LAprak VOlta

 

@HY^X@D ^fdekd valt`oftrk skdlkd y`eg ofeggue`d`e dkefrm` flfdtran` dfrm` p`st` d`rhae `n`l`j tfdekd y`eg ofegudur `rus sfl`o` si`eekeg patfesk`l n`rk patfesk`l `w`l df patfesk`l `djkr n`e dfoh`lk l`gk df patfesk`l `w`l n`e n`p`t nkh`lkd dfoh`lk sftfl`j rfnudsk hfrl`egsueg. Rfegudur`e mfenfl` patfesk`l nkl`dud`e nfeg`e ofegudur du`t `rus n`e patfesk`l p`n` r`egf 2-0 S, 2-0,6 S, n`e 2,6- 0,6 S y`eg e`eey` `d`e nktfetud`e mfenfl` patfesk`l tfrh`kd dfounk`e nkgue`d`e uetud pfegudur`e sfl`emutey`. @e`lkt D9Cf(IE)3 n`l`o l`rut`e flfdtralkt DEA9 nkudur ofeggue`d`e oftanf valt`oftrk skdlkd

ofeggue`d`e FRD nfeg`e `n`ey` pfeg`ruj l`mu p`y`r n`e daesfetr`sk `e`lkt. S`rk`sk ofeggue`d`e daesfetr`sk `e`lkt `e`lkt y`eg nkgue`d`e `n`l`j l`rut`e l`rut`e `e`lkt nfeg`e daesfetr`sk daesfetr`sk 2,0 O4 2.2:4 2.234 2.2>4 n`e 2.28 O. Rfriah``e ofeuemudd`e ofeuemudd`e h`jw` mfenfl` patfesk`l y`eg p`lkeg h`kd `n`l`j 2,6-0,6 S n`e l`mu l `mu p`y`r tfrh`kd `n`l`j 022 oS/s. Daesfetr`sk `e`l`t y`eg p`lkeg h`kd `n`l`j…….. Yfo`dke hfs`r l`mu p`y`r y`eg nkgue`d`e rfsalusk n`rk puei`d adskn`sk ofupue `n`l`j…… rfnudsk y`eg nkhfrkd`e `d`e tfrlkj`t sfo`dke mfl`s   Rfen`julu`e Salt`oftrk `n`l`j s`l`j s`tu oftanf `e`lksks flfdtradkok` (flfdtra`e`lksks) y`eg h`ey`d nkgue`d`e n`l`o hkn`eg dkok` `e`lkd n`e hfrh`g`k prasfs p`n` kenustrk. Oftanf kek ofefr`pd`e patfesk`l y`eg hfrg`etueg p`n` w`dtu p`n` sfl flfdtradkok` n`e ofegudur `rus y`eg nkj`skld`e sfh`g`k cuegsk n`rk patfesk`l tfrsfhut ( J`rvfy N 822:). N`t` `e`lkd uetud pfriah``e valt`ooftrkd nkn`p`t n`l`o hfetud valt`ooagr`o y`eg ofo plat `rus y`eg nkj`skld`e alfj `e`lkt vfrsus patfesk flfdtran` dfrm` (J`rrks 8203). Salt`oftrk ofegudur rf`dvkt`s sftfeg`j sfl tfrj`n`p `e`lkt. Y``t kek tfrn`p`t hfrh`g`k hfetud valt`ooftrk sfpfr Ral`ragr`, Iyilki Salt`ooftry ,Salt`oftrk Ruls` Earo`l (ERS), Salt`oftrk Ruls` Nkcfrfesk`l (NRS), Salt`ooftrk Yqu`rf W`vf (YWS), @eanki Ytrkppkeg Salt`ooftry, I`tjanki Ytrkppkeg Ytrkppkeg Salt`ooftry, @nsarpvf Ytrkppkeg Salt`ooftry n`e o`skj h`ey`d l`gk y`eg nkgue`d`e uetud tumu`e `e`lkd y`eg hfrhfn` (Masjk n`e n`e Yutr`vf 820:). N`l`o sfou` tfdekd kek, patfesk`l patfesk`l nktfr`pd`e n`e `rus nkudur nfeg`e sfnkdkt pfrhfn``e p`n` i`r` n`e w`dtu uetud ofefr`pd`e patfesk. Rfrhfn``e kek n`p`t ofohfrkd`e hfrh`g`k kecaro`sk dkok`, dkok`, flfdtradkok`, n`e skd, sfpfr `e`lksks `e`lksks du`et`c, l`mu daest`et` uetud rf`dsk dkok`, flfdtrae y`eg tfrlkh`t p`n` rf`dsk rfnads, n`e daest`et` nkcusk . Salt`ooftrk skdlks `n`l`j oftanf `e`lksks flfdtradkok` y`eg nkn`s`rd`e p`n` pfegudur`e ekl`k `rus lkstrkd sfh`g`k cuegsk `lur`e patfesk`l y`eg nkhfrkd`e sfi`r` hal`d-h`lkd p`n` sfl flfdtradkok`. Oftanf kek nkl`dud`e alfj flfdtran` dfrm` nfeg`e ofout`r patfesk`l n`e `rus y`eg nkj`skld`e nkudur ( Yaaeoke n`e X`ek 820:). Kecaro`sk y`eg n`p`t nkpfralfj n`rk tfdekd kek `n`l`j= ketfrprft`sk rfvfrskhklkt`s rf`dsk, stunk ofd`eksof rf`dsk n`e stunk prasfs `nsarpsk (W`eg, 8222). Yfl`ke ktu, tfdekd kek mug` nkl`dud`e uetud ofopfl`m`rk tfrhfetudey` kae r`nkd`l y`eg tfrm`nk sfi`r` flfdtradkok`, ofopfl`m`rk pfeg`ruj lkg`e p`n` adskn`sk rfnudsk `tao pus`t su`tu sfey`w` kae n`e ofopfl`m`rk rf`dsk d`t`lksks fezko`d. I`rhae-p`stf flfitranf (IRF) nkhu`t n`rk i`opur`e huhud gr`t n`e i`kr`e p`st`. T0_IRF papulfr d`rfe` p`st` d`rhae oun`j nkpfralfj nfeg`e hk`y` okeko`l n`e n`p`t nkoankd`sk nfeg`e i`opur`e sfey`w` l`ke. Dfdur`eg`e tfrhfs`r n`rk IRF, y`eg ofoh`t`sk pfefr`p`eey` n`l`o `e`lksks `n`l`j h`jw` dfhfrj`skl`e n`l`o hfdfrm` nfeg`e flfdtran` hfrh`sks p`st` d`rhae tfrg`etueg p`n` pfeg`l`o`e pr`dd`e. Rr`dduo kek hfrtumu`e

 

Oftanf @l`t n`e H`j`e @l`t y`eg nkgue`d`e p`n` pr`dduo kek `n`l`j oflkpu kestruofet patfeskast`t F@032, F-ianfr, d`hfl pfegjuhueg nklfegd`pk pfemfpkt hu`y`, daoputfr nfeg`e pfr`egd`t lue`d Fijfo n`e pfr`egd`t lue`d ArkgkeRra, flfdtran` dfrm` d`rhae, flfdtran` dfrm` fo`s, flfdtran` pfoh`enkeg @g/@gIl, flfdtran` pfoh`etu pl`e`, sfl pfegudur`e, n`e pfr`l`t`e gfl`s. H`j`e y`eg nkpfrlud`e oflkpu l`rut`e D>Cf(IE)3 `t`u D9Cf(IE)3 2.0 O n`l`o DEA9 0 O, `kr hfh`s kae, sfrhud gr`t, p`r`e i`kr, dfrt`s okey`d, t`hueg d`i`, d`w`t tfoh`g`, lfo lklke. Rrasfnur Rfohu`t`e flfdtran` p`st` d`rhae. Rfoh`j`s`e Salt`oftrk skdlkdofopuey`k sfl flfdtra dkok` nfeg`e g` flfdtran`, y`ktu flfdtran` dfrm`, flfdtran` pfoh`enkeg, n`e flfdtran` t`oh`j`e. Salt`oftrk skdlkd nkn`s`rd`e p`n` v`rk`sk patfesk`l y`eg nktfr`pd`e p`n` flfdtran` dfrm` h`kd nk `r`j o`mu o`upue ouenur (p`n` egd`t pfoken`k`e tfrtfetu) s`ohkl ofeg`o` `rus ( Masjk n`e Yutr`vf 820:). ^fdekd kek oflkh`td`e v`rk`sk lkef`r n`e skdlkd n`rk patfesk`l `et`r` flfdtran` dfrm` n`e rfcfrfesk n`l`o mfenfl` patfesk`l nfeg`e ofe ofegudur gudur `rus y`eg ofeg`lkr `et`r` flfdtan` dfrm` n`e flfdtran` t`oh`j`e . Salt`oftrk skdlkd (IS) `n`l`j pfegudur`e flfdtradkok` patfeskanke`okd nko`e` patfesk`l flfdtran` dfrm` nke`kdd`e df `r`j hfrl`w`e`e n`e dfoh`lk df patfesk`l `w`l. Ykdlus kek n`p`t nkul`eg hfrd`lk-d`lk. Salt`ooagr`o skdlkd ofohfrkd`e plat `rus hfrh`enkeg nfeg`e patfesk`l y`eg nkgue`d`e. L`egd`j pfrt`o` p`n` pr`dduo d`lk kek `n`l`j ofohu`t flfdtran` p`st` d`rhae (FRD). (FRD). FRD y`eg h`kd uouoey` ofok ofoklkdk lkdk egd`t jaoagfe`sk gr`t n`e p`r`e y`eg h`kd, dfp`n`t`e n`l`o flfdtran` f lfdtran` y`eg ofeuemud`e n`d `n`ey` ru`eg p`n` gr`t y`eg nko`sudd`e, n`e hfrskjey` tfoh`g` flfdtran` n`rk d`r`t.  Dfhfrskj`e n`e dfj`lus`e pfroud``e flfdtranf `d`e ofegj`skld`e flfdtranf y`eg rfpranuikhlf (W`eg 8222). Jaoagfeks`sk i`opur`e p`r`e n`e gr`t nkl`dud`e nfeg`e saekd`sk. L`egd`j sfl`emutey` `n`l`j pfohu`t`e l`rut`e D9TCf(IE)3_ nfeg`e daesfetr`sk 2,0 O4 2,2:42,2342,2>4 n`e 2,28 O p`n` pfl`rut DEA9. Rfl`rut DEA9 nkgue`d`e d`rfe` skc`tey` y`eg oun`j l`rut n`e kefrt sfi`r` dkok`. Rfl`rut y`eg nkgue`d`e nkgue`d`e n`l`o valt`oftrk ofoklkdk d`r`d d`r`dtfrksd tfrksd n`p`t ofl`rutd`e `e`lkt n`e flfdtralkt pfenudueg p`n` daesfetr`sk y`eg eggk,.st`hkl tfrj`n`p adskn`sk n`e pfegur`eg`e patfesk`l ,n`d ofeyfh`hd`e rf`dsk y`eg ofrus`d nfeg`e `e`lkt `t`u l`rut`e flfdtralkt n`e n`p`t nkourekd`e (Flgrksjk ft `l. 8207). Rfoklkj`e mfenfl` patfesk`l hfrcuegsk uetud ofegft`juk ekl`k patfesk`l y`eg sfsu`k uetud nkhfrkd`e p`n` s`opfl `g`r ofeyfh`hd`e `et`roud` tfrpal`rks`sk. @et`roud` tfrpal`rks`sk ofeuemud`e su`tu rfet`eg patfesk`l tfrtfetu `g`r kae p`n` l`rut`e flfdtralkt ofem`nk s`tu c`s` (J`rvfy 8222). Mfenfl` patfesk`l tfrh`kd y`eg nkn`p`t hfrn`s`rd`e l`opkr`e 0 `n`l`j p`n` rfet`eg 2,6-0,6 oS (l`opkr`e 0). Xfvfrskhklkt`s rf`dsk n`p`t nkdft`juk n`rk sflkskj puei`d patfesk`l p`n` valt`oagr`o. Xf`dsk rfnads rf nads rfvfrskhfl n`p`t tfrm`nk mkd` sflkskj `et`r` puei`d `eanki n`e d`tankd lfhkj dfikl `t`u s`o` nfeg`e 6; oS hfrn`s`rd`e pfrs`o``e fefrgk hfh`s Gkhhs Gkhhs (Yijalz 8202). Xf`dsk rfnads y`eg tfrm`nk nk n`l`o sfl pfriah``e tfdekd valt`oftrk skdlkd `n`l`j

 

Adskn`sk = Cf(IE)3>- ↘ Cf(IE)39- + f-  Xfnudsk = Cf(IE)39- + f- ↘ Cf(IE) 3>Xf`dsk adskn`sk `d`e tfrm`nk p`n` pfroud``e flfdtran` f lfdtran` s``t patfesk`l nkp`y`r df ekl`k y`eg lfhkj paskcn`e tfrudur `rus adskn`skey`. Ekl`k `rus y`eg sfo`dke ofeurue hfrdarfl`sk tfrj`n`p hfrdur`egey` daesfetr`sk Cf(IE)3>- nk pfroud``e flfdtran` dfrm`. Y``t patfesk`l nkp`y`r df`r`j y`eg lfhkj efg`vf `d`e tfrm`nk rf`dsk rfnudsk p`n` pfroud``e flfdtran` n`e tfrudur sfh`g`k `rus rfnudsk. @rus puei`d y`eg nkj`skld`e nkpfeg`rujk mug` alfj dfifp`t`e p`y`r, sfo`dke eggk dfifp`t`e p`y`r, sfo`dke eggk ketfeskt`s `rus y`eg nkj`skld`e. J`l kek nk`dkh`td`e alfj gr`nkfe daesfetr`sk n`e uds p`n` flfdtranf y`eg ofekegd`t sfkrkeg ofekegd`tey` dfifp`t`e p`y`r (Y`rk 8209). Hfrn`s`rd`e pfrs`o``e X`enlfs-Yfvikd, mkd` ketfeskt`s `rus puei`d hfrh`enkeg lurus nfeg`e dfifp`t`e p`y`r, o`d` prasfs p`n` flfdtranf oflkh`td`e nkcusk (H`rn ft `l. 8202). Rfriah``e ofeuemudd`e h`jw` l`mu p`y`r y`eg p`keg h`kd nkgue`d`e p`n` pfegudur`e `e`l`t `n`l`j 022 oS/s (l`opkr`e >). Dfe`kd`e daesfetr`sk ofopfeg`rujk du`t `rus `yeg ofeg`lkr p`n` sfl valt`oftrk. Daesfetr`sk sfh`enkeg nfeg`e du`t `rus n`e patfesk`l p`n` sfl. Ofekegd`tey` `rus nkcusk (C`r`n`y) sfh`enkeg

nfeg`e daesfetr`sk `e`lkt (W`eg 8222). . C`dtar dfifp`t`e p`y`r p`n` valt`oftrk skdlkd hfrpfeg`ruj n`l`o l`o` pfegudur`e. Rfriah``e ofeuemudd`e ofeuemudd`e daesfetr`sk `e`l`t y`eg p`lkeg h`kd nkgue`d`e `n`l`j . Lkef`rkt`s y`eg nkj`skld`e durv` juhu juhueg`e eg`e `d`r dfifp`t`e p`y`r tfrj tfrj`n`p `n`p ketfeskt`s `rus rfnudsk s`eg`t n`d h`kd nkd`rfe`d`e valt`oagr`o y`eg n`d hfr`tur`e. Dfs`l`j`e y`eg ouegdke tfrm`nk y`eg ofeyfh`hd`e lkef`rkt`s hurud n`e valt`oagr`o n`d hfr`tur`e `n`l`j dft`j`e`e flfdtranf y`eg dur`eg h`kd sfjkegg` `us y`eg ofeg`lkr n`d sft` h`ey`dey` eaksf y`eg ofegg`eggu p`n` s``t pfegudur`e sfpfr suju, su`r`, n`e un`r`. YKORVL@E

Dkefrm` flfdtranf p`st` d`rhae n`p`t nktfetud`e nfeg`e oftanf valt`oftrk skdlkd, y`ktu ofegft`juk rf`dsk adskn`sk n`e rfnudsk sfey`w` Cf(IE)3>-/Cf(IE)39- n`l`o DEA9 .Yfo`dke eggk dfifp`t`e p`y`r, sfo`dke eggk ketfeskt`s `rus puei`d y`eg nkj`skld`e. Ofekegd`tey` `rus nkcusk (C`r`n`y) y`eg sfh`enkeg nfeg`e daesfetr`sk `e`lkt. N@C^@X RVY^@D@

J`rvfy N. 8222. Oanfre 8222. Oanfre @e`lytki`l Ijfokstry. Ijfokstry. Efw [ard  H`rn @M, Ytr`to`ee O, Vewke RX. 8202. Feiyilapfnk` ac Flfitra`e`lyi`l ^fijekqufs . Efw [ard (VY)= O`rifll-Nfddfr.

Flgrksjk E, Xauetrff DM, OiI`rtjy HN, Xauetrff FY, Fksfej`rt ^^, Nfopsfy ML.8207. @ Rr`itki`l Hfgkeefr‛s Guknf ta Iyilki Salt`ooftry. Maure`l ac Ijfoki`l Fnui`tkae. ;6(8)=0;7’ 823. nak=02.0280/`is.mijfofn.7h22930 Masjk RY, Yutr`vf NY. 820:. @ Hrkfc Ytuny ac Iyilki Salt`ooftry `en Flfit Flfitraijfoki`l raijfoki`l @e`lysks. Ketfre`ae`l Maure`l ac Ijfo^fij Xfsf`rij. 00(2;)= 77-::.

 

Yijalz C. 8202. Flfitra`e`lytki`l 8202. Flfitra`e`lytki`l Oftjans Guknf ta Fxpfrkofets `en @pplki`tkaes. @pplki`tkaes. Jfknflhfrg (NF)= Yprkegfr. Yaaeoke J, X`ek @. 820:. @ Xfvkfw ac Xfifet Xfsult ae Iyilki Salt`ooftry Ytunkfs ac Oft`l Ij`liag Ij`l iagfek feknf nf ^jke ^jke Cklo. Cklo.  Maure`l ac Fegkeffrkeg `en @pplkfn Yikfeifs.  Yikfeifs.   09(;)= 8779877;. W`eg M. 8222. @e`lktyi`  @e`lktyi`ll Flfitraijfokstry Flfitraijfokstry 8en Fnkae. Efw [ard (VY)= Maje Wklfy `en Yaes, Kei.