Laprak Perpan Modul 2
September 18, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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L`pir`k ^r`etmeuh Jrgg Cikvgctmik Cikvgctmik?? Tmhg-Tghpgr`turg Tmhg-Tghpgr`turg Z`rm`tmik Z`rm`tmik Hub`hh`d Mrj`kdm 00=34>>70
g-h`ml? hub`hh`d.00=34>>70Nstudgkt.mtgr`.`c.md t`kaa`l pr`etmeuh ? 06/H`rgt/6>60 ^riar`h Studm Tgekme Smstgh Gkgram Suf Ourus`k Tgekme Glgetri Mkjirh`tme` d`k Smstgh Gkgram Ourus`k Tgekiliam ^riduesm d`k Mkdustrm Mkstmtut Tgekiliam Suh`tgr`
@fstr`e ^grcif``k e`lm mkm `d`l`b pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm dgka`k pgrhue``k egro` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s jl`t pl`tg surj`cg, surj`c g, jmkkgd surj`cg, d`k pmkkgd surj`cg. eikvgesm eikvgesm sgc`r` `l`hm `t`u jrgg cikvgctmik cikvgctmik p`d` ud`r` y`ka fgrsgktub`k dgka`k eihpikgk hgka`l`hm pgkmkae`t`k subu. ^grcif``k dml`eue`k hgkaauk`e`k `l`t hgsmk eikvgesm eikvg esm d`k sijtw`rg sijtw`rg ZD@S. ^grpmkd` ^grpmkd`b`k b`k p`k`s sgc`r` sgc`r` eikvgesm eikvgesm p`d` pgrhue``k pgrhue``k fgkd` d`k dm`tur dm`tur ilgb Bueuh ciilmka Kgwtik. Kgwtik. Mkput d`y` eg h`tgrm`l `d`l`b 07 Q`tt d`k 67 sgbmkaa` hghukaemke`k e`hm uktue hgkabmtuka eigjmsmgk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s uktue p`d` pgrhue``k egro` y`ka fgr`a`h. Eigjmsmgk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikduesm b c, pgka`hfml`k d`t` p`d` mktgrv`l w`etu 3> dgtme, d`t` y`ka dm `hfml fgrup` Tghpgr`tur.
Dmtghue`k hghmlmem egs`l`b`k `t`u grrir y`ka fgr`rtm b`sml pgrbmtuka`k y`ka tmd`e gjmsmgk. Egs`l`b`k mkm hukaemk tgro`dm e`rgk` prifg tmd`e fgegro` sgsu`m b`r`p`k sgbmkaa` kml`m subu y`ka dmd`p`t tmd`e fgk`r `t`upuk egs`l`b`k d`l`h pggrbmtuka`k. Tgrfuetm pul` f`bw` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s sgc`r` eikvgesm s`ka`t fgrpgka`rub dgka`k lu`s `rg` prisgs eikvgesm. E`t` eukcm ?
0.
cikvgctmik, jlumd`, eigjmsmgk, tghpgr`tur.
^GKD@BWLW@K
Eikvgesm Eikvge sm `d`l`b `d`l`b prisgs prisgs dmh`k` dmh`k` p`k`s p`k`s dmpmkd`be` dmpmk d`be`k k ilgb agr`e agr`e h`ss` hilgeul-hil hilgeul-hilgeul geul d`rm d`rm su`t su`tu u tg tghp hp`t `t eg tg tghp hp`t `t l` l`mk mk.. Eikv Eikvge gesm sm hglmf` hgl mf`te` te`k k agr`e agr`e hilgeu hilgeul-h l-hilg ilgeul eul p`d` p`d` o`r o`r`e `e y`ka y`k a fgs`r. fgs`r. Eikvge Eikvgesm sm hgrup` hgrup`e`k e`k hge`km hge`kmshg shg ut`h` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s d`l`h jlumd` dm sgemt`r emt emt`. `. Eikvge Eikvgesm sm d`p`t d`p`t tgr tgro`d o`dmm sgc`r` sgc`r``` l`hm l`hm `t`u `t`u p`es`. D`l`h eikvgesm `l`hm a`y` `puka su`tu jlumd` y`ka dmp`k`se`k hgka`r`be`k agr`e`kky`. Fml` Fml` h`k` h`k` jlum jlumd` d` (a`s (a`s `t `t`u `u c` c`mr mr)) dm dmp` p`k` k`se se`k `k,, f`am`k mtu hgkaghf`ka d`k hghpuky`m h`ss` ogkms lgfmb rgkd`b dmf`kdmkae`k sgeglmlmkaky` sgbmkaa` fgragr`e k`me. D`l`h eikvgesm p`es`, pihp` `t`u pgkmup hgka`r`be`k jlumd` y`ka dmp`k`se`k eg tuou`kky`. ^risgs ^ri sgs tgr tgro`d o`dmm eikvge eikvgesm sm p`d` p`d` eikvge eikvgesm sm `l`hm, `emf`t pgrfgd``k tghpgr`turg (subu) `e`k hgkygf`fe`k pgrfgd``k dgksmt`s d`k `e`k `e` k hgkab` hgkab`smle smle`k `k pgrpmk pgrpmkd`b d`b`k `k d`rm p`k`s p`k`sjlumd` eg `t`u `t` u
d`rm su` d`rm su`tu tu fgkd` fgkd` d`rm d`rm `t` `t`u u eg jlumd` jlumd`.. Fg Fgrfg rfgd` d` dgka`k dgka `k eikvgesm eikvgesm p`es` p`es`,, dmh`k dmh`k`` egcgp`t`k egcgp`t`k d`rm jlum jlumd` d` dmtg dmtgkt ktue ue`k `k ilgb ilgb a` a`y` y` lu`r lu`r d` d`rm rm jlum jlumd` d` tgrsgfut. Sgd`kae`k agr`e`k jlumd` p`d` eikvgesm `l `l`h `hmm dm`e dm`emf mf`t `te` e`k k ilgb ilgb eg egk` k`me me`k `k a` a`y` y` `p `puk uka a `emf`t v`rm`sm tghpgr`tur d`k dgksmt`s d`rm p`rtmegl jlumd`.Sgpg jlumd `.Sgpgrtm rtm p`d` eikvgesm eikvgesm p`es` pgrpmkd`b` pgrpmkd`b`k k jlumd` sgc`r` uhuh ilgb a`y` `puka d`p`t fgrup` pil` `lmr`k l`hmkgr `t`u turfulgk. turfulgk. ^r`etmeuh ^r`et meuh mkm fgrtuou`k fgrtuou`k dm `kt`r` l`mkky` `a`r `a`r d`p` d`p`tt hgr` hgr`ka kae` e`mm d`k d`k hg hgka kaip ipgr gr`s `sme me`k `k pgr`l`t`k jrgg pgr`l`t`k jrgg `kd `kd jircg jircg cikvgctmik, cikvgctmik, hgkagk`l d`k hgh`b`hm hgh`b `hm eihpikgkeihpikgk-eihp eihpikgk ikgk pgr`l`t`k pgr`l`t`k jrgg `kd jircg cikvgctmik fgsgrt` jukasmky`, d`p`t hgh`b` hgh `b`hm hm jgkihg jgkihgk` k` jmsme jmsme pgr pgrpmk pmkd`b d`b`k `k p`k`s p`k`s eikvgesm `l`hm, d`k uktue tue hgkagt`bum e`r`etgrms e`r`e tgrmstme tme sgsuka sgsukaaubky aubky`` prisgs prisgs pgrpmkd`b` pgrpmkd`b`k k p`k`s eikvgesm `l`hm. 6. TMKO@W@K ^ ^W WST@E@ 6.0. Tr`ksjgr ^`k`s
Jlumd` dgka`k dgka`k egcgp`t`k egcgp`t`k Z d`k subu T ∛ hgka hg ka`l `lmr mr dm `t `t`s `s pgrhu grhue` e``k `k dgka dgka`k `k fgkt fgktue ue sghf`r`ka d`k lu`s @s. ^grhue``k dm`suhsme`k fgr`d` p`d` subu y`ka sgr`a`h, T s, d`k d`k om ome` e` T s ≮ T ∛, em emt` t` t` t`bu bu f` f`bw bw`` pgrp pgrpmk mkd` d`b` b`k k p`k` p`k`ss ei eikv kvge gesm sm `e `e`k `k tgro tgro`d `dm. m. em emt` t` ou oua` a` hgka hgkagt gt`b `bum um f`bw` jlues p`k`s pgrhue``k d`k eigjmsmgk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm egdu`ky` fgrv`rm`sm dm sgp`ko`ka pgrhue``k. L`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s tit`l q d`p`t dmpgrilgb dgka`k hgkamktgar`sme`k jlues lie`l eg sglurub pgrhue``k U0X.
`d`ky` agr`e`k jlumd` h`ss`l. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s hgl`lum jlumd` dml`eue`k sgc`r` eikvgesm dgka`k `d`ky` agr`e`k jlumd` cur`b d`k dgka`k eikduesm ome` tmd`e `d` agr`e`k jlumd` cur`b. Ilgb e`rgk` mt mtu, u, ei eikd kdue uesm sm d` d`l` l`h h jlum jlumd` d` d` d`p` p`tt dmp` dmp`kd kd`k `ka a sgf`a`m e`sus pghf`t`s eikvgesm, sgsu`m dgka`k e` e`su suss jlumd jlumd`` dm`h dm`h.. l`ou l`ou pg pgrp rpmk mkd` d`b` b`k k p` p`k` k`ss eikvge eik vgesm sm dm`h`t dm`h`tmm sgf sgf`kd `kdmka mka dgka`k dgka`k pgrfgd pgrfgd``k ``k subu d`k dgka`k hud`b dmky`t`e`k ilgb bueuh pgkdmkamk`k Kgwtik sgf`a`m U6X? ˝ cikv 8b @ s (T s∖T ∛ ) P (7) Dmh`k` b `d`l`b eigjmsmgk tr`ksjgr p`k`s ei eikv kvge gesm sm (Q`t (Q`tt/ t/h¶ h¶.¾C .¾C), ), @ s sg sgf` f`a` a`mm lu`s lu`s `rg` `rg` pgrhue``k tr`ksjgr`k` (h¶), T stghpgr`tur
A`hf`r 0. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm lie`l d`k tit`l. (`) ^grhue``k dgka`k fgktue y`ka fgruf`buf`b. (f) ^gl`t d`t`r D`rm pgrs`h``k (0) hgkgktue`k eigjmsmgk eikvgesm r`t`-r`t` uktue sglurub pgrhue``k, l`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s tit`l oua` d`p`t dmky`t`e`k sgf`a`mm pgrs`h``k sgf`a` pgrs`h``k (6), ilgb e`rgk` mtu, eigjmsmgk eigjmsmgk ´ d`k lie`l tgr ei eikv kvge gesm sm r`t` r`t`-r -r`t` `t` b tgre`m e`mtt dgka`k dgka`k gesprg ges prgsm sm fgktue fgktue pgrs`h pgrs`h``k ``k (3), (3), d`k ^grb`t ^grb`tme` me`k k f`bw` uktue e`sus ebusus `lmr`k dm `t`s pgl`t d`t`r, b b`ky` fgrv`rm`sm dgka`k o`r`e x d`rm tgpm dg dgp` p`k k d` d`k k ^grs` ^grs`h` h``k `k (3) (3) fg fgre reur ur`k `ka a hg hgko` ko`dm dm pgrs`h``k (4) U0X.
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6.6. Eikvgesm
@d` tma tma`` hge`km hge`kmshg shg d`s`r d`s`r pgrpmk pgrpmkd`b d`b`k `k p`k`s? eikduesm, eikvgesm, d`k r`dm`sm. Eikduesm d`k eikvg eikvgesm esm sgrup` sgrup` e`rgk` e`rgk` egdu` egdu` hge`km hge`kmshg shg tg tgrs rsgf gfut ut hghf hghfut utub ube` e`k k egfg egfgr` r`d` d``k `k hgdm hgdm`` h`tgrm`l. Tgt`pm hgrge` fgrfgd` e`rgk` eikvgesm hghfutube`k `d`ky` agr`e`k jlumd`. ^grpmk ^gr pmkd` d`b` b`k k p` p`k` k`ss hgl` hgl`lu lumm z` z`tt p` p`d` d`tt sg sgl` l`lu lu hgl`lumm eikduesm, hgl`lu eikduesm, e`rgk` hilgeul z`t p`d`t p`d`t tgt`p p`d` pismsm y`ka rgl`tmj tgt`p. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s hgl`lu hgl `lumm c`mr`k c`mr`k `t`u `t`u a`s, a`s, f`a`mh f`a`mh`k` `k`puk puk,, d`p`t d`p`t dgka`k eikduesm `t`u eikvgesm, tgra`ktuka p`d`
pgrhue``k (¾C), d`k T ∛ subu jlumd` cueup o`ub d`rm pgrhue``k ¹¾C) U6X. D`rm pgrs`h``k dm `t`s emt emt`` d`p d`p`t `t hgkgktu hgkgktue`k e`k eigjmsm eigjmsmgk gk pgrpmk pgrpmkd`b d`b`k `k p`k`s eikvgesm?
b8
˝ cikv P @ s Ñ T h
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Dmh` Dmh`k` k` T h hgrup hgrup`e`k `e`k tghpgr`tur tghpgr`tur r`t`r`t` lia`rmthme dmpgrilgb d`rm?
T h8
T iut ∖ T ¹ lk (
T s∖ T ¹ ) T s∖T iut
(1)
D`y` lmstrme y`ka h`sue (w`tt) d`k l`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s tgrb`d`p w`etu (w`tt) dm dgjmkmsme`k sgf`a`m U3X? Q 8 Z Ñ M (2)
˝8 P
P t
(=)
6. 3. Eikvgesm @l`hm
Jrgg cikvgctmik cikvgctmik (` (`t` t`u u `l`h `l`hm) m) `lmr `lmr`k `k dmmkduesm ilgb a`y` `puka, y`ka dmsgf`fe`k ilgb pgrfgd``k dgksmt`s y`ka dmsgf`fe`k ilgb v`rm`sm subu d`l`h jlumd`. Ciktibky` `d`l`b pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm fgf`s y`ka tgro`dm d`rm eihpikgk p`k`s p`d` susuk`k vgrtme`l p`p`k smreumt dm ud`r`. Wd`r` y`ka fgrsgktub`k dgka`k eihpikgk hgka hg ka`l `l`hm `hm pg pgkm kmka kae` e`t` t`k k subu subu d` d`k k e` e`rg rgk` k`ky ky`` tgr tgro`d o`dmm pgk pgkur uruk` uk`k k egp`d` egp`d`t`k. t`k. E`rgk` E`rgk` sge`r` sge`r`ka ka lg lgfm fmb b rmka rmka`k `k d` d`rm rmp` p`d` d` ud ud`r `r`` sgemt` sgemt`rk rky` y`,, a` a`y` y` `puka `pu ka hgkygf hgkygf`fe `fe`k `k agr`e` agr`e`k k vgrtme vgrtme`l `l dm h`k` h`k` ud`r` b`ka`t y`ka k`me d`rm p`p`k dma`ktme`k ilgb `lmr`k ud`r` sgemt`r y`ka lgfmb dmkamk U0X.
6
`l`t y`ka dmauk`e`k uktue hgkaagr`ee`k jlumd` uktue jircgd cikvgctmik, cikvgctmik, T0 hgrup`e`k hgrup`e`k sgksir tghpgr`tur fgrup` tbgrhiciuplg y`ka dmauk`e`k uktue hgkaueur subu jlumd` y`ka h`sue (mkjliw), T6 hgru hgrup` p`e` e`k k sg sgks ksir ir tghp tghpgr gr`t `tu ur fg fgrrup up`` tbgrhiciup tbgrh iciuplg lg y`ka dmauk`e`k dmauk`e`k uktue hgkaueur hgkaueur subu sub u pgr pgrhue hue``k ``k bg`tgr bg`tgr,, T3 hgr hgrup` up`e`k e`k sgksir sgksir tghpgr`tur fgrup` tbgrhiciuplg y`ka dmauk`e`k A`hf`r 6. K`tur`l 6. K`tur`l cikvgctmik 6. 4. ^grpmkd`b`k ^`k`s Eikvgesm Fgf`s p`d` ^gl`t Zgrtme`l
^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm `l`hm p`d` su`tu su`tu pg pgrh rhue ue`` ``k k fg fgra ra`k `ktu tuka ka p` p`d` d` ag agih ihgt gtrm rm pgrhue``k sgrt` irmgkt`smky`. Mtu oua` tgra`ktuka p`d` v`rm`sm subu dm pgrhue``k d`k smj`t tgrhijmsme tgrhij msme jlumd` jlumd` y`ka tgrlmf`t. Hgsempuk e`hm hgh`b` hgh `b`hm hm hge hge`km `kmshg shg eikvge eikvgesm sm `l`hm `l`hm dgka`k dgka`k f`me, eihplgesmt`s agr`e`k jlumd` hghfu`tky` s`ka`t sulmt uktue hgkd`p`te`k bufuka`k `k`lmtme sgdgr sgd grb` b`k` k` uk uktu tue e pg pgrp rpmk mkd` d`b` b`k k p` p`k` k`ss dg dgka ka`k `k hgkyglgs`me hgkyg lgs`me`k `k pgrs`h``k pgrs`h``k y`ka hgka`tur hgka`tur agr`e d`k gkgram gkgram.. Fgfgr` Fgfgr`p` p` silusm silusm `k`lmt `k`lmtms ms `d` uktue uktue ei eikv kvge gesm sm `l`h `l`hm, m, tgt`p tgt`pmm silu silusm sm tg tgrs rsgf gfut ut eu eur` r`ka ka uhuh e`rgk` dmpgrilgb uktue agihgtrm sgdgrb`k` dgka`k dgka` k fgfgr`p` fgfgr`p` `suhsm pgkygdgrb`k``k pgkygdgrb`k``k.. Ilgb e`rgk` mtu, dgka`k pgkagcu`lm`k fgfgr`p` e`sus sgdgrb`k`, sgdgrb `k`, bufuka`k bufuka`k pgrpmkd`b`k pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s p`k`s d`l`h eikvgesm `l`hm dmd`s`re`k p`d` studm ge gesp spgr grmh mhgk gkt` t`l. l. D`rm D`rm sgem`k sgem`k f` f`ky ky`e `e ei eirg rgl`s l`smm dgka`k dgk a`k eihplg eihplgesm esmt`s t`s y`ka y`ka fgrfgd fgrfgd`-f `-fgd` gd` d`k `eur`sm y`ka dmel`mh y`ka tgrsgdm` d`l`h lmtgr`tur uktue sgtm`p agihgtrm tgrtgktu, e`hm hgky`ome`k dm smkm y`ka p`lmka dmegk`l d`k dmauk`e`k sgc`r` lu`s U6X. Eirgl` Eir gl`sm sm ghpmrm ghpmrmss sgdgrb sgdgrb`k` `k` uktue uktue r`t r`t``-
uktue ukt ue hgkaue hgk aueur urhgrup`e`k subu subu ud`r` ud`r` eglu`r lu`r dmauk`e`k (iutjl (iutjliw) iw),, Jliwr`tg sgksir `l`teg y`ka uktue ukt ue hghf`c hghf`c`` l`o l`ou u `lm `lmrr jlu jlumd` md` y`ka y`ka hglgw` hglgw`tm tm pmp`, bg`tgr hgrup`e`k `l`t y`ka dmauk`e`k uktue hgh`k`se`k jlumd`.
A`hf`r 3. Hgsmk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm Sgl`m Sgl`mk k mtu mtu emt` emt` hghg hghgrlu rlue` e`k k pg pgrsi rsik` k`ll cihputgr (^C) y`ka dmauk`e`k uktue hgko hg ko`l `l`k `ke` e`k k sijtw`rg ZD ZD@S @S d`k d`k uktu uktue e hghgrgcird d`t` y`ka dmd`p`te`k ilgb hgsmk.
r`t` fml`ka`k fml`ka`k Kussglt Ku d`l`h eikvgesm k`tur`l `d`l`b d`l`h Kussglt fgktue U6X?
Ku8
b Lc e
8C ( A r L ^r )k8 Cr ` Lk (0>)
Dm Dmh` h`k` k` V ` L `d`l`b `d`l`b fml`ka` fml`ka`k k V`ylgmab V`ylgmab,, y`ka hgrup`e`k b`sml e`lm d`rm fml`ka`k Ar`sbij d`k ^r`kdtl d`k ^r`kdtl U6X? 3
aζ ( T s∖ T ∛ ) L c V ` L 8 A r L ^r 8 ^r v¶ (00) 3.
HGTIDG ^V@ETMEWH
F` F`am am`k `k-f -f`a `am` m`k k d` d`k k juka jukasm sm d`rm d`rm hgsmk hgsmk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikvgesm y`ka dmauk`e`k p`d` pgrcif``k e`lm mkm `d`l`b? j`k hgrup`e`k f`am`k 3
S`hfukae`k mkst`l`sm ^C d`k hgsmk eg lmstrme, ky`l`e`k pgr`kae`t cihputgr (^C), p`s`ka
O`l`ke`k priar`h ZD@S elme “ st`rt ‘, ‘, sgt piwgr bg`tgr bmkaa` hgkc`p`m 07 Q`tt `t`u 67
Q`tt (sgs Q`tt (sgsu` u`mm y`ka y`ka tgl` tgl`b b dmtgk mtgktu tue` e`k) k),, c`t` c`t`tt tghpgr`tur dgka`k mktgrv`l w`etu 3>s sgl`h` 42> s dgka`k dgka`k c`r` elme “rgcird “rgcird d`t`‘, d`t`‘, sgtgl`b sgtgl`b d`t` d`t` tgrc`t`t turuke`k piwgr bmkaa` “kil‘ dgka`k c`r` put`r tihfil piwgr bg`tgr fgrl`w`k`k `r`b o`ruh o`h dgka`k pgrl`b`k, h`tme`k bg`tgr dgka`k c`r` pgrhue``k pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s y`ka tgl`b dm dmtg tgkt ktue ue`k `k (Jmkk (Jmkkgd gd,, ^m ^mkk kkgd gd d` d`k k Jl Jl`t `t ^l ^l`t `tg) g),, o`l`ke`k sijtw`rg ZD@S (Elme du` e`lm p`d` mcik ZD@S), bmdupe`k hgsmk dgka`k hgkge`k tihfil piwgr hgsmk y`ka tgrlgt`e dm fgl`e`ka hgsmk (tu (tukaa kaau u bmkaa` bmkaa` pghf`c pghf`c``k ``k `mr jliw jliw d`k piwgr piwgr “kil‘), bmdupe`k piwgr bg`tgr dgka`k hgkge`k tihfil piwgr hgsmk y`ka tgrlgt`e dm dgp`k hgsmk. 4.
hgkge` hgk ge`k k tihfil tihfil piw piwgr gr bg`tgr bg`tgr,, ul`kam ul`kam l`k l`kae` ae`b b pgrcif``k 2-00 dgka`k hgkaa`ktm pgrhue``k egro` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s (Jmkkgd, ^mkkgd d`k Jl`t ^l`tg) ^l` tg) fgsgrt` fgsgrt` piwgr piwgr bg`tgr bg`tgr,, fml fml`` tgl`b tgl`b sglgs` sglgs`m, m, h`tme`k piwgr hgsmk d`k ^C. @d`puk @d` puk lu`s lu`s pgrhue pgrhue``k ``k hgka`c hgka`cu u p`d` p`d` d`t` fgrmeut U3X? A`hf`r 4. D`t` lu`s `rg` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s
B@SML D@K ^GHF@B@S@K
Eglihpie? =
4
Ki.
K`h`
KMH
^`r`j
T`kaa`l ^r`etmeuh 06->3-6>60
0.
Hub`hh`d Mrj`kdm
00=34>>70 `smstgk (…………………………..)
T`kaa`l Tgr`ebmr ^gh`sue`k L`pir`k
0=->3-6>60
T`fgl 0. D`t` B`sml ^grcif``k d`k ^grbmtuka`k ^iwgr ? 67 w`tt Bg`t Tr`ksjgr Surj`cg ? Jl`t pl`tg K i 0 6 3 4 7 : 1 2 = 0> 00 06 03 04 07 0: 01
Ki
0 6 3 4 7 : 1 2 = 0> 00 06
˝ P
(Q`tt) >,233333 >,40:::1 >,611112 >,6>2333 >,0::::1 >,03222= >,00=>42 >,0>40:1 >,>=67=3 >,>23333 >,>17172 >,>:=444 >,>:40>3 >,>7=764 >,>7777: >,>76>23 >,>4=>6>
˝ P (Q`tt) >,7>>>>> >,67>>>> >,0::::1 >,067>>> >,0>>>>> >,>23333 >,>1046= >,>:67>> >,>7777: >,>7>>>> >,>47477 >,>40::1
Tmhg T 0 mklgt (s) 3> :> => 06> 07> 02> 60> 64> 61> 3>> 33> 3:> 3=> 46> 47> 42> 70>
¾C 6=,> 6=,> 6=,> 6=,> 6=,> 6=,> 6=,> 6=,0 6=,0 6=,0 6=,0 6=,> 6=,> 6=,>, 6=> 6=,> 6=,>
T 6 Surj`cg ¾C 77,> 7=,> :6,3 :7,6 :2,: 1>,6 10,= 13,7 17,0 1:,6 11,0 12,0 12,2 1=,7 2>,> 20,4 26,0
T 3 iut T 0∖ T 6 T hB ¾C 34,7 34,: 34,: 34,1 34,2 34,= 34,= 37,> 37,0 37,0 37,6 37,6 37,3 37,4 37,4 37,7 37,7
¾C 6:,> 3>,> 3>,3 3:,6 3=,: 40,6 46,= 44,4 4:,> 41,0 42,> 4=,0 4=,2 7>,7 70,> 76,4 73,0
^iwgr ? 07 w`tt Bg`t Tr`ksjgr Surj`cg ? Jl`t pl`tg Tmhg T 0 mklgt T 6 Surj`cg T 3 iut T 0∖T 6 (s) 3> :> => 06> 07> 02> 60> 64> 61> 3>> 33> 3:>
¾C 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,: 6=,: 6=,: 6=,: 6=,:
¾C 77,7 72,0 :>,: :3,> :7,> ::,= :2,: 1>,6 10,7 16,2 14,6 17,0
¾C 36,7 36,: 36,: 36,1 36,2 36,= 36,= 33,> 33,0 33,0 37,6 37,6
¾C 6 7 ,2 6 2 ,4 3 > ,= 3 3 ,3 3 7 ,3 3 1 ,6 3 2 ,= 4 > ,: 4 0 ,= 4 3 ,6 4 4 ,: 4 7 ,7
¾C 63,=0 62,>> 30,00 33,76 32,:> 3=,33 46,04 46,04 4:,07 4:,07 4:,=6 41,:= 42,4= 4=,63 4=,63 7>,>> 7>,>>
T hB ¾C 64,31 6:,=6 6=,46: 30,11: 33,16: 37,71: 31,611 32,217 4>,064 40,467 46,114 43,:17
b´ c (Q/h[6.E) >,67>7=1> >,0637=:> >,>207741 >,>:>:270 >,>4117:: >,>3=1>40 >,>331621 >,>6=706: >,>67=>32 >,>633034 >,>60043> >,>0=3347 >,>012>6= >,>0:4=33 >,>073=31 >,>043=16 >,>0377>3
b´ c (Q/h[6.E) >,07>067: >,>14464: >,>4=6>74 >,>3::0=4 >,>6=0>=3 >,>640066 >,>6>7747 >,>012=6= >,>072407 >,>040=23 >,>062767 >,>00141= 7
03 04 07 0: 01
>,>324:6 >,>37104 >,>33333 >,>3067> >,>6=406
3=> 46> 47> 42> 70>
6=,: 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1 6=,1
1:,6 11,0 12,0 12,2 1=,7
37,3 37,4 37,4 37,7 37,7
4 = ,: 4 1 ,4 4 2 ,4 4 = ,0 4 = ,2
44,164 47,767 4:,767 41,014 41,214
>,>0>2>27 >,>0>>00> >,>>=3043 >,>>2104: >,>>20240
^iwgr ? 67 w`tt Bg`t Tr`ksjgr Surj`cg ? Jmkkgd Ki
0 6 3 4 7 : 1 2 = 0> 00 06 03 04 07 0: 01
K i 0 6 3 4 7 : 1 2 = 0> 00 06 03 04 07 0: 01
P ˝ (Q`tt) >,233333 >,40:::1 >,611112 >,6>2333 >,0::::1 >,03222= >,00=>42 >,0>40:1 >,>=67=3 >,>23333 >,>17172 >,>:=444 >,>:40>3 >,>7=764 >,>7777: >,>76>23 >,>4=>6>
˝ P (Q`tt) >,7>>>>> >,67>>>> >,0::::1 >,067>>> >,0>>>>> >,>23333 >,>1046= >,>:67>> >,>7777: >,>7>>>> >,>47477 >,>40::1 >,>324:6 >,>37104 >,>33333 >,>3067> >,>6=406
^ghf`b`s`k?
Tmhg T 0 mklgt T 6 Surj`cg T 3 iut T 0∖T 6 (s) ¾C ¾C ¾C ¾C 3> 62,2 46 3:,3 0 3 ,6 :> 62,2 44,: 3:,6 0 7 ,2 => 62,2 4:,: 3:,6 0 1 ,2 06> 62,2 41,4 3:,6 0 2 ,: 07> 62,2 42,= 3:,3 6 > ,0 02> 62,2 7>,1 3:,4 6 0 ,= 60> 62,= 70,4 3:,7 6 6 ,4 64> 62,= 73,4 3:,: 6 4 ,7 61> 62,= 74,6 3:,1 6 7 ,3 3>> 62,= 74,: 3:,2 6 7 ,1 33> 62,2 77,> 3:,2 6 : ,6 3:> 62,2 77,7 31,> 6 : ,1 3=> 62,2 77,1 31,0 6 : ,= 46> 62,2 :>,> 31,3 3 0 ,6 47> 62,2 :>,: 31,3 3 0 ,2 42> 62,2 :0,> 31,7 3 6 ,6 70> 62,2 :0,4 31,1 3 1 ,1 ^iwgr ? 07 w`tt Bg`t Tr`ksjgr Surj`cg ? Jmkkgd Tmhg T 0 mklgt T 6 Surj`cg T 3 iut T 0∖T 6 (s) ¾C ¾C ¾C ¾C 3> 6=,7 40,4 34,3 00,= :> 6=,7 43,: 34,6 04,0 => 6=,7 47,6 34,6 07,1 06> 6=,7 4:,: 34,6 01,0 07> 6=,7 41,4 34,3 01,= 02> 6=,7 42,= 34,4 0=,4 60> 6=,7 4=,2 37,7 6>,3 64> 6=,4 7>,1 34,: 60,3 61> 6=,4 70,4 34,1 66,> 3>> 6=,4 76,0 34,2 66,1 33> 6=,4 76,1 34,2 63,3 3:> 6=,4 73,4 37,> 63,> 3=> 6=,4 73,1 37,0 64,3 46> 6=,7 74,6 37,3 64,1 47> 6=,7 74,: 37,3 67,0 42> 6=,7 77,> 37,7 67,7 70> 6=,7 77,7 37,1 6:,>
T hB ¾C 2,=3 00,10 03,11 04,72 0:,>7 01,23 02,43 6>,4> 60,0: 60,7> 60,=7 66,34 66,4= 6:,16 61,33 61,:6 3=,:1
T hB ¾C =,6=4> 00,7=0 03,60> 04,:64 07,317 0:,230 01,:26 02,72> 0=,662 0=,211 6>,420 6>,>:> 60,36> 60,:1> 66,>1> 66,3:> 66,1:>
b´ c (Q/h[6.E) >,>360624 >,>07=>14 >,>0>7621 >,>>12143 >,006210= >,>>70=>= >,>>444>6 >,>>327=0 >,>>34604 >,>>3>171 >,>>61=02 >,>>67772 >,>>6372> >,>>60721 >,>>6>0>1 >,>>02236 >,>>01>40
b´ c (Q/h[6.E) >,>0=6766 >,>>=7424 >,>>:36=: >,>>4163= >,>>31:=6 >,>>30676 >,>>6:10> >,>>636== >,>>6>::4 >,>>02771 >,>>0:237 >,>>07474 >,>>046>4 >,>>03014 >,>>00426 >,>>007>> >,>>0>2>=
^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s hgl`lum z`t p`d`t sgl`lu hgl`lum eikduesm, e`rgk` hilgeul z`t p`d`t :
tgt`p p`d` pismsm y`ka rgl`tmj tgt`p. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s hgl`lum c`mr`k `t`u a`s, f`a`mh`k`puk, d`p`t dgka`k eikduesm `t`u eikvgesm, tgra`ktuka p`d` `d`ky` agr`e`k jlumd` h`ss`l. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s hgl`lum jlumd` dml`eue`k sgc`r` eikvgesm dgka`k `d`ky` agr`e`k jlumd` cur`b d`k dgka`k eikduesm ome` tmd`e `d` agr`e`k jlumd` cur`b. Ilgb e`rgk` mtu, eikduesm d`l`h jlumd` d`p`t dmp`kd`ka
Fgkd` uom sgl`koutky` y`mtu h`smb s`h` k`huk dgka`k d`y` 07 w`tt, dmpgrilgb b`sml T hB sgfgs`rr 32,:=6 sgfgs` 32,:=6 ¾C, eigjmsmgk eigjmsmgk pgrpmkd`b pgrpmkd`b`k `k p`k`s >,>62 w`tt/h¶.E, l`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s sgfgs`r >,0>3 w`tt, d`k gjjmsmgksm sgfgs`r >,:2=%. Eghu Eg hudm dm`k `k emt` emt` hgka hgkaa` a`kt ktmm fgkd fgkd`` uom uom dgka`k jmkkgd surj`cg surj`cg dgka`k lu`s `rg` pgrhue``k pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s >,>=6 h¶,
sgf`a` sgf`a`m e`susjlumd` eikvgesm eikvges m y`ka hghf`t`sm, hghf`t`s m,. sgsu`m dgka`km e`sus dm`h (qumgscgkt (qumgscgkt jlumd )). ^`d` pgrhue``k egro` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s eikv eikvge gesm sm jl`t pl`tg pl`tg 67 w`tt dgka`k dgka`k lu lu`s `s `r `rg` g` pgrhue``k egro` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s >,>006 h¶, b`sml pgrcif``k dmpgrilgb d`rm r`t`-r`t` subu `t`u d`t` y`ka dm d`p`t d`l`h sgtm`p mktgrv`l 3> dgtme, dm dmpg pgri rilg lgb b T hB sg sgfg fgs` s`rr 40,= 40,=02 02 ¾C ¾C,, ei eigj gjms msmg mgk k pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s >,>7 w`tt/h¶.E, d`k l`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s b`sml pgrbmtuka`k d`rm T hB d`k eigjms eig jmsmgk mgk y`ka y`ka dmd`p` dmd`p`te` te`k k d`rm d`rm d`t` d`t` pgrcif pgrcif``k ``k y`mtu q sgfgs`r >,>63 w`tt, d`k gjmsmgksm sgfgs`r >,0=:%.
pgkauom`k pgrt`h` dgka`k d`y` sgfgs`r 67 w`tt dmd md`p `p`t `te e`k T hB 6>,1 6>,134 34 ¾C, ¾C, eig eigjm jmsm smgk gk ll`o `ou u pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s >,>06 w`tt/h¶.E, l`ou pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s >,340 w`tt, dgka`k gjmsmgksm sgfgs`r 0,3:7%. Dgka Dg ka`k `k fg fgkd kd`` uom uom s` s`h` h` y` y`mt mtu u jmkk jmkkgd gd surj`cg k`huk dgka`k d`y` y`ka fgrfgd` y`mtu 07 w`tt w` tt dg dgpg pgri rilg lgb b T hB sgfgs sgfgs`r `r 02 02,> ,>7= 7= ¾C ¾C,, d` d`k k eigjms eig jmsmgk mgk pgrpmk pgrpmkd`b d`b`k `k p`k`s p`k`s >,>>6 >,>>6 w`t w`tt/h¶ t/h¶.E, .E, dgka`k dgk a`k l`o l`ou u pgrpmk pgrpmkd`b d`b`k `k p`k`s p`k`s pgrbmt pgrbmtuka ukak`k k`k sgfg sg fgs`r s`r >,>1 >,>11 1 w`tt w`tt,, dg dgka ka`k `k gjms gjmsmgk mgksm sm y` y`ka ka dm b`smle`k sgfgs`r >,707%.
A`hf`r 7. Ar`jme pgrfgd``k tghpgr`turg tgrb`d`p w`etu A`hf`r :. Ar`jme eigjmsmgk
02> 0:> 04> ) C ¾ ( 06> g r 0>> u t ` 2> r g :> p h 4> g T 6> > 3>
:>
=>
06> 07> 02> 60> 64> 61> 3>> 33> 3:> 3=> 46> 47> 42> 70>
Tmhg (s)
J l` l`t ^l`tg ( 67 w` )
J l` l`t ^l`tg ( 07 w `)
J mkkgd ( 67 w` )
J m kkgd (07 w `)
pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s tgrb`d`p tghpgr`turg tghpgr`turg pgrhue``k
1
A`hf`r 1. Ar`jme eigjmsmgk pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s tgrb`d`p pgrfgd``k subu . @d`puk gjmsmgksm y`ka egcm hukaemk dm `emf`te`k il ilgb gb fgf gfgr gr`p `p`` j`e j`eti tir, r, dm dm`k `kt` t`r` r`k ky` `d `d`l `l`b `b egs`l`b`k egs`l` b`k pgrbmtuka`k pgrbmtuka`k,, egrus`e`k egrus`e`k prifg, prifg, `lmr`k 7.
EGSMH^WL@K
^grpmkd`b ^grpmk d`b`k `k p`k`s p`k`s d`p`t d`p`t dmdg"m dmdg"mkms kmsme` me`k k sgf`a`m fgrpmkd`bky` gkgram d`rm su`tu d`gr`b eg d` d`gr gr`b `b l`mk l`mkky ky`` sg sgf` f`a` a`mm `e `emf mf`t `t d`rm d`rm fg fgd` d` subu subu `kt`r` d`gr`b-d`gr`b tgrsgfut. ^grpmkd`b`k p`k`s p`d` uhuhky` hgkagk`l tma` c`r` pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s y`mtu, eikduesm (cikductmik, oua` dmegk`l dgka`k dgka` k mstml`b mstml`b b`kt`r`k), b`kt`r`k), eikvgesm eikvgesm (cikvgctmi (cikvgctmik, k, oua` dmegk`l dgka`k mstml`b `lmr`k), r`dm`sm (r`dm`tmik). Eikv Ei kvge gesm sm `l`h `l`hm` m`b b hgru hgrup` p`e` e`k k fg fgkt ktue ue pgrpmkd`b`k p`k`s y`ka dmsgf`fe`k ilgb fgd` subu d`k fgd` r`p`t s`o` d`k tmd`e `d` tgk`a` d`rm lu`r y`ka hgkdirikaky`. Eikvgesm dmpgka`rubm ilgb? `. Lu` Lu`ss pgr pgrhue hue``k ``k fgkd` fgkd` y`ka y`ka fgrsmka fgrsmkaauk auka`k a`k dgka`k "jlumd`‘. f. ^grfgd``k subu `kt`r` pgrhue``k fgkd` dgka`k “jlumd`‘. c. Eigjmsmgk eikvgesm (b), y`ka tgra`ktuka p`d`? vm vmsci scismt smt`s `s jlum jlumd`, d`, eg egcg cgp` p`t`k t`k jlum jlumd`, d`, pg pgrf rfgd gd`` ``k k
ud`r` y`ka tmd`e l`hmk`r, subu ru`ka`k, d`k l`mkl`mk. tghpgr`tur `kt`r` pgrhue``k d`k jlumd`, e`p`smt`s p`k`s jlumd`, r`p`t h`ss` jlumd`, d`k fgktue pgrhue``k eikt`e.
:.
U0X
D@JT@V ^WST@E@
J. ^. Mk Mkcripgr` `kd `kd D. ^ ^.. DgQ DgQmtt, Jlumd Hgcb`kmcs `kd mts @pplmc`tmiks @pplmc`tmiks,, :tb gd., vil. 006. 0==:.
U6X
]. @. @ . C ggk kagl `kd H. H . @. @. F Fi ilgs, Bg`t Tr`ksjgrgkcg ` ^r`ctmc`l @ppri`cb, @ppri`cb, ki. =. 6>>4.
U3X
T. L. E. G. MTGV@, “Hidul 6 Jrgg Cikvgctmik Tmhg Tghpgr`turg Z`rm`tmik,‘ mk Hidul ^r`etmeuh ^grpmkd`b`k ^`k`s D`k H`ss`, H`ss`, 6>6>.
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