Larisa Maharani S (Kel 5) - Laporan Akhir Sirup Buah

 

LOY@]OG ONEH]  Y]ONSHNZF CORO] ]JNOXORO Y]@RJR YJFMZOSOG RH]ZY

 

Chsusug `lje 1

Lorhso Foeorogh R (=93?3=9992)

Njl`fp`n :/=BC3 SNH  

Y]@K]OF RSZCH C3 SJNG@L@KH NHFHO HGCZRS]H AZ]ZROG SJNGHN NHFHO Y@LHSJNGHN GJKJ]H FOLOGK =9=?

 

LOY@]OG ONEH] YJFMZOSOG RH]ZY MZOE OLOFH H.

HH.

SZAZOG

?.

Fofp Fofpu u fjl fjlon onuno unog g pjr pjrb`m b`moog oog pjfmuo pjfmuoto tog g shru shrup p fjgkk fjgkkugo ugonog nog muoe-m muoe-muo uoeog eog

=.

Fofp Fofpu u fjl fjlon onun unog og pr pr`s `sjs js `s `sf` f`sh shss poc pocoo pjf pjfmu muot otog og shru shrup p muo muoe e

2.

Fofp Fofpu u fjlo fjlonu nuno nog g ogol ogolhs hsoo nuol nuolht htos os shr shrup up muo muoe e yogk yogk che cheos oshl hlno nog. g.

LOSO] LOSO] MJLONOGK MJLONOGK

 Njsocorog fosyoronot onog pjgthgkgyo ehcup sjeot sjfonhg fjghgknotnog njbjgcjrugkog n`gsufsh tjreocop fonogog cog fhgufog yogk mjrkhzh cjgkog fjfogdootnog moeog pogkog olofh. Muoe-muoeog sjmokoh n`f`chtos e`lthnulturo fjgjfpoth p`shsh pjgthgk colof eol pjfjgueog njmutueog zot khzh, tjrutofo vhtofhg vhto fhg cog fhgjrol fhgjrol.. @lje @lje norjgo norjgo htu fosyoro fosyoronot not fjfmutu fjfmutuenog enog fonogog fonogog otou otou fhgufog yogk pronths ugtun chn`gsufsh, fhsolgyo soao fhgufog corh shrup cog sorh muoe muoeog. Muoe Mu oe fjr jrup upon onog og aj ajgh ghss fonog onogog og yogk yogk sogk sogkot ot fucoe ucoe nhto nhto copo copot. t. fogdoot muoe sogkot pjgthgk mokh tumue nhto. Norjgo muoe fjfhlhnh nogcugkog vhtofhg,fhgjrol, cog khzh yogk thgkkh yogk sogkot chmutuenog `lje tumue nhto. Muoe sogkot mohn ugtun chn`gsufsh sjthop eorh cog sjmokoh fonogog pjgutup colof ehcogkog yogk nhto soahnog. Cjgkog fjgk`gsufsh muoe sjthop eorh, nhto copot fjfpjr`lje fogdoot muoe muoeog sjboro fonshfol. Fogdoot muoe yogk  mhso nhto copotnog aoue ljmhe mogyon corhpoco eorko muoe htu sjgchrh. Rjlohg htu,  muoe ljmhe ofog norjgo ufufgyo thcon fjghfmulnog jdjn sofphgk mokh njsjeotog nhto.  Muoe sjrhgknolh fjfhlhnh ghloh jn`g`fh sjmokoh moeog pogkog foupug

 moeog monu hgcustrh norjgo ch colofgyo chshfpog mjrmokoh fobof pr`cun  fjto fj tom`l m`lhs hsfj fj tufmue tufmueog og,, fulo fulohh co corh rh norm`e norm`ehc hcro rot, t, pr`tj pr`tjhg, hg, ljfo ljfon, n, vhto vhtofh fhg, g, fhgjrol fhg jrol,, olnol`h olnol`hc, c, ehgkko ehgkko tjrpjgo tjrpjgo cog tjrpjg` tjrpjg`hc. hc. Muoe copot copot ch`loe ch`loe fjgaoch fjgaoch  mjrmokoh mjgtun fhgufog sjpjrth s jpjrth ogkkur, sorh muoe, cog c og shrup shru p auko fonogog lohg sjpjrth foghsog, c`c`l, njrhphn, cog solj.

 

Yoco ufufgyo shrup fjfhlhnh roso foghs cog sjchnht roso fosof cjgkog dlov`r muoe-muoeog yogk fjfmjrhnog roso sjkor poco soot chfhguf. Muoe sjkor  yogk mhoso mhoso chkugono chkugonog g colof colof pjfmuot pjfmuotog og shrup shrup ocoloe ocoloe muoe yogk fjfpugy fjfpugyoh oh worgo yogk fjgorhn, or`fo yogk nuot cog roso yogk neos . Rhrup copot chmuot corh  moeog cosor muoe, coug, mhah, onor cog mokhog lohg corh tufmueog. Corh njfogdootoggyo shrup copot chaochnog sjmokoh fhgufog pjljpos coeoko sjnolhkus sjmokoh sjmo koh `mot cjgkog cjgkog moeog moeog ejrmol ejrmol yogk copot copot fjgbjko fjgbjkoe e cog fjgk`mo fjgk`moth th  pjgyonht. Sjrcopot mogyon muoe-muoeog yogk chaochnog sjmokoh moeog shrup chogtoro str`mjrh, gogos, aofmu, shrson, fjl`g, mjlhfmhgk cog muoe lohggyo. Yoco pronthnuf pjfmuotog shrup moeog olofh mjrupo muoe muoeog, muoe yogk chkugonog yohtu muoe gogos cog muoe str`mjrh. Muoe str`mjrh cog muoe gogos sogkot fucoe chtjfunog sjrto muoe tjrsjmut fjfhlhnh mjrokof fogdoot. Muoe str`mjrh fjfhlhnh fogdoot, chogtorogyo copot fjgaoko njsjeotog foto norjgo  muoe str`mjrh chpjrnoyo nogcugkog vhtofhg B cog B cog ogth`nshcog. Rjlohg htu, copot fjghgknotno fjghgkn otnog g njnjmolo njnjmolog g tumue, tumue, fjgbjko fjgbjkoe e nognjr, nognjr, fjghgkn fjghgknotno otnog g dugksh dugksh `ton, `ton, fjgbjkoe fjgbjko e tjnogog coroe thgkkh, sjrto fogdoot lohggyo. Muoe gogos auko fjfhlhnh  mogyon fogdootgyo, chogtorogyo fjgaoko njnjlog tumue, fjgaoko njsjeotog nulht, fjgkotosh pjrocogkog, fjfmogtu pr`sjs pjgbjrgoog, fjgaoko njsjeotog  aogtugk, cog lohg-lohg.

HHH.

CORO] SJ@]H

Muoe-mu Muo e-muoeog oeog fjrupon fjruponog og soloe soloe sotu sufmjr fonogo fonogog g yogk noyo onog  mjrmokoh fobof vhtofhg (Tht O, M, M?, M4, B), B) , fhgjrol cog zot-zot khzh yogk  mjrfogdoot mokh tumue yohtu mjrpjrog  mjrpjrog   sjmokoh ogth ogth `nshcog, `nshcog, yogk sogkot pjrlu ugtun ugt un chn`g chn`gsuf sufsh sh sjtho sjthop p eorh. eorh. Njogj Njogjnor noroko okofo fog g worgo worgo poco poco muoe muoe munogl munogloe oe sjnjcor pjfmjco ajghs ogtor muoe yogk sotu cjgkog yogk lohggyo. [orgo muoe fjruponog sufmjr hgd`rfosh corh nogcugkog gutrhshgyo. Nogcugkog cog ajghs  peyt`gutrhjgt colof muoe chhgchnoshnog `lje worgo muoe. Foshgk-foshgk fjf fj fpugy pugyoh oh

fogd fogdoo oott

tj tjrs rsjg jgch chrh rh

ugtu ugtun n

tumu tumue e

sjsu sjsuoh oh

cjgk cjgkog og

worg worgog ogyo yo..

Yeyt`gutrhjgt Yeyt`gut rhjgt pjgthgk ugtun njsjeotog, njsjeotog, pjrlu chpjreothnog chpjreothnog p`rsh fonog muoe cog vorhosh worgo muoe yogk chfonog kugo fjfonshfolnog fjfonshfolnog fogdoot mokh njsjeotog. njsjeotog. Ajghs ajghs muoe yogk fjfhlhnh mogyon fogdoot yohtu str`mjrh cog gogos.

 

Sogofo Sog ofog g str`mjrh str`mjrh fjrupon fjruponog og soloe soloe sotu togofo togofog g muoe-muo muoe-muoeog eog yogk fjfhlhnh ghloh jn`g`fh thgkkh. Coyo phnotgyo tjrljton poco worgo muoe yogk fjroe fjgb`l`n cjgkog mjgtun yogk fugkhl, fjgorhn sjrto roso yogk foghs sjkor (Kugowog, =999). Muoe str`mjrh mjrworgo fjroe chfogo phkfjg worgo fjro fj roe e tj tjrs rsjm jmut ut mj mjro roso soll co corh rh ogte ogte`s `sho hogh ghg g (Ose (Oseor orh, h, =9 =994 94). ). Coug Coug str` str`mj mjrh rh fjruponog coug foajfun mjrogon coug thko (trhd`lhotj) cjgkog tjph couggyo  mjrkjrhkh. Rtr`mjrh copot ch n`gsufsh colof njocoog sjkor otou fjgaoch pr`cun  `loeo `lo eog g sjpjrt sjpjrth, h, sjloh sjloh,, fogh foghsog sog,, sh shrup rup,, c`c`l c`c`l,, y`kurt y`kurt,, js nrhf nrhf cog sjmoko sjmokohh  pjljgknop fonogog. Ch colof ?99 krof str`mjrh, tjrnogcugk sjnhtor 2= nol`rh cog cog mjro mjroko kof f

gutr gutrhs hsh. h. Colo Colof f

cugh cughoo fjch fjchs, s, str` str`mj mjrh rh chnj chnjto toeu euhh

fof fofpu

fjghgkn fjg hgknotno otnog g njsjeoto njsjeotog g aogtugk aogtugk norjgo norjgo fjfhlh fjfhlhnh nh ghloh ghloh ljfon ljfon yogk rjgcoe, rjgcoe, fjgkogcugk vhtofhg B, osof d`lot, nolhuf cog ogth`nshcog yogk thgkkh. Mhah cog coug str`mjrh fjgkogcugk fjgkogcugk osof jljkot yogk mjrfogdoot ugtun fjgkurogkh fjgkurogkh rjshn` tjrsjrogk nognjr (Nurgho, =99:). Mjrhnut ocoloe nloshdhnosh corh muoe str`mjrh ( Muchfog & Roroswoth =995)1  Nhgkc`f 1 Ylogtoj  Chvhsh`g 1 Fokg`lh`peyto Bloss

1 Fokg`lh`pshco

@rc`

1 ]`soljs

 Dofhly

1 ]`sobjoj

RumDofhly>> ]`s`hcjoj RumDofhly  ]`s`hcjoj Kjgus

1 Drokorho

Rpjbhjs

1 Drokorho ogogosso L.

 Gogos pjrtofo nolh ch tjfunog ch mrozhl, mokhog mok hog whloyoe Ofjrhno Rjlotog gofug onehrgyo fjgyjmor njsjlurue cugho yogk mjrhnlhf mjrhnlhf tr`phs. Gogos fjfhlhnh fjfhlhnh gofo lothg Ogogos b`f`bus, gogos ocoloe soloe sotu togofog muoe yogk mogyon  chmuchcoyonog chmuchcoy onog poco cojroe tr`phs sjrto sjrto sumtr`phs. Yr`spjn okrhmhsghs okrhmhsghs muoe gogos sogkot bjroe mohn ch posorog colof gjkjrh foupug luor gjkjrh. Ch Hgc`gjsho gogos sucoe fjgyjmor fjroto ch cojroe-cojroe norjgo fjfpugyoh shdot tufmue yogk yog k fucoe fucoe moenog moenog eofp eofphr hr sj sjlu lurue rue wh whloy loyoe oe Hgc`gj Hgc`gjsho sho copot copot ch noto notonog nogoo sjgtrol pr`cun gogos.

 

Muoe gogos copot fogdootnog ugtun njehcupog fogusho, muoegyo yogk foson fo son copot ch n`gsuf n`gsufsh sh sjmok sjmokoh oh muoe muoe sjkor sjkor otou otou otou otou ch `loe `loe aoch aoch moeog moeog fhguf fh gufog og co cog g fonog fonogog. og. Mjgt Mjgtun, un, roso, roso, unuro unurog, g, sjrto sjrto or`f or`foo poco poco muoe muoe gogos gogos tjrkogtugk corh ajghs vorhjtosgyo. Mhosogyo muoe gogos fjfhlhnh worgo `rogkj okon njnughgkog njthno sucoe fotogk cog mjrworgo ehaou njthno foshe fuco onog tjtoph cokhgk muoe gogos mohn yogk sucoe tuo foupug yogk foshe fuco fjfhlhnh worgo nughgk eogyo mjcogyo yogk sucoe tuo mjrworgo nughgk pjnot. Yr`cun `loeog muoe gogos ogtoro lohg, foghsog, sjloh (aof) sorh muoe, auko shrup. Muoe gogos fjruponog muoe sjfu, mjrcokhgk tjmol, fjgkogcugk ohr, zot kulo,

osof,

mjmjropo

ajghs

or`fo

cog

jgzhf

yogk

yogk

neos

yohtu Mr`fyjlhg. yohtu  Mr`fyjlhg. Rjthop vorhjtos fjfmjgtun vorhjtos yogk mjrmjco-mjco, mjkhtu  pulo cjgkog mjgtun worgo cog cokhgkgyo oco yogk eolus cog nosor. Yoco muoe gogos tjrcopot nogcugkog mr`fjlohg yogk mjrdugksh ugtun fjgkotosh kogkkuog solurog solu rog pjgbjrgo pjgbjrgoog, og, moenog moenog mjrcosor mjrcosornog nog pjgjlhth pjgjlhthog og `lje `lje mjmjropo mjmjropo oelh oelh moewo moewo  poco mr`fjlohg auko copot chkugonog ugtun fjrhgkognog pjrocogkog. Mjrhnut ocoloe nloshdhnosh corh muoe gogos (B`llhgs, ?845 bht Rurthghgkshe =995) 1  Nhgkc`f 1 Ylogtoj  Chvhsh

1 Rpjrfot`peyto

Bloss

1 Ogkh`spjrfoj

@rc`

1 Dorhg`soj

 Dofhly

1 Mr`f`lhobjoj

Kjgus

1 Ogogos

Rpjbhjs

1 Ogogos b`f`sus L. Fjrr.

Muoe str`mjrh cog gogos copot ch`lje fjgaoch sjmuoe fhgufog cjgkog fjfogdootnog sorh muoegyo. Fhgufog sorh muoe ocoloe fhgufog rhgkog yogk chmuot corh sorh muoe cog ohr fhguf cjgkog otou togpo pjgofmoeog kulo cog  moeog tofmoeog fonogog yogk chhzhgnog. Norontjrhsthn sorh muoe bjgcjrugk njrue, mogyon pocotog tjrlorut. Fosoloe yogk thfmul poco fhgufog sorh  muoe ocoloe thfmulgyo jgcopog sjlofo pjgyhfpogog. Rorhh muoe fjruponog Ror fjruponog pr`cun pr`cun fhgufo fhgufog g yogk copot copot logksug logksugk k chfhguf chfhguf ugtun 

 

fjfjgue fjf jguehh njmutueo njmutueog g vhtofhg vhtofhg,, sjrot sjrot cog lohggyo lohggyo..  Fhg Fhgufo ufog g sorh muoe sjboro sjboro n`fjrshol chnjgol cjgkog gofo auhbj chmuot cjgkog boro jnstronsh muoe chtofmoe cjgkog ohr cog kulo sjmogyon : - ?9 % njfuchog chpostjurhsosh(Fork`g` chpostjurhsosh(Fork`g`,, ?882). Yr`cun hgh auko fjfhlhnh ufur shfpog yogk lofo chmogchgknog cjgkog muoe. Rorh muoe chmuot cjgkog boro fjgkeogburnog cokhgk muoe cog njfuchog njfuchog chtjnog okor chpjr`lje sorhgyo. Rorh muoe ocoloe bohrog ajrghe otou okon ajrghe, thcon  chdjrfjgtosh, chpjr`lje corh eoshl pjgkjprjsog muoe-muoeog yogk tjloe fotogk cog fosh foshe e sj sjkor kor.. Yj Yjfm fmuo uoto tog g sorh sorh muoe muoe mjrtu mjrtuau auog og ugtun ugtun fjghg fjghgkno knotno tnog g coyo coyo shfpog sjrto ghloh tofmoe corh muoe-muoeog. Yoco ufufgyo pr`cun sorh muoe fjfhlhnh njgofponog yogk njrue onhmot fjgkkugonog jntronsh cjgkog tjnghn  fjgk fj gkeo eogb gbur urno nog g co cokh khgk gk mu muoe oe mj mjrb rbof ofpu purr ohr ohr lolu lolu chso chsorh rhgk gk fjgk fjgkku kugo gono nog g  pjgyorhgkog (Xulhto, =9?2). =9 ?2). Rorh muoe ocoloe bohrog yogk cheoshlnog corh pjfjrosog pjfjrosog otou pjgkeogburog  muoe sjkor yogk tjloe foson. Yoco prhgshpgyo chnjgol = (cuo) fobof sorh muoe, yohtu 1 ?. Rorh muoe jgbjr (copot logksugk chfhguf), chfhguf), yohtu bohrog muoe yogk chpjr`lje chpjr`lje corh  pjgkjprjsog cokhgk cok hgk muoe, chlogautnog cjgkog pjgofmoeog ohr cog c og kulo poshr. =. Rorh muoe pjnot/Rhrup, pjnot/Rhrup, yohtu bohrog yogk cheoshlnog cheoshlnog corh pjgkjprjsog pjgkjprjsog cokhgk muoe cog chlogautnog cjgkog pr`sjs pjfjnotog, mohn cjgkog boro pjgchcheog mhoso foupug cjgkog boro lohg sjpjrth pjgkuopog cjgkog eofpo ucoro, cog lohg-lohg. Rhrup hgh thcon copot logksugk chfhguf, tjtoph eorus chjgbjrnog culu cjgkog ohr.

Chofmhlgyo Chofmh lgyo sorh muoe pjnot poco muoe str`mjrh cog muoe gogos mjrtuauog, mjrtuauog, ugtun pjfmuotog shrup, Rhrup sjgchrh fjruponog suotu sjchoog mjrupo lorutog yo yogk gk fjgk fjgkog ogcu cugk gk ku kulo lo sunr sunr`s `so, o, nj njbu buol olhh chgy chgyot oton onog og lohg lohg no noco corr sonr sonr`s `so, o, B?E= B? E==9 =9?? ?? thco thcon n nu nuro rogk gk co corh rh 43 43% % co cog g thco thcon n ljmh ljmhe e co corh rh 44 44,9 ,9 %. Fjgu Fjguru rutt Ryofsugh Ryof sugh,, (=99;) (=99;) fjgyoto fjgyotonog, nog, Rhrup Rhrup ocoloe ocoloe lorutog lorutog `rol yogk fjgkogcu fjgkogcugk gk sunr`so otou kulo lohg colof nocor thgkkh. Fjgurut Fug‘hf cog Jgcogk (=9?=), fjgyotonog moewo shrup fjgkogcugk polhgk sjchnht :9% sunr`so cog mhosogyo 49-4:%. 49-4 :%. Mjrcoso Mjrcosornog rnog dugkshgy dugkshgyo, o, shrup shrup chnjl`f chnjl`fp`nn p`nnog og fjgaoc fjgaochh cuo k`l`gkog k`l`gkog yohtu fjchbotjc syrup (shrup `mot) cog dlov`urjc syrup (shrup pjfmowo). Rhrup `mot mjrupo `mot tugkkol otou chn`fmhgoshnog cjgkog `mot lohg yogk mjrupo  prjporot yogk sucoe chstogcorhsosh.

 

  Rjboro ufuf ufuf shrup sjajghs sjajghs fhgufog fhgufog rhgkog mjrupo lorutog lorutog kulo kulo njgtol cjgkog bhto roso mjrogjno rokof. Mjrmjco cjgkog sorh muoe, pjgkkugoog shrup thcon logksugk chfhguf tjtoph eorus chjgbjrnog tjrljmhe coeulu. Rhrup chmuot corh sorh muoe otou jssjgbj muoe yogk chtofmoenog chtofmoenog ohr cog kulo cjgkog pjrmogchgkog tjrtjgt tjrt jgtu, u, chlonuno chlonunog g pjgkjgt pjgkjgtolog olog cjgkog cjgkog pr`sjs pr`sjs pjfoson pjfosonog og sjehgkko sjehgkko chpjr`l chpjr`lje je lorutog njgtol. Rhrup ocoloe sjchoog bohr njgtol yogk fhghfol fjgkogcugk :9% sonor`so. Sjrcopot Sjrcopot cuo k`l`gkog shrup mjrcosornog dugkshgy dugkshgyo, o, yohtu fjchbotjc   syrup   ot  syrup otou ou shrup shrup `mot `mot cog cog  dlouv`rjc syrup  syrup  otou otou shrup shrup pjfmowo pjfmowo.. Rhrup Rhrup `mot chcjdhghshnog sjmokoh shrup yogk fjgkogcugk sotu otou ljmhe moeog `mot. Rhrup `mot mjrupo `mot tugkkol otou chn`fmhgoshnog cjgkog `mot lohg yogk mjrupo  prjporot yogk sucoe chstogcorhsosh. B`gt`egyo shrup BSF, porobjtof`l. Rhrup  pjfmowo mhosogyo fjgkogcugk mjrmokoh moeog or`foths otou roso jgon yogk chkugonog sjmokoh lorutog pjfmowo otou pjfmjrh roso. Roloe sotu b`gt`egyo ocoloe shrupus shfpljx (Ogsjl, ?858). Dont`r yogk fjfpjgkorueh colof pr`sjs pjfmuotog shrup ocoloe aufloe kulo yogk chkugonog, aufloe ohr yogk chkugonog, sueu pjfogosog cog sueu ohr  ugtun fjfmhlos p`t`gkog muoe sjrto fjrjgcof muoe, cog auko aufloe osof shtrot yogk chtofmo chtofmoenog enog.. Eol tjrpjgt tjrpjgthgk hgk colof colof pjfmuot pjfmuotog og shrup shrup ocoloe ocoloe poco pr`sjs pr`sjs  pjfmuotog sorh muoe cog pr`sjs pr`sj s pjfjnotog. Yoco ufufgyo eoshl pjfmuotog sorh  muoe yogk chpjr`lje fjfhlhnh njgofponog yogk njrue norjgo fjgkkugonog jntronsh cjgkog tjnghn fjgkeogburnog cokhgk muoe mjrbofpur ohr lolu chsorhgk fjgkkugonog pjgyorhgkog. Zgtun fjgcopotnog sorh muoe cjgkog nuolhtos yogk ljmhe mohn, soot hgh fuloh chpjrnjgolnog soloe sotu fjt`cj jntronsh yogk copot fjgaoch oltjrgothd pjgk`loeog sorh muoe yohtu jnstronsh cjgkog fjt`cj `sf`shs. Jnstronsh `sf`shs fjruponog pjrhsthwo mjrphgcoegyo nocor ohr colof sjl fjlo fj loluh luh fjfm fjfmro rog g sj sjfh fh pjrf pjrfjom jomlj lj co corh rh njoco njocoog og sjl yogk yogk ehp`t` ehp`t`ghs ghs fjgua fjguau u ehpj ehpjrt rt`g `ghs hs,,

sj sjeh ehgk gkko ko

tj tjra raoc ochh

plos plosf` f`lh lhsh shss

yo yogk gk

fjgy fjgyjm jmom omno nog g

tjrl tjrljp jpos osgy gyoo

sht`plos sht` plosfo fo corh chgchgk chgchgk sjl. Boro jnstrons jnstronshh hghloe hghloe yogk fjfmjco fjfmjconog nog cjgkog cjgkog jnstrons jnst ronshh poco ufufgy ufufgyoo colof colof pjfmuot pjfmuotog og shrup. shrup. Jnstro Jnstronsh nsh cjgkog cjgkog fjt`cj fjt`cj `sf`shs hgh chlonunog cjgkog boro fjrjgcof muoe-muoeog cjgkog moeog yogk fjgkogc fjg kogcugk ugk n`gsjgtr n`gsjgtrosh osh tjnogog tjnogog `sf`shs `sf`shs ljmhe ljmhe thgkkh thgkkh corh tjnogog tjnogog `sf`shs `sf`shs  moeog, sjehgkko ohr corh colof muoe onog njluor njoroe fjcho fjloluh fjfmrog

 

pjrhsth sthwo wo sjfhpj sjf hpjrf rfhom homlj lj ugtun ugtun fjgyj fjgyjhf hfmo mogkn gknog og tjnog tjnogog og `sf`sh `sf`shs. s. B`gt`e B`gt`e pjrh `sf`shs ocoloe pr`sjs pjfmuotog foghsog muoe cog poco njgtogk. @sf`shs fjruponog suotu djg`fjgo olofh, toph copot cheofmot sjboro  muotog cjgkog cjg kog fjghgknotnog tjnogog poco mokhog cjgkog cjgk og n`gsjgtrosh pjnot yogk ljmh lj mhe e jg jgbj bjr. r. Njl Njljmhe jmheog og corh jnstrons jnstronshh cjgkog cjgkog fjt`cj fjt`cj `sf`shs `sf`shs ocoloe ocoloe pr`sjs pr`sjs  pjfmuotoggyo

fucoe,

thcon

fjgkkugonog

olot-olot

yogk

foeol,

thcon 

fjgkkugonog moeog nhfho yogk mjrmoeoyo sjehgkko sorh muoe yogk cheoshlnog ofog ugtun chn`gsufsh. Rjlohg htu nuolhtos sorh muoe yogk cheoshlnog auko ajrghe cog foshe fjgkogcugk or`fo muoe oslh yogk neos (Yjrthwh cog Rusogt`, =9?3). Njnur Nj nurogk ogkog oggyo gyo,, yoht yohtu u pr`sj pr`sjss pj pjgkj gkjrao raoogg oggyo yo lofo lofo cog pjgyo pjgyorh rhgko gkog g nurog nurogk k sjfpurgo.

HT.

FJS@C@L@KH FJS@C@L@KH 

Olot - Shfmogkog - S`pljs - Yoghb - N`fp`r  - Sejrf`fjtjr  - Rorhgkog - Yjgkocun 



Moeog -  Gogos - Rtrowmjrry - Osof ghtrot - Ohr fhgjrol - Kulo



Yr`sjcur njrao ?. Muoe Muoe yogk yogk sjkor sjkor cog thco thcon n musun, musun,chn chnupos upos =. Ch Chth thfm fmogk ogk sjmog sjmogyon yon ?99 krof krof

 

2. Ch Chbub bubhh cjgkog cjgkog ohr ohr yogk yogk fjg fjgkol kolhr  hr  3. Chlonun Chlonunog og stjof stjof mlogshg mlogshgk k cjgkog cjgkog sueu ;: ́ B  B sjlofo ¿ 2 fjght :. Cokhgk Cokhgk muoe muoe chp`t` chp`t`gk gk cjgkog cjgkog njtj njtjmolo molog g ¿ 9,=9 9,=9 ff 4. Hrhsog Hrhsog muoe muoe chljt chljtonno onnog g colof colof t`plj t`pljss plosth plosthbb ;. Chtofm Chtofmoeno oenog g kulo cjgkog cjgkog pjrmogch pjrmogchgkog gkog muoe muoe cog kulo sjmjsor sjmjsor ?19,; ?19,;: : 5. Hrhsog Hrhsog muoe cog kulo kulo chshfpo chshfpog g poco sueu ruogk ruogk ugtun ugtun pr`sjs pr`sjs `sf`shs `sf`shs sjlofo ?= aof 8. Rorh Rorh muoe muoe cog p`t`gkog p`t`gkog muoe chsorhgk chsorhgk ?9. Y`t`gkog muoe muoe chmhlos cjgkog onhr eogkot eogkot mjrsueu 3: ́ B  B cjgkog  pjrmogchgkog muoe mu oe cog ohr sjmogyon ?13 ??. Rorh muoe chpogosgnog chpogosgnog ehgkko fjgaoch fjgaoch njgtol ?=. Chtofmoenog Chtofmoenog osof ghtrot sjmgyon 9.9:% 9.9:% corh v`lufj ohr yogk chtofmoenog sjtjloe shrup chgkhg ?2. Fosunnog shrup shrup nj colof m`t`l nobo cog tutup tutup ehgkko ropot ?3. Yr`cun shrup shrup muoe chpostjurhsosh chpostjurhsosh poco poco sueu 4: ́ B  B sjlofo ?: fjght



Rnjfo njrao

Rhopnog muoe

Shfmogk muoe

Bubh muoe

Lonunog stjof mlogshgk (sueu ;: ́B, ¿ 2 fjght)

Y`t`gk muoe (njtjmolog ¿ 9,=ff)

Ljtonnog colof t`pljs

Sofmoenog kulo(pjrmogchgkog muoe & kulo ?19,;:

Rhfpog muoe & kulo

 

Rorhgk sorh muoe

Mhlos cjgkog ohr eogkot(sueu ohr 3: ́B)

Sofmoenog 9.9:% osof ghtrot

Fosunnog shrup njcolof  m`t`l Yr`cun chpostjurhsosh(sueu 4: ́B,?: fjght)

T. COSO COSO YJG YJGKO KOFO FOSO SOG G Torhomjl Ajghs   [ontu Muoe

Gogos

Rtr`mjrh

Yorofjtjr pE pE

[orgo

Njajrgheog

Mou

]oso

9 eorh

2.3

mjghgk

ajrghe

thcon tjrlolu mjrmou thcon tjrlolu mjrmou

sjchnht  foghs, sjkor sjchnht  foghs, sjkor

? eorh

2.3

mjghgk

ajrghe

= eorh

2.8

mjghgk cog sjchnht nughgk

ajrghe

thcon tjrlolu mjrmou

okon foghs cog sjkor

2 eorh

3.3

nughgk mjghgk

ajrghe

sjpjrth mou kulo

sogkot foghs sogkot foghs cog sjchnht  osof

3 eorh

3.=

nughgk mjghgk

ajrghe

sjpjrth mou kulo

9 eorh ? eorh

=.5 =.5

fjroe fjroe

ajrghe ajrghe

thcon mjrmou thcon mjrmou

sogkot osof sogkot osof

ajrghe

oco, tjtoph thcon tjrlolu mjrmou

okon osof

= eorh

2.?

fjroe

2 eorh

2.=

fjroe sjchnht  `rogyj

ajrghe

3 eorh

2.=

fjroe cog

ajrghe

sjpjrth mou kulo cog oco mou sjchnht  str`mjrh mjrmou

sjchnht osof

osof

 

ljmhe mogyon  `rogyj

TH.

sjpjrth str`mjrh

YJFMOEORO YJFMOEOROG G

Rjboro ufuf shrup sjajghs fhgufog rhgkog mjrupo lorutog kulo njgtol cjgkog bhto roso mjrogjno rokof, shrup fjruponog soloe sotu pr`cun `loeog bohr  yogk chn`gsufsh sjmokhog mjsor `rogk sjmokoh fhgufog pjljpos coeoko. Rhrup ocoloe sjchoog pjnot colof ohr corh kulo otou pjgkkogth kulo cjgkog otou togpo  moeog tofmoeog, moeog pjwogkh, cog zot onthd sjmokoh `mot (Ogsjl, =99:). Fjgur Fj gurut ut Ryofs Ryofsugh ugh,, (=99;) (=99;) fjgyo fjgyoto tonog nog,, Rhrup Rhrup ocolo ocoloe e lorut lorutog og `rol `rol yogk yogk fjgkogcugk sunr`so otou kulo lohg colof nocor thgkkh. Fjgurut Fug‘hf cog Jgcogk Jgc ogk (=9?=), (=9?=), fjgyot fjgyotonog onog moewo moewo shrup shrup fjgkogc fjgkogcugk ugk polhgk polhgk sjchnht sjchnht :9% sunr`so cog mhosogyo 49-4:%. Rhrup copot chmuot corh moeog cosor muoe, coug, mhah, onor cog mokhog lohg corhh tufm cor tufmueo ueog g (For (Fork`g k`g` ` jt jt.. ol., ol., =999). =999). Yoco Yoco pronth pronthnuf nuf pjfm pjfmuot uotog og shr shrup, up, njl`fp`n nofh fjfmuot shrup cjgkog muoe sjkor. Muoe yogk chkugonog `lje njl`fp`n nofh ocoloe gogos cog str`mjrh. Zgtun pjrb`moog pjrtofo cjgkog fjgkkugonog fjgkkugo nog gogos, nofh fjgkupos cog fjgbubh mjrshe muoe gogos yogk onog chkugonog poco pjrb`moog hgh. Norjgo muoe colof pjrb`moog hgh fjruponog nugbhh utofo nugb utofo pjfmuot pjfmuotoggy oggyo, o, fono fono nofh nofh thcon thcon fjfhlhe fjfhlhe fjgkkug fjgkkugonog onog muoe gogos gog os yogk yogk osof, osof, gofug gofug nofh nofh fjgkk fjgkkugo ugono nog g cokhgk cokhgk gogos gogos yogk yogk fogh foghs. s. Rjcogknog ugtun pjrb`moog njcuo, nofh fjgkkugonog str`mjrh cog cjgkog fjfhlhe muoe str`mjrh eogyo yogk mjrcokhgk foghs soao. Rjmokoh logknoe owol pjfmuotog, nofh fjfhlhe muoe yogk sjkor cog fjfhlhnh roso yogk foghs. Rjtjloe chnupos, nofh fjghfmogk cog fjgkkugonog eogyo ?99 krof ugtun foshgk ‒ foshgk muoe cjgkog boro fjghfmogkgyo cj cjgk gkog og

thfm thfmog ogko kog g

yo yogk gk

tj tjlo loe e

chsh chshop opno nog g

sjmj sjmjlu lufg fgyo yo..

Rj Rjtj tjlo loe e

pr`s pr`sjs js

 pjghfmogkog, fono muoe chbubh mjrshe cjgkog ohr yogk fjgkolhr. Njfuchog  muoe tjrsjmut ch stjof mlogshgk sjlofo ¿ 2 fjght cjgkog sueu ;: ́ B. Rjtjloe sjljsoh sjlj soh fjljwo fjljwoth th pr`sjs pr`sjs stjof stjof mlogshgk mlogshgk,, fono fono muoe chp`t`gk chp`t`gk njbhl njbhl ‒ njbhl njbhl sjehgkko eogyo fjfhlhnh njtjmolog ¿ 9,=9 ff. Hrhsog muoe tjrsjmut chfosunnog

 

nj colof t`pljs, cog chtofmoenog kulo cjgkog pjrmogchgkog muoe cog kulo sjmjsor ?1 9.;:. S`pljs tjrsjmut lolu chtutup ropot cog chlonunog pjgyhfpogog sjlofo ?= aof yogk fogo pr`sjs hgh ljmhe chnjgol sjmokoh pr`sjs `sf`shs. Rjtjloe ?= aof, sorh muoe cog p`t`gkog muoe chphsoenog cjgkog boro chsorhgk.. Zgtun p`t`gkog muoe, pjrlu chmhlos cjgkog ohr eogkot mjrsueu 3: ́ B . chsorhgk Rjcogkn Rjc ogknog og ugtun ugtun sorh muoegyo, muoegyo, pjrlu pjrlu chpogoso chpogosonog nog sjehgkko sjehgkko fjgaoch fjgaoch ljmhe ljmhe njgto njg tol. l. Rj Rjtj tjlo loe e fjgb fjgbopo opohh nj njnjg njgtol tolog og yogk yogk chhgkh chhgkhgno gnog, g, sorh sorh muoe muoe tjrsj tjrsjmut mut njfuchog chtofmoeh ohr cog chmhornog tjrljmhe culu ehgkko sueu g`rfol. Rjtjloe g`rfol, sorh muoe tjrsjmut lolu chtofmoenog chtofmoenog osof ghtrot sjmogyon 9.9:% corh v`lufj ohr. Rjtjloe mjrbofpur cjgkog osof ghtrot, fono shrup onog chshfpog colof njocoog njocoog chtutup ropot. Yr`cun Yr`cun shrup copot chpostju chpostjurhsosh rhsosh poco sueu 4: ́B sjlofo ?: fjght. Rhrup yogk sucoe aoch, fono onog chmokh lokh ugtun copot chlonunog  pjgkofotog sjlofo 3 eorh. Yorofjr poco pjgkofotog hgh tjrfosun chcolofgyo yohtu ugtun fjgkuah ocogyo pjrumoeog cjroaot njosofog (pE), uah worgo, uah njajrgheog, uah mou, cog uah roso. Sjrlheot poco tomjl coto pjgkofotog moewo sjfonh sjf onhg g lo lofo fo shr shrup up chshf chshfpo pog, g, fono fono pE yogk yogk chfhlh chfhlhnh nh shr shrup up tjrsj tjrsjmut mut onog onog bjgcjrugk gohn. Ocogyo pjrumoeog poco pE, fono copot chshfpulnog moewo  moewo wontu pjgyhfpogog shrup muoe copot fjfpjgkorueh fjfpjgk orueh pjfmjgtunog p jfmjgtunog osof  poco shrup tjrsjmut. Zgtun eoshl corh uah b`mo worgo, pjgkuahog chlonunog cjgkog fjlheot cog fjgkhcjgthdhnosh ahno oco pjrumoeog worgo. [orgo poco  muoe onog fjfpjgkorueh worgo eoshl corh sjthop shrup. Mohn gogos foupug str str`mj `mjrh rh fjgug fjgugaun aunnog nog moewo moewo shr shrup up tjrsj tjrsjmut mut fosh foshe e ajrgh ajrghe e fjsnh fjsnh chmho chmhorno rnog g  mjmjropo eorh. Yocoo uah b`mo mou, mohn shrup Yoc shrup gogos gogos cog str`mjrh str`mjrh fjfmjrh fjfmjrhnog nog ocogyo ocogyo  pjrumoeog. Yoco shrup gogos, yogk yog k poco poc o owolgyo thcon mjrmou, sjtjloe sj tjloe eorh nj 2 copot tjrbhuf mou kulo. Rjcogknog ugtun shrup str`mjrh, sjtjloe : eorh, shrup  mjrmou sjpjrth str`mjrh. Zgtun uah b`mo roso, chlonunog cjgkog hgcro pjgkjbop otou hgcro pjroso. Yoco shrup gogos, poco owolgyo eogyo mjroso sjchnht foghs.  Gofug sjtjloe : eorh, roso yogk chfhlhnh `lje shrup gogos mjrumoe fjgaoch sogkot foghs. Zgtun shrup str`mjrh, eoshl onehr poco eorh nj : fjgugaunnog  moewo shrup fjgaoch mjroso mjros o osof.

 

THH.

NJRHFYZLOG

?. Yoco Yronthnuf Yronthnuf hgh, hgh, shrup chmuot chmuot corh = muoe sjkor sjkor yohtu muoe muoe gogos cog muoe muoe str`mjrh. =. Yron Yronth thnuf nuf nolh nolh hgh fjgkkug fjgkkugon onog og fjt`c fjt`cjj jnstro jnstronsh nsh `sf` `sf`shs shs yogk chlo chlonun nunog og sjlofo ?= aof tjrehtugk tjrehtugk corh sjtjloe chtutup cog che`f`kjgnoggyo che`f`kjgnoggyo bofpurog ogtoro p`t`gkog muoe cog kulo. 2. Yorofj Yorofjtjr tjr yogk chkugonog chkugonog poco prothnuf prothnuf pjfmuot pjfmuotog og shrup hgh oco : fobof fobof yohtu yoht u uah cjroaot cjroaot njosofo njosofog g (pE), uah worgo, worgo, uah njajrgheog njajrgheog,, uah mou, cog uah roso.. Yjgkuah roso Yjgkuahog og pE poco shrup gogos gogos fjfhlh fjfhlhnh nh rjgtogk rjgtogk 2.3 ‒ 3,= sjcogknog sjcogknog  poco shrup str`mjrh fjgugaunnog fjfhlhnh pE ogtoro =.5 ehgkko 2.= yogk fogo copot chshfpulnog moewo njcuo shrup tjrsjmut mjrshdot osof. Yjgkuahog worgo wor go poco pjgjlhthog pjgjlhthog hgh fjgugau fjgugaunnog nnog moewo moewo chpjgkor chpjgkorueh ueh `lje muoe yogk chkugono chku gonog. g. Rhrup Rhrup str`mjrh str`mjrh tjrlheot tjrlheot njfjroe njfjroeog og sjcogkon sjcogkonog og shrup shrup muoe goko  mjrworgo puthe njnughgkog. Njcuogyo fjfhlhnh njajrgheog yogk tjtop thcon   mjrumoe. Zgtun Zg tun roso cog mou, tjrcopot pjrumoeog gofug thcon tjrlolu mjrmjco. m jrmjco. Corh shrup gogos yogk owolgyo thcon tjrlolu mjrmou sjrto sjchnht tjroso foghs, lolu poco pjrb`moog nj : fjgaoch mjrmou sjpjrth kulo cog fjfhlhnh roso sogkot foghs cjggkog sjchnht osof. Rjcogknog ugtun shrup str`mjrh, owolgyo thcon   mjrmou cog c og fjfhlhnh roso yogk sogkot osof, oso f, gofug ch onehr prothnuf mjrumoe mjru moe fjgaoch mjroso osof cog aoch mjrumoe fjgoaoch foghs.

THHH.

CODSO] YZ YZRSONO Og`ghf. ettp1//jprhgts.ufs.ob.hc/=5;3?/2/MOMPH.pcd 

ettp1//rjp`sht`ry.whfo.ob.hc/hc/jprhgt/?9445/=/MOm%=9 hc/jprhgt/?9445/=/MOm%=9?.pcd ?.pcd Og`ghf. ettp1//rjp`sht`ry.whfo.ob.hc/ Yjgkogtor Mjgtun Rjchoog Rjchoog Dorfosh, Dorfosh, Jchsh HT, chtjrajfoenog chtjrajfoenog Ogsjl, E.B. ?858. Yjgkogtor `lje Hmroehf, D., 289-282, Zghvjrshtos Hgc`gjsho Yrjss, Aonorto. Muchfog, R cog Roroswoth, C . =995. Mjrnjmug Rtr`mjrh Rjboro N`fjrshol. Yjgjmor Rwocoyo. Aonorto.

(=9?5). ). Fonol Fonoloe oe Sjng` Sjng`l`k l`khh Moeog Moeog Fonogo Fonogog g Yjfm Yjfmuo uoto tog g ]ohcotul,]oheog. (=9?5 Rhrup Sjng`l`kh Moeog Fonogog.

 

Rusogth,bejrly. (=9?4). YJGKO]ZE YJ]MOGCHGKOG RO]H MZOE GOKO FJ]O FJ ]OE E (Eyl (Eyl`b `bjr jrju juss p` p`ly lyre rehz hzus us)) CJGK CJGKOG OG RO]H RO]H MZOE MZOE ROLO ROLON  N  M@GKN@N (Rolobbo jculhs ]jhgw) COG AJGHR YJGRSOMHL SJ]EOCOY NO]O NO ]ONS NSJ] J]HR HRSH SHN N RH RH]Z ]ZY Y MZOE MZOE.. Sjngh Sjnghn n Auruso Aurusog g Sjng` Sjng`l` l`kh kh Yogko Yogkog g Zghvjrshtos Yosugcog.

=995. Njro Njrokof kofog og Kjgjt Kjgjthn hn Gjgos Gjgos (Ogog (Ogogos os B`f` B`f`sus sus (L.) (L.) Rurthghgkshe, Rurthghgk she, Y. =995. Fjrr.) Fjr r.) Mjrcoso Mjrcosorno rnog g Yjgogco Yjgogco F`rd`l`k F`rd`l`khh Cog Ofplhdh Ofplhdhjc jc Drokfj Drokfjgt gt Ljgkte Ljgkte Y`lyf`rpehsf (ODLY). Sjshs. Hgsthtut Yjrtoghog M`k`r. Ryofsugh, E.O. (=99;). Hlfu ]jsjp, Njc`ntjrog JKB, Aonorto. Shf Yjgkoaor Yronthnuf Cosor ]jnoyoso Yr`sjs. =9=?.  =9=?. A`msejjt  A`msejjt Yronthnuf Cosor ]jnoyoso Yr`sjs. Y`lhtjnghn Gjkjrh Fologk. Fologk

(=9?9). RO]H MZOE COG AJLLX C]HGN. Aulhsth, Mjrteo. ettp1//mtokolljry.ml`ksp`t.b`f/=9?9/9;/sorh-muoe-cog-ajlly-crhgn.etfl   Xulhto,, O.B. (=9?2 Xulhto (=9?2). ). Yj Yjfm fmuot uotog og Rorh Rorh Muoe Muoe Mjlh Mjlhfm fmhg hgk k Foghs Foghs (Ovjr (Ovjrre` re`oo borofm bor ofm`lo `lo Lhgg) Lhgg) cjgkog cjgkog Fjfogdo Fjfogdootno otnog g Njruson Njrusonog og Rjl Onhmot Onhmot Fjt`cj Fjt`cj Yjfmjnuog Lofmot cog Seowhgk. Rnrhpsh. Zghvjrshtos Mrowhaoyo. Fologk. Fork`g`, S., C.Ruryoth., cog R.Eorthgoe . (?882). Munu Yogcuog Sjng`l`kh Yogkog. Yusot Hgd`rfosh [oghto colof Yjfmogkugog YCHH-LHYH mjnjraosofo cjgkog Rwhss Cjvjl`pfjgt B``pjroth`g. Aonorto. Fug‘hf, Omcul cog Jgcogk Eogogh . (=9?=). Dht`tjroph Cosor. Aonorto 1 Chog ]onyot.