Laprak Perpan Modul 3

 

Lepmred Qrejthjug Cmrio Imdvoithmd> Phgo,Pogporeturo ed` Solmihty Serhethmd Gufegge` Hrced`h 5589011?5

o-gehl> gufegge`.5589011?5Astu`odt.htore.ei.h` tedkkel prejthjug > 56/Gerot/2125  Qrmkreg Ytu`h Pojdhj Yhstog Odorkh Yub Nurused Pojdhj Olojtrm Hdcmrgethje `ed Yhstog Odorkh Nurused Pojdmlmkh Qrm`ujsh `ed Hd`ustrh Hdsthtut Pojdmlmkh Yugetore

Ebstrej  Qrejthjug Qrejth jug jelh hdh bortunued eker prejthjed prejthjed `epet goredkjeh, goredkjeh, godkm godkmpores poreshjed hjed poreleted  croo ed` cmrio Godkodel del `ed gogefegh gogefegh jmgpmdod-jmgpm jmgpmdod-jmgpmdod dod poreleted  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd  imdvoithmd,, Godko imdvoithmd imdvoithmd  bosorte cudkshdye, cudks hdye, `epet godkotefuh godkotefuh porphd`efed porphd`efed pedes pedes soiere soiere cmrio cmrio imdvoithmd imdvoithmd,, `ed godkotefuh godkotefuh jere jerejtorh jtorhsthj  sthj  sosudkkufdye porphd`efed pedes cmrio pedes cmrio imdvoithmd. imdvoithmd. Qorphd`efed pedes gorupejed porphd`efed pedes yedk tor torne` ne`hh ejhbet ejhbet e`edye e`edye porbo` porbo`eed eed togpor togporetu etur. r. Feshl Feshl prejth prejthjug jug jelh jelh hdh hdh,, pre prejth jthjed jed godkot godkotefu efuhh prm prmsos sos  porphd`efed pedes soiere jmdvojsh `odked godkkudejed elet  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd. imdvoithmd. Qre Qrejth jthjed jed golejujed prejthjug `odked godkhjuth erefed `erh vh`om yedk su`ef torso`he.  Jete judih >

5.

LGP@ , cmrio`, cmr io`, bmud`ery, imdvoithmd.

QOD@EF_L_ED

Qorp Qorphd hd`e `efe fed d pe pede dess goru gorupe peje jed d suet suetu u codmgode codmg ode porph porphd`ef d`efed ed odorkh odorkh (tredsc tredscor or odorky odorky) `eleg bodtuj pedes. E`edye suetu porphd`efed hdh `hsobebjed mlof e`edye suetu jojueted yedk godkod`elhjed eteu bhese `hsobut `odked `rhvhdk   cmrio.. @rhvhdk  cmrio cmrio  `eleg cmrio `eleg codmgode  pedes hdh gorupejed porbo`eed sufu. porphd`efed Epebhle `ue  bod`e yedk borbo`e togporetur `hjmdtejjed, geje pedes ejed godkelhr `erh bod`e  bortogporetur thdkkh jo bod`e yedk bortogporetur  lobhf rod`ef. Gojedhsgo porphd`efed pedes yedk tor torne` ne`hh `epet `epet borup borupee jmd`uj jmd`ujsh, sh, jmdvoj jmdvojsh, sh, eteu eteu re`hesh. @eleg eplhjeshdye, jothke gojedhsgo hdh `epet sene borledksudk soiere shgulted. Hsthl Hsthlef ef jm jmdv dvoj ojsh sh ud udtu tuj j godu godudn dnuj ujje jed d  porphd`efed pedes yedk torne`h edtere porgujeed `e `ed d cluh cluh`e `e ye yedk dk bo bork rkor orej ej jo joth thje je bo bore re`e `e pe pe`e `e  porbo`eed togporetur.  Cmrio` imdvoithmd  imdvoithmd  e`elef gojedhsgo eteu nodhs tredspmrtesh pedes `hgede ko kore reje jed d cluh` cluh`ee ye yedk dk `h `hfe fesh shlj ljed ed ml mlof of sugb sugbor  or  ojstordel. Hdh ferus `hporthgbedkjed sobekeh selef setu gotm`o gotm`o utege utege porphd porphd`ef `efed ed pedes pedes borkud borkudee

sobekehh sonu sobeke sonugle glef f boser boser pedes pedes `epet `epet `hedkj `hedkjut ut so sobe beke kehh se sedk dket et oc ochs hsho hod d `ed `ed go goje jedh dhsg sgoo hdh hdh `htogujed sedket ugug `eleg jofh`uped soferhferh, fer h, tor torges gesuj uj pogede pogedess sodtre sodtrell EI, tur turbhd bhd uep `ed `ed gosh goshd d lehd lehddy dye. e. Jm Jmdv dvoj ojsh sh pe pejs jsee so sorh rhdk dk `hf hfe` e`ep ephh mlof mlof pe perre odkhdoor   gor goredi ediedk edk eteu eteu godked god kedelhs elhshs hs poduje podujerr pe pedes, des, elh elhred red phpe, phpe, `ed elhred etes phrhdk pe`e sufu yedk borbo`e `erh elhred. E`ep E` epud ud tunu tunued ed po pori rimb mbee eed d hdh hdh e` e`el elef ef `he hedt dter ered edye ye e` e`el elef ef `e `epe pett gored oredkj kjeh eh `ed god odkm kmpo pore resh shje jed d po pore rele lete ted d  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd,, godkodel `ed gogefegh jmgpmdodimdvoithmd jmgpmd jmg pmdod od porele poreleted ted  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd  bosorte cudkshdye, `epet gogefegh codmgode chsh chshj j po porp rphd hd`e `efe fed d pe pede dess jm jmdv dvoj ojsh sh pe pejs jse, e, `e `ed d udtuj udt uj godkot godkotefu efuhh jerejt jerejtorh orhsthj sthj sosudkk sosudkkufd ufdye ye  prmsos porphd`efed pedes jmdvojsh jmdvojsh pejse. 2.

PHDNE_ED Q Q_ _YPEJE

2.5. Qrmsos Qorphd`efed Qedes Jmdvojsh

Jmdv Jm dvoj ojsh sh udtu udtuj j godu godudn dnuj ujje jed d pe pe`e `e  porphd`efed pedes yedk ejed torne`h edtere

 

 porgujeed `ed cluh`e yedk borkorej jothje goro go roje je bo bore re`e `e pe pe`e `e po porb rbo` o`ee eed d to togp gpor oretu etur. r. Qorphd Qor phd`e `efe fed d pe pede dess jm jmdv dvoj ojsh sh to tor` r`hr hrhh `e `erh rh `u `uee gojedh goj edhsgo sgo yehtu yehtu porphd porphd`ef `efed ed odorkh odorkh sobeke sobekehh ejhbet ejh bet `erh `erh porkor porkoreje ejed d gmloju gmlojuler ler eiej eiej `ed e`e  nuke odorkh yedk `hphd`efjed mlof porkorejed soiere ghirmsjmphs `erh cluh`e Z5W. Qorphd`efed pedes jmdvojsh yedk torne`h edtere yedk borkorej `ed porgujeed, jothje jot hje cluh`e jo` jo`ued uedye ye bore` bo re`ee pe`e pe` e betes togpor togporetu eturr yedk yedk  borbo`e. Qorfethjed pe`e elhred cluh`e `h etes  porgujeed yedk `hpedesjed `htudnujjed pe`e Kegber 5.

`hbetesh mlof suetu porgujeed. Yofhdkke lephsed  betes th`ej `epet borjogbedk soiere bobes soporth feldye pe`e elhred luer Z5W. 2.2. Lephsed Betes Joiop Joiopeted eted Leghder `ed Purbulod

Bh Bhle le cluh cluh`e `e godk godkel elhr hr so sope pedne dnedk dk suet suetu u  porgujeed, behj elhreddye leghder geupud tu turb rbul ulod od,, ko kore reje jed d pe pert rthj hjol ol-p -per erthj thjol ol `h `o `oje jett  porgujeed `hporlegbet mlof keye-keye keye-keye vhsjms.

Kegber 2. Ytrujtur go`ed elhred turbulod t urbulod `h `ojet  betes bod`e pe`et Kegber 5. Qodkogbedked Lephsed Betes @eleg Qorphd`efed Qedes Jmdvojsh Qorp Qorphd hd`e `efe fed d pe pede dess jm jmdv dvoj ojsh sh so sobe beke kehh  porphd`efed odorkh torne`h `eleg cluh`e ejhbet `erh ocoj jmgbhdesh `erh jmd`ujsh `ed porkorejed jeser jes er cluh`e cluh`e.. E`epud E`epud odorkh odorkh yedk yedk `hphd` `hphd`efj efjed ed e`elef odorkh `eleg cluh`e. Bokhtu pule `odked jmdvoj jmd vojsh sh sobeke sobekehh portuj portujere ered d pedes pedes let letodt odt yedk yedk `h `hfu fubu budk dkje jed d `o `odk dked ed po poru rube befe fed d ceso ceso ed edter teree joe`eed iehred `ed uep cluh` h`ee. @odked gogporfethjed jmd`hsh elhred cluh`e tedpe golhfet iere porphd`efed pedes jmdvojsh porsegeed lenu `hdyetejed `eleg bodtuj>

q

'' 

7 f ( P s−P ∔ )

(5)

pedes jmdvojsh ([/g²) e`el e`elef ef `hgede borb borbed ed` `q'', hd hdk k clux lu luru rus s `o `odk dked ed porb porbo` o`ee eed d togpor tog poretu eturo ro edtere edtere por porguj gujeed eed & cluh`e cluh`e udtuj  udtuj  geshdk-geshdk P s  `e `ed P ∔  (togporetur). Yo`edkjed f e`elef jmochshod jmdvojsh lmjel eteu jmochshod jmoch shod porphd`efe porphd`efed d pedes. pedes. E`epud E`epud jmochshod jmochshod  porphd`efed pedes torkedtudk pe`e komgotrh  porgujeed, iere `erh porkorejed cluh`e `ed sonuglef `erh shcet torgm`hdeghje `ed tredspmrt `erh cluh`e Z2W. Jmdvojsh pejse e`elef porphd`efed pedes yedk gede `helhreddye torsobut boresel `erh luer, sop soporth orth `erh erh blm lmwo worr ete teu u jred jred `ed pmgpe. gpe. Jmdvojsh pejse `eleg phpe gorupejed porsmleed  porphd`efed jmdvojsh udtuj elhred `eleg eteu

Pomrh lephsed betes yedk lednut gogu go gudk dkjh jhdj djed ed jhte jhte ud udtuj tuj go godk dkfh fhtu tudk dk ththj  ththj  `hgede `hg ede elh elhred red borphs borphsef ef `erh `erh por porguj gujeed eed.. Qe`e Qe`e ugugdy ugug dye, e, leph lephse sed d be bete tess turb turbul ulod od th`e th`ej j ej ejed ed  borphsef sogu`ef lephsed betes leghder jerode odorky odo rky jhdoth jhdothj j per perthj thjolp olpert erthjo hjoll cluh`e cluh`edye dye lobhf lobhf  boser `eleg lephsed turbulod Z9W. 2. 2. Elhred `h Etes Qolet @eter

Qorthgbedkjed elhred perelol cluh`e `h etes  polet `eter `odked pednedk L `eleg eref elhred, so sop por orth th yed edk k `htu `htud dnujj nujjed ed pe` e`ee Kegb Kegber er 9. Jmmr`hdet x `hujur `h sopednedk porgujeed polet `erh toph `oped soeref elhred. Cluh`e god`ojeth  polet `eleg eref-x `odked joiopeted elhred jo ete tess `e `ed d su suf fu P ∔  yed yedk k soreke sorekeg. g. Elh Elhred red pe`e lephsed betes joiopeted `hguleh sobekeh leghder, to tote teph ph nhje nhje po pole lett iu iuju jup p pe pedn dned edk, k, elhr elhred ed ej ejed ed  x godne`h turbulod pe`e nerej ir  `erh toph `oped `h gede bhledked Roydml`s godiepeh dhleh jrhthsdye udtuj tredshsh Z2W.

yedk `hsobut `odked hdtordel clmw. E`epud elhred yedk yedk to torn rne` e`hh `e `ele leg g ph phpe pe e`el e`elef ef cl cluh uh`e `e yedk yedk 2

 

Kegber 9. @eoref leghder `ed turbulod `erh lephsed betes solege elhred `h etes polet `eter  Pred Predshs shshh `e `erh rh el elhr hred ed le leghd ghder er jo el elhre hred d turbulod turbu lod borkedtudk borkedtudk pe`e komgotrh komgotrh porgujeed, porgujeed, jo joje jese sere red d po porg rguj ujee eed, d, jo joio iope peted ted fu fulu lu,, sufu sufu  porgujeed, `ed nodhs cluh`e, edtere lehd, `ed  pelhdk behj `hihrhjed mlof bhledked Roydml`s.

 E 7ρ@L +

 υSx Sx  7  μ v

(2)

@hgede S gorupe @hgede gorupejed jed joiope joiopeted ted elhred elhred  bobes, x Nerej `erh toph `oped, `ed v 7 υ / μ yedk gede gorupejed vhsjmshtes jhdogethi. Qorfethjed  befwe dhleh bhledked Roydml`s borverhesh udtuj   polet `eter `h sopednedk elhred, godiepeh ℜ L 7SL / v   `h unudk polet. _dtuj elhred `h etes  polet `eter, tredshsh `erh leghder jo turbulod  bhesedye torne`h pe`e irhthiel Roydml`s dugbor.

ℜir7

 υS x ir  μ

  7? Û 51

?

(9)

 Dhleh irhthie irhthiell Roydml Roydml`s `s dugbor  dugbor   udtuj   polet `eter `epet borverhesh `erh 51?   fhdkke ? torked kedtud tudk k pe`e pe`e jojese jojesered red porguj porgujeed eed 9 Û 51 , tor `ed thdkjet turbulodsh elhred bobes Z0W. Jogu`hed  pe`e nerej tortodtu torne`h elhred turbulodt `odked tedpe godkebehjed porphd`efed pedes yk torne`h  pe`e `eoref leghder geje jmochshod porphd`efed  pedes rete-rete pe`e soluruf plet `epet `htodtujed `odked porsegeed>

f  L i  D u7 j 

(0)

@hge @hgede de L e` e`el elef ef Qedn Qedned edk k po porg rguj ujee eed d u`ere borkorej ( udtuj plet `eter fedye pednedk  plet). Qe`e porimbeed  cmrio` imdvoithmd  imdvoithmd  hd hdhh Z?W, Z?W, `e `eye ye lh lhstr strhj hj ye yedk dk gesu gesuj j `h `hdy dyete eteje jed d `o `odk dked ed  porsegeed>

2

  (g²)

0

(;) Jmochshod porphd`efed pedes jmdvojsh,

  U˘ f i 7 E s Û P g

Bhledked pe`e nerejZ0W> x `erh toph `oped  polet `eterRoydml`s `hdyetejed sobekeh

ℜ x 7

ρ@

(6)

Godkfhtud Godkfh tudk k Pg eteu LGP@ LGP@ (lmkerhtfghi goed togporeturo togpo returo `hccorodio) `hccorodio) eteu togporetur togporetur rete-rete rete-rete lmkerhtghj,

Pg7

  P mut −P ½ ld

9.

Z

  P s−P ½

 W

(8)

P s −P mut 

GOPM@O QREJPHJ_G

 Ced    Ced

go goru rupe peje jed d

bek ekhe hed d

elet let

yed edk k

`hkude `hk udejed jedimdvoithmd, udtuj udtuj god godkko clu udt  cmrio` imdvoithmd , Pkkorej 5 rejjed gjed orupecluh`e jeh`e d sudtuj  odsuj  mr  togporetur togpo retur borupe tforgmimuplo tforgmimuplo   yedk `hkudejed udtuj godkujur sufu cluh`e yedk gesuj (hdclmw ( hdclmw), ), P2 goru gorupe peje jed d so sods dsmr mr togp togpor oret etu ur bo borrup upee tforgmimuplo   yedk `hkudej tforgmimuplo `hkudejed ed udtuj godkujur  godkujur  sufu suf u por porguj gujeed eed foetor foetor,, P9 gor gorupe upejed jed sodsmr  sodsmr  togporetur borupe tforgmimuplo yedk `hkudejed ud udtu tuj j godk godkuj ujur ur sufu sufu u` u`er eree jo jolu luer er (mutclmw mutclmw), ),  clmwreto   sodsmr   gorupejed elet yedk `hkudejed  clmwreto udtuj udt uj gogbei gogbeiee len lenu u elh elhrr clu cluh`e h`e yedk yedk golowe goloweth th  phpe, foetor gor gorupe upejed jed elet elet yed yedk k `hkude `hkudejed jed udtuj gogedesjed cluh`e. Yoleh Yolehd d go goshd shd  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd jhte nuke godkkudejed porsmdel imgputor (QI) udtuj godneledjed  smctwero  smctwero   S@EY yedk  borcudksh godegphljed `hspley feshl porimbeed `e `erh rh elet elet  croo ed` cmrio imdvoithmd, sorte udtuj  goroje gor ojeg g `ete `ete feshl feshl por porimb imbeed eed `odked `odked cudksh cudksh roimr` `ete pe`e `ete pe`e smctwero  smctwero

[ 7S Û H 

([ett) (?) Lenu porphd`efed pedes torfe`ep wejtu `h`ochdhshjed sobekeh>

˘7 U

U t 

([ett)

(3)

`hgede udtuj foetor, 9

 

Kegber 0. Croo 0. Croo ed` cmrio` imdvoithmd epperetus epperetus _dtuj gogu`efjed gogu`efjed podkkudee podkkudeed d  poreleted hdh `hporlujed prmso`ur porimbeed yedk  beju kude god`epetjed `ete podkegeted yedk ejuret. Qortegeyelejed poredkjet imgputor (QI), jogu`hedeledjed smctwero S@EY (Jlhj `ue jelh  pe`e himd himd   S@EY) S@EY),, le lelu lu pe pese sedk dk po porg rguj ujee eed d  porphd`efed pedes yedk tolef `h todtujed ( Chddo`,  Chddo`, Qhddo`  `ed Clet   `ed  Clet Qleto), Qleto), fh`upjed goshd `o `odk dked ed god odoj ojed ed tm tmgb gbm ml  pmwor   goshd goshd yedk yedk to torl rlot otej ej `h bole boleje jedk dk gosh goshd, d, fh fh`u `upj pjed ed  pmwor  foetor   godojed tm tmg gbml  pmwor   go goshd shd yedk yedk torlotej `h `oped goshd, neledjed prmkreg S@EY jlhj “ stert ‗. ‗.

Yot Yot pm pmwo worr fo foet etor or fhdk fhdkke ke godi godiep epeh eh 5? [ettt (ye [et (yedk dk tolef tolef `h todtuj todtujed) ed),, tud tudkku kku fhdkke fhdkke  pogbeieed togporeturo stebhl (5? godht), fh`upjed ced `odked iere puter ced puter  ced   soeref nerug  neg soboser 2 g/s (yedk tolef `h todtujed). todtujed).

0

 

Ie Iete tett po poru rube befe fed d togp togpor oretu eturo ro `o `odk dked ed hdtorvel 91 sojmd solege 061 s `odked iere jlhj  “roimr` `ete‗ `ete‗ jogu`hed gethjed ced `odked iere  puter  ced  ced   bor borlewe leweded ded eref ner nerug ug neg fhdkke fhdkke  pogbeieed clmw  pogbeieed  clmw reto 1. reto  1. _ledkh porimbeed `odked godkkedth godkk edth porgujeed porgujeed jorne porphd`efe porphd`efed d pedes pedes ( Chddo`,  Chddo`, Qhddo`  `ed Clet  `ed Clet Qleto) Qleto) `ed verhesh Qmwor  Foetor, bhle tolef soloseh, sot pmwor sot  pmwor foetor  fhdkke  fhdkke dml dm l jogu jogu`h `hed ed goshd geth gethje jed d  pmwor foetor , tor torejf ejfhr  hr  gethjed pmwor  gethjed  pmwor   goshd `ed QI.

Pebol 5. Phpo Lephsed Qorphd`efed Qedes

0.

FEYHL @ED QOGBEFEYED

?

 

Jolmgpmj> 8

 Dm.

Dege

DHG

Qerec

Pedkkel Qrejthjug 56-19-2125

5.

Gufegge` Hrced`h

5589011?5 eshstod (…………………………..)

Pedkkel Porejfhr Qogesujed Lepmred

2?-19-2125

Pebol 2. @ete Feshl Qorimbeed `ed Qorfhtudked Qmwor > 5? wett Foet Predscor Yurceio > Qhddo` Ehr volmihty 5,? g/s

˘ U

Phg o

([ett)

(s)

P 5 hdlo t ±I

5

1,?1111

91

26,?

?2,9

2

1,2?111

31

26,?

?5,9

9

1,5333;

81

26,?

?1,?

0

1,52?11

521

26,?

08,;

?

1,51111

5?1

26,3

08,5

3

1,16999

561

26,3

06,3

;

1,1;509

251

26,3

06,5

6

1,132?1

201

26,3

0;,;

8

1,1???3

2;1

26,3

0;,9

51

1,1?111

911

26,3

03,;

55

1,10?0?

991

26,3

03,0

52

1,1053;

931

26,?

03,2

59

1,19603

981

26,?

03,1

50

1,19?;5

021

26,?

0?,;

5?

1,19999

0?1

26,?

0?,5

53

1,1952?

061

26,3

00,8

 D m

P 2

P 9

Yurceio

mut

±I

±I 99, 8 99, ? 99, 9 99, 1 92, 6 92, 3 92, 0 92, 0 92, 9 92, 2 92, 5 92, 5 92, 5 92, 1 92, 1 92,

P gF 

f° i

±I

±I

([/g².J)

2 9 ,6

21,8609238

1,1328?898200?18011

2 2 ,6

21,5838?09

1,195?305816;05?991

2 2 ,1

58,?153031

1,125182;68289230;1

2 5 ,2

56,6313523

1,15?6?0958;;021901

2 1 ,?

56,9586289

1,152;138662;3;38?1

2 1 ,1

5;,82?361?

1,15131908?;8221?51

5 8 ,?

5;,?9505?1

1,118515196509083;1

5 8 ,5

5;,5286183

1,11;8;002?60115;13

5 6 ,;

53,;621;?;

1,11;18366113?62023

5 6 ,5

53,299?2??

1,113988288?13;1565

5 ; ,6

5?,8635896

1,11?622?25023;81?;

5 ; ,;

5?,6956056

1,11?901532185355?0

5 ; ,?

5?,39183;0

1,110892618201;52;6

5 ; ,2

5?,9693885

1,110?60985512?3218

5 3 ,3

50,;651113

1,11026;;259?832?;9

5 3 ,9

50,?99;;61

1,1101295895?62;02;

P 5−

 

3

 

1 Qmwor > 5? wett Foet Predscor Yurceio > Qhddo` Ehr volmihty 9 g/s

˘ U

Phg o

P 5 hdlo t

([ett)

(s)

5

1,?1111

2

P 2

P 9

Yurceio

mut

±I

±I

91

28,9

??,5

1,2?111

31

28,9

?0,5

9

1,5333;

81

28,9

?9,9

0

1,52?11

521

28,9

?2,?

?

1,51111

5?1

28,0

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3

1,16999

561

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1,1;509

251

28,0

?1,8

±I 90, ? 90, 5 99, 8 99, 3 99, 0 99, 2 99,

6

1,132?1

201

28,0

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1,1???3

2;1

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1,10?0?

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28,0

08,2

52

1,1053;

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1,19603

981

28,9

06,6

50

1,19?;5

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06,?

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1,1952?

061

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1 99, 1 92, 8 92, 6 92, ; 92, ; 92, ; 92, 3 92, 3 92, 3

P gF 

f° i

±I

±I

([/g².J)

2 ? ,6

29,512?035

1,132?1822885;?6261

2 0 ,6

22,950125;

1,19599612325389121

2 0 ,1

25,35608??

1,1218059593136?551

2 9 ,2

21,8;3?83?

1,15?;01235;893;821

2 2 ,?

21,090;890

1,15235?0061268;611

2 2 ,1

21,1988689

1,151?2;128;89;2391

2 5 ,?

58,30?1??5

1,11819?998229568;;

2 5 ,5

58,2098555

1,11;853;36582;5892

2 1 ,;

56,68311;5

1,11;10??5193158;;1

2 1 ,5

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1,1139?26810;30?30?

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56,1886689

1,11?;6123?06;00266

5 8 ,;

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1,11?9159;59;?86582

5 8 ,?

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1,110??5198?88?1138

5 6 ,3

53,6839202

1,1102?30?1;;0218?9

5 6 ,9

53,306;;3?

1,119889695205?3;20

P 5−

 

Qmwor > 5? wett Foet Predscor Yurceio > Clet Qleto Ehr volmihty 5,? g/s

˘ U

Phg o

([ett)

(s)

P 5 hdlo t ±I

5

1,?1111

91

26,3

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2

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26,3

63,6

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P 2

P 9

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P gF 

f° i

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1,59?0?0;829183;211

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1,5333;

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1,10?0?

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26,3

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1,1053;

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1,19603

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26,3

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1,19999

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26,;

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1,1952?

061

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Phg o

([ett)

(s)

P 5 hdlo t ±I

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Qogbefesed> Qrejthjug godkkudejed `ue nodhs lephsed  porphd`efed pedes yehtu chddo` `ed clet pleto. @hkudejed `odked godkkudejed pmwor soboser  5? wett `odked ehr volmihty borbo`e yehtu 5,? `ed 9. @hjotefuh `ete wejtu, P5 hdlot , P2 surceio P2 surceio,, `eb P9 mut   sofhdkke sofhdkke `erh `ete torsobut `epet godierh  ̋ . Feshl porfhtud P gF ,f i, `ed U porfhtudked ked `epet `hlhfet `hlhfet soiere ledksudk goleluh teboldye geshdk-geshdk. Lephsed Lep hsed betes betes gor gorupe upejed jed suetu suetu lephsed lephsed thphs pe`e porgujeed pe`et ( smlh` surceio) togpet godkelh lhrrdye cluh`e `h gede vhsj hsjmshtes  borpodkeruf rolethc boser. Solmi Solmihty hty bmud` bmud` leyor   nuke gorupejed eroe pe`e erus cluh`e pe`e  porgujeed `hd`hdk `odked ocoj vhsjmshtes `ed joiopeted ejed `epet borubef soiere shkdhchjed, so`e so`edk dkje jed d tf tfor orge gell bm bmud ud`e `ery ry le leyo yorr gorupejed `eoref yedk tor`epet kre`hod sufu `eleg elhred ejhbet prmsos portujered jelmr cluh`e `ed `hd`hdk elhred.  Lmk goed togporeturo `hccorodio `hbutufjed `hbut ufjed udtuj gododtujed gododtujed keye porkorejed porkorejed sufu porphd`efed pedes. @eleg poduruded `erh LGP@ LG P@ so soie iere re sh shst stog oget ethj hj `h `hesu esugs gshje hjed d be befw fwee  porphd`efed pedes torne`h `eleg podujered pedes sopednedk sugbu z `erh jmmr`hdet kodorhj E jo B,  pedes edtere `ue cluh`e 5 `ed 2 sufudye sopednedk ^ borerth P5 (z) `ed P2 (z). Clujs Clu js pe pede dess po port rtuj ujer ered ed lm lmje jell pe pe`e `e ^ sobed`hdk `odked porbo`eed sufu, borerth>

`P 5   7 Je P 5 ( z )− P 2 ( z ) 7−je ΐP ( z ) `z `P 2   7 Je P 2 ( z )− P 5 ( z ) 7 jb ΐP ( z ) `z

Z

W

Z

W

@h gede Je `ed Jb e`elef jmd`ujthvhtes torgel `erh befed hdtorvodhdk geshdk-geshdk `h ththj E `ed B `hshgpuljed godne`h

` ( ΐP ) ` ( P 2−P 5) ` P 2 ` P 5   7   −   7 JΐP ( z )  7 `z `z `z `z Pmtel odorkh yedk `hportuj tujerjed `htogujed `odked godkhdtokreshjed porphd`efed  pedes lmjel q `erh E jo B> B

∪

U7

 E

B

B

_  _  q`z 7  ΐP ( z ) `z 7  ΐP `z  @  E  @  E

∪

∪

Kude Ku deje jed d cejt cejtee be befw fwee eroe eroe po podu duje jerr je jelm lmrr Er  e`elef pednedk phpe B - E `hjelhjed `odked nerej  edter phpe @> B

 _ Er U7 B− E

B

∪ ΐP ( z )`z 7  E

∪

_ Er  ΐP `z  E B

∪ `z  E

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Qe`e jo`ue hdtokrel, buet porubefed verhebol `erh z jo ΐP>

@h gede gede @ e`el e`elef ef ne nere rej j edte edtere re `ue `ue cl cluh uh`e `e.. Godurut fujug Cmurhor, pedes yedk godhdkkeljed cluh`e godyobebjed kre`hod sufu soporth borhjut hdh> 8

 

 

 ΐP  ( B )

Qoduurud Qoduu ruded ed `erh `erh porseg porsegeed eed togpor togporetu etur  r  rete-rete reterete lmkerhtghj eteu LGP@ e`elef sobekeh sobekeh  borhjut>

  `z   ` ( ΐ P )  ΐP  _ Er ` ΐ P   E P ( E )

 ∪

U7

 ΐP ( B )

∪

 EP ( E )

`z   ` ( ΐP ) ` ΐP 

 ( P f −P i ) −( P f −P i ) ( P f −P i ) ld ( P f −P i )

@odked rolesh udtuj ΐP yedk `htogujed `h etes, hdh godne`h>  ΐP ( B)

_ Er U7

 ∪

 EP ( E )  ΐP  ( B)

∪

 EP ( E )

5

 Q7

 ` ( ΐP ) j ΐP 

2

(

5

2

2

5

5

 )

2

5

5

2

2

5

2

5

(  ) − −( −  )

5−

 V 7

Yofhdkke godkfeshljed>

 R

 ΐP   (( B ) − ΐP ( E ) ld

2

 ( P i −P i )  ( P f −P f )  ,`ed  ,`e d R7 ( P f −P i ) ( P i −P i )

 ` ( ΐP ) j 

5

U7_ Û E r Û

5

 LGP@7

Z  W   ΐP  ( ( B )

 R Q −5  Q−5  R Q  Q

5

5

 D 

5

 D 

5

− (  ) (− ) 7  R + 5 ∞  R  R −5 2

 ΐP ( E )

 C 

Qe`e porfhtudked prejthjug h dh godkkudejed godkkudejed togporetur rete-rete lmkerhtghj, jerode pe`e porfhtudkeddye tor`epet lues jmdstedte `ed jmochshod porphd`efed pedes, `h gede sogejhd boser porbo`eed sufu rete-rete geje sogejhd bedyej pedes yedk `h tredscor. Qodkkudeed gotm`o edelhse podujer jelmr  hdh pmpulor `odked sobuted Gotm`o LGP@. _dtuj  god`osehd eteu gogporjhrejed udnuj jorne suetu  podujer jelmr jhte porlu godkfubudkjed lenu  porphd`efed jelmr tmtel `odked verhebol lehddye golhpu gol hputh th togpor togporetu eturr cluh`e cluh`e gesuj gesuj `ed joluer joluer,, jmocch jmo cchshod shod porphd porphd`ef `efed ed jelmr jelmr tmt tmtel, el, `ed luesed luesed  porphd`efed jelmr tmtel.

ld

 5

5

 V   R V 

 2

ld

(

2

 V −5− R + 2

∞  R

+5

 R + 5 −5− R −∞  R 2

 V 

)

Qorfethjed befwe R e`elef reshm porubefed sufu el elhr hred ed pe pede dess `e `ed d `hdk `hdkhd hd,, so so`e `edk dkje jed d Q e` e`ele elef f  porubefed sufu cluh`e `hdkhd `hbekh `odked  porbo`eed sufu gejshgug. C e`elef cejtmr  jmrojsh LGP@. Buju Qokedked Qorrys Qokedked Qorrys Ifoghiel   Odkhdoors   gody  Odkhdoors godyet etej ejed ed be befw fwee cejt cejtmr mr jm jmro rojs jshh LGP@ yedk lobhf rod`ef `erh 1,6 godudnujjed `o `ose sehd hd po pod duj ujer er pe pede dess yed edk k th`e th`ej j ochs ochsho hod, d, so so`e `edk dkje jed d  Foet Oxifedkor @oshkd Fed`bmmj  godyeredjed befwe dhleh ghdhgug ferus 1,;?.

Krechj 5. Krechj   porbo`eed togporetur  (±I) torfe`ep wejtu (s)     )

   I    ±     (    F    g    P

Krechj 2. Krechj   porbo`eed jmochshod     )    J  porphd`efed     ²  .    g  pedes ([/g².J)     / torfe`ep (s)

31 ?1 01

PgF Qhddo` 5,?

1.53 91 1.50

PgF Qhddo` 9 PgF cet 5,?

21 1.52

PgF cet 9

1.5 51 fi Qhddo` 5,?

1.16    [ 1 1 wejtu     (    i 1.13

fi Qhddo` 9 511

    f

211

911

011

?11

311

wejtu (s)

1.10

fi cet 5,? fi cet 9

51

1.12 1

1

511

211

911

011

?11

311

wejtu (s)  

Qe`e porgujeed jorne porphd`efed pedes jmdvojsh pejse phddo` surceio `odked `eye 5? wett `odked lues eroe porgujeed jorne  porphd`efed pedes 1,12; g², `ed joiopeted u`ere 5,? g/s, feshl porimbeed `hpormlof `erh rete-rete sufu eteu `ete yedk `h `epet `eleg sothep hdtorvel 91 `othj solege 061 `othj, `hpormlof LGP@ P gF 

1,1599 wett/g².J, lenu porphd`efed pedes soboser  1,51? wett, `ed occhshodsh soboser 502,65%. Jogu Jo gu`h `hed ed jhte jhte godk godkke kedt dthh bod` bod`ee unh unh `odked `od ked cle clett pleto pleto `od `odked ked lues lues eroe eroe por porguj gujeed eed  porphd`efed pedes 1,1552 g², `ed `odked joiopeted u`ere 5,? g/s, `odked `eye soboser 5? wett, `h`epetje `h`epetjed d P gF  ??,?00? ±I, jmochshod lenu

soboser 5;,22?6 ±I, jmochshod porphd`efed pedes 1,15998 1,159 98 wett/g².J, wett/g².J, `ed lenu porphd`ef porphd`efed ed pedes feshl fes hl porfht porfhtudk udked ed `erh P gF   `ed jmochshod jmochshod yedk `h`epe `h` epetje tjed d `erh `erh `ete `ete porimb porimbeed eed yehtu yehtu q sobose soboser  r  1,51? wett, `ed ochshodsh soboser 502,65%. Bod`e unh solednutdye yehtu geshf sege degud yehtu phddo` surceio `odked `eye 5? wett, `ed joiopete joiopeted d u`ere u`ere 9g/ 9g/s, s, `hporm `hpormlof lof feshl P gF  soboser 58,9016 ±I, jmochshod porphd`efed pedes

 porphd`efed pedes 1,1558 wett/g².J, lenu  porphd`efed pedes 1,109; wett, `odked ochshodsh soboser 902,33?%. @odked bod`e unh sege yehtu clet pleto degud `odked `eye 5? wett `ed joiopeted edkhd9 g/s, /s, `o `op por orm mlof lof P gF   so sobo boser ser ?0 ?0,3 ,38± 8±I, I, `e `ed d jmochshod jmoch shod porphd`ef porphd`efed ed pedes 1,1558 1,1558 wett/g wett/g².J, ².J, `odked `od ked len lenu u porphd porphd`ef `efed ed pedes pedes porfht porfhtudk udkded ded soboser sob oser 1,109; 1,109;6 6 wett, wett, `od `odked ked och ochsho shodsh dsh yed yedk k `h feshljed soboser 902,3%.

?.

Predscorodio e Qreithiel Epprmeif, Epprmeif, dm. 8.

JOYHGQ_LED

Joshgp Josh gpu ule led d yedk yedk `epe `epett `h `heg egbh bhll `erh `erh  prejthjug jelh hdh yehtu> 5. Pogp ogporet oretu ur ret etee-re rette lm lmk ker erhhtghj tghj to torh rhdk dkk kh e`elef Clet e`elef  Clet pleto 5? pleto 5? wett Ehr wett Ehr Solmihty 5,? 2. fi tor torth thdk dkkh kh `hg `hghl hlhj hjhh mlof mlof  Chddo`   surceio  surceio   5? wett we tt  Ehr Solmihty 5,? `ed `ed Chddo`   Chddo`   surceio  surceio   5? wett Ehr wett  Ehr Solmihty 9 yehtu 1,1559 [/g².J 

2110. Z?W

P. L. J. O. HPORE, “Gm`ul 9 Cmrio Imdv Im dvoi oith thmd md

Phgo Phgo,,

Po Pogp gpor oret etur uro, o,

ed` ed`

Solmihty Solmih ty Serhethm Serhethmd,‗ d,‗ hd  Gm`ul Qrejthjug  Qorphd`efed Qedes @ed Gesse, Gesse, 2121.

9.   P gF  torthdkkh `hghlhjh mlof Clet mlof  Clet pleto 5? pleto  5? wett  Ehr Solmihty 5,? Solmihty 5,? yehtu soboser ??,?00 ±I 0. Yo Yoge gej jhd le lege ge we wejt jtu u geje geje so soge gejh jhd d tu turrud togpor tog poretu eturr setu (hdlot ), `ue ( surceio),  surceio), thke thke (mut ), ), sorte f° i, `ed P gF .

3.

Z5W

@ECPER Q_YPEJE

E.

[elunm`neth,

“Qorphd`efed

Qedes

Jmdv Jm dvoj ojsh sh Qejs Qejse, e,‗‗  Gen. Hlg. Gmgodtug, Gmgodtug, vml. 2, dm. 2, pp. 25’20, 2159. Z2W

S. Fm Fmlged,  Foet Predscor , 51tf o`., vml. 5?, dm. 9. 5888.

Z9WW Z9

E. Gurs Gurse` e`hd hd ed` ed` R. R. Y Yub ubek ekym ym,, ““Be Befe fed d Ene Ener  r  Qorphd`efed Qedes H FGJJ 0?9,‗ pp. 5’  ?5, 2153.

Z0W

X. E. E . Io I odkol e d` d` G. G . E. E . Bm B mlos,  Foet  55