las Cadenas Productivas Como Marco Analítico Para La Globalización Gereffi

LAS CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS COMO MARCO ANALÍTICO PARA LA GLOBALIZACIÓN GARY GEREFFI 

Gereffi (2001), e!"i#!$ %&e '$ '#$'i*$"i+! e -$ "#!.er/i# e! e' /ri!# $r$ "$r$"/eri*$r $ '$ e"#!#3$ i!/er!$"i#!$', er# %&e !# e -$ i"&/i# & i#r/$!"i$ $r$ '$ /e#r3$ "#!/e#r4!e$ e' e$rr#''#5 A' ree"/# e6i/e &!$ i.ii+! e!/re '# /e+ri"# %&e "#!ier$! $ '$ '#$'i*$"i+! "## &!$ restricción e '$ ere"/i.$ e e$rr#''# e '$ !$"i#!e !# "e!/r$'e 7 '# %&e .e! !# +'# re/ri""i#!e i!# /$i! oportunidades $r$ e' $.$!"e e '# $3e e! e$rr#''#5 i!/er!$"i#!$'8 La globalización  -$ e!er$# # "$i# f&!$e!/$'e e! e' "#!/e6/# i!/er!$"i#!$'8 Prier#, e! e' &!# e '# $3e e! e$rr#''# e -$ r#&"i# &! r#f&!# "$i# e! '$ e/r$/ei$ e' e$rr#''# !$"i#!$', e '$ i!&/ri$'i*$"i+! $$$ e! '$ &/i/&"i+! e i#r/$"i#!e (ISI) $ '$ i!&/ri$'i*$"i+! #rie!/$$ $ '$ e6#r/$"i#!e (IOE) (Gereffi 7 97$!, 1::0)5 T$' e e' "$# e ;$+! 7 '# cuatro pequeños tigres 8 $!, T$i>$!, C#re$ e' S&r 7 Si!$&r) %&e $'"$!*$r#! &! boom e! '$ e6#r/$"i#!e 7 $'/$ /$$ e "re"iie!/# er "4i/$ "#! &!$ re'$/i.$e!/e $?$ ei&$'$, &! $'/# '#r# e! e&"$"i+! 7 !i.e'e r"#r e $-#rr# e i!.eri+! !$"i#!$'e (B$!"# M&!i$', 1::@)5 Se&!#, -$"i$ '$ e&!$ i/$ e' i'#  e -$ r#&"i# &!$ /r$!f#r$"i+! i#r/$!/e e! '$ f#r$ e #r$!i*$"i+! e '$ e"#!#3$ i!/er!$"i#!$'5 E! e' eri## &r$!/e e' "&$' re.$'e"ier#! '$ e/r$/ei$ e '$ ISI, '$ "#r#r$"i#!e /r$!$"i#!$'e er$! '# ri!"i$'e $"/#re e"#!+i"#5 E/$$! i!/er$$ e! f#r$ .er/i"$' 7 /e!3$! &! $'"$!"e '#$' $ /r$. e '$ #er$"i#!e e &ii$ri$ "&7$ r#ie$ 'e  er/e!e"3$, '$ "&$'e e6/r$3$! re"&r# !$/&r$'e $r$ '$ e6#r/$"i+!, # ie! e i!.#'&"r$$! e! '$  r#&""i+! '#"$' $r$ .e!er e! '# er"$# !$"i#!$'e e' &!# (B$r!e/ 7 M&''er, 1:)5 A"/&$'e!/e, e' i!/er"$i# e!/re '$ 4re$ "e!/r$'e 7 '$ erifri"$ e &"-# 4 "#'e?#, #!e '$ mano de obra barata #'$ 7$ !# "#!/i/&7e &!$ e6'i"$"i+! $e"&$$ $r$ '$ i!&/ri$'i*$"i+! e' Ter"er  M&!# (rFe' et al 5,5, 1:1)5 L$ "#r#r$"i#!e e' "e!/r# e/4! "$i$!# e &!$ r#&""i+! e $'/# .#'&e! $ &!$ e $'/# .$'#r5 E! .e* e &!$ ir4ie, e! '$ %&e e' #er e "#!"e!/r$ e! '$ ee e '$ ere$ /r$!$"i#!$'e 7 #!e e6i/e &!$ "$e!$ .er/i"$' e $!#, $"/&$'e!/e '$ ree e '$ r#&""i+! '#$' e $re"e! $ &!$ /e'$r$H$ e ere$ i!ee!ie!/e, er# i!/er"#!e"/$$5 L$ ere$ e' "e!/r# $"/$! "## $e!/e e/r$/i"# e! e' "#r$*+! e '$ re, "#!/r#'$!# '$ i!f#r$"i+! i#r/$!/e, '$ -$i'i$e 7 '# re"&r# !e"e$ri# $r$ %&e '$ re '#$' f&!"i#!e efi"ie!/ee!/e (Rei"-, 1::1)5 P$r$ #er /ri&!f$r e! '$ $"/&$' e"#!#3$ i!/er!$"i#!$', '# $3e 7 '$ ere$ !e"ei/$! &i"$re e/r$/i"$e!/e e! e/$ ree '#$'e 7 e$rr#''$r e/r$/ei$ $r$ /e!er $""e# $ '$ ere$ e re$ '3ere 7 e?#r$r $3 & #i"i#!e5

LAS CADENAS PRODUCTIVAS DIRIGIDAS AL PRODUCTOR Y LAS DIRIGIDAS AL COMPRADOR  E! e' "$i/$'i# '#$', '$ $"/i.i$ e"#!+i"$ !# e #'$e!/e i!/er!$"i#!$' e! & $'"$!"e, i!# /$i! '#$' '#$' e! "&$!/# "&$!/# $ '$ #r$! #r$!i*$ i*$"i+ "i+!5 !5 La internacionalización e refiere $' $'"$!"e e#r4fi"# e '$ $"/i.i$e e"#!+i"$ $ /r$. e '$ fr#!/er$ !$"i#!$'e, %&e, "## /$', !# e &! fe!+e!# !&e.#5 La  globalización e &"-# 4 re"ie!/e %&e '$ i!/er!$"i#!$'i*$"i+! i!/er!$"i#!$'i*$"i+! #r%&e i'i"$ &!$ i!/er$"i+! f&!"i#!$' e '$ $"/i.i$e i!/er!$"i#!$'e ier$5

E' "$i/$' i!&/ri$' 7 e' "#er"i$' -$! r##.i# '$ '#$'i*$"i+! $' e/$'e"er # /i# ifere!/e e ree e"#!+i"$ i!/er!$"i#!$'e, %&e &ee! e!#i!$re, ree"/i.$e!/e, cadenas productivas dirigidas al productor 7 cadenas productivas dirigidas al comprador (.$e r4fi"$ 1)

Una cadena pod!c"i#a (commodity chain ) e refiere $' $'i# r$!# e $"/i.i$e i!.#'&"r$$ e! e' ieH#, r#&""i+! 7 "#er"i$'i*$"i+! e &! r#&"/# ($r$ /e!er &!$ .ii+! '#$' e e/e $r"# .$e Gereffi 7 =#r*e!ie>i"*, 1::)5 La$ cadena$ pod!c"i#a$ diigida$ al pod!c"o   #! $%&e''$ e! '$ %&e '# r$!e f$ri"$!/e, "#!e!/e /r$!$"i#!$'e, ?&e$! '# $e'e "e!/r$'e e! '$ "##ri!$"i+! e '$ ree e r#&""i+! (i!"'&7e!# & .3!"&'# -$"i$ $/r4 7 -$"i$ e'$!/e)5 E/# e "$r$"/er3/i"# e '$ i!&/ri$ e "$i/$' 7 e i!&/ri$ "#! /e"!#'#3$ i!/e!i.$, /$'e "## '$ $&/##/ri"e, '$ e $.i#!e, "#&/$#r$, ei"#!&"/#re 7 $%&i!$ri$ e$$5 La$ cadena$ pod!c"i#a$ de$"inada$ al co%pado   e refiere! $ $%&e''$ i!&/ri$ e! '$ %&e '# r$!e e/$''i/$, '# "#er"i$'i*$#re 7 '# f$ri"$!/e e $r"$ ?&e$! $e'e e i.#/e e! e' e/$'e"iie!/# e ree e r#&""i+! e"e!/r$'i*$$ e! &!$ .$rie$ e $3e e6#r/$#re, "#!e!/e '#"$'i*$# e! e' Ter"er M&!#5 E/e #e'# e i!&/ri$'i*$"i+! irii$ $' "#er"i# e -$ -e"-# "#! e! '$ i!&/ri$ e $r/3"&'# $r$ e' "#!&i#r %&e "&e!/$! "#! &!$ f&er*$ e /r$$?# i!/e!i.$ , /$'e "## '$ e' .e/&$ri#, *$$/#, ?&&e/e, $r/3"&'# $r$ e' -#$r, e'e"/r+!i"$ 7 e &!$ .$rie$ e $r/e$!3$5

U!$ e '$ "$r$"/er3/i"$ ri!"i$'e e '$ ere$ %&e e $?&/$! $' #e'# irii# $' "#r$#r e %&e ieH$! 7J# "#er"i$'i*$!, er# !# f$ri"$!, '# r#&"/# e $r"$ %&e #re!$!5 #r$! $r/e e &!$ !&e.$ "'$e e  fabricantes sin fábrica (manufacturers without factories) %&e e! e' r#"e# e  r#&""i+! e$r$! '$ r#&""i+! f3i"$ e $r/3"&'# e '$ e/$$ e' ieH# 7 e '$ e "#er"i$'i*$"i+!5 L$ $!$!"i$ e '$ "$e!$ e/i!$$ $' "#r$#r !# e eri.$! e '$ e"$'$, .#'&e! # $.$!"e /e"!#'+i"#, "## &"ee e! '$ "$e!$ e/i!$$ $' r#&"/#r, i!# 4 ie! e "#i!$"i#!e !i"$ e i!.e/i$"i+! e $'/# .$'#r, ieH#, .e!/$ 7 "#er"i$'i*$"i+! 7 er.i"i# fi!$!"ier#, %&e eri/e! $ '# e/$''i/$, ieH$#re 7 "#er"i$'i*$#re $"/&$r "## $e!/e e/r$/i"# $' .i!"&'$r f4ri"$ 7 "#er"i$'i*$#re e! e' e6/r$!?er# "#! !i"-# e r#&"/# e! e.#'&"i+! e! & ri!"i$'e er"$# e "#!&# (Gereffi, 1::)5

La en"abilidad  e $7#r e! '# ee!/# re'$/i.$e!/e "#!"e!/r$# e '$ "$e!$ '#$'e e $r/3"&'#, "$r$"/eri*$$ #r $'/$ $rrer$ $ '$ e!/r$$ e !&e.$ ere$5 En la$ cadena$ diigida$ al pod!c"o, '# f$ri"$!/e e "##!e!/e $.$!*$#, /$'e "## $r$ '$ i!&/ri$ $re$, $&/##/ri* 7 e "#&/$"i+!, #! '# $e!/e e"#!+i"# "'$.e !# +'# e! /ri!# e & $!$!"i$, i!# /$i! e! & "$$"i$ $r$ e?er"er "#!/r#' e! .3!"&'# -$"i$ $/r4 "#! &i!i/r$#re e $/eri$ ri$ 7 e "##!e!/e, 7 "#! .3!"&'# -$"i$ $e'$!/e e! '$ i/ri&"i+! 7 '$ .e!/$5 E! "#!/r$/e, la$ cadena$ de pod!c"o$ de$"inado$ al co%pado  e "$r$"/eri*$! #r &!$ $'/$ "#e/i/i.i$ 7 i/e$ e f4ri"$ '#$'e!/e e"e!/r$'i*$#5 L$ ere$ %&e e$rr#''$! 7 .e!e! r#&"/# e $r"$ e?er"e! &! "#!/r#' &/$!"i$' #re "+#, "&4!# 7 +!e e ''e.$r4 $ "$# '$ $!&f$"/&r$ 7 "&4!/$ $!$!"i$ e $"&&'$r4! e! "$$ e/$$ e '$ "$e!$, e /$' ## %&e, ie!/r$ '$ "$e!$ e $r/3"&'# e/i!$# $'  r#&"/#r #! "#!/r#'$$ #r '# r$!e f$ri"$!/e e! e' '&$r e r#&""i+!, e! '$ i!&/ri$ e/i!$$ $' "#r$#r, '# r$!e $7#ri/$ 7 "#er"i$'i*$#re e?er"e! '$ i!f'&e!"i$ ri!"i$' e! '$ i/ri&"i+! 7 .e!/$ $' fi!$' e '$ "$e!$5 L$ ri!"i$'e ere$ e! '$ "$e!$ e $r/3"&'# e/i!$# $' r#&"/#r 7 e! '$ e/i!$$ $' "#r$#r, &/i'i*$! baea$ a la en"ada  $r$ e!er$r ifere!/e /i# e rentas (efi!i$ e! f#r$ e!er$' "## re/#r!# e ie!e e"$#) e '$ i!&/ri$ '#$'e5 E/# ie!e &ee! er /$!i'e ("## "#! '$ $%&i!$ri$), i!/$!i'e ($r"$) # i!/erei# ("## '$ -$i'i$e e "#er"i$'i*$"i+!)5

La$ en"a$ en la$ cadena$ de$"inada$ al pod!c"o  e"$!$! f&!$e!/$'e!/e e! rentas tecnológicas, %&e &re! e' $""e# $i/ri"# $ r#&"/# "'$.e 7 r#"e# /e"!#'+i"#K 7 e! '$ rentas organizativas, %&e e refiere! $ &!$ f#r$ e r#"e# e knowhow i!/r$#r$!i*$/i.# %&e e #rii!+ e! ;$+! 7 e  $r/i"&'$re!/e i!ifi"$/i.# e! '$ /r$!i"i+! e '$ r#&""i+! e! $$ $ '$ r#&""i+! #r e!"$r# (#  r#&""i+! f'e6i'e), 7 %&e i!"'&7e &! "#!?&!/# e !&e.$ /"!i"$ #r$!i*$/i.$ /$'e "## '$ r#&""i+!  ?&/# $ /ie#, e' "#!/r#' e "$'i$ /#/$', '$ r#&""i+! #&'$r, e' $!/e!iie!/# re.e!/i.# 7 e' e?#r$ie!/# "#!/i! La$ en"a$ en la$ cadena$ de$"inada$ al co%pado  e/4! &7 &!i$ $ '$ rentas relacionales, %&e e refiere! $ .$ri$ f$i'i$ e re'$"i#!e e!/re ere$, i!"'&7e!# '$ /"!i"$ e $i!i/r$"i+! e &i!i/r# e! "$e!$, %&e .i!"&'$ $ '# r$!e e!$'$#re "#! ere$ e%&eH$ 7 ei$!$, '$ "#!/r&""i+! e $'i$!*$ e/r$/i"$ 7 r&# e e%&eH$ ere$ e &!$ '#"$'i$ $r/i"&'$r, 7 '$ $!ife/$"i+! e e'ee!/# e efi"ie!"i$ "#'e"/i.$ $#"i$# "#! '$ r#&""i+! OEM ( original equipment  manufactures )K las rentas de pol!tica comercial, e!/e!i$ "## e' .$'#r e '$ e"$e* (r$re*$) "re$# #r  '$ #'3/i"$ "#er"i$'e r#/e""i#!i/$ #r e?e'# '$ "&#/$ e .e/&$ri# 7 '$ rentas por la marca    , %&e e refiere! $ '# re/#r!# #r '$ /"!i"$ e ifere!"i$"i+! e' r#&"/#, &/i'i*$$ $r$ e/$'e"er  &!$ r#i!e!"i$ e '$ $r"$ e! '# er"$# 4 i#r/$!/e e' &!#5

E6i/e &!$ a&inidad en"e la$ cadena$ pod!c"i#a$ ' la$ e$"a"egia$ paa el de$aollo 5 L$ e/r$/ei$ e e$rr#''# $$$ e! '$ ISI %&e re.$'e"i+ e! Ari"$ L$/i!$ -$/$ '# $H# e/e!/$, &r$!/e "$i "i!"# "$$ e $$$ e! '$ "$e!$ r#&"/i.$ e/i!$$ $' r#&"/#r5 L$ r#&""i+! e e/i!$$ f&!$e!/$'e!/e $' er"$# !$"i#!$', $&!%&e $ "#ie!*# e '# $H# e/e!/$ e i# $7#r $/e!"i+! $ '$ e6#r/$"i#!e $!&f$"/&rer$ $r$ "#e!$r $3 '# $'/# ee#'# #r '$ "&e!/$ $#"i$$ $ '$ i#r/$"i#!e "#! '$ r#f&!i*$"i+! e '$ ISI (Gereffi 7