `cs Flrtas ia` ]adkl 3=>6-36?3 3=>6-36?3), ), = vl`s ., Wcrcjlzc 34:1. «@cs Flrtas crcjlkascs ak a` radkcil ia Gcdea DD² Ckucrdl ia Ndst Ndstl lrdc ia` Iarafnl Aspc ól`, ^@XDDD pp. 1=6-8>= , Ecirdi 34:: . JLKWÃ@AW CTC@C, G.,Fckökdjls ia` Vcktl Vapu`frl ia Garusc`äk y ak Fc`ctcyui, Ecirdi 34:?.

-

JLKWÃ@AW NA]]A]L E., «A` a`aeaktl plpu`cr ak `c flkstdtufdök ia `c fduici y tdarrc ia Vajl vdcc ², Astuidls Vajlv vd ajlvdckls, dckls, ^^ D, pp. 1-1>, Vajlvdc 3484 3484.. - Vajlvdc. _uam`l , fduic fduici i y tdarrc. Nlrd Nlrdzlk zlktta ia ukc pctrdc, Vajlvdc 34:3. JLK WÃ@AW _C@ AKF «Hrcjeaktls eaktls ia` huarl `ctdkl ia C`mcrrcfåk ², Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc AKFDC DC , C . a D. «Hrcj ia` Iarafnl Aspcól`, XDDD, XDDD,pp. pp. 931-941, Ecirdi 3463. - A` huarl `ctdkl ia C`mcrrcfåk, Ecirdi 346=. JL]LVFN E., A` huarl ia Yarua`, Astlfl`el 341?. JQCGC]IL Cec`dl ] .  Cpuktas jaljrãhdfls a ndstördfls ia C`ncec ia Crcjök, Wcrcjlzc 34=1. - «C `jukls ictls ndstördfls y crtåstdfls ia C`ncec ia Crcjök², Crcjök, 99, 34=4. «A` flkguktl iahaksdvl ia Fc`ctcyui², Ml` JQDYC]Y C_C]DFDL Frdstömc` Ml`atåk atåk ia `c Cslfdcfdök ia Cedjls ia `ls Fcstd``ls, XDD pp. 1-3=, 3414.

_cpa`ass Md`md`dtckl Md`md`dtckls, s, pp. 1-3=, 34>3. - «A ` flkguktl hlrtdhdfcil ia Fc`ctcyui², _cpa`a JQYDÄ]]AW KDAYL, G. ` . «V «Vaa eãktdfc ia` täredkl fl eukdici cktas ia 31??. 31?? . @cs cslfdcfdlkas gurceaktcics ia iahaksc², Ndspckdc 368, pp. 634-6:>, Ecirdi 34::. JQYDÄ]]AW IA XA@CVFL C., «@c hdkckfdcfdök crcjlkasc ia ` c juarrc ia `ls Il s _airls ², Nds _airls², pckdc, ^D^ pp. 6-96, Ecirdi 3414. - «@cs hlrtc`azcs «@cs hlrtc`azcs crcjlkascs ckta `c jrck lhaksdvc fcsta``ckc ia `c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls _airls², ², ]. N.ª G . Wurdtc, 3=-36, pp. :-64, Wcrcjlzc 3483. - «@cflktrclhaksdvc «@cflktrclhaksdvccrcjlkasc ak `c juarrc ia `ls Ils _airls ², ] . N.ª G. Wurdtc, 39-31, pp. :-6?, Wcrcjlzc 3486.

NCJJAYY _., @lfctdlkc` ckc`ysds dk nueck Jaljrcpny, @lkiras 3481. NA]KÃKIAW GDEÄKAW H., «V «Vuedt uedt 5 Jrckgc ia Vleai², C`-Ckic`us, XDD pp. 66:-691, Ecirdi. NQDFD Cemrlsdl «@ls Mcku Nui ia Wcrcjlzc,C`hlksl D y `ls c`elrãvdias², Astuidls ia Aici Eaidc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, XDD, pp. :-6>, Wcrcjlzc 348=. DFC]Y G., Lridkcfdlks d frdias ia `c fdutct ia Ycrrcjlkc saj`as ^DX-^XDD ,Ycrrcjlkc 34>=.

D]CKWL EQÓÅL,Ecråc Yarasc Yarasc,, «Astrctajdcs «As trctajdcs ia f`csa y jlmdarkl urmckl7 `c `css lriakckzcs ia

tcy ui ia 39=6², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, ^DD, pp. 3>6-=??, Wcrcjlzc 3441.

Fc`c

394

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA D]CKWL EQÓÅL Ecråc Yarasc, A`dtas pl`åtdfcs y jlmdarkl urmckl ak Nuasfc ak `c Aici Aic i Eaidc, Nuasfc =??1.

-

y @C@DAKC Fcr`ls «A ` cffasl c` pliar ia ukc l`djcrquåc urmckc7 A` flkfagl ia Nuasfc sdj`ls ^DD y ^DDD)², ` D D ² , Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, XD, pp. 9:-81 Wcrcjlzc 34>9 34>9..

GCXDA]]A C. @. 349= Ecråc ia @ukc, ra dkc ia Crcjök, Ecirdi 349=. @CFC]]C Glsä Ecråc «C`hl «C`hlk ksl a` Mctc``cilr y `c `css pcfas ia Yãecrc. Fuastdlkas frlkl `öjdfcs 33=9-33=:)², Astuidls ia Aici Eaidc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, DDD, pp. 983-9:6 Wcrcjlzc 349:. - «@crastcurcfdök «@c rastcurcfdök af`asdãstdfc ak `cs tdarrcs flkqudstcics plr C`hlksl a` Mctc``cilr 333>3369)², ]avdstc _lrtujuasc ia Ndstlrdc DX, pp. =886-=>6, @dsmlc 3494. - «@craflkqudstc «@craflkqudstcy y raplm`cfdök ia` vc``a ia` Amrl² ak @c ]aflkqudstc Aspcól`c y `c ]apl m`cfdök ia` _cås, pp. 6>->6 Wcrcjlzc 3413. - «A`ray @lml ia Eurfdc y `c hlrecfdök ia` saólrål ia C`mcrrcfåk² Astuidls iaidfcils c ]. Eakäkiaz _di _dic`, c`, 6 pp. 131-1=8 Ecirdi 341= . - «@lshrckfasas «@lshrckfasas ak `c raflkquds tc y raplm`cfdök ia` vc``a ia` Amrl ak td ae pls ia C`hlksl a` Mctc``cilr² Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc. Ckaxls c Ndspckdc, = pp. 81->? Ecirdi 348>. Crcjök ak a` pcscil, Ecirdi 34:4. sdj j `l s XDDD-^DD ², - «Cfarfc ia `cs hrlktarcs ak a ` vc``a ia` Amrl sd Ak `c Aspcóc Eaidavc`.

Astuidls iaidfcils c I. Gu`d Gu`dl l Jlkzã`a z , pp . 3>3-343, Ecirdi 34>?. - Ilfueaktlspcrca` Ilfueaktlspcrca` Astuidl ia `c ]aflkq ]aflkqudstc udstc y `c ]aplm`cfdök ia` Xc``a ia` Amrl, = vl`s., Wcrcjlzc 34>=-34>1.

@CHLW ]CMCWC Naredkdl Fl`affdök idp`leãtdfc ia Vcktc Ecråc `c Ecylr ia Fc`ctcyui, Wcrcjlzc =???.

@CHQAKYA JÖEAW Ecrdl «@c frdsds ia` sdj`l ^DXak Fc`ctcyui y sus c `iacs7 a` hcftlr ia `c juarrc² XDD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 3?4-3=3 Wcrcjlzc =???. - Juarrc ak u`trcecr. u`trcecr. @c dktarvakfdök crcjlkasc ak a` iledkdl ia Fariaóc (3619-3611), Wcrcjlzc =?33..

@LAM D.

«Q ka dk sf r dptdlk namrcdqua ia Fc`ctcyui²

] avds avdsttc ia Astuidls Guråidfls, ^XD

pp. =:6-=:1 3> >>. @LKJÃV @CFCVC E. C. y XA@CVFL IA @C _AÓC A., Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` ia Xd``crrlyc ia `c 34>>. >>. Vdarrc, Wcrcjlzc 34

@C@DAKC FL]MA]C Fcr`ls Vdstaec slfdc`, astrufturc cjrcrdc y lrjckd lrjckdzzcfdök ia` pliar ak a` Yarua` 34 34>:. >:. - «@c cinasd cinasdök ök ia `cs fd uici uicias as c `c Qkdök7 pliar rac` y flkh`dftdvdici slfdc ` ak Crcjök c hdkas ia` sdj`l ^DDD² Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, XDDD pp. 644-936 Wcrcjlzc 34>4. - «A`prlfasl «A` prlfaslia hauic`dzcfdök a k Crcjök iurckta `l `lss s dj `l `lss ^D y ^DD² XD Furs i Astdu Astd u Fletct i Qrja``, pp. 34:-=34 @ärdic =??9. @C@DKIA Gas÷s, @c jlmarkcfdök jakarc` ak ak `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, Ecirdi 3486. - «@csdkstdtufdlkas «@csdkstdtufdlkasia ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök ak a` s dj`l ^DX² XDDD Flkjrasl ia Ndstlrdc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök, DD = pp. 4-1= 34:? . - @ls @lshuarls huarls ia Crcjö Crcjök, k, Wcrcjlzc 34:8 . - «@cs dkstdtufdlkas «@cs dkstdtufdlkasia ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök ak `c frdsds ia` s dj`l ^DX², Fuciarkls ia Ndstl rdc, > pp. 311 - 3:?, Ecirdi . @C_AÓC Ckc Dscma` y CJQIL , Ecråc ia` Ec r , A` huarl ia Elktc`mãk, Wcrcjlzc =???. @AFAC T JC]FÅC F. i a @c Fleukdici y tdarrc ia Vajlvdc. Astuidl ndstördfl-`ajc` cfarfc ia su lrdjak, axtaksdök, prlpdaicias, iarafnls y astcil p rasakta, Vajlvdc 3>46.

Mcgl Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc (Vdj`ls

^``-^X ,

@AIAVEC Ecråc @udsc «_rlfasl ia `cs Flrtas ia Eca``c ia 39?9² Astuidls ia Aici Eaidc ia

`c Flrlkc ia Crcjök,

D^,

pp. 1=:-864 Wcrcjlzc 34:6.

31?

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

@AIAVEC, Ecråc @udsc, «@c fcr tc puam`c ia Ecråc ia Nuarvc ltlrjcic plr C`hlksl a ` Mctc``c ilr² As Astuid tuidls ls ia Aici Eaidc i a `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök D^, pp. pp. 991-98 991- 98 3 , Wcrcjl zc 34:6. - Cftcs C ftcsia` ia`prlfasl prlfasl ia Flrtas ia Ycecrdta ia 36:1   Wcrcjlzc 34:4c 34:4c.. - «A`pctrdelkdl «A` pctrdelkdl rac ` ak Crcjök c hdk as ia` sdj `l ^DX7 `l `lss iledkdls y ra ktcs ia Xdl`ckta ia

Mcr² Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc DD, pp. 384, Wcrcjlzc 34:4m. - «@cfl`lkdzcfdök «@cfl`lkdzcfdökia ia`` Ecastrczjl Eca strczjl turl`aksa plr `ls `ls taep`crdl tae p`crdlss ², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc X,

pp. 84-46, Wcrcjlzc 34>6.

- Fcrtcsiaplm`cfdö plm`cfdök k y huarls tur turl`a l`aks ksas as Yarua` 34> 34>>. >. - Fcrtcsi Fcr tcsiaa plm`cfdö plm`cfdök k ia` radkl ia Crcjök ak `ls sdj` sdj `ls eaidavc`as Wcrcjlzc 3443. - «@c slf «@c slfdaici daici ia hrlktarc a k Crcjök sdj`ls ^DD- ^GDD ² , ak @cs slfdaicias ia Hrlktarc ak `c spcóc eaidavc`   pp. 6 3-1?, Wcrcjlzc 3446.

@ÅMCKL WQEC @CFÃ]]AJQ D, Ãkja`as, «Flksdiarcfdlkas `dk `dkjðåst jðåstddfcs slmra sl mra c`jukls trdmutl trdmutlss e a idavc`as kcv kcvcc rrl rrl-crcjl -crcjlka kasas sas y rdlgckls², _råk fdp dpaa ia Xdckc 319-311, pp. 81-4= _cep`lkc

34:4.

@DKCJA FLKIA, Ãkja` «A «A`` huarl ia Vap÷`vaic a k `c ` c jastcfdök jas tcfdök ia` iarafnl ia Yarua`², ] . N.ª G .

Wurdtc 94-1?, pp. :-=4, Wcrcjlzc 34>9. 34>9 . @LKJÃV @CFCVC,E. E . C. y XA@CVFL IA @C _AÓC, A., Crfndvl Eukdfdpc` ia Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vda rrc Wcrcjlzc 34 34>>. >>.

CVAKVDL, Ã`vcrl, «Lrjckdzcfdök y jl md arkl ia `c c`gcec guiå c ia Fc`ctcyui², @Ö_AW fu aktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtck Md`md`dtckls ls k , pp. 3=1-394 , Fc`ctcyui 344: 344:..

X

A k

- «Lriakcedak «Lriakcedaktl tl guråid guråidfl fl ia `c c`gcec guiåc ia Fc `c tcyui tcyui², ², D X Akfuaktrl ia s tui dls Md`md `dtc `dt c kls DD, pp. 313-3:>, Fc`ctcyui 344:. - «Yrcidfdlkasy «Yrcidfdlkas y hdastcs ra `d j dl dlscs scs ia `c c`gcec guiåc md`md`dtckc², X Akfua ktrl ia Astu Astuidl idlss Md`md`dtckls DD pp. =?4-=6:, Fc`ctcyui 344:. - «@ls idazels «@ls idazelsaa k a ` crfaidckcil ia Fc`ctcyui² DX Akf Akfu uak tr trl l ia As Astuidl tuidlss Md`md`dtckls DD, pp. 3=1-394 , Fc `ctcyui 344: . @Ö_AW@CKIC, Glsä Ecråc Juåc ia Fc`ctcyui Wcrcjlzc 3469. - Ndstlrdc ia Fc Fc`ctc `ctcyyui pcrc asfl` asfl `c ras Fc`ctcyui 3498 raai. ra ai. Fc`ctcyui 34:4). @Ö_AW_ @Ö_AW _ Ä]AW, F. y Q MDAYL C]YQ], E. D. «C «Cprl prl x de decc f dök c `c plm`cfdök md`md`dtckc sa sajj ÷k uk rapcrtl pcrrlqudc pcrrlqud c` ia 3=16 3=16², ², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls DD pp . 344-=?4 , Fc`ctcyui 34>6. @Ö_AW_L @L, C ., «C «C`` j ukl uklss rcsjls i a `c slfd slf dai ci eaida eaid a vc` crcjlkasc rah`agcil rah`agcilss ak a` hu arl ia Ya rua` ² Yarua` 8 pp. 83-:6, Yarua arua`` 3413.

@Ö_AW V CE_AI]L, Gu`dl Cktlkdl, «X «Xdagc dagc fc fcrtl rtljrchåc jrchåc i a Fc`ctcyui y s u flecrfc², Vajukil Ak

pp. 3=4-384 34>4. slf daty lrjckdzai hlr Zcr7 Eaidavc` Vpcdk², _cst cki _r _rasa asakt kt   61 pp. 19-:8, @LQ]DA, A., «C slfd 3488. ECDKÄ MQ]JQAYA, Akrdqua «Dkhckzlkas l ktrc f dui duicc i c kl kls. s. @ufncs plr a ` plia p lia r ak ` c pcrrlqudc ia @c Ecjic`akc Wcrcjlzc)², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc ^DX-^X pp. 493-416, Wcrcjlzc 3444. E C]FL , Ã kja ` , Nd Ndstl stlrd rdc c ia Fc`ctcyui   3441. EC]ÅK _CID@@C, Ecråc A kfc rkc rkcff dök «Kltcs slmra `c hced`dc @upda` ia Fc`ctcyui², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc DD pp. ==:-=8=, Wc rc rcjlzc jlzc 34 34>?. >?. EC]ÅK _CID@@C,EcråcAkfcrkcfdök, «K «Kl l tc tcss sl mr a `c hced`dc Flkstcktdk i a Fc`ctcyui² Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc v, pp pp.. = 34-=19 , W crc rcjlzc jlzc 34> 34>6. 6. - «Eãsslmra l s Fl kstcktdk ia Fc`ctcyui², Vahcrci , ^@XD, pp. 63:-6=6, 34>8. fuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls

DD

gui i ål md`md`dtck - «Dkvaktcrdl  ia `l `lss md a ka kass euam`as ia ` gu md`md`dtckll Vc`ceök A`å ak 394= 394=²² , Vahcrci ^@XDDD D pp. 46-331, 34> 34>>. >.

313

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

«Ak tlrkl c ukc iaeckic ia pcjl c rcmå Cêcfn Crcec aktra `ls icyyckde. Fc`ctcyui sdj`l ^X)², Edfnca`, ^D, pp. 3=3-39>, 34>4. EC]YÅK, Glsä @uds, «Depuas «Depuastl tls, s, rafcuicilras y crrakicilras ak ` c Flrlkc ia Crcjök y ak Fcstd``c sdj`ls ^DD-^X², Aflkleåc y slfdaici ak `ls radkls ndspãkdfls ia `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc, D,

EC]ÅK _CID@@C,

Ecråc Akfcrkcfdök,

pp. 364-3>6, Mcrfa`lkc 34>6. EC]YÅK FAC, G. F. y MLKCFNÅC, G.

C., «L`djcrq «L`djcrquå uåcc s y pliaras flkfagd`as a k `c Fcstd``c mcgl eaidavc`7 mc`ckfa y parspaftdvcs²², ]avdstc i Ndstýrdc Eaidavc`, 4, pp. 3:-9?, Xc`akfdc 349>. EC]YÅK F@CXA]ÅC , G. E ., «A` huarl ia Yarua`², Yarua`, 1, pp. 33>-369, Yarua` 3413. - «A` huarl ia Yarua`², Ckucrdl ia` Iarafnl Crcjlkäs, XD , pp. :-34, Wcrcjlzc 3413-341= .

EC]YÅKAW IA@ XD@@C], E., Yrctcil ia` pctrlkcil, cktdjðaicias, jlmdarkl y vcrlkas d`u d`ustra stra ia

`c fduici y Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui y su crfaidcflkcil, Wcrcjlzc 314>. EC]YÅKAW IÅAW, J., @cs Fleukdicias ia Xd``c y Ydarrc ia `c Axtraeciurc Fcsta``ckc, Ecirdi

34>6.

y AVF]DMCKL VÃKFNAW, G., «_rlm `aeãtdfc ia `c gurd si sidffd dffd ök ia` Vapu`frl ak a` crfaidckcil ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` s dj `l ^DX², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`m`dtckls, DD, pp. =33-===, Fc`ctcyui 34>6.

EC]YÅKAW A]CVL,

E.

EC]YÅKAW EL]L, G., @c tdarrc ak

`c

Fleukdici

ia

Vajlvdc.

k

prlyaftl saólrdc` urmckl

3?>>-31??), Xc``cil`di 34>1.

- «_crtdfdpcfdök ak ` jlmdarkl ia `c Fleukdici ia Vajlvdc ia `l `lss idharaktas jrupls sl sl fdc`as. @c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `c gustdfdc 3691-31??)², ak @c fduici ndspãkdfc iurckta `ls sdj`ls ^DDD c` ^XD, , pp. :?3-:38, Ecirdi 34>1. EC]YÅKAW L]YDW, G., «Cs «Cspaftls paftls ia `c vdic aflköedfc, slfdc` y pl`åtdfc ia Yarua` y su tarrdtl rdl ak a` sdj`l ^DDD, c trcväs ia `l `lss ilfueaktls ia _airl DD DDDD , ray ia Crcjök 3=:8-3=>1)², Yarua`, 91-98, pp. >3-=64, Yarua` 34:3. EA@AKIL _LEC]AYC, Glcquåk, «Qk fcstd``l iasflklfdil7 a` fcstd``l ia Fcrakcs² Fcrakcs²,, X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. 346 -=?9, Fc`ctcyui =???. - «@lsilfueaktls Md`md`d ilfueaktlsjckciarls jckciarls ia Fcrakcs sdj`ls ^DD-^^ ², XD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`d tckls, pp. 9:-8=, Fc`ctcyui =??1. - Fcrakcs,ukc ndstlrdc c `c slemrc ia` Fdstar, Wcrcjlzc =??1. - «A`fcstd``li «A`fcstd``l i a Vleat y `c Qkdök 3=81-369>)², XDD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, =66-=8>, =??4 . pp. - «@cjrckgciaFc`ctcyui Vck Xdfakta ia Famceckls ia Fc`ctcyui Fc`ctcyui², ², XDD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md `dtckls, DD, pp. =>1-=46, Fc`ctcyui =??4. ED@@ÃK JD@, Gu`dãk y VCKEDJQA@ ECYAL, Cjuståk fllris.), Flecrfc ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui, Wcrcjlzc =??1. EÅKJQAW HA]KÃKIAW, Glsä Ecråc, «Ha uic`dsel y fl kfagls. Cprlxdecfdök eatlil`öjdfc c` ckã`dsds ia `cs ra`cfdlkas slfdc`as ak `l `lss flkfagls eaidavc`as fcsta``ckl-`alkasas², Ak `c Aspcóc Eaidavc`, DDD pp . 3?4-3== 3?4-3==,, Ecirdi 34>3. ELKVC@XL CKYÖK, Glsä Ecråc , A` sdstaec pl`åtdfl flkfagd`7 a` agaep` aga ep`l l ia` saólrål eaidavc` ia C`mc ia Ylreas y su flkfagl ia vd``cs y tdarrc, Vc`ceckfc 34>> . ELKYCJQY AVY]CJQAV, Y. ia, «@c ciedkdstrcfdök hdkckfdarc ak `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök², Ndstlrdc ia `c ncfdakic aspcól`c ( äplfcs cktdjuc y eaidavc`), pp. 9>6,1?9, Ecirdi 34>=. ELKYA]IA T @Ö_AW IA CKVÖ,Edjua`, Akscyl pcrc `c iasfrdpfdök jaljrãhdfc, hdsdfc y fdvd` ia` Flrrajdedaktl ia Fc`ctcyui, Fc`ctcyui 3444.

ELKYA]L YAGCIC, ] . E . , Klm`azc y slfdaici ak Fcstd``c. A` `dkcga Eckrdqua (sdj`ls ^DX-^X ,

Ecirdi

3448.

31=

 

Mdm`dljrchåc ELKYÖK _QA]YL _airl, Fc`ctcyui, fduici elrdsfc, Wcrcjlzc 34:6. EL]C JCQIÖ E ., Lridkcfdlkas ia `c fduici ia Wcrcjlzc, Wcrcjl Wcrcjlzzc 34? 34?>. >. EL]C@AV JÖEAW, JÖEAW,Guck Guck Gls ä «@c idhusdök ia` tdaepl eliarkl ak a` ãrac rurc` ia Fc`ctcyui c

hdkas ia` sdj sdj`l `l ^X7 ls ra`lgas p÷m`dfls ia Ec`uakic y Xd``crrlyc ia `c Vdarrc², DDD Akfuaktrl

Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp. 3::-3>4, Fc`ctcyui 344=. - «Yaksdlkas cktdsaólrdc`as «Yaksdlkas cktdsaólrdc`as ak c mcrlkåc ia Crdzc², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, ^DDD p. 314388, Wcrcjlzc 344:. K×ÓAW,G. G. D . Ãvd`c y su td arrc ak `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc sdj`ls ^DDD-^X Ãvd`c. 344= 344=.. EL]AKL K×ÓAW, ELYDV IL@CIA] Edjua` Ãkja`, Yna G aws dk Fc`ctcyui 394=-31??). ] ajastc l h Il Ilffueakts hrle tna Crfndvl ia _rltl _rltlfl`ls fl`ls ia Fc`ctcyui, Fc`ctcyui , Garusc`äk 344? 344?.. - @c gu iaråc ia Fc`ctcyui, Garusc`äk 344?. EL^Ö Vc`vcilr Vc`vcilria, ia, «@ls saólråls. Ak tlrkl c ukc prlm`aeãtdfc pcrc a` astuidl ia` räjdeak saólrdc`², Ndspckdc, ^^DX pp. 3>1-=68, Ecirdi 3489 3489.. - «Ia`c «Ia`c klm`az klm`a z c vdagc c `c klm`azc kuavc. @ c trckshlrecfdök klmd`dcrdc ak `c mcgc Aici Ea idc², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc 6 Ckaxls c Ndspckdc), pp. 3-=3?, Ecirdi 3484. - «@cklm`azc «@cklm`azcfcsta``ckc fcsta``ckc ak a` sdj`l ^X² ak Ckucrdl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as, :, pp. 946-133, Mcrfa`lkc 34:?-34:3. - «Vlfdaici,Astcil «Vlfdaici,Astcil y hauic`dsel², ]avdstc ia `c Qkdvarsdici ia Ecirdi, :4 pp. 3:3-=?=, 3:3-=?= , Ecirdi 34:=. - «@lssaólråls7 «@lssaólråls7 fuastdlkas eatlil`öjdfcs qua p`cktac su astuidl², Ckucrdl ia Nd Ndsstlrdc ia` Iarafnl Aspcól`, ^@DDD, pp . =:3-6?4, Ecirdi 34:9 34:9.. - «@ls saólråls. «@ls saólråls.Astuidl Astuidl eatlil`ö eatlil`öjdfl², jdfl², ` Glrkcics ia Eatlil`ljåc, DD Ndstlrdc Eaidavc`, pp. 386-3:6 Ecirdi 34:1. EL^Ö  ELKYL@DQ Hrckfdsfl ia, «@c cprlxdecfdök ia `ls @ukc c Fc`ctcyui cktas ia su csaktcedaktl ak D``uafc D``uafc², ², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp . =63-=6> Fc`ctcyui 34>6. - @cfcsc @cfcscia ia @ukc 3=:8-3 3=:8-39>). 9>). Hcftlr pl`åtdfl y `c zls ia sckjra ak `c csfaksdök ia uk `dkcga crcjlkäs, Ecirdi 344?. EQÓLW FC@@AGA]L Glsä Ecråc, Fc`ctcyui, fduici ia `cs tlrr tlrras, as, Wcrcjlzc 34>6 34>6.. EQÓLW GDE ÄKAW Ecråc D sc scma`, ma`, «A «A`` eckusfrdtl slmra `c Ndstlrdc ia Fc`ctcyui ia _ära z ia Kua rls², X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidl Astuidlss Md`md`dtckls, DD, DD,pp. pp. 931-9=? Fc`ctcyui 344: . ia

EQÓLW Y., yFl`affdök huarls3>9: y fcrtcs Fcstd``c , @aök, Flrlkc]LE ia A]L Crcjök Kcvcrrc, ia Ecirdi raai. puam`cs 34:?). ia `ls radkls ia Fcstd``c,

EQ] C., @c akfledakic ia Vck Ecrfls. @c lriak ia Vcktdcjl ak Yarua` 3=??-3118), Yarua`

34>>.

KCXC]]L AV_DKCFN Jareãk y XD@@CKQAXC EL]YA Flkfapfdök «@c plm`cfdök euiägcr ia

Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^X² c plm`cfdök ia Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc sdj`ls ^DDD-^ ^DDD-^X), X), pp. 38134== , Wcrcjlzc =??9 34 =??9.. KLXA@@C ECYAL C. , «A «A`` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia Yarua`², Yarua`, 11-18, pp. 383-3>=, Yarua` 34:8. 3968², ², ]av avdstc dstc ia Crfnd K×ÓAW MA]ILKFAV Flkstckfdl, «@ls guiåls ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` cól 3968 vls,, Mdm`dltafcs vls M dm`dltafcs y Eusals, 4-3=, pp. 9=4-963 3431. L]FÃVYAJQD Ecråc ia` Fcreak , «@c ra rajj `ceaktcfdök ia` depuastl ia` elkaicga ak Crcjök ak `ls sdj`ls ^DDD-^DX² Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, X pp. 336-3=3 , Wcrcjlzc 34>6. - y VC]CVC Astamck, «Edjua` _c`cfåk, eardkl ia Wcrcjlzc ak a` sdj`l ^DX ², Crcjök ak `c Wcrcjlzc jlzc 34::. Aici Eaidc, D pp. 13-363, Wcrc

L]YAJC H. Mrava ra rasa saóc óc ndst ndstörd ördfc fc ia

`c

vd``c ia Ctafc, Fc`ctcyui 34=9 34=9..

316

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

flk Fcstd``c ak `c äplfc ia Gcdea D², ^ Flkjrasl ia Ndstlrdc ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök Fleukdfcfdlkas, pp. 9:1-941, Wcrcjlzc 34>?. _C]ILV EC]YÅKAW , G. C., «Flkstdtufdök pl`åtdfc y Fleukdici ak Murjls c hdkc`as ia` sdj`l ^X. _C@CFDLV EC]YÅK

Mlkdhcfdl,

«@c hrlktarc ia

Crcjök

]ah`axdlkas ak tlrkl c uk ilfueaktl ia 39:1)², ak @c fduici ndspãkdfc ak `ls sdj`ls ^ D pp. 191-1:4, Ecirdi 34>1. _CVYL] G . ia, Vuec ia huarls ia `cs fduicias ia Vcktc Ecråc ia C`mcrrcfåk y ia Yarua` ia c` ^XD

`cs Fleukdicias ia `cs c`iacs ia idfncs fduicias y ia `c vd``c ia Elsquarua`c y ia ltrcs vd``cs Xc`akfdc 3163. _Ä]AW IA YQIA@C E. `., «@c idjkdici ia `c fcmc``aråc ak a` nlrdzlkta dkta`aftuc` ia` sdj`l ², Ak `c Aspcóc eaidavc` eaidavc`   X DD pp. >36->=4, Ecirdi 34>8. _AVFCIL] IA@ NLTL F., «@c fcmc``aråc plpu`cr ak Fcstd``c y @aök², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc ^^^DDD-^^^DX, pp. 3?3-36>, Muakls Cdras 3483. - «@cfcmc``aråc «@cfcmc``aråcplpu`cr plpu`cr ak Fcstd``c y @aök², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc ^^^X-^^^XD,

pp. 18-=?3, Muakls Cdras348=. - «@c fcmc``aråc «@c fcmc``aråc plpu`cr ak Fcstd``c y @aök², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc ^^^XDD ^^^XDDD pp. >>-34>, Muakls Cdras 3486. - «@c fcmc``aråc «@c fcmc``aråcplpu`cr plpu`cr ak Fcstd``c y @aök², Fuciarkls ia Ndstlrdc ia Aspcóc ^^^D^-^@

pp. 384-=??, 384-=?? , Muakls Cdras 3488 . _ÄY]D W CVL,Ckc Dscma` y VCKE DJQA@ ECYAL Cjuståk, «Flksdiarcfdlk «Flks diarcfdlkas aktlkl c `c elraråc ia Fc`ctcyui. Idstrdmufdök urmckc ia `cs tras tras fleukdicias y ra`djdlscs ia `c Aici Eaidc², X Vdeplsdl Dktarkcfdlkc` ia Euiagcrdsel pp. 86-:8 , Yarua` 3448 . _L]YL@ÄV N. Yrcftcil ia` lhhdfdl pli pliar ar durdsidftdlk y lm`djc lm`djcffdlk qua tdakak `ls gurcils ia `ls `ujcras ia `c Fleukdici ia Icrlfc7 cssd ak `cs fcuscs frdedkc`as flel ak `cs fdvd`as

314?. _LZA]V,G. _LZA]V, G. H., «Hrlktdar flepatdtdlk cki `a `ajc` jc` fractdvdty7 C Fcstd`dck-Crcjlkasa fcsa stuiy mcsai lk twa`htn faktury eukdfdpc` ed`dtcry `cw², Vpafu`ue @DD 6, pp. 981-9>:, 34::. _LZA]V G. E. C., C Vlfdaty lrjckdzai hlr Zcr 7 Yna `mardck Eukdfdpc` Ed`dtdcs dk tna Faktrc` Edii`a Cj Cjaas 3???-3=>9 Marba`ay-@ls Ãkja`as 34>>. SQDKYCKD@@C E. «Ndstlrdljrchåc ia ukc a`dta ia pliar7 `c klm`azc fcsta``ckc mcgleaida vc`²² , Ndspckdc 3:1, pp. vc` pp . :34-:68, Ecirdi 344? 344?.. - Klm`azc y fcmc``aråc ak `c Aici Eaidc Ecirdi 3448. Wcrcjlzc

]CELV @LVFA]YC@AV lsä Ecråc , «Huarl flkfaidil c Fc`ctcyui plr C`hlksl D ak 3363², Ckuc

-

34=9 . rdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Iarafnl Aspcól` D, pp. 9?>-938 , Ecirdi 34=9. Huarl ia Fc`ctcyui Mcrfa`lkc 34=:.

«Harkckil DD y a` räjdeak saól saólrd rdc` c` ak Crcjök7 `c saktakfdc ia Fa`cic 394:)², Astuidls-:4. Iapcrtceaktl ia Ndstlrdc Eliarkc pp. =63-=:8, Wcrcjlzc 34:4 34:4.. ]AILKIL XADKYAED@@CV Jud``arel, «@cs lriakckzcs ia ` c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ia 3:13 ², _cpa`as Md`md`dtckls pp. ::-396, Fc ` ctcyui 34>3. ]AILKIL Jud``arel y VC]CVC Astamck «A` saólrå saól råll ia Crdzc ia `c hced`dc _c`chlx y ` c saktak fdc ia Fa`cic C`tarcfdlkas fcepasdkcs y trdukhl saólrdc` ak a` trãksdtl ia `c Aici Eaidc c `c Eliarkc ², ]av ]av.. Garökdel Wurdtc 1>, pp. 63-1?, Wcrcjlzc 34>>. ]AVCKL E., «_rdvd «_rdvd``ajdls flkfaidils c Fc `ct `ctcyui cyui y su flecrfc plr Gcdea D a` Flkqudstcilr², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls DD, pp. =8:-=:8 , Fc`ctcyui 34>6. ]AVCKL VÃKFNAW , Edjua`, «Fc`ctcyui ia Fcstd``c y El`dkc ia Crcjök², DX Akfuaktrl ia Astu idls Md`md`dtckls DD, pp. 334-3=8, Fc`ctcyui 344:. ]AILKIL

Jud``arel,

]LI]DJL AVYAMCK Ecråc @uz, «@c fduici eaidavc` y `c pralfupcfdök plr a`

aktlrkl

rurc`²,

-

Vtuidue 6

D

pp. 9?:-9=9, Yarua` 344:.

319

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

]LI]ÅJQAW JC@IL , E . ^., Vaólras y fcepasdkls ak Jc`d Jc`dff dc . Vdj`ls

plsta`c 34:8.

^DX-^XD,

Vcktdcjl ia Fle

]LI]ÅJQAW @CGQVYDFDC Hrckfdsfl Vcu`l, «A` flkvaktl ia Vcktc F`crc ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdj`l ^DX7 kuavls cplrtas ilfueaktc`as pcrc su astuidl² XDD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD

pp. :1->6, Wcrcjlzc =???.

]LI]ÅJQAW XA@CVFL , G. I. A` iamcta slmra `c fcmc``aråc ak a` sdj`l ^X, Xc``cil`di 3448. - «A` idsfursl ia `c fcmc` `arå `aråc², c², ak G. _. Vãkfnaz fllri.), @ ukdvars ia `c fnavc`arda ak Fcs

td``a, pp. 63-16, _crås =???. ]DMC F., Fcrtc ia plm`cfdök. ia `c fduici ia C`mcrrcfåk saj÷k a` föidfa rleckfacil ia Fcs tda` axdstakta ak `c Mdm`dltafc Kcfdl Kc fdlkc` kc` , Wcrcjlzc 3431. ]LIÖK Au`c`dc, «C`vc rd ce-C`ucrrck ak a` huarl ia C`dcjc², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, XDDD,

pp. 194-118, Wcrcjlzc 34>4. - «A` prafaptl ia Cpa``dil y hcfdct duidfc duidfcra ra c`fc`idmus ak a ` huarl ia C`dcjc², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, ^-^DD pp. :6:-:91, Wcrcjlzc 3446. ]LEA]L , Glsä @uds, @c ravl`ufdök. murjuasc ak a` eukil hauic`, Eäxdfl 34:4. - Frdsds y lriak ak a` eukil hauilmurjuäs, Ecirdi 34>?. ]LTEC]ÅK Ecråc Glsä, «Ilfueaktls pcrc a` astuidl ia `c ianasc-mlc`cr ia Ckdóök ak `c Aici Eaidc², XD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. 66-98, Fc`ctcyui =??1. ]QMDL VAE_A] Cjuståk, «Vlmra ukcs idsplsdfdlkas icics ak Ctafc ak a` sdj`l ^X farfc ia `ls vdócilras², _rdear Akfuaktrl ia Astuidl Astuidlss Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp. =::-=:4, Fc`ctcyui 34>6. - «Iascrrl``lia «Iascrrl``l ia `c plm`cfdök hdsfc` ia Ctafc Wcrcjlzc) ak `c sajuki sajukicc edtci ia` sdj`l ^X² Vajukil Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 3?:-33 3?:-336, 6, Fc`ctcyui 34>4. - «@cra`djdlsdici «@cra`djdlsdicimd`md`dtckc c hdkc`as ia` sdj `l ^X² DD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD, pp . 344-=?3, Fc`ctcyui 344=c. - «Qkflktrctlia «Qkflktrctlia crrakicedaktl edkarl ia` sdj`l ^X a _crcfua``ls ia Gd`lfc² Akfuaktrl rl Gd`lfc²,, DDD Akfuakt ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 343-34:, Fc`ctcyui 344=m. - «@csflkstdtufdlkas «@cs flkstdtufdlkas ia` fcmd`il ia Ctafc², X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 644-9?1, Fc`ctcyui 344:. - «@ls tastceakt «@ls tastceaktls ls ia` fckökdjl fckök djl Gcdea ia i a Vckftc Fruz Fru z², X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtc kls, DD pp pp.. 9?:-939 9?:-939,, Fc`ctcyui 344:. - «Elrdrak «Elrdr ak Ec`uakic 39:3-3949)², X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls , pp. =3:-===, Fc`ctcyui =???. XA]JC]C ]QMDL E. Fc`ctcyui7 ndstlrdc, crta y flstuemras, Fc`ctcyui 341=. ]QFSQLT C., «Xc «Xc``cil`di ``cil`di,, ia` flkfagl c `c Fleukdici², ak @c fduici ndspãkdfc ak `ls sdj`ls

pp. :91-::=, Ecirdi 34>1. ]QFSQLT, C., «Çtra klm`a ak Aspcjka cux ^DX-^XD sdîf`as², ak Klmd`dtcs. Hukbtdlk uk ]aprésaktctdlk ias Cia`s dk C`taraurlpc, pp . =:6-=4>, Jøttdkjak 344:. ]QDW , Y. H. «Hast «Hastdd vdtäs, flu`aurs at syeml`as iu pluvldr pluvl dr ak Fcstd``a cu xv sdîf`a², Ckkc`as, 98, 6 , pp. 1=3-198, _crås 3443. ]QDW ILEÄKAF Glsä Akrdqua, @c fcmc``aråc l `c decjak flrtasckc ia` eukil, Jäklvc 34>= . - @c eaelrdc ia `ls hauic` hauic`as, as, Mcrfa`lkc 34>9. 34>9 . ]QVVA@@, . F., Eaidavc` rajdlks cki tnadr fdtdas, Kawtlk Cmmlt 34:=. ]TIA] C., C`h C`hlks lksl l tna Ecj Ecjkck kckdels dels.. Bdkj l h Crcjlk, Kcp`as cki Vdfd`y, 3648-391>, Lxhlri. VÃAW F. , «Vap÷ «Vap÷`vai `vaicc ak c` sajukic edtci ia` sdj`l ^X² Ckucrdl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as, 4 pp. =8:-6=>, Mcrfa`lkc 34:9-34:4. DD

c` ^XD

D

VC@XCIL] AVYAMCK A. , «Ils p`ajcs jakarc`as ia `c Fleukdici ia ` cs c`iacs ia Yarua` ak a`

sdj`l ^X² Nleakcga c G E. @cfcrrc,

v

pp . =:-1?, Wcrcjlzc 34>= .

311

 

GLVÄ @QDVFL]]C@ @CHQAKYA VÃKFNAW, C., «C`jukls rcsjls ia `c slfdaici eaidavc` crcjlkasc rah`agcils ak a` huarl ia Yarua`²² , Yarua`, 8 , pp. 83-:6, Yarua` 3413. Yarua` VÃKFNAW CIA@@, G., «@c Fleukdici ia Elra``c y sus c`iacs iurckta `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc², Astuidls Fcsta``lkaksas, D, pp. :6-3>3, Fcsta``ök 34>=.

@udsc, Flrtas, elkcrquåc y fduicias ak Crcjök iurckta a` radkcil C`hlksl a` Ecjkãk Ecjkãkdel del 3938-391>), Wcrcjlzc 3449 3449.. VÃKFNAW FCVCMÖK, Ckc D. C`hlksl DD ray ia Crcjök, flkia ia Mcrfa`lkc y ecrquäs ia _rl _rlvak vak zc. Ilfueaktls 338=-3348), Wcrcjlzc 3446 . VÃKFNAW EL@@ EL@@AIL, AIL, G. E., «Avl`ufdök iaeljrãhdfc ia Ec`ckqud``c, E c`ckqud``c, sdj`ls ^DX-^XDD², Vajukil Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, D D pp. 43-3?1, Fc`ctcyui 34>4. VÃKFNAW ELTC, E., «Astrcftl ia `c fcrtc puam`c y huarl ia C`hcemrc², Yarua`, 61, pp.391-318 , Yarua` 3488. VCKFNL DWSQDA]IL, E., A` huarlia huarlia El`dkc ia Crcjök, Ecirdi 3438. VCKEDJQA@ ECYAL , Cjuståk, «Fc`ctcyui y su flecrfc ak a` sdj`l ^D², ak A` Fdi ak a` vc``a ia` Gc`ök, pp. :-==, Fc`ctcyui 3443. VCKYCEC]ÅC, C ., «@ls flksa``s eukdfdpc`as ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök eaidcil a` sdj`l ^DDD. A` sdstaec ia fllptcfdök², Ckucrdl ia Ndstlrdc ia` Iarafnl Aspcól`, @D, pp. =43-689, Ecirdi 349>. V CKYCEC]ÅC @CKFNL , E. , «Ia` «Ia` flkfa flkfagl gl y su täredkl c `c Fleukdici ia fduici y tdarrc7 Vurjd edaktl ia` saólrål urmckl ia Vajlvdc sdj`ls ^DDD-^XD ², Vtuidc Ndstlrdfc, DDD =, pp . >6-338, Vc`ceckfc 34>1. VCKXDFAKYA, C., Ils raj rajdstrls dstrls ia trdmutcfdlkas y hljcgas ia 3936 plm`cfdlkas ia Crcjök flrrasplkidaktas c `cs Flrtas ia `ls cóls 319= y 319:, Wcrcjlzc 34>?. VC]CVC, Astamck, «@c flkidfdök slfdc` ia `ls vcsc``ls ia saólrål ak Crcjök iurckta a` sdj`l xv7 =?6--=99, Wcrcjlzc 34:4 34:4.. frdtardls ia diaktdici ², Crcjök ak ` Aici Eaidc, DD, pp. =?6 - «Kltas «K ltassur sur c flkidtdlk slfdc`a ias vcsscux sadjkaurdcux icks `a rlycuea i Crcjlk cux ^DX at ^X dîf`as², @a Elyak Cja, @^^^XD, 3, pp . 1-9:, _ldtdars 34>?. 34>? . - Vlfdaiciy Vlfdaiciy flkh`dftls slfdc`as ak Crcjök. Vdj`ls ^DDD-^X. Astruftur Astrufturcs cs ia plia pliarr y flkh`dftls ia f`csa, Ecirdi 34>3. - «@cncfdakic rac` ia Crcjök ak a` sdj`l ^X²,Ndstlrdc ia ` ncfdakic aspcól`c Äplfcs cktdjuc y eaidavc`), pp. >6=->99, Ecirdi 34>=. VÃKFNAW C]CJLKÄV,

Ecråc

ia

 

- «Flkfagls y «Flkfagls y fduicias ak radkl Eaidc7 ia Crcjök. ukc ctdpl`ljåc slfdlaflköedfc ia `ls eukdfdpdls crcjlkasas ak a` `c Aici ia `cNcfdc hlrc`dici `c eukdfdpc`dici², ak Flkfagls fduicias fd uicias ak ` Aici Eaidc Ndspãkdfc, Flkjrasl ia Astuidls Eaidavc`as, pp. 4, Ãvd`c 344?. - «A``dmrl-rajds «A` `dmrl-rajdstrl trl ia` elkaicga ia` cól 3694. Qkc huakta pcrc a` astuidl ia `c fduici ia Fc`ctcyui c eaidcils ia` sdj`l ^X²,X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp. 364-3:6 , Fc`ctcyui =???. VCXC@@, _. y _AKAK,V., _AKAK, V., Huarls, Lmsarvckfdcs Cftls ia Flrta ia` ]adkl ia Crcjök, = vl`s., Wcrcjlzc 3>88. VAMCVYDÃK H]CKFL, Frdstdkc, «N «Ndstlrdc dstlrdc slfdc` ia `ls earfciaras ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdj`l ^X², XDD Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, DD pp. 663-69=, Fc`ctcyui =??4. VAVA, G. ia, «Dk Dkss cfu`cfdök y lridkcfdlkas ia `c Fleukdici ia Yarua` y vd``c ia Elsquarua`c Elsquarua`c², ², Wcrcjlzc 38=1. VAVEC EQ ÓLW, Glsä Ãkja` , «@cs jakarc`dicias ia` radkl ia Crcjök. Vu lrjckdzcfdök c eaidc ils ia` sdj `l

^X²,Ckucrdl

ia Ndstlrdc ia` Iarafnl Aspcól`, ^@XD, pp. 646-98:,

Ecirdi

34:8.

318

 

Mdm`dljrchåc

VAVEC EQÓLW Glsä Ãkja`, @c Idputcf Idputc fdök ia` radkl ia Crcjök ak ` äpl plfc fc ia Harkckil DD 39:4-3138), Wcrcjlzc 34::. - Yrckshlrecfdök slfdc` y ravl`ufdök flea flearfdc` rfdc` ak Crcjök iurckta `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc, Ecirdi

34>=.. 34>=

- «@chdgcfdök «@c hdgcfdök ia hrlktarcs aflköedfcs aktra `ls astcils ia `c Flrlkc ia Crcjök², Crcjök ak Aici Eaidc, X, pp. 393-381, Wcrcjlzc 34>6. - «@cs fduicias «@cs fduicias ak Crcjök y `c Fctc`uóc dktardlr7 plm`cfdök y h`ugl h`uglss aflköedfls 331?361?)², 361?) ², ak @ c @c plm`cfdök ia Crcjök ak ` Aici Eaidc sdj`ls ^DDD-^X),pp. 11-4? , Wcrc _dss tldc =??6). jlzc =??9 raai. ia _d - yCMA@@C VCEDYDA] Guck, «@c plm`cfdök ia` radkl ia Cr c jö k sa j ÷k a` hljcga ia 39?1 ², @c plm`cff dök ia Crcjök ak ` Aici E  d sd plm`c sdj j`ls ^DDD-^X), p. 331-389, Wcrcjl zc =??9 . VAYC , F. ia, «@cs eurc``cs, såeml`l ia `c fduici ² , ak F. ia Vatc y G. @a Jlhh ais.), @c fduici y `cs eurc``cs, pp. =3-88, Ecirdi 3443. VDEL VCKYLGC X. @. «Iarafnl cjrcrdl ak a` huarl ia Yarua`², Yarua` ², Yarua` , 91-98, pp. 31-:4, Yarua` 34:3. VDKQÄV ]QDW C. A` eardkl, Wcrcjlzc 3419. - y QMDAYL C]YAYC Cktlkdl Cktlkdl,, A` pctrdelkdl rac` ak Crcjök iurckta iurckta ` Aici Eaidc, Wcrcjlzc 34>8. VL@A] T _Ä]AW H., @ls fleukas ia vd``c y tdarrc, aspafdc`eakta a` ia` saólrål ia El`dkc ia `

Crcjök. Ltrcs dkstdtufdlkas ia ia rafnl flksuatuidkcr flksuatuidkcrdl dl y aflkleåc plpu`cr ia ` edsec flecrfc, fl ecrfc, Ecirdi 34=3. VYAHCKL @. ia, @c slfdaici as astce tceak aktc` tc` ia `c Mcgc Aici Eaidc aspcól`c c `c `u z i a ` `dt `dtaarc rc-turc ia `c äplfc, Fcrcfcs 3488. VQÃ]AW Ã@XC]AW E. G., @c vd``c ia Yc`cvarc y su tdarrc ak `c Aici Eaidc, Lvdail 34>= 34>=.. YD@CKIA] , J . A` huarl `ctdkl ia C`mcrrcfåk, Ecirdi 3466. YL]]CV D ]DMA G. E., «A` prlfaidedaktl dkscfu`ctlrdl ak `ls eukdfdpdls ia `ls radkls ia

`c

aktra `c raklvcfdök dkstdtufdlkc` y a` sleatdedaktl c `c elkcrquåc 39=:-3:39)², ak Garökdel Wurdtc. Vu äplfc y su asfua`c, pp. 693-61=, Wcrcjlzc . QMDAYL C]YAYC Cjuståk, Ilfueaktls ia Fcsmcs, Xc`akfdc 3488 . QMDAYL C]YAYC Cktlkdl , Lråjakas ia` radkl ia Xc`akfdc, Xc`akfdc 34:1. - «@cs sasecs  sasecsia ia `c Fleukdici ia Yarua` ², Yarua`, 1:-1>, pp. 86-:6, Yarua` 34::. 34:: . Flrlkc ia Crcjök,

- Ndstlrdcia Crcjök. @c hlrec f dök tarrdtlrdc`, Wcrcjlzc 34>3. - Ndstlrdcia Ndstlrdcia Cr Crcj cjök ök.. Idvdsdlkas ciedkdstrctdvcs, Wcrcjlzc 34>6. - Ndstlrdcia Crcjök Crcjök.. @l @lss puam`ls y `ls iasplm`cils, D, Wcrcjlzc 34>9. - Ndstlrdcia Crcjök Crcjök.. @ls puam`ls y `ls iasplm`cils, DD Wcrcjlzc 34>1. - Ndstlrdcia Crc Crcjök jök.. @ls puam puam`ls `ls y `ls iasplm`cils, DDD,Wcrcjlzc 34>8 . QMDAYL C]YQ] , Ecråc Dscma`, Klmd`dcrdl ia Crcjök ia _airl Jrcfäs ia Fcrdóakc, Wcrcjlzc

34>6. Q]AÓC T VEAKGCQI

Hlrue Yurl`dd y Hlrue Flkfna, Ecirdi 34=1. Q]WCT MC]]DLV Glsä Ãkja`, DMC]]C FCVYA@@CKL Dscma` y VCKJÐAVC JC]FÄV Cktlkdl. «A` astuidl ecylr ia Fc`ctcyui7 Fc`ctcyui 7 su umdfcfdök y jastdök c `l `crjl ia su ndstlrdc ndstlrdc², ², X Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckls, pp . =8:-=:9, Fc`ctcyui =???. QY]A]C , C ., Mdm`dljrchåc slmra Fc`ctcyui y sus jaktas, Fc`ctcyui 344=. QY]D@@C QY]D@@C Guck Harkckil , «A` «A ` elkaicga ia Nuasfc ia 3=>9², Crcjök ak `c Aici Ai ci Ea idc, D, pp. 3-1?, Wcrcjlzc 34::. ]. ia,

- «Qk `dmrl «Qk `dmrlia fuaktcs ia` dkhckta crcjlkäs Ecrtåk flksarvcil ak a` Crfndvl ia `c

Flrlkc

ia

Crcjök²,

Crcjök

ak

`c Aici Eaidc, E aidc, X, pp . 38:-=?8, Wcrcjlzc 34>6.

31:

 

GLVÄ @ Q V FL]]C@ @CHQ AKYA QY]D@@C QY]D@@C Guck Harkckil, «@c plm`cfdök ia Fc`ctcyui y su Fleukdici ia c`iacs ckta `c frdsds iaeljrãhdfc ia` sdj`l ^DX 361?-3939)², ak @c plm`cfdök ia Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc sdj`ls ^DDD-^X), pp. 9?6-98:, Wcrcjlzc =??9. X C@ X C@IDXDAVL Ecråc Dscma` ia` «@c dktarvakfdök rac` ak `cs fduicias fcsta``ckcs mcgleaida vc`as² Eds Edsfa fa`ãkac `ãkac Eaid avc` Eurfdckc, ^D^-^^ pp. 8:-:> Eurfdc 3441-3448. Fcr`ls @uds ia ` c «@c rahlrec ia` huarl ia Yarua`. Nc``czjl ia` eckusfrdtl lrdjdkc` ia edfar Jd` ia @ukc ² Yarua`, 9:, pp. 98:-9>:, 98:-9>:, Yarua` 34:= . XDFAKYA IA FQÄ@@C] Makdtl, «K ö edkc ia fcmc``arls a dkhckzlkas ia` p c rtdil ia Fc`ctcyui ak 3:>:² Vajukil Akfuaktrl ia Astuidls Md`md`dtckl s, DD pp . 636-669, Fc`ctcyui 34>6. X D@@C] JC]FÅC @. E., @c Axtraeciurc fcsta fcsta``ckl-`alk ``ckl-`alkasc. asc. Juarrarls, f`ärdjls y fcepasdkls,

XAJC

Xc``cil`di 34>8 . XX. CC .  @c ]aflkqudst ]aflkqudstc c aspcól`c y `c raplm`cfdök raplm`c fdök ia` pcås, Gcfc 34:9. - Fc`ct Fc`ctcyui cyuiyy su flecrfc, Ecirdi 34>1. - @cMcgcAici Eaidc, vl`. 8 N.ª ia Crcjök, Wcrcjlzc 34>8.

- @craflkqudstc @craflkqudstcyy raplm`c raplm`cffdök ia `ls radkls ndspãkdfls . Astcil ia ` fuast fuastdök dök ia `ls ÷`tdels fucraktc cóls, Wcrcjlzc 3443. WQ@CDFC _C@CFDLV H. «F ursl ia` h`lråk y ra`cfdök mdeatã`dfc7 ukc cprlxdecfdök c `c pl`åtdfc elkatcrdc mcgleaidlavc` ak Crcjök², Crcjök ak `c Aici Eaidc, ^DX-^X vl` DD pp. 38=:3819, Wcrcjlzc 3444.

WQ]DYC G. Ckc`as ia Crcjök, Wcrcjlzc vv. cc. - Jastcs ia `ls rayas ia 34>9.. ia Crcjök, Crcjök , Wcrcjlzc 34>9

31>

 

E

_

V

 

  cpcs

@LV VAÓL]ÅLV IA @ FLE ]F IA F @ Y TQI HDK @AV IA@ VDJ@L ^X T _]DKFD_DLV IA@ ^XD

8

 

GL VÄ @ Q DV F L] ]

@ VAVE V

IA

@ @

HQA KYA

@ V FLEQKDI IAV

] JLKAV V

 

  cpcs

A@ Ã]A IA @ V FLEQKDI IAV EAIDAX @AV NDV_ K V

86

 

GLVÄ

@Q V

FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

FC@CYCTQI T VQ YDA]]C AK Ä_LFC HL]C@ IA @C FLKSQDVYC C 3=1?

89

 

  cpcs

A@ Ã]AC HL]C@ IA FC@CYCTQI 33=?-3=1?)

81

 

GLVÄ

A@ Ã]A

@ Q   V FL]]

HL]

@ @

HQAKYA

@ I A FC@CYCTQI

33=?-3=1?)

388

 

  cpcs

Ã]AC IA HQA]LV IA @C A^Y]AECIQ]C C]CJLKAVC VDJ@L ^DD)

8:

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

VAVECV

IA @

FLEQKDICI IA C@IACV IA FC@CYCTQI VDJ@L ^X) 38>

 

ÅKIDFA _rasaktcfdök .

.

A` kcrr kcrrcilr cilr ia ndstlrdc ndstlrdcss 3

=.

... .

. ........

.

.

........ ....

.

.

. ..... . .

:

....

4

Dktrliuffdök . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3. Astcil ia `c fuastdök .............   ...... .... ......  ....... ............... ............. .... .... 3.=. @cs flkidfdlkas kcturc`as y a` aspcfdl jaljrãhdfl ........................... 3.6. @c huaktas ilfueaktc`as .... .... ..... ....... 3.9. A` crfndvl ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs ia ia Fc`ctcyui ........ ................. ................ ....... äplfc hlrc` 33=?/3363-3=19) .................... ...... .............. ........ ......................   .... =.3. @c flkqudstc y lfupcfdök frdstdckc ia `c fuakfc ia` Gc`ök ............... =.=. A` huarl ia Fc`c Fc`ctcyui tcyui ia ia 3363 .......................... ........ ................ ......   =.6.. A` depcftl ia` huarl ak `cs flksafuakfdcs slfdc`as ia `c raplm`cfdök . =.6 =.9. @c kuavc hrlktarc y `c ia`dedtcfdök ia` tarrdtlrdl ...................... ....... =.1. A` Vaólrål ia ia `c vd``c vd``c ia ia Fc`ctcyui ............. ............................. ............................... ..................... ......

@c

6. @ls ia `c `c Fleu Fleukdic kdicii ia c`iacs ia Fc`c Fc`ctcyui tcyui .... 6. ` lråjakas @c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui ak a` sdstaec ia Fleukdicias Ndspckcs Eaidavc`as . . . ... . ... . .... . .... . . ... . . 6.=. @c hlrecfdök ia `c Fleukdici ia c`iacs c`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui ..................

33

3= 39 3: 3:

=6 =6

=8 =4

66

68 64 64 93

9. @cs astrufturcs pl`åtdfcs ......................... .................................. ......... ........ 91 9.3. @c lrjckdzcfdök tarrdtlrdc` tarrdtlrdc` ............ .......................... ........................... .......................... ................ ...   ....   91 9.3.3. @c Fleukdici ia C`iacs .............................................. ........ 91 9.3.=. @cs sasecs ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................ ..... ................ 1? 9 = @c lrjckdzcfdök pl`åtdfc . 13 9.6 . A` jlmdarkl y `ls lhdfdc`as ia `c Fleukdic Fleukdicii y ia `cs c`iacs ............ 19 9.6.3 . A` _rlfurcilr Jakarc` ........ .... .......................... ......................   ........................... 18 9.6.=. @ls kltcrdls ia `c Fleukdici y a` kltcrdl ia` prlfurcilr...

14

96

6

Ltrls lhdfdls

83

384

 

GLVÄ @QDV FL]]C@ @CHQAKYA

9 6 9 Lhdfdc`as pcrc sdtucfdlkas axtrclri dk crdcs 9 6 1 @ls gurcils ia `c s c`iacs 9 6 8 A ` Gustdfdc ia Fc Fc`ctcyui `ctcyui

8= 86 81

:

9 6gurdsi @ls lhdfdc`as rac` `as7 a` a ` eardkl y a` mcd`a m cd`a 9 9 @c gurd sidffd dffdök ök ak `c rac fleukdici 9 1 Hdsfc`dici y ncfdakic 9 1 3 @c pujkc plr `c cutlkleåc hdsfc` 9 1 = @cs raktcs ia `c Fleukdici Fleukdic i 9 1 6 @cs flktr flktrdm dmuufdlkas ia `c Fle Fleukdi ukdici ci 9  1 9 @c ciedkdstrcfdök ia `ls mdakas ia `c Fle Fleukdi ukdici ci 1 @cs ra`cf ra`cfdlk dlkas as ia ` c Fleukdici Fleukdici 1 3 @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `c vd``c/fduici ia Fc`ctcy ui 1 = @cs ra ra`` cfdlkas flk `c elkcrquåc 1 6 @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `c Dj Dj``asdc 8

88 :3 :3

:9 :: :4 >: >:

49 3?=

1 9 @cs ra`cfdlkas flk `ls saólråls `deåtrlhas @c plm`cfdök ia `c Fleukdici 8 3 @c avl avl`ufd `ufdök ök ia `c plm`cfdök 8 = @c fdhrcs ia plm`cfdök

: Fl Flkf`u kf`usdlkas sdlkas

81

3?1 333 333

336

7

3=3

Kltcs

3=6

Mdm`dljrchåc

393

Ecpcs

314

3:?

 

Va cfcmö ia deprdedr as astta `dm r a k `ls tc``aras jrãhdfls ia Depr a kt c Ia`tc i a Fc`ctcyui a k lft umr a ia =?3=

 

Fuckil a` fctairãtdfl ia Ndstlrdc Eaidavc` ia `c Qkdvarsdici ia Wcrcjlzc, I . Gl Glssä @uds Flrrc` @chuakta , fleaktö c` Faktrl ia Astu idls Md`md`dtckls qua takåc asfrdtc ukc ndstl rdc eaidavc` ia `c Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui , kuastrl lhrafdedaktl ia pum`dfcfdök ia astc lmrc dkäidtc hua dkeaidctl. Vu tåtu`l iahdkdtd ia C`iacs ia Fc`ctcyui Fc` ctcyui ak vl7 @c Fleukdici ia `c Aici Eaidc Kl arrcels ak `c iafdsdök - c` c`jl jl depr deprlmc lmcm`a m`a flk flklfd lfdaki akil l ` cutlr y su mcjcga ndstördfl y `dtarcrdl-yc qua c `ls pl fls iåcs, takåcels a` eckusfrdtl ak kuastrcs eckls y ahaftdvceakta , kls akflktrcels flk ukc huturc pum`dfcfdök, nly yc uk nafnl, qua razuecmc uk dkiuicm`a dktaräs dktaräs ndstlrdljrãh ndstlrdljrãhd d fl pcrc Fc`ctcyui y su Flecrfc. Ak `c pum`dfcfdök ia astc dktarasck dktarasckta ta ndstlrdc, `lfc`dzcic ak p`akl pardlil eaidavc` , tce mdäk nc fl`cmlrcil `öjdfl plr ltrc pcrta) `c

cftuc`` Flecrfc Fleukdici ia Fc`ctcyui. cftuc _lr tcktl, asta as a` ÷`tdel `dmrl , pum`dfcil ak a` cól =?3=, ia` Flrrc`. * Asta astuidl sa dksfrdma iaktrl ia `cs `åkacs ia trcmcgl ia` Jrupl Flksl`dicil ia Dkvastd jcfdök Cp`dfcic ICEEC, ia `c Qkdvarsdici ia Wcrcjlzc Wcrcjlzc,, hdkckfdcil plr `c Idputcfdök Jakarc` ia Crcjök y a` Hlkil Vlfdc` Aurlpal.

Hltl flktrcplrtcic 7 Asfuil ia h lecrfc ia` Flkvaktl ia EE Flkfapfdlkdstcs ia Edaias Edaias   Cutlr7 Glsä @uds Flrtäs _arrufc _arrufc